Codification.

Process.

The official text of an Act of Congress is that of the "enrolled bill" (traditionally printed on parchment) presented to the President for his signature or disapproval. Upon enactment of a law, the original bill is delivered to the Office of the Federal Register (OFR) within the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA). After authorization from the OFR, copies are distributed as "slip laws" by the Government Publishing Office (GPO). The Archivist assembles annual volumes of the enacted laws and publishes them as the "United States Statutes at Large." By law, the text of the "Statutes at Large" is "legal evidence" of the laws enacted by Congress. Slip laws are also competent evidence.  The "Statutes at Large", however, is not a convenient tool for legal research. It is arranged strictly in chronological order so that statutes addressing related topics may be scattered across many volumes. Statutes often repeal or amend earlier laws, and extensive cross-referencing is required to determine what laws are in force at any given time.  The United States Code is the result of an effort to make finding relevant and effective statutes simpler by reorganizing them by subject matter, and eliminating expired and amended sections. The Code is maintained by the Office of the Law Revision Counsel (LRC) of the US House of Representatives. The LRC determines which statutes in the United States Statutes at Large should be codified, and which existing statutes are affected by amendments or repeals, or have simply expired by their own terms. The LRC updates the Code accordingly.  Because of this codification approach, a single named statute (like the Taft–Hartley Act or the Embargo Act) may or may not appear in a single place in the Code. Often, complex legislation bundles a series of provisions together as a means of addressing a social or governmental problem; those provisions often fall in different logical areas of the Code. For example, an Act providing relief for family farms might affect items in Title 7 (Agriculture), Title 26 (Tax), and Title 43 (Public Lands). When the Act is codified, its various provisions might well be placed in different parts of those various Titles. Traces of this process are generally found in the Notes accompanying the "lead section" associated with the popular name, and in cross-reference tables that identify Code sections corresponding to particular Acts of Congress.  Usually, the individual sections of a statute are incorporated into the Code exactly as enacted; however, sometimes editorial changes are made by the LRC (for instance, the phrase "the date of enactment of this Act" is replaced by the actual date). Though authorized by statute, these changes do not constitute positive law.

Legal status.

The authority for the material in the United States Code comes from its enactment through the legislative process and not from its presentation in the Code. For example, the United States Code omitted for decades, apparently because it was thought to have been repealed. In its 1993 ruling in "U.S. National Bank of Oregon v. Independent Insurance Agents of America", the Supreme Court ruled that § 92 was still valid law.  By law, those titles of the United States Code that have not been enacted into positive law are ""prima facie" evidence" of the law in effect. The "United States Statutes at Large" remains the ultimate authority. If a dispute arises as to the accuracy or completeness of the codification of an unenacted title, the courts will turn to the language in the United States Statutes at Large. In case of a conflict between the text of the Statutes at Large and the text of a provision of the United States Code that has not been enacted as positive law, the text of the Statutes at Large takes precedence.  In contrast, if Congress enacts a particular title (or other component) of the Code into positive law, the enactment repeals all of the previous Acts of Congress from which that title of the Code derives; in their place, Congress gives the title of the Code itself the force of law. This process makes that title of the United States Code "legal evidence" of the law in force. Where a title has been enacted into positive law, a court may neither permit nor require proof of the underlying original Acts of Congress.  The distinction between enacted and unenacted titles is largely academic because the Code is nearly always accurate. The United States Code is routinely cited by the Supreme Court and other federal courts without mentioning this theoretical caveat. On a day-to-day basis, very few lawyers cross-reference the Code to the "Statutes at Large". Attempting to capitalize on the possibility that the text of the United States Code can differ from the "United States Statutes at Large", Bancroft-Whitney for many years published a series of volumes known as United States Code Service (USCS), which used the actual text of the "United States Statutes at Large".

Uncodified statutes.

Only "general and permanent" laws are codified in the United States Code; the Code does not usually include provisions that apply only to a limited number of people (a private law) or for a limited time, such as most appropriation acts or budget laws, which apply only for a single fiscal year. If these limited provisions are significant, however, they may be printed as "notes" underneath related sections of the Code. The codification is based on the content of the laws, however, not the vehicle by which they are adopted; so, for instance, if an appropriations act contains substantive, permanent provisions (as is sometimes the case), these provisions will be incorporated into the Code even though they were adopted as part of a non-permanent enactment.

Versions and history.

Early compilations.

Early efforts at codifying the Acts of Congress were undertaken by private publishers; these were useful shortcuts for research purposes, but had no official status. Congress undertook an official codification called the "Revised Statutes of the United States" approved June 22, 1874, for the laws in effect as of December 1, 1873. Congress re-enacted a corrected version in 1878. The Revised Statutes were enacted as positive law, but subsequent enactments were not incorporated into the official code, so that over time researchers once again had to delve through many volumes of the "Statutes at Large".  According to the preface to the Code, "From 1897 to 1907 a commission was engaged in an effort to codify the great mass of accumulating legislation. The work of the commission involved an expenditure of over $300,000, but was never carried to completion." Only the Criminal Code of 1909 and the Judicial Code of 1911 were enacted. In the absence of a comprehensive official code, private publishers once again collected the more recent statutes into unofficial codes. The first edition of the "United States Code" (published as Statutes at Large Volume 44, Part 1) includes cross-reference tables between the USC and two of these unofficial codes, "United States Compiled Statutes Annotated" by West Publishing Co. and "Federal Statutes Annotated" by Edward Thompson Co.

Official code.

During the 1920s, some members of Congress revived the codification project, resulting in the approval of the United States Code by Congress in 1926.  The official version of the Code is published by the LRC as a series of paper volumes. The first edition of the Code was contained in a single bound volume; today, it spans several large volumes. Normally, a new edition of the Code is issued every six years, with annual cumulative supplements identifying the changes made by Congress since the last "main edition" was published.  The official code was last printed in 2018.

Digital and Internet versions.

Both the LRC and the GPO offer electronic versions of the Code to the public. The LRC electronic version used to be as much as 18 months behind current legislation, but as of 2014 it is one of the most current versions available online. The United States Code is available from the LRC at uscode.house.gov in both HTML and XML bulk formats. The "United States Legislative Markup" (USLM) schema of the XML was designed to be consistent with the Akoma Ntoso project (from the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs) XML schema, and the OASIS "LegalDocML" technical committee standard will be based upon Akoma Ntoso.  A number of other online versions are freely available, such as Cornell's Legal Information Institute.

Annotated codes.

Practicing lawyers who can afford them almost always use an annotated version of the US Code from a private company. The two leading annotated versions are the "United States Code Annotated", abbreviated as USCA, and the "United States Code Service", abbreviated as USCS. The USCA is published by West (part of Thomson Reuters), and USCS is published by LexisNexis (part of Reed Elsevier), which purchased the publication from the Lawyers Co-operative Publishing Co. in 1997 as a result of an antitrust settlement. These annotated versions contain notes following each section of the law, which organize and summarize court decisions, law review articles, and other authorities that pertain to the code section, and may also include uncodified provisions that are part of the Public Laws. The publishers of these versions frequently issue supplements that contain newly enacted laws, which may not yet have appeared in an official published version of the Code, as well as updated secondary materials such as new court decisions on the subject. When an attorney is viewing an annotated code on an online service, such as Westlaw or LexisNexis, all the citations in the annotations are hyperlinked to the referenced court opinions and other documents.

Organization.

Divisions.

The Code is divided into 53 titles (listed below), which deal with broad, logically organized areas of legislation. Titles may optionally be divided into subtitles, parts, subparts, chapters, and subchapters. All titles have sections (represented by a §), as their basic coherent units, and sections are numbered sequentially across the entire title without regard to the previously-mentioned divisions of titles. Sections are often divided into (from largest to smallest) subsections, paragraphs, subparagraphs, clauses, subclauses, items, and subitems. Congress, by convention, names a particular subdivision of a section according to its largest element. For example, "subsection (c)(3)(B)(iv)" is not a subsection but a clause, namely clause (iv) of subparagraph (B) of paragraph (3) of subsection (c); if the identity of the subsection and paragraph were clear from the context, one would refer to the clause as "subparagraph (B)(iv)".  Not all titles use the same series of subdivisions above the section level, and they may arrange them in different order. For example, in Title 26 (the tax code), the order of subdivision runs:  The "Section" division is the core organizational component of the Code, and the "Title" division is always the largest division of the Code. Which intermediate levels between Title and Section appear, if any, varies from Title to Title. For example, in Title 38 (Veteran's Benefits), the order runs Title – Part – Chapter – Subchapter – Section.  The word "title" in this context is roughly akin to a printed "volume," although many of the larger titles span multiple volumes. Similarly, no particular size or length is associated with other subdivisions; a section might run several pages in print, or just a sentence or two. Some subdivisions within particular titles acquire meaning of their own; for example, it is common for lawyers to refer to a "Chapter 11 bankruptcy" or a "Subchapter S corporation" (often shortened to "S corporation").  According to one legal style manual, a sample citation would be "Privacy Act of 1974, (2006)", read aloud as "Title five, United States Code, section five fifty-two A" or simply "five USC five fifty-two A".

Titles.

Titles that have been enacted into positive law are indicated by blue shading below. Titles whose laws have been repealed are indicated by red shading below.

Proposed titles.

The Office of Law Revision Counsel has produced draft text for three additional titles of federal law. The subject matters of these proposed titles exists today in one or several existing titles. The OLRC announced an "editorial reclassification" of the federal laws governing voting and elections that went into effect on September 1, 2014. This reclassification involved moving various laws previously classified in Titles 2 and 42 into a new Title 52, which has not been enacted into positive law.

Treatment of repealed laws.

When sections are repealed, their text is deleted and replaced by a note summarizing what used to be there. This is so that lawyers reading old cases can understand what the cases are talking about. As a result, some portions of the Code consist entirely of empty chapters full of historical notes. For example, Title 8, Chapter 7 is labeled "Exclusion of Chinese". This contains historical notes relating to the Chinese Exclusion Act, which is no longer in effect.

Number and growth of criminalized actions.

There are conflicting opinions on the number of federal crimes, but many have argued that there has been explosive growth and it has become overwhelming. In 1982, the US Justice Department could not come up with a number, but estimated 3,000 crimes in the United States Code. In 1998, the American Bar Association (ABA) said that it was likely much higher than 3,000, but didn't give a specific estimate. In 2008, the Heritage Foundation published a report that put the number at a minimum of 4,450. When staff for a task force of the US House Judiciary Committee asked the Congressional Research Service (CRS) to update its 2008 calculation of criminal offenses in the USC in 2013, the CRS responded that they lack the manpower and resources to accomplish the task.

Related codifications.

The US Code generally contains only those Acts of Congress, or statutes, designated as public laws. The Code itself does not include Executive Orders or other executive-branch documents related to the statutes, or rules promulgated by the courts. However, such related material is sometimes contained in notes to relevant statutory sections or in appendices. The US Code does not include statutes designated at enactment as private laws, nor statutes that are considered temporary in nature, such as appropriations. These laws are included in the "Statutes at Large" for the year of enactment.  Regulations promulgated by executive agencies through the rulemaking process set out in the Administrative Procedure Act are published chronologically in the "Federal Register" and then codified in the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR). Similarly, state statutes and regulations are often codified into state-specific codes.

The Code of Laws of the United States of America (variously abbreviated to Code of Laws of the United States, United States Code, US Code, U.S.C., or USC) is the official compilation and codification of the general and permanent federal statutes of the United States. It contains 53 titles (Titles 1–54, excepting Title 53, it being reserved). The main edition is published every six years by the Office of the Law Revision Counsel of the House of Representatives, and cumulative supplements are published annually. The official version of those laws not codified in the United States Code can be found in United States Statutes at Large.

Der United States Code (U.S.C., offizielle Bezeichnung Code of Laws of the United States of America) ist die Sammlung und Kodifikation des allgemeinen und permanenten Bundesrechts der Vereinigten Staaten.


History.

The provincial history records an 1818 uprising (the Third Kandyan War) against the British colonial government which had been controlling the formally independent Udarata (Sinhalese: "Up-Country"), of which Uva was a province. The uprising was led by Keppetipola Disawe - a rebel leader that the Sinhalese celebrate even today - who was sent initially by the British Government to stop the uprising. The rebels captured Matale and Kandy before Keppetipola fell ill and was captured - and beheaded by the British. His skull was abnormal - as it was wider than usual - and was sent to Britain for analysis. It was returned to Sri Lanka after independence, and now rests in the Kandyan Museum.  The British successfully suppressed the rebellion and as retribution the entire able bodied male population of Uva region above the age of 18 years was killed while homes in the entire region were also destroyed. They also destroyed the irrigation systems, poisoned the wells, killed all cattle and other domesticated animals, and burnt all cultivated fields in the area of uprising. The Wellassa area, the name known to have derived from "wel lakshaya" literally meaning a hundred thousand paddy fields in Sinhalese, was composed of thousands of cultivated paddy fields yielding a substantial harvest. However, this area has not yet recovered from the scorched earth policy of the British.

Administrative divisions.

Districts.

Uva is divided into 2 districts:

Divisional secretariats.

The districts of the Sri Lanka are divided into administrative sub-units known as divisional secretariats. These were originally based on the feudal counties, the "korale"s and "rata"s. They were formerly known as "D.R.O. Divisions" after the Divisional Revenue Officer. Later the D.R.O.s became Assistant Government Agents and the Divisions were known as "A.G.A. Divisions". Currently, the Divisions are administered by a Divisional Secretary and are known as "D.S. Divisions".  There are 26 divisional secretariats divided in Uva Province, which are listed below, by district. There are 15 in Badulla District and 11 in Moneragala District.

Mountains.

Uva's symbolic mountain is Namunukula which stands tallest among the mountain range surrounding the Badulla town. There are views of the Welimada basin, Katharagama and Hambantota beach from Namunukula peak on a clear day.  Haputale mountain range has its tallest, peak Kirigalpottha. Haputale-Beragala gap gives a view of the Southern and Sabaragamuwa provinces on a clear day.

Uva Province ( "Uva Palata", "Uva Maakaanam") is Sri Lanka's second least populated province, with 1,259,880 people, created in 1896. It consists of two districts: Badulla and Moneragala. The provincial capital is Badulla. Uva is bordered by Eastern, Southern, Sabaragamuwa and Central provinces. Its major tourist attractions are Dunhinda falls, Diyaluma Falls, Rawana Falls, the Yala National Park (lying partly in the Southern and Eastern Provinces) and Gal Oya National Park (lying partly in the Eastern Province). The Gal Oya hills and the Central mountains are the main uplands, while the Mahaweli (Sinhalese: "great-sandy") and Menik (Sinhalese: "gemstone") rivers and the huge Senanayake Samudraya and Maduru Oya Reservoirs are the major waterways.

Uva (singhales. ඌව පළාත) ist die Provinz Sri Lankas mit den zweitwenigsten Einwohnern (1.187.335). Sie wurde 1896 gegründet. Sie besteht aus den Distrikten Badulla und Moneragala. Die Hauptstadt ist Badulla.


Major figures.

Nobushige, Nobumitsu, Nobuyoshi, Nobutora, Harunobu (Shingen), Katsuyori

History.

Origin.

The Takeda are descendants of Emperor Seiwa (858–876) and are a branch of the Minamoto clan (Seiwa Genji), by Minamoto no Yoshimitsu (1056–1127), son of the "Chinjufu-shōgun" Minamoto no Yoriyoshi (988-1075), and brother to the famous Minamoto no Yoshiie (1039–1106). Minamoto no Yoshikiyo (1075–1149), son of Yoshimitsu, was the first to take the name of Takeda.

Kamakura to early Azuchi–Momoyama periods.

In the 12th century, at the end of the Heian period, the Takeda family controlled Kai Province. Along with a number of other families, they aided their cousin Minamoto no Yoritomo against the Taira clan in the Genpei War (1180–85). When Minamoto no Yoritomo was first defeated at Ishibashiyama (1181), Takeda Nobuyoshi (1128–86) was applied for help and the Takeda sent an army of 25,000 men to support Yoritomo. Takeda Nobumitsu (1162–1248), son of Nobuyoshi, fought against the Taira, and distinguished himself in the Battle of Ichinotani (1184). He also fought against Kiso Yoshinaka (1184), against the Northern Fujiwara (1189) and against Wada Yoshimori (1213). During the Jōkyū War, he helped the Hōjō, and led 50,000 soldiers as Daishogun of the Tosando, and in reward received the governorship of Aki province (1221). Takeda Nobuhide (1413–40), eldest son of the Takeda Nobushige (1390–1465) shugo of Aki, helped the 6th shogun Ashikaga Yoshinori (1394–1441) against the revolt of Isshiki Yoshitsura (1440) and was granted the governorship of Wakasa province. Takeda Nobukata (1420–71) inherited the titles of shugo of Wakasa from his brother Nobuhide who died childless, and that of shugo of Aki from his father Nobushige. During the Ōnin War (1467–77) he occupied Tango province that belonged to Isshiki Yoshinao, and was appointed shugo of Tango (1469) by the bakufu. His brother Takeda Kuninobu (1437–90) received the titles of shugo of Aki, Wakasa and Tango provinces, but lost Tango in 1474. Until the Sengoku period, the Takeda were "shugo" of Kai, Aki and Wakasa provinces.

Sengoku period.

Immediately prior to the Sengoku period, the Takeda helped to suppress the Rebellion of Uesugi Zenshū (1416–1417). Uesugi Zenshū (d. 1417) was the "kanrei" chief advisor to Ashikaga Mochiuji, an enemy of the central Ashikaga shogunate and the Kantō kubō governor-general of the Kantō region. Mochiuji, lord of the Uesugi clan, made a reprisal against the Takeda clan in 1415. This reprisal began a rivalry between the Uesugi and Takeda clans which would last roughly 150 years until the destruction of the Takeda clan at the end of the Sengoku period. While this rivalry existed, the Takeda and the Uesugi still had a huge amount of respect for one another.

Takeda Shingen.

Takeda Harunobu (1521 – 1573) succeeded his father Nobutora in 1540 and became "shugo" lord of Kai Province in present-day Yamanashi Prefecture. In this period the Takeda began to quickly expand from their base in Kai Province. In 1559, Harunobu changed his name to the better-known Takeda Shingen. He faced the Hōjō clan a number of times, and most of his expansion was to the north, where he fought his most famous battles against Uesugi Kenshin. This series of regional skirmishes is known as the Battles of Kawanakajima. The battles began in 1553, and the best known and severest among them was fought on September 10, 1561.  Shingen is famous for his tactical genius, and innovations, though some historians have argued that his tactics were not particularly impressive nor revolutionary. Nevertheless, Shingen is perhaps most famous for his use of the cavalry charge at the Battle of Mikatagahara. The strength of Shingen's new tactic became so famous that the Takeda army came to be known as the "kiba gundan" (騎馬軍団), or'mounted army'. Up until the mid-16th century and Shingen's rise to power, mounted "samurai" were primarily archers. There was already a trend at this time towards larger infantry-based armies, including a large number of foot archers. In order to defeat these missile troops, Shingen transformed his "samurai" from archers to lancers.

Decline of the Takeda clan.

Shingen died in on May 13, 1573, at age 53 from illness. His son Takeda Katsuyori (1546–1582) effectively succeeded Shingen though the nominal head of the family was his grandson Takeda Nobukatsu; Katsuyori continued Shingen's aggressive expansion plan south and westward and was initially successful, briefly achieving the largest extent of Takeda rule. However, he was defeated in the Battle of Nagashino in 1575 by Oda Nobunaga and Tokugawa Ieyasu.  After Nagashino, the Takeda clan fell into sharp decline as it had lost many of its most notable samurai during the battle. Katsuyori's position within the clan also became precarious (as he did not fully inherit the clan leadership position); in 1582, two of his relatives defected to the Oda/Tokugawa alliance and Nobunaga succeeded in destroying the Takeda clan shortly thereafter. The campaign saw most of the Takeda followers simply abandoning Katsuyori and the other Takeda family members to their fate. The clan was effectively eliminated, although descendants of the Takeda clan would take prominent positions in the Tokugawa shogunate, established in 1603.

Modern period.

Takeda is also a fairly common family name in modern Japan, though it is unlikely that everyone with the Takeda name is descended from this noble house (several divisions of the family have the Takeda name).  In fact, most of the real descendants of the Takeda had a different name when they created a cadet branch. During the Tokugawa period, several "daimyō" families were direct descendants of the Takeda.  In 1868, these "daimyō" families were :  In 1868, two branches named Takeda were also ranked among the "Kōke" (the High Families). This title was given to descendants of great dispossessed "daimyo" families of the Kamakura period to Sengoku period such as the Takeda, the Kyōgoku, the Rokkaku, the Ōtomo, the Toki, the Isshiki and the Hatakeyama clans. They received a pension from the shogunate, and had privileged missions confided to them.

Cadet branches.

Three major branches of the Takeda clan were established across Japan along with other smaller branches. Due to the establishment of cadet branches, the main Takeda clan in Kai Province is also referred to as the Kai Takeda clan.

Aki Takeda.

The Aki Takeda clan, established in Aki Province in the present-day western part of Hiroshima Prefecture. Takeda Nobumitsu (1162–1248) received the governorship of Aki province in 1221. Takeda Nobutake († 1362) was the last Takeda "Shugo" of the two provinces of Kai and Aki. His elder son Nobunari received Kai and the younger Ujinobu received Aki province.

Wakasa Takeda.

The Aki Takeda were granted the governorship of Wakasa province in 1440. The Wakasa Takeda clan was established in Wakasa Province in present-day southern Fukui Prefecture, and separates from Aki in 1500, when Takeda Motonobu (1461-1521) ruled Wakasa, while his uncle Takeda Mototsuna (1441-1505) ruled Aki. The Wakasa Takeda were known for their patronage of the arts and developing the Takeda school of military etiquette.

Kazusa Takeda.

The Kazusa Takeda clan, established at the beginning of the Sengoku period in Kazusa Province in the present-day central area of Chiba Prefecture. Along with the Satomi clan of Awa Province in the southern part of present-day Chiba Prefecture the two clan replaced the dominance of the Chiba clan in the region. The Kazusa Takeda are also known as the Mariyatsu Takeda, a reference to their base of power, Mariyatsu Castle.

Clan literature.

The "Kōshū Hatto", composed at some point in the 15th century, is the code of law of the Takeda family, while the "Kōyō Gunkan", composed largely by Kōsaka Masanobu in the mid-16th century, is an epic poem recording the family's history and Shingen's innovations in military tactics.

Popular culture.

Takeda is a playable faction in "" and "Shogun 2".  Takeda is a playable nation in "Europa Universalis IV".  Takeda Shingen and his peasant doppelgänger are the main subjects of "Kagemusha", directed by Akira Kurosawa. The film was partly financed and produced with the help of Francis Ford Coppola and George Lucas, who were shocked to discover that Kurosawa had difficulty securing funding in his native country.

The was a Japanese clan active from the late Heian period until the late 16th century. The clan was historically based in Kai Province in present-day Yamanashi Prefecture. The clan was known for their honorable actions under the rule of Takeda Shingen, one of the most famous rulers of the period.

Die Takeda (, "Takeda-shi") waren ein japanisches Adelsgeschlecht. Dieser Artikel bezieht sich fast ausschließlich auf das Haupthaus (die Takeda von Kai), allerdings gibt es auch mehrere Unterhäuser der Takeda, die parallel existieren. Sie alle stammen direkt von den Minamoto ab, waren Vasallen der Minamoto und halfen ihnen, das erste Shogunat (s. Kamakura-Zeit) aufzubauen.


League business.

Two teams would relocate: The Kansas City Scouts moved to Denver, Colorado, and became the Colorado Rockies and the California Golden Seals moved to Cleveland, Ohio, and became the Cleveland Barons. The last time a relocation had occurred was when the original Ottawa Senators had relocated in 1934 to become the St. Louis Eagles. Instability and the poor performances of the Washington Capitals and the Scouts since the 1974 expansion caused the league to shelve an expansion to Denver and Seattle that had been proposed for this season.  This season was Clarence Campbell's last as NHL President. He would be succeeded by John Ziegler.

Regular season.

The previous season saw the Montreal Canadiens set new records in wins and points. Both of those records were broken again by the Canadiens this season as, with the highest points percentage in post-expansion NHL history (.825), they had 60 wins and 132 points. Their home record was 33 wins, 1 loss, and 6 ties. Scoring two hundred goals more than they allowed, the Canadiens were a full 20 points ahead of the second-place Philadelphia Flyers. The Flyers, however, were swept in four straight games by the third-place Boston Bruins in the semi-finals. The Bruins were in turn swept by the Canadiens in four straight in the finals.  On February 2, 1977, Toronto Maple Leafs defenceman Ian Turnbull became the first player in NHL history to score five goals on five shots.

Playoffs.

The New York Islanders won six consecutive games before the semi-final and were the only team from the preliminary round to make it to the semi-finals, where they lost to the first-ranked, defending champion and eventual champion Montreal Canadiens. The Canadiens swept the St. Louis Blues, dispatched the Islanders in six to reach the final. The losses to the Islanders were the Canadiens' only losses of their playoff run. Second-ranked Philadelphia Flyers defeated the Toronto Maple Leafs in the quarter-final, before being swept by the third-ranked Boston Bruins in the semi-final.

Playoff structure.

For the 1976–77 Stanley Cup playoff tournament, the top three teams in each division were awarded playoff berths. These twelve teams were then ranked 1 through 12 according to their regular season records, regardless of divisional affiliation. The four division winners automatically qualified for the quarterfinals, while the remaining eight teams (2nd and 3rd place teams in each division) played a preliminary round. For the preliminary round, the top-ranked non-division winner played the twelfth-ranked team, the second top ranked non-division winner played the eleventh-ranked team, the third ranked non-division winner played the third-lowest ranked non-division winner. (This did not necessarily have to be the tenth-ranked team, as it was possible for a tenth-ranked team to win its division. In fact, St. Louis did win the Smythe Division as the tenth-ranked playoff team.) The remaining two non-division winners formed the final preliminary round pairing. The preliminary round consisted of a best-of-three series with the first game played on the home ice of the higher-ranked team, and the second game on the home ice of the lower-ranked team. If a third and deciding game was necessary, it was played on the home ice of the higher-ranked team.  For the quarterfinal, semifinal, and the Stanley Cup Finals, each series was a best-of-seven, with home-ice advantage in games 1, 2, 5 and 7 going to the team with the better regular season record. The other team hosted games 3 and 4, and game 6 if it was necessary. The four preliminary round winners joined the four division winners for the quarterfinals. The matchups were determined according to regular season records regardless to divisional affiliations. Of the eight remaining teams, the top-ranked team played the lowest-ranked remaining team, the second-highest-ranked remaining team played the second-lowest-ranked remaining team, and so on. The four quarterfinal winners advanced to the semifinals, with the match-ups again are reseeded by regular season records. The highest-ranked remaining team played the lowest-ranked remaining team, and the other two teams formed the second semifinal. The two semifinal winners played each other in the Stanley Cup Finals.

Playoff seeds.

The twelve teams that qualified for the playoffs are ranked 1–12 based on regular season points.  "Note: Only teams that qualified for the playoffs are listed here."

Stanley Cup Finals.

The defending champion Montreal Canadiens took on the "Original Six" rival, the third-ranked Boston Bruins in the Final. Both teams had swept a series and had lost only two games in the earlier rounds. The Canadiens swept the series in four games to win their second consecutive Stanley Cup.

Player statistics.

Scoring leaders.

"GP = Games Played, G = Goals, A = Assists, Pts = Points, PIM = Penalties In Minutes"  Source: NHL.

Leading goaltenders.

"Note: GP = Games played; Min – Minutes Played; GA = Goals Against; GAA = Goals Against Average; W = Wins; L = Losses; T = Ties; SO = Shutouts"

Debuts.

The following is a list of players of note who played their first NHL game in 1976–77 (listed with their first team, asterisk(*) marks debut in playoffs):

Last games.

The following is a list of players of note that played their last game in the NHL in 1976–77 (listed with their last team):

The 1976–77 NHL season was the 60th season of the National Hockey League. The Kansas City Scouts moved to Denver, Colorado, and became the Colorado Rockies and the California Golden Seals moved to Cleveland, Ohio, and became the Cleveland Barons. The Montreal Canadiens once again dominated the playoffs as, for the second straight year, they swept their opponent four games to none in the final series for the Stanley Cup.

Die Stadt Königstein im Taunus ist ein heilklimatischer Kurort im hessischen Hochtaunuskreis und liegt an den waldreichen Hängen des Taunus im Umland der Stadt Frankfurt am Main im Rhein-Main-Gebiet.


Biography.

Chenery was born in Barbados to John Chenery, a West Indies merchant. He was educated at Eton and Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge. Immediately after taking an ordinary degree in 1854, he was recruited by Mowbray Morris to work for "The Times", and was sent to Istanbul. On arrival in March 1854, he soon proved himself an excellent diplomatic correspondent, covering the Crimean War, mainly from Istanbul, but occasionally from the front, where he relieved William Howard Russell. It was while he was in Istanbul that Chenery met Percy Smythe, who sparked his interest in philological studies, a field in which he would later gain prominence.  After the war, Chenery returned to London, where he served as a leader writer for "The Times" for many years, while continuing his Oriental studies. Among the languages he spoke were Arabic, Hebrew, modern Greek, and Turkish. He was one of the panelists involved in preparing the Old Testament portion of the Revised Version of the Bible. Chenery's translation of the first 26 chapters of the Arabic classic "The Assemblies of Al-Hariri" led to an appointment as Lord Almoner's Professor of Arabic at the University of Oxford, where he also served as secretary of the Royal Asiatic Society.  In 1877 John Walker selected Chenery as John Thadeus Delane's successor as editor of "The Times". He was then an experienced publicist, particularly well versed in Oriental affairs, and an indefatigable worker with a rapid and comprehensive judgment, although he lacked Delane's sociability and intuition for public opinion. Nonetheless, he introduced a number of innovations, bringing in more writers with scholarly backgrounds to employ their respective expertise. His background as a diplomatic correspondent and his choice of capable reporters for foreign postings revived the paper's reputation for international news coverage.  Despite his position as editor, Chenery was unable to prevent the increasingly partisan slant of the paper imposed by Walter, a member of the Conservative Party. This shift was furthered in 1880 by the appointment of George Earle Buckle, Walter's hand-picked candidate, as assistant editor. Buckle assumed more duties in 1883 as ill health reduced Chenery's ability to play an active role as editor, though he continued in the post until his death on 11 February 1884.  He is buried in Brompton Cemetery.

Thomas William Chenery (1826 – 11 February 1884) was an English scholar and editor of the British newspaper "The Times". His diplomatic background and choice of capable reporters helped to revive the paper's reputation for international news.

Thomas Chenery (* 1826 auf Barbados; † 11. Februar 1884 in London) war ein englischer Orientalist. Chenery studierte am Eton College (Eton) und am Gonville and Caius College (University of Cambridge). Nach erfolgreichem Abschluss arbeitete er zunächst einige Zeit als Rechtsanwalt. Mit der Zeit wurde man auf seine Forschungen im Bereich der orientalischen Philologie aufmerksam und diese brachten ihm dann 1868 einen Lehrauftrag als „Prof. der arabischen Sprache“ an der University of Oxford ein.


Biography.

Bloch's parents, who were poor, destined him for the rabbinical career, and he devoted himself to the exclusive study of the "Talmud". He frequented the "yeshivot", especially that of Rabbi Josef Saul Nathanson at Lemberg, who, in his response, mentions Bloch, when he was only fifteen years old, as one of his most intelligent pupils. After having finished his studies at the colleges (gymnasia) of Magdeburg and Liegnitz, he went to the University of Munich. Thence he went to the University of Zurich, where he obtained his degree of doctor of philosophy.  He was appointed rabbi in Rendsburg, Holstein, afterward in Kobylin, Posen (Poznań), and Brüx, Bohemia; and finally he ended his rabbinical career in Floridsdorf, near Vienna.  Antisemitism was endemic in Austria during the late 19th century and was taking political center-stage from the 1870s on. Taking advantage of this, August Rohling, a Professor of Theology at one of the German universities, published a book, Der Talmudjude (1871), which became a bestseller and was read by hundreds of thousands (one Catholic organization distributed 38,000 copies free of charge). It rehashed the worst medieval libels concerning alleged hateful and debased Talmudic teachings and Jewish religious practices. Rohling became famous, continued even more intensified attacks against the Jews, and was eventually rewarded with an appointment to the Catholic theological faculty of Prague University. During the Tisza-Eszlár trial in 1883, Rohling made a written offer to substantiate under oath the blood ritual of the Jews, namely that their religion obliged them to eat Christian flesh in their rituals. The leading rabbis of Austria issued only a brief denial of any truth to the claim and tried otherwise to ignore these outrageous falsehoods, hoping that the controversy would fade away. But Rabbi Dr. Bloch, until then an obscure rabbi of a small and poor suburban congregation believed that a thorough and effective rebuttal had to be made, no matter what the ugliness of the conflict. He took on the challenge with a series of articles in which he openly accused Rohling of committing wilful perjury; Bloch also denounced Rohling, moreover, as a person utterly ignorant in Talmudic learning, not even able to translate a single page of Talmud. His articles caused a sensation; three editions of 100,000 copies sold out in a single day. As a Professor of Theology, Rohling had to respond to this very public challenge or lose all credibility and even his university position. After several successful attempts to delay the proceedings, when the trial could no longer be postponed Rohling preferred to withdraw completely, thus tacitly acknowledging defeat. He lost his professorship and became a byword amongst liberals for antisemitic falsifications, even if antisemites still honored him.  In 1884, now a hero of the Jewish community and a political figure to reckon with, Bloch founded a periodical, "Oesterreichische Wochenschrift", with the aim of defending the political rights of the Jews, to refute unjust attacks, and to inspire its readers with courage and faith. Bloch also attended several meetings held by workingmen, and lectured with some success on the Talmudic principles of labor and on the laboring classes in the Old Testament.  After the death of the chief rabbi Simon Schreiber in Kraków in 1884, who had been deputy for Kolomea in parliament, Bloch was elected as his successor. In 1885, he was re-elected, and after a hard struggle with Dr. Byk in 1891, he was elected for the third time. As a member of the Chamber of Deputies, he withdrew from his rabbinical post in order to devote himself entirely to his public functions and journalism.  In 1893, instigated by Josef Deckert, a pastor in Vienna, a baptized Jew named Paulus Meyer declared in the "Vaterland" of May 11 that a number of Russian rabbis from Lentschna had performed a ritual murder in his presence. In the name of the children of these rabbis, Bloch at once instituted criminal proceedings against Deckert, Meyer, and the publisher of the paper, and on trial, September 15, a conspiracy was unmasked and the three defendants were sentenced to heavy punishment.

Works.

When in 1896 Christian socialism had gained a strong footing in parliament, and the government had commenced to recognize the Socialist party, Bloch was sacrificed and everything imaginable was done to prevent his re-election. Through the combined efforts of the government, the Christian-Socialist party, and the Polish club (party of Polish deputies), all of whom supported the election of the Jewish burgomaster of Kolomea, Bloch was defeated in his bid for re-election.  He then devoted himself to journalism. Bloch published the following works:

Joseph (Josef) Samuel Bloch (November 20, 1850 in Dukla, Austrian Galicia (now in Poland) – 1923) was an Austrian rabbi and deputy of Polish descent.

Joseph Samuel Bloch (geboren am 20. November 1850 in Dukla, Galizien, Kaisertum Österreich; gestorben am 1. Oktober 1923 in Wien) war ein österreichischer Rabbiner und Reichsratsabgeordneter.


History.

After the end of the ice age the region of the present Artland became a vast glacial meltwater basin that was filled with alluvial sand by the local river, the Hase and its predecessor. This produced a rich farmland that has dominated the countryside for centuries up to the present day.  The first record of name of this region as the "Artland" is in 1309. It continued to be used over the centuries but it never had a clear and permanent boundary.  A prerequisite for the economic independence of the Artland were its good natural regional conditions and the highly fertile soil in the Quakenbrück Basin. The gentle gradient of the River Hase in the lowlands below Bersenbrück facilitated the deposition of fertile alluvial sands from the Osnabrück Upland, resulting in very fertile farmland. The higher-lying "Esch" terrain was improved by fertilising it with plaggen soils taken from the rich pastures. Alongside the keeping of livestock, which was the dominant form of farming throughout the Osnabrück Land until the Thirty Years' War, arable farming has always been carried out in the Artland which, in addition to oats and rye, also supported the more demanding and sought-after barley crops. Nowadays, however, the cultivation of maize is pre-eminent, as it is in the rest of the Weser-Ems region. This fertile arable soil, which contrasted with that of the rest of the Osnabrück Land where there were often shortages of grain, led in the "Corn chamber of the Bishopric of Osnabrück" to the development of a wealthy, landed upper class with numerous individual farmsteads which, together with hedges, copses and oak groves ("Hofeichenkämpen"), resulted in a park-like countryside.  The collective municipality of Artland, founded in 1972, covered Quakenbrück, Menslage and Badbergen, which represented only a part of the original heartland of the region, to which Gehrde also belonged and which, like Menslage, Quakenbrück and Badbergen, benefited from the fertile lowlands of the Hase river. Nortrup, by contrast, was not part of the Artland heartland. It first became politically and ecclesiastically independent of Ankum in the early 20th century, the first Roman Catholic parish being founded in 1908. Even Ankum is often counted as part of the Artland (Artland Cathedral), the village was however the centre point of the Farngau for centuries, to which Nortrup also belonged.

Tourism.

Not until the 1990s did the features of Artland culture and countryside begin slowly to appear. To support the economy and tourism of the region the Artland Economic Agency ("Wirtschaftsagentur Artland", WAAL) and "ARTour" (Artland Touristik) were founded. Every year on the "Open Day" ("Tag des offenen Denkmals") (second weekend in September) many farms and other buildings in Artland may be visited.  In Quakenbrück the 142-kilometre-long holiday road, the Artland Route, begins and ends. The sights of the Artland may also be enjoyed on special cycleways, the Gable Tour ("Giebeltour"), the Art Tour ("Kunsttour") and the Garden Tour ("Gartentour").

Sport.

The name of the Quakenbrück basketball team is the Artland Dragons, named after the characteristic - and unique to the Artland Region - tradition of dragon head carvings on oak house beams and old decorative furniture.

The Artland lies in the North German district of Osnabrück in the state of Lower Saxony and covers an area of around 180 km2 that, today, includes the collective municipality of Artland (which in turn consist of the municipalities of Quakenbrück, Badbergen, Menslage and Nortrup) as well as the municipality of Gehrde. When one refers to the Artland as a single landscape unit, it lies within an arc of ice age end moraine that today forms the Damme and Bippen Hills.

Der Begriff Artland hat, bezogen auf den Raum im Umfeld der Stadt Quakenbrück im niedersächsischen Landkreis Osnabrück, drei Bedeutungen: Das Artland war nie eine politische Einheit; seine Kirchspiele gehörten nicht einmal denselben Ämtern des Hochstifts Osnabrück an. Vielmehr führten wirtschaftliche, kulturelle und verwandtschaftliche Bindungen zum Artland als einer Einheit. In der dünn besiedelten Region dominieren heute zwischen Wiesen, Äckern, den für norddeutsche Geestlandschaften typischen Wallhecken, Feldgehölzen und Wäldchen mehr als 700, oft denkmalgeschützte, Fachwerkhöfe in Einzellagen.


History.

Arctic Cat was formed by snowmobile pioneer Edgar Hetteen in 1960 due to his departure from his previous self-started business, Polaris Industries. Like Polaris, Arctic Cat grew to become a major manufacturer of snowmobiles, watercraft, winter clothing and all-terrain vehicles (ATV's). The company's first name was Polar Manufacturing but was soon changed to Arctic Enterprises. The company made their first snowmobile in 1960 and in 1970, started the Boss Cat line. In 1968 a 15,000 sqft winter wear factory was opened in Rainy River, Ontario employing an additional 60 workers. Various boat manufacturers, including Silver Line, Lund and Spirit Marine, were bought to attempt to expand the company. However, Arctic Cat went bankrupt in 1982. Two years later, a new company Arctco was created to continue the production of Arctic Cat snowmobiles. The company was successful in keeping the Arctic Cat alive and in 1996 the company changed its name to Arctic Cat. Over the years, the company has attempted many other product lines including snowblowers, generators, mini bikes, personal watercrafts, helicopters and two-wheel drive vehicles. Although the brand's headquarters has relocated several times in recent years, Arctic Cat continues the majority of its manufacturing, along with snowmobile engineering, in Thief River Falls, Minnesota. The company also manufactures engines at a facility in St. Cloud, Minnesota.  On January 25, 2017, it was announced Arctic Cat will be acquired by Textron in for $247M in a cash transaction. The all-terrain vehicle and side-by-side models branded as Arctic Cat were either discontinued or rebranded Textron, whereas the snowmobile models have kept the Arctic Cat brand. In early 2019, the company announced that the Arctic Cat brand would return to its side-by-sides and ATVs, beginning with the 2020 model year.

Vehicles today.

Snowmobiles.

Arctic Cat is known for their M series snowmobile models which were 3rd in Market share behind Ski-doo and Polaris in 2003. This "Skinny Mini" prototype sled had features different from other sleds at that time, by utilizing parts that provided more than one role and a track that had less width than other sleds, reducing rotating mass. Arctic Cat discovered that this design was suitable for mountain riding, however the trail model developed an overheating issue as the heat exchanges were found to be insufficient when ridden on ice and in marginal snow conditions. Though the majority of sleds experienced no issues, this resulted in a class action lawsuit and resulted in an out of court settlement where Arctic Cat bought back 3,200 short track Firecat F-7's from owners. These sleds featured a lay down type engine which placed the carburetors in front of the engine, which was centered low in the sled to centralize mass and was believed to allow cooler air inlet temperatures. Big changes were made to the lineup for the 2007 model year as a new chassis was introduced which was called a twin-spar chassis replacing all previous models while adding a new 4 stroke engine, the Z1 Jaguar, which featured an 1056cc 4-stroke parallel twin. In 2009 the Z1 was turbocharged to produce, which was more than any other production snowmobile. The Crossfire and M-series remain on the same M-series chassis which is a spin off from the original Firecat Chassis.

All-terrain vehicles.

Arctic Cat started producing utility all-terrain vehicles in 1996, and expanded to produce side by side UTV's in 2005. They produce many different models from youth models to competition models, with other models being sport, recreation, 2-Up Trail, and utility models. They also now offer a line of economy mid size utility atv's which are manufactured by Kymco in Taiwan. Most models come with both 2-wheel drive and 4-wheel drive, ride in suspensions, and electronic power steering capabilities.  The original design of utility ATVs was offered from 1996 to 2004 and featured single cylinder liquid or air cooled motors from 250 to 500cc's, and all of a common design. This Arctic Cat-designed motor was manufactured by Suzuki and featured a 2V SOHC design with hemispherical combustion chambers. Manual and CVT automatic transmissions were offered. A 650V2 V-twin engine option borrowed from the Kawasaki Prairie was also offered starting in 2003. A major redesign of the platform was launched in 2005. With the new redesign came new body work, electronics, rear mounted gas tank and a standard front locking diff, though the chassis in general remained largely unchanged. A new high performance engine platform also debuted in the 650H1. This H1 platform was a direct evolution of the previous suzuki manufactured engines with many parts being interchangeable, but was now manufactured by Arctic Cat in the US. A 700EFI model was also offered which used an engine and transmission combo borrowed from the Suzuki King Quad model. This is a 4V dohc design with no relation to the H1 engine platform. This was replaced with the 700H1 which was a higher displacement version of the 650H1 with fuel injection added. A 1000cc H2 V-twin engine, was also made available. Arctic Cat utility ATV's are primarily designed and marketed toward utilitarian uses such as farm work and hunting. Compared to other ATVs, they offer very high ground clearance, low gear ratios for towing, and large steel racks for hauling large loads, and large fuel tanks for extended range. The high ground clearance and locking differentials make them particularly adept off road. They also offer 2 up models, and the TBX model which features a large dump box and high payload capacity, and a Mud Pro model which features factory air snorkels to allow it to drive nearly submerged, larger mud tires, and stronger driveline components.  In 2017, Arctic Cat produced its final model year for ATVs after joining Textron with the Alterra continuing under the Textron Off Road brand name. The Arctic Cat brand will return to side-by-side lines in 2019, for model year 2020 vehicles.

Side-by-sides.

Arctic Cat offered its first side by side UTV, the Prowler, starting in 2005. This is a utility model with large rear mounted box similar to a pickup truck bed. It is mainly intended for utility and farm use. A new high performance model, the Wildcat was also launched to meet the new demand for recreational UTVs aimed at high speed trail riding which was made popular by the huge success of the Polaris RZR. Both Prowlers and Wildcats are offered in 2 and 4 seat models with various engine offerings.  In 2015, Arctic Cat launched the Side-By-Side (SXS) Racing Series as a support series to the Stadium Super Trucks; the series fielded ten Wildcat side-by-sides for its debut at the Sand Sports Super Show in Costa Mesa, California.  In 2017, Arctic Cat produced its final model year for UTVs after joining Textron with variations of the Wildcat and Prowler being offered under the Textron Off Road brand name. The Arctic Cat brand will return to side-by-side lines in 2019, for model year 2020 vehicles.

Arctic Cat is an American brand of snowmobiles and all-terrain vehicles manufactured in Thief River Falls, Minnesota. The company was formed in 1960 and is now part of Textron Inc. The company designs, engineers, manufactures and markets all-terrain vehicles, snowmobiles, as well as related parts, garments—such as snowmobile suits—and accessories.

Arctic Cat ist ein Hersteller von ATVs (Quads) und Schneemobilen in Thief River Falls in den USA. Seit 2017 ist Arctic Cat ein Tochterunternehmen von Textron.


Orbit and classification.

"Granada" is a background asteroid that does not belong to any known asteroid family. It orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 2.2–2.5 AU once every 3 years and 8 months (1,341 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.06 and an inclination of 13° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins nine days after its official discovery observation at Heidelberg.

Physical characteristics.

Although "Granada" is an assumed S-type asteroid, it has a notably low albedo "(see below)" for an asteroid of the inner main-belt, even below that of most carbonaceous asteroids.

Slow rotation.

In September 1984, a rotational lightcurve of "Granada" was obtained from photometric observations by astronomer Richard Binzel. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 31 hours with a brightness variation of 0.28 magnitude (). In October 2010, photometric observations in the R-band by astronomers at the Palomar Transient Factory gave a period of 72.852 hours and an amplitude of 0.24 (). While not being a slow rotator, "Granada"s period is significantly longer than the typical 2 to 20 hours measures for most asteroids.

Diameter and albedo.

According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, "Granada" measures between 27.839 and 34.65 kilometers in diameter and its surface has a low albedo between 0.028 and 0.0471.  The "Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link" derives an albedo of 0.0439 and a diameter of 29.94 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.63.

Naming.

This minor planet was named after Granada, city and province in Andalusia in southern. The official naming citation was mentioned in "The Names of the Minor Planets" by Paul Herget in 1955 ().

1159 Granada, provisional designation, is a dark background asteroid and relatively slow rotator from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 30 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 2 September 1929, by astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg Observatory in southwest Germany. The asteroid was named for the Spanish city and province of Granada.

(1159) Granada ist ein Asteroid des Hauptgürtels, der am 2. September 1929 vom deutschen Astronomen Karl Wilhelm Reinmuth in Heidelberg entdeckt wurde.


Biography.

Gingold was born in Brest-Litovsk, Russian Empire (now Brest, Belarus), and emigrated in 1920 to the United States where he studied violin with Vladimir Graffman in New York City. He then moved to Belgium for several years to study with master violinist Eugène Ysaÿe. He gave the first performance of Ysaÿe's 3rd Sonata for Solo Violin. In 1937, Gingold won a spot in the NBC Symphony Orchestra, with Arturo Toscanini as its conductor. He then served as the concertmaster (and occasional soloist) of the Detroit Symphony Orchestra, and later was the Cleveland Orchestra's concertmaster under conductor George Szell.  Gingold edited numerous violin technique books and orchestral excerpt collections. He taught at the Indiana University Jacobs School of Music for more than thirty years, until his death in 1995. His pupils included Gil Shaham, Joshua Bell, Monique Morin, Christoph Poppen, Arnold Steinhardt, Martin Beaver, Shony Alex Braun, Andrés Cárdenes, Corey Cerovsek, Cyrus Forough, Miriam Fried, Philippe Graffin, Endre Granat, Ulf Hoelscher, Hu Nai-yuan, Jacques Israelievitch, Leonidas Kavakos, Chin Kim, Salvatore Greco, Jaime Laredo, William Preucil, Joseph Silverstein, Lucie Robert, and Gwen Thompson.  Gingold had a number of teaching assistants who continued to develop their own teaching careers. His last teaching assistant was Canadian Anne Shih, now Professor of Violin at the Musikhochschule Rheinland-Pfalz at the University of Mainz in Germany. Prior to this she was Professor of Violin at Oberlin Conservatory and the Lawrence University Conservatory of Music in the USA.  Patricia Shih was the only student chosen by Gingold to perform for his 75th birthday celebration show on national television for the Charles Kuralt Show viewed by millions across America. She is the founder of the Borealis Quartet and,, is a professor of violin at Baylor University in Texas.  Gingold was a founder of the quadrennial Indianapolis Violin Competition. He was a National Patron of Delta Omicron, an international professional music fraternity.  A detailed literary portrait of Josef Gingold is included in the book, "Quintet, Five Journeys toward Musical Fulfillment," by David Blum (Cornell University Press, 1999). It originally appeared as an article in the February 4, 1991, issue of "The New Yorker".  Gingold died in Bloomington, Indiana, in 1995.

Honors and awards.

Gingold's recording of Fritz Kreisler's works was nominated for a Grammy Award. Some of the numerous honors he received during his lifetime include the American String Teachers Association Teacher of the Year; the Fredrick Bachman Lieber Award for Distinguished Teaching at Indiana University; the Chamber Music America National Service Award; Baylor University's Robert Foster Cherry Award for Great Teachers; and the American Symphony Orchestra League's Golden Baton Award.

Discography.

The discography of Josef Gingold is limited.

Sources.

Josef Gingold (Russian: Иосиф Гингольд; January 11, 1995) was a Belarusian-Jewish-born classical violinist and teacher, who lived most of his life in the United States. At the time of his death he was considered one of the most influential violin masters in the United States, with many successful students.

Josef Gingold (geboren 28. Oktober 1909 in Brest-Litowsk, Russisches Kaiserreich; gestorben 11. Januar 1995 in Bloomington, Indiana) war ein US-amerikanischer Geiger und Musikpädagoge.


Plot.

Witek (Bogusław Linda), sitting on an airplane, for some reason screams "No!" A bleeding person is dragged across a hospital floor. As a child, Witek learns how to write. As an adolescent, Witek dates Czuszka. As an adult, Witek goes to medical school and dates Olga (Monika Gozdzik). Witek 'loses' his calling after the death of his father. Witek decides to catch a train to Warsaw. There he crashes into a fellow drinking beer. Three different outcomes are shown, each depending on how Witek deals with the obstacles on his way to catching the train and whether or not he catches the train.  In the first scenario, Witek almost crashes into the fellow drinking the beer. He runs after the train at the Łódź Fabryczna railway station and is able to grab onto the last car's handlebar just in time to pull himself aboard. On the train he meets Werner (Tadeusz Łomnicki), an old Communist. Witek decides to join the Communist Party. On a walk with Werner, Witek meets up with Czuszka (Bogusława Pawelec), his first love. The two meet up and have sex, after which a disappointed Czuszka discovers that Witek is applying to join the party. Witek unsuccessfully tries to solve a problem with an airline mechanic. Witek breaks up a sit-in at a hospital. As a reward, a party leader plans to send Witek on a special mission to France. On a walk with Czuszka, a policeman asks them for their papers. Since Witek is a Communist, he is allowed to go on his way, while Czuszka is detained. He attempts to make up with Czuszka, who is speaking at an opposition meeting, but she rejects him. At the airport, Witek is informed that his mission to France has been cancelled.  In the second scenario, Witek slams into the fellow drinking the beer with such force that the mug slips from the drinker's hand and falls to the floor, breaking and spilling. Witek doesn't stop to apologize but still fails to catch the train. Instead he runs headlong into a railway guard on the platform, knocks him to the ground, and runs off. The guard calls for backup and Witek is arrested. A judge sentences Witek to thirty days and unpaid community service. Witek joins the anti-Communist resistance and meets up with Daniel, a friend from his childhood, and his sister Wera. He is baptised and the figure of Christ on the cross becomes a significant emblem for him. Witek applies for a passport to go to France, but his request is denied because he is known to be an anti-Communist. The authorities offer him a passport on the condition that he discloses the underground's contacts in France. Witek goes home and begins foreplay with Wera, but is called away to the resistance's lair. The place has been ransacked and the one person left there doubts Witek's loyalty.  In the third scenario, Witek almost crashes into the fellow drinking the beer but stops in time and goes around him, apologizing. He still tries to catch the train but fails. The railway guard shows up a few seconds later but now Witek has stopped to catch his breath. He notices Olga on the platform (it's not clear if she was there in the previous two scenarios). Witek and Olga go back to his apartment where they make love on the floor. Witek decides to resume his medical studies and soon he graduates and starts practicing at the hospital as well as teaching at the medical school. Olga tells him she is three months pregnant, the two get married. Witek refuses to join the Communist Party. At the medical school, some students pass around a petition on behalf of the dean's son, who is accused of hawking illegal literature. Witek refuses to sign the petition, noting that the dean himself hasn't signed either. Witek doesn't want to get involved in politics at all. The dean offers him a trip to Libya to give some lectures on medical topics he has prepared. Witek accepts. On the train to catch the plane, Olga tells Witek she's pregnant with their second child, hoping it is a girl. At the airport, Witek sees some of the people who were more important in the previous two scenarios. The plane taxis on the runway, Witek is comfortable in his seat. The plane takes off, but a few seconds later explodes.

Critical response.

As an example of Kieślowski's characters intersecting with history, Kickasola points out that Witek, who has the same birthdate (though not year) as Kieślowski (June 27, 1952), "ponders the irony of his 1956 birth date." In 1981, Kieślowski announced he planned to develop the realist convention as "deeper, not wider." With "Blind Chance", Kieślowski "put his new philosophy partially into practice," but this film "still relies heavily on the political circumstances of Polish society to set the theme." Paul Coates describes this film "as marrying a near-psychoanalytic 'Western' preoccupation with the effects of the death of the father... to a typically 'East European' reluctance to renounce humanism by invoking such psychoanalytic scenarios as the Oedipal one."  The filmmaker Agnieszka Holland highly praised the film in an interview for the Criterion Collection's home video release, said ""Blind Chance" is really one of Krzysztof's best films, perhaps even "the" best and the most original."

Influences.

In their interviews on the DVD (both region 1 and 2), Agnieszka Holland and film scholar Annette Insdorf identify "Sliding Doors" as a film influenced by "Blind Chance". In both films, the outcome hinges on whether or not the protagonist catches a train, but in "Sliding Doors", only two scenarios are presented (protagonist catches the train, doesn't catch it). Holland said "... a number of films just flat-out stole the concept... a mediocre film... called "Sliding Doors"... They took the concept and distorted it to where all the philosophical depth and stylistic subtlety disappeared."  "Run Lola Run" does not involve trains, but is similar to "Blind Chance" in that three scenarios are presented hinging on how the protagonist negotiates a mad dash through a crowded space. In "Blind Chance" the outcome of the life of the protagonist depends on how he handles the situation with the beer drinking fellow. In "Run Lola Run", Lola had no choice. Her life depends on external factors. Her life changes because she is at the same place but a few seconds later, and so either runs under a car or can just avoid it. In "Blind Chance", circumstances lead Witek to have a different character in each plot, echoed in "Run Lola Run" by the photographic montages shown of the people Lola passes along the way. First Witek is a communist, then a religious anticommunist, and finally he is apolitical.

Blind Chance () is a Polish film written and directed by Krzysztof Kieślowski and starring Bogusław Linda. The film presents three separate storylines, told in succession, about a man running after a train and how such an ordinary incident could influence the rest of the man's life. Originally completed in 1981, "Blind Chance" was suppressed by the Polish authorities for several years until its delayed release in Poland on 10 January 1987 in a censored form.

Der Zufall möglicherweise (Originaltitel: "Przypadek") ist ein 1981 entstandener Spielfilm des polnischen Regisseurs Krzysztof Kieślowski, der jedoch erst 1987 veröffentlicht wurde.


Early life and education.

Leandro was born in Budrio, near Bologna, Italy into a family of talented amateur musicians. His parents encouraged him in musical pursuits as a child but he did not pursue seriously until years later. In 1936, at the age of eighteen, he joined the Italian Army where he served during World War II. It wasn't until towards the end of the war that he started pursuing serious studies with Corrado Zambelli in Bologna.

Early career and rise to international fame.

Colzani made his stage debut in 1947 at the Teatro Comunale Bologna, as the Herald in Wagner's "Lohengrin" alongside Renata Tebaldi who was making her first appearance at that opera house singing Elsa. A few years later he was invited back to that house to sing the title role in Verdi's "Rigoletto", a performance which greatly rose his profile as an opera singer. His career truly took off with his 1952 debut at La Scala in Milan, as Alfio in Mascagni's "Cavalleria rusticana", other roles included de Sirex in Giordano's Fedora, Escamillo in Bizet's "Carmen", Marcello in Puccini's "La bohème", and Telramund in "Lohengrin" among others. He took part in the creation of Darius Milhaud's "David", in 1955, and sang Thoas in Gluck's "Iphigénie en Tauride", opposite Maria Callas in 1957. He made his first appearance at the Teatro dell'Opera di Roma in 1954 as Telramund and returned there many times throughout his career. In 1955 he made his first appearance at the Baths of Caracalla music festival as Severo in Donizetti's "Poliuto". He also appeared regularly at the opera houses in Genoa, Naples, Palermo, and at the Verona Arena.  Outside Italy, he appeared at many houses throughout Europe and in the United States. In 1955 he made his first appearance at the Teatro Nacional Sao Carlos in Lisbon as Alfio. In 1956 he made his American debut at the San Francisco Opera as Count di Luna in Verdi's "Il trovatore". He sang several more roles with that house that season including Amonasro in Verdi's "Aida", Gianciotto in Zandonai's "Francesca da Rimini", Sharpless in Puccini's "Madama Butterfly", and Scarpia in Puccini's "Tosca". In 1957 he made his first appearance with the Vienna State Opera as Iago in Verdi's "Otello". In 1959 he sang in the world premiere of Luciano Chailly's "La riva delle sirti" at the Monte Carlo Opera and made his debut at the Lyric Opera of Chicago. In 1960 he made his debut with the Philadelphia Lyric Opera Company as Amonasro with Leontyne Price in the title role. In 1966 he sang Amonasro for the inauguration of Jesse H. Jones Hall for the Performing Arts with the Houston Grand Opera.

The Metropolitan Opera years.

In March 1960 Colzani was approached by Rudolf Bing, General Manager of the Metropolitan Opera in New York City, with an invitation to join the roster at the Met after the sudden death of Leonard Warren during a performance of "La forza del destino" left a vacancy at the house. He agreed and on April 7, 1960, Colzani made his debut at the Met in the title role of Verdi's "Simon Boccanegra" with Renata Tebaldi as Amelia, Richard Tucker as Gabriele Adorno, Jerome Hines as Jacopo Fiesco, and Dimitri Mitropoulos conducting. He stayed with the company for sixteen more seasons, portraying such roles as Amonasro, Barnaba in Ponchielli's "La Gioconda", Don Carlo in Verdi's "La forza del destino", Enrico in Donizetti's "Lucia di Lammermoor", Gérard in Giordano's "Andrea Chénier", Iago, Jack Rance in Puccini's "La fanciulla del west", Scarpia, Tonio in Leoncavallo's "Pagliacci", and the title roles in "Falstaff", "Macbeth", "Nabucco", and "Rigoletto" among others.  Colzani's most frequent role at the Met was Scarpia; portraying the role more than forty times. "Opera News" stated that, "Undoubtedly Colzani's highest-profile assignment at the Met was Falstaff in the first performances of Franco Zeffirelli's much-loved 1964 production of Verdi's opera, conducted at its premiere by Leonard Bernstein." His final and 272nd performance at the Met was on February 16, 1978, as Michonnet in "Adriana Lecouvreur" with Montserrat Caballé in the title role, José Carreras as Maurizio, Mignon Dunn as Princess di Bouillon, and conductor Jesús López-Cobos.

Later life.

After leaving the Met in 1978, Colzani continued performing for two more years, making his last appearance on the opera stage as Scarpia in 1980. He retired to Milan where he died after a long illness in 2006. During his later years he enjoyed time with his family. He had two daughters, Bianca and Miriam, from his first marriage which ended when his first wife died at a very young age. He was married to his second wife, Ada, for more than 50 years.  In 2002 Colzani's home city, Budrio, established an annual international opera competition named in his honor.

Anselmo Colzani (March 28, 1918 – March 19, 2006) was an Italian operatic baritone who had an international opera career from the late 1940s through 1980. He particularly excelled in the Italian repertory and was most associated with the works of Giuseppe Verdi and Giacomo Puccini. He began his career in Italy in 1947 where he quickly became a regular presence at that country's best opera houses, including La Scala. In the mid-1950s he began appearing at major opera houses throughout Europe and the United States. In 1960 he joined the roster at the Metropolitan Opera where he spent most of his time through 1978. "Opera News" commented that while his voice may have "lacked the sheer beauty [of other baritones], his performances had an Italianate urgency and forthright thrust that were unique, which established himself as a powerful, striking presence."

Anselmo Colzani (* 28. März 1918 in Budrio, Italien; † 20. März 2006 in Mailand) war ein italienischer Opernsänger (Bariton).


Career.

He was born in Staten Island, New York, United States.  The Archies single “Sugar, Sugar,” written and composed by producer Jeff Barry with Andy Kim, was the number-one selling record of 1969 in the United States. Four years earlier, Dante had been a member of the parody group The Detergents, who recorded a novelty song called "Leader of the Laundromat." Concurrent with his work on the Archies project, Dante was also employed as a session singer and performed many television and commercial jingles.  In 1969, Dante recorded an album under the group name of The Cuff Links for his old Detergents songwriter-producers Paul Vance and Lee Pockriss. Providing both lead and background vocals through overdubbing, as he did with most of the male Archies vocals, Dante hit the U.S. Top Ten with the single "Tracy," at the same time that "Sugar, Sugar" occupied the top of the chart. Dante was anonymous on both tracks. Dante has an extensive vocal range which includes falsetto vocals that were used in the popular song "Jingle Jangle".  Dante's first album release under his own name, which he recorded on Don Kirshner's label, was "Ron Dante Brings You Up" in 1970. In 1972, also under the supervision of Kirshner, Dante became lead vocalist for another cartoon group, The Chan Clan. He provided lead vocals for a number of songs on the 1972 album, "Spiderman : From Beyond the Grave, A Rockcomic" credited to The Webspinners. Ron Dante appeared on a 1975 CBS TV pilot show called "Hip Patches". He is interviewed by a group of young musicians in a band named Silvermoon who were meant to be the stars of the show. On that show, he is introduced as the voice of "all five Archies" and explains to the audience what it takes to be a successful band.  In 1979, he recorded a disco album under the name Dante's Inferno for the Infinity Records label, and in 1981 his second solo album "Street Angel" was released. Also in 1979, Dante performed the theme to the NBC television series "$weepstake$": "Don't Be Afraid To Dream," whose lyrics were written by Norman Gimbel with music composed by Charles Fox.  From 1973 to 1981, Dante was the record producer for singer Barry Manilow, and often sang backup on Manilow's recordings, including his 1974 No. 1 single "Mandy." Dante continued to record sporadically during those years; in 1975, with Manilow as the producer, Dante released a dance version of "Sugar, Sugar" under his own name. In 1978, Dante produced the Tony Award-winning musical revue, "Ain't Misbehavin'", on Broadway. During this period, Dante, who was a Manhattan neighbor of George Plimpton, was invited to serve as the publisher of the "Paris Review," and whose publisher he served from 1978 to 1985.  As of late July 2016, Dante remained active as a singer, producer, and concert performer. An album, "Favorites," was released in 1999, and another CD, "Saturday Night Blast," was issued in 2004. The extended play "California Weekend" CD was released in 2006.  Dante's more recent high-profile appearance was with the CBS Orchestra on the "Late Show with David Letterman" on July 28, 2010.  In mid-2018, Dante joined the Happy Together tour, filling in for The Turtles' Howard Kaylan who was sidelined due to health issues.

Ron Dante (born Carmine John Granito, August 22, 1945) is an American singer, songwriter, session vocalist, and record producer. Dante is best known as the real life lead singer of the fictional cartoon band The Archies; he was also the voice of The Cuff Links and co-produced Barry Manilow's first nine albums.

Ron Dante (* 22. August 1945 als "Carmine Granito" in Staten Island, New York), auch bekannt als The Detergents und The Cuff Links, ist ein US-amerikanischer Sänger, Songschreiber und Musikproduzent.


History.

Origins.

The construction of the bridge was first sanctioned by an Act of Parliament in 1824 and work on site began the following year. It was the first suspension bridge over the River Thames and was designed by William Tierney Clark.  The bridge had a clear water-way of. Its suspension towers were above the level of the roadway, where they were thick. The roadway was slightly curved upwards, above high water, and the extreme length from the back of the piers on shore was, supporting of roadway. There were eight chains, composed of wrought-iron bars, each five inches deep and one thick. Four of these had six bars in each chain; and four had only three, making thirty-six bars, which form a dip in the centre of about. From these, vertical rods were suspended, which supported the roadway, formed of strong timbers covered with granite. The width of the carriageway was, with two footways of. The chains passed over the suspension towers, and were secured to the piers on each shore. The suspension towers were of stone, and designed as archways of the Tuscan order. The approaches were provided with octagonal lodges, or toll-houses, with appropriate lamps and parapet walls, terminating with stone pillars, surmounted with ornamental caps. Construction of the bridge cost some £80,000. The bridge was opened on 6 October 1827; it was operated as a toll bridge.  By the 1870s, the bridge was no longer strong enough to support the weight of heavy traffic and the owners were alarmed in 1870 when 11,000 to 12,000 people crowded onto the bridge to watch the University Boat Race, which passes underneath just before the halfway point of its 41⁄4-mile (6.8 km) course. In 1884 a temporary bridge was put up to allow a more limited cross-river traffic while a replacement was constructed.

1880s construction.

The current Hammersmith Bridge was designed by Sir Joseph Bazalgette and rests on the same pier foundations constructed for Tierney Clark's original structure. The new bridge was built by Dixon, Appleby & Thorne and was opened by the Prince of Wales on 11 June 1887. With much of the supporting structure built of wrought iron, it is long and wide and cost £82,117 to build.

20th century.

Near midnight on 27 December 1919, Lieutenant Charles Campbell Wood, a South African serving as an airman in the Royal Air Force, dived from the upstream footway of the bridge into the Thames to rescue a drowning woman. Although Wood saved her life, he later died from tetanus as a consequence of his injuries. His act of bravery is commemorated by a plaque on the handrail.  The IRA's first attempt to destroy Hammersmith Bridge was on Wednesday 29 March 1939. Maurice Childs, a women's hairdresser from nearby Chiswick, was walking home across the bridge at one o'clock in the morning when he noticed smoke and sparks coming from a suitcase that was lying on the walkway. He opened it to find a bomb and quickly threw the bag into the river. The resulting explosion sent up a column of water. Moments later, a second device exploded causing some girders on the west side of the bridge to collapse and windows in nearby houses to shatter. Childs was later awarded an MBE for his quick-thinking. Eddie Connell and William Browne were subsequently jailed for 20 and 10 years respectively for their involvement in the attack.  On 26 April 1996, the Provisional Irish Republican Army attempted to destroy the bridge after installing two large Semtex devices on the south bank of the Thames. Though the detonators were activated, the bomb, the largest Semtex bomb ever found in Britain at the time, failed to ignite.  At 4:30 am on 1 June 2000 the bridge was damaged by a Real IRA bomb planted underneath the Barnes span. Following two years of closure for repairs the bridge was reopened with further weight restrictions in place.

Structural problems.

Hammersmith Bridge has long suffered structural problems and has been closed for lengthy periods on several occasions, due to the weight and volume of road traffic now common in inner London, which the bridge was not originally designed to support.  The bridge was refurbished in 1973 with replacement steel trusses, improvements to the mid-span hangers and new deck expansion joints. New deck timbers were installed and surfacing was changed from wooden blocks to coated plywood panels. These panels were subsequently replaced in 1987.  In 1984 the Barnes-side tower bearings failed under a heavy load and had to be replaced.  In February 1997 the bridge was closed to all traffic except buses, bicycles, motorcycles, emergency vehicles and pedestrians to allow further essential repair works. Structural elements of the bridge had been found to be corroded or worn, in particular cross girders and deck surfacing, as well as some areas of masonry.  The bridge re-opened in July 1998 to all road users, subject to a weight restriction and with a priority measure in place for buses. Local bus flow was controlled by traffic lights, and routes (such as the number 72) were required to convert from double-decker buses to smaller single-deckers to reduce the load on the bridge.  As part of the renovations following a bomb attack in 2000, the bridge received a complete new paint job restoring it to the original colour scheme of 1887, and new lighting was installed.  The bridge was declared a Grade II* listed structure in 2008, providing protection to preserve its special character from unsympathetic development.  The bridge was temporarily closed to traffic to allow repairs in early 2014. Further repairs and strengthening works were delayed in November 2016 in a wrangle over funding between Hammersmith and Fulham Council and Transport for London. LBHF leader Steven Cowan said: "There's no way that this council is going to spend anything like that money, the majority of this issue is the responsibility of TfL and we will work with them to make sure the bridge is fit for public purpose".

2019 closure.

With funding for a major refurbishment still not resolved, on 10 April 2019, Hammersmith and Fulham Council announced that the bridge would be closed indefinitely to motor vehicular traffic due to safety concerns. Pedestrians and cyclists may still continue to use the bridge. It was later (24 May 2019) reported that the closure was due to cracks in the bridge's pedestals, the footings which support the structure.

Coats of arms motif.

At both the Hammersmith and Barnes ends of the bridge, there is a motif made up of seven coats of arms. These were painted in their "correct" heraldic colours in the past, but have now been painted in the standard colour scheme. The shield in the centre of the motif is the present Royal Arms of the United Kingdom; the others are, clockwise from the left: the coat of arms of the City of London; the coat of arms of Kent; the coat of arms of Guildford; the original coat of arms of the City of Westminster (with the portcullis); the coat of arms of Colchester; and the coat of arms of Middlesex (in its original form without the crown, identical to that of Essex).

References.

Citations Sources

Hammersmith Bridge is a suspension bridge that crosses the River Thames in west London. It enables pedestrians and cyclists to cross between the southern part of Hammersmith in the London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham, on the north side of the river, and Barnes in the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames, on the south side of the river. The current bridge, which is Grade II* listed and was designed by civil engineer Sir Joseph Bazalgette, is the second permanent bridge on the site, and has been attacked three times by Irish republicans. It was closed indefinitely to all motor traffic in April 2019 after cracks were discovered in the bridge's pedestals.

Die Hammersmith Bridge ist eine Straßenbrücke über den Fluss Themse in London. Sie verbindet Hammersmith im Stadtbezirk London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham im Norden mit Barnes im Stadtbezirk London Borough of Richmond upon Thames im Süden. Die schmiedeeiserne Hängebrücke ist 213,36 m (700 ft.) lang und 13,11 m (43 ft.) breit, darüber führt die Hauptstraße A306. Die heute bestehende Brücke ist die zweite an dieser Stelle.


History.

The university was founded in 1899 by Alice Salomon, a strong advocate for women's rights and social justice. During its early years it was named the "Social School for Women". In 1925, she created an initiative to train women in pedagogy and social work. Though students were mostly from Germany, the school admitted some foreign students, like Rayna Petkova, who would become one of the first professionally trained social workers of Bulgaria. The curricula included both theoretical training and required practical experience. Among the courses offered were family problems, pedagogy, population analysis and change, psychology, social health organization, social work as a profession, youth services, among others. Some of the teachers of the courses, besides Salomon, included Käthe Bonikowsky, Margarethe Freiin von Erffa, Elly Heuss-Knapp, Hilde Lion, Elisabeth Nietzsche, and Helene Weber, among others.  It admitted only women applicants until 1945. It was renamed the Alice Salomon School in 1932 in commemoration of Salomon's 60th birthday. In 1933, the Nazi Party came to power and Alice Salomon was banned from the school and a large number of instructors of Jewish descent were fired. In 1937, Alice Salomon was expelled from Germany and emigrated to the United States. It was not until 1954 that the school reinstated the name "Alice Salomon School".  The school was recognized as a State University of Applied Sciences for Social Work and Social Pedagogy in 1971 and was granted the right to confer degrees, although it once again lost the name "Alice Salomon". In 1991, the 'Alice Salomon University of Applied Sciences' was established as the official name of the university.

Today.

The Alice-Salomon University is now Germany's oldest and largest training institution of higher education in social work. It is recognized as one of Germany's most research-intensive universities of applied sciences in the social field. One of the cornerstones of the University is applied research.  The modern university building is situated in the district of Berlin named Hellersdorf, nicknamed "Helle-Mitte" (Bright Centre). The square on which the building is located is named after Alice Salomon. Cooperation between the University and the district of Hellersdorf include community projects involving children and youth and the issue of urban development.

The Alice Salomon University of Applied Sciences Berlin (, or ASH) is a vocational university for social work, public health and early childhood education in Berlin, Germany.

Die Alice Salomon Hochschule Berlin (ASH), als "Soziale Frauenschule" gegründet, später "Alice-Salomon-Fachhochschule für Sozialarbeit und Sozialpädagogik Berlin" in Schöneberg, ist eine Fachhochschule im Ortsteil Berlin-Hellersdorf des Berliner Bezirks Marzahn-Hellersdorf. Die Schwerpunkte des Studiums sind Soziale Arbeit, Gesundheit und Erziehung sowie Bildung. In diesen Bereichen werden vier Bachelor- und 12 Master-Studiengänge angeboten.


History.

Byzantine society on the whole was an educated one. Primary education was widely available, sometimes even at village level and uniquely in that era for both sexes. Female participation in culture was high. Scholarship was fostered not only in Constantinople but also in institutions operated in such major cities as Antioch and Alexandria.  The original school was founded in 425 by Emperor Theodosius II with 31 chairs for law, philosophy, medicine, arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, music, rhetoric and other subjects, 15 to Latin and 16 to Greek. The university existed until the 15th century.  The main content of higher education for most students was rhetoric, philosophy and law with the aim of producing competent, learned personnel to staff the bureaucratic postings of state and church. In this sense the university was the secular equivalent of the Theological Schools. The university maintained an active philosophical tradition of Platonism and Aristotelianism, with the former being the longest unbroken Platonic school, running for close to two millennia until the 15th century.  The School of Magnaura was founded in the 9th century but did not last very long, and in the 11th new schools of philosophy and law were established at the Capitol School. The period of decline began with the Latin conquest of 1204 although the university survived as a non-secular institution under Church management until the Fall of Constantinople in 1453, and was re-established by Mehmet II as a Madrasa (an Islamic theological school) following the conquest of the city.  Matthaios Kamariotis, lecturer of the University, became the first director of Phanar Greek Orthodox College, which was established in 1454.

Status.

A few scholars have gone so far as calling the Pandidakterion the first "university" in the world, but this view does not take into account that the Byzantine centers of higher learning generally lacked the corporative structure of the medieval universities of Western Europe which were the first to use the Latin term "universitas" for the corporations of students and masters that came to define the institutional character of the university thereafter. Nonetheless, the "Dictionnaire encyclopédique du Moyen Âge" tentatively identifies the Pandidakterion of 425 AD as a "university institution".

The Imperial University of Constantinople, sometimes known as the University of the Palace Hall of Magnaura (), was an Eastern Roman educational institution that could trace its corporate origins to 425 AD, when the emperor Theodosius II founded the Pandidakterion ().

Die Universität von Konstantinopel (auch "Athenaeum"), auch als die Magnaura-Hochschule bekannt, war eine höhere Bildungseinrichtung, die in der Spätantike entstand. Obwohl von kaiserlicher Seite wiederholt ordnend eingegriffen wurde, handelte es sich nicht um eine staatliche Einrichtung, sondern um ein Konglomerat von privaten, voneinander unabhängigen Stiftungen.


Biography.

Max Bodenheimer was born on 12 March 1865 in Stuttgart to an assimilated Jewish family. He studied at Tübingen, Strassburg, Berlin and Freiburg universities from 1884 to 1889.  In 1890 he moved to Cologne to start a law practice. In 1891 he published his first Zionist article in the weekly "Die Menorah" (Hamburg). In Cologne he met David Wolffsohn and the two became close friends. Bodenheimer and Wolffsohn participated in various Zionist groups and activities in Cologne and also established a Zionist group named “Zion”. At that time Bodenheimer began correspondence with Theodor Herzl. In 1893 he helped found the Jüdische Humanitätsgesellschaft.  In 1896 he married Rosa Dalberg and had three children: Simon Fritz, a professor of zoology at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Henrietta Hannah, who wrote a biography of her father, and Ruth, a lawyer.  When Bodenheimer died, the national institutions flew flags at half staff and a eulogy was delivered by Ussishkin, president of the Jewish National Fund.

Zionist activity.

Bodenheimer participated at the 1st Zionist Congress and was elected to be a member of the Inner Actions Committee. In 1898 he visited Palestine as a member of the delegation which accompanied Herzl to meet the German Emperor, Wilhelm II. Bodenheimer took part in the Zionist Congresses, helped to write the constitution of the Zionist movement and the Jewish National Fund (JNF), and was the chairman of the Board of Directors of the JNF in Germany. When the First World War broke out, he moved the JNF offices from Cologne to The Hague.  In August 1914, at the outbreak of World War I, he submitted an "Exposé on the Synchronization of German and Jewish Interests in the World War" to German military headquarters in Cologne. He set out his vision to Count Hutten-Czapski of the General Staff, chief of sabotage operations on the eastern front. With support from the General Staff and the Wilhelmstrasse, he established the German Committee for Freeing of Russian Jews, together with 6 German Zionist colleagues, on 17 August 1914. He resigned his chairmanship of the Jewish National Fund. Bodenheimer wanted the German army to assault the power of the Tsarist empire in the Baltic States, Poland, White Russia and the Ukraine, where he hoped for an 'East European Federation' in which 'all ethnic groups were to enjoy national autonomy', including the Jews, in the Pale of Settlement. It seems like he was the author of the conception of the establishment of the League of East European States - a German client state with autonomous Jewish cooperation, later referred also as Judeopolonia.  Like other veterans from the Herzl period, Bodenheimer's status declined after the First World War, and he was not re-elected as a member of the Board of Directors of the JNF. In August 1929, joins the Revisionist party led by Ze'ev Jabotinsky. Bodenheimer attended the 17th Zionist Congress as a representative of the Revisionist party. During the Congress, a sharp controversy arose between the majority and the Revisionist party concerning the "ultimate goal" of Zionism, and the Revisionists left the Congress. This was the last Zionist Congress in which Bodenheimer participated.  In 1935 Bodenheimer immigrated to Palestine and settled in Jerusalem, where he began writing his memoirs. He died in July 1940.

Max Isidor Bodenheimer (; 12 March 1865 in Stuttgart – 19 July, 1940 in Jerusalem) was a lawyer and one of the main figures in German Zionism. An associate of Theodor Herzl, he was the first president of the Zionist Federation of Germany and one of the founders of the Jewish National Fund. After his flight in 1933 from Nazi Germany, and a short sojourn in Holland, he settled in Palestine in 1935.

Max Isidor Bodenheimer (* 12. März 1865 in Stuttgart; † 19. Juli 1940 in Jerusalem) war deutscher Jurist jüdischer Religion, Vorreiter der zionistischen Bewegung in Deutschland und in der Folge einflussreicher Funktionär der Zionistischen Weltorganisation. Herzls Spitzname für Bodenheimer war gelegentlich "Hajoll" (hebr. chajal = Soldat; - auch Kodebezeichnung in Telegrammen etc.).