History.

Karaite synagogue, designed by Władysław Horodecki, was built from 1898 to 1902 in the Moorish style. The building was decorated with a magnificent dome of great beauty with stucco decorations of Italian sculptor Emilio Sala using quite expensive at the time material - cement. It was constructed on funds of “tobacco kings” of South-Western land (the name of Ukraine during tsarist times) Solomon and Moses Kogen.  Karaites first appeared on the territory of modern Ukraine in the 1230s - almost immediately after the Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'. In 1795 the legislation of the Russian Empire established a distinction between the Karaites and Jews, freeing the former from the discriminatory double taxation. In 1896 the Karaite community of Kiev consisted of 292 persons. For the purchase of land for construction of Kenesa and a dwelling house (the proceeds of which would go to the benefit of Karaite community), Solomon Kogen has issued 35 000 rubles. Despite the fact that in 1897 he became paralysed, Solomon Kogen continued to manage his personal affairs and died in 1900. In his will he bequeathed the funds to complete the construction of the synagogue. The construction was continued by his brother, Moses. It was spent about 200 000 rubles in total for the whole construction. The consecration of Kenasa held on January 27, 1902 by Tauride and Odessa hakham Samuel Pampulov. The ceremony was attended by the vice-governor, mayor, chancellor and other officials.  During the Soviet times Kenesa was handed to educational institutions, that’s what saved its unique interiors. During the German occupation it has become, unexpectedly, a place for Roman Catholic services. The building was defiled during World War II by Nazis. Probably at this time it lost the dome which was part of the original structure (see picture, right). In a post-war period the Puppet Theatre functioned there and afterwards, in 1952 – cinema. In the 1970s a contemporary wing was added to the building and it was converted into the Ukrainian House of Actors in 1981, remaining as such today. Unlike most of the other synagogues in Ukraine it was not given back to the Karaite community after independence. The outward design of the building is slowly ruining because of time and exhaust gases. Under the influence of gas-laden atmosphere and repeated painting its color changed to dark, though in the first few decades it had much more brighter tint. One can see that on the side wall of the building.

The Karaite Kenesa of Kyiv is a former Kenesa (Karaite synagogue) in Kiev, Ukraine. It is located in Yaroslaviv Val Street 7, close to the Golden Gates of Kiev and is considered to be one of the remarkable monuments of architecture and artwork in Kiev. Nowadays, it is known as the Ukrainian House of Actors.

Die Kiewer Kenesa (russisch: Караимская Кенаса) ist eine ehemalige karäische Kenesa (Synagoge) an der Jaroslawiw Wal-Straße in Kiew in der Ukraine.


Land transport.

Roads.

Winds continuously blow snow on roads in Antarctica.  The South Pole Traverse (McMurdo–South Pole highway) is approximately long and links the United States' McMurdo Station on the coast to the Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station. It was constructed by leveling snow and filling in crevasses, but is not paved. There are flags to mark the route.  Also, the United States Antarctic Program maintains two ice roads during the austral summer. One provides access to Pegasus Field on the Ross Ice Shelf. The ice road between Pegasus Field and McMurdo Station is about 14 miles. The other road provides access to the Ice Runway, which is on sea ice. The road between the Ice Runway and McMurdo Station varies in length from year to year depending on many factors, including ice stability. These roads are critical for resupplying McMurdo Station, Scott Base, and Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station.

Vehicles.

The scarcity and poor quality of road infrastructure limits land transportation by conventional vehicles.  A normal car on tires has very limited capability for Antarctic conditions. Scientific bases are often built on snow free areas (oases) close to the ocean. Around these stations and on a hard packed snow or ice, tire based vehicles can drive but on deeper and softer snow, a normal tire based vehicle cannot travel. Due to these limitation vehicles on belts have been the preferred option in Antarctica. In 1997 two specialized cars with very large tires running tire pressure as low as 1.5psi/0.1bar travelled onto the high Antarctica Plateau, giving strong indication that tire based vehicles could be an option for efficient travelling in Antarctica.  Mawson Station started using classic Volkswagen Beetles, the first production cars to be used in Antarctica. The first of these was named "Antarctica 1".  In December 1997 into February 1998 two AT44, 4x4 cars (built in Iceland by Arctic Trucks with tire size of 44-inch tall) joined an expedition by the Swedish Polar Institution (SWEA). The cars got used to transport people and supplies from the Ice shelf to WASA station, to perform scanning of the snow and support a drilling expedition to on the Antarctica Plateau 76°S 8°03'W. This is the first time tire based vehicles successfully travel on the Antarctica high plateau.  In 2005 a team of six people took part in the Ice Challenger Expedition. Travelling in a specially designed six wheel drive vehicle, the team completed the journey from the Antarctic coast at Patriot Hills to the geographic South Pole in 69 hours. In doing so they easily beat the previous record of 24 days. They arrived at the South Pole on December 12, 2005.  The team members on that expedition were Andrew Regan, Jason De Carteret, Andrew Moon, Richard Griffiths, Gunnar Egilsson and Andrew Miles. The expedition successfully showed that wheeled transport on the continent is not only possible but also often more practical. The expedition also hoped to raise awareness about global warming and climate change.  From start of December 2008 into February 2009, four AT44, 4x4 cars were used to support a ski race by Amundsen Omega 3, from S82° 41' E17° 43' to South Pole. A film was made of this race by BBC called "On Thin Ice" with Ben Fogle and James Cracknell. The cars started from Novo airbase at S70° 49' E11° 38', establish a route onto the plateau through the crevasse areas in the Shcherbakov Mountain Range driving nearly 1500 km to the start line of the ski race. For the return journey each car covered between 5400 and 5800 km with one fuel depot on the way.  From 2008 to date (Dec 2015) tire based cars, AT44 4x4 and AT44 6x6 have been used every season to support various NGO and scientific expedition/projects, supporting flights, fuel drops, filming, skiers, biker, a tractor, collecting snow samples and more. The combined distance covered on the Antarctica Plateau is over 220 thousand km and even though towing capacity is much lower than for most belt based vehicles, the tire based cars multiply the travel speed and use only a fraction of the fuel making this an option for some expeditions/projects.  A second expedition led by Andrew Regan and Andrew Moon departed in November 2010. The Moon-Regan Trans Antarctic Expedition this time traversed the entire continent twice, using two six-wheel-drive vehicles and a Concept Ice Vehicle designed by Lotus. This time the team used the expedition to raise awareness about the global environmental importance of the Antarctic region and to show that biofuel can be a viable and environmentally friendly option.

Water transport.

Antarctica's only harbour is at McMurdo Station. Most coastal stations have offshore anchorages, and supplies are transferred from ship to shore by small boats, barges, and helicopters. A few stations have a basic wharf facility. All ships at port are subject to inspection in accordance with Article 7, Antarctic Treaty. Offshore anchorage is sparse and intermittent, but poses no problem to sailboats designed for the ice, typically with lifting keels and long shorelines. McMurdo Station (), Palmer Station (); government use only except by permit (see Permit Office under "Legal System"). A number of tour boats, ranging from large motorized vessels to small sailing yachts, visit the Antarctic Peninsula during the summer months (January–March). Most are based in Ushuaia, Argentina.

Air transport.

Transport in Antarctica takes place by air, using fixed-wing aircraft and helicopters. Runways and helicopter pads have to be kept snow free to ensure safe take off and landing conditions.  Antarctica has 20 airports, but there are no developed public-access airports or landing facilities. Thirty stations, operated by 16 national governments party to the Antarctic Treaty, have landing facilities for either helicopters and/or fixed-wing aircraft; commercial enterprises operate two additional air facilities.  Helicopter pads are available at 27 stations; runways at 15 locations are gravel, sea-ice, blue-ice, or compacted snow suitable for landing wheeled, fixed-wing aircraft; of these, one is greater than 3 km in length, six are between 2 km and 3 km in length, 3 are between 1 km and 2 km in length, three are less than 1 km in length, and two are of unknown length; snow surface skiways, limited to use by ski-equipped, fixed-wing aircraft, are available at another 15 locations; of these, four are greater than 3 km in length, three are between 2 km and 3 km in length, two are between 1 km and 2 km in length, two are less than 1 km in length, and data is unavailable for the remaining four.  Antarctic airports are subject to severe restrictions and limitations resulting from extreme seasonal and geographic conditions; they do not meet ICAO standards, and advance approval from the respective governmental or nongovernmental operating organization is required for landing (1999 est.) Flights to the continent in the permanent darkness of the winter are normally only undertaken in an emergency, with burning barrels of fuel to outline a runway. On September 11, 2008, a United States Air Force C-17 Globemaster III successfully completed the first landing in Antarctica using night-vision goggles at Pegasus Field.  In April 2001 an emergency evacuation of Dr. Ronald Shemenski was needed from Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station when he contracted pancreatitis. Three C-130 Hercules were called back before their final leg because of weather. Organizers then called on Kenn Borek Air based in Calgary, Alberta. Two de Havilland Twin Otters were dispatched out of Calgary with one being back-up. Twin Otters are specifically designed for the Canadian north and Kenn Borek Air's motto is "Anywhere, Anytime, World-Wide". The mission was a success but not without difficulties and drawbacks. Ground crews needed to create a 2 km runway with tracked equipment not designed to operate in the low temperatures at that time of year, the aircraft controls had to be "jerry-rigged" when the flaps were frozen in position after landing, and instruments were not reliable because of the cold. When they saw a "faint pink line on the horizon" they knew they were going in the right direction. This was the first rescue from the South Pole during winter. Canada honoured the Otter crew for bravery.

Transport in Antarctica has transformed from explorers crossing the isolated remote area of Antarctica by foot to a more open era due to human technologies enabling more convenient and faster transport, predominantly by air and water, as well as land. Transportation technologies on a remote area like Antarctica need to be able to deal with extremely low temperatures and continuous winds to ensure the travelers' safety. Due to the fragility of the Antarctic environment, only a limited amount of transport movements can take place and sustainable transportation technologies have to be used to reduce the ecological footprint. The infrastructure of land, water and air transport needs to be safe and sustainable. Currently thousands of tourists and hundreds of scientists a year depend on the Antarctic transportation system.

Der Verkehr in der Antarktis hat sich dank der modernen Technologien von heldenhaften Entdeckern, die zu Fuß die isolierten und abgelegenen Gebiete der Antarktis durchquerten, zu einer bequemeren und schnelleren Art des Reisens an Land und vor allem in Luft und Wasser gewandelt. Verkehrssysteme in einem abgelegenen Gebiet wie der Antarktis müssen extrem niedrige Temperaturen und anhaltende Winde aushalten, um die Sicherheit des Reisenden zu gewährleisten. Durch die Fragilität der Umwelt kann nur eine begrenzte Menge an Verkehrsbewegungen stattfinden; außerdem müssen ökologisch verträgliche Mittel genutzt werden, um den ökologischen Fußabdruck zu reduzieren. Gegenwärtig greifen jährlich tausende Touristen und hunderte Wissenschaftler auf das antarktische Verkehrssystem zurück.


History.

1995-2016: Founding and name changes.

Broadcom Corporation was founded by professor-student pair Henry Samueli and Henry Nicholas from UCLA in 1991. In 1995 the company moved from its Westwood, Los Angeles office to Irvine, California. In 1998, Broadcom became a public company on the NASDAQ exchange (ticker symbol: BRCM) and employs about 11,750 people worldwide in more than 15 countries.  Broadcom is among Gartner's Top 10 Semiconductor Vendors by revenue.  Broadcom first landed on the Fortune 500 in 2009.  In 2012, Broadcom's total revenue was $8.01 billion. In 2013, Broadcom stood at No. 327 on the Fortune 500, having climbed 17 places from its 2012 ranking of No. 344.  In May 28, 2015 chip maker Avago Technologies Ltd. agreed to buy Broadcom Corp. for $37 billion in cash and stock. At closing, which completed on February 1, 2016, Broadcom shareholders held 32% of the new Singapore-based company to be called Broadcom Limited. Hock Tan, Avago President and CEO, was named CEO of the new combined company. Dr. Samueli became Chief Technology Officer and member of the combined company's board, and Dr. Nicholas serves in a strategic advisory role within the new company. The new merged entity is named Broadcom Limited but inherits the ticker symbol AVGO. The BRCM ticker symbol was retired.  In May 2016 Cypress Semiconductor announced that it will acquire Broadcom Corporation's full portfolio of IoT products for $550 million. Under the deal, Cypress acquires Broadcom's IoT products and intellectual property for Wi-Fi, Bluetooth and ZigBee connectivity, as well as Broadcom's WICED platform and SDK for developers. The deal combined Broadcom's developer tools and connectivity technologies for IoT devices with Cypress' own programmable system-on-a-chip (SoC) products that provide memory, computing and graphics processing for low-power devices.

Qualcomm litigation and settlement.

On April 26, 2009, Broadcom settled four years of legal battles over wireless and other patents with Qualcomm Inc., another fabless semiconductor company headquartered in San Diego, California. The deal ended the patent litigation as well as complaints of anti-competitive behavior before trade commissions in the United States, Europe and South Korea. As part of the settlement, Qualcomm paid $891 million in cash to Broadcom over a four-year period ending June 2013.  In June 2007, the U.S. International Trade Commission blocked the import of new cell phone models based on particular Qualcomm microchips. They found that these Qualcomm microchips infringe patents owned by Broadcom. In January 2017, the FTC sued Qualcomm for allegedly engaging in unlawful tactics to maintain "a monopoly on cellular-communications chips."  On January 17, 2018, it was reported that the FTC was investigating whether Broadcom had "engaged in anti-competitive tactics in negotiations with customers," in a probe that had been ongoing for several months.

2006-2008: Stock options scandal.

On July 14, 2006, Broadcom announced it had to subtract $750 million from earnings due to stock options irregularities. On September 8, 2006, the amount was doubled to $1.5 billion. The company may also owe additional taxes. On January 24, 2007, it announced a restatement of its financial results from 1998 to 2005 that totaled $2.22 billion.  On May 15, 2008, Broadcom CTO Samueli resigned as chairman of the board and took a leave of absence as Chief Technology Officer after being named in a civil complaint by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC).  On June 5, 2008, Broadcom co-founder and former CEO Henry Nicholas and former CFO William Ruehle were indicted on charges of illegal stock-option backdating. Nicholas was also indicted for violations of federal narcotics laws. However, in December 2009, federal judge Cormac J. Carney threw out the options backdating charges against Nicholas and Ruehle after finding that federal prosecutors improperly tried to prevent three defense witnesses from testifying.

Products.

Broadcom's product line spans computer and telecommunication networking: the company has products for enterprise/metropolitan high-speed networks, as well as products for SOHO (small-office, home-office) networks. Products include transceiver and processor ICs for Ethernet and wireless LANs, cable modems, digital subscriber line (DSL), servers, home networking devices (router, switches, port-concentrators) and cellular phones (GSM/GPRS/EDGE/W-CDMA/LTE). It is also known for a series of high-speed encryption co-processors, offloading this processor-intensive work to a dedicated chip, thus greatly speeding up tasks that utilize encryption. This has many practical benefits for e-commerce, and PGP or GPG secure communications.  The company also produces ICs for carrier access equipment, audio/video processors for digital set-top boxes and digital video recorders, Bluetooth and Wi-Fi transceivers and RF receivers/tuners for satellite TV. Major customers include Apple, Hewlett-Packard, Motorola, IBM, Dell, Asus, Lenovo, Linksys, Logitech, Nintendo, Nokia, Nortel(Avaya), TiVo, Tenda and Cisco Systems. In September 2011, Broadcom shut down its digital TV operations. Broadcom also shut down its Blu-ray chip business. The closure of these businesses began on September 19, 2011.  On June 2, 2014, Broadcom announced intentions to exit the cellular baseband business.

Network interface controllers.

Vendors have included Broadcom NICs in their products. For example, Dell PowerEdge M-Series blade-server products may be fitted with Dell-supplied Dual Port Broadcom NetXtreme 5709 Gigabit Ethernet port adapters.

Trident+ ASIC.

Another large market is hardware for switches: some vendors offer switching equipment based on Broadcom hardware and firmware (e.g. Dell PowerConnect classics) while other well-known vendors do use the Broadcom hardware but write their own firmware. The latest Broadcom Trident+ ASIC is used in many high-speed 10Gb+ switches from the largest switch-vendors such as Cisco Nexus switches running NX-OS, Dell Force10 (now Dell Networking) running FTOS/DNOS, all Arista 7050-series switches, the IBM/BNT 8264, and Juniper QFX3500.  The latest'member' of the Trident family is the Trident II XGS which can support up to 32 x 40G ports or 104 x 10G ports (or a mix of both) on a single chip. Examples of switches using this Trident II XGS chip are the Dell Networking S6000, Cisco Nexus 9000 and some smaller vendors like: EdgeCore AS6700, Penguin Arctica 3200XL or QuantaMesh T5032

Graphics processing unit.

VideoCore is the GPU found on some systems-on-a-chip (SoC)s by Broadcom, the most widely known one being the BCM2835 containing VideoCore IV found in the Raspberry Pi.

Video acceleration.

Broadcom Crystal HD does video acceleration.

WiFi chipsets.

Broadcom "BCM43" series chips provide WiFi support in many Android and iPhone devices. Models include the BCM4339 used in phones such as the Nexus 5 (2013) and the BCM4361 used in the Samsung Galaxy S8 (2017). These are SoC devices with a Cortex R4 for processing the MAC and MLME layers and a proprietary Broadcom processor for the 802.11 physical layer. The chips also handle Wi-Fi Direct, Bluetooth and NFC.

Vulnerabilities in SoC WiFi stack.

In April 2017, Google's Project Zero investigated Broadcom's SoC WiFi stack and found that it lacked "all basic exploit mitigations - including stack cookies, safe unlinking and access permission protection," allowing "full device takeover by Wi-Fi proximity alone, requiring no user interaction." Numerous smartphones, such as by Apple, Samsung and Google were affected.

BroadVoice.

Broadcom authored its own VoIP codecs in 2002, and released them as open source with LGPL license in 2009:

Linux products.

Some free and open source drivers are available and included in the Linux kernel source tree for the 802.11b/g/a/n family of wireless chips Broadcom produces. Since the release of the 2.6.26 kernel some Broadcom chips have kernel support but require external firmware to be built.  In 2003 the Free Software Foundation accused Broadcom of not complying with the GNU General Public License as Broadcom distributed GPL code in a driver for its 802.11g router chipset without making that code public.  The chipset was adopted by Linksys which was later purchased by Cisco. Cisco eventually published source code for the firmware for its WRT54G wireless broadband router under the GPL-license.  In 2012 the Linux Foundation listed Broadcom as one of the Top 10 companies contributing to the development of the Linux Kernel for 2011, placing it in the top 5 percent of an estimated 226 contributing companies. The foundation's Linux Kernel Development report also noted that, during the course of the year, Broadcom submitted 2,916 changes to the kernel. In October, Broadcom released parts of the Raspberry Pi userland under a BSD-style license. According to the Raspberry Pi Foundation, this made it "the first ARM-based multimedia SoC with fully functional, vendor-provided (as opposed to partial, reverse-engineered) fully open-source drivers", although due to substantial binary firmware code which must be executing in parallel with the operating system, and which executes independently and prior to loading of the operating system, this claim has not been universally accepted.  Broadcom provided a Linux driver for their Broadcom Crystal HD, and they also hired Eric Anholt, a former Intel employee, to work on a free and open-source graphics device driver for their VideoCore IV.

Raspberry Pi.

Broadcom organizes the fabrication of the processor chip, most recently the BCM2837 chip and the wifi processor BCM43438, which is used by the charitable Raspberry Pi Foundation. The foundation requested help from Broadcom making the Raspberry Pi card, a motherboard which is free of DRM or corporate control of any kind, which can interact with hardware, and which can be bought and controlled by children.

Jericho2 Programmable Chip.

Jericho2 is a programmable Ethernet switch chip that has up to 10 Tb/s switching capacity per device.

Tomahawk-3 Chip.

Tomahawk 3 series supports high-density, standards based 400GbE, 200GbE, and 100GbE switching and routing for hyperscale cloud networks. Broadcom divulged that it is bringing two variants of the Tomahawk-3 to market. The first has the full-tilt-boogie 12.8 Tb/sec with all 256 SerDes fired up, supporting 32 ports at 400 Gb/sec, 64 ports at 200 Gb/sec, and 128 ports at 100 Gb/sec. The second variant of the Tomahawk-3 has 160 of the 256 SerDes fired up and delivers 8 Tb/sec of aggregate bandwidth. Broadcom is suggesting 80 ports at 100 Gb/sec; or 48 ports at 100 Gb/sec plus either 8 ports at 400 Gb/sec or 16 ports at 200 Gb/sec; or 96 ports at 50 Gb/sec plus either 8 ports at 400 Gb/sec or 16 ports at 200 Gb/sec.

Business.

Manufacturing.

Broadcom is known as a "fabless" company. It outsources all semiconductor manufacturing to foundries, such as GlobalFoundries, Semiconductor Manufacturing International Corporation, Silterra, TSMC and United Microelectronics Corporation. The company is based in Irvine, California, in the University Research Park on the University of California, Irvine campus, after a 2007 move from its previous campus near the Irvine Spectrum. It has many other research and development sites including Silicon Fen, Cambridge (UK), Bangalore and Hyderabad in India, Richmond (near Vancouver) and Markham (near Toronto) in Canada and Sophia Antipolis in France.

Acquisitions.

In September 2011, Broadcom bought NetLogic Microsystems for a deal of $3.7 billion in cash, excluding around $450 million of NetLogic employee shareholdings, which will transfer to Broadcom.  Besides the NetLogic Microsystems acquisition, through the years, Broadcom has acquired many smaller companies to quickly enter new markets.

Branding.

The Broadcom logo was designed by Eliot Hochberg, based on the logo for the company's previous name, Broadband Telecom. The Broadband Telecom logo was designed by co-founder Henry Nicholas' then wife, Stacey Nicholas, who was inspired by the mathematical sinc function.

Philanthropy.

In 2009, the company founded the Broadcom Foundation as a non-profit corporation with a $50M investment, at the direction of Henry Samueli, the company's co-founder, and Broadcom Chief Executive Scott McGregor, who cited a history of science fair involvement as a factor for his own success. McGregor was named the foundation's first president and chairman.

Broadcom Corporation is an American fabless semiconductor company that makes products for the wireless and broadband communication industry. It was acquired by Avago Technologies in 2016 and operates as a wholly owned subsidiary of the merged entity Broadcom Inc.

Broadcom war ein US-amerikanischer Anbieter integrierter Schaltkreise (ICs) für Netzwerkanwendungen, vor allem Netzwerkkarten. Die Aktien des Unternehmens wurden an der NASDAQ gehandelt und waren im NASDAQ 100 sowie im S&P 500 enthalten.


Career.

Gropper was born September 28, 1982 in Biberach an der Riss, Germany, the son of Walter Gropper, a music teacher in Erolzheim. He grew up in a musical household and learned to play the cello at an early age while he attended the gymnasium in Ochsenhausen. At secondary school he formed his first band, Your Garden and briefly studied languages at the Heidelberg University before enrolling at the Mannheim Pop Academy. His sister Verena is a soprano and they occasionally perform together.  He worked 3 years on his debut album "Rest Now, Weary Head! You Will Get Well Soon" which was released in Europe by the Label City Slang and by Nude Records in the UK and Ireland in January 2008. The album entered the German Album Charts on no. 28 and also entered the French, Austrian and Swiss charts. Gropper formed a live band and toured the album. In 2008 Gropper also wrote exclusive tracks for the latest Wim Wenders movie "Palermo Shooting", alongside other artists like Portishead and Nick Cave.  The second album "Vexations" was released in Europe in January 2010. Unlike the debut, it was pre-produced by Konstantin Gropper and then was recorded with a full band in a studio. It entered the German album charts at number 11 and was followed by a tour.  In 2011 Konstantin Gropper wrote the score to the first season of the French series "Xanadu", which was broadcast in France and Germany by ARTE TV.  In 2012 he released the album "The Scarlet Beast O'Seven Heads." In 2016 he released an orchestral version of the 2010 album as "Vexations 16".

Discography.

EPs  Albums  Singles

Get Well Soon is a music and band project of the German singer, songwriter and instrumentalist Konstantin Gropper. He has released six albums and a number of EPs and singles.

Get Well Soon ist ein Musikprojekt des deutschen Sängers, Songschreibers und Multiinstrumentalisten Konstantin Gropper (* 28. September 1982 in Biberach an der Riß).


Career.

In 2005, with Hendra Setiawan, he won the Asian Badminton Championships and the Indonesia Open. In 2006, the pair also won the Jakarta Satellite, the Hong Kong Open and the China Open after defeating Cai Yun and Fu Haifeng 21–16, 21–16 at the finals.  In 2007 they became world champions after defeating Jung Jae-sung and Lee Yong-dae from South Korea, 21–19 and 21–19, at the World Championships finals in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. 2007 was a very big year for them. They also won the China Super Series after beating China's Guo Zhendong and Xie Zhongbo 21–12, 21–19 in the finals, and the BWF World Cup Invitation after defeating Malaysia's Mohd. Fairuzizuan Mohd. Tazari and Lin Woon Fui 21–18, 21–15 in the finals at Yiyang, Hunan. They were runners-up at the China Masters Super Series, losing the final to China's Cai Yun and Fu Haifeng, 15–21, 16–21. In September they won the Chinese Taipei Grand Prix Gold event. In December 2007, they won the Hong Kong Super Series, defeating the famous veterans Candra Wijaya and Tony Gunawan 21–12, 18–21, 21–13 in the finals. At the 2007 Southeast Asian Games in Thailand, they helped the Indonesian team win the gold medal in the men's team event, and won gold in men's doubles at the individual event after beating the Indonesian born pair of Hendri Kurniawan Saputra and Hendra Wijaya who represented Singapore, 21–17 and 21–12.  In January 2008 they won the Malaysian Super Series. Later that year they teamed to capture their most prestigious prize, the Olympic gold medal in men's doubles at the 2008 Summer Olympics held in Beijing, China. They defeated the Chinese pair of Cai Yun and Fu Haifeng 12–21, 21–11, 21–16 in a thrilling match which more than avenged their loss to the same pair at the China Masters the previous summer. In September 2008 they took the 2008 China Masters Super Series after beating China's Sun Junjie and Xu Chen in straight sets in the final round. In October 2008 Kido and Setiawan teamed to win the Denmark Super Series after beating China's Fu Haifeng and Shen Ye 21–18, 21–19 in the finals. They captured the French Super Series in early November 2008 after beating yet another Chinese pairing, Cai Yun and Xu Chen, in the final round.  In September 2009 they won Japan Super Series after beating other Indonesian pair, Rian Sukmawan and Yonatan Suryatama 21–19 and 24–22 in the final round. In October 2009 they won French Super Series  On 17 December 2009 they defeated Malaysian duo Koo Kien Keat and Tan Boon Heong to win Gold at the 2009 Southeast Asian Games in Vientiane, Laos  They continued their domination to win the Gold medal at the 2010 Asian Games in Guangzhou after beating Koo Kien Keat and Tan Boon Heong. They won all their round matches of the competition in 3 games as well.

Personal life.

He started playing badminton in Jaya Raya Jakarta badminton club. His parents are Djumharbey Anwar (father) and Yul Asteria Zakaria (mother). In spare time he plays football. His brother, Bona Septano, and sister, Pia Zebadiah Bernadet, are also Indonesian national badminton players.

Achievements.

Olympic Games.

2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, China  Kido competed in badminton at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Men's doubles with partner Hendra Setiawan and won the gold medal after beating the Chinese pair Cai Yun/Fu Haifeng with rubber game in the final.

BWF World Championships.

2010 BWF World Championships at the Stade Pierre de Coubertin in Paris, France  2007 BWF World Championships at the Putra Indoor Stadium in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

World Cup.

"Men's doubles"

Asian Games.

"Men's doubles"

Asian Championships.

"Men's doubles"

Southeast Asian Games.

"Men's doubles"

World Junior Championships.

"Boys' doubles" "Mixed doubles"

Asian Junior Championships.

"Boys' doubles" "Mixed doubles"

BWF Superseries (10 titles, 5 runners-up).

The BWF Superseries, launched on December 14, 2006 and implemented in 2007, is a series of elite badminton tournaments, sanctioned by Badminton World Federation (BWF). BWF Superseries has two level such as Superseries and Superseries Premier. A season of Superseries features twelve tournaments around the world, which introduced since 2011, with successful players invited to the Superseries Finals held at the year end.  "Men's doubles"

BWF Grand Prix (10 titles, 3 runners-up).

The BWF Grand Prix has two levels, the BWF Grand Prix and Grand Prix Gold. It is a series of badminton tournaments sanctioned by the Badminton World Federation (BWF) since 2007. The World Badminton Grand Prix sanctioned by International Badminton Federation (IBF) since 1983.  "Men's doubles" "Mixed doubles"

BWF International Challenge/Series.

"Men's doubles"

Record against selected opponents.

Men's doubles results with Markus Fernaldi Gideon against World Superseries finalists, World Superseries Finals semifinalists, World Championships semifinalists, and Olympic quarterfinalists.  Men's doubles results with Hendra Setiawan against World Superseries finalists, World Superseries Finals semifinalists, World Championships semifinalists, and Olympic quarterfinalists.

References.

Markis Kido (born 11 August 1984) is a badminton player from Indonesia, one of the world's leading men's doubles specialists. He won the men's doubles gold medal at the 2006 World Cup, 2007 World Championships, and 2008 Olympic Games with Hendra Setiawan.

Markis Kido (* 11. August 1984 in Jakarta, Indonesien) ist ein Badmintonspieler aus Indonesien. Pia Zebadiah ist seine Schwester und Bona Septano sein Bruder.


Club career.

Sevilla.

Groomed in Sevilla FC's youth system (after a brief spell at FC Barcelona), Capel was born in Albox, Province of Almería, and he made his first professional appearance aged only 16, playing three minutes in a 2–1 home win over Atlético Madrid on 24 October 2004. In the following seasons he would alternate between the A and B-teams, playing four further games in 2005–06 with the main squad; on 1 December 2005 he appeared 18 minutes in the Andalusians' 3–1 win against Vitória de Guimarães also at the Ramón Sánchez Pizjuán Stadium, in an eventually victorious campaign in the UEFA Cup. Capel became first-choice in the 2007–08 season due to the death of another left-footed winger, Antonio Puerta, in late August. He scored his first goal in La Liga against Barcelona on 9 February 2008, in a 1–1 home draw. The previous month, he had netted in a Copa del Rey tie, against the same opponent (also 1–1 and in Seville).  In June 2008, Premier League club Tottenham Hotspur were linked with a £12.5 million bid for Capel. He admitted he would consider leaving Sevilla to "grow as a footballer", if the clubs could agree on a signing fee, but nothing came of it. Also at the end of the league campaign, Barcelona-based daily Sport further speculated that Real Madrid were considering Capel as a potential replacement for the recently departed Robinho, but no move ever materialized.  In the 2009–10 campaign, Capel lost his position to Argentine Diego Perotti, but still managed to feature in 29 matches – one goal in a 5–1 win at Racing de Santander– as Sevilla edged RCD Mallorca for the fourth position, with the subsequent Champions League qualification; additionally, on 19 May 2010, he opened the score at the Camp Nou, in a 2–0 win against Atlético for the final of the domestic cup.  Capel appeared again regularly for Sevilla in 2010–11, playing in 27 league games and starting in 17 as the team finished in fifth position.

Sporting.

On 18 July 2011, Capel's uncle Carioca acknowledged negotiations between Sevilla and Sporting CP for the transfer of the player for €6 million and a five-year contract, although the fee agreed was eventually €3.5 million with a €30 million release clause. He made his debut for his new club on the 30th, playing the second half of a 0–3 friendly home loss to Valencia CF.  Capel scored his first goal for Sporting on 2 October 2011, in a 1–0 Primeira Liga away win against Vitória de Guimarães. On the 24th, for the same competition, he netted twice in a 6–1 home success over Gil Vicente FC, in what was the "Lions"' ninth straight official win.  On 19 April 2012, Capel scored his seventh official goal of the season, helping hosts Sporting come from behind to win it 2–1 against Athletic Bilbao in the Europa League semi-finals first leg.

Genoa / Anderlecht.

On 18 August 2015, as his minutes at Sporting were dwindling dramatically, Capel signed for Genoa C.F.C. in Italy for a reported fee of €1.3 million, as the former retained 50% of his rights regarding any future transfer fee the latter received. The following 4 August 2016 he switched countries again, signing a two-year deal with the option for a third at R.S.C. Anderlecht in the Belgian First Division A; in the winter transfer window the former were looking to transfer him, and he was eventually released in August 2017 having made 25 competitive appearances and scored two goals.

Extremadura.

On 4 August 2018, after more than a year without a club, 30-year-old Capel moved to Segunda División side Extremadura UD on a two-year contract. He was joined there by his former Sevilla teammate José Antonio Reyes, who died in a car crash in June 2019; the following month, he left the team from Almendralejo having played just 382 minutes.

International career.

After having helped Spain win the 2006 UEFA European Under-19 Championship, Capel played in the 2007 FIFA World Cup with the under-20 team, scoring in injury time in the first game against Uruguay for the final 2–2. He helped the country progress to the quarter-finals where they were knocked out by the Czech Republic, and subsequently moved to the under-21s.  On 20 August 2008, Capel made his debut for the senior side, playing the second half of a friendly with Denmark and setting up two goals in the 3–0 away win.

Honours.

Club.

Sevilla  Sporting  Anderlecht

International.

Spain U21  Spain U19

Diego Ángel Capel Trinidad (; born 16 February 1988) is a Spanish professional footballer who plays for Maltese club Birkirkara F.C. as a left winger.

Diego Ángel Capel Trinidad (* 16. Februar 1988 in Albox) ist ein spanischer Fußballspieler, der seit 2019 beim FC Birkirkara unter Vertrag steht.


Plot.

In 1967 in Dublin, the unexpected death of Agnes Browne's husband sends her family, consisting of seven children aged between two and fourteen, into emotional turmoil and financial crisis. She is forced to borrow money from a ruthless loan shark named Mr. Billy to make ends meet. She faces her dismal existence by selling fruits and vegetables at an open-air market based in Dublin's Moore Street where she spends time with her best friend Marion, who proves to be a great source of encouragement in her difficulties.  Wishing to escape her troubles, if only for a short time, Agnes dreams of finding enough money to attend an upcoming Tom Jones concert. Agnes' dream is realized when Marion secretly buys two tickets and gives them to her. Agnes also accepts the offer of a date with a French baker named Pierre. Her children pool their money together and buy her a new dress to wear on the date. Marion soon discovers an ominous lump in her breast, which proves to be malignant.  Eventually the family has to face the loan shark. Mr. Billy warns Agnes that she has until Christmas to pay him back or he will strip her house of her furniture. On Christmas Day, Agnes receives a letter stating she can collect the money from the hotel where her husband worked. She holds off Mr. Billy and sends her children to the hotel, where they meet Tom Jones and tell him their story. Tom then visits Agnes in her home, helps her pay off Mr. Billy, and takes her, and her children (including the dog!) to his concert, in his car. At the concert, Tom Jones dedicates his song "She's a Lady" to Agnes.

Reception.

"Agnes Browne" was not well-received in the United States. Franz Lidz, writing in "The New York Times", called it a "flimsy whimsy" and chided Roger Ebert for liking it. William Arnold felt that the ending trivialized the story, leaving the audience "with the uncomfortable feeling that we've just viewed some episode of a TV sitcom of the era." "The New York Times" reviewer Stephen Holden found it "nothing more than a series of homey skits loosely woven into a portrait of a working-class saint."  The film had a better reception in Europe, winning the Youth Jury Award at the 1999 San Sebastián International Film Festival. It also received a Grand Prix nomination at the Ghent International Film Festival the same year.

Legacy.

"The Mammy" was followed by two additional books: "The Chiselers" and "The Granny". A book about Agnes Brown's early life, "The Young Wan", was published later. However, these were not made into films. Brendan O'Carroll has had his own success with the Brown family in "Mrs. Brown's Boys", both on the theatre stage and on television.

Agnes Browne is a 1999 Irish romantic comedy-drama film directed, produced by, and starring Anjelica Huston, based on the book "The Mammy" by Brendan O'Carroll.

Frauen unter sich (Alternativtitel auf Video: "Agnes Browne – Frauen unter sich"; Originaltitel: "Agnes Browne") ist eine US-amerikanisch-irische Filmkomödie aus dem Jahr 1999. Regie führte Anjelica Huston, die auch die Hauptrolle übernahm und den Film mitproduzierte. Das Drehbuch schrieben John Goldsmith und Brendan O’Carroll anhand des Romans "The Mammy" von Brendan O’Carroll.


Margaret of Savoy, Vicereine of Portugal

Biography.

Duchess of Montferrat.

She was born in Turin, as the fifth child of Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy (1562–1630) and Infanta Catherine Micaela of Spain, the daughter of Philip II of Spain. She was married to the future Francis IV, Duke of Mantua (1586–1612) and Montferrat on 19 February 1608. The wedding was celebrated in Turin. In 1612 Margaret's husband succeeded his father, Vincent I, as Duke of Mantua. Their marriage produced three children, but only one daughter, Maria, survived childhood. Francis died in 1612.

Regent of Montferrat.

As the couple had no surviving male issue, Duke Francis' next brother succeeded him in the Duchy of Mantua, whereas in the Duchy of Montferrat he was succeeded by his three-year-old daughter Maria, because it had been historically inherited by females, as it was a margraviate. Indeed, it had been brought to the Mantuan princely dynasty (the House of Gonzaga) by the marriage of Margherita Paleologa, Margravine of Montferrat, in 1531. Accordingly, Maria's claims were asserted and Dowager Duchess Margaret required to be made her regent in Montferrat.  This was a contested inheritance - Maria was a minor for the next decade - and ultimately, Duke Francis' brothers failed to produce any legitimate issue, and the entire inheritance became subject to Mantuan War of Succession (1627–32).  Duchess Margaret's daughter Maria was in 1627 married to Charles, the eldest son of the distant Gonzaga heir-male (at that point Charles I, Duke of Mantua), in order to join two of the Mantuan claims. They had to wage war, but in the end their line prevailed and they commanded universal recognition as Dukes of Mantua and Montferrat.

Vicereine of Portugal.

Upon the death in 1633 of her maternal aunt, Archduchess Isabella Clara Eugenia, ruler of the Low Countries, her brother Victor Amadeus became heir to the rights of their maternal grandmother Elisabeth of Valois, eldest daughter and heiress of Henry II of France and Catherine of Medici.  She had ancestral links to Portugal: two of her great-grandmothers (i.e. Empress Isabella and Beatrice, Duchess of Savoy) had been daughters of king Manuel I of Portugal. In 1635, after the demise of the Count of Basto, she was named by her cousin Philip IV of Spain Vicereine of Portugal, at the time in a dynastic union with Spain, where she moved to in 1636. This nomination was the result of the efforts of Diogo Soares, member of the Council of Portugal at Madrid, a friend of the Count-Duke of Olivares and a relative of Miguel de Vasconcelos who, in 1635, would be named secretary of state of Portugal.  As a result of the Portuguese revolution (called the Restoration of Independence) of 1640, Vasconcelos was assassinated and the Duchess of Mantua tried to calm the Portuguese people during demonstrations in the Portuguese "Terreiro do Paço" (at the time Lisbon's main square). The Portuguese proclaimed the Duke of Braganza as their new king. Margaret was surrounded in her headquarters in Lisbon, and her support collapsing, the new potentate allowed her to depart to Spain.  She died in Miranda de Ebro in 1655, her daughter Duchess Maria of Rethel and Montferrat surviving her, with two grandchildren, of whom the daughter Eleanor had in 1651 become the Holy Roman Empress and the son Charles in 1637 the reigning duke of Mantua. At her death, both her grandchildren had already produced great-grandchildren for her.

Issue.

Margaret had three children

External links.

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Margaret of Savoy (28 April 1589 – 26 June 1655) was the last Habsburg Vicereine of Portugal from 1634 to 1640. In Portuguese she is known as "Duquesa de Mântua", being by marriage the Duchess of Mantua and Montferrat. She was also regent of Montferrat during the minority of her daughter from 1612.

Prinzessin Margarete von Savoyen (* 28. April 1589 in Turin; † 26. Juni 1655 in Miranda de Ebro) war durch Heirat Herzogin von Mantua und Montferrat und 1635 wurde sie als letzte spanische Vizekönigin von Portugal ernannt.


Playing career.

Early career and years in Dallas.

Born in Summerside, Prince Edward Island, Ott later moved to Stoney Point, Ontario. He played his minor hockey with the Sun County Panthers of the Ontario Minor Hockey Association (OMHA) and the Belle River Canadiens (Great Lakes Junior C Hockey League) in the mid-1990s before signing for the 1998–99 season with the Leamington Flyers Junior B club (WOJHL). After a solid season, Ott was selected in the second round, 41st overall, of the 1998 OHL Priority Selection by the Windsor Spitfires. Ott was a first round draft pick of the Dallas Stars, 25th overall, at the 2000 NHL Entry Draft. He then played junior hockey for the OHL's Windsor Spitfires and had a brief spell with the Utah Grizzlies of the American Hockey League (AHL) before joining the Stars' NHL roster.  Ott represented Canada at the 2001 World Junior Hockey Championship, helping the team win the bronze medal. As part of his "peskiness", he learned and memorized offensive phrases in other languages to strategically annoy his opponents on the ice in a language they could understand. During the 2004–05 NHL lockout, Ott played for the Hamilton Bulldogs of the AHL, where he set a team record for penalty minutes in a season with 279.  In the 2007–08 season, Ott was suspended by the NHL for three games for a hit to the head of Jordan Leopold of the Colorado Avalanche during a game on March 9, 2008. Ott also played in 18 playoff games for the Stars during their run to the Western Conference Finals.  Ott was suspended one game by the NHL on March 1, 2009, for an incident during a game on February 28, 2009, against the Anaheim Ducks, where he received a match penalty for eye gouging Travis Moen. Ott claimed the eye gouge was accidental.  During the 2009–10 season, on March 31, 2010, Ott scored his first NHL career hat-trick at home against the San Jose Sharks.

Buffalo Sabres.

On July 2, 2012, Ott was traded, along with Adam Pardy, to the Buffalo Sabres in exchange for Derek Roy. As a Sabre, he quickly became a fan favorite due to his hard work ethic, playing ability, toughness, and desire to win. He scored his first goal as a Sabre in Buffalo's home opener on January 20, 2013, on a power play goal against the Philadelphia Flyers. He had his first fight as a Sabre on January 25, 2013, at home against Carolina Hurricanes defenseman Tim Gleason. On March 19, 2013, Ott scored an early goal in the first period and the overtime winner against the Montreal Canadiens to record his first multi-goal game with the Sabres. As of April 4, 2013, he was promoted to alternate captain after the Sabres traded captain Jason Pominville to the Minnesota Wild at the 2013 NHL trade deadline, joining Thomas Vanek and Drew Stafford as alternate captains for the Sabres. Ott finished his first season with Buffalo with nine goals, 15 assists, 93 penalty minutes and five fights in 48 games, though the Sabres failed to make the 2013 playoffs.  On October 1, 2013, Ott and Thomas Vanek were both awarded the captaincy of the Sabres. However, later in the month on October 27, Vanek was traded to the New York Islanders, leaving Ott as the team's sole captain.

St. Louis Blues.

Approaching the 2013–14 trade deadline, Ott and fellow impending free agent Ryan Miller were traded by the rebuilding Sabres to the St. Louis Blues in exchange for Jaroslav Halák, Chris Stewart, William Carrier and two future draft picks.  On December 5, 2015, Ott suffered a season-ending injury in a game against the Toronto Maple Leafs. Attempting to deliver a body check to Leafs captain Dion Phaneuf, Ott missed the hit and fell awkwardly into the boards. He was diagnosed with a torn hamstring and missed the remainder of the 2015–16 season. He practiced with the Blues prior to Game 3 of their first-round series against the defending champion Chicago Blackhawks but did not play until their second-round series against the Dallas Stars. He played in 9 playoff games, putting up one assist as the Blues lost in the Western Conference Final to the San Jose Sharks.

Detroit Red Wings.

Becoming a free agent in the offseason, Ott signed a one-year contract with the Detroit Red Wings on July 1, 2016.

Montreal Canadiens.

On February 28, 2017, Ott was traded to the Montreal Canadiens in exchange for a 6th round draft pick in the 2018 NHL Entry Draft.

Coaching career.

St. Louis Blues.

On May 25, 2017, Ott retired from his professional hockey playing career, and was named as an assistant coach for the St. Louis Blues for the 2017–18 season. He finished his career with 848 career games in the NHL.  On June 12, 2019, Ott won his first Stanley Cup as the Blues defeated the Boston Bruins in seven games.

Personal life.

Ott has been married twice and has three children, one from his first marriage, and two from his current marriage. Before beginning his professional hockey career, Ott raced kneeldown outboard hydroplanes and runabouts in the American Power Boat Association (APBA). His father is the current world champion and a past national champion in the Outboard Performance Craft - SST 45 class. He pit crews for his father during his off-season in the summer.

Steven Bradley Ott (born August 19, 1982) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey player and current assistant coach of the St. Louis Blues of the National Hockey League (NHL). Picked 25th overall in the 2000 NHL Entry Draft, Ott previously played for the Dallas Stars, Buffalo Sabres, St. Louis Blues, Detroit Red Wings and Montreal Canadiens.

Steven Bradley Ott (* 19. August 1982 in Summerside, Prince Edward Island) ist ein ehemaliger kanadischer Eishockeyspieler und derzeitiger -trainer. Der Center absolvierte über 900 Spiele in der National Hockey League, den Großteil davon für die Dallas Stars und die St. Louis Blues. Bei den Blues ist er seit Mai 2017 als Assistenztrainer tätig.


History.

At the height of Okanagan culture, about 3000 years ago, it is estimated that 12,000 people lived in this valley and surrounding areas. The Okanagan people employed an adaptive strategy, moving within traditional areas throughout the year to fish, hunt, or collect food, while in the winter months, they lived in semi-permanent villages of kekulis, a type of pithouse.  When the Oregon Treaty partitioned the Pacific Northwest in 1846, the portion of the tribe remaining in what became Washington Territory reorganized under Chief Tonasket as a separate group from the majority of the Okanagan, whose communities remain in Canada. The Okanagan Tribal Alliance, however, incorporates the American branch of the Okanagan. The latter are part of the Confederated Tribes of the Colville, a multi-tribal government in Washington state.  The bounds of Okanagan territory are roughly the basin of Okanagan Lake and the Okanagan River, plus the basin of the Similkameen River to the west of the Okanagan valley, and some of the uppermost valley of the Nicola River. The various Okanagan communities in British Columbia and Washington form the Okanagan Nation Alliance, a border-spanning organization which includes American-side Okanogans resident in the Colville Indian Reservation, where the Okanagan people are sometimes known as Colvilles.  The today Upper Nicola Indian Band, an Okanagan group of the Nicola Valley, which was at the northwestern perimeter of Okanagan territory, are known in their dialect as the Spaxomin, and are joint members in a historic alliance with neighbouring communities of the Nlaka'pamux in the region known as the Nicola Country, which is named after the 19th-century chief who founded the alliance, Nicola. This alliance today is manifested in the Nicola Tribal Association.

Language.

The language of the Syilx people is Nsyilxcen. "Syilx" is at the root of the language name Nsyilxcen, surrounded by a prefix and suffix indicating a language. Nsyilxcen is an Interior Salish language that is spoken across the Canadian and U.S.A. border in the regions of southern British Columbia and northern Washington. This language is currently endangered and has only 50 fluent speakers remaining.

The Okanagan people, also spelled Okanogan, are a First Nations and Native American people whose traditional territory spans the Canada–US boundary in Washington state and British Columbia in the Okanagan Country region. They call themselves the Syilx (), a term now widely used. They are part of the Interior Salish ethnological and linguistic grouping. The Okanagan are closely related to the Spokan, Sinixt, Nez Perce, Pend Oreille, Secwepemc and Nlaka'pamux peoples of the same Northwest Plateau region.

Die als Okanogan (in den USA) oder als Okanagan (in Kanada) bezeichnete indianische Stammesgruppe umfasst heute sieben kanadische First Nations oder "Bands" in der Provinz British Columbia sowie die Sinkaietk (Lower oder Southern Okanagon) im US-Bundesstaat Washington, die als einer der 12 historischen Stämme der Confederated Tribes of the Colville Reservation vom BIA als ein auf Bundesebene anerkannter Stamm ("federally recognized tribe") geführt werden.


History.

The community was founded in 1834 by Dominican missionary Félix Caballero as Misión de Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe del Norte, making it the last mission established in the Californias. Caballero had to abandon the mission in 1840, under attacks from the indigenous peoples.  From 1905–1910, a mixture of Spiritual Christian faiths, mostly "Pryguny" from Transcaucasia, South Russia, settled in 4 farming colonies near Ensenada, Baja California Norte Territory, Mexico. Guadalupe was the main colony of about 20+ square miles purchased in 1905. Most owned or rented land communally. Not all were ethnic Russians, and were of various folk-Protestant (non-Orthodox) faiths. A few Russian Orthodox immigrants, had no priest or church, lived in Ensenada and were confused with the Spiritual Christians.  To make land and loan payments, paid in wheat, the settlers rented as much as 50 square miles from about 10 nearby ranches, north to the border. Most moved to California by World War II to join more prosperous relatives and work in the factories. Some intermarried with Spiritual Christian "Dukh-i-zhizniki" in California. Most of who remained, intermarried, assimilated and live in Ensenada and Tijuana.  When the valley economy shifted to wine-making, the Baja government funded a museum, to preserve the history of the former settlers from Old Russia and enhance wine tourism. Soon two private museums opened, one with a cafe across the street from the state museum, to provide Russian-Mexican dishes for tourists and groups. Roads are improved with asphalt paving to accommodate wine-tour buses.

Wineries.

Since the 1990s the association of winemakers of Baja California holds the Grape Harvest Fiestas in the Valley of Guadalupe and the town of Ensenada every year in August. The celebration includes wine tasting sessions, concerts and soirées, and samplings of regional cuisine and Mexican wines.  Wine tasting is available year-round, and several of the wineries have built up-market restaurant/tasting establishments aimed specifically at tourists from the United States. A winery tour is usually included on cruise ships that stop at Ensenada.  There are over 100 wineries in the Valle de Guadalupe. Some notable wineries in the area include:

Culinary scene.

Diego Hernández heads up Corazón de Tierra, rated by William Reed Business Media (the "San Pellegrino survey") as one of Latin America's 50 best restaurants, while chef Javier Plascencia is present with his Finca de Altozano, and Drew Deckman with Deckman's en el Mogor. The area is a center of Baja Med cuisine.

Hotels.

Hotels of note include chef Javier Plascencia's Finca la Divina, Bruma, a 200-acre eco-resort including a working winery, 2 villas, and a 8-room hotel, and Encuentro Guadalupe (originally from Grupo Habita, now under other management), whose 20 eco-friendly rooms blend in with the landscape.

The Valle de Guadalupe (Guadalupe Valley) is an area of Ensenada Municipality, Baja California, Mexico that is an increasingly popular tourist destination for wine and Baja Med cuisine. It is located north of the City of Ensenada and southeast of the border crossing from San Diego to Tijuana. It includes communities such as Ejido El Porvenir, Francisco Zarco, San Antonio de las Minas and Colonia Articulo 115, and combined had 5,859 inhabitants according to the 2010 census.

Valle de Guadalupe (Tal von Guadalupe) ist ein Dorf, das im Municipio Ensenada, Baja California, Mexiko, liegt. Es ist 20 km nördlich der Stadt Ensenada zu finden und hat 2.664 Einwohner (2010).


Definition.

The most commonly-used Casimir invariant is the quadratic invariant. It is the simplest to define, and so is given first. However, one may also have Casimir invariants of higher order, which correspond to homogeneous symmetric polynomials of higher order; their definition is given last.

Quadratic Casimir element.

Suppose that formula_1 is an formula_2-dimensional semisimple Lie algebra. Let "B" be a nondegenerate bilinear form on formula_1 that is invariant under the adjoint action of formula_1 on itself, meaning that formula_5 for all X, Y, Z in formula_1. (The most typical choice of "B" is the Killing form.) Let be any basis of formula_1, and be the dual basis of formula_1 with respect to "B". The Casimir element formula_11 for "B" is the element of the universal enveloping algebra formula_12 given by the formula  Although the definition relies on a choice of basis for the Lie algebra, it is easy to show that "Ω" is independent of this choice. On the other hand, "Ω" does depend on the bilinear form "B". The invariance of "B" implies that the Casimir element commutes with all elements of the Lie algebra formula_1, and hence lies in the center of the universal enveloping algebra formula_12.

Casimir invariant of a linear representation and of a smooth action.

Given a representation ρ of formula_1 on a vector space V, possibly infinite-dimensional, the Casimir invariant of ρ is defined to be ρ(Ω), the linear operator on V given by the formula  Here we are assuming that "B" is the Killing form, otherwise "B" must be specified.  A specific form of this construction plays an important role in differential geometry and global analysis. Suppose that a connected Lie group G with Lie algebra formula_1 acts on a differentiable manifold "M". Consider the corresponding representation ρ of "G" on the space of smooth functions on M. Then elements of formula_1 are represented by first order differential operators on M. In this situation, the Casimir invariant of ρ is the G-invariant second order differential operator on "M" defined by the above formula.  Specializing further, if it happens that "M" has a Riemannian metric on which "G" acts transitively by isometries, and the stabilizer subgroup "G" of a point acts irreducibly on the tangent space of "M" at "x", then the Casimir invariant of ρ is a scalar multiple of the Laplacian operator coming from the metric.  More general Casimir invariants may also be defined, commonly occurring in the study of pseudo-differential operators in Fredholm theory.

General case.

The article on universal enveloping algebras gives a detailed, precise definition of Casimir operators, and an exposition of some of their properties. In particular, all Casimir operators correspond to symmetric homogeneous polynomials in the symmetric algebra of the adjoint representation formula_20 That is, in general, one has that any Casimir operator will have the form  where is the order of the symmetric tensor formula_22 and the formula_23 form a vector space basis of formula_24 This corresponds to a symmetric homogeneous polynomial  in indeterminate variables formula_26 in the polynomial algebra formula_27 over a field The reason for the symmetry follows from the PBW theorem and is discussed in much greater detail in the article on universal enveloping algebras.  "Not just any" symmetric tensor (symmetric homogeneous polynomial) will do; it must explicitly commute with the Lie bracket. That is, one "must" have that  for all basis elements formula_29 Any proposed symmetric polynomial can be explicitly checked, making use of the structure constants in order to obtain This result is originally due to Israel Gelfand. The commutation relation implies that the Casimir operators lie in the center of the universal enveloping algebra, and, in particular, always commute with any element of the Lie algebra. It is due to this property of commutation that allows a representation of a Lie algebra to be labelled by eigenvalues of the associated Casimir operators.  Any linear combination of the symmetric polynomials described above will lie in the center as well: therefore, the Casimir operators are, by definition, restricted to that subset that span this space (that provide a basis for this space). For a semisimple Lie algebra of rank there will be Casimir invariants.

Properties.

Uniqueness.

Since for a simple lie algebra every invariant bilinear form is a multiple of the Killing form, the corresponding Casimir element is uniquely defined up to a constant. For a general semisimple Lie algebra, the space of invariant bilinear forms has one basis vector for each simple component, and hence the same is true for the space of corresponding Casimir operators.

Relation to the Laplacian on G.

If formula_32 is a Lie group with Lie algebra formula_1, the choice of an invariant bilinear form on formula_1 corresponds to a choice of bi-invariant Riemannian metric on formula_32. Then under the identification of the universal enveloping algebra of formula_1 with the left invariant differential operators on formula_32, the Casimir element of the bilinear form on formula_1 maps to the Laplacian of formula_32 (with respect to the corresponding bi-invariant metric).

Generalizations.

The Casimir operator is a distinguished quadratic element of the center of the universal enveloping algebra of the Lie algebra. In other words, it is a member of the algebra of all differential operators that commutes with all the generators in the Lie algebra. In fact all quadratic elements in the center of the universal enveloping algebra arise this way. However, the center may contain other, non-quadratic, elements.  By Racah's theorem, for a semisimple Lie algebra the dimension of the center of the universal enveloping algebra is equal to its rank. The Casimir operator gives the concept of the Laplacian on a general semisimple Lie group; but this way of counting shows that there may be no unique analogue of the Laplacian, for rank > 1.  By definition any member of the center of the universal enveloping algebra commutes with all other elements in the algebra. By Schur's Lemma, in any irreducible representation of the Lie algebra, the Casimir operator is thus proportional to the identity. This constant of proportionality can be used to classify the representations of the Lie algebra (and hence, also of its Lie group). Physical mass and spin are examples of these constants, as are many other quantum numbers found in quantum mechanics. Superficially, topological quantum numbers form an exception to this pattern; although deeper theories hint that these are two facets of the same phenomenon..

Example: formula_40.

The Lie algebra formula_40 is the Lie algebra of SO(3), the rotation group for three-dimensional Euclidean space. It is simple of rank 1, and so it has a single independent Casimir. The Killing form for the rotation group is just the Kronecker delta, and so the Casimir invariant is simply the sum of the squares of the generators formula_42 of the algebra. That is, the Casimir invariant is given by  Consider the irreducible representation of formula_40 in which the largest eigenvalue of formula_45 is formula_46, where the possible values of formula_46 are formula_48. The invariance of the Casimir operator implies that it is a multiple of the identity operator formula_49. This constant can be computed explicitly, giving the following result  In quantum mechanics, the scalar value formula_46 is referred to as the total angular momentum. For finite-dimensional matrix-valued representations of the rotation group, formula_46 always takes on integer values (for bosonic representations) or half-integer values (for fermionic representations).  For a given value of formula_46, the matrix representation is formula_54-dimensional. Thus, for example, the three-dimensional representation for formula_40 corresponds to formula_56, and is given by the generators  where the factors of formula_58 are needed for agreement with the physics convention (used here) that the generators should be self-adjoint operators.  The quadratic Casimir invariant can then easily be computed by hand, with the result that  as formula_60 when formula_56. Similarly, the two dimensional representation has a basis given by the Pauli matrices, which correspond to spin 1/2, and one can again check the formula for the Casimir by direct computation.

Eigenvalues.

Given that formula_11 is central in the enveloping algebra, it acts on simple modules by a scalar. Let formula_63 be any bilinear symmetric non-degenerate form, by which we define formula_11. Let formula_65 be the finite dimensional highest weight module of weight formula_66. Then the Casimir element formula_11 acts on formula_65 by the constant where formula_70 is the weight defined by half the sum of the positive roots.  An important point is that if formula_65 is nontrivial (i.e. if formula_72), then the above constant is nonzero. After all, since formula_66 is dominant, if formula_72, then formula_75 and formula_76, showing that formula_77. This observation plays an important role in the proof of Weyl's theorem on complete reducibility. It is also possible to prove the nonvanishing of the eigenvalue in a more abstract way—without using an explicit formula for the eigenvalue—using Cartan's criterion; see Sections 4.3 and 6.2 in the book of Humphreys.

In mathematics, a Casimir element (also known as a Casimir invariant or Casimir operator) is a distinguished element of the center of the universal enveloping algebra of a Lie algebra. A prototypical example is the squared angular momentum operator, which is a Casimir element of the three-dimensional rotation group.

Der Casimir-Operator (auch Casimir-Invariante, benannt nach dem Physiker Hendrik Casimir) wird im mathematischen Teilgebiet der Algebra und der Differentialgeometrie untersucht. Er ist ein spezielles Element aus dem Zentrum der universellen einhüllenden Algebra einer Lie-Algebra. Ein typisches Beispiel ist der quadrierte Drehimpulsoperator, der eine Casimir-Invariante der dreidimensionalen Drehgruppe ist.


Geography.

Mae Wang district occupies the western slopes of Thanon Thong Chai Range (Pronounced "Tanon Tong Chai"), and elevations in the district increase towards Thailand's tallest mountain. The dominant feature of the district, and its namesake, the Mae Wang River, rises in the peaks and flows east towards Chiang Mai before eventually joining the Ping River on the border of Chiang Mai and Lamphun Province.  The majority of the District's 30,000 people live in the valley of this river, and many weirs have been built along its course to irrigate rice fields. Near its source, a Hmong village renowned for its Sakura blossoms, Khun Wang, is home to Thailand's highest school.  Neighboring districts are (from the south clockwise) Doi Lo, Chom Thong, Mae Chaem, Samoeng, Hang Dong and San Pa Tong of Chiang Mai Province.

Flora.

Sapria Himalayana is a rare holo-parasitic flower related to Rafflesia. This particular specimen was found in Mae Wang District.

History.

The minor district ("king amphoe") was established on 1 April 1990, when the four "tambons" Ban Kat, Thung Pi, Thung Ruang Thong, and Mae Win were split off from San Pa Tong District. On 7 September 1995 it was upgraded to a full district.

Administration.

The district is divided into five sub-districts ("tambon"), which are further subdivided into 62 villages ("muban"). Ban Kat is a township ("thesaban tambon") which covers parts of "tambons" Ban Kat and Don Pao. There are a further five tambon administrative organizations (TAO).

Mae Wang District (, ) is a district ("amphoe") in the central part of Chiang Mai Province in northern Thailand. The largest settlement and administrative seat of Mae Wang is Ban Kad, a satellite town of Chiang Mai. Across Mae Wang district, the ethnic ethnic Hill Tribe people are more present than in other parts of Thailand. Groups with large populations in the district include the Karen people, Hmong and Akha peoples. In the lowlands near Ban Kad Thai people are more common, and as elevations increase on the Western slopes of Doi Inthanon, ethnic minorities become more common. Past Mae Sa Pok, on Rural Road 1013, The villages are almost exclusively Karen, with Hmong people living in higher elevations.

Amphoe Mae Wang (in Thai: ) ist ein Landkreis "(Amphoe – Verwaltungs-Distrikt)" im zentralen Teil der Provinz Chiang Mai. Die Provinz Chiang Mai liegt in der Nordregion von Thailand.


Birth.

Louisa Maria was born in 1692, at Saint-Germain-en-Laye in France, four years after her father had fled England for good. Owing to the huge controversy which had surrounded the birth of her brother, James Francis Edward, with accusations of the substitution of another baby in a warming pan following a still-birth, James II had sent letters inviting not only his daughter, the future Queen Mary II, to attend the birth in person, but also a large number of other Protestant ladies. The Whig historian Macaulay later commented on James's precaution: After the birth, James II declared that Louisa Maria had been sent by God as a consolation for her parents at the time of their deepest distress, in exile and hopelessness. In later years, she was often referred to as "La Consolatrice".  The new-born princess was given the name Louisa Maria in baptism, while Teresa (sometimes spelt Theresa) was added later, at the time of her confirmation. Her godparents were King Louis XIV of France (in whose honur she was named), and King Louis's sister-in-law, Elizabeth Charlotte, Princess Palatine, Duchess of Orléans.  James II had fathered numerous children by his two wives, but only four of them would survive infancy, and among them, the two older children, Queen Mary II and the future Queen Anne, lived in England. Only her brother James Francis Edward was close to Louisa, but she did have contact with her other sisters also. Mary died while Louisa Maria was still a small child, but she was on friendly terms with her other half-sister Anne.

Life.

Louisa was the only full sibling of Prince James Francis Edward, the 'Old Pretender', to survive infancy, and was four years younger than her brother. The two were brought up together in France.  Louisa's tutor was an English Roman Catholic priest, Father Constable, who taught her Latin, history, and religion. She also had a governess, the Countess of Middleton, wife of the Jacobite peer Charles, 2nd Earl of Middleton. James Drummond, 4th Earl of Perth, another Jacobite peer living in France, praised the child's natural affability.  An allegorical portrait by Alexis Simon Belle of James Francis Edward and his sister Louisa Maria, showing the prince as a guardian angel leading his sister under the gaze of cherubim, was painted in 1699 and is now in the Royal Collection.  By the summer of 1701, King James was seriously ill, and had been away from Saint Germain seeking medical treatment, accompanied by his wife. However, in June the two returned home for the birthdays of their two children, and two months later James suffered a stroke, dying just two weeks later on 16 September. He was still able to talk when his children visited him for the last time, and to Louisa Maria he said: Soon after James's death, Louis XIV proclaimed James Francis Edward as king of England, Scotland and Ireland, and he was also formally recognised as king by Spain, the Papal States and Modena. He and his sister Louisa Maria were transferred to Passy, into the care of Antoine Nompar de Caumont and his wife, with Lady Middleton continuing as Louisa Maria's governess there.  In 1705, at the age of thirteen, Louisa Maria was a guest of honour at a ball at the Château de Marly, ranking only after Louis XIV himself, her own mother Queen Mary, and her brother James Francis Edward, considered by Louis to be another King.  On 23 March 1708, after a delay caused by the measles, the young James attempted a landing on Scottish soil, at the Firth of Forth, supported by a fleet of French ships. However, the force was driven off by a Royal Navy fleet led by Admiral Byng.  Louisa Maria enjoyed dancing and the opera, and became popular at the French court. Two possible matches for her were considered, with Louis XIV's grandson Charles, Duke of Berry (1686–1714), and with King Charles XII of Sweden (1682–1718). Neither took place, the first apparently due to Louisa Maria's equivocal position, and the second because the young King of Sweden was not a Roman Catholic.  Louisa felt keenly that Jacobites in exile had made huge sacrifices for her family, and she herself paid for the daughters of many of them to be educated. In this, she made no distinction between Roman Catholics and Protestants, supporting the daughters of both.

Death.

In April 1712, both James Francis Edward and his sister fell sick with smallpox. While the Old Pretender recovered, Louisa Maria died on 28 April (18 April, Old Style) and was buried with her father at the Church of the English Benedictines in Paris.  A French nobleman wrote of the death of the Princess to a friend at Utrecht:  William Legge, 1st Earl of Dartmouth, the British Secretary of State, wrote of the Princess's death:  Madame de Maintenon, the morganatic second wife of Louis XIV, wrote of Mary of Modena's reaction to Louisa Maria's death:  In his "The History of the Church of Scotland" (1845), Thomas Stephen says of the death: Like many other churches in Paris, the Church of the English Benedictines was desecrated and vandalised during the French Revolution. According to Jules Janin, writing in 1844, the remains of Princess Louisa Maria and her father King James II were then resting in the military hospital of the Val-de-Grâce.

Portraits.

Several portraits of Louisa Maria survive. Among those of Louisa Maria alone, one is by François de Troy, ca. 1705, while another, painted about 1704, is attributed to Alexis Simon Belle and is in the National Portrait Gallery, London. Also in the National Portrait Gallery is a portrait painted in 1695 by Nicolas de Largillière of Louisa Maria with her brother James Francis Edward. This was engraved as a mezzotint by John Smith and published in 1699. Another portrait of Louisa Maria with her brother, depicting him as an angel, is in the Royal Collection and is again attributed to Belle. A portrait with a cavalier King Charles spaniel was engraved as a mezzotint by Bernard Lens the Younger and published c. 1700.

In fiction.

Princess Louisa appears at the age of twelve in Eliza Haywood's picaresque novel "The Fortunate Foundlings" (1744). Haywood says of Louisa:

Namesakes.

The names Louisa Maria Teresa (in French, "Louise-Marie-Thérèse") were later used for Luisa Maria Teresa of Parma (1751–1819), Queen consort of Charles IV of Spain, for Louise Marie Thérèse of France, the eldest daughter of Charles Ferdinand, Duke of Berry, born 1819, and for Louise Marie Thérèse Charlotte Isabelle of Orléans, daughter of King Louis-Philippe of France and the Queen of King Leopold I of Belgium.

Louisa Maria Teresa Stuart (28 June 1692 – 18 April 1712), known to Jacobites as Princess Royal, was the last child of James II and VII (1633–1701), the deposed king of England, Scotland, and Ireland, and of his queen, Mary of Modena. In English, she was called Louisa Maria and Louise Marie in French.

Prinzessin Louisa Maria Theresa Stuart, genannt "La Consolatrice" (* 28. Juni 1692 auf Schloss Saint-Germain-en-Laye; † 18. April 1712 in Paris) war ein Mitglied des Hauses Stuart.


Fauna.

The park's main conservation importance is that it holds three of the four Moroccan colonies of the northern bald ibis ("Geronticus eremita"). Together with the fourth site at nearby Tamri, it holds 95% of the world's truly wild breeding birds of this endangered species. The ibis colonies and roost-sites are located on coastal cliffs within the National Park, and the coastal steppes and fields are used as feeding areas. The park has a nature trail at Oued Souss and a visitor centre at Oued Massa.  The Oued Massa holds water throughout the year and has breeding marbled ducks, a globally threatened species. It is the only known Moroccan breeding site for the glossy ibis. The two estuaries are important for migrants, especially waders and gulls. European spoonbill and Audouin's gull winter in the park. Other notable breeding bird species are red-necked nightjar, thick-billed lark, Tristram's warbler and Moussier's redstart.  Souss-Massa also holds captive-breeding programmes for four threatened North African ungulates: scimitar oryx, addax, dama gazelle and dorcas gazelle, that are kept in separate enclosures within the park. The reintroduction of the North African ostrich - which is extinct north of the Sahara - is also underway.

Threats.

The park is threatened by increasing pressures of the growing human population and the construction of summer chalets is increasing around Aglou. A large-scale hotel development planned for the coast at Tifnit, an area that includes important feeding areas for the bald ibis, has been suspended.

International cooperation.

In regard to international cooperation and exchanges, the Souss-Massa National Park has received technical support from the Teide National Park (Tenerife, Spain). Souss Massa national Park

The Souss-Massa National Park ("Parc National de Souss-Massa") is a 33,800 hectare national park on the Atlantic coast of Morocco which was created in 1991. It lies between Agadir to the north and Sidi Ifni to the south and its centre is at 9°40'W 30°5'N. The estuary of the Oued Souss is the northern limit of the park, and that of the Oued Massa is near the southern end. 30,000 ha of land near Aglou, south of the park, is also included in the site because it is sometimes used as a feeding area by the northern bald ibis. The habitat is grazed steppe with dunes, beaches and wetlands. The soil is mainly sandy with some rockier areas.

Der Nationalpark Souss Massa (, ) wurde 1991 gegründet. Er umfasst die Mündungen des Oued Sous und die des Oued Massa, welche hier in den Atlantik münden. Der Nationalpark ist 340 km2 groß. Er liegt an der Atlantikküste in Südwest-Marokko. Nördlich liegt Agadir, südlich Tiznit.


Early life.

Norman was born Maidie Ruth Gamble on a plantation in Villa Rica, Georgia, to Louis and Lila Graham Gamble. She was raised in Lima, Ohio, and began studying drama and performing in Shakespeare plays as a child. She graduated from Central High School in Lima in 1930, and attended Bennett College, where she earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1934. She then got her Master's degree in drama at Columbia University in 1937.  She married real-estate broker McHenry Norman on December 22, 1937. She later used her husband's surname as her professional name.

Career.

Acting.

Norman began her career in radio with appearances on "The Jack Benny Program" and "Amos 'n' Andy". In 1946, she began studying at the Actors' Laboratory. Norman made her stage debut as "Honey" in "Deep Are the Roots" at the Mayan Theater in Los Angeles in 1949.  Norman made her film debut in the 1947 film "The Peanut Man". She initially found it difficult to portray positive roles in films for African American women and felt limited in playing maids and domestics. While she did appear in such roles, Norman refused to play the roles in a subservient or stereotypical manner that was considered the norm. Norman later said, "In the beginning, I made a pledge that I would play no role that deprived black women of their dignity."  In 1951, she appeared in her only leading role in "The Well". Norman later appeared in supporting roles in "Torch Song" (1953), "Bright Road" (1953), "Susan Slept Here" (1954), "The Opposite Sex" (1956), and "Written on the Wind" (1956). One of her most memorable roles was as the ill-fated housekeeper Elvira Stitt in Robert Aldrich's 1962 horror film "What Ever Happened to Baby Jane?", opposite Bette Davis and Joan Crawford. In a 1995 interview, Norman recalled that the character was originally written as a "doltish, yessum character". She rewrote the dialogue which she called "old slavery-time talk" in an effort to dignify the character.  During the 1960s and for the remainder of her career, Norman appeared mainly in television roles as she believed there were more opportunities for African American performers in the medium. Her TV credits include appearances in "The Loretta Young Show", "Perry Mason", "Alfred Hitchcock Presents", "Ben Casey" and "Dr. Kildare". In 1961, Norman appeared in the Los Angeles production of "A Raisin in the Sun".  In the 1970s and 1980s, she guest starred on episodes of "Good Times", "The Jeffersons", "Little House on the Prairie" and "The Streets of San Francisco". Her last film role was in "Terrorist on Trial: The United States vs. Salim Ajami" (1988) and that same year she made her last three television appearances in "Amen", the television film "Side by Side", and an episode of "Simon & Simon".

Teaching.

At the height of her career during the 1950s, Norman toured colleges lecturing on African American literature and theater. From 1955 to 1956, she taught at the University of Texas at Tyler. Norman was also an artist-in-residence at Stanford University from 1968 to 1969. In 1970, she created and taught a course in African American theater history at UCLA. It was the first course devoted to the subject of African American studies in the college's history. Norman taught at UCLA until 1977. UCLA established the Maidie Norman Research Award for the best student essay on African-American film or theater in her honor.

Personal life.

On December 22, 1937, she married real estate broker McHenry Norman whom she met while attending Bennett College. They had one son, McHenry Norman III. They were married until McHenry's death. In 1977, Norman married Weldon D. Canada to whom she remained married until her death.

Death.

Norman died of lung cancer on May 2, 1998 at her son's San Jose, California home. Her funeral was held at the Alum Rock United Methodist Church in San Jose on May 12. She is interred at Meadowbrook Memory Gardens in Villa Rica, Georgia.

Honors.

Norman was invited to serve as an official delegate of the Methodist Church for a Conference on Human Relations held February 11-13, 1958 at the First Methodist Church of Glendale and sponsored by the Southern California-Arizona Conference Board of Christian Social Relations and the General Board of Social and Economic Relations.  In 1977, she was inducted into the Black Filmmakers Hall of Fame.  In 1985, California Educational Theatre Association gave her a professional artist award.  In 1992, Norman was awarded an honorary doctorate from her alma mater, Bennett College.

Maidie Ruth Norman (October 16, 1912 – May 2, 1998) was an American radio, stage, film and television actress and African-American literature and theater instructor.

Maidie Norman (* 16. Oktober 1912 in Villa Rica, Georgia, USA; † 2. Mai 1998 in San Jose, Kalifornien, USA) war eine US-amerikanische Schauspielerin.


Early life and career.

Born in Marlboro County, Wilson studied law in Baltimore and was admitted to the South Carolina bar in 1807. He practiced law in Georgetown and became active in politics by being elected to three non-consecutive terms to the South Carolina House of Representatives. Wilson gained election to the South Carolina Senate in 1818 and was chosen by his colleagues to be the president of the senate. In 1822, the General Assembly elected him as Governor of South Carolina for a two-year term.

As Governor.

Governor Wilson believed in states' rights and assailed the U.S. Congress for carrying out internal improvements as a result of revenues brought in by the tariff of 1824. During his term as governor, Wilson advocated the humane reform of the Negro Laws and backed the incorporation of the Medical College of South Carolina in 1823.

Later life and career.

Wilson won re-election to the state Senate in 1826, but was pressed for impeachment by Thomas S. Grimké, who accused Wilson of being reckless with the State's finances, as governor. Having felt that his honor had been impugned, Wilson challenged Grimké to a duel. However, both sides agreed to "set aside their Differences" when the contingent funds were accounted for.  In 1832, Wilson participated in the Nullification Convention and was firmly committed to secession. He additionally served as a leader of a Lynching Club which acted as a vigilante group to enforce the law and maintain Southern sensibilities. When a mob went to the Charleston post office in 1835 to confiscate mail containing abolitionist literature, Wilson supported their efforts and endorsed their actions. Based mostly on personal experience, Wilson penned "The Code of Honor" in 1838 which described a set of guidelines for duelists and he argued that it would save lives instead of encouraging duels.  Wilson died on February 12, 1849 and was buried at St. Paul's Church in Charleston.

John Lyde Wilson (May 24, 1784February 12, 1849) was the 49th Governor of South Carolina from 1822 to 1824 and an ardent supporter of dueling.

John Lyde Wilson (* 24. Mai 1784 im heutigen Marlboro County, South Carolina; † 12. Februar 1849 in Charleston, South Carolina) war ein US-amerikanischer Politiker und von 1822 bis 1824 Gouverneur von South Carolina.


"Project Reality: BF2".

Gameplay.

"Project Reality" features five game modes. Two of the most popular game modes are Advance and Secure (AAS) and Insurgency (INS). AAS involves capturing and holding control points, similar to the Conquest mode of Battlefield 2. In AAS, control points typically must be captured in a certain order with one team attacking, and one team defending. The second most popular game mode, Insurgency, is intended to simulate asymmetrical warfare. The Insurgency game mode involves a conventional forces team searching for and destroying hidden weapon caches while the other team, the insurgents, try to defend them. Moreover, the other game modes are Vehicle Warfare (VW) and Command and Control (CNC). The Vehicle Warfare mode differs by putting full emphasis on heavy vehicles and assets, and restricting the player to one kit role (crewman). The play style for Vehicle Warfare is otherwise identical to the Advance and Secure mode where players must capture objective points in order. Finally, the Command and Control mode removes all control points. The objective instead is focused around player built fortifications and their single Forward Operating Base. Players must build and defend their hidden Forward Operating Base while also searching for the opposing forces' base. The mod also features a co-op mode, where human players may play alongside or against computer controlled players. Co-op can also serve as a single-player mode (with bots standing in for teammates).  In contrast to the original system of Battlefield 2, players may not spawn at their squad leader when they die, but must instead spawn at permanent spawn points such as main bases, or at temporary rally points created by the squad leader. Players may also spawn at Forward Operating Bases which can be constructed if supply crates are delivered to the desired location. When constructed, other fixed defences such as stationary machine guns and various defensive constructs such as barbed wire or foxholes can be placed afterwards with the delivery of additional supplies.  The Insurgency game mode diverts slightly from these rules, limiting the insurgent side to spawn at their weapons caches which they must defend, or they lose the ability to spawn. The opposing team can discover the location of these caches by catching informants for the insurgents, after which an enemy cache will be marked on the conventional forces' map, indicating its position. However, insurgents can still deploy and construct destructible "hideouts" to spawn at, which act in a similar way to the Forward Operating Bases in conventional game modes. The conventional forces are also able to construct their own Forward Operating Bases for forward deployment.  Project Reality features over 15 factions with more in development.

"Project Reality: ARMA 2".

"Project Reality: ARMA 2" exists as a standalone modification requiring both "ARMA 2" and "". It remains self-contained, self developing and does not rely on or use externally held add-ons from other sources where at all possible. What that means to the player is that it is a 'one stop shop' as an installation package, with no requirement for additional multiple add on packs.  Project Reality: ARMA 2 v0.1 BETA was released on September 2 which was shortly followed by the release of Project Reality: ARMA 2 v0.15 beta on March 16, 2012. A year later on March 1, 2013 0.16 version was released including two new terrains (maps). With the release came the news of a cease in development with the ARMA2 mod and a movement of efforts towards "ARMA 3".

Successors.

In early 2009 it was revealed through the official Project Reality forums that a standalone successor "Project Reality 2" is in pre-production. A license for the C4 Engine has been purchased as of 2010.  An entry for a game called ""Project Reality 2 - The Beaten Zone"" has been posted to the official Crytek developers community "crytek.net", stating that the game would be using the CryEngine 3. "Project Reality" staff have dismissed the supposed engine change as rumor, and did not acknowledge any connection to the "crydev.net" posting.  However, new announcements from the Dev Team, made sure that PR2 will be in fact using the CryEngine 3, since most of the people involved in the development of the game on the C4 Engine thought it wasn't so good to work with, and they have chosen the CryEngine 3 as their new engine to work on. There is no set release date for the game. Since 2014 there has been no more word from the team behind the standalone. One of the main developers also mentioned that the game's production had stopped.  On October 10. 2014 a team consisting of current and former Project Reality:BF2 developers announced a new commercial game based on the Project Reality gameplay formula. The new game is named "Squad" and is built on Unreal Engine 4. The game, as of December 2015, is available on Steam Early Access. The game was initially funded through a crowdfunding campaign on Kickstarter.

Reception.

Critical response.

Major game review websites, IGN and GameSpy have both reviewed "Project Reality". IGN review states "why all "BF2" players should download this mod." while GameSpy says that "the mother of all realism mods [has] arrive[d] for BF2". PC Zone Magazine also reviewed "Project Reality", saying that "not only does it make the virtual warfare harsher, "Project Reality" also adds fantastic new maps, vehicles and weapons to the fray".

Project Reality is a series of combined arms tactical first-person shooter video game modifications which aim to create a realistic combat environment where the core gameplay encourages teamwork and coordination. The original version, "Project Reality: BF2", was released in 2005 for "Battlefield 2", it is still being updated on a regular basis and became a stand-alone game in 2015.

Project Reality (PR) ist eine Modifikation des Computerspiels "Battlefield 2", die ab Version 1.3 auch ohne Battlefield 2 spielbar ist. Das Ziel der Mod ist es, Kampfszenarien möglichst realistisch und teamorientiert zu gestalten. "Project Reality" begann als Mini-Mod, welche lediglich die Eigenschaften vorhandener Spielelemente beeinflusste. Mittlerweile sind allerdings so viele eigene Spielmechaniken, Waffen, Fahrzeuge und Tonaufnahmen dazugekommen, dass die verbleibenden Elemente des Originalspiels eine Minderheit bilden.