World.

The "Dragonlance" world is described in dozens of books and novels. The setting contains numerous characters, an extensive timeline, and a detailed geography.

Setting.

"Dragonlance" is set on the world of Krynn. The majority of the novels take place in the various regions of Ansalon, a small continent, though some have taken place on the continent of Taladas, located northeast of Ansalon. The world's major gods are the High God and his children: good Paladine, neutral Gilean, and evil Takhisis. The gods are opposed by Chaos, who seeks to destroy Krynn. Depending on the time period, the evil chromatic and the good metallic dragons are rare or plentiful. Humans are Krynn's most common humanoid race, but elves, dwarves, kender, gnomes, and minotaurs occupy the world as well. Clerics derive magical powers from their gods, and wizards derive their power from the three moon gods, good Solinari, neutral Lunitari, and evil Nuitari. Hickman had previously served as a Mormon missionary in Java for two years, and uses Indonesian in "Dragonlance" spells. During Krynn's various wars, armies of draconians are used as troops. Draconians are created by corrupting a dragon egg, thereby creating a reptilian humanoid. Any dragon egg can be used to make a draconian, although the ones most commonly used are good dragon eggs because the evil kings want more evil dragons to hatch.  Other gods of the setting include the gods of good Branchala, Habbakuk, Kiri-Jolith, Majere, and Mishakal; the gods of neutrality Chislev, Reorx, Shinare, Sirrion, and Zivilyn; and the gods of evil, Chemosh, Hiddukel, Morgion, Sargonnas, and Zeboim.

Fictional history.

The history of the world of Krynn, and thus the settings for both the novels and gaming supplements, is roughly split into five separate ages. The first age is the time of creation, when the gods are born and Krynn is formed. The Age of Dreams, the second age, is marked by the rapid growth of the world's first great civilizations and the appearance of myriad new races. This era is also marked by three great wars between dragons and their minions. Following the Third Dragon War, in the Age of Might, the Cataclysm obliterates the great empire of Istar and changes almost the entire surface of Krynn. A three-hundred year depression follows this event, in what is called the Age of Despair. This period also marks the War of the Lance. When Dragonlance was first introduced to "Dungeons & Dragons", events such as the Lost Wars happened during The Age of Despair. Later Age of Mortals novels and game supplements took Krynn into the Fifth Age (the Age of Mortals).

Dragonlances.

Dragonlances are weapons first created in the Third Dragon War, designed with the purpose of killing evil dragons, and are the only weapons with which mortals who cannot use magic can kill dragons. Dragonlances have this power because of the way in which they are created, which requires the use of "two god-blessed artifacts".  Dragonlances are rare and not commonly traded. There are lesser dragonlances, which are made when only one of the artifacts is used to create them, and greater dragonlances, which are made when both artifacts are used to make them. Greater dragonlances are blessed with the power of Good, unlike lesser dragonlances.  There are two sizes of dragonlance. The smaller footman's dragonlance is around eight feet long and functions as a pole weapon, while the larger mounted dragonlance is around sixteen feet long and most commonly used when mounted on a dragon.

Characters.

The Heroes of the Lance are the protagonists of the "Chronicles" trilogy, the first series of "Dragonlance" books. They were created by Weis and Hickman, then fleshed out as player characters in gaming sessions of "Dungeons & Dragons" at Hickman's apartment. One player at this initial gaming session was game designer Terry Phillips, who was playing as Raistlin. According to Hickman in the foreword to "The Soulforge", "[we] were just settling in to the game when I turned to my good friend Terry Phillips and asked what his character was doing. Terry spoke...and the world of Krynn was forever changed. His rasping voice, his sarcasm and bitterness all masking an arrogance and power that never needed to be stated suddenly were real. Everyone in the room was both transfixed and terrified. To this day Margaret [Weis] swears that Terry wore the black robes to the party that night."  Several other Heroes of the Lance were played by various people. Authors Gary and Janet Pack played the half-elf Tanis Half-Elven and the kender Tasslehoff Burrfoot, respectively. Author Douglas Niles played the dwarf Flint Fireforge. TSR employee Harold Johnson played the Solamnic knight Sturm Brightblade. The rest of the Heroes are the barbarians Goldmoon and Riverwind, elf Laurana Kanan, and humans Caramon Majere (Raistlin's brother) and Tika Waylan. Weis played Fizban the Fabulous.  In the beginning, Margaret Weis had problems depicting Tanis Half-Elven in the novels. Tracy Hickman finally told her "He's James T. Kirk of the Starship "Enterprise"." After that explanation, Margaret had no more difficulty writing about Tanis. Other noteworthy antagonists, and sometimes protagonists, are the Death Knight Lord Soth and Kitiara Uth Matar, the half-sister of Raistlin and Caramon, and leader of one of the Dragonarmies of Ansalon. According to Hickman, Lord Soth is the most unpredictable character to write about, saying "Every time that character made an appearance in one of our books he would try to run off with the story."

Locations.

The world of Dragonlance is set on the planet of Krynn, with most of the action taking place on the continent of Ansalon. Some of the key countries and areas on Ansalon are the Plains of Dust, the Blood Sea Isles, the Empire of Ergoth, Istar, and Sancrist, as well as Thorbardin. Important cities and towns and other locations include Solace (location of the Inn of the Last Home, and Sad Town), the High Clerist's Tower, Kendermore, Port Balifor (location of the Pig and Whistle Tavern), and the various Towers of High Sorcery.

Publication history.

Creation.

Hickman developed his world creation technique by writing and self-publishing with his wife Laura the adventure modules "Rahasia" (1979) and "Pharaoh" (1980), and writing TSR's "Ravenloft" module (1983). He was unemployed in 1982, and TSR offered him a job based on his submission of several modules. That year, while driving from Utah to Wisconsin to start a job with TSR, Hickman and his wife created the "Dragonlance" universe concept. During the trip, Hickman and his wife discussed two ideas they had had for several years: an entire world used to support a storyline, and a world dominated by dragons.  Their ideas were well received by TSR, whose marketing department felt they had enough dungeons, but not enough dragons. Hickman suggested a series of twelve modules, each featuring a different dragon. TSR employee Harold Johnson suggested that Hickman should try to get additional support from other TSR staff members and, after a period of months, Hickman had the support of Jeff Grubb, Larry Elmore, Roger Moore, Doug Niles, Michael Williams, and others with whom they discussed ideas for the project. Meanwhile, Weis was editing and writing various "Endless Quest" books for TSR. The "Dragonlance" group decided that novels should accompany the game modules; TSR reluctantly agreed and hired a writer. Hickman became the design coordinator for "Project Overlord", the cover name for what would later be known as the Dragonlance saga.  TSR decided to create a franchise, including modules, board games, lead figures, and—for the first time—novels. Weis had been hired as an editor; with Hickman, she began working with the author hired to write the novels. They weren't satisfied with the author, and decided they should be the ones to write the books. They collaborated over a weekend, writing the prologue for the first five chapters of the first novel, "Dragons of Autumn Twilight", based on the module "Dragons of Despair". TSR liked their treatment and gave them the assignment, firing the author. After two years of development, TSR released "Dragons of Autumn Twilight" as a supplement to the "Advanced Dungeons & Dragons" game. TSR had doubts about the finished novel's sales potential, and attempted to order thirty thousand copies, ultimately ordering the minimum print run of fifty thousand. The success of the novel prompted TSR to publish more copies to meet demand. "Dragonlance" eventually received ancillary products such as novels, calendars, computer games, and books of artwork.

Further development.

In the mid to late 1980s, a rift developed between TSR and the authors. Weis and Hickman were feeling under-appreciated and, when TSR turned down their "Darksword" series of novels, they went to Bantam Books. Bantam made them an offer, which they accepted, and they stopped writing "Dragonlance" novels for TSR. They returned to write "Dragons of Summer Flame" for TSR in 1995, thinking it would be their final "Dragonlance" novel. At the time, "Dragonlance" gaming had been converted to the SAGA System, with limited success, and that, combined with TSR's general financial troubles, put the setting's future in doubt. Wizards of the Coast bought the troubled TSR in 1997, and Weis and Hickman then proposed the "War of Souls" trilogy, which was published in 2000–2002. All three novels made the "New York Times" bestseller list, and the setting was commercially revitalized. By 1998, the original "Dragonlance" trilogy had sold well over three million copies worldwide and spawned dozens of sequels. The central books of the "Dragonlance" series were written by the authoring team of Weis and Hickman; however, many other writers have made contributions, including Richard A. Knaak, Douglas Niles, Roger E. Moore, Don Perrin, Jean Rabe, Paul B. Thompson, Tonya C. Cook, Michael Williams, Nancy Varian Berberick, and Chris Pierson.  In 2001, Wizards of the Coast licensed Sovereign Press to publish further "Dragonlance" game materials. This began with the newly revised "Dragonlance Campaign Setting" in 2003, which used the new "Dungeons & Dragons" 3rd Edition rules. On April 23, 2007, Weis announced Wizards of the Coast had not renewed Sovereign's license, and that "Dragonlance" RPG game supplements and accessories would only be released through the end of the year.

Media.

Novels.

The main storyline of the original "Dragonlance" series has been written by Margaret Weis and Tracy Hickman, with multiple books written by other authors, covering years between and sometimes during the main events.

Campaign setting.

TSR created "Dragonlance" as a campaign setting for the "Advanced Dungeons & Dragons" ("AD&D") roleplaying game in 1982, publishing the first of a series of modules, "Dragons of Despair", in March 1984. They published the first world-spanning sourcebook, "Dragonlance Adventures", in 1987. When "AD&D" was updated to the 2nd edition in 1989, the "Dragonlance" campaign setting was updated as well. However, in 1996, "Dragonlance" was converted to use the new SAGA System, which uses cards to determine the effects of actions, with the publication of the "" roleplaying game. When the 3rd edition of "Dungeons & Dragons" was released, Dragonlance was again updated with a new sourcebook ("Dragonlance Campaign Setting"), although no new adventures were published by Wizards of the Coast. Wizards of the Coast also turned over all responsibility for maintaining the "Dragonlance" setting in the 3rd edition to Margaret Weis's home company, Sovereign Press.

Other.

Eight video games are set in the Dragonlance world. Apart from those, the MUSH game "DragonLance" is based on Krynn during the final stage of the War of the Lance.  The series has inspired mention in music as well, including "Wishmaster", a song by Nightwish based partially on the master and apprentice relationship between Raistlin Majere and Dalamar. The Swedish metal band Lake of Tears also recorded a song called "Raistlin and the Rose" on their 1997 album "Crimson Cosmos", while the German group Blind Guardian wrote "The Soulforged", another song inspired by Raistlin's story, which appeared on the band's 2002 album "A Night at the Opera". Also Danish/American band Pyramaze recorded in their 2008 album "Immortal" song "Caramon's Poem". Another German metal band, Evertale, released "The Chronicles Chapter I" EP in 2008 and the full album "Of Dragons And Elves" in 2013 - both releases were composed entirely of songs inspired by and relating to Dragonlance.  In 2008, "", an animated movie based on the first "Dragonlance" book of the same name, was released direct-to-video. The animation was produced by Toonz Animation, and featured the voices of Lucy Lawless, Kiefer Sutherland, Michael Rosenbaum, and Michelle Trachtenberg. In late 2011, Holysoft Studios Ltd. released the first part of a German audio adaption of the Chronicles Trilogy, with subsequent releases of the later trilogies being announced.  In comics, Krynn has been represented on the 1988 "Dragonlance" series by DC Comics and TSR. More recently, Devil's Due Publishing and Wizards of the Coast have also produced a number of comic book series: The Legend of Huma (2003), Chronicles (2005) and Legends (2008).

Reception.

"Dragonlance" is one of the most popular shared worlds, worlds in which writers other than those that created them place adventures. The first "Dragonlance" trilogy, "Chronicles", launched the "Dungeons & Dragons" line of novels, with many of its characters spun off into other novels. Along with "Forgotten Realms", "Dragonlance" is TSR's most popular series of novels. According to "The 1990s" by Marc Oxoby, what is most notable about the series is that "what may at one time been considered disposable, escapist literature" found "unprecedented popularity" in the 1990s. All of the "Dragonlance" novels remained in print during the decade, turning Weis and Hickman into literary stars and boosting sales of their non-"Dragonlance" novels. Although the series was initially published in paperback, its success led to hardcover printings. The hardcover version of "Dragons of Summer Flame" had an "impressive" first printing of 200,000 books. Every "Dragonlance" novel by Weis and Hickman since 1995 has been released in hardcover, and some previous novels have been re-released in hardcover collector's editions. "Dragonlance" made TSR one of the most successful publishers of science fiction and fantasy in the 1990s.  By 2008, there were more than 190 novels in the "Dragonlance" franchise. Weis and Hickman's "Dragonlance" novels have made over twenty bestseller lists, with sales in excess of 22 million. The pair's novels have been translated into German, Japanese, Danish, Finnish, Spanish, French, Italian, Hebrew, Portuguese, Greek and Turkish and have sold well in the United States, Britain, and Australia.  Not all critics have praised "Dragonlance" and its creators. According to author Stephen Hunt, Wendy Bradley of "Interzone" magazine does not think highly of their work. Hunt feels that it is unusual for authors to receive such loathing among "fantasy's literary mafia", saying, "Behind every critic's scorn laden insult, there that unsaid thought at the end: 'But I could have written that!'" "Visions of Wonder", edited by David G. Hartwell and Milton T. Wolf, and published by the Science Fiction Research Association, argues that "Dragonlance" is published under the "omnivore theory" of publishing. In this theory, the readership is made up of teenagers, and completely replaces itself every three to five years. This allows publishers to release subpar novels and still reach a small yet profitable audience.

Dragonlance is a shared universe created by Laura and Tracy Hickman, and expanded by Tracy Hickman and Margaret Weis under the direction of TSR, Inc. into a series of fantasy novels. The Hickmans conceived "Dragonlance" while driving in their car on the way to TSR for a job interview. At TSR Tracy Hickman met Margaret Weis, his future writing partner, and they gathered a group of associates to play the "Dungeons & Dragons" role-playing game. The adventures during that game inspired a series of gaming modules, a series of novels, licensed products such as board games, and lead miniature figures.

Die Welt der Drachenlanze (im US-Original "Dragonlance") ist eine auf dem Rollenspiel Dungeons & Dragons basierende, seit 1984 erscheinende Reihe von Romanen und Kurzgeschichten, die unter der Regie des US-amerikanischen Verlags TSR (heute Wizards of the Coast) herausgegeben werden. Außerdem ist sie ein sogenanntes Kampagnensetting für Rollenspiele.


Biography.

Virgil Warden Finlay was born and raised in Rochester, New York; his father, woodworker Warden Hugh Finlay, died at age 40 in the midst of the Great Depression, leaving his family (widow Ruth and two children, Jean and Virgil) in straitened circumstances. By his high school years, Virgil Finlay was exercising his passions for art and poetry, and discovered his lifelong subject matter in the pulp magazines of the era—science fiction in "Amazing Stories" (1927), fantasy and horror in "Weird Tales" (1928)—and began to exhibit at the age of 16. By age 21 he was confident enough in his art to send six pieces, unsolicited, to editor Farnsworth Wright at "Weird Tales", who determined that such detailed work would transfer successfully to relatively rough paper the magazine used (pulp magazines were so described because of their paper quality). Wright began buying Finlay's work, which debuted with illustrations of three different stories in the December 1935 issue and appeared in 62 issues including the last in September 1954. He also created 19 color covers for "Weird Tales" numbers from February 1937 to March 1953. (In the latter year he won one of the inaugural Hugo Awards, as the previous year's best "Interior Illustrator"; cover artists and interior illustrators were not thereafter distinguished by the Hugo Award for Best Artist under various names. He was also named the best artist of 1945 in the 50-year Retro Hugos of 1996.)  Finlay quickly branched out to other publications after his 1935 debut; he was an immediate hit. In 1938 he went to work for A. Merritt at "The American Weekly", moving from Rochester to New York City. Later the same year, he married Beverly Stiles, whom he had known in childhood in Rochester (Nov. 16, 1938). His adjustment to the city and to his new job was not smooth, however; he was fired and re-hired more than once. Yet during his period on the magazine's staff (1938–43), and later as a freelancer (1946–51), Finlay estimated that he produced 845 different illustrations, large and small, for Merritt's magazine.  Finlay served in the US Army during World War II, and saw extensive combat in the South West Pacific theater, notably on Okinawa, and did posters and illustrations for the Morale Services during his three years of military service. He resumed his artistic career after demobilization, doing a considerable amount of work for science fiction magazines and books. As the pulp magazine market narrowed through the 1950s, Finlay turned to astrology magazines as a new venue for his art.  Finlay also wrote poetry throughout his adult life. Virtually none was published in his lifetime, though significant samples have been printed posthumously.  Finlay had to undergo major surgery for cancer in early 1969. He recovered enough to go back to work for a time, but the cancer returned, and Finlay died of the disease early in 1971, aged 56. Finlay just missed a resurgence in interest in his artwork from the early 1970s onward. Both Donald M. Grant and Gerry de la Ree have published series of collections of Finlay artwork since the artist's death. The later books published by Underwood-Miller contain illustrations from the Gerry de la Ree editions, as well as additional material. A slightly later generation of fantasy fans were introduced to Finlay's art by reprints of his earlier work in the horror film fan magazine "Castle of Frankenstein" alongside the fine writing that gave significance to that magazine.  "Roads", a fantasy novella by Seabury Quinn, first published in the January 1938 "Weird Tales", and featuring a cover and interior illustrations by Finlay, was originally published in a very limited edition by Arkham House in 1948. It was recently given a 21st-century facsimile reprinting by Red Jacket Press.

Virgil Finlay (July 23, 1914 – January 18, 1971) was an American pulp fantasy, science fiction and horror illustrator. He has been called "part of the pulp magazine history... one of the foremost contributors of original and imaginative art work for the most memorable science fiction and fantasy publications of our time." While he worked in a range of media, from gouache to oils, Finlay specialized in, and became famous for, detailed pen-and-ink drawings accomplished with abundant stippling, cross-hatching, and scratchboard techniques. Despite the very labor-intensive and time-consuming nature of his specialty, Finlay created more than 2600 works of graphic art in his 35-year career.

Virgil Warden Finlay (* 23. Juli 1914 in Rochester, New York; † 18. Januar 1971 in Westbury (New York)) war ein US-amerikanischer Fantasy- und Science-Fiction-Buchillustrator und Künstler.


History.

According to a historian, Cherokee County was established in 1907. However, the "Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture", states that it was created from the Tahlequah District of the Cherokee Nation in 1906.  The Cherokee moved to this area as a result of the forced relocation brought about by the Indian Removal Act of 1830, also known as Trail Of Tears. The first significant settlements were at the site of Park Hill, where there was already a mission community, and Tahlequah, which became the seat of Cherokee government. However the Civil War divided the tribe and caused many of the early structures to be destroyed. Non-Indians began moving into the area illegally starting in the mid-1870s, and became the majority by the 1890s.  In 1851, the Cherokee Male Seminary opened in Tahlequah and the Cherokee Female Seminary opened in Park Hill. The latter burned down in 1887 and was rebuilt in Tahlequah. A 1910 fire destroyed the Male Seminary. The Female Seminary became Northeastern State Normal School after statehood in 1907 and is now part of Northeastern State University.  During 1901 – 1903, The Ozark and Cherokee Central Railway, which later became part of the St. Louis and San Francisco Railway was the first to build a track in the county. It boosted the shipment of farm products through the 1920s, but declined during the Great Depression. All rail service ceased in 1942.

Geography.

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of, of which is land and (3.5%) is water.  The county lies in the foothills of the Ozark Mountains. It includes most of Tenkiller Lake and part of Fort Gibson Lake. The principal river running through it is the Illinois River. Grand River (Oklahoma) forms part of its western boundary.

Demographics.

As of the census of 2000, there were 42,521 people, 16,175 households, and 11,079 families residing in the county. The population density was 57 people per square mile (22/km2). There were 19,499 housing units at an average density of 26 per square mile (10/km2). The racial makeup of the county was 56.41% White, 1.20% Black or African American, 32.42% Native American, 0.27% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 2.10% from other races, and 7.56% from two or more races. 4.14% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 92.7% spoke English, 3.8% Spanish and 2.7% Cherokee as their first language.  There were 16,175 households out of which 32.70% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.50% were married couples living together, 11.90% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31.50% were non-families. 25.30% of all households were made up of individuals and 9.00% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.52 and the average family size was 3.04.  In the county, the population was spread out with 26.30% under the age of 18, 14.60% from 18 to 24, 25.70% from 25 to 44, 21.50% from 45 to 64, and 12.00% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 32 years. For every 100 females there were 96.30 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.10 males.  The median income for a household in the county was $26,536, and the median income for a family was $32,369. Males had a median income of $25,993 versus $21,048 for females. The per capita income for the county was $13,436. About 17.00% of families and 22.90% of the population were below the poverty line, including 28.40% of those under age 18 and 13.80% of those age 65 or over.

Education.

Primary & secondary education.

The Cherokee language immersion school in Tahlequah, Oklahoma educates students from pre-school through eighth grade. The Department of Education of Oklahoma said that in 2012 state tests: 11% of the school's sixth-graders showed proficiency in math, and 25% showed proficiency in reading; 31% of the seventh-graders showed proficiency in math, and 87% showed proficiency in reading; 50% of the eighth-graders showed proficiency in math, and 78% showed proficiency in reading. The Oklahoma Department of Education listed the charter school as a Targeted Intervention school, meaning the school was identified as a low-performing school but has not so that it was a Priority School. Ultimately, the school made a C, or a 2.33 grade point average on the state's A-F report card system. The report card shows the school getting an F in mathematics achievement and mathematics growth, a C in social studies achievement, a D in reading achievement, and an A in reading growth and student attendance. "The C we made is tremendous," said school principal Holly Davis, "[t]here is no English instruction in our school's younger grades, and we gave them this test in English." She said she had anticipated the low grade because it was the school's first year as a state-funded charter school, and many students had difficulty with English. Eighth graders who graduate from the Tahlequah immersion school are fluent speakers of the language, and they usually go on to attend Sequoyah High School where classes are taught in both English and Cherokee.

Colleges.

Northeastern State University is the oldest institution of higher learning in the state of Oklahoma as well as one of the oldest institutions of higher learning west of the Mississippi River. Tahlequah is home to the capital of the Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma and about 25 percent of the students at NSU identify themselves as American Indian. The university has many courses focused on Native American linguistics, and offers Cherokee language Education as a major. Cherokee can be studied as a second language, and some classes are taught in Cherokee for first language speakers as well.

Economy.

Since statehood, the economy of Cherokee County has been based on agriculture, especially production of corn, wheat and vegetables. However, the percentage of the population engaged in farming has declined from 62 percent in 1940 to 4.4 percent in 1990. This is largely due to increased urbanization around Tahlequah since World War II. Agriculture remains very important. In 2002, this county ranked first in Oklahoma for the value of nursery and greenhouse crops and seventh in the state for poultry and eggs. Illinois River and Lake Tenkiller tourism are perhaps of greater economic impact than agriculture, and both have lodging, water sports and recreation outfitters, fishing equipment and guides, eating and drinking establishments, campgrounds, festival events, and organizations for the conservation of resources.  Major non-agricultural employers in the county now include the Cherokee Nation government and Northeastern State University,

NRHP sites.

The following sites in Cherokee County are listed on the National Register of Historic Places:

In popular culture.

In the 1940 film "The Grapes of Wrath", a policeman, portrayed by Ward Bond, tells the Joad family he is from Cherokee County, Oklahoma.  On their 2015 self-titled album, the Turnpike Troubadours song 'The Bird Hunters' is a narrative by a native of Cherokee County, with the name being a prominent part of the refrain of the song.

Cherokee County is a county located in the U.S. state of Oklahoma. As of the 2010 census, the population was 46,987. Its county seat is Tahlequah, which is also the capital of the Cherokee Nation.

Das Cherokee County ist ein County im US-Bundesstaat Oklahoma. Bei der Volkszählung im Jahr 2010 hatte das County 46.987 Einwohner und eine Bevölkerungsdichte von 24,2 Einwohnern pro Quadratkilometer. Der Verwaltungssitz (County Seat) ist Tahlequah, das nach einer alten Indianerstadt benannt wurde.


History.

The eastern part of what is now Cotton County was opened to settlement by non-Native Americans by the 1901 Kiowa-Comanche-Apache Opening, which distributed land by a lottery system. In 1906, the remainder of the present county, then known as the Big Pasture was opened through a sealed bid process. Most of this territory became part of Comanche County at statehood in 1907.  In 1910, residents of the present Cotton County area tried to form a new county, named "Swanson County," but this effort failed in 1911. Another effort in 1912 succeeded. This time, residents elected to split from Comanche County and name the new county "Cotton County," for the primary crop in the region at the time. Randlett, Oklahoma was assigned as a temporary county seat, until a November 4, 1912 election made Walters, Oklahoma the permanent location.  Wheat became more prevalent than, and corn just as prevalent as, cotton as early as 1915. In 1934, corn had dwindled and winter wheat, cotton and oats had become the primary crops.  The county population has generally declined since 1920. In 1920, the population was 16,679. In 1930, it was 15,542. There was a brief increase in the late 1900s, but decline resumed in the 21st century.

Geography.

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of, of which is land and (1.4%) is water.  The eastern portion of the county is in the Cross Timbers region. Its creeks and streams drain to the southeast into the Red River, which borders the county on the south.

Demographics.

The county's population has generally declined since it stood at 16,679 in 1920. As of the census of 2000, there were 6,614 people, 2,614 households, and 1,840 families residing in the county. The population density was 10 people per square mile (4/km2). There were 3,085 housing units at an average density of 5 per square mile (2/km2). The racial makeup of the county was 84.70% White, 2.86% Black or African American, 7.42% Native American, 0.12% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 1.81% from other races, and 3.05% from two or more races. 4.85% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.  There were 2,614 households out of which 31.30% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 57.60% were married couples living together, 9.70% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.60% were non-families. 27.30% of all households were made up of individuals and 14.90% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.46 and the average family size was 3.00.  In the county, the population was spread out with 25.40% under the age of 18, 7.40% from 18 to 24, 26.70% from 25 to 44, 22.80% from 45 to 64, and 17.80% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females there were 98.60 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.60 males.  The median income for a household in the county was $27,210, and the median income for a family was $35,129. Males had a median income of $28,443 versus $19,101 for females. The per capita income for the county was $14,626. About 13.70% of families and 18.20% of the population were below the poverty line, including 24.40% of those under age 18 and 16.90% of those age 65 or over.

Economy.

The county's economy has long revolved around agriculture, specifically crops such as cotton and wheat and livestock such as cattle and poultry. Beginning in the late 1910s, oil and gas grew as a strong industry, the county had 290 producing wells in 1920, 32 of which were gas. The southern portion of the county had Devol refineries, pumping stations, and pipelines. A large retail outlet, Temple's B & O Cash Store, shipped merchandise nationwide, before being bought by Sears and Roebuck in 1929 and later closed in 1954.  In 1997 the county held 69,988 cattle and ranked eleventh in the state for poultry sold.

In popular culture.

Cotton County is the main setting for the Animal Planet documentary series "Hillbilly Handfishin'".

Cotton County is a county located in the U.S. state of Oklahoma. As of the 2010 census, the population was 6,193. Its county seat is Walters. When Oklahoma achieved statehood in 1907, the area which is now Cotton County fell within the boundaries of Comanche County. It was split off in 1912, becoming the last county created in Oklahoma; it was named for the county's primary crop.

Das Cotton County ist ein County im US-Bundesstaat Oklahoma. Bei der Volkszählung im Jahr 2010 hatte das County 6.193 Einwohner und eine Bevölkerungsdichte von 3,8 Einwohnern pro Quadratkilometer. Der Verwaltungssitz (County Seat) ist Walters.


Career.

Crayton was born in Rockdale, Texas. He began playing guitar seriously after moving to California in 1935, later settling in San Francisco. While there, he absorbed the music of T-Bone Walker but developed his own unique approach. His aggressive playing contrasted with his smooth vocal style and was copied by many later blues guitarists.  In 1948, he signed a recording contract with Modern Records. One of his first recordings was the instrumental "Blues After Hours", which reached number 1 on the "Billboard" R&B chart late that year. Its B-side, the pop ballad "I'm Still in Love with You", and the quicker "Texas Hop" are good examples of his work.  In 1950, Crayton and his Orchestra performed at the sixth Cavalcade of Jazz concert, held at Wrigley Field in Los Angeles and produced by Leon Hefflin, Sr. on June 25. Featured on the same day were Lionel Hampton, Roy Milton's Orchestra, Dinah Washington, Tiny Davis and Her Hell Divers, and other artists. 16,000 were reported to be in attendance. The concert ended early because of a fracas while Lionel Hampton played "Flying High".  He went on to record for many other record labels in the 1950s, including Imperial in New Orleans, Vee-Jay in Chicago and Jamie in Philadelphia. It is thought he was the first blues guitarist to use a Fender Stratocaster, playing one given to him by Leo Fender.  His opening guitar riff on the 1954 single "Do Unto Others" was "quoted" by John Lennon in the beginning of the B-side single version of "Revolution" released by The Beatles on Apple Records in 1968.  Crayton’s album "Things I Used to Do" was released by Vanguard Records in 1971. He continued to tour and record in the following years.  A longtime resident of Los Angeles, California, Crayton died there of a heart attack in 1985. He was interred in the Inglewood Park Cemetery.

Connie Curtis Crayton (December 18, 1914 – June 25, 1985), known as Pee Wee Crayton, was an American R&B and blues guitarist and singer.

Pee Wee Crayton (eigentlich "Connie Curtis Crayton"; * 18. Dezember 1914 in Rockdale, Texas; † 25. Juni 1985 in Los Angeles, Kalifornien) war ein US-amerikanischer Blues-Sänger und Gitarrist.


History.

Origins.

The history of the conga (also known as comparsa conga or conga de comparsa) is obscure and its origins remain largely unknown. In the early 19th century, although the word "conga" is not found in written sources, there are references to "tumbas", and, according to Brea and Millet (1993:204), "tumba" refers to the percussion ensemble of the conga. "Tumba" is mentioned in connection with "mamarrachos" (summer festivals in Santiago de Cuba) as early as 1847 (Pérez I 1988:54). A word that may be synonymous with "tumba" is the word "tango", mentioned as early as 1856 (Pérez I 1988:79). Unfortunately, most 19th-century writers were extremely negative towards Afro-Cuban culture and little information about the tumbas or tangos was recorded.

Relation to Kongo ethnic group.

"Congo" was the word used to designate African slaves brought to Cuba from the Congo region of Africa (currently the Republic of the Congo, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Angola). According to the rules of Spanish grammar, "congo" became a masculine noun/adjective and its feminine counterpart was formed by changing final "o" to "a." This Spanish noun/adjective pair has been used in Cuba to designate anything pertaining to the above-mentioned African slaves and their culture. Therefore, some have assumed that ""conga"" was originally an adjective (as in the expression "comparsa conga"), and that the "comparsa" was dropped and "conga" changed to a noun (del Carmen et al. 2005). However, the word "conga" may also derive from either "maconga" (song) or "nkunga" (song, sound) in "the language of the Congo" (Ortiz 1924:118).  Ortiz (II 1952-5:34) also states that the drum called bokú (one of the instruments of the conga) is "...typical of the congos." Goodman mentions the “"comparsa conga"” in conjunction with a "carnaval" figure known as “"el Rey del Congo"” (the "King of the Congo”), which seems to confirm a "kongo" ethnic connection to the "conga" (Pérez I 1988:104). Also, the word "bokú" means “drum” in Kikongo (Orovio 1981:58).

Antipathy after independence.

In the early years after the establishment of the Republic of Cuba in 1902, there were numerous decrees by successive mayors of Santiago de Cuba banning "African drums and "tangos"". (Pérez I 1988:177, etc.) Apparently, these decrees were not faithfully enforced:  “In spite of the prohibitive proclamation, the "tumbas" echoed loudly everywhere, including in the most central and heavily-traveled areas.  According to Pérez,  “Although the prohibition of African manifestations was reiterated, the "comparsas" were permitted. In reality, it was just a question of maintaining on paper that which could not really be enforced due to the express desire of the "bourgeoisie", to whom these manifestations were a diversion, ‘something colorful’ and amusing.” (Pérez I 1988:179, note 13)

Debate.

Opponents to the "conga" in print outnumbered defenders. The "conga" was a thing of the illiterate Afro-Cuban working people, while the writers of editorials and angry letters to the editor were upper-class Hispano-Cubans. One prominent attacker of the "conga", and perhaps the most florid in his prose, was the long-time mayor of Santiago, Desiderio Arnaz (father of American TV star Desi Arnaz), who expressed the feelings of some upper-class Cubans in a newspaper article of 1925:  “I will have you know that the initial days of our traditional masquerades – which have just passed – have left painful impressions in my mind. Allow me to explain. In every way, the carnival has been a joyful celebration of the soul of the people, an exhibition of good artistic taste, a competition of original ideas, a contest in which thought and action have always vied in giving objective form to the perfect conception of Beauty and towards the noble intent of the dignification of society; Paris, Rome, Venice, Madrid and Havana itself offer in their "carnestolendas" lessons on how complaisant liberty ought to be used in those periods of fantasy in order to educate the wishes and aspirations of the citizen. But here, in our city, in one of those scientifically inexplicable regressions towards a dark past, certain elements of our commonwealth seem committed – under the pretext of "carnaval" – to the repugnant task of checking human progress and causing harm to Civilization with their excesses.  I refer to the ‘"conga",’ that strident group of drums, frying pans and shrieks, to whose sounds epileptic, ragged, semi-nude crowds run about the streets of our metropolis, and who, between lubricous contortions and abrupt movements, show a lack of respect to society, offend morality, discredit our customs, lower us in the eyes of people from other countries and, what is worse, by their example, contaminate schoolchildren, who I have seen carried away by the heat of the lesson, panting and sweaty, engaging in frenetic competitions in corporal flexibility in those shameful tourneys of licentiousness.” (Pérez I 1988:337)  On the other hand, an opinion poll of 1936 on the "conga" elicited the following comments: “...Let the hours, the minutes and the seconds pass as they will, as long as they do so as quickly as possible so that I can slap that "bocú"... From today, it is only 18 days until the "carnaval" starts. How it torments me to think that there are still so many days to go; I wish it were tomorrow;... I want you to know... that the sound of the "conga" nourishes me, the sound of the frying pans gives me life and the sound of the "bocú" drives me crazy. Several days prior to the beginning of rehearsals, I went to see a doctor; I felt overwhelmed, sad, pensive. He prescribed and gave me some injections, and I felt absolutely no different, but as soon as I heard the sound of the first "bocú", I was completely cured, I felt strong and ready for anything. And I advise those who are unhappy and listless to get an invigorating injection of "bocú", "conga" and frying pans and you’ll be OK in 24 hours.” (Pérez II 1988:22-3)

Conga of Los Hoyos.

Los Hoyos is a district in downtown Santiago de Cuba and home to the conga of Los Hoyos. The date of the founding of this "conga" is unknown, but it was already in existence in 1902 (del Carmen et al. 2005).  At first, the instruments of the group were a "pilón", some "bocúes", a cowbell and a "güiro". Later, two "redoblantes" were added, the number of "bocúes" was increased and the cowbell and "güiro" were replaced by frying pans. Later still, the frying pans were replaced by the "campanas" (automobile brake drums or other pieces of metal chosen for their distinct sound qualities). Also added were the "quinto" and the "requinto". Los Hoyos first began using a "corneta china" in 1916 (del Carmen et al. 2005), one year after the instrument was introduced by the conga Los Colombianos from Tívoli.  During the "carnaval" season, Los Hoyos performs a traditional event known as an ""invasión"," in which it marches around the streets of Santiago and visits the neighborhoods where the other famous "congas" are located. This ""invasión"" commemorates the invasion of the Army of Liberation at the end of the War of Independence. Los Hoyos also closes the traditional parades of the "Carnaval" of Santiago de Cuba (del Carmen et al. 2005).

Instrumentation.

Walter Goodman (1838–1912), an Englishman who lived in Santiago de Cuba from 1864 to 1869, left what may be the earliest written description of the instruments of the "conga": “... an odd orchestra composed of drums, frying pans, tin utensils, graters and "güiros" (Pérez I 1988:102)."  The present-day instruments fall into four categories. First are the "campanas" (Brea and Millet 1993:181), which are instruments of metal struck with metal beaters. Preferably, brake drums from older model American vehicles (1950s or older) are used. Originally, before brake drums were available, frying pans were used (Pérez I 1988:310, Pérez II 1988:23, etc.) and possibly plow blades as well (Pérez I 1988:106 and 134).  The second category is the "bocuses" (sing. "bocú" alt. pl. "bocúes"), also called "fondos" ("bottoms").“The "bokú" is a single-headed drum, skin nailed to the shell, shell open at one end, long, shaped like a conic section and made of staves with iron hoops that circle them and hold them together. They are heated with fire and played with both hands and no sticks. The musician or "bokusero" carries the drum on his left side, hung over the shoulder with a strap.” (Ortíz II 1952-5:34) Nowadays, the skin is usually held on by a metal hardware system similar to that of the commercial conga drum. Anywhere from four to 16 "bocuses" are used in one "conga" (Brea and Millet 1993:179). The "bocuses" play simple interlocking parts with few variations (however, the sum of the parts results in quite a complex drum melody). A smaller "bocú," called a "quinto" or "bocusito," plays complex off-beat figures and improvisations.  According to Ortiz, the "bocú" was adopted by the "conga" when African drums were banned in the early years of the Republic.“The fact that the modern Cuban "bokú" originates and is found only in the cities of Oriente, permits one to suppose that the "bokú", with or without exact Bantu morphological antecedents, is an unusual type of drum in Cuba; but was adopted by the Cubans when, upon the prohibition of African drums, they resorted to new types of drums which, due to their unaccustomed appearances, were not imputable to Africans.”(Ortíz II 1952-5:36)  A third category are the bimembranophone "tambores" (Brea and Millet 1993:200), mentioned in documents as early as 1916 (Pérez I 1988:217) There are three "tambores": one "requinto" and two "galletas". The "requinto" (Brea and Millet 1993:198), first mentioned in writing as early as 1931 (Pérez II 1988:9), is shaped somewhat like a snare drum- about 50% wider than it is tall. It is hung from the left shoulder with the top of the drum slightly skewed to the left and is played with a stick on the right-hand skin while the left hand mutes or opens the left-hand skin. Its part is simple with few variations. The "galletas" (also called "congas"- Orovio 1981:186) are like bass drums, but flatter. They are both played with a stick in a manner similar to the "requinto", except that they are hung from the shoulders in such a way that the skins are nearly horizontal to the ground. The higher pitched of the two is called a "redoblante" (Brea and Millet 1993:197). It measures approximately 2 feet in diameter and 5 inches high. In addition to its basic pattern, there are many "floreos" (variations) that it can play. The lower-pitched "galleta" is called a "pilón" (Brea and Millet 1993:196) or "pilonera" (Ortíz II 1952-5:242). It measure about 2 inches larger in each dimension than the "redoblante." This drum plays a basic pattern with few variations. All three of the drums utilize a metal hardware system for attaching the skins to the drum shells.  As with the "bocú", Ortiz asserts that the "tambores" were not originally used in the pre-Republican "congas". “One is soon aware that these "congas" ["galletas"], like the drums of the "comparsa carabalí", are ‘white’ imitations of drums whose African morphology has been disguised” (Ortíz II 1952-5:242).  The final category includes only one item: the "trompetica china" or "corneta china" (literally “Chinese trumpet/bugle”). This double reed instrument, called "suona" in Chinese, was brought to Havana in the 19th century by Chinese immigrants. It was being used to play traditional Chinese music in the Chinese theaters in Havana's Chinatown, when an Afro-Cuban "comparsa" named “Los Chinos Buenos” adapted it to use in place of an "inspirador" ("lead singer"). Although it was very difficult for anyone not standing within ten feet of the "inspirador" to hear him or her singing during a street performance, the "trompetica china", due to its peculiar raucous and nasal sound, could usually be heard by the entire "comparsa" and its followers. In 1910, the "trompetica china" was brought to Santiago de Cuba by soldiers of the Cuban army (Ortíz II 1952-5:451). The first "conga" to incorporate its use was Paso Franco in 1915 (del Carmen et al. 2005). By 1924, it was a well-established feature of the "conga" (Pérez; I 1988:310). Today, the sound of this instrument is recognized by Cubans as the symbol of the "carnavales" of Oriente.

Dance.

The "conga" is danced with small sliding steps, advancing alternately. Imagining two measures of time (the traditional time signature for the "conga"), if the right foot starts on the first eighth note of the first measure, then the left foot steps on the third eighth note of the first measure, the right again on the first eighth note of the second measure, the left on the third eighth note of the second measure, and so on. This basic step is called the ""arrollao."" The arms are bent at the elbow and swung opposite to the rhythm of the feet (Fernández 1974:91).  There are many variations on the basic step, as well as simple figures such as "kick," "single turn," "cutting sugar cane," "shining shoes," etc.  A common variation on the above variation is to eliminate the tie.

The term conga refers to the music groups within Cuban comparsas and the music they play. Comparsas are large ensembles of musicians, singers and dancers with a specific costume and choreography which perform in the street carnivals of Santiago de Cuba and Havana.

Conga ist ein kubanischer Karnevalsrhythmus. Er wird von den verschiedenen Comparsa-Truppen auf Congas mit Schultergurt (in den USA nach einer Rolle des Sängers, Schauspielers und Produzenten Desi Arnaz „ricardo“, sonst „bocú“ genannt), Glocken oder anderen Metallteilen wie Hacken, Bremstrommeln oder "sartenes" (zwei zum Umhängen auf ein Brett mit Gurt genagelten kleinen Pfannen) sowie Basstrommeln, gespielt. Dazu wird meist auch die Corneta China, ein Holzblasinstrument, gespielt. Die verschiedenen Gruppen haben ihre eigenen Lieder, die dazu gesungen werden.


Plot.

When Wilbur leaves the hospital after having tried once more to kill himself, the staff ask his brother Harbour to let Wilbur move in with him. The brothers thus share their childhood flat, which is adjacent to the bookshop their father left them.  Uninterested in the family business, Wilbur works in a nursery. Harbour manages the shop and meets Alice, who sells him books she finds when working as a hospital cleaner. When she is sacked for always being late, she visits Harbour to explain why she will not be coming again. Following his brother's advice on "grabbing" women, Harbour asks Alice to marry him. The wedding meal is held at an Asian restaurant and allows Wilbur to get acquainted with Sophie, Alice's ex-colleague from the hospital. The two start flirting, but Wilbur pushes Sophie away after she licks his ear. After the meal, Wilbur goes back home and slits his wrists in the bath.  Harbour finds his brother just in time and Alice saves Wilbur by using towels to stop the bleeding. While discussing Wilbur with Alice, Harbour tells her his brother feels responsible for their mother's death.  As he is about to leave the hospital, Wilbur gets a nurse named Moira, infatuated with him, to lick his ear. Instead of reciprocating the favour, he wipes his ear and leaves the room. At the same time, a few doors along, Harbour is told by a doctor that he needs to stay in the hospital for some tests. Harbour refuses because he wants to be at home with his new family.  Wilbur, Harbour, Alice and Mary live together, allowing them to get acquainted. Before Mary's birthday party, Alice asks Harbour buy some whipped cream at the supermarket, where he has a fit. He wakes up at the hospital, where Dr Horst, a psychologist he has met often through Wilbur, tries to convince him to get treatment for pancreatic cancer. The two men share a bottle of whisky, Dr Horst believing that such is the condition of Harbour's liver that a little alcohol will be insignificant. Wilbur goes back to the bookshop to bring Alice the whipped cream for Mary's party. When a little girl asks him to stand on his head, he throws up on her dress. Harbour is put to bed; as Wilbur and Alice tidy up after the party, they kiss briefly until she says she cannot continue.  The next day, Wilbur tries to jump off a building, only to realise he does not want to. He goes home to apologise to Alice for kissing her, but they do so again.  Dr Horst tells Harbour he must explain his very serious situation to his family, but he does not know how to.  To fight the mutual attraction Wilbur has with Alice, Wilbur decides to make nurse Moira his girlfriend. One evening, as they are all out for a meal, Moira tells the family they should change their eating habits to help Harbour during his chemotherapy. Furious at Harbour for not getting treatment, Alice takes him to hospital and spends the night there with him despite Harbour being scared that Wilbur might try to kill himself. The latter, having stayed at home to take care of Mary, decides not to commit suicide when he realises the little girl needs him. Wilbur resigns from his job to replace his brother at the bookshop. Harbour's condition does not improve, so his doctor allows him to spend his last Christmas at the bookshop.  After dinner, as Harbour tucks Mary into bed, she asks him if he is going to spend the night in Wilbur's room, implying that Wilbur will be in Alice's. As he is about to take a taxi back to the hospital, Harbour asks his brother to take care of Alice and Mary. In his hospital room, Harbour takes an overdose of pills and trims his fingernails before lying in bed fully clothed. The film ends with Wilbur, Alice, and Mary visiting Harbour's grave.

Reception.

The film has been well received by audiences. Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, based on 79 reviews, gives the film an 86% approval, the average rating being 7.1/10.

Wilbur Wants to Kill Himself is a 2002 Danish-Scottish drama film directed by Lone Scherfig and starring Jamie Sives, Adrian Rawlins, Shirley Henderson, Lisa McKinlay, Mads Mikkelsen, and Julia Davis. Harbour and his suicidal brother, Wilbur, inherit their father's secondhand bookshop in their native Glasgow. Their lives become entangled with a woman called Alice and her young daughter, Mary, after the two visit the shop. Idealistic Mary captures Wilbur's heart, and may be able to help save his life or help him find peace.

Wilbur Wants to Kill Himself (dt. TV-Alternativtitel: "Wilbur – Das Leben ist eins der schwersten") ist eine Tragikomödie der dänischen Regisseurin Lone Scherfig ("Italienisch für Anfänger") aus dem Jahr 2002.


History.

Nielsen Media Research, once one of the largest media research companies in the world, began as a division of ACNielsen, a marketing research firm. In 1996, Nielsen Media Research was split off into an independent company and in 1999, was purchased by the Dutch conglomerate VNU. In 2001, VNU also purchased ACNielsen, thereby bringing both companies under the same corporate umbrella. VNU was reorganized and renamed the Nielsen Company in 2007.  The Nielsen TV Ratings have been produced in the USA since the 1950-51 television season and statistically measure which programs are watched by different segments of the population. The most well-known portion is the "diary". During the four "sweeps" months of February, May, July and November, Nielsen interviewers in Oldsmar, Florida and Radcliff, Kentucky ask homes to participate in filling out a diary of the programs watched in their home for a one-week period.  The Nielsen sample included roughly 1,700 audiometer homes and rotating board of nearly 850 diary respondents, by the early 1980s. Nielsen launched its Nielsen Homevideo Index (NHI) in 1980 to measure cable, pay cable, and VCRs, and the NHI began offering daily cable ratings in 1982. Nielsen's continued to advance with steady changes into the mid 2000s (decade). Along with changing their counting methods, Nielsen also started emphasizing their sample in 2003 in reaction to census shifts and requests from some industry sectors. Nielsen's automated Local People Meter (LPM) technology was introduced in New York and Los Angeles. The LPM improved the method of measurement from active and diary-based to passive and meter-monitored. More importantly, the LPM provides accurate measurements to particular local markets, verse a nationwide sample from the People meter. While diary-based surveys concentrated on quarterly sweeps periods, the industry has been pushed toward year-round measurement, due to the automated LPM system.  In 1996 Nielsen Media Research began tracking computer, internet, and video game usage through telephone surveys.  Recently, Nielsen announced the launch of its A2M2 project that would measure television viewing in and out of the home.  Nielsen Media Research is a sister company to Nielsen NetRatings, which measures Internet and digital media audiences through a telephone and internet survey, and Nielsen BuzzMetrics, which measures Consumer-Generated Media.  Nielsen also conducts market research for the film industry through National Research Group (NRG).  In September 2018, Nielsen acquired SuperData Research, an industry analysis firm that deals with tracking viewing habits within the video game and eSports areas, an area that Nielsen plans to expand into.

Corporate affairs.

Nielsen has its headquarters in Lower Manhattan, New York City.  The company maintains an office in Oldsmar, Florida. Most of the employees of Nielsen Media Research work in Oldsmar, and the company's media measurement work originates from the office. The "Associated Press" said that the Oldsmar building, with a cost figure of $80 million, was "its so-called nerve center."

Initial public offering.

Nielsen went in for an IPO () in January 2011 and was the largest public offer in the United States in the previous four years. Being the largest IPO for a firm backed by private equity at $1.64 billion, the IPO was well received and closely watched by all big banks and private equity boutiques On March 1, 2011 they announced the appointment of Liz Zale as Senior Vice President for Investor Relations. Liz Zale was previously Vice President for Investor Relations at Moody's Corporation ().

Nielsen Media Research (NMR) is an American firm that measures media audiences, including television, radio, theatre films (via the AMC Theatres MAP program) and newspapers. NMR, headquartered in New York City, is best known for the Nielsen ratings, an audience measurement system of television viewership that for years has been the deciding factor in canceling or renewing television shows by television networks. As of May 2012, it is part of Nielsen Holdings.

Nielsen Media Research ist ein US-amerikanisches Marktforschungsunternehmen mit Sitz in New York City. Sie ermittelt seit über 50 Jahren unter anderem die Bruttowerbeaufwendungen in den Above-the-line-Medien in Deutschland sowie die Mediengattungen Direct Mail, Online, At-Retail-Media und Transport Media. Darüber hinaus erfasst Nielsen Media Research die Werbekreationen in den verschiedenen Medien. Nielsen Media Research stellt seinen Kunden eine Kombination aus den werbestatistischen Daten und Kreationen zur Verfügung und unterstützt diese mit Serviceleistungen wie zum Beispiel Medien- und Werbeforschung sowie individuellen Sonderanalysen und Softwarelösungen.


History.

The town was founded by Frederick Moth after he was made governor of St. Croix in 1733. Departing from St. Thomas, Capt. Moth's party had cleared a space for Fort Christianswærn by 5 September. In a ceremony next to this fort on 8 Jan. 1734, the French formally handed over the island to the Danes in the form of the Danish West India and Guinea Company. The island was to be allotted 300 plantations, 215 for sugar and the remainder for cotton. The plantations surveyed were 3000 feet by 2000 feet. In addition, the company established a sugar refinery and distillery. The fort was completed by 1740. The 1742 census listed 120 sugar plantations, 122 cotton plantations, and 1906 slaves compared to about 300 Englishmen and 60 Danes. By 1743, the island had a hospital and in 1745, the number of slaves had increased to 2878. By 1754, the town included 83 "white inhabitants", "each of whom owned from a single slave to sixty-six of them," according to Westergaard. Total slaves on the island had increased to 7566.  Christiansted has preserved the 18th-century Danish-style buildings constructed by African slaves. Solid stone buildings in pastel colors with bright red tile roofs line the cobblestone sidewalks, adding a touch of 18th-century European architectural style. Because the town was constructed by African slaves, there are many African influences in Christiansted's design as well, making it one of the few "African-Danish" towns in the world. The town's symmetry, with streets running at right angles to the waterfront, makes it popular for walking tours. The commercial area centers on King and Company streets, adjacent to the Christiansted National Historic Site. The residential area, including portions that were originally settlements for free blacks, extends inland and uphill from the commercial area. The botanist Julius von Rohr started a botanic garden in the 18th century and produced a number of landscapes of the island.  The town has small hotels and many restaurants. Several scuba shops operate in the town, as the wharf has easy access to many diving attractions on the north side of the island. A small point of interest is Protestant Cay, a cay near Christiansted.

Economy.

Seaborne Airlines previously had headquarters in Christiansted.

Transportation.

The city of Christiansted is served by one commercial airport, Henry E. Rohlsen Airport, with flights on several airlines, including American and Delta from the United States.

Education.

Public schools serving the community are operated by the St. Croix School District.

Christiansted, U.S. Virgin Islands, is the largest town on Saint Croix, one of the main islands composing the United States Virgin Islands, a territory of the United States of America. It is a former capital of the Danish West Indies and home to the Christiansted National Historic Site. Christiansted as of 2004, had a population of about 3,000. The 2000 census population of the town was 2,637; that of the larger sub-district was 2,865.

Christiansted, U.S. Virgin Islands, ist eine Kleinstadt auf Saint Croix, einer der Inseln der amerikanischen Jungferninseln, die zum nicht inkorporierten Außengebiet der USA gehören.


Lactobacilli.

The primary colonizing bacteria of a healthy individual are of the genus "Lactobacillus". Since the first description of lactobacilli by Döderlein, lactobacilli have been generally considered the gatekeepers of the vaginal ecosystem. Lactobacilli have been shown to inhibit in vitro growth of pathogenic microorganisms, e.g. "Bacteroides fragilis", "Escherichia coli", "Gardnerella vaginalis", "Mobiluncus" spp., "Neisseria gonorrhoeae", "Peptostreptococcus anaerobius", "P. bivia" and "Staphylococcus aureus". It is generally accepted that this is achieved mainly through the action of lactic acid. Moreover, lactobacilli normally help to prevent long-term colonization of the vagina by adhering to vaginal epithelial cells. This usually reduces pathogens from infecting to the vaginal epithelium.  Next to lactic acid production and competition for adherence, other antagonistic mechanisms include hydrogen peroxide (a broad-spectrum antimicrobial) and bacteriocins (target-specific antimicrobials) production.

The production of lactic acid.

Low pH is generally accepted to be the main mechanism controlling the composition of the vaginal microflora. Although the lactic acid produced by lactobacilli contributes to the vaginal acidity, it is still not proven to be the primary source of low vaginal pH, but the fact remains that most lactobacilli thrive best at a pH < 3.5.

Hydrogen peroxide.

Production of hydrogen peroxide (HO) is a well-known mechanism for bacterial antagonism, inhibiting growth of microorganisms via direct interaction or via human myeloperoxidase. Hydrogen peroxide-producing lactobacilli have been shown to inactivate HIV-1, herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2), "Trichomonas vaginalis", "G. vaginalis", "P. bivia" and "E. coli". O'Hanlon and Baeten found that 96% of "Lactobacillus" species from a healthy vaginal ecosystem produced HO ("L. jensenii" and "L. vaginalis" produce the highest levels of HO), whereas only 6% of the lactobacilli recovered from women with BV produced HO. In agreement with this, "L. iners", most frequently associated with disturbed vaginal microflora, is a poor producer of HO. Vaginal colonization by HO-producing lactobacilli has been associated with a decrease in the occurrence of bacterial vaginosis (BV). However, more recently O‘Hanlon et al. demonstrated that cervicovaginal fluid and semen have a significant HO-blocking activity and they later demonstrated that physiological concentrations of HO below 100 μM fail to inactivate any of the 17 tested BV-associated bacteria, e.g. "A. vaginae", "G. vaginalis", "Mobiluncus" spp., "P. bivia", "Prevotella corporis", "Mycoplasma hominis", even in the presence of human myeloperoxidase, known to increase the microbicidal activity of HO. Only supraphysiologic concentrations of exogenous HO (0.34% w/v, 100 mM) were sufficient to inactivate BV-associated bacteria at which concentration it more potently inactivated vaginal lactobacilli ("L. crispatus", "L. gasseri", "L. iners" and "L. jensenii"). A concentration of 100 mM HO is approximately 50-fold higher than lactobacilli are capable of producing even under optimal aerobic, low-antioxidant conditions, and approximately 5,000-fold higher than the estimated HO concentration in vivo. Even more remarkable, the addition of only 1% vaginal fluid blocked the microbicidal activity of 1 M HO. Possible explanations may be that cervicovaginal fluid and semen contain proteins, glycoproteins, polysaccharides, lipids, and other molecules with the potential to react with and inactivate HO. In addition, the vagina is hypoxic most of the time, whereas lactobacilli require oxygen to produce hydrogen peroxide. It is also remarkable that catalase, which provides bacteria protection against toxic HO, is absent in lactobacilli, and as such they would be unprotected against their own HO production. In contrast, under optimal anaerobic growth conditions, physiological concentrations of lactic acid inactivated the BV-associated pathogens without affecting the vaginal lactobacilli. In summary, although the hydrogen peroxide production of lactobacilli has been considered as an important antimicrobial component, contributing to the colonization resistance provided by lactobacilli, and although there seems to be a link between HO-producing lactobacilli and normal vaginal microflora, recent data do not support this role for HO.

Bacteriocins.

Vaginal lactobacilli produce antimicrobial peptides, i.e. bacteriocins such as lactocin 160 and crispasin. with inhibitory activity ranging from narrow (closely related "Lactobacillus" species) to broad (diverse groups of bacteria, including "G. vaginalis" and "P. bivia"), and bacteriocin-like substances, with a broader spectrum of activity than bacteriocins (e.g. a heat-resistant peptide produced by "Lactobacillus salivarius" subsp. "salivarius" CRL 1328). Several studies have indicated that the activity of bacteriocins is favored by low pH.  The inhibitory substances produced by vaginal "Lactobacillus" is a primary factor in protecting the vaginal microbiota, with organic acids, bacteriocins, and hydrogen peroxide. These act synergistically against infection by pathogens. Not all "Lactobacillus" spp. and not all strains within one "Lactobacillus" species exhibit all 3 mechanisms. "Lactobacillus" species differ in premenopausal women, i.e. "L. crispatus", "L. jensenii", "L. iners", "L. gasseri" (and possibly "L. vaginalis"), as assessed through cultivation-dependent and cultivation-independent techniques. Vaginal lactobacilli have been shown to display a pronounced vaginotropism, and their pili act as ligands for attachment to receptors of vaginal epithelial cells. The limited number of "Lactobacillus" spp. found in the human vagina is remarkable, which leads to the possibility that there are host factors that select for specific organisms, that these species have unusual characteristics that allow them to successfully colonize the vagina, or both. However, the vaginotropism, does not only apply to this selected group of lactobacilli that stand for a healthy vagina, but also for the bacterial species associated with BV. The microbiota detected in the human genital and gut econiche do not appear to grow outside their host and probably are likely to rely on the close contact between parents and their children for transmission, e.g. mother to neonate transmission of genital microflora, most probably also with gut microflora homogenously distributed over the baby‘s body including skin, the oral cavity, nasopharynx, and feces.

Other microbiota.

Healthy, normal vaginal microbiota that is dominated by lactobacilli may differ among some ethnic groups. Non-pathogenic vaginal species are part of the normal microbiota of some women. Several studies have demonstrated that a significant proportion (7–33%) of healthy asymptomatic women (especially black and Hispanic women) lack appreciable numbers of Lactobacillus species in the vagina, and instead have a vaginal microbiota that consist of other lactic acid-producing bacteria, i.e. species from the genera "Atopobium", "Leptotrichia", "Leuconostoc", "Megasphaera", "Pediococcus", "Streptococcus" and "Weissella", All ethnic populations have vaginal microflora communities containing lactic acid producing bacteria. This implies that not all communities may be equally resilient, so that if the resilience of a vaginal community is low then transitory changes in the structure of these communities may occur more readily in response to disturbances of various kinds, including menses, sexual intercourse, douching and contraceptive practices. These differences in the structure and composition of microbial communities may underlie well-known differences in the susceptibility of women in these racial groups to BV and various vaginal infections‖. Though vaginal microflora may be disturbed, and lactic acid is produced by other species, vaginal pH and acid production establish normal vaginal microbiota. The pH further decreases during pregnancy.

Other vaginal bacterial species.

Other bacterial species are frequently found in the vagina, such as the Gram positive cocci: "Atopobium vaginae", "Peptostreptococcus" spp., "Staphylococcus" spp., "Streptococcus" spp., and "Bacteroides" spp., "Fusobacterium" spp., "Gardnerella vaginalis", "Mobiluncus", "Prevotella" spp., and Gram-negative enteric organisms, such as "Escherichia coli". Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma are frequently found in the vagina. Some of the obligate and facultative anaerobic bacteria are associated with BV.

Pregnancy.

The effect of tampon use on vaginal flora is debated, but application of tampons appears not to significantly modify the balance of bacterial presence. Pregnancy alters the microbiota with a reduction in species/genus diversity.

Disease prevention.

A healthy vaginal microbiome aids in the prevention of bacterial vaginosis, yeast infections and other possible problems by maintaining an acidic pH (< 4.5) that is unfavourable for the growth of common pathogens, such as "Gardnerella vaginalis". The lactobacilli present in a healthy vaginal microbiome also occupy the ecological niche that would otherwise be available for exploitation by pathogenic organisms. However, harmful bacteria or an imbalance in bacteria can lead to infection.  Bacterial vaginosis is associated with the presence of "Gardnerella vaginalis" and "Peptostreptococcus anaerobius" and a decrease in the number of "Lactobacillus" species that comprise the healthy vaginal microbiota.

Research.

Investigations have found that the presence of lacto-bacillus dominated bacteria in the vagina is associated with a lower incidence of sexually transmitted infections.

Vaginal flora, vaginal microbiota or vaginal microbiome are the microorganisms that colonize the vagina. They were discovered by the German gynecologist Albert Döderlein in 1892 and are part of the overall human flora. The amount and type of bacteria present have significant implications for a woman's overall health. The primary colonizing bacteria of a healthy individual are of the genus "Lactobacillus",<ref name="doi10.1128/JCM.40.8.2746-2749.2002"> such as "L. crispatus", and the lactic acid they produce is thought to protect against infection by pathogenic species.

Als Scheidenflora (Vaginalflora) wird die natürlich vorhandene mikrobielle Besiedlung der weiblichen Scheide bezeichnet. Die Scheidenflora übernimmt eine Platzhalterfunktion und verhindert dadurch, dass andere, schädliche Keime überhandnehmen. Neben dieser sogenannten Kolonisationsresistenz verhindert auch der durch die Scheidenflora bedingte pH-Wert ein Überwuchern von Krankheitserregern. In der Zusammensetzung der Scheidenflora gibt es bei den verschiedenen Säugetieren erhebliche Unterschiede. Die Scheidenflora gehört zum Mikrobiom eines Vielzellers.


Styling.

The car shared its wheelbase with its predecessor, the Jaguar Mark VII M, which outwardly it closely resembled. The most obvious change was a new curved one-piece windscreen. Distinguishing visually between the models is facilitated by changes to the front grille and a curved chrome trim strip below the waistline which allowed the factory to offer a variety of two-tone paint schemes. In addition the new car had rear spats that were cut back to display more of the rear wheels. The interior fittings were more luxurious than those of the Mark VII M.

Engine and running gear.

The Mark VIII inherited from its predecessor the 3442 cc straight-six engine which it shared with the Jaguar XK140 that appeared two years earlier. In the Mark VIII, a modified cylinder head known as the 'B' type was used. Although introduced subsequent to the 'C' type competition head (as used on the C-Type racer and available as an option on the XK 140) this naming made more sense than might at first appear. The 'B' type head used the larger valves of the 'C' type head, with the smaller intake port diameter of original XK cylinder head that had been introduced on the MK VII, which was now referred to as the 'A' type. The combination of larger valves with the original intake port diameters allowed faster gas flow at low and medium speeds to promote better low and medium range torque. As the MK VIII was not likely to be revved as high as the C-Type racers and the XK 140's equipped with the 'C' type head the reduction in flow at high rpm's was not seen to be a disadvantage.  Engines equipped with the 'A' type head were advertised at ; the MK VIII with the 'B' type head were advertised at, and engines with the 'C' type head at :. The 'B' type head was painted a light green on the 3.4 litre engines to identify it ( mid-blue on the later mark IX with 3.8 litre engine ).  The modified head supported by twin SU carburetors, and employing a manual four-speed transmission, meant that advertised engine output was now increased to : the claimed top speed in excess of 106 mph (170 km/h) was considered impressive, given the car's bulk. Transmission options included overdrive or a Borg Warner three-speed automatic box.

Production.

After a two-year production run of 6,227 units the Mark VIII was replaced by the Jaguar Mark IX.

Motor sport.

A Mark VIII, crewed by Dunning and Cash, won first place in the Automatic Transmission class in the 1958 Australian Mobilgas Economy Run, which was a fuel economy contest in which cars were required to cover 1,224 miles in two and a half days.

The Jaguar Mark VIII is a luxury four-door automobile introduced by the Jaguar company of Coventry at the 1956 London Motor Show.

Der Jaguar Mark VIII war eine viertürige Limousine der Oberklasse, die Jaguar im Oktober 1956 als Nachfolger des Jaguar Mark VII M auf den Markt brachte.


History.

The band's early years were spent living in burnt out buildings, squats and on the streets. By 1982/83 Flanagan recorded the very first Cro-Mags demo consisting of 4 songs that would become the blue print for their debut album "The Age of Quarrel" (1986). Flanagan wrote all of the music, played each instrument, and performed vocals. Before long he connected with Parris Mayhew and the two started writing music and auditioning band members. Age of Quarrel singer John Joseph parted ways with the band for the first time after Age of Quarrel, leaving bass player Harley Flanagan to sing on the following Cro-Mags release, "Best Wishes" (1989), which had a more heavy metal-influenced sound. The next record "Alpha Omega" saw the return of Joseph singing along with Flanagan. According to guitarist and songwriter Parris Mayhew, he wrote most of the album with guitarist Rob Buckley. However, neither Mayhew or Buckley played on the actual recording and the writing has been disputed by Flanagan and others. The Cro-Mags disbanded and later recorded the album with the return of Doug Holland and a new rhythm guitarist: Gabby Abularach.  The album "Near Death Experience" was released in 1993, after which the group disbanded for several years. They began touring again in the late 1990s with Flanagan on vocals and bass and Mayhew returning to the fold and eventually released "Revenge" in 2000. For many fans, this album signified a return to Cro-Mags' early hardcore roots. Many songs were comparable to those on "The Age of Quarrel", although some featured a more melodic/punk rock style. The release of "Revenge" and its subsequent tour resulted in yet another break up, which caused lasting resentment between Mayhew and Flanagan. In 2001 Flanagan asked Joseph to join him once again, but that was a short lived reunion and ended in 2002.  In 2008, John Joseph and Mackie began playing shows under the Cro-Mags name with other established hardcore musicians such as Craig Setari from Sick of It All on bass, and A.J. Novello from Leeway on guitar. In an October 2010 interview, Joseph revealed that they were planning to release a new album in 2011, though ultimately this did not happen. Flanagan released his solo debut album, "Cro-Mags", in 2016, it featured Cro-Mags alum Gabby Abularach on guitar.  In 2018, Flanagan filed a federal trademark infringement action suing prior band members John Joseph and Mackie Jayson. In April 2019, Flanagan announced a settlement wherein he would own exclusive use of the name "Cro-Mags"; simultaneously, Joseph announced his recognition of the settlement, and that he and his band would perform as Cro-Mags "JM", beginning in August.  On June 28, 2019, Cro-Mags released their first new music in nineteen years, sharing three new songs "Don't Give In", "Drag You Under" and "No One's Victim", and they were preparing a new album with producer, Arthur Rizk for a planned early 2020 release date. They were the opening act for four shows with the reunited Misfits: June 29 in Los Angeles, September 7 in Denver, September 11 in Oakland and September 14 in Seattle. This was followed by a ten-date European tour to commemorate the thirtieth anniversary of the "Best Wishes" album.  Following the European tour, Cro-Mags released the digital single, "From the Grave" that featured former Motörhead guitarist Phil Campbell on lead and slide guitar. A three-song 7" EP of the same name was released on December 6 2019 in various colors and have the tracks "PTSD" and "Between Wars" included. The band was set to perform with Body Count in New York City on March 15 at Webster Hall. The show was postponed due to the COVID-19 virus. The band decided to live stream a free performance from SIR studios, one of the first bands to do so during the pandemic. On March 31, 2020, the band offered a free download of the track, "The Final Test" and announced their first studio album in twenty years, "In the Beginning", would be released on June 19, 2020.

Members.

Former.

At various times during the 1990s and 2000s, Flanagan and Joseph simultaneously led separate versions of the Cro-Mags with completely different lineups. The groups billed themselves as Cro-Mag Jam, Street Justice, Age of Quarrel, Rival Mob, FVK (Fearless Vampire Killers) or Cholo-Mags.

The Cro-Mags are an American hardcore punk band from New York City, United States. The band, which has a strong cult following, has released five studio albums, their first two considered the most influential. With a Hare Krishna background, they were among the first bands to fuse hardcore punk with thrash metal and were associated with the birth of a tougher attitude within the hardcore scene in the late 1980s, related to the world of martial arts. Harley Flanagan (formerly drummer for the Stimulators) and John Joseph are practitioners of Brazilian jiu-jitsu and boxing respectively.

Die Cro-Mags sind eine US-amerikanische Hardcoreband aus New York und zählen zu den kommerziell erfolgreichsten Vertretern des New York Hardcore. Ihr musikalischer Stil ist durch britischen Oi-Punk sowie Thrash Metal beeinflusst. Der Bandname soll laut Harley Flanagan die Vorstellung von einem „modernen Cro-Magnon-Menschen“ hervorrufen, also einer Art postzivilisatorischem Menschentypus.


Early life.

Henry was probably born in Dublin, Ireland. a younger son of Henry Hamilton, an Irish Member of Parliament, and his wife.  Hamilton was raised in County Cork, Ireland. His older brother Sackville Hamilton later served as a Privy Councillor and Under-Secretary to the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland. His direct paternal Great-great grandfather was Claud Hamilton, 1st Lord Paisley.

Military career.

As was typical of younger sons, Henry Hamilton entered the military. During the French and Indian War in North America, part of the Seven Years' War between Britain and France, he served as a Captain in the 15th Regiment of Foot. They fought in the 1758 attack on Louisbourg and the Battle of Quebec. With the support of Governor General of British North America Guy Carleton, Hamilton rose to the rank of brigade major. In 1775, he sold his commission, leaving the British Army for a political career.

American Revolutionary War.

Lieutenant Governor and Superintendent of Indian Affairs at Fort Detroit.

In 1775, Henry Hamilton was appointed as Lieutenant Governor and Superintendent of Indian Affairs at Fort Detroit, Province of Quebec (it then extended from the Atlantic to this area), British North America. (The fort site is now within the borders of Detroit, Michigan).  This was one of five newly created lieutenant governorships in the recently expanded eastern territory of Canada. When Governor Hamilton reached his base at Fort Detroit to assume his government duties in the Great Lakes region, the American Revolutionary War was already underway. Hamilton was in a difficult position: as a civil official, he had few British regular troops at his command, and the natives of the region—French Canadians and American Indians—were not all supporters of the British regime. Normand Macleod, a local fur trader and army officer, acted as the temporary "town major", a British government official in command of a fortified town, before Hamilton's arrival.

British war policies on the western frontier.

Governor Henry Hamilton became adept at diplomacy with Native Americans, establishing good relations with local Indian leaders of the Huron and Ottawa tribes. An amateur artist, Hamilton also sketched portraits of many Native Americans while in Detroit, leaving what has been called the "earliest and largest collection of life portraits of Native Americans of the Upper Great Lakes." This is now held by Houghton Library at Harvard University.  At the beginning of the war, British policy encouraged neutrality among the Native American leaders. But in 1777 Hamilton received instructions to encourage Indian raid and massacre against the American frontier settlements in Pennsylvania, Virginia, and Kentucky.  This was a controversial policy, because he and other officials realized that Loyalist civilian colonists would inevitably be killed in these raids, increasing resistance to the British. Hamilton tried to limit civilian casualties by sending British Army officers and French-Canadian militia with the Native American war parties. Despite this the Indian tribal warriors carried out their own customs during the raids, resulting in hundreds of women and children in Kentucky and western Pennsylvania being killed and ritually scalped during the war. This, as feared, led to an increase in anti-British feeling in the land. According to an early 20th-century local history, the frontier Americans believed that Hamilton paid bounties for prisoners and scalps brought in by the Indian warriors and hated him, calling him the "Hair-buyer General". Hamilton denied ever paying for scalps.

George Rogers Clark and Illinois Regiment, Virginia state forces in the Illinois Country.

In 1778, Patriot Colonel George Rogers Clark, commanding Virginia state forces, captured several undermanned British posts in the Illinois Country, including Fort Sackville at Vincennes (then in Virginia-claimed land, now in present-day Indiana). Hamilton led an armed party from Detroit on 7 October 1778 to recapture the British post, 600 miles away. His small force gathered Indian warriors along the way, and entered Vincennes on 17 December 1778. They captured Fort Sackville and the American commandant, Captain Leonard Helm. In February 1779, however, Colonel Clark returned to Vincennes in a surprise march, recapturing the outpost and taking Hamilton prisoner.

Defeat and prisoner in Virginia.

General George Rogers Clark sent Hamilton to the Virginia state capital in Williamsburg, where he was jailed and placed in irons by order of Governor Thomas Jefferson and the Virginia Executive Council. Hamilton was held from 16 June – September 29, 1779. Hamilton rejected an offer of parole on the grounds that the terms violated his freedom of speech, in restraining him from "saying anything to the prejudice of the United States." Jefferson refused to treat Hamilton and other British prisoners as prisoners-of-war and handled them as would have handled escaped slaves; putting them in irons for 18 months in Williamsburg and Chesterfield. Governor Jefferson did not release Hamilton until October 1780, and only after George Washington during several months had entreated him to accept his parole. Hamilton was sent to New York to await a prisoner exchange. This took place in March 1781. He immediately sailed to London, England on a British ship.

Later career as British royal governor.

After the war, Henry Hamilton was reassigned to Canada in 1782 under an appointment as Lieutenant-Governor, and later Deputy-Governor of the Province of Quebec. He administered during the transition in the postwar years as the Crown granted thousands of acres of land, mostly in what became Upper Canada, to Loyalists as compensation for their losses in the former Thirteen Colonies and as payment to soldiers.  After a few years, Hamilton was reassigned as royal Governor of Bermuda, serving from 1785 to 1794. He then departed Bermuda on HMS Scorpion (stopping enroute at Antigua on 4 December, 1794)to serve as Governor of Dominica, the present-day Commonwealth of Dominica, from 1794 until his death in office in 1796. In March 1795, at age 61, Hamilton married 25-year-old Elizabeth Lee from Banbury, Oxfordshire, a daughter of Colonel Lee. The Hamiltons had one daughter together, Mary Anne Pierpoint Hamilton. She died in 1871, unmarried and without children.

Death.

Hamilton died in office on the island of Antigua, British North America, now Antigua and Barbuda, on 29 September 1796.  Among his papers, Hamilton had kept a journal from 1778-1779 as Lieutenant Governor at Fort Detroit during the American Revolution; this was published for the first time posthumously in 1951 in a history that addressed his and George Rogers Clark's roles in the war.

In popular culture.

US author Winston Churchill wrote an epic historical novel in 1904 called "The Crossing" covering a man's life in the old Northwest from the Revolution to the Burr Conspiracy. The first part is about the protagonist marching as a drummer boy with George Rogers Clark and the highlight is the capture of Vincennes from Hamilton. There is much information about Hamilton's activities and his reputation among the local backwoodsmen, based on research from original documents.

Henry Hamilton (c. 1734 – 29 September 1796) was an Anglo-Irish military officer and later government official of the British Empire. He served in North America as Lieutenant Governor of the Province of Quebec and later as Deputy Governor after the Revolutionary War. He later served as Governor of Bermuda and lastly, as Governor of Dominica, where he died in office.

Henry Hamilton (* 1734; † 29. September 1796) war ein britischer General und britischer Gouverneurleutnant von Kanada während des Amerikanischen Unabhängigkeitskriegs. Nachdem er von den Amerikanern gefangen genommen worden war, wurde seine Behandlung als Kriegsverbrecher zum Problem zwischen den Kriegsparteien.


Early life.

Schneider was born and raised in Memphis, Tennessee, to Harry and Carol Schneider. He attended Harvard University for one semester. Upon returning to Memphis, he found work repairing computers. Soon after, he moved to Los Angeles to pursue a career in the entertainment industry.

Career (1984–present).

Acting career.

In the 1980s, Schneider appeared in several films including "Making the Grade", "Better Off Dead", "The Big Picture", "Happy Together" and "Hot Resort" (1985).  In 1986, Schneider played Dennis Blunden on the ABC television sitcom "Head of the Class". The series ran for five seasons from 1986 to 1991. In 1993, Schneider starred in the series "Home Free", and in 1994, he played Shawn Eckhardt in "Tonya & Nancy: The Inside Story", one of two made-for-television films about the Tonya Harding-Nancy Kerrigan scandal.  Schneider has made cameo appearances in TV series that he has helped to create/produce: In "All That" (and its subsequent film "Good Burger"), "Kenan & Kel", "The Amanda Show", "Zoey 101", "iCarly", and "Henry Danger". Schneider also does voice overs in many projects.

Writing and producing career (1993–present).

Television series (1993–present).

In 1988, Schneider co-hosted the second annual Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards, where he met Albie Hecht, a development executive for Nickelodeon. In 1993, Hecht, now head of production for the network, hired Schneider to work on a new sketch-comedy show for children called "All That". After writing the pilot episode, Schneider worked as producer, executive producer, and writer on the show. Schneider quit "All That" after the first four seasons to run "The Amanda Show". The show's ratings soon declined, and it was cancelled in the 2000–2001 season. Nickelodeon then asked Schneider to come back and revamp "All That" in 2001. Schneider agreed, and "All That" returned to Nickelodeon in 2002. It ran for another four seasons until 2005, bringing "All That" to the end of its 10-season run.  From 1996 to 1997, Schneider was an executive producer and a writer for "Kenan & Kel". Schneider guest-starred in an episode and was an executive producer during the first two seasons. He continued working as a consultant for the remainder of the series. In 1998, Schneider began his career as a show creator with "Guys Like Us". The series is one of only two series Schneider created that was produced for broadcast network television. The show was cancelled after its first season due to low ratings and poor reviews.  The next two shows created by Schneider starred Amanda Bynes, who had worked with Schneider on "All That". "The Amanda Show" ran from 1999 until 2002 on Nickelodeon and was a spin-off from "All That". Schneider himself often appeared on "The Amanda Show" as a frustrated old man who was frequently the victim of strange prank phone calls. Schneider co-created "What I Like About You" with former "Friends" writer/producer Wil Calhoun. It premiered in 2002 on The WB and ran until 2006. Schneider was an executive producer during the show's first two seasons.  Schneider returned to Nickelodeon in 2004 with the show "Drake & Josh". The series starred Drake Bell and Josh Peck, who were actors on "The Amanda Show", and Miranda Cosgrove, who would later star in another of Schneider's shows, "iCarly". Overlapping both "Drake & Josh" and "iCarly", Schneider created the show "Zoey 101", which starred Jamie Lynn Spears. "Zoey 101" was Schneider's first and to date only single-camera format program and the first to be presented in a letterbox format. Schneider also guest-starred in the "Zoey 101" series finale "Chasing Zoey", playing a cab driver. After the show was cancelled in 2008, Schneider began working on a new project for one of the actresses, Victoria Justice. That show, "Victorious", premiered in 2010 after the 2010 Kids' Choice Awards. A dual-show spin-off of both "iCarly" and "Victorious" called "Sam & Cat" premiered in 2013. It was cancelled after 36 episodes.  Following the cancellation of "Sam & Cat", Schneider co-created "Henry Danger" with Dana Olsen. The show premiered in 2014. The following year, Schneider created "Game Shakers", which reunited him with actor and Nickelodeon veteran Kel Mitchell. Schneider also serves as executive producer.  Jacques Steinberg of the "New York Times" said that Schneider "has become the Norman Lear of children's television".

Exit from Nickelodeon (2018–present).

On March 26, 2018, Nickelodeon announced that it would not be extending its production deal with Schneider and Schneider's Bakery. In addition, the network also announced that Schneider's comedy "Game Shakers" would not be renewed for a fourth season. Schneider's remaining Nickelodeon comedy "Henry Danger" will be receiving a fifth season. "Deadline", the first to report about Nickelodeon parting ways with Schneider, also reported that there were complaints about Schneider's alleged behavior, including his alleged "well-documented temper issues for years" and his tweets showing photos of his young actresses' feet. Nickelodeon did not respond to "Deadline"s report and Schneider's representative refused to comment on the report.

Films.

Schneider has also been involved in films. He wrote the film "Good Burger", which starred Kenan Thompson and Kel Mitchell (and featured Schneider himself in a supporting role as Mr. Baily, the owner and manager of Good Burger). "Good Burger" was spun off from a popular comedy sketch which Schneider produced on his Nickelodeon television show "All That".  Schneider also wrote and co-produced the film "Big Fat Liar" which starred Frankie Muniz, Amanda Bynes, Paul Giamatti and Donald Faison. The film earned a worldwide total of $52,461,017 at the box office.

Personal life.

Schneider married food blogger Lisa Lillien in 2002. The two met at Nickelodeon in the 1990s.

Dan Schneider (born January 14, 1966) is an American television producer, screenwriter, and actor. After appearing in mostly supporting roles in a number of 1980s and 1990s films and TV shows, Schneider devoted himself to behind-the-scenes work in production. He is the co-president of television production company Schneider's Bakery and made "What I Like About You" for The WB and "All That", "The Amanda Show", "Drake & Josh", "Zoey 101", "iCarly", "Victorious", "Sam & Cat", "Henry Danger", "Game Shakers", and "The Adventures of Kid Danger" for Nickelodeon. On March 26, 2018, Nickelodeon announced that it had parted ways with Schneider.

Daniel James Schneider (* 14. Januar 1966 in Memphis, Tennessee) ist ein US-amerikanischer Drehbuchautor, Filmproduzent und Filmschauspieler. Im Internet ist er hauptsächlich unter dem Namen "DanWarp" bekannt, da dies kürzer und einfacher zu merken sei.


Subspecies.

Subspecies include:

Distribution.

This species can be found in Central and Southern Europe, Caucasus, in mountains of Southern Siberia, Mongolia and Amur River.

Habitat.

These butterflies inhabit grassy flowery places at an elevation of above sea level.

Description.

"Plebejus argyrognomon" has a wingspan of 28–34 mm. These small butterflies present a sexual dimorphism. The upperside of the wings is violet-blue in males, with a narrow, black border and a white fringe, while in the females it is dark brown, with black bordered orange lunules at the outer edge, especially visible on the hindwings. The underside of the wings is light beige in both sexes, with several black spots surrounded by white, an orange stripe and a marginal series of black spots pupillated in silvery blue-green. Caterpillars are pale green with orange brown longitudinal stripes, up to 20 millimeters long. This species is similar to "Plebejus argus", "Plebejus idas", "Plebejus pylaon" and "Polyommatus escheri". In "Plebejus argyrognomon" the underside of the wings is similar to "Plebejus argus" and "Plebejus idas", but the background color is more gray and the black spots are relatively smaller.

Biology.

The species fly in two broods from May to August depending on the location. The larvae feed on "Coronilla varia", "Securigera varia", "Trifolium repens", "Melilotus officinalis", "Medicago sativa", "Lotus corniculatus", "Onobrychis viciifolia", "Vicia sativa" and "Astragalus glycyphyllos". Larvae are attended by ants "Lasius niger", "Lasius alienus", "Myrmica sabuleti", "Myrmica scabrinodis" and "Camponotus vagus".

Plebejus argyrognomon, common name Reverdin's blue is a butterfly of the family Lycaenidae. The species is named after Jacques-Louis Reverdin.

Der Kronwicken-Bläuling ("Plebejus argyrognomon", häufig fälschlich auch "Plebeius argyrognomon" geschrieben) ist ein Schmetterling (Tagfalter) aus der Familie der Bläulinge (Lycaenidae).