Synopsis.

Act I.

The story is set in Paris in the year 1482. The poet Gringoire, who throughout the story acts not only as a participant but also as a sort of commentator, enters to set the scene for the story; he relates how Man has written his history in the building of the cathedrals ("Le temps des cathédrales").  The homeless and refugees, led by Clopin, swarm before the entrance to the Cathedral of Notre Dame begging for help and sanctuary ("Les sans-papiers"). Frollo, the Archdeacon of Notre Dame, orders Phoebus, the Captain of the Royal Archers, to have his men disperse the crowd ("Intervention de Frollo"). As his men are driving off the refugees, Phoebus catches sight of the beautiful gypsy Esmeralda (in later productions, the scene changes to have him see her while she is dancing before Notre Dame) and is entranced by her. Esmeralda tells him about herself, her life as a gypsy, and her dreams ("Bohémienne"). Instead of arresting her, Phoebus leaves her alone.  Clopin, who has watched over Esmeralda since she was eight years old after the death of her parents, tells her that she is no longer a child and that she has reached the age where she will discover love ("Esmeralda tu sais"). He warns her to be extremely careful, since not all men are to be trusted.  In the next number, the audience is introduced to the nobly-born and beautiful Fleur-de-Lys, to whom Phoebus is engaged to be married. Fleur-de-Lys's love for Phoebus is childish and irrational, like that of Juliet for Romeo ("Ces diamants-là").  Now begins the wild and coloured Feast of Fools, presided over by Gringoire ("La fête des fous"), the climax of which is the choosing of the King of Fools from among the group of people who can make the ugliest face; the King will be crowned by Esmeralda. Hiding in the shadows is a monstrous figure who is dragged out into the light; it is the bell-ringer of Notre Dame, the hunchbacked and facially deformed Quasimodo. By unanimous decision, Quasimodo is chosen and crowned as the King of Fools, but he knows that for all the power he has this one day nothing can make a woman such as Esmeralda care for him ("Le pape des fous").  Frollo breaks up the festivities and orders Quasimodo to kidnap Esmeralda and bring her to him that night so that she can be imprisoned as a sorceress and a violator of public decency ("La sorcière"). Quasimodo, who is devoted to Frollo for raising and educating him after he had been abandoned as a baby ("L'enfant trouvé"), says he will obey.  Night falls on Paris with its dark and hidden secrets commented on by Gringoire ("Les portes de paris"). Quasimodo stalks Esmeralda through the dark streets and is about to seize her when Phoebus and his guards arrive and arrest Quasimodo. Phoebus introduces himself to Esmeralda. He makes a date for a rendezvous with her the next night at the Cabaret du Val d'Amour. Phoebus and his men take Quasimodo away and Esmeralda darts off into the darkness ("Tentative d'enlèvement").  At the Court of the Miracles, the haven for all of the outcasts of Paris, Clopin presides over a wild revel, remarking that all are truly equal here no matter their race, religion, skin color or criminal background ("La cour des miracles"). Gringoire, who has wandered in accidentally, is seized and Clopin tells him that he will be hanged for his trespassing - unless one of the women will agree to marry him. Esmeralda who has arrived during this, agrees to marry Gringoire (in name only) and Clopin, as King of the Outcasts, unites them and they join in the wild revelry.  Later, when Gringoire and Esmeralda are left alone ("Le mot Phoebus") he introduces himself to her as "the Prince of the Streets of Paris" and assures her that while he is not a "ladies' man" ("un homme a femmes" in the original French), he would be glad if she would be his Muse and inspiration. Since Gringoire is educated, Esmeralda asks him what the word "Phoebus" means; he tells her that in Latin it means "the sun" or "sun god". Esmeralda muses on the word as it romantically relates to the man Phoebus ("Beau comme le soleil"); she is joined on stage by Fleur-de-Lys, who also muses on Phoebus (although she seems to be more apprehensive about him), but both believe that Phoebus will love them forever.  Phoebus himself is under no apprehensions about what kind of man he is - he wants both women, one as a wife and one as a temporary mistress ("Déchiré").  The next day, Frollo summons Gringoire to Notre Dame and questions him about Esmeralda, forbidding him to touch her. Gringoire changes the conversation by asking about a strange inscription in Greek on the wall of the Gallerie des Rois in Notre Dame, the word "Anarké". Frollo tells him that "Anarké" means "Fate" in Greek. They watch as Quasimodo is dragged on stage bound on The Great Wheel as sentence for his attempted kidnapping of Esmeralda ("Anarkia").  Quasimodo endures his punishment, but cries out for water ("A boire"), a plea that is ignored by everyone. Suddenly Esmeralda appears and gives him a drink of water from her cup, an act of kindness that deeply touches the poor hunchback. He is then released from the Wheel, and he, Frollo and Phoebus sing about their different feelings for Esmeralda ("Belle"): Quasimodo about his growing feelings of tenderness for her, Frollo about his growing fascination for her, and Phoebus (watched jealously by Fleur-de-Lys) about his wish for an affair with her before he marries Fleur-de-Lys.  Quasimodo leads Esmeralda into Notre Dame and tells her how the cathedral has been his home and sanctuary, and now it can be hers whenever she needs one ("Ma maison c'est ta maison"). In spite of her initial fear of this strange, deformed man, Esmeralda is touched by his gentleness and finds herself warming towards Quasimodo. Left alone, Esmeralda, who has never prayed before, prays to the Virgin Mary ("Ave Maria païen"), while Quasimodo thinks of her ("Si tu pouvais voir en moi"). Frollo, secretly spying on Esmeralda, realizes that his lust for her will destroy him, but knows that he cannot resist nor does he want to ("Tu vas me détruire").  That night, Phoebus is on his way to the Cabaret du Val d’Amour for his rendezvous with Esmeralda when he realizes he is being stalked by a shadowy figure. The figure (Frollo in disguise) warns him to go no further ("L'ombre"), but Phoebus refuses to heed the threat and continues on his way.  At Val d’Amour, Gringoire (who seems to be a regular customer) remarks how everyone, no matter the race, creed or color, comes here for a good time of one kind or another... for a very low price ("Le Val d’Amour"). Phoebus arrives (he seems to be a regular customer here too) and meets Esmeralda in a private room ("La volupté"). They embrace and are about to make love when Frollo rushes in and stabs Phoebus with Esmeralda's knife (which she had placed on the floor earlier). Esmeralda collapses over Phoebus’ body, Frollo makes his escape and Gringoire, Clopin, Frollo, Quasimodo and the Chorus comment on the terrible power of Fate ("Fatalité").

Act II.

Frollo and Gringoire discuss the events and scientific discoveries taking place and how some of them (such as Johannes Gutenberg’s printing press and Martin Luther’s doctrines) are changing the world forever ("Florence"). Gringoire notices how silent the cathedral is and Frollo tells him that Quasimodo has not rung the bells for three days.  Up in the bell tower, Quasimodo recounts how the cathedral bells are his only friends and loves ("Les Cloches"), especially the three "Maries": "Little Marie" which is rung for children's funerals, "Big Marie" which is rung when ships set sail and "Great Marie" which is rung for weddings. His greatest hope is that they will ring for Esméralda to hear that he loves her.  Frollo asks Gringoire where his "wife" is ("Ou Est Elle?"); Gringoire says he does not know and answers obliquely (but he tells Clopin, who has been searching for Esmeralda, that she has been imprisoned in the prison of La Sainte and that she will be hanged if Clopin doesn't save her).  In her cell, Esmeralda compares herself to a caged bird and calls to Quasimodo to save her, while back at Notre Dame Quasimodo wonders about Esmeralda's disappearance three days earlier and fears for her safety ("Les oiseaux qu'on met en cage"). Clopin and a group of outcasts are arrested and thrown into the La Sainte prison ("Condamnes") as Esmeralda is put on trial for the attempted murder of Phoebus and sorcery with Frollo as presiding judge ("Le Procès/La Torture"); when she refuses to confess, she is subjected to a foot-crushing torture until she cries out "I confess!" Frollo sentences her to death by hanging, but Esmeralda still professes her love for Phoebus and Frollo is left to suffer from the emotional torment of his unrequited passion ("Être Prêtre Et Aimer Une Femme"). Esmeralda calls Phoebus to save her (“Phoebus”)  Elsewhere, a recovered Phoebus is confronted by Fleur-de-Lys, but he claims as an excuse that he was bewitched by Esmeralda's "sorcery" ("Je Reviens Vers Toi"). Fleur-de-Lys tells him that he will still have her heart and love if he will swear to have Esmeralda executed ("La Monture").  At five o'clock in the morning of the execution, Frollo visits Esméralda's cell and to her horror confesses to her that he knifed Phoebus out of love for her ("Visite De Frollo À Esmeralda/Un Matin Tu Dansais") and offers her a choice: death on the gallows or life by giving him love. When Esmeralda rejects his advances, he tries to rape her, but Quasimodo (who has secretly followed him) frees Clopin and the other prisoners. Clopin attacks Frollo, knocking him unconscious, and releases Esméralda and they flee the prison to Notre Dame for sanctuary ("Liberes").  Gringoire sings to the moon ("Lune") in which he describes Quasimodo's pain and suffering because of his love for Esméralda.  Quasimodo leaves Esmeralda asleep in a safe place in Notre Dame ("Je Te Laisse Un Sifflet"), but bitterly reflects that while he will love her forever, his ugliness will ensure that she will never love him ("Dieu Que Le Monde Est Injuste"). Alone, Esmeralda hopes that she will survive for the man she loves and sings about how Love has the power to change the world even should she die ("Vivre").  With Clopin and his people occupying Notre Dame, Frollo orders Phoebus and his men to break sanctuary and attack the cathedral to drive them out ("L’Attaque de Notre Dame"). Clopin and his people resist bravely but are no match for the armed soldiers, and in the first attack Clopin is fatally wounded. Dying, he begs Esmeralda to take his place as leader. The final battle has Esmeralda and her people facing off against Phoebus and his soldiers, but the result is a foregone conclusion – Esmeralda is captured and the outcasts defeated. Phoebus coldbloodedly hands Esmeralda over to be executed, orders the outcasts driven out of Paris ("Déportés") and leaves with Fleur-de-Lys.  Quasimodo, searching Notre Dame for Esmeralda, finds Frollo standing at the top of one of the towers and begs him to help Esmeralda ("Mon Maitre, Mon Sauveur"). Frollo, finally driven insane, shows him the sight of Esmeralda being hanged and to Quasimodo's horror announces that he is responsible. As he laughs wildly, the enraged Quasimodo seizes him and hurls him down the stairs of the tower to his death. As the executioners are cutting down Esmeralda's body from the gibbet, Quasimodo appears and demands that they give him her body ("Donnez-la Moi"). Driving them away, he kneels beside her body and mourns her, promising to stay with her and that even in death they will not be parted ("Danse, Mon Esmeralda").  After the curtain call, Gringoire leads the cast in a reprise of "Le Temps des Cathedrales".

Musical numbers.

The list includes the original French title and the English translation. 1. Overture (Orchestra) 2. Le Temps des cathédrales (Gringoire) — "The Age of the Cathedrals" 3. Les Sans-papiers (Clopin & Chorus) — "The Refugees" 4. Intervention de Frollo "Frollo's Intervention" — (Frollo & Phoebus) 5. Bohémienne (Esmeralda) — "The Bohemian Song" 6. Esmeralda tu sais (Clopin and Esmeralda) — "Esmeralda, You See" 7. Ces diamants-là (Fleur-de-Lys & Phoebus) — "So Look No More for Love" 8. La fête des fous (Gringoire & Chorus) — "The Feast of Fools" 9. Le pape des fous (Quasimodo) — "The King of Fools" 10. La sorcière (Frollo & Quasimodo) — "The Sorceress" 11. L'enfant trouvé (Quasimodo) "The Foundling" 12. Les portes de Paris (Gringoire) — "The Doors of Paris" 13. Tentative d'enlèvement (Phoebus & Esmeralda) — "Kidnap Attempt" 14. La cour des miracles (Clopin, Chorus & Esmeralda) — "The Court of the Miracles" 15. Le mot Phoebus "The Word Phoebus" — (Esmeralda & Gringoire) 16. Beau comme le soleil (Esmeralda & Fleur-de-Lys) — "Shining Like the Sun" 17. Déchiré (Phoebus) — "Torn Apart" 18. Anarkia (Frollo & Gringoire) — "Anarchy" 19. À boire (Chorus, Frollo & Quasimodo) — "Water, Please!" 20. Belle (Quasimodo, Frollo & Phoebus) — "Belle (Is the Only Word)" 21. Ma maison c'est ta maison (Quasimodo & Esmeralda) — "Home in the Sky" 22. Ave Maria païen (Esmeralda) — "Pagan Ave Maria" 23. Je sens ma vie qui bascule (Quasimodo) — "If You Could See Inside Me" 24. Tu vas me detruire (Frollo) — "Your Love Will Kill Me" 25. L'ombre (Phoebus & Frollo) — "The Shadow" 26. Le val d'amour (Gringoire, Chorus & Phoebus) "At Val d'Amour" 27. La volupté (Phoebus & Esmeralda) — "The Voluptary" 28. Fatalité (Gringoire, Frollo, Quasimodo, Clopin & Fleur-de-Lys) — "Destiny"  29. Florence (Frollo & Gringoire) — "Talk to Me of Florence" 30. Les cloches (Gringoire, Frollo, Quasimodo & Chorus) — "The Bells" 31. Où est-elle? (Frollo, Gringoire & Clopin) — "Where Is She?" 32. Les oiseaux qu'on met en cage (Esmeralda & Quasimodo) — "The Birds They Put in Cages" 33. Condamnés (Clopin & Chorus) — "Castaway" 34. Le procès (Frollo & Esmeralda) — "The Trial" 35. La torture (Frollo & Esmeralda) — "Torturer" 36. Etre prêtre et aimer une femme (Frollo) — "I'm a Priest" 37. Phoebus (Esmeralda) — "Phoebus, If You Can Hear Me" 38. Je reviens vers toi (Phoebus) — "To Get Back to You" 39. La monture (Fleur-de-Lys) — "My Heart If You Will Swear" 40. Visite de Frollo á Esmerald (Frollo & Esmeralda) — "Frollo's Visit to Esmeralda" 41. Un matin tu dansais (Frollo & Esmeralda) — "On Bright Morning You Danced" 42. Libérés (Quasimodo, Clopin, Esmeralda, Gringoire & Chorus) — "Free Today" 43. Lune (Gringoire) — "Moon" 44. Je te laisse un sifflet (Quasimodo & Esmeralda) — "This Small Whistle I Leave You" 45. Dieu que le monde est injuste (Quasimodo) — "God, You Made the World All Wrong" 46. Vivre (Esmeralda) — "Live for the One I Love" 47. L'attaque de Notre-Dame (Clopin, Frollo, Phoebus, Esmeralda, Gringoire & Chorus) — "Attack of Notre—Dame" 48. Déportés (Phoebus & Chorus) — "By Royal Law" 49. Mon maître, mon sauveur (Quasimodo & Frollo) — "My Master, My Savior" 50. Donnez-la moi (Quasimodo) "Give Her to Me" 51. Danse mon Esmeralda (Quasimodo) — "Dance My Esmeralda" 52. Danse mon Esmeralda reprise (Orchestra) — "Dance My Esmeralda reprise" 53. Le Temps des cathédrales reprise (Gringoire & Ensemble) — "The Age of the Cathedrals reprise"

The show.

Director Gilles Maheu staged the show in concert style, with the principal singers standing downstage center, with non-singing dancers upstage providing visual, but not dramatic, excitement. The orchestra and chorus were prerecorded; the principals wore very obvious boom microphones.

Critical response in Great Britain.

Critical reception in Great Britain was mixed, with praise for the music and choreography, and general disdain for the English translation of the lyrics and the show's overall direction. For example, "The Times" praised the "doleful energy" of Garou's Quasimodo and the "occasional imaginative production touches: huge bells with writhing, upside-down humans for clappers" but concludes "Another Les Mis this isn't." The "Daily Mail" called it "concert with dance, lighting effects and a lot of French singers throwing their hair around in a collective display of gravelly-voiced pique." According to the Oxford Encyclopedia of Popular Music, the producer of the London show Michael White fought back this criticism: "This is not a musical but a rock show with a strong storyline. I think it is difficult for dramatic critics who have to understand everything from Shakespeare to Harold Pinter to understand that." Eventually, despite initially poor reviews, "Notre-Dame de Paris" "became the most successful of the Gallic-themed shows to open in the West End during 2000"

Production history.

The original production of “Notre-Dame de Paris” made musicals fashionable again in France and, since its inception, has spawned a number of other notable productions. As part of the publicity prior to the Paris opening three songs were released as singles: "Vivre", "Le Temps des cathédrales", and "Belle". "Belle" became a huge hit, and was named Song of the Year in France, and nominated for Song of the Century.  Since its debut, the show has been professionally played in Belgium, Canada, China, France, Italy, Japan, Lebanon, Luxembourg, Poland, Russia, Singapore, South Korea, Spain, Switzerland, Taiwan, Turkey, United Kingdom, Ukraine and United States, and has been translated into seven languages (English, Spanish, Italian, Russian, Korean, Flemish, and Polish). A shorter version in English was performed in 2000 in Las Vegas, Nevada (United States) and a full-length London production, also in English, ran for seventeen months. Several songs from the show, such as "Vivre", "Belle" and "Le temps des cathédrales", have been released as singles with a huge success in French speaking countries. An English version of "Vivre" ("Live for the One I Love") was both released by Celine Dion and Australian chanteuse Tina Arena, and appears on the original London cast recording, even though Dion did not participate in the musical.  In 2010-2014 several concert versions of the musical which reunited the original cast were presented in Kiev, Moscow, Saint-Petersburg, Paris and Beirut.  In February 2016 it was announced that a revival of the original musical "Notre Dame de Paris" is scheduled to open in November 2016 in the Palais des Congrès in Paris, followed by a tour in France.  "Notre-Dame de Paris", according to the "Guinness Book of Records", had the most successful first year of any musical ever. The score has been recorded at least seven times to date (2007): the original French concept album, which featured Israeli singer Achinoam Nini (aka Noa) as Esmeralda was followed by a live, complete recording of the original Paris cast. A complete recording of the score in Italian was made, along with a single disc of highlights in Spanish from the Barcelona production. The original London cast album featured several of the original Paris stars, but only preserved a fraction of the score in English.

Recordings.

Cast Albums
 1998: Concept Album
 1998: Original Paris Cast, live at the Palais des Congrès
 2000: London Studio Album
 2001: French Studio Album
 2001: Paris Cast (Live At The Théâtre Mogador)
 2001: Original Spanish Cast
 2001: Original Italian Cast
 2002: Italian Cast, Live at the Arena di Verona
 2002: Original Russian Cast
 2002: French Studio Album with Les Choeurs de France
 2005: Korean Tour Cast
 2008: Original Korean Cast
 2009: Original Highlights Russian Cast
 2010: Original Flemish cast
 2017: Paris Cast (live)  Instrumental Albums
 1999: Orchestral version by "I Fiamminghi"
 2000: Piano version by Alan Lapointe
 2003: Instrumental version of Italian Cast
 2008: Instrumental version of Russian Cast  Video Recordings
 1999: Live At The Palais des Congrès
 2001: Live At The Arena di Verona
 2002: Live At The Channel One Russia
 2008: Live At The Sejong Center

Notre-Dame de Paris is a sung-through French musical which debuted on 16 September 1998 in Paris. It is based upon the 1831 novel "Notre-Dame de Paris" ("The Hunchback of Notre-Dame") by the French novelist Victor Hugo. The music was composed by Riccardo Cocciante (also known as Richard Cocciante) and the lyrics are by Luc Plamondon.

Notre Dame de Paris ist ein französisch-kanadisches Musical. Die Uraufführung war am 16. September 1998 in Paris. Es basiert auf dem Roman Der Glöckner von Notre-Dame von Victor Hugo. Die Musik stammt von Riccardo Cocciante, der Text von Luc Plamondon.


Origin.

The vine staff may have derived from the Etruscan "lituus" and was certainly in use by the Punic Wars. Following the enactment of the Porcian Laws in the early 2nd century, it was the only manner by which Roman citizens could be beaten and is mentioned by various classical authors. A line in Ovid notes that "the good general commits the "vitis" to one to command one hundred." Pliny: "The centurion's vine staff is an excellent medicine for sluggish troops who don't want to advance..." "and when used to chastise offenses makes even the punishment respectable." It carried none of the stigma of the whipping (by ') suffered by criminals prior to execution or the cudgeling (by ') endured for severe military offenses. Tacitus mentions Lucilius, a centurion known as "Gimme Another" (' or ') for his tendency to break his vine staffs during beatings; he was one of the first killed during the Pannonian Mutiny. Generally, however, soldiers were expected to endure their punishments; seizing the vine staff was cause for demotion and breaking it or harming the centurion were offenses punishable by death. Some scholars state the vine staff was the instrument used to beat the Iceni queen Boadicca. St Marcellus the Centurion was martyred following a scene where he cast away his vine staff and repudiated his rank.

Description.

The vine staff is often featured on Roman tombs of the 1st through 4th century as a symbol of a centurion's status. These monuments show a variety of forms. During the early Principate, it was usually straight with a rounded top; it later acquired a mushroom-shaped head, which was continued under the Byzantines. Less often, it appeared in knotted and sinuous forms. One centurion gave his vine staff to the Temple of Jupiter at Heliopolis (modern Baalbek) as a votive offering. It was broken and given to the emperor Trajan when he inquired of the oracle of the Heliopolitan Jupiter whether he would survive his upcoming invasion of Parthia.

The vine staff, vine-staff, or centurion's staff () was a vinewood rod of about in length used in the ancient Roman Army and Navy. It was the mark and tool of the centurion: both as an implement in the direction of drill and maneuvers; and to beat wayward or laggard soldiers or sailors under his command. It was also borne by "evocati" who held an equivalent rank.

Die Vitis war ein aus Rebenholz gefertigter Stab, der von römischen Centurionen als Zeichen ihres Ranges getragen wurde. Dieser spazierstockgroße Stab wurde von jedem Centurio an der rechten Seite getragen. Er war ein Symbol des Ranges, den der Centurio bekleidete und konnte auch als Bestrafungsinstrument dienen. Zweites Rangzeichen des Centurio war der Helm mit quergestelltem Helmbusch ("crista transversa").


Plot.

Steven Jay Russell is on his deathbed, recalling the events of his life that led him to this point. He spent his early adult years in Virginia Beach as a police officer. He plays the organ at church, has unenthusiastic sex with his wife, Debbie, and spends his off-hours searching for his biological mother, who had placed him for adoption as a child. Steven locates his biological mother, but she rejects him.  He then quits the police force and moves to Texas and works for Sysco, the family business.  After a car crash on the way to a homosexual tryst, Steven leaves his family and life behind, though he keeps in touch with his wife and young daughter, and explores the world as his true self – a gay man. He moves to Miami, where he finds a boyfriend, Jimmy, and they adopt a luxurious lifestyle. To keep themselves in the style to which they have become accustomed, Steven becomes a con man. He is pursued by the police, and, after jumping off a parking garage, is sent to prison, where he falls in love with inmate Phillip Morris.  Steven cannot bear to be separated from Phillip. After being released, he helps get Phillip freed from prison by posing as a lawyer, then attains wealth by fraudulently acquiring a position as Chief Financial Officer of a large medical management company called USAMM.  Steven is eventually caught embezzling. While in the police car, he reminisces about Jimmy in Florida, dying of AIDS. He asks the police for Phillip's insulin and injects himself. He goes back to prison, where Phillip is also sent as an accomplice and angrily tells Steven he never wants to see him again. Months later, Phillip learns from another inmate that Steven is dying of AIDS. Heartbroken, Phillip calls Steven while he is in the infirmary and confesses that, while he is still upset with Steven for lying to him, he still loves him. Phillip is later told that Steven has died.  Sometime later, Phillip is taken to meet with his lawyer and finds Steven waiting for him. Steven describes how he faked dying of AIDS, to be allowed to see Phillip again, and promises never to lie to him again. He runs one last con to break Phillip out of prison, only to be caught when he runs into an old co-worker.  The end of the movie explains that the real-life Phillip was released from prison in 2006; but Steven was given a life sentence and is in 23-hour lockup, only having one free hour a day to shower and exercise, which the film implies to be because an official involved in the sentencing had a brother-in-law who was conned by Russell.  The last scene shows Steven laughing joyfully while running across the prison yard, guards in pursuit, in another attempt to be with Phillip.

Production.

After original difficulty finding a U.S. distributor, likely due to its explicit gay sexual content, the film was re-edited. In May 2009, it was announced by "Variety" that Consolidated Pictures Group had acquired the rights for distribution.  Portions of the film were filmed at the Louisiana State Penitentiary (also known as Angola) in West Feliciana Parish, Louisiana. A Christian blogger stated that warden Burl Cain did not permit one sex scene between two male inmates to be filmed at the prison. The real Phillip Morris even appears in a cameo as Steven's lawyer in one scene.

Release.

The film was released in Europe, Taiwan and Japan between February and April 2010. Although a limited run in the United States was initially scheduled for April 30, 2010, it was later reported that the film's release had been indefinitely postponed by its distributors, Consolidated Pictures Group but on April 12, 2010, "Variety" announced the distributor had had a change of heart and that "I Love You Phillip Morris" would be shown in limited theaters starting July 30 before expanding nationwide on August 6.  On June 3, 2010, the film was delayed yet again due to legal battles. The film was finally released on December 3, 2010, after Roadside Attractions and Liddell Entertainment acquired the rights to distribute in the United States.

Box office.

"I Love You Phillip Morris" has a worldwide gross of $20,722,843.

Critical reception.

The review aggregate Rotten Tomatoes reports that 71% of critics have given the film a positive review based on 156 reviews and an average score of 6.6/10. The critical consensus is: "This fact-based romantic comedy has its flaws, but they're mostly overcome by its consistently sweet, funny tone and one of the best performances of Jim Carrey's career." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 65 out of 100, based on 32 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".  Steve Persall from the "Tampa Bay Times" wrote, "Think "Catch Me If You Can" mashed up with "Brokeback Mountain" if Mel Brooks directed and you'll get the idea." John Anderson of "Variety" remarked, "Less of a comedy than a hilarious tragedy, "I Love You Phillip Morris" stars Jim Carrey in his most complicated comedic role since "The Cable Guy"." "Empire" wrote, "One of the funniest films of the year, this is a wonderful mix of old-school Carrey outrageousness with a genuinely touching – and very modern – love story."  Damon Wise of "The Times" gave the film four stars out of five, stating, ""I Love You Phillip Morris" is an extraordinary film that serves as a reminder of just how good Carrey can be when he's not tied into a generic Hollywood crowd-pleaser. His comic timing remains as exquisite as ever." Xan Brooks of "The Guardian" also gave the film a positive review, describing the movie as "fast, funny and rather daring. A whisk of caffeine with a center that's sweet."

Home media.

The film was released on DVD and Blu-ray Disc on April 5, 2011.

Soundtrack.

I Love You Phillip Morris: Original Soundtrack was composed by Nick Urata.

I Love You Phillip Morris is a 2009 biographical black comedy drama film based on the 1980s and 1990s real-life story of con artist, impostor and multiple prison escapee Steven Jay Russell, as played by Jim Carrey. While incarcerated, Russell falls in love with his fellow inmate, Phillip Morris (Ewan McGregor). After Morris is released from prison, Russell escapes from prison four times to be reunited with Morris. The film was adapted from the 2003 book "I Love You Phillip Morris: A True Story of Life, Love, and Prison Breaks" by Steve McVicker. The film is the directorial debut of John Requa and Glenn Ficarra. It grossed $20 million worldwide and received generally positive reviews from critics.

I Love You Phillip Morris (engl. für „Ich liebe dich, Phillip Morris“) ist eine Filmkomödie aus dem Jahr 2009 mit Jim Carrey und Ewan McGregor in den Hauptrollen, die auf der Geschichte von Steven Jay Russell basiert.


Taxonomic history.

described "Dorudon serratus" based on a fragmentary maxilla and a few teeth found in South Carolina. He concluded that the teeth must have belonged to a mammal since they were two-rooted, that they must have been teeth from a juvenile since they were hollow, and also noted their similarity to the teeth then described for "Zeuglodon" (="Basilosaurus"). When exploring the type locality, Gibbes discovered a lower jaw and twelve caudal vertebrae, which he felt obliged to assign to "Zeuglodon" together with his original material. Gibbes concluded that "Dorudon" were juvenile "Zeuglodon" and consequently withdrew his new genus. He did however allow Louis Agassiz at Harvard to examine his specimens, and the Swiss professor replied that these were neither teeth of a juvenile nor those of "Zeuglodon", but of a separate genus just as Gibbes had first proposed.  The current taxonomic status of "Dorudon" is based on's revision of "Dorudon" and detailed description of "D. atrox". Before this, the taxonomy of "Dorudon" was in disarray and based on a limited set of specimens.  "D. atrox" is known from Egypt, "D. serratus" from Georgia and South Carolina in the United States. The type species "D. serratus" was, and still is, based solely on two partial maxillae with a few teeth, cranial fragments, and a dozen vertebrae with some additional material, collected but not described by Gibbes, and referred to the type species. Before Uhen 2004, "D. atrox" was based solely on Andrews holotype skull, lower jaw, and the vertebrae he referred to it, but is now the best known archaeocete species.  The two species of "Dorudon" differ from other members of Dorudontinae mainly in size: they are considerably larger than "Saghacetus" and slightly larger than "Zygorhiza", but also differ from both these genera in dental and/or cranial morphology. The limited known material for "D. serratus" makes it difficult to compare the two species of "Dorudon". placed "D. atrox" in the same genus as "D. serratus" because of similarities in size and morphology, but kept them as separate species because of differences in dental morphology. Even-though "D. serratus" is the type species, the description of "Dorudon" is largely based on "D. atrox" because of its completeness. The cranial morphology of "D. atrox" makes it distinct from all other archaeocetes.

Description.

Dorudontines were originally believed to be juvenile individuals of "Basilosaurus" as their fossils are similar but smaller. They have since been shown to be a different genus with the discovery of "Dorudon" juveniles. Although they look very much like modern whales, basilosaurines and dorudontines lacked the'melon organ' that allows their descendants to use echolocation as effectively as modern whales. Like other basilosaurids, their nostrils were midway from the snout to the top of the head. The "Dorudon" calves may have fallen prey to hungry "Basilosaurus", as shown by unhealed bite marks on the skulls of some juvenile "Dorudon".

Dentition.

The dental formula for "Dorudon atrox" is. Typical for cetaceans, the upper incisors are aligned with the cheek teeth, and, except the small I, separated by large diastemata containing pits into which the lower incisors fit. The upper incisors are simple conical teeth with a single root, lacking accessory denticles, and difficult to distinguish from lower incisors. The upper incisors are missing in most specimens and are only known from two specimens. The upper canine is a little larger than the upper incisors, and, like them, directed slightly buccally and mesially.  P, only preserved in a single specimen, is the only single-rooted upper premolar. Apparently, P is conical, smaller than the remaining premolars and lacks accessory denticles. P is the largest upper tooth and the first in the upper row with large accessory denticles. Like the more posterior premolars, it is buccolingually compressed and double-rooted. It has a dominant central protocone flanked by denticles that decrease in size mesially and distally, resulting in a tooth with a triangular profile. P is similar to but slightly smaller than P, except that it has a projection on the lingual side which is the remnant of a third root. In P, smaller than P, the larger distal root is formed by the fusion of two roots.  The upper molars extend onto the zygomatic arch and are considerably smaller than their neighbouring premolars. Like P, their distal root is wider than the mesial and formed by the fusion of two roots. The profiles of the molars are more rounded than those of the premolars. Similar to the upper incisors, the lower incisors are simple conical teeth curved distally and aligned with the cheek teeth. I, the smallest tooth, is sitting on the anteriormost portion of the dentary, with its alveolus left open towards the mandibular symphysis and located as close to the alveolus of I as it can. I, I, and C are very similar, considerably larger than I.  The lower premolars are double-rooted, buccolingually compressed teeth, except the deciduous P which is single-rooted. P is the second largest cheek tooth, P the largest; both are very similar, dominated by the central cusp.  In the lower molars the accessory denticles on the mesial edges are replaced by a deep groove called the reentrant groove. The apical cusp is the primitive protoconid. M and M are morphologically very similar. M is sitting high on the ascending mandibular ramus.

Dorudon ("spear-tooth") is a genus of extinct basilosaurid ancient whales that lived alongside "Basilosaurus" 40.4 to 33.9 million years ago in the Eocene. They were about long and fed on small fish and mollusks. "Dorudon" lived in warm seas around the world. Fossils have been found along the former shorelines of the Tethys Sea in present-day Egypt and Pakistan, as well as in the United States, New Zealand, and Western Sahara.

Dorudon (Syn.: "Prozeuglodon") war ein primitiver früher Wal, der im mittleren Eozän lebte. Fossilien fand man nahe der Oase Fayum in Ägypten (Tal der Wale - Wadi al-Hitan), in Tunesien und in South Carolina. "Dorudon" kam danach im westlichen Atlantik und in der Tethys vor. Es gibt zwei gültige Arten: "D. atrox" aus Nordafrika und "D. serratus" aus South Carolina. Alle anderen beschriebenen Arten wurden mit diesen synonymisiert.


Personal life.

Anchorena became a lawyer in 1898, after studying in the Faculty of Law and Social Sciences at the University of Buenos Aires. He was a lover of rural activities, and in his youth was dedicated to keeping the La Merced Ranch, which belonged to his mother. In 1900 he married Sara Madero, who bore him three children. She died in 1911, and five years later Anchorena married his second wife, Henrietta Maria Salas. He had three other children with his second wife.

Political life.

He was elected national deputy for the City of Buenos Aires in 1908. When Dr. Roque Saenz Pena assumed the Presidency of la Nación in 1910, Anchorena was recommended by the Minister of Public Works, Ezequiel Ramos Mexia, to fill the Municipality of that city. He was later appointed by the President to that office.  During his tenure he gave contracted the engineers Carlos Thays and Benito Carrasco, for the beautification of the Tres de Febrero Park, inaugurating it as the Rosedal. He also opened the first underground tramway done by the Anglo-Argentine Tramways Company (now Underground Line A), on December 1, 1913. Work was carried out on the expansion of the City Hall towards the Rivadavia street, which was extended throughout his term. His term ended in 1914.

Accomplishments.

Anchorena also served as Comptroller in the province of Entre Rios. He was part of the Fiscal Oilfields Directory and President of the Columbus Theater.  He served as President of the Argentine Rural Society between 1916 and 1922. In 1917 he founded, within the SRA, the Biological Institute, specializing in research on health issues in agribusiness.  He was also President of the Jockey Club on two occasions (1922-1923) and 1958-1959). Since 1980 the Jockey Club has been presenting an International Award within the racing circuit, which bears his name: the International Joaquin S. Anchorena Grand Prix, for the best Latin American miler.  Anchorena died in Buenos Aires in 1961.

Joaquín Samuel de Anchorena (1876–1961) was an Argentine lawyer and politician, noted for being mayor of Buenos Aires between 1910 and 1914.

Joaquín Samuel del Corazón de Jesús de Anchorena Riglos (* 20. August 1876 in Buenos Aires; † 19. Juli 1961 ebenda) war ein argentinischer Anwalt, Politiker und Bürgermeister der Stadt Buenos Aires. Er übte dieses Amt vom 21. Oktober 1910 bis zum 24. Oktober 1914 aus.


Biography.

The Fisherman’s Friends are a shanty group based in North Cornwall. Their performances combine traditional songs of the sea with more contemporary folk music and a large dash of humour.  The current members are: John & Jeremy Brown (brothers), John Lethbridge, Billy Hawkins, Jason Nicholas, Toby Lobb, John McDonnell, Pete Hicks and Jon Cleave.  In June 2014 Peter Rowe was the oldest member, at the age of 80.  In the original line-up, all of the members of the group "grew up within half a mile of Port Isaac harbour" except for John McDonnell who is a Yorkshireman. Three were fishermen, and the others are linked to the sea through service as coastguards or lifeboatmen.  In 2009 BBC Radio presenter Johnnie Walker was in Cornwall on holiday and happened to come across two of their home made CDs. Walker's manager, Ian Brown, then travelled to Port Isaac and was able to negotiate a recording contract worth £1 million for them with Universal Music Group who released their first commercial album the following year.  Jon Cleave is one of the MCs of the group and also the author/illustrator of the children's book series "Gully" as well as the full length, humorous novel "Nasty Pasty".  They sing the chorus on Show of Hands' popular song Cousin Jack on Show of Hands' "best of" CD "Roots", as well as on the title track.

Repertoire.

Their repertoire is extremely varied and includes both shanties and other nautical songs, some of which are fairly lewd. With the addition of Jason & Toby (accordion and guitar) the group have added more musical accompaniment to their set. Billy and Toby are both supported by Vintage Guitars and regularly use their instruments on stage.

Gigs.

They performed at the 2010 Cornbury music festival in Oxfordshire, the Glastonbury Festival on several occasions, typically on the Acoustic Stage, but on one occasion performing on the Pyramid Stage and the Cambridge Folk Festival. The band have also appeared at Towersey Festival, Wickham Festival, Beautiful days, Costa Del Folk, Shrewsbury Folk Festival, Tunes in the Dunes, Boardmasters and Celtic Connections. Due to being “semi-professional” the band do not tour extensively and will usually embark on 12-15 date tours in November and February/March. They also often perform in Port Isaac, regularly singing on the platt (beach) in the summer for charity.

Recordings.

The group had released three CDs themselves before signing with Universal. In 2002, under the name Port Isaac's 'Fishermen's Friends', they recorded an album, primarily to raise funds for the RNLI, which was released on the Clovelly Label, Catalogue Number CLCD12702. The album, entitled "Fishermen's Friends Are Home from the Sea", has 20 tracks and was recorded in St Peter's Church Port Isaac on the 26 and 27 April 2002. All the tracks are sung in the traditional a cappella style. The album was engineered by Bob Whitney and produced by John Perkins. Their first album with Universal, "Port Isaac's Fisherman's Friends", was recorded in St Kew Parish Church, Cornwall, and released in April 2010.  In 2010 they re-recorded their single, "No Hopers, Jokers or Rogues", with new lyrics, in support of England's World Cup campaign in South Africa.  A second album with Universal, "One and All", was released on 26 August 2013. The single "Mary Anne", taken from the album, was released on 25 June 2013.  In July 2015 the album "Proper Job" was released on the Sony Music label, in association with the St Austell Brewery, who brew a beer of the same name. This album also saw the first appearance of new member Toby Lobb.  2018 saw the release of "Sole Mates", an album produced by Giles Woolley and band member Toby Lobb. The band’s aim was to celebrate their history and create a simpler album that represented their live sound more accurately. "Sole Mates" was made up of tracks that the band had performed during their previous two tours and featured additional instrumentation from Phil Beer from Show of Hands and Emma Murfin from Cornwall-based folk act Black Velvet.

Television.

Gareth Malone's documentary on sea shanties, shown in May 2010 on BBC 4, included a contribution from the group. The Fisherman's Friends have also starred in an advert for fish company, Young's.  The band have appeared on BBC One’s ‘The One Show’ on two occasions, been the subject of an ITV1 documentary that charted their early success, a SKY ARTS documentary which featured their performance at the Celtic Connections festival, BBC’s Countryfile with John Craven and many local news items. 2018 also saw them feature in the Songs of Praise Christmas Special.

Feature film.

The producers of the hit film Fisherman's Friends bought the band’s life rights to be made into a feature film. The writers Nick Moorcroft, Meg Leonard and Piers Ashworth adapted their story for the screen. Principal photography commenced on 30 April 2018 for 5 weeks on location in Port Isaac and London. The film was released in cinemas nationwide in the UK on 15 March 2019, and was directed by Chris Foggin.  The film stars an ensemble cast headed by James Purefoy, Daniel Mays and Tuppence Middleton, with David Hayman, Dave Johns, Noel Clarke, Maggie Steed, Sam Swainsbury and Christian Brassington playing key supporting roles. The film is based around a largely fictional story of Danny, a music industry executive who signs them to a London record label and develops a relationship with one of the band's daughters, played by Middleton, and covers the period up to their first album release.  All members of the band have cameos in the film and Ashworth explained “the singing is a blend of the voices of the group themselves and of the actors.”  In May 2019 a sequel titled Fisherman’s Friends 2: Bound For South Australia was announced which will take them from performing at Glastonbury to struggling to put their second album together.

Awards.

At the 2011 BBC Radio 2 Folk Awards "The Fisherman's Friends" received "The Good Tradition Award" for keeping folk music alive and bringing it to new audiences.

Guildford incident.

On 9 February 2013 a heavy steel door fell while the G Live venue in Guildford was being prepared for a Fisherman's Friends show, killing their tour manager Paul McMullen. Singer Trevor Grills was knocked to the floor and suffered serious head injuries, and died in hospital two days later. Following an investigation into the tragedy the company supplying the steel door, Express Hi-Fold Doors, was fined £30,000 for breaching health and safety regulations but the company director was cleared of manslaughter and gross negligence.

Discography.

Albums.

"Home From the Sea", released 2002 on Clovelly record label CLCD12702.

The Fisherman's Friends are a male singing group from Port Isaac, Cornwall, who sing sea shanties. They have been performing locally since 1995, and signed a record deal with Universal Music in March 2010. Whilst essentially an a cappella group, their studio recordings and live performances now often include traditional simple instrumentation.

Die Fisherman’s Friends sind ein Shanty-Chor aus dem Dorf Port Isaac in Cornwall. Der gleichnamige Kinofilm aus dem Jahr 2019 zeichnet ihre Geschichte nach.


History.

Founded in the late 1990s by songwriter Wade Schuman (vocals and harmonica, occasional guitar and other instruments), the band in their formative years also featured mainstays Joe Daley (tuba, sousaphone) and Randy Weinstein (harmonica). Other personnel varied considerably, including not only performers on guitar, drums and sax but also exotic oddities like cimbalom and bass marimba.  Their debut album was recorded over a five-year span and earned positive critical notice. Hazmat Modine was featured on the National Public Radio program "All Things Considered" on October 25, 2006, and on the Australian Broadcasting Corporation program "The Daily Planet" on May 29, 2006.  Their second Hazmat Modine album featured a more stable lineup, though Weinstein has parted ways with the band.  In 2013 Wade Schuman enlisted his friend Erik Della Penna to join the band as a guitarist, co-vocalist and songwriter. Schuman wanted the band to evolve into one that had more vocal harmonies, he was becoming more interested in the long tradition of American songwriting by the likes of Irving Berlin, Fats Waller, Doc Pomus, Hays & Porter. A live album followed in 2014, and a studio album in 2015.  Hazmat Modine has collaborated with Huun-Huur-Tu and Alash, both bands a from Kyzl Tuva in Central Asia. Also, Natalie Merchant, Kronos Quartet, Gangbe Brass Band from Benin, and Balla Kouyate from Mali

Critical reception.

The band's first album, titled "Bahamut" and released on the Geckophonic label, peaked at #12 on "Billboard"'s "Top Blues Albums" chart.  Reviewing the album for Allmusic, Jeff Tamarkin gave it four stars out of a possible five, and termed it a "stunning debut". Tamarkin praised the band for successfully fusing styles as disparate as blues, jazz, calypso, and ska into "music that sounds at once ageless and primeval, authentically indigenous and inexplicably otherworldly, familiar and unlike anything else." He also praised the group for making "listener-friendly music" that doesn't "require a degree in ethnomusicology to enjoy".  Pitchfork Media reviewer Joe Tangari gave the album's track "Everybody Loves You", a collaboration with Tuvan throat singers Huun-Huur-Tu, a four-star review. Characterizing it as "generalized roots music that takes from pretty much any roots it sees fit," he praised it as "true world music, weird and wonderful to the last note."

Hazmat Modine is a musical group based in New York City and led by singer/songwriter and multi-instrumentalist Wade Schuman. Their music is rooted in blues and also touches on folk, jazz and World music. The most recent lineup of the band circa 2015 features harmonica, tuba, trumpet, saxophone, drums and two guitars, as well as solo and harmony vocals.

Hazmat Modine ist eine US-amerikanische Blues- und Rootsmusik-Band aus New York, die 1998 von Wade Schuman und Randy Weinstein gegründet wurde und seit 2006 größere Bekanntheit erlangte. Durch die Verbindung verschiedener Musikstile wie Blues, Rocksteady, Calypso und Klezmer und zahlreiche Live-Auftritte in Nordamerika, Europa und Asien hat die Band sich einen Namen im Weltmusik-Genre gemacht.


Background and production.

In 2002, frontman Dave Mustaine announced that he was disbanding Megadeth due to an arm injury that rendered him unable to play guitar. In a statement published on April 3, 2002, he stated that doctors expected that it would take about a year before he would recover from the injury. However, it was uncertain as to how complete of a recovery it would be. Mustaine stated his hopes to regain the ability to play guitar. He subsequently recovered following months of physical therapy.  The album was recorded at Oceanway and Emerald Entertainment in Nashville, Tennessee and at Phase Four Studios in Tempe, Arizona. In a promotional statement from Megadeth's then-label Sanctuary Records, Mustaine clarified that recording the album had been "liberating", due to having more control over the record than he had had since the first two Megadeth records. Mustaine also noted that he initially took a casual approach to the album, starting out working three hours a night, four days a week.  Originally intended to be a solo album by Mustaine, the record was re-branded with the Megadeth name as a result of contractual obligations owed to Mustaine's publishing company. Mustaine co-produced the record with Jeff Balding, who had previously engineered "Cryptic Writings" and "Risk". Upon restarting Megadeth, Mustaine contacted bassist and founding member David Ellefson about resuming bass guitar duties for the band. Those efforts were ultimately fruitless, however. Ellefson claimed that Mustaine was not financially willing to pick up "where it was when [the band] broke up" and did not return to Megadeth.

Artwork.

The cover art was designed by Mike Learn, and features Vic Rattlehead at a podium in front of the United States Supreme Court building selling a not-guilty verdict to then U.S. President George W. Bush. Saluting is Hillary Clinton, next to former President Bill Clinton. Behind President Bush, Vice President Dick Cheney holds a briefcase labeled "plan B". Behind Cheney are several other Bush Administration officials: then National Security Advisor (and later Secretary of State) Condoleezza Rice, Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld, and Attorney General John Ashcroft. The $100 bills on the cover depict Vic Rattlehead's face rather than the one of Benjamin Franklin.

Release and promotion.

"The System Has Failed" was released on September 14, 2004 through Sanctuary Records. Three days previously, on September 11, the album was made available for streaming on the VH1 website. The album debuted at number 18 on the "Billboard" 200, with 46,000 units sold in its first week. By December 2007, "The System Has Failed" had sold 196,000 copies in the United States. In addition, the album had managed to chart in the top 20 in several other countries, including Canada, Finland, and Sweden.  Still needing a band with whom to tour, Mustaine hired longtime drummer Nick Menza, and newcomers James MacDonough (bass) and Glen Drover (guitar). However, just five days before the start of the tour, Menza was sent home. His place was filled by Shawn Drover, brother of then-recently hired guitarist Glen Drover. The album's promotional tour, the "Blackmail the Universe Tour", launched on October 23, 2004 in Reno, Nevada and featured Earshot as a supporting act. This tour would also spawn the "" double live album, released in 2007.  Two music videos were also made to help promote the album. The first was "Die Dead Enough", which was directed by Thomas Mignone. "Of Mice and Men" was selected as the second video from the album. In this video, the then-new Megadeth lineup is shown performing. The majority of the video was filmed on January 20, 2005 in Los Angeles. Many fans turned up to be in the video through a contest held by Sanctuary Records. A third video was made for "Back in the Day" in 2005, but was unreleased until September 15, 2014, to celebrate ten years since the album's release. "Back in the Day" was also featured in an episode of the "Duck Dodgers" TV series. The episode which the song was featured in, "In Space, No One Can Hear You Rock", aired on November 4, 2005, after having been delayed a week.  A remastered version of "The System Has Failed", along with "The World Needs A Hero", was re-issued on CD, vinyl, and digital download on February 15, 2019.

Songs.

"Die Dead Enough" was the lead single from "The System Has Failed". Mustaine wrote it when he was asked to write a song for the movie "", but the proposed budget for recording was too low and the deal fell through. Later on, the song was supposed to be featured in the film "Saw", but ultimately was not for undisclosed reasons. This was later followed by the release of "Of Mice and Men". Additionally, "Kick the Chair" was released as a free promotional download via Megadeth's website in May 2004, several months prior to the album's release. This version of the song was described by Mustaine as being a final mix, but not the master that would appear on the record. "Tears in a Vial" was written by Mustaine shortly after Megadeth disbanded in 2002 about a decision to trade success for happiness. The next track on the album, "I Know Jack", is an instrumental featuring a sample of Texas Senator Lloyd Bentsen's famous response to Indiana Senator Dan Quayle during a 1988 vice-presidential debate. "Shadow of Deth" consists of Mustaine reciting Psalm 23. The Latin phrase heard at the beginning of the track, "Auxilium meum a Domino," translates to "My help comes from the Lord."

Critical reception.

"The System Has Failed" has received mainly positive reviews from critics, with some of them describing the album as a return to form. AllMusic's Jason Birchmeier commented that Megadeth hasn't sounded this vital since "Countdown to Extinction", and called the album "damn near perfect". "Brave Words & Bloody Knuckles" reviewer Martin Popoff described the album as a mix of several previous records, and praised a number of the album's tracks. Popoff acknowledged the fact that Mustaine only used hired session players on the album was the album's only low point. Jeff Kerby of KNAC gave a positive, if at times slightly sarcastic review, as well as a detailed track-by-track commentary. David E. Gehlke of "Blistering" said despite that Mustaine's best days were behind him, this record comes across as a "warm return"; although the album fails to recapture past glory, it succeeds in being a solid, reliable metal album. In addition, Gehlke noted that Mustaine's vocals were "as strong as ever", but panned the album for the lack of any "thrash burners". Neil Arnold of "Metal Forces" had a slightly different opinion, and credited this album for putting Megadeth "back on track". He praised the album artwork, which reminded him of the 80's style of graphics. Another positive review was posted on "Entertainment Weekly". Reviewer Nancy Miller called "The System Has Failed" Megadeth's best since 1990's "Rust in Peace" and praised Mustaine's collaboration with Poland, calling the result "Righteous!"  In spite of a largely positive reception, not all reaction was completely positive. Tom Day of musicOMH had a mixed reaction to the album. Day called "Die Dead Enough" a "slice of classic 'Deth", while noting its slightly more mainstream sound. Later in his review, however, he noted that with "Shadow of Deth", it seemed that Mustaine had run out of ideas. Nick Lancaster from Drowned in Sound also reacted unenthusiastically towards the album, saying it was a "severe case of "St. Anger" syndrome". However, he added there were "occasional moments of the old magic, but they're few and far between".

Personnel.

Production and performance credits are adapted from the album liner notes.

The System Has Failed is the tenth studio album by American heavy metal band Megadeth, released on September 14, 2004. It was the band's second and final studio album to be distributed by Sanctuary Records. "The System Has Failed" was the first album to be released after Mustaine recovered from his arm injury sustained in 2002 which prevented him from playing guitar. It is also the first of three Megadeth records not to include original bassist and co-founder David Ellefson. Instead, the album features session players, including former Megadeth guitarist Chris Poland on lead guitar. However, Poland only provided lead guitar parts and solos on a contractual basis and did not rejoin the band. To date, it is the only Megadeth album where the only certified member of the band was Mustaine. As a result, it is occasionally referred to as a Mustaine solo album.

The System Has Failed (engl. für: „"Das System hat versagt"“) ist das zehnte Studioalbum der amerikanischen Metal-Band Megadeth. Es erschien im September 2004 bei Sanctuary Records und war das erste nach der zwischenzeitlichen Bandauflösung 2002, sowie das erste ohne Bassist Dave Ellefson. Anstelle von Gitarrist Al Pitrelli war Chris Poland zurückgekehrt. Musikalisch in eine ähnliche Richtung des Heavy Metal mit leichten Thrash- und Speed-Einflüssen tendierend wie der Vorgänger "The World Needs a Hero", erhielt es zumeist bessere Kritiken.


History.

Agvan Dorzhiev, or Agvaandorj, a Khory Buryat, developed the script in 1905 with the assistance of Tseveen Jamsrano as a means to cultural unification of the Buryats, naming it "Vagindra" for the Sanskrit version of his name. He based it primarily on the Classical Mongol script, expressing the hope that it would also help Buryats to read materials in the old script. Approximately ten books and pamphlets were published in the script until 1910, using a hybrid dialect primarily based on Western Buryat, but it was not used after that; there was discussion in 1917 of reviving it for use in native schools, but Classical Mongol was thought more likely to foster Mongol unity. Dorzhiev himself apparently lost interest in the project, and neither mentions it nor uses it in his autobiography. It was opposed by Mikhail Bogdanov, who advocated rapid assimilation through Russian, and it has been suggested that the hybrid language used presented problems for readers, although evidence suggests otherwise. Probably most importantly, the Tsarist government perceived Mongolian unification, and hence the Vagindra script, as a political threat and exiled some of its proponents.

Description.

The script is derived primarily from Classical Mongol on the analogy of the Clear script, and like it is written vertically. The version published by Nicolai Amagaev and "Alamzhi-Mergen" (Rinchingiin Elbegdorj) in 1910 consists of 7 vowels and 21 consonants. Diacritics are used to indicate long vowels (a vertical line), palatization (a circle), and letters for use in rendering Russian (a dot), including a letter representing the historical Russian double consonant /ʃt͡ʃ/ (corresponding to Cyrillic Щ). The alphabet can therefore also be represented as having 36 letters including 8 vowels. Unlike Classical Mongol, the letter forms are invariant regardless of position in the word, being based on the medial forms in Classical Mongol, with the exception of "a", which is based on the Uighur script and has a reduced form in medial and final position.

The Vagindra script (also spelled Vaghintara) is an alphabetic script for the Buryat language developed by Agvan Dorzhiev in the first decade of the 20th century. It was used only briefly.

Die Vagindra-Schrift (auch: Vaghintara-Schrift) ist eine der zahlreichen mongolischen Schriften. Sie wurde 1905 von dem burjatischen Lama Agvaan Lchaaramba – auch Agvaan Doržijev, Agvaandorž, Agvaanchamba, burjatischer Khanèjen Agvaan oder auch Vagindra – geschaffen und eben nach dieser letzten Namensvariante benannt. Es handelt sich um den zweiten grundlegenden Versuch einer Weiterentwicklung der klassischen mongolischen Schrift.


Geography.

Janjevo is described as a village or small town, located in Lipljan municipality, by Gornja Gušterica and Teče.

History.

Middle Ages.

Janjevo was first mentioned in 1303. Although only a Catholic parish is mentioned, and no information on mining activity, it is assumed that the Catholic community in fact drew from miners, gathered in such numbers to constitute a parish. Whether these Catholics were Ragusans or Saxons is unknown; with the opening of mines in medieval Serbia, Saxons ("Sasi") are mentioned as mining specialists; although they are not mentioned as inhabiting Janjevo, they most likely did, as the settlement Šaškovac located less than 1 km from Janjevo points to. In 1346, the Pope sent a letter to Stefan Dušan regarding churches that belonged to the Diocese of Kotor, in which Janjevo is mentioned.  In the first half of the 15th century, when the area was still part of a Serbian state, a Ragusan colony appeared in Janjevo. At this time, Janjevo, along with Novo Brdo and Trepča, were the most important mines in Serbia. Out of 15 manholes only two produced qualitative ore. From 1455 a coin mint was active in Janjevo. The local Catholic church, dedicated to St. Nicholas, was built in the 15th century. In a tablet dating to 1425, Stephanus Marci, a priest of the Janjevo parish, is mentioned. In 1441, priest Andreas was the head of the Janjevo parish, based in that church. The population of this Catholic parish of Janjevo were mainly members of a Ragusan colony (to which Andreas also belonged). Janjevo most likely fell to the Ottoman Empire after the Ottoman conquest of Novo Brdo (1455).

Ottoman period.

In 1530–31 there were six Christian and one Muslim neighbourhoods ("mahala") in Janjevo. In 1569–70 it became an imperial estate with revenue ("hass"). There were at that time seven neighbourhoods. Marino Bizzi (1570–1624), the Archbishop of Bar, listed 120 Latin (Catholic), 200 schismatic (Orthodox), and 180 Turkish (Muslim) homes, during his journey in Ottoman Serbia in 1610.  According to local tradition, the population moved to its present location from "Old Janjevo" (located between the hills of Borelina and Surnjevica) in 1630 due to Albanian "zulum" (injustice).  One of the first schools in the history of Kosovo opened in Janjevo in 1665 and is still in use today.

Contemporary.

In 1922, Henry Baerlein noted that the Austrians had for thirty years tried to albanianize the Janjevo population. In 1997, the Croatian government began resettling declared Croats from the village to Kistanje in Croatia. During the Kosovo War (1998–99), the Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA) attacked the village. As of 2011, only 270 out of the pre-war 1500 Croats remain in the village.

Population.

The population of Janjevci has decreased since the 1970s. Since 1971, the Janjevci have immigrated from Janjevo to Zagreb and Kistanje, causing a decline in the population of the Janjevci. There is a Catholic church (St. Nikola) located in the town about 100 meters from the main mosque.

Anthropology.

In the Middle Ages, Ragusans and likely Saxons ("Sasi") inhabited the village. The inhabitants of Janjevo have in the past called themselves and been called "Latins" (). Anthropologist A. Urošević noted during field study, published in 1935, that many Janjevans lacked national consciousness. They spoke a Kosovan dialect, as the Serbs, but called it Janjevan. As the Serbs, they had family feast days ("slava").  In 1991, the most numerous families were the Palić (Matić and Rucić), Glasnović (Tomkić and Topalović), Ćibarić, Berišić (Ancić, Mazarekić and Golomejić), Macukić, and Cirimotić.

Demographics.

According to the 2011 census, there was a total number of 2137 inhabitants. Albanians numbered 1586, Croatians - 270, Roma - 177, Turks - 118, Ashkali - 11, Bosniaks - 5, Unknown - 4, Serbs - 1, Undeclared - 1.

Janjevo (in Serbian and Croatian) or Janjevë (in Albanian) is a village or small town in the Lipljan municipality in eastern Kosovo.

Janjeva (, ) ist eine Ortschaft im Osten des Kosovo. Janjeva liegt etwa zehn Kilometer südöstlich der Hauptstadt Pristina und gehört zur Gemeinde Lipjan.


History.

Founding.

The city dates its founding to the period between 1831 and 1837, following the Indian Removal Act, when Erastus Gary laid claim to of land near present-day Warrenville. The Wheaton brothers arrived from Connecticut, and in 1837, Warren L. Wheaton laid claim to of land in the center of town. Jesse Wheaton later made claim to of land just west of Warren's. It was not long before other settlers from New England joined them in the community. In 1848, they gave the Galena and Chicago Union Railroad three miles (5 km) of right-of-way, upon which railroad officials named the depot Wheaton. In 1850, ten blocks of land were platted and anyone who was willing to build immediately was granted free land. In 1853, the lots were surveyed and a formal plat for the community was filed with the county. The community was then incorporated as a village on February 24, 1859, with Warren serving as its first President. The village was later incorporated as a city on April 24, 1890, when the first mayor of the city was selected, Judge Elbert Gary, son of Erastus Gary and founder of Gary, Indiana.

Establishment as county seat.

In 1857, the Illinois state legislature authorized an election to be held to decide the question of whether the DuPage county seat should remain in Naperville or be moved to the more centrally located Wheaton, which was on the Galena and Chicago Union Railroad. Naperville won the election by a vote of 1,542 to 762. Hostility between the two towns continued for the next decade and another election was held in 1867, in which Wheaton narrowly won by a vote of 1,686 to 1,635. At a cost of $20,000, the City of Wheaton quickly built a courthouse to house a courtroom, county offices, and a county jail. The building was dedicated on July 4, 1868.  However, animosity between the two towns continued, and in 1868, as records were moved from the old Naperville courthouse to the new one in Wheaton, Naperville refused to turn over the remaining county records, prompting a band of Civil War veterans from Wheaton to conduct what came to be known as the "Midnight Raid" on the Naperville courthouse. As Wheatonites fled back on Wheaton-Naperville Road, Napervillians were able to secure some of the last remaining records, which were then taken to the Cook County Recorder in Chicago for safekeeping. During this time, Naperville was mounting a lawsuit against Wheaton accusing election judges of leaving their posts for lunch during the vote when duplicate ballot stuffing allegedly occurred. As the courts deliberated the fate of the county seat, the records were destroyed in the Great Chicago Fire of 1871. Shortly thereafter, Wheaton was officially proclaimed the county seat.  As demand for space increased, the courthouse was rebuilt in 1887 at a cost of $69,390, modeled after the courthouse in Aledo. This structure was used for the next 94 years until the county's rapid growth prompted the building of a brand new complex. The old courthouse is listed on the National Register of Historic Places, and was formerly used by National Louis University until National Louis moved to Lisle in 2004. It is currently being developed into luxury condominiums.  On November 2, 1990, the courthouse moved to a building about two miles (3 km) west in a new complex at the corner of County Farm Road and Manchester Road. It was built at a cost of $52,500,000 and includes a judicial building. In 1992, the county sued the architect and contractor for $4 million after several employees became ill from the ventilation system. In the end, however, the county received only $120,000 for minor repairs and the jury sided with the defendants, finding that the alleged problems were caused, primarily, by the county's negligent operation and maintenance of the ventilation system.

Expansion.

Wheaton has rapidly expanded since the 1950s, although population growth has slowed since the early 1990s, as the city has become increasingly landlocked. Downtown lost much business after the county courthouse facility moved two miles (3 km) west in 1990, but in the decade since, the downtown has seen a renaissance of sorts, with the creation of several significant condominium and business developments. One of the most recognizable landmarks of the city is Wheaton Center, a 758-unit apartment complex on in downtown Wheaton. The six building complex includes two twenty-story high-rise buildings built in 1975.  In 1887, Wheaton prohibited the sale of alcoholic beverages, a ban which lasted until 1985 and applied to all supermarkets, convenience stores, restaurants, and other establishments.

Geography.

Wheaton is located at (41.8560218, −88.1083010).  According to the 2010 census, Wheaton has a total area of, of which (or 98.37%) is land and (or 1.63%) is water.  Wheaton is the sister city of Karlskoga, Sweden. Karlskoga Street, located along the southern edge of Memorial Park in downtown Wheaton, is named after the Swedish City.

Demographics.

As of the census of 2000, there were 55,416 people, 19,377 households and 13,718 families residing in the city. The population density was 4,938.5 people per square mile (1,907/km2). There were 19,881 housing units at an average density of 1,771.7 per square mile (684.1/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 89.85% White, 4.85% Asian, 2.82% African American, 0.11% Native American, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 1.03% from other races, and 1.31% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 3.65% of the population.  There were 19,377 households of which 36.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 61.4% were married couples living together, 7.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.2% were non-families. 24.5% of all households were made up of individuals and 7.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.64 and the average family size was 3.20.  In the city, the population was spread out with 26.2% under the age of 18, 10.5% from 18 to 24, 28.8% from 25 to 44, 23.4% from 45 to 64, and 11.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.0 males.  According to the 2005–2009 American Community Survey, the median household income was $85,257, and the median family income was $107,763. Males had a median income of $81,515 versus $47,739 for females. The per capita income for the city was $41,353. About 3.3% of families and 4.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 4.7% of those under the age of 18 and 7.4% of those ages 65 and older.  In August 2010, the city was listed among the "Top 25 Highest Earning Towns" on CNNMoney, purporting a median family income of $113,517, and a median home price of $328,866, based on 2009 figures.

Education.

Higher education.

Wheaton College is located just east of downtown Wheaton. Sometimes referred to as "The Harvard of Evangelical schools", Wheaton College is known for being an interdenominational destination school for devout Christian students seeking an elite liberal arts education.  Wheaton's campus features the Billy Graham Center, named for the college's most famous alumnus, which contains a museum dedicated to both the history of American evangelism and the international ministry of Billy Graham. It features conceptual exhibits intended to convey Christian ideas. Wheaton College is also home to the Todd M. Beamer Student Center, which was dedicated in 2004 to the memory of Todd Beamer, a hero from United Airlines Flight 93, and two other Wheaton alumni who died in the September 11 attacks.  The Daniel F. and Ada L. Rice Campus of the Illinois Institute of Technology is also located in Wheaton, and is home to the School of Applied Technology and offers technology-oriented education and training for working professionals.  College of DuPage, with facilities in several towns adjacent to Wheaton, serves community college students in Illinois' Community College District 502.

Private schools.

Several of the private schools in Wheaton are located near the town center; in addition, St. Francis High School is on the far west side of town. Wheaton Academy moved to West Chicago in 1945.

Public schools.

Most of Wheaton is part of Community Unit School District 200. The Wheaton public school system is regularly listed among the finest in the United States. A few families in the northeast corner of Wheaton reside in Glen Ellyn School District 41, and one elementary school that is located in the southeastern part of Wheaton, Briar Glen Elementary School, is part of Glen Ellyn Community Consolidated School District 89.

Public library.

The Wheaton Public Library is frequently ranked as one of the top ten libraries in the nation compared to other libraries serving similarly sized populations. In 2006, a three-story addition was added, followed by significant renovations which were completed in 2007, to bring the square footage up from 74,000 to 124,000. As of 2016, the total circulation is 389,566 books, 3,200 e-books, 36,621 audio materials, 22,393 video materials, 43 local licensed databases, 17 state licensed databases, 1 other licensed databases, 475 print serial subscriptions, and 15 electronic serial subscriptions. The previous public library was converted to the DuPage County Historical Museum.  In May 2016, the library opened Café on the Park, a small restaurant located just inside the Wheaton Public Library's park-side (west) entrance.

Health care.

Established in 1972 by the Wheaton Franciscan Sisters, Marianjoy Rehabilitation Hospital and Clinics is a rehabilitation hospital located on the west side of Wheaton on Roosevelt Road, one half mile south of the DuPage County Government Center, and operated by Northwestern Medicine since 2016. Marianjoy is a nonprofit hospital dedicated to the delivery of physical medicine and rehabilitation, with 127 beds.

Leisure and recreation.

Fairgrounds.

Wheaton is home to the DuPage County Fairgrounds. Organized in 1954, the DuPage County Fair Association hosts the annual DuPage County Fair in late July. The fair annually attracts major entertainers, such as Ashlee Simpson, Plain White T's (2007), Travis Tritt, Jesse McCartney, Jars of Clay, Corbin Bleu (2008), The Academy Is..., The Original Wailers (2009), and Danny Gokey (2010).

Shopping.

Wheaton boasts a vibrant downtown with many restaurants, shops and services. The Downtown Wheaton Association hosts many events throughout the year to promote local businesses including The French Market, The Chili Cookoff, Vintage Rides, Boo-palooza (Downtown Wheaton Trick-or-Treat), A Dickens of a Christmas, Wheaton Wedding Walk and Wheaton's Wine & Cultural Arts Festival.  Downtown Wheaton is home to perhaps one of the narrowest stores in the Chicago area. The Little Popcorn Store on Front Street was formerly an alley between two buildings, and features the exposed brick walls of its neighbors. The store has been around since the 1920s and sells candy for as little as 2¢ apiece, and fresh popcorn.  Danada Square West and Danada Square East, named after Dan and Ada Rice, are located on the north side of Illinois Route 56 (Butterfield Road), on the west and east side of Naperville Road. The flagship stores in Danada Square West include Jewel-Osco, TJ Maxx, and Chili's Bar & Grill. The flagship stores in Danada Square East include Whole Foods Market, Starbucks, Petco, KFC, and PNC Bank. The bankruptcy of Dominick's Grocery Stores left the largest storefront space in the Danada Square East complex vacant in late 2013; the space was taken by Whole Foods Market in January 2017.  Rice Lake Square, another shopping center, is located next to Danada Square East Shopping Center on the north side of Illinois Route 56 (Butterfield Road). The flagship stores in Rice Lake Square include Stein Mart, PetSmart, and Sports Authority. As of June 2012 a brand new movie theater was opened as well. Studio Movie Grill, a nine screen movie theater, offers restaurant style food at patrons' seats.  The Town Square Shopping Center is located on Naperville Road, two miles (3 km) North of I-88 & one mile (1.6 km) South of Roosevelt Road in Wheaton. This outdoor mall features clothing boutiques and restaurants such as Banana Republic, Express, Francesca's Collections, Gap, L'anne Restaurant, Lenscrafters, Noodles & Company, Nothing Bundt Cakes, The Perfect Thing, Starbucks, and Victoria's Secret.  According to the Downtown Wheaton business association website, 16 new businesses opened in Wheaton in 2014.

Theater.

Wheaton is also home to the historic Grand Theater, built in 1925. In recent years, the theater and volunteers undertook a restoration to its original state, complete with a lighted dome ceiling dotted with stars, and a newly painted floor. It celebrated its grand reopening on May 11, 2002, and on August 25, 2005, the theater was placed on the National Register of Historic Places. There was a sense of growing pessimism that the theater would ever be restored, due to lack of progress and funds. However, there was cause for hope when on January 23, 2010, when many cast members of the off-Broadway show "Jersey Boys" raised approximately $50,000 for restoration.  On July 10, 2010, the Grand Theater Corp. surrendered the deed to the building, to Suburban Bank and Trust Co, due in part to being delinquent on a $800,000 loan, carried by Suburban Bank and Trust Co.  On November 30, 2012, Jim Atten bought the building, intending to reopen it soon. Since then he has been repairing the property and leading the effort to remove temporary structures within the theater. He has worked closely with an architect and the city staff as the effort progresses. According to the "Daily Herald" newspaper, it will take an estimated $5 million to get the theater up and running again.

Government.

In the United States House of Representatives, Wheaton is located in Illinois's 6th congressional district, which is held by Democrat Sean Casten.

Religious institutions.

Known as one of Chicago's most conservative suburbs, Wheaton has forty-five churches located within city limits and an additional thirty places of worship in the outlying unincorporated areas, representing nearly forty religious denominations. The Genus Edition of "Trivial Pursuit" states that Wheaton has the "second most churches per capita in America."  Built in 1926, the national headquarters of the Theosophical Society in America is located on a estate on the north side of Wheaton.  Wheaton is also the North American headquarters for the Institute of the Blessed Virgin Mary, which moved into its new home in June 1946.  On March 18, 2002, St. Michael Catholic Church in downtown Wheaton was destroyed by arson by a Wheaton resident and parishioner, Adam Palinski, now serving 39 years in prison. He lost his appeal, but still maintains his innocence. The church has since been rebuilt at a cost of $13 million,and reopened on March 18, 2006.  Islamic Center of Wheaton (ICW) became the first mosque in Wheaton in September 2013.

Transportation.

Rail.

The Union Pacific / West Line runs through downtown Wheaton and has been a staple of Wheaton since its founding. Metra has two stops along the line in Wheaton, one at College Avenue serving Wheaton College, and another at West Street in the heart of downtown Wheaton. It passes under a bridge just west of downtown, and over County Farm Road, just north of the DuPage County Government Complex.  Formerly, Wheaton was also served by the Chicago Aurora and Elgin Railroad. The CA&E right-of-way now constitutes the Illinois Prairie Path.

Highways.

Wheaton Provides Access To 2 Interstate Highways:  ▪I-355(Veterans Memorial Tollway),Full Access To 355 can Be found at North Ave,Roosevelt Rd,or Butterfield Rd  ▪I-88(Regan Memorial Tollway),Full Access To 88 can be found at Naperville Rd/Freedom Dr or Winfield Rd just west of the city  Two Illinois State Routes run east–west through Wheaton:  ▪Illinois Route 64, IL RT 64 also known as North Ave, is an east–west route that runs just north of Wheaton city limits. Access to North Ave from Wheaton can be from County Farm Rd, Gary Ave, or Main St (turns into Schmale Rd at Geneva Rd). North Ave is a very busy highway-type road because it connects to Interstates such as I-355, I-294, and I-290.  Other roads include:

Albion is a city in and the county seat of Edwards County, Illinois, United States. The population was 1,988 at the 2010 census. The city was named "Albion" after an ancient and poetic reference to the island of Great Britain.

Albion ist eine Kleinstadt und Verwaltungssitz des Edwards County im Südosten des US-amerikanischen Bundesstaates Illinois. Im Jahre 2000 hatte Albion 1.933 Einwohner.


Career.

Formula BMW.

After previously competing in karting, Smith was awarded a Formula BMW scholarship in 2004, finishing 15th in the Formula BMW UK championship. He took three wins on his way to winning the championship in 2005.

Formula Renault.

Smith moved up to the British Formula Renault Championship in 2006, finishing 9th in the overall standings. In 2007, he finished as runner-up to Fortec Motorsport teammate Duncan Tappy. He made the move to the Eurocup Formula Renault 2.0 in 2008 for Fortec, but finished down in 17th place. Smith finished 2008 by scoring two fourth-placed finishes on his British Formula 3 debut with Fortec. A lack of funds prevented him from a full F3 campaign in 2009, meaning he moved to the Porsche Carrera Cup. He was then given the opportunity to join British Formula Renault team Manor Competition, and took seven victories on his way to winning the title, despite missing the opening round of the championship at Brands Hatch due to him competing in the supporting Porsche races at the circuit. He also took second place in the final race of the Eurocup season at the brand-new Ciudad del Motor de Aragón circuit in Spain.  In December 2009 he was awarded the prestigious McLaren Autosport BRDC Award. As part of the prize he will test a McLaren Formula One car.

GP3 Series.

Smith will race in the new GP3 Series in 2010, with Carlin, after securing support from the Racing Steps Foundation.

Dean Smith (born 22 March 1988 in Wolverhampton, West Midlands) is a British racing driver, who was the 2009 champion of the British Formula Renault Championship and winner of that year's McLaren Autosport BRDC Award.

Dean Smith (* 2. März 1988 in Stourbridge) ist ein britischer Rennfahrer. Er trat 2010 und 2011 in der GP3-Serie an.


Design.

Designed by Edmund W. Burke, the Prince Edward Viaduct is a three hinged concrete-steel arch bridge with a total span of 494 metres (1,620 feet), at 40 metres (131 feet) above the Don Valley. The bridge consists of a deck made of transverse beams and I-girders, which transfer load to column supports. The column supports then transfer the load to the trusses within the arches, which transfer the load to the arches themselves. Finally, the arches transfer their load through large hinges to a concrete pier and eventually to the ground. Steel was provided by Dominion Bridge Company.  In addition to the Don River, the Don Valley Parkway, and Bayview Avenue, two railway lines, an electrical transmission line and a bicycle trail all pass under the bridge spans.

History.

Referenda on the construction of the Prince Edward Viaduct were held in Toronto in every year from 1910 to 1913, with residents voting against its construction in 1912 by 59 votes and in favour in 1913 by 9236 votes. The projected cost of its construction increased from in 1910 to in 1913; its final cost was ($ in dollars). Upon its completion in 1918, it was named for Prince Edward, Prince of Wales (later King Edward VIII). The viaduct was designed to facilitate mass transit; its upper deck accommodated streetcars, while both the Don Valley phase and the Rosedale Valley phase included a lower deck for rail transport, controversial at the time because of its high additional cost. The bridge's designer and the commissioner of public works, R.C. Harris, were able to have their way and the lower deck eventually proved to save millions of dollars when the Toronto Transit Commission's Bloor–Danforth subway opened in 1966. The Rosedale Valley phase was not used for the subway, as the curve between each phase, as well as the curve to the west at Parliament Street, was considered too sharp for the subway. For this reason, a separate concrete bridge was built over the Rosedale Valley, just west of Castle Frank station.  The Prince Edward Viaduct resulted in more rapid development of those portions of Toronto lying on the east side of the Don Valley.

Luminous Veil.

Over time, the Prince Edward Viaduct became a magnet for suicide, falling bodies posing risk to the traffic underneath. With nearly 500 suicides by 2003, the viaduct ranked as the most fatal standing structure in Canada and the second most in North America, after the Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco. At its peak in 1997, the suicide rate averaged one person every 22 days. In 1957, a child also climbed onto the railing and fell accidentally while walking along it.  The suicides and safety risks prompted the construction of a barrier in 2003, though it was first approved by Toronto City Council in 1998 and delayed because of concerns about funding; during that time, the viaduct was the site of an estimated 48 to 60 suicides. The council originally approved a budget. However, the minimum bid for construction was. Council eventually endorsed a fundraising campaign to raise the remainder of the money. Construction was completed in 2003 at the cost of, with coming from taxpayers.  The barrier was called the "Luminous Veil". Designed by architect Dereck Revington and engineers at Halcrow Yolles and completed in 2003, the Luminous Veil consists of over 9,000 steel rods, apart and high, stretched to cantilevered girders. The tensile structure was difficult to analyze and required several tests at the University of Toronto. Initially, cost prohibited the planned lighting to be installed on the top horizontal member. The lighting installation was completed in July 2015. The Luminous Veil received in 1999 a Canadian Architect Award of Excellence.  A 2010 study found that though the barrier prevented suicide attempts from the Viaduct, overall rates of suicide by jumping for the city of Toronto have not changed since its construction. However, a 2017 study with the same lead author found that "over the long term, suicide-by-jumping declined in Toronto after the barrier with no associated increase in suicide by other means". During construction of the barrier in 2002 a man opted to jump off from the Leaside Bridge and others have opted to jump in front of subway trains instead.

The Prince Edward Viaduct System, commonly referred to as the Bloor Viaduct, is the name of a truss arch bridge system in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, connecting Bloor Street East, on the west side of the system, with Danforth Avenue on the east. The system includes the Rosedale Valley phase (a smaller structure, referred to as the Rosedale Valley Bridge, carrying Bloor Street over the Rosedale Ravine) and the Sherbourne Phase, an embankment built to extend Bloor Street East to the Rosedale Ravine from Sherbourne Street. The Don Valley phase of the system, the most recognizable, spans the Don River Valley, crossing over (from west to east) the Bayview Avenue Extension, the Don River, and the Don Valley Parkway.

Der Prince Edward Viaduct (auch "Bloor Street Viaduct" genannt) ist eine doppelstöckige Bogenbrücke in der kanadischen Stadt Toronto. Sie überquert östlich des Stadtzentrums den Don River und verbindet die Bloor Street mit der Danforth Avenue, zwei der bedeutendsten West-Ost-Hauptverkehrsachsen der Stadt. Die obere Ebene der 494 Meter langen Brücke trägt fünf Fahrbahnen, auf der unteren verläuft die Bloor-Danforth-Linie der Toronto Subway.


Ptolemy.

The only reliable historical reference to the Novantae is from the "Geography" of Ptolemy in c. 150, where he gives their homeland and primary towns. They are found in no other source.  They are unique among the peoples that Ptolemy names in that their location is reliably known due to the way he named several readily identifiable physical features. His "Novantarum Cheronesus" is the Rhins of Galloway, and his "Novantarum promontory" is Corsewall Point or the Mull of Galloway. This pins the Novantae to that area. Ptolemy says that their towns were "Locopibium" and "Rerigonium". As there were no towns as such in the area at that time, he was likely referring to native strong points such as duns or royal courts.

Roman era.

The earliest reliable information on the region of Galloway and Carrick when it was inhabited by the Novantae comes from archaeological discoveries. They lived in small enclosed settlements, most of them less than a single hectare in area and inhabited from the 1st millennium BC through to the Roman era. They also constructed hillforts and a small number of crannogs and brochs. Stone-walled huts appear during the Roman era and the Novantae are thought to have had a centre of some kind at Clatteringshaws near Kirkcudbright, which started out as a palisaded enclosure before being expanded into a set of timber and then stone-faced ramparts. This had been abandoned by the Roman period but there is evidence that the Romans used it as the target of a military exercise, erecting two practice camps nearby and subjecting it to a mock siege.  The only Roman military presence was a small fortlet at Gatehouse of Fleet, in the southeastern part of Novantae territory. The Roman remains that have been excavated are portable, such as might be carried or transported into the region. The absence of evidence of Roman presence is in sharp contrast to the many remains of native habitation and strong points. Rispain Camp near Whithorn, once thought to be Roman, is now known to be the remains of a large fortified farmstead, occupied by natives before and during the Roman Era.  In his account of the campaigns of Gnaeus Julius Agricola (governor 78 – 84), Tacitus offers no specific information on the peoples then living in Scotland. He says that after a combination of force and diplomacy quieted discontent among the Britons who had been conquered previously, Agricola built forts in their territories in 79. In 80 he marched to the Firth of Tay, campaigning against the peoples there. He did not return until 81, at which time he consolidated his gains in the lands that he had conquered. The Novantae were later said to have caused trouble along Hadrian's Wall, and the Gatehouse of Fleet fortlet was presumably used to subdue them.

Novant.

The Novantae disappear from the historical record after the end of the Roman occupation, as the name was beyond doubt the Roman name for the people who did not useit, with their territory supplanted by the kingdoms of Rheged and Gododdin. A kingdom called Novant appears in the medieval Welsh poem "Y Gododdin", attributed to Aneirin. The poem commemorates the Battle of Catraeth, in which an army raised by Gododdin attempted an ill-fated raid on the Angles of Bernicia. The work elegises the various warriors who fought alongside the Gododdin, among them the "Three Chiefs of Novant" and their substantial retinue. This Novant is evidently related to the Novantae tribe of the Iron Age.

Contradicting Ptolemy.

Ptolemy's placement of the Selgovae town of Trimontium was accepted to be somewhere along the southern coast of Scotland until William Roy (1726–1790) placed it far to the east at Eildon Hills, near Newstead. Roy was trying to follow an itinerary given in the 1757 "De Situ Britanniae", and moving Ptolemy's Trimontium made the itinerary seem more logical according to his historical work, "Military Antiquities of the Romans in North Britain" (1790, published posthumously in 1793). Roy did not alter Ptolemy's placement of the Selgovae in southern Scotland, but chose to assign Trimontium to a different people who were described in "De Situ Britanniae".  When "De Situ Britanniae" was debunked as a fraud in 1845, Roy's misguided placement of Trimontium was retained by some historians, though he was no longer cited for his contribution. Furthermore, some historians not only accepted Roy's placement of Trimontium, but also returned the town to the Selgovae by moving their territory such that they would be near Eildon Hills. Ptolemy's placement of the Novantae in Galloway was retained, and since Ptolemy said that they were adjacent to the Selgovae, Novantae territory was greatly expanded beyond Galloway to be consistent with this thesis, which survives in a number of modern histories.  The result is that an 'error correction' to the sole legitimate historical reference (Ptolemy), made so that a fictional itinerary in "De Situ Britanniae" would seem more logical, is retained; and the sole legitimate historical reference is further 'corrected' by moving the Selgovae far from their only known location, greatly expanding Novantae territory in the process.  While Roy's historical work is largely ignored due to his unknowing reliance on a fraudulent source, his maps and drawings are untainted, and continue to be held in the highest regard.

Treatment by historians.

Befitting the single historical mention of the Novantae by Ptolemy, many historians have largely included the Novantae "im passim" in their works, if they are mentioned at all. William Forbes Skene ("Celtic Scotland", 1886) briefly relates their notice in Ptolemy, adding his conjectures as to the possible locations of towns, though not with any conviction. John Rhys ("Celtic Britain", 1904) mentions the Novantae in passing, without any detailed discussion. Local Galwegian historians, writing histories of their own home territory, provide a similarly scant treatment.  More recent histories largely treat the Novantae in passing, but often weave them into a story that is not supported by either Ptolemy's map or archaeological evidence. John Koch ("Celtic Culture", 2005) doesn't discuss the Novantae directly, but associates their name with the Trinovantes of southeastern England, and provides a map showing the "Novant" occupying Galloway and the Stewartry of Kirkcudbright to accompany his discussion of the "Gododdin". Barry Cunliffe, an archaeologist, ("Iron Age Communities in Britain", 1971) mentions the Novantae in passing, saying their homeland was Galloway and the Stewartry of Kirkcudbright, and with a map showing it, which he attributes to "various sources". David Mattingly ("An Imperial Possession: Britain in the Roman Empire", 2006) mentions them as a people of southwestern Scotland according to Ptolemy, with maps showing them as occupying both Galloway and the Stewartry of Kirkcudbright. Sheppard Frere ("Britannia: A History of Roman Britain", 1987) mentions the Novantae several times in passing, associating them firmly with the Selgovae and sometimes with the Brigantes. He places them in both Galloway and the Stewartry of Kirkcudbright, with the Selgovae on the other side of the Southern Uplands in southeastern Scotland. The Novantae are inconsequential to the larger history of Scotland in "Before Scotland: The Story of Scotland Before History" (2005) by Alistair Moffat, but he weaves a number of colourful though questionable details about them into his story. He says that their name means 'The Vigorous People', that they had kings and often acted in concert with the Selgovae and Brigantes, all of whom may have joined the Picts in raids on Roman Britain. He provides no authority for any of these assertions.

The Novantae were a people of the late 2nd century who lived in what is now Galloway and Carrick, in southwestern-most Scotland. They are mentioned briefly in Ptolemy's "Geography" (written c. 150), and there is no other historical record of them. Excavations at Rispain Camp, near Whithorn, show that it was a large fortified farmstead occupied between 100 BC and 200 AD, indicating that the people living in the area at that time were engaged in agriculture.

Die Novantae waren ein keltischer Stamm im späten 2. Jahrhundert in der Region des heutigen Galloway und Carrick im südwestlichen Schottland. Außer in Ptolemäus’ "Geographia" werden sie in keinem historischen Werk erwähnt.