Summary.

Part One.

Snowden recounts growing up in a patriotic military family in Elizabeth City, North Carolina and moving to Crofton, Maryland just shy of his ninth birthday. In Crofton, his father worked as a chief warrant officer in the Aeronautical Engineering Division at Coast Guard Headquarters and his mother at the National Security Agency (NSA). He was introduced to computers by his father, using his Commodore 64 home computer. From around the age of twelve he became obsessed with the internet, using a dial-up Internet access and trying to spend his "every waking moment" online. He eventually learned computer programming and became a hacker as a teenager, taking his focus away from his schoolwork to the detriment of his grades. He recalls one instance of discovering a security flaw on the website of the Los Alamos National Laboratory. He called the lab to notify them of this and later received a call from a man thanking him and offering a job once he turned 18. Toward the end of his freshman year at Arundel High School, Snowden's parents were getting divorced and sold their Crofton house. He moved into his mother's condo near Ellicott City. At the beginning of his sophomore year, he was unusually fatigued and was eventually diagnosed with infectious mononucleosis. He missed four months of classes, and was told he would have to repeat his sophomore year. Instead, he dropped out of Arundel High and enrolled at Anne Arundel Community College (AACC), taking classes two days a week. He also later passed the General Education Development (GED) exams at a high school near Baltimore, a promise he made to himself when he dropped out. Snowden started freelancing as a web designer for a woman from his Japanese class at AACC. He wanted to advance his career further, taking a Microsoft certification course at the Computer Career Institute of a Johns Hopkins University satellite campus. In the aftermath of the September 11 attacks, Snowden joined the United States Army to show he wasn't "just a brain in a jar" and was on track to become a Special Forces sergeant through the 18X enlistment option but suffered stress fractures during training at Fort Benning in Georgia. Snowden says his greatest regret was his own "reflexive, unquestioning support" for the War on Terror and the resulting "promulgation of secret policies, secret laws, secret courts and secret wars."  Snowden still wanted to serve his country and realized he had taken his talent for technology for granted, and began taking classes again at Anne Arundel Community College. Knowing he would need a high-level security clearance to work for an intelligence agency, he searched for jobs that would sponsor his application for the Single Scope Background Investigation. He became an employee at the University of Maryland's Center for Advanced Study of Language, a research center sponsored by the NSA. Around the same time, he met his then-girlfriend Lindsay Mills through the site Hot or Not. He eventually passed the full-scope polygraph and successfully attained the TS/SCI security clearance, completing his final interview at the NSA's Friendship Annex when he was twenty-two years old.

Part Two.

After attending a 2006 job fair at the Ritz-Carlton in Tysons Corner, Virginia, Snowden accepted an offer for a position at the CIA and was assigned to the global communications division at CIA headquarters in Langley, Virginia. In March 2007, the CIA stationed Snowden with diplomatic cover in Geneva, Switzerland, where he was responsible for maintaining computer-network security. In February 2009, Snowden resigned from the CIA.  Shortly after, Snowden took a job as contractor for the NSA in Japan, but was officially an employee of Perot Systems (which was acquired by Dell soon after his arrival). He worked at the NSA's Pacific Technical Center (PTC), at Yokota Air Base. His job there was "helping to connect the NSA's systems architecture with the CIA's." On one occasion, the PTC hosted a conference featuring briefings given by experts from all the intelligence components. The conference concerned how the Chinese intelligence services were targeting the U.S. Intelligence Community (IC) and how the IC could respond. When the only technology briefer was unable to attend at the last minute, Snowden was selected to replace them in assessing China's surveillance capabilities. He stayed up all night preparing his presentation, sifting through top secret reports off the NSA network and the CIA network. He was stunned by the extent to which China was able to constantly collect, store, and analyze the billions of daily telephone and Internet communications of their over a billion citizenry. However, Snowden began to believe that it was impossible for the US to have so much information about what the Chinese were doing without having done some of the very same things itself. Snowden, however, admits that at the time he "tamped down" his unease and fully supported defensive and targeted surveillance. He was further suspicious when he, around the same time, read the "Unclassified Report on the President's Surveillance Program". His suspicion drove him to search for the classified report, but was unable to find it. It was only later, long after he had forgotten about it, that the classified version mistakenly appeared on his desktop. After reading the report, he says he spent months in a sad, low daze:  Snowden moved to Columbia, Maryland in 2011, still working for Dell but now attached again to the CIA. He had switched to a sales position, a move which he describes as a way to distract himself from his unease and begin to have a normal life. However, the rise of cloud computing disturbed Snowden. He began expressing his concerns to Lindsay. Around the same time, Snowden began experiencing intense dizziness and, eventually, his first epileptic seizure. Following a series of seizures, Snowden took a short-term disability leave from Dell. The final chapter of Part Two, "On the Couch", describes his time spent recovering on his mother's blue couch as well his thoughts on authoritarian states and privacy in the context of the 2011 Arab Spring.

Part Three.

In March 2012, he began working at "the Tunnel", a former aircraft factory turned NSA facility located under a pineapple field in Kunia, on the island of Oahu, Hawaii. He was working on a Dell contract for the NSA. Snowden moved to Hawaii for the more relaxed lifestyle and the less stressful duties of his new position, in an effort to lessen the triggers of his seizures. He was the sole employee of the Office of Information Sharing, where he worked as a SharePoint systems administrator. He began actively searching for the NSA's surveillance capabilities and abuses at this time. As part of his work, Snowden developed a system called Heartbeat which created an automated queue from the classified documents posted to the Intelligence Community's "readboards". Heartbeat would perpetually scan for new and unique documents and create a kind of aggregated newsfeed personalized for each employee, based on their interests and their security clearance. Heartbeat was highly comprehensive, accessing beyond the NSA's network into the networks of the CIA and the FBI as well as into the Department of Defense’s top-secret Joint Worldwide Intelligence Communications System. Heartbeat's servers stored a copy of each scanned document, allowing Snowden to "perform the kind of deep interagency searches that the heads of most agencies could only dream of." Snowden says that nearly all of the documents that he later leaked to journalists were received through Heartbeat.  In "Whistleblowing", Snowden discusses the Constitution of the United States and argues that the Intelligence Community have "hacked" it by acting with impunity from the executive branch, the legislative branch, and the judiciary branch. He also discusses the history of whistleblowing and argues that the terms "leaking" and "whistleblowing" should not be used interchangeably because he believes "leaking" is done out of self-interest, not out of public interest.  When Snowden decided to go public, he realized he would have to have documentation or he risked being doubted. He chose not to self-publish to avoid being "lost among the crazy" of people posting classified secrets to the Internet every day. He avoided WikiLeaks because he felt their new strategy of publishing leaks as they received them would be no different to him self-publishing. He felt a document dump was not appropriate as his leaks were too "tangled and technical". He considered "The New York Times" but was unimpressed with how Bill Keller intentionally delayed the reporting of the Terrorist Surveillance Program until after George W. Bush's 2004 reelection. He chose a number of journalists to contact, primarily messaging documentarian Laura Poitras and journalist Glenn Greenwald. He communicated with them over e-mail under the aliases "Cincinnatus", "Citizenfour" and "Verax". To stay anonymous, he went war-driving, exploiting local Wi-Fi networks with an antenna and magnetic GPS sensor while driving in his car around Oahu. He used Tor and the Kismet mapping software, running on the Tails operating system which allowed him to easily spoof his laptop's MAC address.  Under the guise of compatibility testing, Snowden transferred documents from the Heartbeat server to outdated desktop Dell PCs from his office, then onto SD cards after deduplicating, compressing and encrypting them. He carried the SD cards out through security, hiding them inside a Rubik's Cube, in his sock, in his cheek, and in his pocket. At home, he transferred them onto a single external drive which he left out in the open on his desk.  He left Dell on March 15, 2013 and began working as an "infrastructure analyst" at the National Threat Operations Center (NTOC) in Honolulu through a contractor job at Booz Allen Hamilton. The NTOC had access to XKEYSCORE. Snowden witnessed coworkers use XKEYSCORE to view information about their current and former lovers, called LOVEINT. He also recalls one time that affected him, watching a personal video of a father and his young son. Between March–May 2013, Snowden began rapidly preparing to leave the country, emptying his bank accounts and erasing and encrypting his old computers. He researched his safest and most conducive destination, narrowing it down to Hong Kong. The day after Lindsay left on a camping trip, Snowden took an emergency medical leave of absence from work, citing epilepsy. He brought four laptops with him: one for secure communications, one for normal communications, a decoy, and a laptop that had never connected to any networks and would never be used to do so. He flew to Tokyo then to Hong Kong on May 20, 2013, paying in cash both times.  He stayed in The Mira Hong Kong hotel, where Glenn and Laura met him on June 2, 2013. Between June 3 and 9 in Snowden's hotel room, Glenn and his "Guardian" colleague Ewen MacAskill interviewed Snowden, with Laura filming what later featured in her Academy Award-winning documentary "Citizenfour" (2014). On June 5, "The Guardian" published Glenn's first story, on the FISA court warrant that ordered Verizon to provide a daily feed to the NSA containing "telephony metadata". On June 6, "The Guardian" published Glenn's revelation of PRISM and "The Washington Post" published Laura and Barton Gellman's story on PRISM on June 7. Snowden's identity was revealed on June 9 through a video interview directed by Laura published on "The Guardian"s website. The U.S. government charged Snowden under the Espionage Act on June 14 and formally requested his extradition on June 21, Snowden's 30th birthday.  Accompanied by Sarah Harrison of WikiLeaks, Snowden attempted to travel to Ecuador for political asylum. They planned to fly to Moscow, then to Havana, then to Caracas, then to Quito, Ecuador because they were unable to fly directly from Hong Kong and all of the other connecting flights traveled through United States airspace. They arrived at Moscow's Sheremetyevo International Airport on June 23, but were taken aside and questioned by a man from Russia's Federal Security Service (FSB). The man asked Snowden to work for them, but Snowden rejected the offer and said he had no intention to stay in Russia. The man was surprised and informed Snowden that the U.S. State Department had canceled his passport. He proceeded to ask Snowden to share information with them but he refused. Snowden was detained in Sheremetyevo for forty days, during which he applied to twenty-seven countries for political asylum but none offered. On August 1, the Russian government granted Snowden temporary asylum.  The book's penultimate 28th chapter is composed of entries from Lindsay Mills's 2013 diary. Snowden explained that no one but her had the experience or the right to recount that period of her life: "the FBI interrogations, the surveillance, the press attention, the online harassment, the confusion and pain, the anger and sadness."  In the final chapter, "Love and Exile", Snowden expresses his feelings on the impact of his revelations, including "ACLU v. Clapper" and the EU's General Data Protection Regulation, and his hopes for the future of technology and privacy. He also discusses adjusting to life in Moscow with Lindsay. In the chapter's final sentence, Snowden reveals he and Lindsay were married in 2017.

Civil lawsuit.

On September 17, 2019, the Federal Government of the United States filed a lawsuit in the District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia against Snowden for alleged violations of non-disclosure agreements with the CIA and NSA. The complaint alleges that Snowden violated prepublication obligations related to the publication of his memoir "Permanent Record". The complaint lists the publishers Macmillan and Holtzbrink as relief defendants. The government stated that its lawsuit "does not seek to stop or restrict the publication or distribution" of the book, but instead aims to capture the proceeds Snowden would be earning from it.  Snowden himself referred to the lawsuit on an episode of "The Daily Show", stating it was largely responsible for the book's increased sales via the Streisand effect. In December 2019, Judge Liam O'Grady concurred with the plaintiff.

Publication.

The book was published on September 17, 2019, by Metropolitan Books, an imprint of Henry Holt and Company. It was purposely published on September 17 to coincide Constitution Day, which Snowden discusses in the book.  On October 6, 2019, the book debuted at number two on "The New York Times" Hardcover Nonfiction best-sellers list and at number two on the Combined Print & E-Book Nonfiction best-sellers list.

Censorship.

On November 11, 2019, Snowden posted on his Twitter that the simplified Chinese edition of "Permanent Record", published in mainland China, had been censored. Parts of the book were removed, in violation of his publishing agreement. The Chinese version removed Snowden's observation on the motivations of Arab Spring protestors: "The crowds were calling for an end to oppression, censorship, and precarity. They were declaring that in a truly just society, the people were not answerable to the government, the government was answerable to the people." The following section, in which Snowden comments on the nature of authoritarian states, was also largely censored. In the section, Snowden writes, "Authoritarian states are typically not governments of laws, but governments of leaders, who demand loyalty from their subjects and are hostile to dissent." The Chinese version also censored Snowden's references to the Tor anonymity network, China's military cyber intelligence and its capabilities, China's Great Firewall, as well Snowden's characterization of Hong Kong as having "nominal autonomy". The Chinese version censored topics not directly related to China as well, including Snowden's commentary on the right to privacy. Snowden invited his Twitter followers to help him create a "correct and unabridged version" of "Permanent Record" to be published freely online.

Reception.

"Kirkus Reviews" wrote, "Snowden's book likely won't change the minds of his detractors, but he makes a strong case for his efforts."  Greg Myre of NPR wrote, "Snowden has no new bombshells in his book. But he offers a very readable memoir about growing up with the Internet, a detailed rationale for his actions, and a look at how government surveillance has evolved since his disclosures."  Jill Lepore of "The New Yorker" wrote, "Some people write memoirs; other people craft legends. Snowden, who once aspired to be a model and is in some quarters regarded as a modern messiah, is the second kind."  Greg Miller of "The Washington Post" praised Snowden's "lucid and compelling language" concerning the architecture of the surveillance networks he exposed but felt the memoir was lessened by withholding "any truly revealing material about his own life" and lamented its lack of details on Snowden's experience in Russia and any regrets he may have.  "The Economist" called the book "well-written, frequently funny" but concluded, "Whatever his relationship with the Russian authorities, and whenever it began, everything he says in "Permanent Record"—about himself, and about America—must be seen through the prism of his dependence on the Kremlin."  "Publishers Weekly" felt the book lacked a strong case for the argument that NSA surveillance "leads inevitably to oppressive control" but concluded, "Still, Snowden's many admirers will find his saga both captivating and inspiring."

Permanent Record is a 2019 autobiography by Edward Snowden, whose revelations sparked a global debate about surveillance. It was published on September 17, 2019 (Constitution Day), by Metropolitan Books, an imprint of Henry Holt and Company. The book describes Snowden's childhood as well as his tenure at the Central Intelligence Agency and National Security Agency and his motivations for the leaking of highly classified information in 2013 that revealed global surveillance programs. Snowden also discusses his views on authoritarianism, democracy and privacy. The writer Joshua Cohen is credited by Snowden for “helping to transform my rambling reminiscences and capsule manifestoes into a book.”

Permanent Record ist eine Autobiografie von Edward Snowden, dessen Enthüllungen eine globale Debatte über die Überwachung auslösten. Es wurde am 17. September 2019 (Constitution Day – Tag der amerikanischen Verfassung) durch den Verlag Metropolitan Books (zu Henry Holt and Company gehörig) veröffentlicht.


Education.

Paul Levinson graduated from Christopher Columbus High School in the Bronx, attended the City College of New York (CCNY) in the 1960s, and received a BA in journalism from New York University in 1975; an MA in Media Studies from The New School in 1976; and a PhD from New York University in media ecology in 1979. His doctoral dissertation, "Human Replay: A Theory of the Evolution of Media" (1979), was mentored by Neil Postman.

Author.

Levinson writes science fiction, fantasy, and sf/mystery hybrids with philosophical undertones as well as non-fiction about the history and future of communications media, the First Amendment, the importance of space exploration, and popular culture themes. His work has been translated into Chinese, Japanese, Korean, French, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, Czech, Polish, Romanian, Macedonian, Croatian, Russian, Turkish, Persian, and Arabic. His latest work is "Touching the Face of the Cosmos: On the Intersection of Space Travel and Religion", an anthology of essays and science fiction stories which he edited with Michael Waltemathe, and including an interview he conducted with former astronaut and senator John Glenn and an essay by Guy Consolmagno, "The Pope's Astronomer".  An acclaimed writer, Levinson has received multiple nominations for the Hugo, Nebula, Sturgeon, Prometheus, Edgar and Audie Awards. His novella "Loose Ends" was a 1998 finalist for a Hugo, a Sturgeon, and a Nebula. His novel "The Silk Code" won the Locus Award for Best First Novel of 1999.  The central character of "The Silk Code", NYPD forensic detective Dr. Phil D'Amato, made his first appearance in Levinson's novelette, "The Chronology Protection Case", (published in Analog magazine, September 1995). D'Amato returned in "The Copyright Notice Case" novelette (Analog, April 1996), "The Mendelian Lamp Case" novelette (Analog, April 1997), and in subsequent novels "The Consciousness Plague" (2002), and "The Pixel Eye" (2003). An adaptation of Levinson's "The Chronology Protection Case" (radioplay by Mark Shanahan with Paul Levinson & Jay Kensinger) was nominated by the Mystery Writers of America for the Edgar Award for Best Play of 2002.  Levinson's next novel was "The Plot To Save Socrates", a time travel story. "Entertainment Weekly" magazine called it "challenging fun". His subsequent novel is "Unburning Alexandria", a sequel to "The Plot To Save Socrates". The first two chapters of "Unburning Alexandria" appeared as a novelette in the November 2008 issue of "Analog Science Fiction and Fact", and the expanded novel was published as an e-book in May 2013. The next novel in the series, "Chronica", was published in December 2014.

Media commentator and public speaker.

Paul Levinson is a frequent guest on local, national, and international cable and network television and public, commercial, and satellite radio programs.  These have included:  Levinson has been quoted thousands of times in newspapers, magazines, and news services around the world. Some of these are: "USA Today", "The New York Times", "The Washington Post", "TIME", "The Christian Science Monitor", "U.S. News and World Report", "Los Angeles Times", "New York Post", "New York Daily News", "Newsday", "Boston Globe", "The Philadelphia Inquirer", "Houston Chronicle", "Hollywood Reporter", "Billboard", "Wired", "Smithsonian Magazine", London "Daily Mail", the Toronto "Globe and Mail", the Associated Press, Reuters, and UPI.  He has spoken at hundreds of science fiction conventions and international academic conferences and symposia, most recently at Heliosphere 2020, and including dozens of talks around the world to commemorate the centennial of Marshall McLuhan's birth and 50th anniversary of the publication of McLuhan's seminal work, "Understanding Media". He frequently speaks on subjects ranging from time travel to fake news.

Paul Levinson (born March 25, 1947) is an American author, singer-songwriter, and professor of communications and media studies at Fordham University in New York City. His novels, short fiction, and non-fiction works have been translated into sixteen languages.

Paul Levinson (* 25. März 1947 in New York) ist ein US-amerikanischer Science-Fiction-Schriftsteller und Professor für Kommunikation und Medienwissenschaften an der Fordham University in New York. Seine Romane, Kurzgeschichten und Sachbücher wurden in 16 Sprachen übersetzt.


Life and career.

Born in Casalecchio di Reno near Bologna, Italy, Stracciari first sang in an operetta chorus during 1894. He then entered the Bologna Conservatory, undertaking vocal studies with Umberto Masetti. He made his professional debut in 1899, at the Teatro Communale in Bologna, in Pesori's sacred work "La risurrezione di Christo". The following year he made his operatic debut as Marcello in Puccini's "La bohème" in Rovigo. After appearing in various Italian opera houses, he made his debut at Italy's leading operatic venue, La Scala, Milan, in 1904.  Stracciari's career quickly became international, with debuts at the Royal Opera House in London in 1905, followed by his first appearance at the New York Metropolitan Opera on December 1, 1906, as Germont in "La traviata" with Marcella Sembrich and Enrico Caruso. During his two seasons at the Met, his roles included: Rigoletto, Ashton, Amonasro, Nélusko, Valentin, Marcello, Sharpless, Lescaut, Alfio, Tonio, and Di Luna. He also appeared with the Chicago Opera, the San Francisco Opera, the Paris Opéra, the Teatro Real in Madrid and the Teatro Colón in Buenos Aires.  Stracciari performed widely, too, in his native Italy and retired from the stage in 1944. He is above all associated with Rossini's great comic creation Figaro, in "Il barbiere di Siviglia", which he sang an estimated 1000 times, and "Rigoletto", in Verdi's tragic opera of the same name. He made complete recordings of these two works in 1929, opposite Mercedes Capsir and Dino Borgioli. Both of these recordings are of particular historical value as illustrations of Italian singing styles of that period.  Stracciari sang in an era that was rich in outstanding operatic voices. But despite the high quality of the competition which he faced from rival singers, he is still widely considered to have been one of the finest Italian baritones of the 20th century, owing to the beauty of his voice during its peak period, his imposing interpretive style and his first-rate vocal technique. America's foremost soprano of the post World War I-era, Rosa Ponselle, was an enthusiastic admirer of Stracciari's singing.  He also became a distinguished teacher at the music conservatories of Naples and Rome. Among his most notable students were Raffaele Arié, Paolo Silveri, Giulio Fioravanti, Zdeněk Otava, Mario Laurenti, Louis Quilico and Boris Christoff. He died in Rome aged 80.

Recordings/Discography.

In addition to the numerous recordings of duets and individual arias which Stracciari made for Fonotipia Records and Columbia Records before, during and after World War One, he participated in the production of two complete Columbia opera recordings which have been reissued, first on LP and then on CD. The respective casts are as follows:  Riccardo Stracciari (Rigoletto); Mercedes Capsir (Gilda); Dino Borgioli (Mantua); Ernesto Dominici (Sparafucile); Anna Masetti Bassi (Maddalena); Diulio Baronte (Monterone); Aristide Baracchi (Marullo); Ida Mannarini (Giovanna/Contessa). (La Scala Milan soloists chorus and orchestra.) Conductor: Lorenzo Molajoli; Chorus Master: Vittore Veneziani. (Columbia records, 30 sides, C-GQX 10028-42.) Riccardo Stracciari (Figaro); Mercedes Capsir (Rosina); Dino Borgioli (Almaviva); Vincenzo Bettoni (Basilio); Salvatore Baccaloni (Bartolo); Cesira Ferrari (Berta); Attilio Bordonali (Fiorello); Aristide Baracchi (Ufficiale). (La Scala Milan soloists chorus and orchestra.) Conductor: Lorenzo Molajoli; Chorus Master: Vittore Veneziani. (Columbia Records, 31 sides, D14564-79.)

Riccardo Stracciari (June 26, 1875 – October 10, 1955) was a leading Italian baritone. His repertoire consisted mainly of Italian operatic works, with Rossini's Figaro and Verdi's Rigoletto becoming his signature roles during a long and distinguished career which stretched from 1899 to 1944.

Riccardo Stracciari (* 26. Juni 1875 in Casalecchio di Reno; † 10. Oktober 1955 in Rom) war ein italienischer Opernsänger (Bariton) und Gesangspädagoge.


Life and career.

William Macmichael was born on 30 November 1783 in Bridgnorth, Shropshire. He was educated at Bridgnorth Grammar School. In 1800 he went up to Christ Church, Oxford, with a scholarship. Macmichael spent the years from 1811 to 1817 visiting Bulgaria, Greece, Palestine, Romania, Russia and Turkey after gaining a Radcliffe traveling fellowship. Macmichael gained an MD from Oxford, and became a fellow of both the Royal Society and of the Royal College of Physicians. Macmaichael served as censor for the Royal College of Physicians, as a physician to the Middlesex Hospital, registrar at the Royal College of Physicians, and adviser to the President of the Royal College of Physicians. In 1829 Macmichael was appointed physician extraordinary to King George IV, became librarian to the King in 30, and became physician in ordinary to King William IV in 1831. Between 1833 and 1835 Macmichael was an Inspector General of Lunatic Asylums. Macmichael died in 1839 following his retirement through ill-health.  Macmichael's "A Journey from Moscow to Constantinople in the Years 1817, 1818" was published in 1819. Macmichael's "A New View of the Infection of Scarlet Fever: Illustrated by Remarks on other Contagious Disorders" was published in 1822. Macmichael's "The Gold-Headed Cane" was published anonymously in 1827 with biographies of the owners of a cane carried by John Radcliffe, Richard Mead, Anthony Askew, William Pitcairn and Matthew Baillie. Macmichael's "The Lives of British Physicians" was published anonymously in 1830 including biographies of William Harvey, Thomas Linacre and John Caius.

William Macmichael (30 November 1783 – 10 January 1839) was an English physician and medical biographer, remembered as the author of "The Gold-Headed Cane" (1827).

William Macmichael (* 30. November 1783 in Bridgnorth; † 10. Januar 1839 in Maida Vale, London) war ein englischer Arzt und Schriftsteller. Sein heutiger Nachruhm beruht auf seinem Reisebericht von 1819 und seinen Ärztebiographien.


Biography.

Phan Châu Trinh was born in Tây Lộc, Quảng Nam Province in Annam, French Indochina on 9 September 1872. He was the son of a rich land owner and scholar. His father was a fighter in the Scholars' Revolt, but in 1885 he was killed by the other leaders in the revolt who suspected him of being a traitor. This left Trinh an orphan at the age of 13. His older brother educated him in classics. In 1901 he got the highest Mandarin degree.  In 1905 Trinh resigned from his post in the mandarin bureaucracy. He had become strongly opposed to the monarchy, traditional Chinese Confucian-influenced Vietnamese court and mandarin system. He called for an end to the monarchy and its replacement with a democratic republic. Having earlier met Phan Bội Châu in 1903, in March/April 1906 he went to Hong Kong and then to Kwangtung to meet with him again. He made his way there disguised as a disheveled common laborer. He then went to Japan with Châu as part of the Đông-Du movement. They stayed in Yokohama, where they had set up a two-story Japanese house to teach students, which they called Binh Ngo Hien. In June they went to Tokyo to inspect the Japanese education and political system.  Trinh disagreed with Châu's early ideas of asking for military assistance from Japan, as he didn't trust Japan's militarism. He also had other disagreements with Châu's philosophy. Therefore, they had a friendly argument for a few weeks before he returned to Vietnam. Back in Vietnam he continued to receive letters from Châu arguing about his opposition to the monarchy and his belief that the French could be used. Trinh continued to campaign with slogans like "Up with Democracy, Out with Monarchy", and "Making Use of the French in the Quest for Progress". This made Châu quite upset and worried that the movement was fragmenting and that fundraising efforts would fail.  In 1906 he wrote to the French Governor General Paul Beau. He asked the French to live up to their civilising mission. He blamed them for the exploitation of the countryside by Vietnamese collaborators. He called on France to develop modern legal, educational, and economic institutions in Vietnam and industrialise the country, and to remove the remnants of the mandarin system. In 1907 he opened a patriotic modern school for young Vietnamese men and women. The school was called Đông Kinh Nghĩa Thục (aka Tonkin Free School). He was a lecturer at the school, and Châu's writings were also used. The school carefully avoided doing anything illegal. Its ideas attacked the brutality of the French occupation of Vietnam, but also wanted to learn modernisation from the French. The school required scholars to renounce their elitist traditions and learn from the masses. It also offered the peasants a modern education. After peasant tax revolts erupted in 1908, Trinh was arrested, and his school was closed. He was sentenced to death, but it was commuted to life imprisonment after his progressive admirers in France intervened. He was sent to Côn Đảo island. In 1911, after three years, he was pardoned and sentenced to house arrest. He said he would rather return to prison than have partial freedom. So instead he was deported to France, where the French continued to monitor him.  He went to Paris in 1915 to get the support of progressive French politicians and Vietnamese exiles. There he worked with Hồ Chí Minh, Phan Văn Trường, Nguyễn Thế Truyền, and Nguyễn An Ninh in "The Group of Vietnamese Patriots". The group was based at 6 Villa des Gobelins. There they wrote patriotic articles signed with the name "Nguyễn Ái Quốc" which Hồ Chí Minh later used, "on behalf of the Group of Vietnamese Patriots". He worked as a photograph retoucher to support himself while he was in France. He returned to Saigon in 1925, where he died on 24 March 1926, aged 53. His funeral was attended by 60,000 people and caused big protests across the country demanding the end of French colonial occupation, which would not occur for three more decades.

Debates with other nationalists.

In Tokyo, Trinh told Châu: "The level of their people is so high, and the level of our people is so low! How could we not become slaves? That some students now can enter Japanese schools has been your great achievement. Please stay on in Tokyo to take a quiet rest and devote yourself to writing, and not to making appeals for combat against the French. You should only call for 'popular rights and popular enlightenment.' Once popular rights have been achieved, then we can think about other things."  Châu commented: "Thereafter over more than ten days, he and I debated time and again, and our opinions were diametrically opposed. That is to say, he wished to overthrow the monarchy in order to create a basis for the promotion of popular rights; I, on the contrary, maintained that first the foreign enemy should be driven out, and after our nation's independence was restored we could talk about other things. My plan was to make use of the monarchy, which he opposed absolutely. His plan was to raise up the people to abolish the monarchy, with which I absolutely disagreed. In other words, he and I were pursuing one and the same goal, but our means were considerably different. He wished to start by relying on the French to abolish the monarchy, but I wished to start by driving out the French to restore Vietnam - That was the difference. However, even though his political view was the opposite of mine, he liked me personally a great deal and we roomed together for several weeks. Then all of a sudden he decided to return to our country."

Legacy.

Most cities in Vietnam have named major streets after him.

Phan Châu Trinh (, 9 September 1871 – 24 March 1926), courtesy name Tử Cán (梓幹), pen name Tây Hồ (西湖) or Hi Mã (希馬), was an early 20th-century Vietnamese nationalist. He sought to end France's colonial occupation of Vietnam. He opposed both violence and turning to other countries for support, and instead believed in attaining Vietnamese liberation by educating the population and by appealing to French democratic principles.

Phan Châu Trinh (* 9. September 1872; † 1926 in Saigon; Alternativname Tử Cán) war ein prominenter Vertreter des vietnamesischen Nationalismus zu Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts. Er lehnte Gewalt ab und setzte sich für eine Unabhängigkeit vom französischen Kolonialstaat durch Kooperation und liberale Reformen ein.


Description.

Sphere of consensus.

This sphere contains those topics on which there is widespread agreement, or at least the perception thereof. Within the sphere of consensus, 'journalists feel free to invoke a generalized "we" and to take for granted shared values and shared assumptions'. Examples include such things as free speech, the abolition of slavery, or human rights. For topics in this sphere "journalists do not feel compelled to present an opposing view point or to remain disinterested observers."

Sphere of legitimate controversy.

For topics in this sphere rational and informed people hold differing views. These topics are therefore the most important to cover, and also ones upon which journalists are obliged to remain disinterested reporters, rather than advocating for or against a particular view. Schudson notes that Hallin, in his influential study of the US media during the Vietnam War, argues that journalism's commitment to objectivity has always been compartmentalized. That is, within a certain sphere—the sphere of legitimate controversy—journalists seek conscientiously to be balanced and objective.

Sphere of deviance.

Topics in this sphere are rejected by journalists as being unworthy of general consideration. Such views are perceived as being either unfounded, taboo, or of such minor consequence that they are not news worthy. Hallin argues that in the sphere of deviance, 'journalists also depart from standard norms of objective reporting and feel authorized to treat as marginal, laughable, dangerous, or ridiculous individuals and groups who fall far outside a range of variation taken as legitimate.' For example, a person claiming that aliens are manipulating college basketball scores might have difficulty finding media coverage for such a claim.

Uses of the terms.

Craig Watkins (2001, pp. 92–4) makes use of the Hallin's spheres in a paper examining ABC, CBS, and NBC television network television news coverage of the Million Man March, a demonstration that took place in Washington, DC on October 16, 1995. Watkins analyzes the dominant framing practices – problem definition, rhetorical devices, use of sources, and images – employed by journalists to make sense of this particular expression of political protest. He argues that Hallin's three spheres are a way for media framing practices to develop specific reportorial contexts, and each sphere develops its own distinct style of news reporting resources by different rhetorical tropes and discourses.  Piers Robinson (2001, p. 536) uses the concept in relation to debate that have emerged over the extent to which the mass media serves elite interests or, alternatively, plays a powerful role in shaping political outcomes. His article reviews Hallin's spheres as an example of media-state relations, that highlights theoretical and empirical shortcomings in the'manufacturing consent' thesis (Chomsky, McChesney). Robinson argues that a more nuanced and bi-directional understanding is needed of the direction of influence between media and the state that builds upon, rather than rejecting, existing theoretical accounts.  Hallin's theory assumed a relatively homogenized media environment, where most producers were trying to reach most consumers. A more fractured media landscape can challenge this assumption. because different audiences may place topics in different spheres, a concept related to the filter bubble, which posits that many members of the public choose to limit their media consumption to the areas of consensus and deviance that they personally prefer.

Hallin's spheres is a theory of media objectivity posited by journalism historian Daniel C. Hallin in his book "The Uncensored War" (1986) to explain the coverage of the Vietnam war. Hallin divides the world of political discourse into three concentric spheres: consensus, legitimate controversy, and deviance. In the sphere of consensus, journalists assume everyone agrees. The sphere of legitimate controversy includes the standard political debates, and journalists are expected to remain neutral. The sphere of deviance falls outside the bounds of legitimate debate, and journalists can ignore it. These boundaries shift, as public opinion shifts.

Hallin-Sphären ist eine Theorie der Medien über Objektivität, die der Politik- und Kommunikationswissenschaftler Daniel C. Hallin in seinem Buch "The Uncensored War" 1986 aufgestellt hat, um die Berichterstattung des Vietnamkriegs zu erklären.


Life and early career.

Jonne Valtonen was born on 23 March 1976 in Turku, Finland and was raised in Kaarina along with his brother. He began learning to play classical piano at the age of nine.  Valtonen's first music compositions were done on his home computer, a Commodore 64. During his teen years, he became involved in the PC demoscene where he was able to pursue his passion for electronic music production. He has won several awards in this field. Between 1991 and 1996 Valtonen created music for one of the most widely popular groups in the demoscene at the time, the Future Crew. Eventually he became their lead composer under the pseudonym Purple Motion. Some of his best-known compositions are "UnreaL ][ / PM" (from Future Crew demo "Second Reality"), "Satellite One", and "Starshine".

Educational background.

Jonne Valtonen graduated from classical composition at the "Pirkanmaa Polytechnic" in Finland in 2009. He has received training in composition under the guidance of Hannu Pohjannoro, Oliver Kohlenberg, and Juhani Nuorvala. He has also studied under Magnus Lindberg, Jukka Tiensuu, Kirmo Lintinen and Michael Nyman in various composition masterclasses.

Working for the entertainment industry.

In 1996 Jonne Valtonen began doing commission work for major game developers in Finland, namely Remedy Entertainment, Housemarque and Bugbear Entertainment. During the same time, he served as the musical director for the "TeatteriSusi" theatre, where he composed music for several plays including "Dracula", "The Miser" and "Don Quijote".  In 1998, Jonne Valtonen co-founded his company "Valtone Oy", specialising in music productions for the entertainment industry. Continuing on this path, he also contributed two titles, in 2000 and 2002, for the "Merregnon" trilogy, an international soundtrack project featuring orchestral music by veteran video game composers from all over the world, such as Chris Hülsbeck and Yuzo Koshiro. In 2002, Valtonen's talent was recognized again when he was presented with the Best Soundtrack Award at the "International Fest of Cinema & Technology" for the movie "House by the Sea", directed by Janne Ketola. In 2004 Jonne Valtonen released his first professionally mastered audio CD, titled "Musicdisk" featuring tracks from his demoscene past.  At the beginning of 2008, Jonne Valtonen took the position of the music lead for all live orchestra projects at "Merregnon Studios", a company managed by Thomas Böcker and involved in productions of video game music concerts around the world, and several live recordings for publishers/developers such as "THQ US", "SEGA Japan" and "Square Enix" Japan".

Orchestra arrangements.

Drawing on his strong background in live orchestra work and his studies, Jonne Valtonen has been arranging and orchestrating music for video game concerts since 2005. He has earned worldwide recognition as the main arranger of the annual video game music concerts of the German "WDR Radio Orchestra", namely "Symphonic Shades" (2008), "Symphonic Fantasies" (2009), "Symphonic Legends" (2010) and "Symphonic Odysseys" (2011).  In addition to the "WDR Radio Orchestra", his arrangements have been performed by orchestras and choirs around the world, as well as at concert halls including "Sydney Opera House", "Gewandhaus Leipzig", "Max Fisher Music Center Detroit", "Esplanade Singapore", "Cologne Philharmonic Hall" and "Konserthuset Stockholm". His portfolio includes major franchises such as "Final Fantasy", "Super Mario Bros.", "Super Mario Galaxy", "The Elder Scrolls", "Metal Gear Solid", "Kingdom Hearts", "The Legend of Zelda "and "Castlevania". In 2007 he arranged and orchestrated music for Sega's arcade game series "World Club Champion Football" which was recorded with a live orchestra and choir in Prague.

Trivia.

Jonne Valtonen chose his demoscene pseudonym "Purple Motion" as a tribute to the British rock group "Deep Purple".  Valtonen has become very interested in the human voice. He sings in a mixed choir (Näsin Ääni, Tampere). He also started learning to play the harp.

Jonne Valtonen (born 23 March 1976) is a Finnish composer, arranger and orchestrator. He is renowned for his contributions in the field of demoscene and tracker music, under the name Purple Motion, and with Future Crew.

Jonne Valtonen (* 23. März 1976 in Turku) ist ein finnischer Komponist von Film- und Computerspielmusik sowie Arrangeur von Spielemusik. Im Bereich Tracker und Demoszene arbeitet unter dem Namen Purple Motion.


History.

Precedents: 14th to 20th centuries.

There are records going back to the 14th century of the presence of instrumental groups accompanying official municipal events and celebrations in Barcelona, often under the name of ‘city music’. The trumpets and drums bore the coat of arms of the city and formed part of the entourage of the City Hall authorities. On special occasions, it hired the services of different groups of minstrels, whose function was more to amuse and entertain the public. These musical groups of varying size livened up important celebrations and dates in the city. The earliest mention of them dates from 29 August 1361, when King Peter IV of Aragon ordered five minstrels to attend the arrival of the Infanta of Sicily in the city of Barcelona.  Accounts of performances by groups playing wind instruments in the city abound throughout the 15th and 16th centuries and we even have information about the first steps in the professionalization of Barcelona's musicians with the founding on 13 July 1599 of the first Musicians’ Guild of Barcelona. Throughout the 17th and 18th century we find a variety of documents that speak of regular relations between groups of musicians and the local corporation. The City Council set out to strengthen these regular but shaky relations by setting up its own band of music, something that took place at the end of the 19th century.

The Band’s beginnings: its creation.

A formation of great importance in society at the time of its foundation, its purpose was to bring the music of the great composers within reach of the lower classes at a time when this art was reserved for members of the better-off classes. At the start of the late modern period, the City Council decided to regularise the situation of municipal music. Since 1837 there had been attempts to set the band up as an independent formation, but this did not happen until 2 March 1886, when it became definitive. It was decided that Barcelona City Council's Municipal Orchestra and Band and the Municipal Music School should be founded at the same time, in a determined policy to professionalise the world of music and make it more stable. The post of Conductor of the band, which was to go hand in hand with that of Head of the Music School, was at first held by Josep Rodoreda i Santigós, a well-known Barcelona musician of the time. Initial contacts with the public were a success and the new band was enthusiastically received. The City Council built a bandstand in Parc de la Ciutadella so that the band could give concerts on Sundays in summer, while in winter they were held on the corner of Passeig de Gràcia and Gran Via de les Corts Catalanes. These were short concerts with brilliantly orchestratations of pieces by the composers in vogue: Richard Wagner, Felix Mendelssohn, Jules Massenet, Giacomo Meyerbeer, etc.

The Period of Renown: Lamote de Grignon’s band.

At the start of the 20th century it became a well-known institution everywhere. At that time it was directed by Joan Lamote de Grignon, who in 1951 managed to make the band independent from the city's Music School (today's Municipal Conservatory of Barcelona). It was during this time that it was visited –and even conducted– by great names in music such as Richard Strauss and others. After the days of Rodoreda's baton as the Band's first conductor, other names came and went, such as Antoni Nicolau (1896 -1897), Celestí Sadurní i Gurguí (1897-1910) and Cristòfol Casanyé (1910 -1914). But it was under Joan Lamote de Grignon that substantial improvements were put forward in the way the institution was organised and structured (such as changes in venues, rehearsal rooms of its own, independence from the Music School, better working conditions for the musicians and a larger and better balanced line-up, measures that were soon reflected in the institution's artistic quality.  Contemporary accounts speak of a resurgence, of excellence and of the public's pride in its Municipal Band. One event that speaks for the great artistic moment the institution was experiencing was the concert given by the composer and conductor Richard Strauss in Plaça Sant Jaume on 19 March 1925. Strauss, who was in the city on a visit, heard the band at a concert in Plaça del Rei and was struck by the high quality of the group. The German composer asked if he could conduct the band at a public concert and invited the institution to take part in the International Music Exhibition in Frankfurt in 1927, where it gave eight concerts and was a notable success with the critics. Under Lamote de Grignon, the band began what were called the People's Symphonic Concerts (Conciertos Sinfónicos Populares), with two performances by the group at the Barcelona International Exposition in 1929. People's Symphonic Concerts was the title of a series of Sunday concerts given at the Palace of Fine Arts, built for the Barcelona Universal Exhibition of 1888, where the band also appeared regularly. Out of the series of these annual concerts, one or two were usually given over to the young music students at the municipal schools and should be seen as a pioneering pedagogic and educational initiative in the city. The famous Catalan pianist Alicia de Larrocha played as a soloist with the Barcelona Municipal Band in 1934, when she was only twelve, at the 80th People's Symphonic Concert.  Joan Lamote de Grignon headed the band for 24 years, during which time it reached exceptional technical and artistic heights and put down firm institutional and social roots. In spite of this, on 29 January 1939, three days after Franco's troops entered the new nationalist Barcelona, a field mass in Plaça Catalunya marked the start of the period of purges the band suffered as a public body. In June, Joan Lamote de Grignon was sacked from his post –the same as Ricard Lamote de Grignon, who was the assistant conductor– and a gloomy period of austerity began for the band

The long post-war years.

The political and social situation in Barcelona in the mid-20th century had a profound effect on the city's artistic and cultural sector, which before the Spanish Civil War had enjoyed a period of flourishing creativity. As a public institution, the Municipal Band suffered the cuts and the lack of funds that marked the Franco regime's period of autarky. In June 1943, the Barcelona City Council began a process to convert the Municipal Band into the Municipal Orchestra of Barcelona. This was completed in March 1944, with the formation of what today is called the Barcelona Symphony and Catalonia National Orchestra. Despite this initial break-up and reduction of the group, along with the political situation at that time, the band managed to survive these tough decades thanks to the work of musicians and conductors such as Ramon Bonell i Chanut (1939-1955), Ricard Lamote de Grignon (1955-1957) –the son of Joan Lamote de Grignon and former assistant conductor of the band–, Joan Pich i Santasusana (1957-1967), Josep González (1967-1969) and Enric Garcés Garcés (1969 -1979).

The transition and return to democracy.

The almost three decades from the end of the 1970s to the band's taking up residence at the Barcelona Auditorium (L'Auditori) were directed by Francesc Elias i Prunera (1979-1980), Albert Argudo i Lloret (1980-1993) and Josep Mut (1993-2007). During this period, the band resumed its activity in the city, giving concerts in the districts and continuing its official activity for the City Hall. Despite the political and institutional misfortunes, the band went on offering the city of Barcelona its musical services, regularly changing its headquarters (from the Aliança de Poblenou to the Casinet d’Hostafrancs and the Cotxeres de Sants), until it finally came to rest in the Auditorium.

The Municipal Band and the Barcelona Auditorium (L'Auditori).

Since 2007, the band has been resident at the Barcelona Auditorium, where it performs a fixed season of concerts with the collaboration of various guest conductors and soloists from the international scenario as well as from local spheres. Coinciding with the band's arrival at this facility, the Catalan composer and conductor Salvador Brotons i Soler took the baton and continues to head the band today. His work has strengthened the commitment to contemporary creations and works have been commissioned from active composers in a move to further the dissemination of Catalan music. The band's own repertory has also been increased to bring this music closer to the public. Today, the Barcelona Municipal Band is a formation committed to the society it forms part of, a participant in its age and an active protagonist on the Barcelona music scene.

The present.

The band has become an essential part of the city's music scene and never fails to take part in all the important events in the city, such as La Mercè, the Festival Grec de Barcelona, the Festival Mas i Mas, the Cycle of Music in the Parks, the National Day of Catalonia, Saint Eulàlia's Day and others. The band has been involved in community projects of an educational type, holding concerts for schools and families in collaboration with L’Auditori Educa and L’Auditori Apropa. The band offers a fixed season of concerts at the Barcelona L'Auditori. This is a long-term programme with guest conductors and musicians, in which the band puts on a wide-ranging offer of music.

Conductors.

The following are the conductors who have headed the institution during its history:

Débuts and commissions by the Barcelona Municipal Band.

The Barcelona Municipal Band has always maintained its firm commitment to contemporary musical creation in Catalonia. Recently, for its 125th anniversary, it commissioned a series of works which it performed for the first time in public. This drive has persisted to this day and it still débuts works by Catalan composers every season. To illustrate this attitude, these are some of the pieces it has debuted in recent years:

Partnerships.

The Barcelona Municipal Band has partnered with musicians of acknowledged international renown throughout its long history. Some of the people who have recently worked with the band are the conductors:  The soloists:  Other collaborators include:

Discography.

The Barcelona Municipal Band has been keen to resume recordings of part of its repertory. It has added to its long recording history with new titles in recent years such as: "Joan i Ricard de Grignon. Obres per banda simfònica" (2013) (Joan and Ricard de Grignon. Works for symphonic band) and the recording of part of the work written for symphonic bands by its present resident conductor, Salvador Brotons, for the Naxos Records international label, to be released in 2015.

Bibliography.

Recommended reading about the Barcelona Municipal Band:

Founded in 1886 by Barcelona City Council, the Barcelona Municipal Band is a musical institution going back a long way. Since 2007, it has been the resident band at the Barcelona Auditorium (L'Auditori), where it offers a fixed season of concerts and where it develops projects in partnership with artists and groups forming part of the international scene as well as those from the local sphere. The resident conductor since 2008 has been the Catalan composer and conductor Salvador Brotons.

Die Banda Municipal de Barcelona, gewissermaßen die "Stadtkapelle von Barcelona", ist ein 1886 vom Stadtrat von Barcelona ins Leben gerufenes Orchester, das aus Blas-, Streich und Perkussionsinstrumenten besteht. Es nahm seit Beginn die dreifache Rolle (1) der Repräsentation der Stadt, (2) der Ausbildung des musikalischen Nachwuchses und (3) der Konzerttätigkeit ein. Seit 2007 ist das Orchester im "Auditori de Barcelona" ansässig. Seit 2008 ist der Komponist und Dirigent Salvator Brotons der musikalische Leiter des Ensembles.


Anime.

The TV animation was released in Japan on TV Tokyo and affiliates on January 4, 2014, with the animation done by OLM, Inc. Bushiroad simulcasts an English dub in Singapore, Malaysia, and in North America through YouTube, Hulu, and Crunchyroll. Canada's Teletoon aired the English dub from January 8, 2015 to September 7, 2015. It returned to Teletoon from October 2015 to February 2016. As with their first series, "Cardfight!! Vanguard", Bushiroad is airing the series in English on YouTube and Hulu. As of episode 17, the dub is also airing on Crunchyroll. The English airings are delayed from the Japanese airings by a few hours and are considered the same day simulcast, but due to the time difference between Japan and the States, the English airdate ends up being a day ahead of the Japanese airing. The English dub for Hundred went on a hiatus on October 2, 2015.

Trading card game.

Products.

Booster Pack.

1 box of booster packs contains 30 booster packs. Each pack contains 5 random cards. The rarities of cards are categorized into Common (C), Uncommon (UC), Rare (R), Double Rare (RR), Triple Rare (RRR), Buddy Rare (BR) and Special Parallel (SP).  List of Booster Packs  List of Hundred Booster Packs  List of Triple D Booster Packs  List of Triple D Booster Pack Alternatives  List of Triple D Climax Booster Packs  List of X Booster Packs  List of X Booster Pack Alternatives  List of X Climax Booster Packs  List of X2 Booster Packs  List of X2 Booster Pack Alternatives  List of Ace Booster Packs  List of Ace Ultimate Booster Packs  List of Ace Climax Booster Packs

Character Pack.

1 box of character packs contains 30 character packs. Each pack contains 5 random cards. The rarities of cards are categorized into Common (C), Uncommon (U), Rare (R), Double Rare (RR), Triple Rare (RRR), Buddy Rare (BR), SECRET, and Special Parallel (SP)  List of Character Packs

Extra Pack.

1 box of extra packs contains 15 booster packs. Each pack contains 5 random cards. The rarities of cards are categorized into Common (C), Uncommon (UC), Rare (R), Double Rare (RR), Triple Rare (RRR), Buddy Rare (BR) and Special Parallel (SP).  List of Extra Packs  List of Hundred Extra Packs

Perfect Pack.

1 box of perfect packs contain 10 perfect packs. Each pack contains 6 random cards. The rarities of cards are categorized into Double Rare (RR), and Buddy Rare (BR). The RR cards are in a golden print.  List of Perfect Packs  List of Hundred Perfect Packs

Start Deck.

A pre-constructed starter deck contains 52 pre-set cards. Life counter, rule book, and playmat are included as well.  List of Triple D Start Decks  List of X Start Decks  List of S Start Decks

Trial Deck.

A pre-constructed trial deck contains 52 pre-set cards. Life counter, rule book, and playmat are included as well.  List of Trial Decks  List of Hundred Trial Decks  List of Triple D Trial Decks  List of Triple D Special Series Decks  List of X Trial Decks  List of X Special Series Decks  List of Ace Special Series Decks  List of Ace Trial Decks

Organized Play.

Support for the organized play program is provided by Bushiroad. Tournaments and workshops are available in Europe, the United States and Asia-Oceania region. A special promotional card is given to participants of the workshops or tournaments.  Organizers of the events are given a choice between a best-of-1 format and a best-of-3 format for the monthly sanctioned tournaments.

On June 15, 2020, Bushiroad announced it would end production of the card game, with the final new product release occuring on September 25, 2020 and official tournaments continuing through June 2021.

Future Card Buddyfight (jap., "Fyūchā Kādo Badifaito") ist ein japanisches Medien-Franchise aus Sammelkartenspiel, Mangaserie und Anime-Fernsehserie, das seit Ende 2013 erscheint. Die Geschichten zum Franchise spielen in einer nahen Zukunft, in der mit den Spielkarten Monster aus einer anderen Welt beschworen werden können.


Show Me the Money (South Korean TV series)

Background.

When SMTM first aired in 2012"," it was the only show on South Korean television to focus on hip hop, and the first show on Mnet about hip hop since the music channel cancelled "Hip Hop the Vibe" in 2004. Han Dong-chul, the chief producer of SMTM, later said of the show, "My goal was to let people know that there is more than just idol dance music in Korea."  The format of each season varies, but generally consists of contestants going head to head in a series of challenges until only one rapper remains. The show includes a mixture of rookie and experienced rappers, with the experienced rappers typically serving as "producers," a role that includes being both mentors and judges.

Season 1 (2012).

The first season of SMTM began airing on June 22, 2012 and was hosted by Eun Ji-won of the K-pop group Sechs Kies. The season paired experienced rappers Double K, Verbal Jint, 45RPM, MC Sniper, Miryo, Hoony Hoon, Joosuc, and Garion with rookie rappers. Notable contestants included Cheetah, one of the show's few female rappers, who would later become the winner of the first season of SMTM spin-off, "Unpretty Rapstar."  Rookie rapper Loco, under the mentorship of Double K, won the competition and went on to sign with hip hop label AOMG. He later appeared on season 4 as a producer.

Season 2 (2013).

The second season of SMTM began airing on June 7, 2013 and was again hosted by Eun Ji-won. Contestants were split into two hip hop crews, "Meta Crew," led by MC Meta of the group Garion, and "D.O Crew," led by Lee Hyun Do, formerly of '90s hip hop duo Deux. The season's contestants included several rappers who would go on to become well-known artists, including LE of EXID, Mad Clown, and Swings.  The winner of the second season was hip hop trio Soul Dive, mentored by MC Meta.

Season 3 (2014).

The third season of SMTM saw a number of prominent Korean hip hop figures' participation. The producers split themselves loosely along the lines of larger Korean hip hop labels, leading to Tablo and Masta Wu representing "Team YG," Dok2 and The Quiett representing "Team Illionaire," Swings and San E representing "Team Brand New Music," and "Team YDG". The season was won by Bobby from K-Pop idol group iKON, together with his producers Dok2 and The Quiett of Team Illionaire.

Season 4 (2015).

Mnet's fourth season of SMTM features YG judges Jinusean and Tablo, San E and Verbal Jint from Brand New Music, AOMG judges Jay Park and Loco (first season winner came back as a producer), and judges Zico of Block B and Paloalto (Hi-Lite Records). No contestants auditioned this year with more idol rappers, most notably, Song Min-ho of Winner, and veterans such as Black Nut and P-Type. Many of the contestants from Season 3 came back as well. The winner of this season was Basick with his producers team San E and Verbal Jint from Brand New Music.

Season 5 (2016).

The fifth season of SMTM featured four different producer teams consisting of: AOMG judges Simon Dominic & Gray, YG Entertainment judges Kush & Zion T, judges Dok2 & The Quiett of Illionaire Records and Gill & Mad Clown. This season held open auditions in LA for the first time with guest judge Timbaland. It also saw the participation of many popular and well known artists in the Korean hip hop scene as well as notable participants of past seasons such as G2, Reddy, C Jamm, BewhY, Bizniz, Onesun, Jin Doggae, J'Kyun, Xitsuh, Snacky Chan, One, Sanchez, Dayday, Junoflo, Myundo, Super Bee and Flowsik. This season's winner was BewhY with his producer team of Simon Dominic and Gray from AOMG.

Season 6 (2017).

Mnet's “Show Me the Money 6” began airing on June 30, 2017 and ended on September 1, 2017. The sixth season had four producer teams, Zico & Dean, Choiza & Gaeko of Dynamic Duo, Tiger JK & Bizzy and Jay Park & Dok2. Both rappers from previous seasons and new rappers participated, including Nucksal, QWALA, Hash Swan, LTAK, NO:EL, Woo Won-jae, Hanhae, Punchnello, Penomeco, JJK, Junoflo, J'Kyun, Ja Mezz, Rhythm Power members Boi-B, Geegoin, and Hangzoo, Microdot, Young B (winner of High School Rapper), New Champ, IGNITO, Kebee, Sleepy (Untouchable), Killagramz, Born Kim, Jin Doggae, Rudals, BIGONE (former 24K member Kim Daeil), and former SMTM1 producer, Double K.  American artist and producer Swizz Beatz was a special judge for the New York auditions of the show. "Show Me the Money 6" landed in New York and Los Angeles May 6 and May 9.  This season drew more participants than ever before. For “Show Me the Money 5”, approximately 9,000 people auditioned to have a chance to compete on the show. “Show Me the Money 6” had over 12,000 people interested in auditioning for the show—the largest applicant pool the show ever had. As a result of the huge number of applicants, the first round of auditions in Korea took place over the course of two days. First round auditions occurred April 29–30 at Samsan World Gymnasium in Incheon. This was also the first time that auditions were held in New York City. The format for the New York auditions will be the same as the first round auditions in South Korea. New York auditions took place on May 6 at Brooklyn Studios. The Los Angeles auditions were held on May 9 at LA Anderson Warehouse.  The winner for this season was Rhythm Power's Hangzoo with his producer team of Zico and Dean of FANXYCHILD.

Season 7 (2018).

Season 7 was known as "Show Me The Money 777 (read as Triple 7)" and began airing on September 7, 2018. This season marked the seventh season of the show. The seventh season featured four producer teams, Swings & Giriboy, Deepflow & Nucksal, Code Kunst & Paloalto, and The Quiett & Changmo. Rappers from previous seasons or from Mnet's High School Rapper series and new rappers have participated.  Different from previous seasons, this season did not have the first preliminary round. Instead, the production crew watched over 13,000 audition videos and selected about 1,000 contestants. These selected contestants then were judged by the producers teams, and the qualified ones moved on to the second round, the usual One-minute rap round. This season, the difference in the round was that it was viewed by all remaining contestants. There was also a new betting system used in the show.  The winner for this season was Nafla with his producer team of Team Just Music.

Season 8 (2019).

Season 8 began airing from July 26, 2019. Different from previous seasons, when there were four producer teams, the eighth season featured two producer crews, one consisting of Swings, Mad Clown, Kid Milli and Boycold, with the other consisting of Verbal Jint, Giriboy, BewhY and Millic. Rappers from previous seasons or from Mnet's High School Rapper series and new rappers have participated.  Similar to the previous season, the production crew watched about 16,000 audition clips and selected about 2,000 contestants to be judged by the crews in the first round. The difference in the first round in this season is that if a contestant failed the first judging from a member of one crew, he/she can choose to go for the second judging by a member of the other crew. If the contestant managed to pass the second judging, he/she can move to the second round.  The winner for this season was Punchnello with his producer crew of BGM-v Crew.

Plagiarism controversy.

In 2017, CJ E&M, the production company behind "Show Me The Money," accused the creators of the Chinese rap competition show, "The Rap of China", of plagiarism. A spokesperson for CJ E&M said that even though the logo, rules, and formats of the two shows were strikingly similar, "The Rap of China" was not a licensed version of the original South Korean show.

Show Me The Money (SMTM; Korean: 쇼미더머니 "Syomi Deo Meoni") is a South Korean rap competition TV show that airs on Mnet. The show has grown in popularity since the first season aired in 2012 to season 8 in 2019, and it is credited with increasing the South Korean public's interest in hip hop.

Show Me The Money (kurz: SMTM / Koreanisch: 쇼미더머니 "Syomi Deo Meoni)" ist eine südkoreanische Rap-Wettbewerbssendung, die auf Mnet ausgestrahlt wird. Seit der Ausstrahlung der ersten Staffel in 2012 bis zur letzten Staffel im Jahr 2019 wächst die Beliebtheit der Show stetig. Es wird sogar zugeschrieben, dass das Interesse der südkoreanischen Öffentlichkeit an Hip-Hop gewachsen ist.


Etymology.

According to Jozef Van Overstraeten (1896–1986), honorary President of Vlaamse Toeristenbond – Vlaamse Automobilistenbond, the most probable explanation is the medieval Dutch word "oorrinc", meaning ear ring. A nickname for someone either wearing or making earrings. Less probable is the explanation as medieval Dutch "horic" meaning "hoek", corner, which is a remote dwelling in a village. Family names Hoorickx and Van Hoorick occur as well.  Frans Debrabandere, secretary-general of the Royal Commission for Toponymy and Dialectology, is an advocate of the latter explanation as "hoek".

Spelling.

The name Orinx is written in a variety of ways, due to:  As a result of Belgium becoming part of the French First Republic (1795) a registrar's office came into being, including registration of births. Before 1795, only Parish registers (baptism, wedding, burial) existed. Newborns had to be shown to the registrar. Since lots of people were illiterate, they could only pronounce their names. It was up to the registrar to do the writing.  A typical mix-up happened to Simon Orinx (1757 – 1820). At the end of the 18th century Simon moved from Herfelingen, southern Pajottenland, northwards to Asse. Simon's first descendant was registered as Anne-Marie Orinkx (born March 17, 1797). The father signed with an X, as was customary for illiterates. The second child was registered as Antoinette Orix (born March 22, 1799), and this time the father signed as Orinx, though using a clumsy inverted writing. The third child was named Jeanne Orickx (June 21, 1801); Simon himself signed as Orinx. The fourth child Jeanne-Petronelle Orikcx (June 21, 1802) died aged one month. The following descendants Petronille, Jean and Felix were named Orinx, ending with Jean Alexandre Orincx.<br> Something similar happened in the village Motignies-Lez-Lens (Lens), Hainaut. The first six children of Ghislain Joseph Orenge (1694–1769) where registered with the surname Orenge. The seventh Michel Joseph, born July 5, 1753, received the surname Oreins. The last one, Rosalie, was again called Orenge.

Distribution according to the spelling of the name.

The national Belgian register of 2008 features different spellings.  The people named Orinx in Brussels mostly came over from Pajottenland.

Related millers.

Mostly, the trade passed on from father to son. However, not every miller could employ all his sons. Since they had some notions of the trade, other miller families often employed these redundant sons. One thing led to another, sons met their employers' daughters and this resulted in marriages between miller families.
 A notable example occurred in the 18th century between the millers Orinx and the also prominent millers Van Lierde. In 1711 James Orins, miller to Neigem, married Elisabeth Van Lierde, their daughter Catherine Orins married in 1754 Michiel Van Lierde first miller of the mill Terhagen in Gooik and later the mill Opalfene in Ternat.
 The following families are related to the Orinx-Orins families:

Auguste Oreins (Orenge) and the origin of the Belgian draft horse.

Jean Orens (Orins) (c. 1620 – 1698) was both miller and alderman in Hove. His son Paul Antoine Orens (c. 1650 – 1735) went to live as a farmer in Montignies-lez-Lens, the first inhabitant with that name. His children were registered there under the names Oreins and Orenge. In 1823 the birth of Auguste Oreins meant the fourth generation.
  In 1864, this Auguste bought a 30 month old stallion named Prins (Prince) in Grimminge. Auguste undertook week-long trips from village to village to have mares covered by Prins. Farmers had owner and horse stay as long as possible, to make sure their mares were serviced at the precise moment. In the end, they nicknamed the stallion Gugusse, after his owner Auguste. When Gugusse turned ten, the governing board approved the stallion for the last year, since the horse had become lame. Gugusse was sold and in 1878 ended up with Jules Hazard, tenant of the Fosteau Castle manor farm. With 500 hectares to work, Jules Hazard needed lots of horses and he wanted a stud farm of his own as well. He had Gugusse registered in the stud book as Orange I (B.S. 1144), most probably as a reference to Auguste Oreins. All Belgian draft horses are descendants of this Orange I. His best known sons were Brillant and Jupiter. Orange I died in 1885, aged 21.
 Brillant, born in 1868, was bought by Remy Vanderschueren from Vollezele when he was nine. The success of the Brabant/Belgian draft horse started with this stallion. The horse won the highest international prizes from 1878 till 1884. At the Paris Exposition Universelle (1878) he became international champion, surpassing the best English, French and Italian breeds.The French press wrote: "An extraordinary stallion, Brillant was awarded the first prize as the most beautiful and strongest of all draft horses." More distinctions were to follow: London (1879), Lille (1879), Brussels (1881), Hannover (1881), and Amsterdam (1884).
 Brillant, Belgian champion in 1890 as well, made Vollezele, a village in Pajottenland west of Brussels, a household name. Lots of important farmers in Vollezele and neighbouring villages followed suit, which made stud farming an important source of income with the Vollezele region as its centre. The Belgian draft horse became one of the main Belgian exports. In 1910 34,599 draft horses were exported to Canada, Germany, France, Italy, The Netherlands, Russia, the United States and Sweden, at the price of 50 million belgian franks. Enormous amounts were paid for stud horses. In 1930 Espoir de Quaregnon (Belgian champion 1929) was exported to Italy for 1 million franks, equaling 505,000 euros. Stud fees were not cheap either, with 10,000 franks for Avenir d'Herse, the Belgian 1925 champion.
 Since no top mares were available, Brillant could not fully pass on his qualities. Jupiter became Belgian champion in 1889 and was a successful stud horse. His son Rêve d'Or became world champion overall in 1900, winning three gold medals. Another son of Jupiter was Brin d'Or, who sired 140 descendants, among them Indigène du Fosteau who was Belgian champion in 1906, '07, '08 and '09. A number of Indigène's descendants were exported to The Netherlands. In 1924, 15,5% of registered Dutch horses descended from this stallion, and thus from Orange I
  Since 1887, a Wabash County, Indiana corporation has kept a register named The Belgian Draft Horse Corporation of America. The number of Belgian draft horses is higher than other breeds overall. The American Brabant Organisation was founded in Isanti, Minnesota in 1999, to protect, safeguard and promote the Brabant draft horse in the US.

Descendants of Orange I who became Belgian champions.

<br>

Homage to Orange I and his descendants.

Sint-Kwintens-Lennik has a 4 metres high bronze statue of Prins (i e Orange I) by sculptor Koenraad Tinel. So has Grimmige. Vollezele has a Brillant statue. In La Louvière an avenue was named after Rêve d'Or. The tradition of the Brabant/Belgian draft horse has been listed as immaterial cultural Flemish heritage since 2018.  The shrimp fishing on horseback in Oostduinkerke is recognized as Unesco World Intangible Cultural Heritage since 2013.

References and footnotes.

"This article is a translation of the corresponding article in the Dutch Wikipedia, "

The family Orinx (also written as "Orins", "Oriens", "Oreins", "Orens", "Orenge" even "Orange") are an age-old family of Millers in Pajottenland and neighbouring regions Hainaut, East Flanders and Walloon Brabant (Belgium). A family member played a prominent part in the creation of the Belgian draft horse at the end of the 19th century.

Orinx (auch als Orins geschrieben) bildet ein uraltes Geschlecht von Müllern im Pajottenland, Hennegau, Ostflandern und Wallonisch-Brabant. Ein Familienmitglied spielte eine wichtige Rolle bei der Entwicklung des belgischen Zugpferdes Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts.


Lyrical content.

It is written by Steven Tyler, with assistance from the professional songwriter and former bandmate Richie Supa. It tells about his troubled life and drug abuse after the band broke up.  The 1987 comeback album, "Permanent Vacation", and its title track were mentioned in the lyrics for "Amazing".

Music video.

The video for the song, directed by Marty Callner, is well known for its depiction of digital technology and was the second appearance of Alicia Silverstone in the band's videos. Paired with her was Jason London, star of "Dazed and Confused", a film which was released in the same year as "Get a Grip" and which memorably made numerous references to Aerosmith. The characters appear in the music video as two cyberspace kids who escape to a world of virtual reality together, neither realizing the other is also in virtual reality. The head-mounted display worn by London in the video was manufactured by Liquid Image, who was contacted by the production crew and asked to provide a head-mounted display system for the VR sequence. Perry suffered a slight head injury during the making of the video, and it was extended by 52 seconds at the end, where two loops were inserted.  In the virtual dream world, the two embark on a motorcycle journey and sky-dive, as well as engage in a steamy makeout session. One part of the video shows the characters boarding and taking flight in a biplane which, combined with the digital technology, creates what is often regarded as a fascinating dichotomy between antiquated and modern technology, in some ways presenting a parallel for the characters. Meanwhile, members of the band perform in various parts throughout the song, including in a tunnel, as well as solo shots of Steven Tyler in a room by himself and Joe Perry playing a guitar solo with a cityscape in the background. At the end of the video, it is discovered that it was Silverstone who was engaging in the virtual fantasy.

In popular culture.

The song was featured in the video game "Dead or Alive 4", where it played during Helena Douglas’ ending movie, as well as the subsequent credits.

"Amazing" is a power ballad performed by American hard rock band Aerosmith. Don Henley lends his vocals, shadowing lead singer Steven Tyler in parts of this song. It was written by Tyler and longtime band friend and collaborator Richie Supa. It peaked at number 24 on the US "Billboard" Hot 100, number three on the "Billboard" Album Rock Tracks chart, number nine on the "Billboard" Mainstream Top 40. The song was also successful abroad, peaking at number two in Iceland, number four in Canada, number five in Norway, and the top 20 in the Netherlands and Switzerland.

Amazing ist eine Powerballade der US-amerikanischen Rockband Aerosmith. Don Henley leiht dem Song Hintergrundgesang zusammen mit Leadsänger Steven Tyler in der Bridge kurz vor der dritten Strophe. Der Song wurde zusammen von Tyler und dessen Freund Richie Supa geschrieben. Es erschien als vierte Single des Albums "Get a Grip", auf dem es der 13. (14. auf der internationalen Version, da dieses den zusätzlichen Titel "Can’t Stop Messin’" beinhaltet) und vorletzte Titel ist sowie der letzte gesungene, da es sich beim letzten Track "Boogie Man" um ein Instrumentalstück handelt. Der Song handelt davon, wie Tyler seine Drogenprobleme besiegte. Im Vergleich zu anderen Songs des Albums ist der Song musikalisch mehr durch Tylers Klavier als durch Joe Perrys Gitarre geprägt.


College career.

Ellison was part of a USC Trojans team that went to two Rose Bowls and won a national championship. He graduated USC with a degree in International Relations with a graduate emphasis on Defense and Strategic Studies.

Professional career.

The NFL San Francisco 49ers chose him with their fifth-round pick in the 1983 NFL Draft becoming the first ever New Zealander and Māori to play in Professional Football. Jerry Attaway, his conditioning coach at USC and (teammate) Ronnie Lott had convinced Bill Walsh to select him in the draft.  Ellison won three Super Bowls during his seven years with the 49ers. He was drafted alongside a pair of future Pro Bowlers, running back Roger Craig and center/guard Jesse Sapolu. In his final season with the 49ers in 1989, he broke his right arm in the final preseason game and was placed on the injured reserve list for the season. He played his final three seasons with the Los Angeles Raiders.  In 2017, Ellison was inducted into the Polynesian Football Hall of Fame.

Missile Defense Advocacy Alliance.

In 2002, Ellison launched the Missile Defense Advocacy Alliance, a non-profit organization.

Youth Impact Program.

In 2005, Ellison founded the Youth Impact Program for disadvantaged and at-risk adolescent boys in US inner cities. It partners with universities, the U.S. Marine Corps, local NFL team, and public school teachers. The U.S. Marine Corps also participates in YIP by providing students with leadership and character development skills training and mentoring.

Personal.

Ellison is of Māori descent (Ngāi Tahu), born in Christchurch, New Zealand. At eight, Ellison moved to Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia with his father, Dan, who went on to become an economic advisor to the United Nations. Shortly thereafter, Ellison's parents divorced and he relocated with his mother to Los Angeles, where she remarried Dennis Gray and moved to Beaver Creek Ranch, Rimrock, Arizona. Ellison went to high school in Tucson, AZ.  The Ellison family comes from a strong sporting background, he is related to professional rugby players Tamati Ellison and Jacob Ellison who both played in Super Rugby. His grandfather Edward Ellison played on the 1911 NZ Maori team and was awarded the OBE from Great Britain for his work as a Doctor in the Pacific. Thomas Ellison, his great-uncle, played for the first New Zealand rugby team to play in Great Britain in 1888 and 1889, and captained the first New Zealand team to play in Australia in 1893.  Ellison's son, Rhett, played tight end for the Minnesota Vikings and NY Giants

Riki Morgan Ellison (born August 15, 1960) is a New Zealand-American former college and professional American football linebacker, who played ten seasons in the National Football League (NFL), and went by the name Riki Gray while in college at USC as an All-Pac-10 player in 1982. He is the first New Zealander to play in the NFL.

Riki Morgan Ellison (* 15. August 1960 in Christchurch, Neuseeland) ist ein ehemaliger American-Football-Spieler auf der Position des Linebackers. Er spielte für die San Francisco 49ers und die Los Angeles Raiders in der National Football League (NFL). In seinen zehn Profijahren gewann er drei Mal den Super Bowl. Er war der erste neuseeländische Spieler in der NFL.


Early history.

The Stonehaven Tolbooth is thought to have been founded by George Keith, 5th Earl Marischal (c. 1553–1623), with the original purpose of the rectangular building being as a storehouse. In 1600, an Act of Parliament provided that the building become a tolbooth; text of that act reads: "The shiref of the shiref-dome of Kincardin in all time cum sall sit and hald their courtis at Stanehyve". After 1624, the town business functions were conducted on the upper level of the Stonehaven Tolbooth, with the ground floor being used as the prison.  By 1685, there are further accounts of the Stonehaven Tolbooth functioning as the seat of justice for all of Kincardineshire (the former shire of this district that was eventually subsumed into Aberdeenshire). Over the winter of 1748–1749, three Episcopalian clergy were incarcerated for the crime of holding a religious ceremony to more than nine people at the (now ruined) chapel situated on the estate grounds of nearby Muchalls Castle along the ancient Causey Mounth. The Episcopalians were associated with the Jacobite cause and discriminated against by the ruling Hanoverians. The imprisoned clergymen's plight was memorialised in a well known painting, illustrating a baptism of an infant through the bars of the prison. The painting belongs to the Diocese at Brechin.  Episcopal services were held in the Tolbooth from 1709, when Dunnottar parish church became part of the Church of Scotland, until an Episcopal meeting house was erected in Stonehaven High Street in 1738.

History after 1766.

When new county government facilities were built in 1767, the Stonehaven tolbooth reverted to its earlier humble use as a storehouse. In 1963, the Tolbooth was in need of restoration, Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother officially opened it in September 1963 which resulted in the present day use configuration of a local history museum on the ground floor and a destination restaurant on the above level. The museum displays objects relating to local history and the Tolbooth's existence.

Architecture.

The original rectangular building was constructed with the long axis being east–west, with a length of 18.9 meters The construction is of Old Red Sandstone, a locally derived stone that was used in other local buildings of the same period such as Muchalls Castle. A 17th-century addition was added nearly at right angles to the original block, leading to a 17th-century design as an L-Plan, also in the manner of Muchalls Castle.  The gables of the original rectangular block are crow-stepped, with a chimney on the west end. An unusual design feature is that access to the first floor is achieved only via a stonework staircase at the west end of the original block. This design may have been derived from a desire to have town government business conducted without having to enter through the prison level. A paved courtyard lies embraced by the two L-Plan projections.

Interior features.

The north block (17th-century addition) floor retains original flagstones and cobblestones dating to the original north block. There is also a sizable firepit along the west wall of the north block wing, although the associated chimney above has been filled, rendering the fireplace unusable. At the ground level a partial stone wall partition separates the two large chambers belonging to the 16th and 17th centuries.  Arrow slits on the south facing 16th-century wall are original; however they have been filled in. The height of these slits suggest that the grade level of the building floor has likely been altered. Inspection of the stonework indicates that there was an earlier opening at the centre of the east wall. The upper floor for the present restaurant use has been altered more extensively by interior partitions, although the basic window openings are thought to be original.

The Stonehaven Tolbooth is a late 16th-century stone building originally used as a courthouse and a prison in the town of Stonehaven, Aberdeenshire, Scotland. Constructed of local Old Red Sandstone, the prison probably attained its greatest note, when three local Episcopalian clergymen were imprisoned for holding services for more than nine people (a limit established to discourage the Episcopalian religion in the mid-18th century). Lying midway along the old north quay of the Stonehaven Harbour, the present day Tolbooth serves as a history museum with a restaurant on the floor above the ground floor. It is a category A listed building.

Die ehemalige Tolbooth von Stonehaven ist ein zwischenzeitlich als Tolbooth genutztes Gebäude in der schottischen Kleinstadt Stonehaven in der Council Area Aberdeenshire. 1972 wurde das Bauwerk in die schottischen Denkmallisten in der höchsten Denkmalkategorie A aufgenommen.


Life and Work.

Tan studied Biochemistry at the University of Cambridge from 1982 to 1985, after which he received the Master of Science in Molecular Biology and Biotechnology on University College London and did followed it up with a PhD in molecular biology on vaccines at University of Edinburgh in 1990. He returned to Singapore in 1990 to develop TechNet, Singapore's first network for a nationwide research community. In 1994, he and his Chinese language team wrote a program that matches the code for each character and then merged the images into one larger image, and extended this concept to the Tamil language. Tan was responsible for several key internet milestones, including the first Gopher Server, the Singapore InfoWeb and the forerunner of the Present National Web Homepage. Under his leadership, the Internet Research and Development Unit (IRDU), developed the first regional Java website and the first functional multilingual domain name system (iDNS). In addition to his NUS position, Tan is also chair of the agency for the Computational Resource Center for Science, Technology and Research, which is equipping Singapore with supercomputing capabilities for the twenty-first century. With this in mind, he is now pioneering the use of new technologies for online computer communication. TCP / IP (Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol), the communication protocol that the Internet largely uses today, can be improved upon for certain purposes. Some of its addressing computations is redundant for grid computing purposes. A newer communication technology called InfiniBand transmits data with much shorter delay times, less (possible) information loss and higher efficiency than TCP / IP. However, it is currently only used for short-range communication between supercomputers. In November 2014, his team, along with Australian, Japanese and US universities, as well as industry partners Obsidian Strategics and Tata Communications, demonstrated the first high-speed InfiniBand. connection between three continents on a platform called InfiniCortex. In conventional grid computing, distributed processors perform tasks that are parallel but more or less independent. Instead, InfiniCortex offers simultaneous supercomputing, in which intermediate results can be quickly transferred between processors that are located across the globe. In this way, the participating centers can perform challenging tasks such as, intensive computer-aided fluid dynamics or analysis of genomic data - by efficiently sharing computing resources.

Awards.

For his work, he received national and international recognition: the Singapore Youth Award for Excellence (1994), the Vaccine Research Trust Annual Award (1989), the Japanese Chamber of Commerce and Industry (JCCI) Education Award (1997 ), the ASEAN Achievement Award (1997) from the ASEAN Business Forum, the Life Insurance Association (LIA) Award for community work, the 7th Innovation Award of the Indian Cultural Festival (1998), the Achievement Award (1998), the gold medal of the World Congress for Medical Informatics MEDINFO'92 and he is a member of the International Who's Who of Professionals (1999) and a member of the exclusive World Technology Network (2001) as one of 450 leading scientists and entrepreneurs worldwide.  He has been featured in the SINGAPORE TAMILS 200 a book which was released in honour of those who contributed to the Indian community development.  He has served in the board of directors of the management of keppel data centre REIT listed in singapore stock exchange.  He is also a proponent of enviormentally green data centres at TED talks.

Tan Tin Wee (born 1962) is a Singaporean bioinformatician and university lecturer. He is an associate professor at the Department of Biochemistry at the National University of Singapore and founding director of the National Supercomputing Center (NSCC) Singapore since 1999. As the inventor and founder of multilingual internationalized domain names (IDN) and a pioneer of the Internet, he was inducted into the Internet Society of 2012 along with the founding fathers of the Internet in the first Internet Hall of Fame. He is well known in Singapore and the region for his work on propagating and developing the Internet.

Tan Tin Wee (* 1962) ist ein singapurischer Bioinformatiker und Hochschullehrer. Er ist seit 1999 außerordentlicher Professor am Department of Biochemistry der National University of Singapore und Gründungsdirektor des National Supercomputing Centre (NSCC) in Singapur. Als Erfinder und Gründer mehrsprachiger internationalisierter Domainnamen (IDN) und Pionier des Internets wurde er 2012 von der Internet Society zusammen mit den Gründungsvätern des Internets in die erste Internet Hall of Fame aufgenommen.


Early life.

Samia Ghadie was born in Eccles, Greater Manchester to Joseph, a French-Lebanese shop owner and Patsy, an English actress whom he met whilst working in Abu Dhabi. Samia lived there for a period as a child. She has a brother named Tariq.

Career.

Samia first appeared as an extra in Coronation Street at the age of eight and 10 years later she became a regular on the show. She made her first credited TV appearance when she was 11 years old, appearing in an episode of "Cracker" ("The Big Crunch"). She also made appearances in "Children's Ward", "Heartbeat", "Doctors", "There's Only One Jimmy Grimble" (feature film) and the children's series "Life Force".  Samia's big break came in 2000, when she beat both Suzanne Shaw and Kimberley Walsh to get the role of Maria Sutherland in the ITV soap opera "Coronation Street", where she has been at the centre of some of the show's biggest storylines. In Autumn 2009, she took a short break from her role as Maria in "Coronation Street" on maternity leave and resumed her role in the show in May 2010.  Samia won an episode of "Celebrity Stars in Their Eyes" impersonating Holly Valance. She also made an appearance in "Bo' Selecta!" in 2004 as part of a "Coronation Street" sketch along with co-star Suranne Jones.

"Dancing on Ice".

In January 2013, Samia was a competitor in the eighth series of "Dancing on Ice", partnered with French professional ice skater Sylvain Longchambon. However, she was concussed a few days into the pre-series training and unfortunately eliminated in week eight of the competition, losing out in a skate-off to Luke Campbell.

Guest appearances.

Samia has appeared twice on the ITV show "All Star Family Fortunes". Her first appearance was in a Christmas special in December 2006, when she appeared as part of the "Battersby-Brown" family. Her second appearance was in May 2012, when she appeared with her own family.  In 2008, by then known as Samia Smith, she appeared as a guest on "Keith Lemon's Very Brilliant World Tour" when the show visited Egypt.  On 20 September 2014, Samia appeared as a contestant on the primetime game show "The Chase: Celebrity Special".

Awards and nominations.

Samia was placed 53rd in the 2003 "FHM's 100 Sexiest Women in the World", and voted sexiest female by the readers of "Inside Soap" magazine in 2005.

Personal life.

Samia married Matt Smith, a property developer, at St Philip's Church in Alderley Edge, Cheshire on 10 September 2005 after a seven-month engagement. On 19 October 2009, she gave birth to a baby girl, Freya, following which she left "Coronation Street" temporarily on maternity leave. On 4 January 2011, she and her husband announced that they had separated by mutual agreement. On 4 November 2011, she revealed that she had reverted to her maiden surname of Ghadie following a decree absolute which had been granted the same day. In May 2015, she announced her engagement to French professional ice skater Sylvain Longchambon. They married in August 2016. Their son, Yves Joseph Longchambon, was born on 24 September 2015.  Samia's father Joseph died of cancer on 14 April 2009.

Samia Maxine Longchambon ("née" Ghadie, previously Smith; born 13 July 1982) is an English actress. She is best known for playing the role of Maria Connor in the ITV soap opera "Coronation Street" since 2000.

Samia Maxine Longchambon geborene Ghadie (* 13. Juli 1982 in Eccles, England) ist eine britische Schauspielerin. Bekannt ist sie für ihre Rolle als Maria Connor in der ITV-Seifenoper "Coronation Street".


Geometrical constructions.

There are at least two ways to constructs the Clawson point, which also could be used as coordinate free definitions of the point. In both cases you have two triangles, where the three lines connecting their according vertices meet in a common point, which is the Clawson point.

Construction 1.

For a given triangle formula_4 let formula_5 be its orthic triangle and formula_6 the triangle formed by the outer tangents to its three excircles. These two triangles are similar and the Clawson point is their center of similarity, therefore the three lines formula_7 connecting their vertices meet in a common point, which is the Clawson point.

Construction 2.

For a triangle formula_4 its incircle intersects each of its three excircles in two points. The three lines through those points of intersections form a triangle formula_9. This triangle and the triangle formula_4 are perspective triangles with the Clawson point being their perspective center. Hence the three lines formula_11 meet in the Clawson point.

History.

The point is now named after J. W. Clawson, who published his trilinear coordinates 1925 in the American Mathematical Monthly as problem 3132, where he asked for geometrical construction of that point. However the French mathematician Émile Lemoine had already examined the point in 1886. Later the point was independently rediscovered by R. Lyness and G. R. Veldkamp in 1983, who called it "crucial point" after the Canadian math journal Crux Mathematicorum in which it was published as problem 682.

The Clawson point is a special point in a planar triangle defined by the trilinear coordinates formula_1 (Kimberling number X(19)), where formula_2 are the interior angles at the triangle vertices formula_3. It is named after John Wentworth Clawson, who published it 1925 in the American Mathematical Monthly.

Der Clawson-Punkt in einem Dreieck ist einer der ausgezeichneten Punkte des Dreiecks. Er kann auf folgende zwei Arten konstruiert werden und hat die Kimberling-Nummer X(19). Der Punkt wurde nach John Wentworth Clawson benannt und 1886 von Émile Lemoine untersucht.