Military career.

In 1540 Ungnad had been appointed on the position of Captain General of Lower Austria (modern-day Slovenia), Croatia and other Habsburg estates. The main threat to the territory he was responsible for was the Ottoman Empire and its forces in Ottoman Bosnia. He believed that the best way to confront it was to spread the Protestantism to the very gates of Istanbul. In 1555 he refused to execute anti-Protestant measures requested by Ferdinand I, resigned his position and opted for voluntary exile in Germany.

South Slavic Bible Institute.

The South Slavic Bible Institute () was established in Urach (modern-day Bad Urach in Germany) in January 1561. Baron Ungnad was its owner and patron. Ungnad was supported by Christoph, Duke of Württemberg, who allowed Ungnad to use his castle (former convent) of Amandenhof near Urach as a seat of this institute.  Baron Ungnad was interested in Protestant proselytism propagated by Primož Trubar and attended the session of German theologians held in Tubingen in 1561. At that occasion Ungnad, probably instructed by Duke Christoph, agreed that he would take responsibility for publishing Slavic books.  Within the institute, Ungnad set up a press which he referred to as "the Slovene, Croatian and Cyrillic press" (). The manager and supervisor of the institute was Primož Trubar. The books they printed at this press were planned to be used throughout the entire territory populated by South Slavs between the Soča River, the Black Sea, and Constantinople. Until 1565 were published thirty titles with 25.000 copies. Today exist only 300 books. Translations of Bible texts were inspired by glagolitic tradition. Thirteen books were printed in glagolitic, nine in latin, and eight in cyrillic script. Trubar had idea to use their books to spread Protestantism among Croats and other South Slavs. For this task, Trubar engaged Stjepan Konzul Istranin and Antun Dalmatin as translators for Croatian and Serbian.

Hans von Ungnad (1493–1564) was 16th-century Habsburg nobleman who was best known as founder of the South Slavic Bible Institute established to publish Protestant books translated to South Slavic languages.

Hans III. Ungnad von Weißenwolff, Freiherr von Sonnegg (Sonneck) in Kärnten (* 19. November 1493; † 27. Dezember 1564 auf Schloss Winteritz (Vintířov) in Böhmen) war ein österreichischer Staatsmann, der später in Urach (Württemberg) eine Buchdruckerei unterhielt, um die Reformation zu unterstützen.


Early life and family.

He was a son of regent Konoe Hisatsugu and a concubine. Motohiro was not considered a legitimate member at first, but his father Hisatsugu and his wife, Princess Shoshi, a daughter of Emperor Go-Mizunoo, had no child and Hisatsu died in Motohiro's childhood. Thus by an imperial order from Go-Mizunoo, Motohiro was installed in the Konoe lineage, and grew up under imperial protection.  In 1654 he performed his genpuku ceremony and entered adulthood and therefore courtier life. In 1664 he married Princess Joshi, another daughter of Emperor Go-Mizunoo and his consort. With her he had a son, Iehiro, and a daughter, Teruko, who was a consort of Tokugawa Ienobu, the 6th "shōgun" of the Tokugawa shogunate.

Political career.

After his entrance to the court, he served three emperors: Emperor Go-Mizunoo, Emperor Reigen and Emperor Higashiyama. Go-Mizunoo was his protector since his childhood, so his early career was prospective along with his noble lineage. But Emperor Reigen did not get along with the Tokugawa shogunate, and considered Motohiro sympathetic to the Shogunate, hence his career in Reigen's court was not as splendid. Tokugawa Tsunayoshi, the shogun at that time, was not warm to Ienobu at all, one of the candidates for his successor, hence also Motohiro, as the father-in-law of Ienobu.  In Higashiyama's court, Motohiro however gained power again. He served as kampaku, the most powerful courtier from 1690 to 1703. After he quit, he had his supporters, including his own son, succeed the kampaku position respectively, and kept his influence. In 1704 the Tokugawa shogunate designated Ienobu, Motohiro's son-in-law, the successor of Tsunayoshi, hence the future shogun. His relation to the shogunate was therefore strengthened. Motohiro visited Edo twice, and was even welcomed to give political opinions, however it made the terms between ex-Emperor Reigen and him worse. Emperor Reigen even cursed him at Shimogamo Shrine, and accused him of being a "bad subject who privatizes and bends laws and justice" (私曲邪佞の悪臣) in his cursing prayer. However Motohiro was not always a supporter of Shogunate politics, and publicly objected to the Shogunate over some of their pressure on the imperial court.  In 1722 he died and was buried at Daitoku-ji.  He wrote a diary from 1655 until his death, later titled "Diary of Lord Motohiro" (基<unk>公記).

, Tajimaru (多治丸) in his childhood, was a "kugyō" or Japanese court noble of the Edo period (1603–1868). He held a regent position kampaku from 1690 to 1703.

Konoe Motohiro (jap. ; * 1648; † 1722), veraltet: "Konoye Motohiro", war Maler, Kalligraph und von 1690 bis 1703 Kampaku (Regent) für den japanischen Kaiser Higashiyama.


Education.

From 1968 till 1978 he learned at school, in 1978–1981 in the pre-seminary «Norbertinum» in Magdeburg. In 1981–1986 Pickel studied at the Graduate Theological Seminary "St. Albert the Great" in Erfurt, in 1987/1988 in the pastoral seminary in Neuzelle.

Priesthood.

Pickel was ordained a deacon on December 19, 1987, and a priest on June 25, 1988. From 1988–1990 he was vicar of the parish of St. Mary Magdalene in the town Kamenz (Saxony). On August 1, 1990 he was released for pastoral work in the USSR. From 1990 he was engaged in pastoral activities in the territory of former Soviet republics. In 1990/1991 he worked as vicar in the parishes in Tajikistan (Dushanbe, Kurgan-Tube, Vakhsh). From 1991 the rector of the parish of Christ the King in Marx. From 1992 to 1998 he was dean in the Pavolskaga region, since 1998 member of the Apostolic Administration of priests to Catholics of Latin rite of the European part of Russia. On March 23, 1998 Pope John Paul II appointed him Titular Bishop Husyry. Episcopal ordination was on June 7, 1998 in Marks, when he became the youngest bishop in Europe. On November 23, 1999 Apostolic Administrator of the South European part of Russia. From 1999 Member of the Conference of Catholic Bishops of Russia, Chairman of the Commission on Affairs of the parishioners, and youth movements and the Commission KKER "pastoral – a vocation." Since 2001 he is a member of the Pontifical Council "Cor unum". On February 11, 2002 he became bishop of the Diocese of Saint Clement in Saratov. On December 15, 2003 Pickel finally got a residence permit in Russia.

Clemens Pickel (, born August 17, 1961, in Colditz, Saxony, Germany) is a German-Russian Catholic leader, and Bishop of Saratov, Russia. Pickel is the current chairman of the Episcopal Conference of Russia.

Clemens Pickel (* 17. August 1961 in Colditz, DDR) ist ein deutscher Geistlicher und römisch-katholischer Bischof von St. Clemens in Saratow sowie Vorsitzender der Russischen Bischofskonferenz.


Early life.

Druyan was born in Queens, New York, the daughter of Pearl A. () and Harry Druyan, who co-owned a knitwear firm. Druyan's early interest in math and science was, in her word, "derailed" when a junior high-school teacher ridiculed a question she asked about the universality of. "I raised my hand and said, 'You mean this applies to every circle in the universe?', and the teacher told me not to ask stupid questions. And there I was having this religious experience, and she made me feel like such a fool. I was completely flummoxed from then on until after college." Druyan characterized her three years at New York University as "disastrous", and it was only after she left school without graduating that she discovered the pre-Socratic philosophers and began educating herself, thus leading to a renewed interest in science.

Career as an author.

Druyan's first novel, "A Famous Broken Heart", was published in 1977.  Druyan co-wrote six "New York Times" best-sellers with Carl Sagan, including: "Comet", "Shadows of Forgotten Ancestors", and "The Demon-Haunted World". She is co-author, along with Carl Sagan, F. D. Drake, Timothy Ferris, Jon Lomberg and Linda Salzman Sagan, of "Murmurs Of Earth: The Voyager Interstellar Record". She also wrote the updated introduction to Sagan's book "The Cosmic Connection" and the epilogue of "Billions and Billions". She wrote the introduction to, and edited "The Varieties of Scientific Experience", published from Sagan's 1985 Gifford lectures.  In February 2020, Druyan published "Cosmos: Possible Worlds", a companion volume to, which premiered in March 2020.

Work in science.

As creative director of NASA's Voyager Interstellar Message Project, Druyan worked with a team to design a complex message, including music and images, for possible alien civilizations. These golden phonograph records affixed to the "Voyager 1" and "Voyager 2" spacecraft are now beyond the outermost planets of the solar system, and "Voyager 1" has entered interstellar space. Both records have a projected shelf life of one billion years.  Druyan is a fellow of the Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims for the Paranormal (CSICOP).  Druyan served as program director of the first solar-sail deep-space mission, Cosmos 1, launched on a Russian ICBM in 2005.  Druyan is involved in multiple Breakthrough Initiatives. With Frank Drake, Druyan is the co-chair of Breakthrough Message and also a member of Breakthrough Starshot.  She is a member of the advisory board of The Carl Sagan Institute.

Film and television.

Druyan wrote and produced the 1987 PBS "NOVA" episode "Confessions of a Weaponeer" on the life of President Eisenhower's Science Advisor George Kistiakowsky.  In 2000, Druyan, together with Steve Soter, co-wrote "Passport to the Universe", the inaugural planetarium show for the Rose Center for Earth and Space at the American Natural History Museum's Hayden Planetarium. The attraction is narrated by Tom Hanks. Druyan and Soter also co-wrote "The Search for Life: Are We Alone", narrated by Harrison Ford, which also debuted at the Hayden's Rose Center.  In 2000, Druyan co-founded Cosmos Studios, Inc, with Joseph Firmage. As CEO of Cosmos Studios, Druyan produces science-based entertainment for all media. In addition to "", Cosmos Studios has produced "Cosmic Africa", "Lost Dinosaurs of Egypt", and the Emmy-nominated documentary "Cosmic Journey: The Voyager Interstellar Mission and Message". In 2009, she distributed a series of podcasts called "At Home in the Cosmos with Annie Druyan", in which she described her works, the life of her husband, Carl Sagan, and their marriage.  Druyan was one of the three writers of the TV series "", along with Carl Sagan and Steven Soter. Druyan is credited, with Carl Sagan, as the co-creator and co-producer of the 1997 feature film "Contact".  In 2011, it was announced that Druyan would executive produce, co-write, and be one of the episodic directors for a sequel to "", to be called "", which began airing in March 2014. Episodes premiered on Fox and also aired on National Geographic Channel on the following night. At the time of its release, Fox gave the series the largest global rollout of a television series ever, debuting it in 180 countries. The premiere episode was shown across nine of Fox's cable properties in addition to the broadcast network in a "roadblock" style premiere. The series went on to become the most-watched series ever for National Geographic Channel International, with at least some part of the 13-episode series watched by 135 million people, including 45 million in the U.S.  In March 2020, a third season of "Cosmos", named "", for which Druyan was executive producer, writer, and director, premiered on National Geographic. Druyan also said: "I very much have season four in mind, and I know what it’s going to be. And I even know some of the stories that I want to tell in it."

Activism.

Druyan has for many years been a vocal advocate for nuclear disarmament. She was arrested three times at the Mercury, Nevada nuclear test site during Mikhail Gorbachev's unilateral moratorium on underground nuclear testing, with which President Ronald Reagan did not cooperate. This included an arrest in June 1986, when Druyan crossed a white painted line indicating the test site's boundary; Sagan, who attended the same protest with Druyan, was not arrested.  In the early 1990s, Druyan worked with Sagan and then-Senator Al Gore, Jr. and a host of religious and scientific leaders to bring the scientific and religious worlds together in a unified effort to preserve the environment, resulting in the "Declaration of the 'Mission to Washington".  Druyan served as a founding director of the Children's Health Fund until the spring of 2004, a project that provides mobile pediatric care to homeless and disadvantaged children in more than half a dozen cities. She currently serves a member of their Advisory Board.  Druyan has served on the Board of Directors of the National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws (NORML) for over 10 years and was president from 2006 to 2010.

Honors.

An asteroid discovered in 1998 was named in Druyan's honor by its discoverer Eleanor F. Helin. In a 2020 interview with "Skeptical Inquirer", Druyan discussed 4970 Druyan and the asteroid named after her late husband, saying that 4970 Druyan is in a "wedding ring orbit" around the Sun with 2709 Sagan. Druyan was presented with a plaque on Sagan's sixtieth birthday, which is inscribed: "Asteroid 2709 Sagan in eternal companion orbit with asteroid 4970 Druyan, symbolic of their love and admiration for each other."  In November 2006, Druyan was a speaker at "".  In January 2007, she was a juror at the 2007 Sundance Film Festival, responsible for selecting the winner of the Alfred P. Sloan Prize for films about science and technology.  In November 2007, Druyan was awarded the title of "Humanist Laureate" by the International Academy of Humanism.  In October 2019, the Center for Inquiry West opened the Carl Sagan and Ann Druyan Theater in Los Angeles.

Religious and philosophical views.

In an interview with Joel Achenbach of "The Washington Post", Druyan stated that her early interest in science stemmed from a fascination with Karl Marx. Achenbach commented that "She had, at the time, rather vaporous standards of evidence", a reference to her belief in the ancient astronauts of Erich von Däniken and the theories of Immanuel Velikovsky pertaining to the Solar System. Druyan freely acknowledged her past views and also said that they after marrying Carl Sagan.  Concerning the death of her husband she stated:  When my husband died, because he was so famous and known for not being a believer, many people would come up to me—it still sometimes happens—and ask me if Carl changed at the end and converted to a belief in an afterlife. They also frequently ask me if I think I will see him again. Carl faced his death with unflagging courage and never sought refuge in illusions. The tragedy was that we knew we would never see each other again. I don't ever expect to be reunited with Carl.

Personal life.

In 2020, Sagan and Druyan's daughter Sasha Sagan released a book "For Small Creatures Such As We: Rituals for Finding Meaning in our Unlikely World", which discusses life with her parents and her father's death when she was fourteen year old.  Druyan also gave Sasha a recurring role in "", where she played her own grandmother, including in the episode "Man of a Trillion Worlds", which featured the life of Carl Sagan.

Ann Druyan ( ; born June 13, 1949) is an Emmy and Peabody Award-winning American writer, producer, and director specializing in the communication of science. She co-wrote the 1980 PBS documentary series "", hosted by Carl Sagan, whom she married in 1981. She is the creator, producer, and writer of the 2014 sequel, "" and its sequel series, "", as well as the book of the same name. She is credited with directing episodes of both series as well.

Ann Druyan (* 13. Juni 1949 in New York) ist eine US-amerikanische Schriftstellerin und Filmproduzentin. Bekanntheit erlangte sie durch ihr Bestreben, Wissenschaft einem breiten Publikum zugänglich zu machen, insbesondere als Koautorin der Reihe "Unser Kosmos", die sie gemeinsam mit Steven Soter und ihrem Ehemann Carl Sagan verfasste.


Traits.

The Curlies are known for their calm, intelligent and friendly personality. They show an easily trainable temperament. They are also known for having a tough constitution and great stamina. Most people have found that the curlies enjoy being around people. The curlies are typically not flighty. They tend to do more reasoning than most breeds. They are very reliable and have a great work ethic.

Coat, mane and tail.

The unique gene that gives Curlies their curly hair (which is most obvious with their winter coat) can be expressed minimally (horse exhibits curly hair inside ears, at fetlocks, and a kinky mane and tail), maximally (horse exhibits curl all over body, has dreadlocked mane, and has curly eyelashes and guard hairs), and "Extreme" (very tight, extreme curls, but when they shed out for summer can shed entirely bald) or any variation in between. The coat in the summer shows a slight wave in it, but not as extreme as the winter curls.  Because the trait can be carried heterozygously, some purebred Curlies exhibit no curl at all. (Called "smooth coat" curlies)  Curlies have split manes and are not braided or clipped when shown. Curlies are most commonly chestnut colored, but can be found in every color from standard bays, blacks, and greys, to appaloosa markings; from pinto patterns to dilute colors such as buckskin, roan, grulla, and cremello.  The care for the curly hair is simple with most people choosing to not comb the mane because the hair will lose its curliness. The manes are often trimmed to keep them from matting. The tails can be combed. Some people choose to collect the hair that is shed from the mane and tails in the spring. The hair is then donated to the ICHO Fiber Guild. They use the hair for spinning. All of the proceeds go to ICHO Curly Research Efforts.

Hypoallergenic.

Curlies are claimed to be the only hypoallergenic horse breed; most people allergic to horses can handle Curly Horses without suffering any allergic reaction. Research indicates a protein is missing from the hair of Curlies which may be what causes allergic reactions to horses in allergy sufferers, but the study was never officially published. Members of the Curly community are working towards funding more research on the topic.

Build.

The Curly has a characteristic long stride and bold movement. They have tough hooves, strong bones and exceptional endurance. Most Curlies stand between 14 and 16 hands, though they can range from Miniature horses to Draft horses, which are only allowed in two registries.

Origin.

The origins of the Curly horse is highly debated in the Curly community, but research is mostly still in progress. Disagreements of the Curly horse's history result in confusion of what the breed is, and what it should be called. ABCR members prefer "Bashkir Curly" while CSI and ICHO members lean towards "North American Curly". The addition or removal of 'Bashkir' to the breed name is highly debated. A 1990 study indicated that it is unlikely that the Bashkir horse, which also has a curly coat, is an ancestor.  One theory is that the origin of the breed is Iberian. It has been noted that foals of cross bred horses have the curly hair. This suggests that the curly gene is dominant.  There are multiple theories for how the American Curly developed. The Curly horse was first documented in Eureka, Nevada in the early 20th century by rancher John Damele and his sons. While Mustangs were a common sight, curly coated horses were unusual. Years later, the Dameles managed to catch one, broke it to ride and sold it, thus starting their relationship with the breed. In 1932, an unusually harsh winter hit the area, and come spring the only horses that could be found were the Curlies. This evidence of hardiness was noted by the Damele family, and they decided they should include more of these horses in their herd. After another harsh winter in 1951/52, the Dameles started to get serious about breeding these horses. They went out and found their foundation stallion, a two-year-old chestnut in one of the mustang herds. They called him Copper D. The Dameles didn't care much for keeping the breed 'pure', and wanting to improve their horses, added some other blood to their herd. Among the stallions introduced were a Morgan, Ruby Red King AMHR 26101 and an Arabian, Nevada Red AHR 18125. These two stallions created many offspring for the Dameles, and are in hundreds of Curly horses' pedigrees today.

Registries and organizations.

The American Bashkir Curly Registry (ABCR) opened in 1971 with only 21 horses; as of May 2005 there were just over 4,000 Bashkir Curlies in the world, primarily in North America. They are the original standing Curly Registry, and have a closed stud book- only issuing new registrations to horses with two ABCR registered parents.  The International Curly Horse Organization (ICHO) began in 2000 and had over 800 horses registered in its North American Curly Horse Registry (as of Oct. 2006). Horses within this registry are not referred to as "Bashkir Curlies". Although bloodlines (when available) are tracked, the ICHO registers horses based on visible curly traits rather than bloodlines.  Curly Sporthorse International (CSI) began in early 2003 to promote sport horse type Curly Horses, which are one of the more popular types of Curlies. CSI was created to support Curly owners & breeders in improvement of breeding stock, promotion, & marketing. The registry also sponsors Horse of the Year awards and USDF All Breed Awards for performance. CSI advocates evaluation of breeding stock & their offspring.  Canadian Curly Horse Association (CCHA) formed in 1993. This group is focused on community events in the Curly world, and spreading knowledge of the Curly horse.

Uses.

Though eye catching and unusual in the show ring, Curlies have the movement, endurance, and heart to excel in competition. Curlies have been shown at upper levels of dressage and show jumping, and others have proved the reliable mount and patient teacher for the weekend competitor. Curlies are characteristically quiet, level headed horses that make excellent first horses for supervised beginner riders. Curlies have carried horse-allergic riders from beginner status through ever more advanced stages of equestrianism. They have also been used for combined driving, western riding, ranch horses, trail horses, and companions for other horses. Some Curlies have been crossbred to gaited horses. About 10% of the crossbreds will do one of the ambling gaits such as the running walk, fox trot or the stepping pace, which is also called the "Curly shuffle." Curlies are not used for racing or high trotting showing.

References.

A Curly is a breed of horse. Curlies, also called Bashkir Curlies, American Bashkir Curlies, and North American Curly Horses, come in all sizes, colors, and body types but all carry a gene for a unique curly coat of hair.

Das American Bashkir Curly Horse – auch kurz "Curly Horse" – ist eine nordamerikanische Pferderasse. Charakteristisch sind das gelockte Deck- und Langhaar, wofür ein dominantes „Curly-Gen“ verantwortlich ist.


History.

The agreement resulted from 18 months of roundtable consultations leading up to the First Ministers' Meeting in Kelowna, British Columbia in November 2005 and was described in a paper released at the end of the meeting entitled "First Ministers and National Aboriginal Leaders Strengthening Relationships and Closing the Gap" and a separate press release, issued by the Prime Minister's Office at the close of the Kelowna meetings. The Quebec Aboriginals were not included in this final accord, as they did not participate in the process.  The term "Kelowna Accord" was never used at the First Ministers' Meeting. The term seems to have first been used in a Toronto Star article dated December 4, 2005.  Aboriginal leaders saw the accord as a step forward, as it involved a process of cooperation and consultation that brought all parties to the table.  The press release issued by the Office of the Prime Minister on the November 25, 2005 outlined $5.085 billion in spending over 5 years, but did not set out the means for the fiscal distribution between federal departments, provincial and territorial governments, and Aboriginal groups.  With the support of the NDP, led by Jack Layton, the official opposition Conservatives, led by Stephen Harper, voted against the Liberal minority government of Paul Martin resulting in the 2006 federal election. The subsequent federal election resulted in a Conservative minority government headed by Stephen Harper. When presenting their first budget on May 2, 2006, the Conservatives indicated that they were committed to meeting the targets set out at the First Ministers' Meeting in Kelowna and the working paper therein produced, but that they did not agree with the approach taken in the funding announcement set out in the former Prime Minister's press release. Rather, focused initiatives and targeted expenditures, coupled with systemic reform, were laid out as the new government's direction.  In June 2006, former Prime Minister Paul Martin introduced a private member's bill, Bill C-292 An Act to Implement the Kelowna Accord calling on the government to follow through on the agreements made in the Kelowna Accord.  During testimony before the Standing Committee on Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development it was disputed whether or not an accord had been formally signed and whether or not money had been budgeted for its implementation. Former Prime Minister Paul Martin and former Minister of Finance Ralph Goodale testified that the $5 billion described in the press release was in fact booked in the Sources and Uses Table, an internal Department of Finance document.  On March 21, 2007, the bill was passed by in the house, while the majority of the Conservative MP`s voted against it. However, as section 54 of the Constitution Act, 1867, this private member's bill was mostly symbolic as it cannot contain expenditure of public funds.  Former Canadian Assembly of First Nations Chief Phil Fontaine has argued repeatedly for the implementation of the Kelowna Accord. He had called the deal a breakthrough for his people. Mary Simon, then-President of Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami, the national organization representing the Inuit of Canada, said Harper had put Inuit issues on ice, and that Harper had not implemented any element of the Kelowna accord.  The goal of the education investments was to ensure that the high school graduation rate of Aboriginal Canadians matched the rest of the population. The money was also aimed at cutting in half the gap in rates of post-secondary graduation.  On health, targets were established to reduce infant mortality, youth suicide, childhood obesity and diabetes by 20 per cent in five years, and 50 per cent in 10 years. They also promised to double the number of health professionals in 10 years from the current level of 150 physicians and 1,200 nurses.  The plan included

Aftermath.

The Harper government did not proceed with the accord and a number of academic studies recognize that the accord itself is not legally binding. Historic funding agreements were signed by the Harper government, however, the name 'Kelowna Accord' has not been applied to these investments. The budget included $450 million for Aboriginals over two years. Had the Kelowna Accord been passed, the equivalent one year spending would have been $600 million.  One of the offshoots of the national government's refusal to honor from the accord was that it ended in the provinces' hands. According to experts, the multilevel governance in Canada allowed for such engagement even though the federal government is absent. For example, there is the case of Manitoba. The province was the very first to move forward with the agreement, implementing its priorities in partnership with the private sector and the First Nation and Metis peoples. To date, unprecedented progress has been made in the areas of education, training, and employment of Aboriginal Canadians.  Reports, however, show that federal participation is still critical because the present condition leads to diverse provincial strategies and objectives, which led to uneven results. Some provinces like British Columbia, Manitoba, Ontario, and Quebec posted more progress than others. This is further aggravated by the opposition of Conservative politicians on the provincial level.

See also.

First Ministers and National Aboriginal Leaders: Strengthening Relationships and Closing the Gap (aka 'Kelowna Accord', 25 November 2005)

The Kelowna Accord is a series of agreements between the Government of Canada, First Ministers of the Provinces, Territorial Leaders, and the leaders of five national Aboriginal organizations in Canada. The accord sought to improve the education, employment, and living conditions for Aboriginal peoples through governmental funding and other programs. The accord was endorsed by Prime Minister Paul Martin, but was never endorsed by his successor, Stephen Harper.

Beim Abkommen von Kelowna (engl. Kelowna Accord, franz. Accord de Kelowna) handelt es sich um ein Arbeitspapier mit dem Titel „Strengthening Relationships and Closing the Gap“ (Die Beziehungen stärken und die Kluft überbrücken). Dieses Arbeitspapier wurde 2005 unter der Regierung des kanadischen Premierminister Paul Martin und Führern der Ureinwohner Kanadas ausgearbeitet. Auf dessen Grundlage sollten Lebensbedingungen, Bildung und Ausbildung sowie Beschäftigungssituation der Ureinwohner verbessert werden. Dazu sollte die Finanzierung durch die Regierung zugesagt und Programme entwickelt werden. Der Text erschien erstmals im Januar 2006 im Toronto Star, jedoch ohne es „Kelowna Accord“ zu nennen, wie es sich bald einbürgerte.


History.

Through the intercession of Bishop Felix the city of Treviso was spared during the Lombard invasion (569) and became the seat of a duchy. Charlemagne made it a marquisate, extending from Belluno to Ceneda, and from the Adige to the Tagliamento. In 922 Treviso, which was under episcopal jurisdiction, was sacked by the Hungarians.  Treviso probably was Christianized from Aquileia. The first bishop of certain date was Jucundus, who in 421 took part in the consecration of the church of the Rialto in Venice. The bishops of Treviso who participated in the schism of the Three Chapters were: Felix (see above); Rusticus, present at the Council of Murano (588); and Felix II, who signed the petition to the Emperor Maurice.  In 905 Bishop Adelbert received from Berengar I of Italy the temporal jurisdiction of the city, which extended to Rozo (969–1001) and Rolando who adhered to the schism of Clement III. Bishop Tiso (1212–1245) suffered from the tyranny of Ezzelino, and Alberto Ricco, O. M. (1255), was imprisoned for preaching against him.  Other bishops were:  In 1818 Treviso passed from the metropolitan see of Aquileia (Udine) to the archdiocese of Venice. Bishop Giuseppe Grasser (1822) healed the conflicts caused by the interregnum. Bishop Giovanni Antonio Farina (1850) conferred sacred orders on Giuseppe Sarto, later Pope Pius X.  United with Treviso is the ancient Diocese of Asolo, the bishops of which are unknown from 587 (Agnellus) until 1049 (Ugo); and the diocese of Heraclea (diocese of Città Nova), a city founded in the times of the Byzantine emperor Heraclius, as a refuge for the inhabitants of Opitergium (Oderzo), who with their bishop (Magnus) had been exiled by the Lombards. Twenty-six bishops are known, from 814 until the union of the see with Treviso, 1440.

Ordinaries.

Diocese of Treviso.

"Erected: 4th Century"
 "Latin Name: Dioecesis Tarvisina"
 "Metropolitan: Patriarchate of Venice"

The Italian Catholic Diocese of Treviso () is in the Veneto. It is a suffragan of the Archdiocese of Venice.

Das Bistum Treviso (, ) ist eine in Italien gelegene Diözese der römisch-katholischen Kirche mit Sitz in Treviso. Das Bistum wurde im 4. Jahrhundert gegründet. Heute untersteht es als Suffraganbistum dem Patriarchat von Venedig.


Development.

Conception and Genesis games (1991–1995).

In 1990, Sega of Japan president Hayao Nakayama decided Sega needed a flagship series and mascot to compete with Nintendo's "Mario" series. Nintendo had recently released "Super Mario Bros. 3", at the time the bestselling video game ever. Sega's strategy had been based on porting its successful arcade games to its 16-bit console, the Genesis; however, Nakayama recognized that Sega needed a star character in a game that could demonstrate the power of the Genesis's hardware. An internal contest was held to determine a flagship game and company mascot, with a specific focus on the American audience. Among the various teams working on proposals were artist Naoto Ohshima and programmer Yuji Naka. The gameplay of "Sonic the Hedgehog" (1991) originated with a tech demo created by Naka, who had developed an algorithm that allowed a sprite to move smoothly on a

Saturn era (1996–1998).

Following the release of "Sonic & Knuckles" in 1994, Yasuhara quit Sega and Naka returned to Japan, having been offered a role as a producer. He was reunited with Ohshima and brought with him Takashi Iizuka, who had worked with Naka's team at STI. With Naka's return, Sonic Team was officially formed as a brand. In 1996, towards the end of the Genesis' lifecycle, Sega released "Sonic 3D Blast", an isometric game based on the original "Sonic 3" concept, as the system still had a large install base. In Japan, Sonic Team was developing a new intellectual property, "Nights into Dreams" (1996), for Sega's 32-bit Saturn console, so "3D Blast" was outsourced to the British studio Traveller's Tales. While "3D Blast" sold well, it was criticized for its gameplay, controls, and slow pace.  Meanwhile, in America, STI worked on "Sonic X-treme", a 3D "Sonic" game for the Saturn intended for the 1996 holiday shopping season. Development was

Jump to 3D (1998–2005).

With its "Sonic Jam" experiments, Sonic Team began developing a 3D "Sonic" platformer for the Saturn. The project stemmed from a proposal by Iizuka to develop a "Sonic" role-playing video game (RPG) with an emphasis on storytelling. Development moved to Sega's new console, the Dreamcast, which Naka believed would allow for the ultimate "Sonic" game. "Sonic Adventure", directed by Iizuka and released in 1998, was one of the first sixth generation video games. It introduced elements that became series staples, such as

Seventh-generation consoles (2006–2012).

For the franchise's 15th anniversary in 2006, Sonic Team developed "Sonic Riders", "Sonic the Hedgehog", and a GBA port of the original "Sonic". "Sonic Riders", the first "Sonic" racing game since "Sonic R", was designed to appeal to "Sonic" and extreme sports fans. With a more realistic setting than previous entries, "Sonic the Hedgehog" was intended to reboot the series for seventh generation consoles such as the Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3. The development faced serious problems; Naka, the last of the original "Sonic" development team, resigned as head of Sonic Team

Eighth-generation consoles (2013–present).

In May 2013, Nintendo announced it was collaborating with Sega to produce "Sonic" games for its Wii U and 3DS platforms. The first game in the partnership, 2013's "Sonic Lost World", was also the first "Sonic" game for eighth generation hardware. "Sonic Lost World" was designed to be streamlined and fluid in movement and design, borrowing elements from Nintendo's "Super Mario Galaxy" games and the canceled "X-treme". The second was "Mario & Sonic at the Sochi 2014 Olympic Winter Games" (2013) for the Wii

Story.

Sega wanted Sonic to have strong Western appeal, so Sonic Team created a backstory similar to those of characters created by Disney, Marvel, Hanna-Barbera, and Sanrio. Ohshima developed a backstory with heavy American influence. In Ohshima's story, in the 1940s, there was a pilot whose peers nicknamed him "Hedgehog", and his jacket's embroidery contained an emblem with a hedgehog. The pilot married a children's book author, who wrote a story about a hedgehog based on the pilot. According to Ohshima, that story was the basis of the original "Sonic the Hedgehog", and the title screen is based on the pilot's emblem. The team came up with two ideas—Sonic being part of a rock band and having a human girlfriend named Madonna—that did not make it into the game. The rock band was scrapped due to time and cartridge constraints, while Sega felt Madonna was inappropriate given the young target audience.  When localizing the original "Sonic the Hedgehog", Sega of America was given little background information regarding the game's lore by the Japanese developers, and distributed an internal document that

Characters.

The "Sonic" franchise is known for its large cast of characters; "Sonic the Fighters" (1996) producer Yu Suzuki joked that anyone who makes a "Sonic" game has the duty to create new characters. The first game introduced Sonic, a blue hedgehog who can run at incredible speeds, and Eggman, a rotund mad scientist who designs robots and seeks the Chaos Emeralds. During the Genesis era, Eggman was referred to as Doctor Ivo Robotnik in Western territories.<ref name="Poly: Robotnik/Eggman"></ref> The name change, instituted by Sega of America's Dean Sitton, was made without consulting the Japanese developers, who did not want a single character to have two different names. Since "Sonic Adventure", the character has been referred to as Eggman in all territories, although the Robotnik name is still acknowledged.  Much of the series' core cast was introduced in the succeeding games for the Genesis and its add-ons. "Sonic 2" introduced Sonic's sidekick Miles "Tails" Prower, a yellow fox who can fly using his two tails. "Sonic CD" introduced Amy Rose, a pink hedgehog and Sonic's self-proclaimed girlfriend, and Metal Sonic, a robotic doppelgänger of Sonic created by Eggman. "Sonic 3" introduced Sonic's rival Knuckles, a red echidna and the guardian of the

Gameplay.

The "Sonic" series is characterized by speed-based platforming gameplay. Controlling the player character, the player navigates a series of levels at high speeds while jumping between platforms and avoiding obstacles. The series contains both 2D and 3D games. 2D entries generally feature simple, pinball-like gameplay—with jumping and attacking controlled by a single button—and branching level paths that require memorization to maintain speed. Meanwhile, 3D entries tend to be more linear in design, feature various level objectives, different movesets, and allow players to upgrade and customize the playable character. Games since "Sonic Unleashed" have blended 2D and 3D gameplay, with the camera shifting between side-scrolling and third-person perspectives.  One distinctive game mechanic of "Sonic" games are collectible golden rings spread throughout levels, which act as a form of health. Players possessing rings can survive upon sustaining damage, but the rings are scattered and the player has a short amount of time to re-collect some of them before they disappear. Collecting 100 rings usually rewards the player an extra life. Rings have other uses in certain games, such as currency in the 2006 "Sonic the Hedgehog", restoring health bars in "Sonic Unleashed", or improving statistics in "Sonic Riders". Levels in "Sonic" games feature elements such as slopes, bottomless pits, and vertical loops. Springs, springboards, and dash panels are scattered throughout and catapult the player at high speeds in a particular direction. Players' progress in levels is saved through passing checkpoints. Checkpoints serve other uses in various games, such as entering bonus stages. Some level locales, most notably Green Hill Zone, recur throughout the series. Levels typically end with a boss encounter.  The series contains numerous power-ups, which are held in boxes that appear throughout levels. An icon indicates what it contains, and the player releases the

Crossovers.

Sonic's first appearance, five months before the release of "Sonic the Hedgehog", was in Sega AM3's racing game "Rad Mobile" (1991) as an ornament hanging from the driver's rearview mirror. The "Sonic" developers let AM3 use Sonic because they were interested in getting the character visible to the public. Sonic appears in other Sonic Team games as a playable character in "Christmas Nights" (1996), a power-up in "Billy Hatcher and the Giant Egg" (2003), and in a cameo in the 2008 Wii version of "Samba de Amigo" (1999). "Sonic" characters also feature in the "Sega All-Stars" series, which includes "Sega Superstars" (2004), "Sega Superstars Tennis" (2008), and Sumo Digital's kart racing games "Sonic & Sega All-Stars Racing" (2010) and "Sonic & All-Stars Racing Transformed" (2012). Flicky, the blue bird from Sega's 1984 arcade game, appears in several "Sonic" games.  Since 2007, Sega has collaborated with former rival Nintendo to produce "Mario & Sonic", an Olympic Games-themed crossover with the "Mario" franchise. The first "Mario & Sonic" game was released in 2007 for the Wii and in 2008 for the DS to tie in with the 2008 Summer Olympics. "Mario & Sonic at the Olympic Winter Games", based on the 2010 Winter Olympics, was released in 2010 for the Wii and DS, and "Mario & Sonic at the

Music.

Sega director Fujio Minegishi had connections to the music industry at the time the original "Sonic" was in development, and suggested his friend Yūzō Kayama write the score. However, Sonic Team did not think Kayama's music would fit, and instead commissioned Masato Nakamura, bassist and songwriter of the J-pop band Dreams Come True. Nakamura returned to compose "Sonic 2" soundtrack. For both games, Nakamura began composing early in development with only concept images for reference. He treated "Sonic" as a film and designed the music around the atmosphere that he felt from the images of the stages. After the original game was released, Nakamura became popular in Japan, and increased his asking price. Dreams Come True owns the rights to Nakamura's score, which created problems when the "Sonic Spinball" team used his "Sonic" theme music without permission.  Two soundtracks were composed for "Sonic CD": the original score, featured in the Japanese and European releases, was composed by Naofumi Hataya and Masafumi Ogata, while the North American version was scored by Spencer Nilsen, David Young, and Mark Crew. The Japanese composers drew inspiration from club music such as house and techno, while Hataya cited C+C Music Factory, Frankie Knuckles, and the KLF as influences. According to Nilsen, Sega commissioned

Other media.

Animation.

Sega approached the American Broadcasting Company (ABC) in 1992 about producing two television series—"a syndicated show for the after-school audience" and a Saturday-morning cartoon—based on "Sonic". Kalinske "had seen how instrumental the launch of "He-Man and the Masters of the Universe" cartoon series was to the success of the toyline" during his time at Mattel and believed that success could be recreated using "Sonic". The two cartoons, the syndicated "Adventures of Sonic the Hedgehog" (1993) and ABC's "Sonic the Hedgehog" (1993–1994), were produced by DIC Entertainment. DIC also produced a "Sonic" Christmas special in 1996, and "Sonic Underground" in 1999, to promote "Sonic Adventure". DIC's "Sonic" adaptations are generally not held

Comics.

Shogakukan published a "Sonic the Hedgehog" manga series in its "Shogaku Yonensei" magazine, beginning in 1992. Written by Kenji Terada and illustrated by Sango Norimoto, it follows a sweet but cowardly young hedgehog named Nicky whose alter ego is the cocky, heroic Sonic. According to character artist Kazuyuki Hoshino, the manga was part of Sega of Japan's promotional strategy to appeal to primary school children. The "Sonic" design team worked with Shogakukan to create new characters; Amy Rose and Charmy Bee originated

Live-action films.

In August 1994, Sega of America signed a deal with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Pictures and Trilogy Entertainment to produce a live-action animated film to tie in with "Sonic X-treme". In May 1995, screenwriter Richard Jefferies pitched a treatment, "Sonic the Hedgehog: Wonders of the World", to Sega. The treatment saw Sonic and Eggman escape from "Sonic X-treme" into the real world and Sonic collaborate with a boy to stop Eggman. No agreement was reached and the film was canceled. Jeffries, with permission from Sega, pitched his treatment to DreamWorks Animation, but it was rejected.

"Sonic the Hedgehog" (2020).

In 2013, Sony Pictures Entertainment acquired the "Sonic" film rights, and in June 2014 announced it would produce a "Sonic" film as a joint venture with Sega's Marza Animation Planet. Neal H. Moritz was attached to produce under his Original Film banner, alongside Takeshi Ito, Mie Onishi, and Toru Nakahara. In February 2016, Sega CEO Hajime Satomi stated the film was scheduled for 2018. Blur Studio's Tim Miller and Jeff Fowler were hired the following October to develop the film; Fowler would make his feature directorial debut, while both would executive produce. In October 2017, Paramount Pictures acquired the rights after Sony put the film into turnaround. However, most of the production team remained unchanged, and principal photography began in September 2018 in Ladysmith, British Columbia.  The film, written by Patrick Casey and Josh Miller, follows Sonic (voiced by Ben Schwartz) as he journeys to San Francisco with a small-town cop (James Marsden) so he can escape Eggman (Jim Carrey) and collect his

Sequel (TBA).

In March 2020, Marsden confirmed that he had signed on for sequels to the "Sonic" film. The following May, Justin Kroll of "Variety" reported that a sequel was in development. Much of the crew, including Fowler, Casey, and Josh Miller, are set to return. Fowler has said that since the first film served to provide an origin story for Sonic and Eggman, a sequel would introduce more elements from the video games, such as Super Sonic and the Chaos Emeralds.

Merchandise.

Licensed "Sonic" merchandise includes books, clothing, accessories, board games, soundtracks, and toys such as figures and plushes. Sega and McDonald's collaborated for "Sonic"-themed Happy Meal promotions in 1994 and 2004

Reception and legacy.

Commentary.

The "Sonic" platformers released during the 1990s were widely acclaimed and have been listed among the greatest video games of all time. "Sonic" was touted as a faster, cooler alternative to Nintendo's contemporary Mario game, "Super Mario World" (1990). According to "Kotaku" Zolani Stewart, Sonic's rebellious character was representative of the culture of the 1990s, "when the idea of individual rebellion seemed inextricably linked to consumer culture". Writing in "The Guardian", Keith Stuart observed that "Sonic the Hedgehog"s emphasis on speed departed from accepted precepts of game design, requiring that players "learn through repetition rather than observation" as "the levels aren't designed to be seen or even understood in one playthrough... "Sonic" is incorrect game design and yet... it's a masterpiece." "Sonic 2", "Sonic CD", "Sonic 3", and "Sonic & Knuckles" were praised for building on the first game's formula; in 1996, "Next Generation" described the Genesis games as "the zeitgeist of the 16-bit era". In 1995, Mario creator Shigeru Miyamoto told "Edge": "I think Sega succeeded in making a good, strong character. There are lots of games that try to imitate "Mario" but Sega did especially well with Sonic. Despite his resemblance to Mario, there are some special points that make him different: the energy, for example. Among Mario’s imitations, Sonic is a good one."  After the uneventful Saturn era, the series found renewed popularity during the sixth generation of video game consoles. "Sonic Adventure", though criticized for its glitches and camera system, was acclaimed for its visuals, spectacle, and varied gameplay; "Sonic Adventure 2" was met with similar praise. However, journalists began to feel the series was straying from its roots, with some commenting that "Sonic Adventure" failed to reinvent Sonic for the 3D era as "Super Mario 64" had for Mario. Stewart argued that "Sonic Adventure" addition of voice acting and greater focus on plot changed Sonic into "a flat, lifeless husk of a character, who spits out slogans and generally has only one personality mode, the radical attitude dude, the sad recycled image of vague '90s cultural concept". Edwin Evans-Thirlwell of "Eurogamer" agreed, writing that Mario's "plucky earnestness and whimsy will always enjoy a longer shelf-life than [Sonic's] over-compensatory edginess".  After the Dreamcast, the series' critical standing began to decline. Evans-Thirlwell summarized further 3D "Sonic" games as "20-odd years of slowly accumulating bullshit". Although reviews for "Sonic Heroes" were mostly favorable, Stewart said this was when the focus on story and cutscenes became unbearable. The decline continued with "Shadow the Hedgehog"—widely criticized as a misguided attempt to bring a sense of maturity to the franchise—and reached its climax with the critically panned 2006 "Sonic the Hedgehog" reboot. "Sonic Mania" developer Christian Whitehead said that

Sales.

"Sonic the Hedgehog" is one of the bestselling video game franchises. The series' cumulative sales reached 89million units by March 2011 and over 140million by 2016. The "Mario

Effect on the industry.

Primarily because of its Genesis bundling, "Sonic the Hedgehog" contributed greatly to the console's popularity in North America. Between October and December 1991, the Genesis outsold its chief competitor, the Super Nintendo Entertainment System, by a two-to-one ratio; at its January 1992 peak Sega held 65 percent of the market for 16-bit consoles. Although Nintendo eventually reclaimed the number-one position, it was the first time since December 1985 that Nintendo had not led the console market. "1UP.com" credited "Sonic" for "turning the course" of the

Cultural impact.

One of the world's most popular video game characters, by 1992 Sonic was more recognizable to children ages 6 to 11 than Disney's Mickey Mouse. In 1993, Sonic became the first video game character to have a balloon in Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade, and was one of the four characters inducted on the Walk of Game in 2005, alongside Mario, Link, and Master Chief. One of a class of genes involved in fruit fly embryonic development, called hedgehog genes, was named "sonic hedgehog" after the character. Additionally, a Japanese team developing the Radio & Plasma Wave Investigation (RPWI) instrumentation for the "Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer" spacecraft, to be launched by ESA and Airbus in 2022, received approval to use Sonic as the mascot. Sonic and Eggman appear as minor characters in the Walt Disney Animation Studios films "Wreck-It Ralph" (2012) and "Ralph Breaks the Internet" (2018), while Sonic makes a cameo in Steven Spielberg's "Ready Player One" (2018).  The franchise is known for its eccentric and passionate fandom, which produces unofficial media including fangames, fan fiction, modifications and ROM hacks of existing games, fan films, and fan art. Caty McCarthy of "USGamer" noted that

The first "Sonic" game, released in 1991 for the Sega Genesis, was developed after Sega requested a mascot character to compete with Nintendo's mascot Mario. Its success helped Sega become one of the leading video game companies during the 16-bit era of the early 1990s. Sega Technical Institute developed the next three "Sonic" games in addition to "Sonic Spinball" (1993). After a hiatus during the unsuccessful Saturn era, the first major 3D "Sonic" game, "Sonic Adventure", was released in 1998 for the Dreamcast. Sega exited the console market and shifted to third-party development in 2001, continuing the series on Nintendo, Xbox, and PlayStation systems.

Sonic (auch Sonic der Igel,, jap., "Sonikku za hejjihoggu") ist eine Computerspielserie des japanischen Publishers Sega. Sie besteht seit 1991 mit der Veröffentlichung des gleichnamigen Spiels und bringt seitdem kontinuierlich neue Ableger für sämtliche Videospielsysteme heraus. Dabei gelten vor allen die ersten vier Spiele der Mutterserie für das Sega Mega Drive als die Höhepunkte der Serie und wurden bereits dutzendfach auf Collections, Online-Angebote und Mobile-Märkten neu veröffentlicht.


Plot.

Although ostensibly a documentary, "My Winnipeg" contains a series of fictional episodes and an overall story trajectory concerning the author-narrator-character "Guy Maddin" and his desire to produce the film as a way to finally leave/escape the city of Winnipeg. "Guy Maddin" is played by Darcy Fehr but voiced by Maddin himself (in narration): Fehr appears groggily trying to rouse himself from sleep aboard a jostling train as Maddin wonders aloud "What if?" What if he were able to actually rouse from the sleepy life he lives in Winnipeg and escape? Maddin decides that the only possible escape would be to "film my way out", thus motivating the creation of the "docu-fantasia" already underway.  Maddin then describes Winnipeg in general terms, introducing it to the viewer, noting primarily its location at the junction of the Red and Assiniboine rivers, a place known as "the Forks". Maddin equates this Y-like junction to a woman's groin and associates it with his mother. Maddin also notes the apocryphal aboriginal myth of a secret "Forks beneath the Forks", an underground river system below the aboveground river system –the superimposition of these two sets of rivers has imbued the site and Winnipeg itself with magical/magnetic/sexual energy. Maddin also notes that Winnipeg is the geographical centre of North America, and thus these secret rivers are "the Heart of the Heart" of the continent and of Canada. Maddin regales the viewer with one of the film's many suspect historical "facts" about Winnipeg: "the Canadian Pacific Railway used to sponsor an annual treasure hunt [that] required our citizens to wander our city in a day-long combing of the streets and neighbourhoods. First prize was a one-way ticket on the next train out of town." No winners in a hundred years could bring themselves to leave the city after coming to know the city so closely over the course of the treasure hunt. Maddin then posits an alternative explanation for Winnipeggers never leaving Winnipeg: sleepiness. He notes that Winnipeg is the sleepwalking capital of the world, with ten times the normal rate of sleepwalking, and that everyone in Winnipeg carries around the keys to their former homes in case they return while asleep. Winnipeg by-laws require that sleepwalkers be allowed to sleep in their old homes by the new tenants.  Maddin rents his own childhood home at 800 Ellice Avenue for a month, hiring actors to play his family (including Ann Savage as his mother) in order to recreate scenes from his childhood memories, excluding his father and himself. The "family" gathers to watch the television show "LedgeMan", a fictional drama in which "the same oversensitive man takes something said the wrong way, climbs out on a window ledge, and threatens to jump." His mother, in the next window, convinces him to live. Maddin's mother is noted as the star of the show. The film recounts the conditions of the 1919 Winnipeg General Strike, a real-world event with international significance, before returning to the family re-enactments, including Mother's suspicion of Janet Maddin, who hit a deer on the highway but is accused of covering up a sexual encounter. Maddin announces that this, like "everything that happens in [Winnipeg] is a euphemism." The film then recounts the city's history of Spiritualism, including a visit by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle in 1923. The film next examines Winnipeg architectural landmarks, including the Eaton's building and the Winnipeg Arena, both of which are demolished (while the arena is being destroyed, Maddin becomes the last person to urinate in its washroom). Maddin imagines the arena's salvation by the "Black Tuesdays", a fictional team of hockey heroes "in their 70s, 80s, 90s and beyond", then re-enacts a family scene where Mother is harassed to cook a meal.  The film recounts a racetrack fire that drove horses to perish in the Red River – the horse heads reappear, ghostly, each winter, frozen in the ice. Further Winnipeg landmarks, including the Golden Boy statue atop the provincial legislative building, the Paddle Wheel restaurant, the Hudson's Bay department store, and the Manitoba Sports Hall of Fame, make appearances in distorted versions of themselves, as does the Sherbrook Pool. The film then recalls If Day (an actual historical event when a faked Nazi invasion of the city was mounted during World War II to promote the sale of war bonds), and a buffalo stampede set off by the mating of two gay bison. Time is now running out for Guy Maddin, who fears he will never leave Winnipeg, since the family re-enactments have failed to free him fully. To accomplish this feat of leaving, Maddin imagines a pinup girl for the 1919 strike's newsletter "The Citizen": dreaming up this "Citizen Girl" allows Maddin to leave Winnipeg in her capable hands, guilt-free. The final family re-enactment then involves Maddin's brother Cameron, who in real life committed suicide, rationalizing this death calmly in a discussion with Maddin's "Mother".

Release.

A limited theatrical release of "My Winnipeg" involved live narrators, including Maddin himself, Udo Kier and "scream queen" Barbara Steele.  The DVD release of "My Winnipeg" by Seville Pictures, in addition to the feature film, contains a music video titled "Winnipeg" by Andy Smetanka (images) and Paul Copoe (music). The DVD also contains some documentary footage of the film's screening at the Royal Cinema in Toronto (on June 18, 2008), where it was narrated live by Maddin. The DVD also contains three of Maddin's short films: "Spanky: To the Pier and Back", "Berlin" and "Odin's Shield Maiden".

Book adaptation.

Maddin also released a book titled "My Winnipeg" (Coach House Books, 2009). Maddin's book contains the film's narration as a main text surrounded by annotations, including outtakes, marginal notes and digressions, production stills, family photos, and miscellaneous material. The book contains a "Winnipeg Map" by artist Marcel Dzama featuring such fictional attractions as "The Giant Squid of the Red [River]", various poster designs for the film, and short articles about working with Maddin by Andy Smetanka, Darcy Fehr, and Caelum Vatnsdal. Maddin also includes an angry e-mail from an ex-girlfriend, collages and notebooks pages, and an X-ray of the dog Spanky from the film. The book also includes an interview with Maddin's mother Herdis, conducted by Ann Savage, and an interview with Maddin conducted by Michael Ondaatje. Maddin's publisher offers the book with or without a DVD of the film, distributed by Seville Pictures.

Critical reception.

"My Winnipeg" received consistent critical praise. As of July 9, 2015, the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reported that 94 per cent of critics gave the film positive reviews, based on 87 reviews. Metacritic reported "universal acclaim" based on 24 critics (scored 84 out of 100).  Critic Roger Ebert gave the film a perfect 4/4 star rating, stating of Maddin's work generally that "If you love movies in the very sinews of your imagination, you should experience the work of Guy Maddin." Jonathan Romney began his review by stating that

Top Ten lists.

Roger Ebert named "My Winnipeg" the tenth best film of the decade.  The film appeared on several other critics' top ten lists of the best films of 2008.  In 2015, the Toronto International Film Festival placed "My Winnipeg" in the Top 10 Canadian Films of All Time.

Legacy.

"Guy Maddin's My Winnipeg" by Darren Wershler  Darren Wershler, a Canadian avant-garde poet, critic, and assistant professor in the Department of English at Concordia University, has published an academic monograph on "My Winnipeg". This book-length work, "Guy Maddin's My Winnipeg" (U of Toronto P, 2010), contextualizes the film in relation to avant-garde literature and art by drawing on media and cultural theory. In Wershler's words,  In the context of its Canadian production, "My Winnipeg" difference from the documentary genre also marks the film as distinct from the work historically advanced by the National Film Board of Canada. Maddin has called "My Winnipeg" a "docu-fantasia" and Wershler similarly points out that the film's "truth" lies somewhere "in the irresolvable tension created by the gap between documentary and melodrama".

My Winnipeg is a 2007 film directed and written by Guy Maddin with dialogue by George Toles. Described by Maddin as a "docu-fantasia", that melds "personal history, civic tragedy, and mystical hypothesizing", the film is a surrealist mockumentary about Winnipeg, Maddin's home town. A "New York Times" article described the film's unconventional take on the documentary style by noting that it "skates along an icy edge between dreams and lucidity, fact and fiction, cinema and psychotherapy".

My Winnipeg ist eine kanadische Pseudo-Dokumentation/Filmautobiografie aus dem Jahr 2007. Regie bei dem Schwarzweißfilm führte Guy Maddin, der gemeinsam mit George Toles das Drehbuch schrieb, den Film mitproduzierte und ihn spricht.


Performers using the instrument.

In the 7th episode of the fourth series of the British coming-of-age television drama series Skins the character Pandora performs an original song she wrote to cheer her friend Effy up on her Tenori-On. Several years later in a look back video on his favorite Skins musical moments, series co-creator Jamie Brittain revealed the Tenori-On used in the show is actually his and he lent it to the production as producers did not want to spend money on buying one for that scene.  English comedian Bill Bailey occasionally uses this instrument in his live performances including his 2009-2010 world tour; it is featured in Dandelion Mind.  Little Boots is also known for using a Tenori-On for live performances, and it has featured in the videos she has released on YouTube.  Björk has used a Tenori-on in her live performance of the song "Who Is It" on Voltaic tour.  Jon Hume from New Zealand band Evermore has a Tenori-On built into his silver Gibson guitar used on-stage during the Truth of The World and subsequent tours.  Gotan Project on tour 2010/2011.  London based Electronic musician Four Tet has stated that he has used the Tenori-on as part of his creative process  Mexican electronic music act Nortec Collective Presents Bostich + Fussible  LEEDZ techno music act from UK uses Tenori-on in live performances. Jonathan Coulton frequently uses a Tenori-On when performing his song "My Monkey".  Jean-Jacques Birgé has been using a Tenori-on live since Feb.2008, now playing simultaneously with two.  Future Loop Foundation use Tenori-On as an inspiration tool to jam along to tracks by playing it through a sound card.  Film composer, Hans Zimmer, used the Tenori-On during his performance at The Dark Knight premiere.  Film composer, Luis Delgado, used the Tenori-On as an inspiration tool for the "Planetario de Madrid" music.  Bulgarian DJ/Producer KiNK used the instrument during his performance at the Strawberry Fields festival in Australia.  During her May 2014 tour, Priscilla Ahn performed her song "In a Closet in the Middle of the Night" using the Tenori-On. Sami Abadi experimental violinist and electronic musician uses Tenori-On in his live solo performances as well with the group triØN.

TNR-i (Tenori-on as a software app).

As of June 2011, Yamaha made Tenori-on also available as a software app for Apple iOS devices (iPhone, iPad, iPod).  In 2013, a second app TNR-e was released, with a changed sound set to suit the EDM style of music, and an additional effects section.

The Yamaha Tenori-on is an electronic musical instrument designed and created by the Japanese artist Toshio Iwai and Yu Nishibori of the Music and Human Interface Group at the Yamaha Center for Advanced Sound Technology. It consists of a hand-held screen in which a sixteen-by-sixteen grid of LED switches are held within a magnesium plastic frame. Any of these switches may be activated in a number of different ways to create sounds. Two built-in speakers are located on the top of the frame, as well as a dial and buttons that control the type of sound and beats per minute produced.

Tenori-on (jap. 手乗り音, /te nori on/) ist ein elektronisches Musikinstrument entwickelt von dem Medienkünstler Toshio Iwai (岩井俊雄) in Zusammenarbeit mit Yū Nishibori (西堀ユウ) und Yamaha. Markteinführung war 2007.


Playing career.

Hartsburg played three seasons of junior hockey for the Sault Ste. Marie Greyhounds, where he was a teammate of Wayne Gretzky's during the 1977–78 season. In Hartsburg's last two seasons with the Greyhounds, he averaged over a point per game. In 1977–78, Hartsburg represented Canada at the World Junior Championships, scoring five points in six games.  Hartsburg skipped his fourth and final junior season, deciding instead to turn pro with the Birmingham Bulls of the World Hockey Association (WHA) in June 1978, as an underage free agent. Hartsburg amassed nine goals and 40 assists in his rookie professional season. With the collapse of the financially troubled WHA in 1979, Hartsburg was drafted sixth overall by the Minnesota North Stars in the 1979 NHL Entry Draft.  Hartsburg played 570 NHL games, over ten seasons. He scored 98 goals and 315 assists, for 413 points. In 1981–82, his best offensive season, Hartsburg recorded 17 goals and 60 assists for 77 points, with a +11 plus-minus rating. He also finished fourth in Norris Trophy voting. Internationally, he represented Canada at the 1981 and 1987 Canada Cups. At the 1987 IIHF World Championships he was named the tournament's top defenceman. He played in the NHL All-Star game in 1980, 1982, and 1983. Hartsburg's seven seasons as North Stars' captain remained the franchise record for seasons of captaincy until Derian Hatcher broke the record at the end of the 2002-03 NHL season, after the team's move to Dallas.

Coaching career.

Following two injury-riddled seasons in which Hartsburg missed 103 of a possible 160 games because of hip problems, Hartsburg retired as a player at age 30 and accepted an assistant coaching position with the North Stars for the 1989–90 season. He then became an assistant coach with the Philadelphia Flyers from 1990 to 1994. He then served as head coach of the Guelph Storm of the Ontario Hockey League (OHL) for the 1994–95 season, before returning to the NHL as the head coach from 1995 to 1998 of the Chicago Blackhawks. In 1998, he was named head coach of the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim before being replaced in midseason of 2000–01.  He coached junior hockey with the Sault Ste. Marie Greyhounds of the OHL for one season, before rejoining the Flyers as an assistant for two seasons. In 2004, he returned to the Greyhounds and served as the head coach until 2008. He also served as coach for the Canadian World Junior Team. He received a gold medal in the 2007 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships, when Team Canada beat Russia 4–2. He was also the coach for Team Canada in the 2008 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships when Canada again won gold by beating Sweden 3–2 in overtime.  On June 13, 2008, he signed a three-year contract and was named head coach of the Ottawa Senators, replacing general manager Bryan Murray who had assumed interim coaching duties when John Paddock was fired on February 27, 2008. On February 1, 2009, Hartsburg was fired by the Senators, having compiled a 17–24–7 record during the 2008–09 season.  On June 23, 2009, the Everett Silvertips of the Western Hockey League named Hartsburg its third head coach in franchise history. On June 6, 2011, Hartsburg stepped down from his coaching job in Everett to join the Calgary Flames as an assistant coach. On June 7, 2012, Craig Hartsburg was released by the Calgary Flames, but was named associate coach of the Columbus Blue Jackets only 13 days later. His coaching time with the Blue Jackets came to an end on April 13, 2016 when his retirement was announced. On July 12th, 2019, he returned to the Blue Jackets as an amateur scout and defense development coach.

Personal.

Hartsburg and his wife, Peggy, have two children. Their son, Chris, is the head coach of the OHL's Erie Otters, while their daughter Katie, is a speech pathologist. Hartsburg lists Gretzky as the best player he has played with, and Chris Chelios as the best player he has coached. Hartsburg's favorite hobby is fishing.

Craig William Hartsburg (born June 29, 1959) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey player and head coach, who currently serves as an amateur scout and defense development coach with the Columbus Blue Jackets of the National Hockey League (NHL). Hartsburg played ten seasons with the Minnesota North Stars of the NHL as a defenceman from 1979 until 1989, captaining the team for seven NHL seasons before pursuing a coaching career. Hartsburg has coached in the Ontario Hockey League, the Western Hockey League, and has previously been an NHL head coach with the Chicago Blackhawks, Mighty Ducks of Anaheim and Ottawa Senators.

Craig William Hartsburg (* 29. Juni 1959 in Stratford, Ontario) ist ein ehemaliger kanadischer Eishockeyverteidiger. Seit der Saison 2012/13 ist er als Assistenztrainer bei den Columbus Blue Jackets in der National Hockey League aktiv.


Biography.

Evans was born on 27 July 1920 in Sittingbourne, Kent; to John Evans, a cricketer and First World War Royal Flying Corps pilot and double prisoner-of-war escapee who wrote the 1926 novel, "The Escaping Club", and his wife, the former Marie Galbraith, an Irish concert violinist. Evans later told the Toronto Star in a 1992 interview on his return to "My Fair Lady" touring Russia, that aged 12, he decided to be an actor after seeing Sir John Gielgud on stage in "Richard II".  During the Second World War he was a Royal Air Force navigator, and flew during the Blitz. He returned to Winchester College and graduated in 1943, and then studied acting with the Old Vic company, with whom he made his stage debut in London's West End theatre in 1948 as a member of the Old Vic company.  Evans then moved to United States, making his New York debut in the Broadway theatre production of "Ring Round the Moon" opposite Harry Belafonte. Evans then played opposite a young Audrey Hepburn in "Gigi" in 1951. He then took on the role of Henry Higgins in a touring production of "My Fair Lady". Evans returned to Broadway in "Mary, Mary" and made the move to Hollywood when he took a role in "Bye Bye Birdie" (1963). While in Hollywood, he took on many guest starring roles in shows such as: "The Man from U.N.C.L.E.", "Combat!", "Perry Mason" and his best known television role as Colonel Douglas Austin on "The Young and the Restless". In the early '80s he played Britain's greatest detective, "Sherlock Holmes" in "Sherlock and Me".

Personal life.

In 1948, Evans married Pat Wedgewood. The couple had two sons (Nick and Christopher), and divorced in 1983. His second wife, Pat Sigris Evans, died in 1986, with whom he had two daughters: Rosemarie and Bridget.  Evans died in a Woodland Hills assisted-living facility on 4 September 2007, of complications related to age. He was buried in Forest Lawn – Hollywood Hills Cemetery.

John Michael Evans (27 July 1920 – 4 September 2007) was an English actor best known for starring in the original 1951 Broadway production of "Gigi" with Audrey Hepburn, and later as Colonel Douglas Austin on the American soap opera "The Young and the Restless".

Michael Evans (* 27. Juli 1920 als John Michael Evans in Sittingbourne, Kent; † 4. September 2007 in Woodland Hills, Kalifornien) war ein britischer Schauspieler.


Career.

Born in Paris on 10 March 1782, Villermé was a man of many occupations; he covered a wide range of professions in his lifetime including: medical student, army surgeon, author, social economist, and member of several medical boards. He studied with the anatomist Guillaume Dupuytren during 1801–1804. Villermé then spent 10 years serving in the army room during 1804–1814 under the reign of Napoleon. In 1819, Villermé married. After his military service, he began work as Secretary-General of the Société Médicale d'Emulation in 1818. Villermé was elected to the Académie royale de médecine in 1823.  Later in life, he became an economist who wrote about social issues. Villermé was one of the pioneering advocates of hygienic reform and one of the first in France to relate hygienic reform with that of social reform. He conducted numerous early studies on social epidemiology, the health disparities among classes in correlation with wages and living conditions, using his knowledge as a physician to incorporate data analysis as well as social investigations of the working class. He even conducted studies that related mortality rates with income. He was described by Belgian polymath Adolphe Quetelet as "one of the men who has thrown most light upon this important subject." He is considered one of the founders of epidemiology.  Villermé was responsible for the establishment in 1829 of what may have been the first journal of urban studies, "Annales d'hygiène publique et de médecine légale" (Annals of Public Hygiene and Forensic Medicine, 1829). As one of its editors, he advocated for the use of statistics as a tool, and published the works of statisticians from France and other countries. In addition to being a member of the Académie royale de médecine, Villermé was a member of the Académie des Sciences Morales et Politiques after it was reestablished in 1832. He was appointed by it to lead a commission into textile workers, and served as its president. His work is considered pivotal in the history of the fields of sociology and statistical inquiry,  Politically, Villermé was a liberal, with an optimistic belief that industrialism and "haut commerce" could be sources of "productive" wealth which would improve public health. In terms of political economy, he generally did not support government intervention or regulation, believing that a healthy private sector would self-regulate and that enlightened employers would provide higher wages. He did not adopt a radical or proletarian view focused on class relations and political organizing.  However, in the area of child labor, Villermé was an active supporter of government intervention. He strongly advocated against child labor and for the required education of young children, positions that influenced the passage of comprehensive French child labor legislation in 1841.

Works.

On Prisons.

Villermé published "Des prisons telles qu'elles sont et telles qu'elles devraient être" (On Prisons as They Are and as They Should Be) in 1820. In this work he called attention to the unhealthy conditions of the prisons in Paris. He outlined several components of the prison systems that he believed should be abolished including torture, ill treatment, cells, and unequal treatment of prisoners based on the amount of money men are able to give up. Villermé urged the government of Paris to take after the newly reformed prison systems of the United States and Russia. His goal was to persuade officials to reevaluate the unhealthy living environments and treatments of men in prisons so that men are able to become functioning citizens upon their release. This work in particular reflects the multifaceted approach Villermé took in his research, combining knowledge of medicine, data analysis, and social epidemiology.  In the year 1826, he conducted a study connecting mortality rates with wealth and poverty based on neighborhoods in Paris. Louis-René Villermé is also accounted as the author of the one of the first life expectancy tables that directly linked income to mortality rates and life expectancy. He concluded that poor people die younger. This extended into his study in 1829 that reasoned the cause for shorter heights in poorer people was the result of inadequate money to provide proper nutrition. Villermé's work on height is considered the first study in auxological epidemiology.

"Tableau".

Villermé’s "Tableau" discussed the role of industrialization on the general health and quality of life for the laboring class. His perspective in this work is unique in that he maintained that the process of industrialization is not completely to blame. He even suggested the industrial movement to be beneficial for the future of society, calling on examples of industrialization in the United States. He also discussed the role of children working in the textile industry. The point is made that, in some cases, at least half of the workforce in a textile factory was made up of the children of textile workers, many under the age of eighteen. Villermé contrasted the quality of life of workers who maintained family life with those taken over completely by their labor. He blamed both the working conditions associated with industrialization as well as the workers themselves to an extent. This work served not only as valuable information to medical institutions and boards, but also as a social statement, widely accepted by the public. It is from this work that Villermé received his reputation as a moral economist.

The Physical Condition of Cotton, Wool and Silk Workers.

His most popular work was that of "Tableau de l'état physique et moral des ouvriers employés dans les manufactures de coton, de laine et de soie" (Study of the Physical Condition of Cotton, Wool and Silk workers), the final product of extended research and observation, published in the year 1840. The book outlined the physical and moral conditions of different labor forces. Villermé discussed his observations made concerning workers in the cotton, wool, and silk industries. He brought attention to the treacherous working conditions, unfit for adults as well as the danger for young children working alongside the adults, and critiqued the low wages provided to workers. There was a comparison throughout the entirety of the first section between the three occupations and different locations throughout France. The second portion of the book included the topic of health as it relates to dangerous workplaces and the effects of low pay and overcrowding. and he is considered a founder of epidemiology. Villermé covered a wide array of subject matter including: children in the workplace, savings accounts, asylum rooms, and drunkenness among the working class. The work was unique in combining health topics with research and social reforms.

Louis-René Villermé (10 March 1782 – 16 November 1863) was a French economist and physician. He was known for his early studies of social epidemiology, or the effects of socioeconomic status on health, in early industrial France, and was an advocate for hygienic reform in factories and prisons. His work is considered pivotal in the history of the fields of sociology and statistical inquiry, and he is considered a founder of epidemiology.

Louis-René Villermé (* 10. Mai 1782 in Paris; † 16. November 1863 ebenda) war ein französischer Arzt sowie Hygieniker und Epidemiologe.


Name.

'Rutog' is Tibetan for 'at the foot of the mountain shaped like a firearm rack' ().

History.

Although when the county was established in 1961, it was part of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, in 1978 it became a part of the Tibet Autonomous Region, under the jurisdiction of the Ngari Prefecture.  In October 1983, the county seat was moved from Rutog to Derukunzi ().  At around 11 AM on July 17, 2016, nine people, 350 sheep and 110 yaks were buried in an avalanche about from Rutog Town (at ). The avalanche fell on a grazing area and the snow was as much as deep. The local government dispatched rescuers and equipment to the site of the avalanche. The avalanche was described by NASA as one of the largest avalanches in history. On September 21, 2016, another similarly large avalanche occurred just to the south.

Geography and climate.

Rutog County is located in northwestern Tibet, Ngari northwest with a number of territorial borders. It is divided into 12 townships and 30 village committees. The Karakoram Mountains go through the county. The average altitude of with a maximum altitude of.  The Nu River flows through this county of mountain shrub grassland and alpine grassland soil. Lakes in Rutog County include Bangda Lake, Guozha Lake, Longmu Lake, Lumajangdong Co, Wo Erba Lake and Pangong Tso.  Rutog County is located in semi-arid plateau sub-frigid monsoon climate zone, climate with low air pressure, radiation strong, cold and dry with very little precipitation. Gang Tisi, also known as "Kala Si" mountain is the highest point of Rutog County at 6800 meters above sea level, and since ancient times, people in Central Asia have come to visit it on pilgrimage routes. The county has an annual sunshine duration of 3370.9 hours, annual precipitation is, annual evaporation is, and annual average wind speed.  Overall Rutog County has a rough subarctic climate with long, very cold, sometimes snowy winters and short, cool, humid summers ("Dfc") owing its extreme altitude.  To the north, Rutog County shares borders with Hotan County (Hetian), Qira County (Cele) and Keriya County (Yutian) in Hotan Prefecture (Hetian), Xinjiang. To the east, the county borders Gêrzê County.

Administrative divisions.

The only town is Rutog Town (Ritu;, )  Townships

Demographics.

, the residents of the county were Tibetan.

Economy.

Rutog County's economy is based around farming and animal husbandry. Aside from wool, butter, hides, cattle cashmere, etc. are produced. In Rutog County, the main growing crop is barley and yaks, sheep, goats, horses and other livestock are important to the economy. Rutog County has many wild animals and plants, including the black-necked crane, goose, wild yak, Tibetan antelope, Mongolian gazelle, black sheep, kiang, and bear. A number of rare animals are protected by the government and are of high value. Known mineral resources are gold, lead, chromite, borax, and salt.  In the five years from 2006–2011, Rutog County produced 72 tons of cashmere wool worth 16 million yuan ($2.5 million USD in 2011). China produces 75% of the world's cashmere wool.  In 1984, the average per capita income of Rutog County residents was 478 yuan.

Infrastructure.

In 1989 the Rutog County Commerce and Industry Bureau was established. In June 2002 it successfully held the first Bangong Folk Festival. As of the end of May 2006, the Rutog County Branch of the Agricultural Bank of China which was established in 1995, has given total loans amounting to 92.5 million yuan, mainly funding the distribution of animal products for farmers in Rutog County. The bank loaned 12.2 million yuan in 2006 alone.  In 1984, Rutog County television station was established and in 1985, Japanese investors built the first cinema on county soil. Japan also invested in Rutog's radio facilities.

Transportation.

The China National Highway 219 passes through Rutog County.

Historical maps.

Historical maps including Rutog:

References.

."China Tibet Information Centre"

Rutog County () is a county in Ngari Prefecture, Tibet Autonomous Region of the People's Republic of China. The county seat is Rutog, located some or 700 miles west- northwest of the Tibetan capital, Lhasa. Rutog County shares a border with India.

Rutog (tibetisch, Umschrift nach Wylie: "ru thog rdzong", auch Ruthog Dzong; ) ist ein chinesischer Kreis im Autonomen Gebiet Tibet, der zum Verwaltungsgebiet des Regierungsbezirks Ngari gehört. Er liegt an der Grenze zu Kaschmir. 1999 zählte er 7.140 Einwohner. Der Salzwasser-See Banggong Co liegt auf seinem Gebiet.


History.

"Witchfinder General".

It is for his third and final movie, "Witchfinder General", that Reeves is best remembered. He was only 24 years old when he co-wrote and directed it, but it is often called one of the greatest horror films that Britain has produced. Made on a very modest budget in East Anglia and adapted from the novel by Ronald Bassett, "Witchfinder General" tells the story of Matthew Hopkins, the infamous lawyer-turned-witchhunter who blackmails and murders his way across the countryside. Reeves imbues the film with a powerful sense of the impossibility of behaving morally in a society whose conventions have broken down, and though it is by no means free of the conventions of low-budget horror, it stands as a notably powerful and evocative film.  Reeves wanted Donald Pleasence to play the title role, but American International Pictures, the film's co-financiers, insisted on using their resident horror star Vincent Price instead. This caused friction between the veteran actor and the young director. A famous story is told of how Reeves won Price's respect: Reeves was constantly telling Price to tone down his over-acting, and to play the role more seriously. Price eventually cracked, snapping, "Young man, I have made eighty-four films. What have you done?" Reeves replied: "I've made three good ones."  Reeves continued to goad Price into delivering a vicious and brilliant performance, and only upon seeing the finished film did the actor realise what the director was up to, at which point Price took steps to bury the hatchet with Reeves. "Witchfinder General" was released to mixed reviews, with one notably savage notice by Alan Bennett appearing in "The Listener", but was soon reassessed and gained generally favourable reviews.

Death.

Michael Reeves died in London a few months after the film's release. After shooting "Witchfinder General" he was at work on an adaptation of "The Oblong Box" but had difficulties getting projects off the ground and was suffering from depression and insomnia, for which he took tablets and received a variety of treatments from medical and psychiatric practitioners. On the morning of 11 February 1969, Reeves was found dead in his bedroom, aged 25, in Cadogan Place, Knightsbridge, by his cleaning lady. The coroner's report stated that Reeves's death (from a barbiturate overdose) was accidental, the dosage being too marginal to suggest intention.

Slated projects.

Some films Reeves was apparently scheduled to direct or for which he was being considered were "The Buttercup Chain" and "De Sade". Both of these films were completed with other directors.

Michael Reeves (17 October 1943 – 11 February 1969) was an English film director and screenwriter. He is best known for the 1968 film "Witchfinder General" (known in the US as "Conqueror Worm"). He died at the age of 25 from an accidental alcohol and barbiturate overdose.

Michael Reeves (* 17. Oktober 1943 in London Borough of Sutton, Greater London; † 11. Februar 1969 in London) war ein britischer Regisseur und Drehbuchautor.


Characteristics.

The Chinese pangolin has the appearance of a scaly anteater. Its head and body measure about and its tail measures about. A mature Chinese pangolin weighs from. It has 18 rows of overlapping scales accompanied by hair, a rare combination in mammals. It has a small, narrow mouth and a little, pointed head. Also its claws grow in as it grows older. The female gives birth to a single offspring at a time.  A newborn pangolin weighs about, its length is about. The Chinese pangolin reproduces in April and May when the weather warms. The young are born with soft scales, which harden after two days. Although the young pangolin can walk on its first day, the mother carries it on her back or tail. If the mother feels threatened, she immediately folds her baby onto her belly with the help of her tail. Male pangolins have been observed allowing the female and baby to share his burrow.

Taxonomy.

"Manis pentadactyla" was the scientific name proposed by Carl Linnaeus in 1758 for the Chinese pangolin. In the 19th century and 20th centuries, several Chinese pangolin specimens were collected and described:

Distribution and habitat.

The Chinese pangolin is native to southern Nepal, northern India, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Myanmar, northern Indochina, southern China including the island of Hainan, and most of Taiwan. It has been recorded up to an elevation of.  Habitats include:

Behaviour and ecology.

The Chinese pangolin is a rather secretive, nocturnal animal. It moves slowly. Its hard scales work as a protective cover from predators, and when it feels threatened, it curls into a ball ("volvation").

Diet.

The Chinese pangolin feeds mainly on insects, particularly termites and ants. It digs into ant nests and termite mounds with its large fore claws and extracts insects with its long, sticky tongue. The Chinese pangolin digs long burrows in the ground, which they use to sleep and hunt termites. Due to its specific diet, it can become arduous to provide the appropriate food for captive animals. Since the 1970s "pangolins are now almost unknown to visitors and are exhibited infrequently in zoos", and have "historically been difficult to maintain, with most captive animals dying within a short period after capture". When in their natural habitat, this species lives "on a diet of ants, termites, and various other invertebrates including bee larvae, flies, worms, earthworms, and crickets". After carefully creating new, more sustainable recipes in zoos, some of the ingredients used have included "egg, meat (ground beef, horse, canned feline diet), evaporated milk products, milk powder, fish protein, orchid leaves, commercial chows, psyllium seed, carrots, yeast, multivitamins, and insects (mixtures of silkworm larvae, earth, ants, termites, meal worms, or crickets)". A number of zoos that have kept pangolins under observation have found that the animals died most commonly after a few years, without breeding successfully. Researchers claim this outcome is correlated to the "poor acceptance of captive diets and digestive problems." The Chinese Pangolin is considered to be high risk in terms of extinction.

Threats.

The Chinese pangolin is threatened foremost by poaching. Chinese people eat its meat, and its scales are used as an ingredient in traditional Chinese medicine. In the 1960s, about 170,000 to 180,000 Chinese pangolins were seized annually across the Chinese provinces Fujian, Hunan, Guangxi, Guizhou, Yunan and Guangdong. The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species in 2002 prohibited selling pangolins across national borders. Although China has already passed laws to protect the pangolin, it might not be enough to save the species. The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora reports that pangolins are the most trafficked and poached mammal. The Chinese pangolin is hunted for its meat, claws, and scales. Pangolin meat, which is considered a delicacy in parts of China and Vietnam, has been reported to sell for as high as US$200/kg. Pangolin scales and blood are in demand in Asia for their supposed medicinal qualities. Chinese pangolin scales are sold to treat a wide variety of ailments, from cancer to upset stomach to asthma. Other pangolin body parts are also used in traditional Chinese medicine. Local people in eastern Nepal consider pangolin scales as good-luck charms.  Though pangolins have been protected by legislation since the 1970s and 1980s, people still choose to hunt these endangered animals. After random inspections on 28 May 2014, at the Kwai Chung cargo port in Hong Kong, officials detained scales from nearly 8,000 pangolins. Just two weeks later, Hong Kong officials seized a second shipment that contained scales from about 5,000 pangolins.The Indonesian Forestry Ministry director of investigations and forest observation, Raffles Panjaitan, told the "Jakarta Post" that in October 2011, his agency had 587 cases of pangolin trafficking since 2006. The estimated value is US$4.3 million worth of pangolins on the illegal market.  The journal "Frontiers in Ecology & the Environment" estimated that the remains of about 10,000 pangolins are intercepted each year. Zhao-Min Zhou and Macdonald from "Frontiers in Ecology & the Environment" claim from their records that 220 living pangolins and the remains of 4,909 dead pangolins were seized in 43 law enforcement actions since 2010.  In April 2013, the Philippine coast guard seized a boat containing of pangolin meat and 400 boxes containing thousands of frozen skinned pangolins and scaly anteaters from Indonesia. The Regional Trial Court in Puerto Princesa city in Palawan province sentenced the boat captain to 12 years in prison and each crew member received from six to 10 years. Each member of the crew was also fined $100,000.

Conservation.

In 2016, CITES moved the Chinese pangolin from its Appendix II, designating species not directly threatened with extinction but in need of protection to prevent exploitation, to Appendix I, reserved for species most directly threatened with extinction. The Appendix I listing prohibits commercial trade in wild-caught specimens. Many range countries have already passed legislation to protect it:  China has passed much more legislation for pangolin protection than other countries, because the species' population has drastically declined in China over the last few decades. This is the direct result of extreme poaching for pangolin scales and meat.

Conservation efforts.

On May 2016, a poll representing 1,892 Chinese adults revealed that more than 80% of the Chinese public want pangolins to be protected. The survey was led by Aita Foundation and Humane Society International.  The IUCN SSC Pangolin Specialist Group made a proposal in July 2014 to increase awareness, funding, and research for pangolin conservation. Some of the plan's highlights include making protocols to monitor pangolin populations, establishing a consumption index of pangolin products, using DNA analysis to determine variation between and within species, and identifying species strongholds to determine best allocation of resources. Furthermore, the conservation plan aims to increase patrol-based monitoring around stronghold populations, increase awareness and education about the severity of the problem, and, most importantly, implement a demand reduction strategy for pangolin meat and scales.  Another alternative to legislation, proposed by IUCN, includes offering positive incentives, like monetary payments or control over land's resources, to local communities for their involvement in conservation efforts. Other researchers have proposed the importance of finding biological substitutes for endangered species used in traditional medicines. DNA barcoding and analysis could be used to determine what common species are genetically similar enough and produce similar effects as the Chinese pangolin scales. To crack down on poaching, the barcoding technique could also be used for accurate detection of species products being imported and exported.  The China Biodiversity Conservation and Green Development Foundation (CBCGDF), a non-profit and non-governmental organization is particularly proactive in doing research and collecting field data for the conservation of Chinese pangolins. Since July 2017, the Beijing-based NGO has established three Chinese pangolin Community Conservation Areas in Hunan, Guangxi and Jiangxi provinces.  In late August 2017, CBCGDF confiscated 33 Chinese pangolins from Chinese poachers and released them to the Guangxi Wildlife Rescue Centre. Suggestions from the foundation such as the improvement of their rescue regulations and procedures; their immediate release to the wild after full recovery; keeping information open to the public; revising the endangered species conservation laws and regulations in Guangxi, followed the release. However, only 14 Chinese pangolins survived. At the World Pangolin Day 2017, CBCGDF called for deletion of pangolin scales from the Traditional Chinese Medicine Book. CBCGDF also called for the burning of confiscated pangolin scales illegally trafficked to China. Moreover, in July 2018, a conference organised by CBCGDF hosted the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF). During that conference, CBCGDF openly shared recent and precious data on Chinese pangolins with GBIF.

The Chinese pangolin ("Manis pentadactyla") is a pangolin native to the northern Indian subcontinent, northern parts of Southeast Asia and southern China. It has been listed as Critically Endangered on the IUCN Red List since 2014, as the wild population is estimated to have declined by more than 80% in three pangolin generations, equal to 21 years. It is threatened by poaching for the illegal wildlife trade.

Das Chinesische Schuppentier oder Ohrenschuppentier ("Manis pentadactyla"), gelegentlich auch China-Schuppentier, ist eine Säugetierart aus der Familie der Schuppentiere (Manidae). Es lebt im südlichen Ostasien sowie in Südostasien und in den nördlichen Flachlandgebieten Südasiens. Die Tiere sind nachtaktiv und einzelgängerisch. Sie bewohnen zumeist verschiedene Waldtypen und bewegen sich dort am Boden fort, wo sie Erdbaue anlegen. Allerdings können sie auch gut klettern. Ihre Nahrung besteht weitgehend aus staatenbildenden Insekten, die selektiv ausgewählt werden. Die versteckte Lebensweise der Schuppentierart bedingt, dass über die genaue Lebensweise nur wenige Informationen vorliegen. Aufgrund des Fleisches und der Schuppen wird das Chinesische Schuppentier stark bejagt, sein Bestand ist zudem durch die Ausbreitung menschlicher Siedlungen gefährdet. Es gilt daher als vom Aussterben bedroht. Die Erstbeschreibung der Art stammt aus dem Jahr 1758.