Background and education.

Joyce was born in England and raised in New Zealand (and is an Australian citizen). After an initial education at the University of Auckland, he received his PhD from Princeton University in 1998 (studying under Gilbert Harman). After Princeton, he was a lecturer at the University of Sheffield for a few years, and then held research fellowships at the Australian National University and the University of Sydney. He took up his professorship at Victoria University of Wellington in 2010.  To hold an error theory about morality is to endorse a kind of radical moral skepticism--a skepticism analogous to atheism in the religious domain. The atheist thinks that religious utterances, such as "God loves you," really are truth-evaluable assertions (as opposed to being veiled commands or expressions of hope, etc.), but that the world just doesn't contain the items (e.g., God) necessary to render such assertions true. Similarly, the moral error theorist maintains that moral judgments are truth-evaluable assertions (thus contrasting with noncognitivism) but that the world doesn't contain the properties (e.g., moral goodness, evil, moral obligation) needed to render moral judgments true. In other words, moral discourse aims at the truth but systematically fails to secure it. This view was argued for by J.L. Mackie in his 1977 book, and Mackie's position and arguments have been developed by Joyce in many publications, most notably his 2001 book "The Myth of Morality".  If a moral error theory is true, then what are we supposed to do with our faulty moral discourse? The natural thought is that we should more or less do away with it (abolitionism). Another possibility is that we should carry on believing it, even while maintaining that it is false (conservationism). Joyce, in contrast, defends a third way—the fictionalist view—which treats morality as a kind of convenient fiction. According to the moral fictionalist, we should carry on using moral discourse, though not believing it or asserting it, such that it has a status similar to make-believe. Joyce likens this view to our familiar use of metaphors, whereby we can convey something important and true via saying something false.  Where does the human capacity for moral thinking come from? One view is that it is the by-product of other psychological faculties that evolved for other purposes—perhaps a relatively recent cultural phenomenon that emerged when humans started living in large groups. Joyce has explored and tentatively advocated the alternative nativist view, according to which human moral thinking is a distinct biological adaptation (i.e., that we are "hard-wired" for moral thinking). Joyce hypothesizes that moral thinking evolved in order to strengthen our ancestors' motivation to engage in adaptive cooperative behavior. This is the subject of his 2006 book "The Evolution of Morality".  If human moral thinking evolved in order to strengthen cooperative bonds among our ancestors, then the question arises as to why we should suppose that it provides us with accurate information. Why should we trust our moral intuitions, no matter how strong they are, if we have a reasonable explanation of their origin that is compatible with their being entirely false? Joyce has developed and defended what has come to be known as an "evolutionary debunking argument," according to which the evolutionary origin of human moral thinking might give us cause to doubt our moral judgments. The conclusion of Joyce's debunking argument is not the error-theoretic view that all moral judgments are false (though this is a conclusion he argues for elsewhere), but the epistemological view that all moral judgments are unjustified.

Works.

Joyce is the author of several books:  He is editor (or co-editor) of several collections:  Joyce has also published numerous journal articles and book chapters.

Richard Joyce (born 1966) is a British-Australian-New Zealand philosopher, known for his contributions to the fields of meta-ethics and moral psychology. He is Professor of Philosophy at Victoria University of Wellington.

Richard Joyce (* 1966) ist ein Philosoph in Australien. Er wurde geboren in New Forest, Hampshire, doch während er noch ein Baby war, zog die Familie nach Neuseeland. Joyce studierte an der Universität Auckland und machte dort 1989 die B.A. in Philosophie und Kunstgeschichte, 1991 den M.A. mit 1st class honors in Philosophie. 1995 machte er einen zweiten M.A. an der Universität Princeton, wo er 1998 den Ph.D. (Doktorväter: Gil Harman und Gideon Rosen) erwarb. An der Universität Sheffield war er 4 Jahre lang wissenschaftlicher Mitarbeiter der Philosophie. 2002–2008 war er an der Australian National University in Canberra Forschungsassistent in der Philosophie. 2006–2010 ist er Associate Professor an der Universität Sydney.


Plot summary.

The novel is about an Englishman named Christopher Banks. His early childhood was lived in the Shanghai International Settlement in China in the early 1900s, until his father, an opium businessman, and his mother disappear within a few weeks of each other, when the boy is about ten years old. Christopher is sent to live with his aunt in England. He becomes a successful detective; now he will turn his skills to solve the case of his parents' disappearance. Though he knows a young woman named Sarah (also orphaned at age ten), Christopher never marries; he adopts an orphaned girl in England named Jennifer. His fame as a private investigator soon spreads, and in 1937 he returns to China to solve the most important case of his life. The impression is given that if he solves this case, a world catastrophe will be averted, but it is not apparent how. As Christopher pursues his investigation, the boundaries between life and imagination begin to evaporate.  At this time in China, Christopher is caught up in the Second Sino-Japanese War battles, which reach into the foreigners enclave of Shanghai. Through an old detective, he locates the house at which his parents may have been held. Though the disappearances happened a quarter-century earlier, Christopher believes that his parents will be there, a notion supported by the present occupants of his old home who assume Christopher's family will be reunited in their home. On his way, he enters a war-torn police station belonging to the Chinese. After convincing them of his neutrality, he persuades the commander to direct him to the house of his kidnapped parents. After a while the commander refuses to take Christopher further, so he goes alone. Throughout all this, he appears to disregard the commander's words that what he is doing is dangerous, and even appears to be rude to him. He meets an injured Japanese soldier who he believes is his childhood friend Akira. They enter the house only to find out that his parents are not there. Japanese soldiers enter and take them away.  He learns from Philip (a former lodger at their residence in Shanghai whom Christopher called uncle as a boy) that his father ran away to Hong Kong with his new lover, and that his mother a few weeks later insulted Chinese warlord Wang Ku, who then seized her to be his concubine. Philip is a Communist double agent. He was complicit in the kidnapping, and made sure Christopher was not present when this kidnapping took place. He offers Christopher a gun to kill him, but Christopher refuses. He learns that his father later died of typhoid but that his mother may still be alive. Philip reveals the source of Christopher's living expenses and tuition fees during his schooling in England. His mother extracted financial support for her son when Wang Ku seized her.  In 1958 in Hong Kong, Christopher is reunited with his mother, who does not recognise him. He uses his childhood nickname, "Puffin", and his mother seems to recognise it. He asks her to forgive him, but she is confused as to what he should need forgiveness for. Christopher takes this as confirmation that she has always loved him.

Reception.

Philip Hensher wrote that "The single problem with the book is the prose, which, for the first time, is so lacking in local colour as to be entirely inappropriate to the task in hand." He concludes that "The resolution is moving and graceful, but the problem of the voice is a universal one, present and incredible in every sentence".  Michiko Kakutani said that "Mr. Ishiguro simply ran the notion of a detective story through the word processing program of his earlier novels, then patched together the output into the ragged, if occasionally brilliant, story we hold in our hands."

When We Were Orphans is the fifth novel by Nobel Prize-winning British author Kazuo Ishiguro, published in 2000. It is loosely categorised as a detective novel. "When We Were Orphans" was shortlisted for the 2000 Man Booker Prize, though it is considered one of Ishiguro's weakest works, with Ishiguro himself saying "It's not my best book".

Als wir Waisen waren ist ein Roman des britischen Schriftstellers Kazuo Ishiguro. Der Roman erschien 2000 unter dem Titel "When We Were Orphans" im Verlag Faber and Faber in London und wurde im selben Jahr von Sabine Herting ins Deutsche übersetzt.


Background.

Stevens was born in Weston, Vermont on March 20, 1832. He grew up in Weston where he obtained only a "limited education." The 1850 census shows he was working there as a farmer. In 1851, Stevens enlisted in the army and became part of Company I, United States 1st Dragoons. He saw action during his military tour against the Apache in New Mexico Territory. After three years of service he received an honorable discharge while at Fort Thorn.  Following his discharge, Stevens proceeded to Tucson with only a brief stop along the San Pedro River. There he operated a ranch near Sentinel Peak before opening a store in Sacaton in 1858. That year, on August 28, he was baptized at a Catholic church in Tucson under the name "Steven Augustus Hiram."  Following the outbreak of the American Civil War, Stevens left Tucson for a time. He returned to the town in 1864 and was appointed one of Tucson's "councillors" by Governor Goodwin on May 11. The next year he formed a partnership with Samuel C. Hughes to jointly supply the "Mariposa Store." The two men engaged in a variety of business partnerships over the years, occasionally including Hughes' younger brother, Thomas, in their endeavors. In addition to their business partnership the two men became brothers-in-law. Stevens married Petra Santa Cruz while Hughes married her older sister, Atanacia. The Stevens had two adopted children: Elisa and Thomas.  From 1866 till 1872 Stevens was a post trader for Fort Buchanan and Fort Crittenden. He was forced to close his operation when it was discovered he had been selling alcohol to the soldiers illegally. In 1876, Stevens and Hughes formed Hughes, Stevens & Company. The firm was active in cattle, mercantile, and mining interests. At peak of his career, Stevens also owned a sheep ranch in Colorado and was worth an estimated US$150,000. This made him one of the richest men in the territory.

Political career.

His success in business prompted Stevens to take an interest in politics. Toward this end he served as Tucson city treasurer, Pima County tax assessor, and was a member of the Pima County Board of Supervisors on multiple occasions. In 1868, Stevens was elected to represent the 5th Arizona Territorial Legislature where he represented Pima County in the House of Representatives (lower house). The session even met in a building owned by Stevens. Stevens was returned to the legislature twice more, serving in the Council (upper house) of both the 6th and 7th Arizona Territorial Legislature.  In 1874, Richard Cunningham McCormick decided not to run for reelection as Arizona Territory's delegate in the United States House of Representatives. The territory's Democrats met in Phoenix in May to select nominees for the upcoming election. The two candidates for the Territorial Delegate were Stevens and John A. Rush. With delegates from Yavapai and Yuma counties not yet arrived, the convention selected Rush by an 8 to 7 vote. Rush refused to accept the nomination and withdrew as a candidate on July 24, 1874. The election then became a five-way race with all candidates running as Independents. Stevens and Charles T. Hayden favored Democratic policies while Curtis Coe Bean and John Smith advocated those of the Republican party. The fifth candidate, stagecoach driver David G. Beardsley, ran as the "workingman's candidate". Stories of the day indicate Stevens enlisted the territory's gamblers to aid his campaign. To do this he is said to have loaned them money to bet on his victory in the election, allowing the gamblers to keep any winnings and asking only for the sum of the wagers to be returned. The election also saw 650 questionable votes for Bean thrown out by the Yavapai County Board of Supervisors. Final results were 1,442 for Stevens, 1,076 for Bean, 638 for Smith, 13 for Hayden and 7 for Beardsley.  Rumors of a possible special session of the U.S. Congress being called prompted Stevens to leave for Washington D. C. on March 3, 1875. The special session never materialized and Stevens kept himself busy in Washington looking after his business concerns. After the 44th United States Congress convened in December, the new territorial delegate introduced a series of legislative proposals. Among these were requests for funds to construction of a territorial capital and penitentiary, creating of a port of entry in Tucson, and navigation improvements along the Colorado River. One of Stevens' bills that was passed by the Congress allowed the territorial legislature to overrule the Governor's veto with a two-thirds vote. A bill to allow for election of the territorial governor was defeated.  Stevens announced he would seek a second term on June 21, 1876. His opponents were Granville H. Oury and William H. Hardy. Curtis Coe Bean announced his intention to run but withdrew to look after his business interests. During the race, the territorial newspapers expected the incumbent to win reelection. When the election results were being totaled, the Yavapai County Board of Supervisors, in a 2–1 decision, attempted to disqualify 168 votes for Stevens on the grounds that they came from two towns where residents had not paid their poll tax. This was done despite the tax not being due till December 31 and the board's decision to accept the votes from several other towns with similar circumstances but that had voted for a different candidate. A provision in territorial law required the Territorial Secretary to accept the vote canvas provided by the County Recorder thwarted the board's efforts and resulted in Stevens winning a plurality of the vote. Final results were 1,194 for Stevens, 1,049 for Hardy, and 1,007 for Oury.  The 45th United States Congress saw Stevens introduce several new proposals. In addition to a series of appropriation requests, the delegate asked for a modification to the amount of land allocated for army use at Fort Lowell. More important was a change in the size of the Arizona Territorial Legislature. With Arizona's population having grown to around 40,000, Stevens convinced the U.S. Congress to increase the size of the legislature from its previous nine member Council and eighteen member House of Representatives to twelve and twenty-four members respectively.  June 7, 1878 saw Stevens announce his plans to run for a third term. His reelection bid was unsuccessful as he placed third in a five-way race during the 1878 election.

After office.

Business activities occupied Stevens' time after he left office. The early 1880s saw him purchase a ranch near Sahuarita and become part owner in the largest general store in Tucson. He additionally became a moneylender, charging the prevailing rate of 2%/month. When Tucson was considering conversion from gas to electric lighting in 1884, Stevens was a major opponent of the proposal. Following his death it was discovered he owned 100,000 shares of Tucson Gas Company stock. In other activities, Stevens was the second President of Arizona Pioneers' Historical Society. Tucson's first Protestant church was built on land he donated and he is credited with planting the area's first pepper trees.  Stevens died from a self-inflicted gunshot wound on March 22, 1893. His business interests had taken a downturn with creditors filing for attachment four days before Stevens' death. Stevens shot his wife, inflicting only a minor wound, and then turned a second gun on himself. Later investigate decided his financial troubles were insufficient to explain the suicide and could only determine the action was taken during a period of severe mental distress. Stevens was buried at Tucson's Catholic cemetery in one of the largest funerals the city had ever seen. His remains were later moved to Tucson's Evergreen Cemetery.

Legacy.

According to David Leighton, historian for the Arizona Daily Star newspaper, Stevens Avenue, just north of downtown Tucson, was named in 1899, in his honor.

Hiram Sanford Stevens (March 20, 1832 – March 22, 1893) was an American businessman and politician. He served two terms as Arizona Territory's delegate in the United States House of Representatives and three times in the Arizona Territorial Legislature.

Hiram Sanford Stevens (* 20. März 1832 in Weston, Windsor County, Vermont; † 22. März 1893 in Tucson, Arizona) war ein US-amerikanischer Politiker. Zwischen 1875 und 1879 vertrat er als Delegierter das Arizona-Territorium im US-Repräsentantenhaus.


History.

In 1947, eight theatre companies showed up at the Edinburgh International Festival, hoping to gain recognition from the mass gathering at the festival. In 1948, Robert Kemp, a Scottish journalist and playwright, described the situation, "Round the fringe of official Festival drama, there seems to be more private enterprise than before... I am afraid some of us are not going to be at home during the evenings!". Edinburgh Festival Fringe was founded under the name "Festival Adjuncts", in 1947.  The fringe movement in Britain has been said to start in the 1960s, similar to the United States' Off-Off-Broadway theatres and Europe's "free theatre" groups. The term came into use in the late 1950s, and the show "Beyond the Fringe" premiered in Edinburgh in 1960, before transferring to Broadway and is the West End. One of the early innovators in fringe theatre was an American bookseller, James Haynes, who in 1963 created the Traverse Theatre in Edinburgh. Also noted in this period is the La MaMa Experimental Theatre Club, Jerzy Grotowski's Theatre of 13 Rows, and Józef Szajna's Studio Theatre in Warsaw.  The Adelaide Fringe in Adelaide, South Australia, now second-largest annual arts festival in the world (after Edinburgh Fringe), started in 1960 as an adjunct to the main Adelaide Festival of Arts.  Haynes, while at the helm of the Traverse, was receiving state support and even got a new theatre in 1969. In 1969, Haynes created the Arts Lab in London, but it only lasted for two years. Peter Brook along with another American Charles Marowitz opened the Open Space Theatre on Tottenham Court Road in London in 1968. Young British writers, after the May 1968 events in France, wrote agitprop plays, including David Hare, Howard Brenton, David Edgar.  Meanwhile, in the United States, experimental theatre was growing due to the political protest of the Vietnam War. The Living Theatre, founded by Julian Beck, is considered the leader of the "flower power" and "hippie" movement.  By the early 1970s, many fringe theatres began to receive small subsidies. After the 1973–74 stock market crash, many fringe companies were forced to close. New playwrights were established at the Bush Theatre and King's Head Theatre, both of whom survived the crash. and Red Ladder Theatre Company were some of the surviving touring fringe groups.  Fringe theatres were attractive to people in the 1960s due to their adventurousness but became less wild in the 1970s while the standards of production rose.  In 1982, the first fringe festival in North America was started in Edmonton, Alberta. It was then a theatre component of the larger Summerfest but evolved to become a stand-alone event, the Edmonton International Fringe Festival, one of the largest annual arts events in Canada and still the largest fringe in North America by attendance. The oldest fringe festival in the United States is Orlando, FL, founded in 1992. There are more fringe festivals in North America than any other continent.

Fringe theatre festival organization.

One distinction between fringe festivals and conventional arts festivals is the method used to choose participants. Typically, conventional festivals use a jury selection process, whereas many fringe festivals do not use a jury process in their selection criteria. There are exceptions to this; some fringe festivals (e.g., New York International Fringe Festival) do employ a jury-based selection process.  All performers are welcome to apply, regardless of their professional or amateur status. No restrictions are made as to the nature, style or theme of the performance, though some festivals have children's areas with appropriate content limitations. Festivals may have too many applicants for the number of available spaces; in this case, applicants are chosen based on an unrelated criterion, such as order of application or a random draw.  The number of performances varies among different fringe festivals. Larger festivals may have thousands of performances (e.g., Edinburgh's 2013 festival had 45,464 performances).  Fringe festivals typically have a common organising group that handles ticketing, scheduling, and some overall promotion (such as a program including all performers). Each production pays a set fee to this group, which usually includes their stage time as well as the organizational elements. The organising group and/or the venues often rely on a large pool of volunteers.  Ticket pricing varies between festivals. At UK fringe festivals, groups can decide their own ticket prices, and some sell tickets at fixed rates in one or two tiers, or in groups of 5 or 10.  Although it is unusual for the organising group to choose any winners of the festival, other organisations often make their own judgements of festival entries. Productions can be reviewed by newspapers or publications specific to the festival, and awards may be given by certain organisations. Awards or favourable reviews can increase the tickets sales of productions or lead to extra dates being added.

Elements of a typical fringe theatre production.

The limitations and opportunities that the fringe festival format presents lead to some common features.  Shows are not judged or juried. Depending on the popularity, some fringe festivals may use a lottery system to determine which shows are selected.  Shows are typically technically sparse. They are commonly presented in shared venues, often with shared technicians and limited technical time, so sets and other technical theatre elements are kept simple. Venues may be adapted from other uses.  Casts tend to be smaller than mainstream theatre; since many of the performing groups are traveling, and venues (and thus potential income) tend to be fairly small, expenses must usually be kept to a minimum. One-person shows are therefore quite common at fringe festivals.  Fringe festival productions often showcase new scripts, especially ones on more obscure, edgy, or unusual material. The lack of artistic vetting combined with relatively easy entry make risk-taking more feasible.  While most mainstream theatre shows are two or three acts long, taking two to three hours with intermissions, fringe shows tend to be closer to one-hour, single-act productions. The typically lowered ticket prices of a fringe theatre show permit audiences to attend multiple shows in a single evening.  Performers sometimes billet in the homes of local residents, further reducing their costs.

Fringe theatre is theatre that is produced outside of the main theatre institutions, and that is often small-scale and non-traditional in style or subject matter. The term comes from the Edinburgh Festival Fringe. In London, the fringe are small-scale theatres, many of them located above pubs, and the equivalent to New York's Off-Off-Broadway theatres and Europe's "free theatre" groups.

Fringe (engl.: Rand, Franse) ist eine in den 1950er Jahren entstandene alternative Theaterform, die ihren Höhepunkt in den 1960er Jahren hatte. Der Name stammt aus der Entstehungszeit, als am "Rand" des offiziellen schottischen Edinburgh Festivals freie Theatergruppen eigene Auftritte organisierten.


Early life.

Ninet was born and raised in Kiryat Gat, Israel, to North African Berber Jewish parents. Her father Yosef Tayeb a Tunisian Jewish, was born in Tunisia to his Tunisian parents, where's her mother Marcelle (née Malka) is a Moroccan Jewish was born in Morocco to her Moroccan parents. Both of her North African parents have separately immigrated from North Africa to Israel before they have met. She is the third of five siblings and was nicknamed "Nina" at a very young age by her family and friends. Ninet served as a soldier in the Combat Engineering Corps of the Israel Defense Forces.  Ninet was brought up around music with performances in small events as a teenager. She was mainly influenced by artists such as Pink Floyd, Nirvana, Pearl Jam, and Oasis.

Career.

Early work.

"Barefoot" and Acting.

Fame was immediate for 20 years old Ninet, and she started to collaborate and perform with Israel's most popular artists. She became a known figure in Israel and was the subject of dozens of articles and stories.  Ninet released her debut album, ""Barefoot"" (Yechefa, Hebrew: יחפה) on September 7, 2006. It was certified Platinum in less than 24 hours, having charted five #1 singles on the national radio. "Barefoot" was released by Helicon and was produced and mainly composed and written by the Israeli Rock musician Aviv Geffen.  Ninet's acting career took rise as well, as she starred in a successful TV series based on her own life story. The show, "Hashir Shelanu" ("Our Song"), was intended to capitalize on Ninet's unprecedented popularity and lasted for four entire seasons.

Musical transformation.

"Communicative".

On November 17, 2009, Ninet released her second album, ""Communicative"", (Comunicativi, Hebrew: קומוניקטיבי). She wrote all the lyrics in the album, composed most of it, and produced the album with Rockfour.  "Communicative", above all of Ninet's album, was a musical shift. Its release was a turning point regarding Ninet's public image and musical tendencies, as she was had thrown objects at her during its launch performance. Ninet describes this incident as a professional watershed. The artist who used to fill out major venues, found herself performing in front of significantly smaller audiences, sometimes fewer than 20 people.  Her exploration of musical influences began to bear fruit as "Communicative" was praised by critics and fans, and was considered to be one of the most talked about albums of recent years. A new type of audience began to attend her performances, which gradually started to grow and became more frequent.

"Sympathetic Nervous System".

Ninet released her third album, ""Sympathetic Nervous System"" (SNS), on May 30, 2012. SNS received positive reviews and is considered one of Ninet's best albums.  The album was composed and written by Ninet in English, produced by Mike Crossey, and recorded at the Motor Museum Studio in Liverpool. In SNS Ninet continued to establish herself as an indie-rock singer-songwriter, twice winning Israel's Favorite Act at the MTV Europe Music Awards.  Ninet started to perform as a DJ at events and festivals in and outside of Israel.

"All the Animals knew".

On May 3, 2013, Ninet released her fourth album, ""All the Animals Knew"" (, "Kol HaHayot Yad'u"). After the last album was all in English, this time Ninet went back to writing in Hebrew. She wrote and composed all of the songs in the album, except for 2 songs written by Israeli poet, Dori Manor. The album was produced by Yossi Mizrahi (Ninet's future husband) and Idan Rabinovici, members of Israeli indie-rock band "Acollective".

Paper Parachute.

In 2015 Ninet released the singles "Paper Parachute" and "Child". In 2016 she released the singles "Superstar" and "Subservient". She moved from Israel to Los Angeles in the United States, where she began to live in July 2016. Tayeb slowly began to appear in the United States. Close to issue fifth album "Paper Parachute" on February 3, 2017 it will begin performances in the US column.  In June 2015 she released a single called "What Happened" ('Ma Kara') in Hebrew. The song was created by Ninet and produced by her husband Yossi Mizrahi. The song criticizes sexual attacks committed by people of high social status and their subsequent lack of appropriate punishment, and the system that ultimately blames the victims for daring to speak out.  On January 9, 2018, a new music video was released in Hebrew called "Hero" ('Gibor'), written by Ninet and composed by Israeli artist Dudu Tassa. The music video was filmed in the United States. In November 2018 she released her single "Self Destructive Mind".  In December 2018, as part of the annual Hannukah celebrations, she performed with a variety of Israeli artists(Omer Adam, Marina Maximilian, the Ma Kashur trio, Idan Amadi, Nadav Gedge and Eleni Foureira) in a show called Pop Up Music in Tel Aviv, Israel.

Personal life.

Tayeb was previously in a high-profile relationship with fellow "HaShir Shelanu" star Ran Danker. Israeli media labelled the pair "Raninet". She was later in another high-profile relationship with the Israeli actor, Yehuda Levi to whom she was engaged. "Haaretz" described them as "Israel's favourite celebrity couple", with "The Jerusalem Post" declaring them "Israel's Brangelina". They announced their split in 2013 after eight years together. Both Danker and Levi have been described as the two most talked-about male stars in Israel. Tayeb and Danker remain friends and when asked in a 2019 Ynet interview about his former partner, Danker said that they will soon be in touch and will collaborate together. The pair performed together in September 2019.  In 2014, Tayeb married Israeli music producer and guitarist Joseph E-Shine Mizrachi in Tel Aviv, after a year together. In 2015, their daughter Emilia Sarah Mizrachi was born. In 2016 they relocated to Los Angeles where she has written the follow-up album to "Paper Parachute".

Nati Ninet Tayeb (; born October 21, 1983), commonly known only as Ninet, is an Israeli musician, singer-songwriter, composer, DJ, model and actress.

Ninet Tayeb (* 21. Oktober 1983 in Kirjat Gat) ist eine israelische Sängerin tunesischer Abstammung und erste Gewinnerin der israelischen Fernsehshow Kochav Nolad (wörtlich: "Ein Star wird geboren"), einer israelischen Show ähnlich Pop Idol, jedoch nicht zu diesem Franchise gehörend.


2007: "Tæt på".

She released her first two single's in Denmark titled "Flå" ("Rip") and "Et Øjeblik" ("One Moment") in 2007. This was followed by her debut album, "Tæt på" ("Close by").

2008–2010: "Welcome To Medina", and Rise to Fame.

She rose to fame primarily within several countries in Western Europe in 2008 with the release of "Kun for mig" (which was later released in English as "You and I"), the lead single off her second album, "Velkommen til Medina" ("Welcome to Medina"). The single spent six weeks at number one on the Danish Singles Chart, eventually reaching triple-platinum status. The second single off the same album, "Velkommen til Medina" also charted number one in Denmark which spent five weeks at the top of the singles chart and reached a platinum status there. Medina's third and fourth single, "Ensom" ("Lonely") and "Vi to" ("The two of us") peaked at number two in Denmark, and they both earned her a platinum-award.  In September 2009, Medina released an English-language version of "Kun for mig", titled "You and I", in the UK, Germany, Austria and Switzerland. This version reached thirty-nine on the UK Singles Chart and entered the top-ten on the German Singles Chart.  In 2009, two collaborative singles of Medina have also reached the top of the Danish charts. First is "100 dage" by Medina and Thomas Helmig and the second is "Mest ondt" by Burhan G featuring Medina.  Awards won by Medina include "Best Danish Act" at the 2009 and 2011 MTV Europe Music Awards. In 2010 Medina won six awards at the Danish Music Awards, she was awarded Danish Female Artist of the Year, Danish Album of the Year (Velkommen til Medina), New Danish Name of the Year, Danish Hit of the Year (Vi to), Danish Songwriter of the Year (together with Providers) and Danish Producer of the Year (Providers for Medina).  In July 2010, Medina's international debut album, "Welcome to Medina" was released in Germany, Austria, and Switzerland. It reached 9, 45, and 24th respectively. Apart from seven new songs, the album also includes English-language versions of the four singles off its Danish counterpart, including "Lonely" (English version of "Ensom"), it was released as the second single from the album.

2011–2012: "For Altid", "Forever".

In 2011 her Danish studio album "For Altid" was released, followed in 2012 by the English version of the same name, titled "Forever".

2013–2018: Hiatus, Small Projects, and Return.

From 2013 to 2015 Medina went on a short hiatus, and embarked on smaller projects, including releasing an EP, a live album, that are both primarily in Danish.  Since 2016 she has released two studio albums, "We Survive" (English studio album) in 2016, and "Grim" (Danish studio album) in 2018.

2019-Present: New Single's, and New Live EP.

Medina has released several new single's (featuring a single with the band Zookeeper's). In the first half of 2020 she released a new live album, the album includes several of her most famous Danish Single's. She has also married her partner.

Discography.

Danish studio albums  English studio albums  EP's

Medina Danielle Oona Valbak (born Andrea Fuentealba Valbak; 30 November 1982), known by the mononym Medina (, ), is a Danish singer and songwriter. She currently has released seven studio albums. She became popular with various singles such as "Kun for mig". At the 2010 Danish Music Awards, she won female artist of the year, Album of the year, and Songwriter of the year.

Medina Danielle Oona Valbak (* 30. November 1982 in Aarhus; eigentlich "Andrea Fuentealba Valbak") ist eine dänische Pop- und Dance-Sängerin und Songwriterin.


History.

Archaeological evidence indicates that an ancient submerged forest was located on what is now the foreshore of Mumbles Bay The bones of bears, wolves, hyenas, deer, rhinoceros and mammoth have been discovered there. A bone cave at the western tip of Caswell Bay was excavated in 1832 but has since been destroyed by the sea. Another cave, at the Inner Sound, Mumbles Head, was blown up by quarrymen in 1838 but not before elephant bones had been found. Also scattered around the bays of Mumbles and Gower are the bones of sixteen Ice Age mammals, including a mammoth tooth measuring ten centimetres across, which is on display in Swansea Museum.  The first human crop growers arrived in the area over 5,000 years ago. However, evidence of human habitation is much older and possibly dates as far back as 30,000 years ago—established by the dating of the famous Paviland skeleton located in a cave some 10–15 miles along the coast from Mumbles Head. The skeleton is kept in the Oxford Museum of Natural History, having been excavated by Rev William Buckland, who was Professor of Geology at Oxford University at the time. However, Swansea Museum has two well-finished flint axe-heads, one from Newton and one from an allotment on Mumbles Hill. Much of what we know about the first metalworkers, in the Bronze Age, has been learned from their tombs: pieces of pottery, a cairn and remains of a hut were found. The cliffs above the Redcliffe flats at Caswell Bay contain the ridged remnants of a Redley Cliff Iron Age hill-fort.  There is evidence that the Romans were based in Mumbles in a villa on the site of the present All Saints Church in Oystermouth. When the site was being extended in 1860, workmen removing a bank of earth on the south side of the original building accidentally broke up a Roman tessellated pavement, or mosaic floor. This was previously a pagan site, as were many sites of worship in the UK which subsequently became places of worship at the onset of Christianity. In this area it has been reported that Romano British gentlemen of Roman Wales may have eaten oysters from the oysterbeds off the shore below the site at Oystermouth, or Ystumllwynarth. The Norman Castle at Oystermouth was built during the first half of the 12th century - one of many castles built in Gower as a defense against the native Welsh Princes who sought to re-claim the lands stolen by the Norman invaders. [the Royal Commission on Ancient & Historical Monuments in Wales, Glamorgan, The Early Castles, London, HMSO, 1991]. The architectural merits of the church, castle and other buildings in Oystermouth are discussed in J.Newman, The Buildings of Wales: Glamorgan, London, Penguin/University of Wales Press, 1995. Three of the bells in All Saints Church once belonged to the Jesuit church of La Compañía ("The Company") in Santiago, Chile. They seem to have been brought to Mumbles by Aubrey Vivian after the fire of 1863 burnt down the Jesuit church, killing 2,000 people. The family of industrialist Henry Vivian had business connections with the copper mines of Chile.  In 1793, the Mumbles Lighthouse was erected on the outer of the two tidal islands of Mumbles Head. In 1806, the Oystermouth Railway was built between Oystermouth and Swansea with the intention of carrying coal to Swansea. The potential for carrying passengers was soon seen and a horse-drawn railway passenger service was started on 25 March 1807, making it the first such service in the world. It became enormously popular and was commonly called 'the Mumbles train'. Following the development of the rail service, Mumbles became a popular tourist destination. To capitalise on this, the Mumbles railway was extended and a pier was constructed and opened in 1898 to serve as the new terminus. An RNLI lifeboat slipway was added to the pier in the summer of 1916 and a boathouse was finally built on it in 1922; these remain in use. [Needs updating as there is a new boathouse].  On 23 April 1947, the Mumbles lifeboat lost a crew of eight men while attempting to rescue the crew of the "Samtampa" that had run aground on Sker Point. The Mumbles railway was closed in January 1960 and dismantled - a controversial decision that still resonates in the locality (calls to "bring back the Mumbles train" are still frequently heard and printed in local newspapers).  Soon after it was built in 1898, the end of the Mumbles Pier became home to Bandstand Concerts and on the landward side was a Winter Garden both of which attracted large crowds. It was advertised by the Swansea and Mumbles Railway as 'The Prettiest Pier in the Bristol Channel' and the 'Mumbles Press' on 13 April 1911, featured the Skating Rinks as well as Hanney's Select Military Band. In the 1950s, a large entertainment center on the end of the Pier included 'Dodgems' Coconut Shies and other fairground attractions. Near the bridge to the lifeboat, two Amusement Kiosks survived from Edwardian days. The landward side of the Pier had a Cafe, with a 'Penny Slot Arcade' alongside and a popular Dance Hall was part of the 'Pier Hotel.' The amusement complex was redeveloped at the land end of the Mumbles Pier in 1966 and this proved to be a profitable attraction to visitors, resulting in the addition of a new building containing an amusement arcade, restaurant and bowling alley.  The 'Mumbles Mile' is a stretch of road in Mumbles once notable for its concentration of pubs. It has long been a popular destination for pub crawls and binge drinking. Famous poet Dylan Thomas was said to have enjoyed many hours at The Mermaid. The 'Mumbles Mile' began to decline in popularity during the 1990s because of pressure from the local council and increased competition from Swansea's night attractions. Now, there are only five pubs on the'mile', whereas there were once upwards of 20.  The Encyclopedia of Wales says that Mumbles has always been considered a place apart... as the verse puts it:  The origin of the name "Mumbles" is obscure. Wyn Owen and Morgan (2008) cite several possibilities: Middle English "momele" ("to mumble"), describing the "mumbling" of the sea next to the rocks; Latin "mamillae" meaning "breasts", in reference to the breast shaped silhouette of the islands and headland, and Old Norse "múli" (snout, promontory).  The 2004 mini-series Mine All Mine, starring Griff Rhys Jones, was filmed in Mumbles.

Local government.

Mumbles was part of Oystermouth Urban District established in 1894, which was merged with the County Borough of Swansea in 1918. The Mumbles is in the Oystermouth electoral ward, while the current Mumbles community also includes the surrounding electoral wards of Mayals, Newton and West Cross.

Settlements.

The villages in the community council region are:

Twinning.

The Mumbles community is twinned with :

Mumbles is a district of Swansea, Wales located on the south east corner of the unitary authority area. It is also a local government community of the same name. At the 2001 census the population was 16,774, reducing slightly to 16,600 at the 2011 Census. The district is named after the headland of Mumbles which is located on the southeast corner of the district.

Mumbles () ist ein großes Dorf auf der Gower-Halbinsel, das an die Swansea Bay grenzt. Es ist Teil der Verwaltung der Stadt und Grafschaft Swansea. Historisch war es ein Teil der Grafschaft Glamorgan.


Formation.

Sulfoxylic acid has been detected in the gas phase. It is likely to be formed as an intermediate when hydrogen sulfide is oxidised by living organisms, or in the atmosphere, or anywhere else in the natural environment. It may also exist in circumstellar disks. When HS is oxidised it starts from oxidation state −2, and should then pass through intermediate values of 0 and +2 before getting to well known sulfite at +4 and sulfate at +6. When sulfide in alkaline conditions is oxidised by air in the presence of nickel ions, sulfoxylate concentration first increases to around 5% and then decreases over several days. Polysulfide concentration also grows and then shrinks on a slower timescale reaching about 25% of the sulfide. The sulfur ends up forming thiosulfate.  Sulfoxylic acid has been made by ultraviolet irradiation of a mixture of solid HS and HO, followed by warming. This is a possible natural process in comets or circumstellar disks.  Fender "et al." claimed to make "sulfinic acid" (an isomer of sulfoxylic acid} by ultraviolet irradiation on solid sulfur dioxide and hydrogen sulfide in a solid argon matrix, measuring the infrared vibrational spectrum. However the assignment of the lines in the spectrum is doubtful, so this may not be the substance produced.  Sulfoxylic acid can be made in the gas phase in an electric discharge through a neon, H, SO mixture. This also yields some sulfhydryl hydroperoxide.

Properties.

Sulfoxylic acid is an isomer of sulfinic acid, which has a hydrogen atom bonded to the sulfur, and the oxygen connected with a double bond (HS(O)OH). Other isomers are thiadioxyrane (a ring of two oxygen atoms and a sulfur), dihydrogen sulfone (a sulfur atom linked to two hydrogen and two oxygen atoms), sulfhydryl hydroperoxide (HSOOH), and dihydrogen persulfoxide HSOO. Sulfoxylic acid has the lowest energy of any of these isomers.  The p"K" of sulfoxylic acid is 7.97. The p"K" of bisulfoxylate () is 13.55.  Calculations of the molecule suggest there may be two alignments termed "C", and "C". The H−O distance is 96.22 (or 96.16) pm, S−O distance is 163.64 (or 163.67) pm, ∠HOS = 108.14° (108.59°), ∠OSO = 103.28° (103.64°) HOSO twist is 84.34° (+90.56 and −90.56) ("C" dimensions in parentheses).  The microwave spectrum has absorption lines at 10.419265, 12.2441259, 14.0223698, 16.3161779 GHz and many others for the "C" and 12.8910254, 19.4509030, 21.4709035, 24.7588445, 29.5065050, 29.5848250, 32.8772050 GHz for the "C" form.  The sulfoxylate ion apparently has an X-ray absorption near edge structure at 2476.1 eV. With sulfur the X-ray absorption edge changes with oxidation state as per Kunzl's law. The edge corresponds to the energy needed to excite and inner S electron to a P orbital. Sulfoxylate has an infrared absorption peak at 918.2 cm.

Reactions.

Sulfoxylic acid disproportionates into sulfur and hydrogensulfite. Some of this in turn reacts to form thiosulfate.  Sulfoxylates are sensitive to air, and will be oxidised by the oxygen in it.  Sulfoxylate is oxidised to sulfur dioxide radical anion and then to sulfur dioxide.  The known sulfoxylate salts include cobalt sulfoxylate CoSO·3HO. This can dissolve in an ammoniacal solution. However cobalt sulfide will precipitate if sulfide is formed during a reaction.  Sulfoxylate in solution reacts with thiosulfate to form sulfides and sulfites.  Sulfoxylate reduces nitrite to hydronitrite radical dianion. This in turn reacts with water forming hydroxide ions and nitric oxide (NO). Nitric oxide and nitrous oxide NO in turn are further reduced by sulfoxylate.  When sulfoxylate reacts with hypochlorite, bromine or chlorine dioxide it forms hydrogen sulfite and sulfates.  Dithionite is unstable in a pH 4 solution, decomposing to sulfoxylic acid and hydrogen sulfite. This sulfoxylic acid reacts with more dithionite to yield more hydrogen sulfite, and some kind of sulfur, and a small amount of thiosulfate.  By reducing sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfoxylate forms as an intermediate, and this is much more reactive. Hydrogen sulfoxylate reacts with organic compounds with a double bond (vinyls) to make an organic sulfinate. Hydrogen sulfoxylate reacts with divinyl sulfone to make 1,4-dithiane 1,1,4,4-tetroxide. Perfluorophenyl iodide is reduced to pentafluorobenzene.  The reaction of sulfoxylic acid with sulfite yields trithionate () and with thiosulfate yields pentathionate ().

Salts.

Salts of sulfoxylic acid that have been claimed to have been made include cobalt, thallium and zinc. Cobalt sulfoxylate is made from sodium hyposulfite, cobalt chloride and ammonia. Zinc sulfoxylate is produced by reacting zinc metal with sulfuryl chloride. Thallous sulfoxylate is made by allowing oxygen onto thallous sulfide. This is olive brown in colour. When heated to 250 °C it recrystallizes to another yellow form. Cuprous sufoxylate CuSO can be made as a solid or liquid by heating cuprous sulfide and copper sulfate. CuSO melts at and is stable as a liquid phase to over 680K. There are also solid phase transitions at and.

Derivatives.

Organic derivatives of sulfoxylic acid exist, including 1-hydroxysulfanyloxy-4-methylbenzene, and S(OCH) and S(OCHCH). Naming for substances with the −OSOH group, can use suffixes -oxysulfanol (preferred), -hydrogen sulfoxylate, or -oxysulfenic acid; or prefix hydroxysulfanyloxy- (preferred) or sulfenooxy-. The ionic group -OSO can use the preferred suffix -oxysulfanolate or -sulfoxylate; or preferred prefix oxysulfanolato- or sulfenatooxy-. The R-OSO-R' can be suffixed with -dioxysulfane or -sulfoxylate; or prefixed with oxysulfanyloxy- or sulfenooxy-.  A reaction with sulfur dichloride with saturated primary or secondary alcohols yields a diarylsulfoxylate ROSOR compound. With 1,2 diols, SCl forms polymeric sulfoxylates. This method also produces dialkoxydisulfes and dialylsulfites. The yield of sulfoxylates is maximised by doing the reaction at low temperatures around -75°C, and diluting the reactants, reducing free chlorine and disulfur dichloride production. Diethylsulfoxylate can be made by reacting diethoxydisulfide with sodium ethoxide. Other sulfoxylate esters include propyl, isopropyl, "n"-butyl, "n"-pentyl and cholesterol. Unsaturated or aromatic alcohols do not react with SCl to form sulfoxylates. For 1,3-diols SCl reaction can result in a six member 1,3,2-dioxathiane ring or a twelve membered cyclic dimer sulfoxylate ring or even larger rings and polymers.  Sulfoxylic acid dimethyl ester (also called dimethylsulfoxylate or dimethoxysulfane) (S(OCH)) has been studied using electron diffraction, X-ray crystallography, Raman spectroscopy, and infrared spectroscopy. Studying this molecule is much easier than the unstable sulfoxylic acid. It is a liquid at standard conditions that boils at 74°C and freezes at -67° In the gas state the molecular bond angle ∠OSO is 103°, with the oxygen-sulfur distance 1.625 Å. The oxygen-carbon distance is 1.426 Å and carbon-hydrogen distance 1.105 Å with ∠COS 115.9° and ∠COS 109°. The molecule as "C" symmetry with one methyl group rotated above the plane determined by the OSO atoms, and the other below. The C−O−S−O dihedral angle is about 84°. The energy barrier to moving one methyl group to the other side of the plane is 37 kJ/mol and it would be in a 12 kJ/mol higher energy state in this "C" symmetry state.

Sulfoxylic acid (HSO) (also known as hyposulfurous acid or sulfur dihydroxide) is an unstable oxoacid of sulfur in an intermediate oxidation state between hydrogen sulfide and dithionous acid. It consists of two hydroxy groups attached to a sulfur atom. Sulfoxylic acid contains sulfur in an oxidation state of +2. Sulfur monoxide (SO) can be considered as a theoretical anhydride for sulfoxylic acid, but it is not actually known to react with water.

Sulfoxylsäure oder Hyposchweflige Säure (HSO) ist eine bei Normalbedingungen instabile Sauerstoffsäure des Schwefels, in der Schwefel die Oxidationsstufe +II hat. Ebenso wie ihr formales Anhydrid Schwefelmonoxid (SO) disproportioniert sie bei Raumtemperatur sofort zu Schwefel und Schwefeldioxid (S(IV)). Ihre Salze heißen Sulfoxylate oder Hyposulfite. Sie sind starke Reduktionsmittel und ebenfalls unbeständig, da das Sulfoxylat-Anion im Basischen leicht zu Thiosulfat kondensiert. Die Sulfinsäure H–S(=O)–OH ist zur Sulfoxylsäure tautomer.


History.

The observatory was founded and named after John Radcliffe by the Radcliffe Trustees. It was built on the suggestion of the astronomer Thomas Hornsby, who was occupying the Savilian Chair of Astronomy, following his observation of the notable transit of Venus across the sun's disc in 1769 from a room in the nearby Radcliffe Infirmary.  The observatory building commenced to designs by Henry Keene in 1772, and was completed in 1794 to the designs of James Wyatt, with a prominent octagonal tower based on the Tower of the Winds in Athens. Its tower is topped with a statue by John Bacon of Atlas holding up the World.  Until 1839, the Savilian Chair of Astronomy was responsible for the observatory. At this date the appointment of George Henry Sacheverell Johnson an astronomer with no observational experience caused the creation of the new role of Radcliffe Observer.  Because of the viewing conditions, weather, urban development and light pollution at Oxford, the observatory moved to South Africa in 1939. Eventually that site, in Pretoria, also became untenable and the facility was combined with others into the South African Astronomical Observatory (SAAO) in the 1970s.  The building is now used by Green Templeton College off the Woodstock Road and is a centrepiece of the college. The original instruments are now in the Museum of the History of Science, Oxford, except for the Radcliffe 18/24-inch Twin Refractor telescope, which was transferred to the University of London Observatory.

Radcliffe Observers.

The following have been Radcliffe Observers:

Radcliffe Observatory was the astronomical observatory of the University of Oxford from 1773 until 1934, when the Radcliffe Trustees sold it and built a new observatory in Pretoria, South Africa. It is a Grade I listed building. Today, the observatory forms a part of Green Templeton College of the University of Oxford.

Das Radcliffe Observatory war eine Sternwarte der Oxford University von 1773 bis 1934 in Oxford, England und zwischen 1934 und 1972 in Pretoria, Südafrika.


History.

Foster was originally settled in the 17th century by British colonists as a farming community. In the year 1662, William Vaughan, Zachariah Rhodes, and Robert Wescott, purchased of the Indians a large tract of land called West Quanaug, bordering on Providence. The 'West Quanaug purchase', consisted of nearly the whole southern half of the town of Foster. The first settler was allegedly Ezekiel Hopkins. Many settlers from Newport were active in the town in the 18th century. Shortly before the incorporation of the town, Foster's first church, a Calvinist Baptist congregation was founded. Shortly afterwards, Six Principle Baptist and Free Will Baptist congregations were founded.  Foster was incorporated with Scituate, Rhode Island in 1730, forming the western section of that township, and remained part of Scituate until 1781, when it was split off as a distinct and separate township. Foster derived its name, from U.S. Senator Theodore Foster. Mr. Foster presented the town with a library. Some of the library's original books and town records are still preserved. U.S. Senator Nelson Aldrich was born in Foster in 1841. Senator Aldrich was instrumental in starting the U.S. Federal Reserve Board.  In the 1920s the Ku Klux Klan was active in the area, and one of the largest Klan rallies in the state was held in Foster on the Old Home Day grounds in 1924 with 8,000 in attendance and U.S. Senator J. Thomas Heflin of Alabama speaking.

Geography.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of, of which, of it is land and of it (1.41%) is water. Foster contains Rhode Island's highest point, Jerimoth Hill, with an elevation of 248 m (812 ft).

Climate.

Climate in this area has mild differences between highs and lows, and there is adequate rainfall year-round. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Foster has an Oceanic climate, abbreviated "Cfb" on climate maps.

Demographics.

Foster's Capt. Isaac Paine Elementary School, has the top spot for reading proficiency according to the New England Common Assessment Program, or NECAP, exams. 82 percent of its students attained proficiency, the state leader in that testing category.  As of the census of 2000, there were 4,274 people, 1,535 households, and 1,198 families residing in the town. The population density was 83.6 people per square mile (32.3/km2). There were 1,578 housing units at an average density of 30.9 per square mile (11.9/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 97.26% White, 0.21% African American, 0.23% Native American, 0.58% Asian, 0.09% Pacific Islander, 0.26% from other races, and 1.36% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.80% of the population. Foster's zip code, 02825, has a significantly larger population than the town of Foster. This is because the zip code extends into parts of the more populated town of Scituate, Rhode Island.  There were 1,535 households out of which 36.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 68.5% were married couples living together, 6.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 21.9% were non-families. 17.1% of all households were made up of individuals and 6.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.77 and the average family size was 3.14.  In the town, the population was spread out with 25.9% under the age of 18, 5.6% from 18 to 24, 29.1% from 25 to 44, 28.9% from 45 to 64, and 10.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 99.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 97.6 males.  The median income for a household in the town was $59,673, and the median income for a family was $63,657. Males had a median income of $39,808 versus $30,632 for females. The per capita income for the town was $22,148. About 1.5% of families and 3.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 2.9% of those under age 18 and 7.8% of those age 65 or over.

Arts and culture.

Tourism.

Foster is home to the Foster Town House. Built in 1796 and in use to this day, the Foster Town House is the oldest government meeting house of its type in the United States. Foster also contains Rhode Island's only authentic covered bridge, the Swamp Meadow Covered Bridge. Built in 1994 by Jed Dixon, a Foster resident, it is a reproduction of an early-19th-century specimen. It is the only covered bridge in Rhode Island located on a public road. Jerimoth Hill, the highest point of elevation in Rhode Island, is located in Foster.

Parks and recreation.

Foster is home to the most scenic part of the North-South Trail. Along the trail you can see the remnants of the Thomas O' Wagon Wheel Shop which was later converted to a shingle mill in 1919.

Foster is a town in Providence County, Rhode Island, in the United States. The population was 4,606 at the 2010 census.

Foster ist ein Ort im Providence County in Rhode Island in den Vereinigten Staaten. Die Bevölkerungszahl betrug 4606 nach dem Zensus von 2010.


Background and education.

Dalhousie was born at Dalhousie Castle, Midlothian, the son of George Ramsay, 8th Earl of Dalhousie, and Elizabeth, daughter of Andrew Glen. He was educated at the Royal High School, Edinburgh, and the University of Edinburgh.

Military career.

After his father's death in 1787, Dalhousie joined the British Army in July 1788 by purchasing a cornetcy in the 3rd Dragoons, and was later appointed to the captaincy of an independent company he himself had raised. He joined the 2nd battalion of the 1st Foot in January 1791, and purchased the rank of major in the 2nd Foot in June 1792. He travelled with the regiment to Martinique, as its commander, and succeeded to the lieutenant-colonelcy in August 1794. He was severely wounded in 1795 and returned to Britain. In 1798 he served in the Irish Rebellion, and in 1799 throughout the Flanders campaign. He received the brevet rank of colonel in January 1800, and fought in the later stages of the Egyptian campaign under Ralph Abercromby, capturing Rosetta without a fight and successfully investing the nearby Fort Julien in April 1801. In 1803 he served as a brigadier-general on the staff in Scotland, and was appointed Major-General in April 1805.  During the later stages of the Peninsular War Dalhousie commanded the 7th Division under the Duke of Wellington. Wellington was sometimes critical of his performance, as during the retreat from Burgos, because of his tardy arrival at Vitoria, and for his misinformation about French intentions shortly before the Battle of Roncesvalles.  With Henry Clinton (or Oswald) and William Stewart he displayed insubordination during the retreat from Burgos. Wellington ordered them down a certain road, but they decided it "was too long and too wet and chose another. This brought them to a bridge which was blocked so that they could not cross. Here, eventually, Wellington found them, waiting. What, Wellington was asked, did he say to them? ‘Oh by God, it was too serious to say anything.’ ‘What a situation is mine!’ he complained to London later. ‘It is impossible to prevent incapable men from being sent to the army.’".  At Vitoria he was delayed because he "had found difficulty in marching through the broken country", though Thomas Picton arrived early enough and attacked in his stead when the 7th Division failed to appear  He was nevertheless voted the thanks of Parliament for his services at Vitoria where he commanded the Left Center Column, consisting of the 3rd and 7th Divisions. He was appointed lieutenant-general, and colonel of the 13th Foot in 1813. He led his division in the Battle of the Pyrenees where it was lightly engaged, then went home to England in October. After the previous commander was wounded at the Battle of Orthez in February 1814, Dalhousie briefly led the 7th Division again. He occupied the city of Bordeaux and thus missed the final Battle of Toulouse.  William Kemley was said to have saved the life of Ramsay in battle, by holding a flag over his body. In doing so he suffered a wound from a musket ball that left him with a permanent hole in the palm of his hand. His grandson, Peter Gordon Kemley, used to tell how he could put his finger through the palm of his grandfather's hand. For his actions, William Kemley was given a house on the Dalhousie Estate at Brechin Castle, rent-free for life. His daughter, Caroline Kemley, was born under a gun carriage the evening before the Battle of Quatre Bras. Her mother was one of six wives per regiment permitted to accompany their husbands.

Later career.

In 1815 he was created Baron Dalhousie, of Dalhousie Castle in the County of Edinburgh, in the Peerage of the United Kingdom, to allow him to sit in the House of Lords by right (until that point he had sat as a Scottish representative peer).

Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia.

According to the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Ramsay sought a position in colonial administration to pay debts he incurred expanding his estate. He replaced Sir John Coape Sherbrooke as Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia in 1816. He is known to have employed an official draughtsman, John Elliott Woolford, known for many surviving drawings and paintings.  Ramsay created Dalhousie College, Nova Scotia's first college, which grew into Dalhousie University.  In 2018 professors at Dalhousie convinced its President to form a panel to report on statements and action Ramsay made that gave the strong appearance of racism. Thousands of black refugees, who had been held in slavery in the USA, had been guaranteed freedom, by the British, if they ran away from their masters, during the American Revolution. Most of these former slaves settled in Nova Scotia. Ramsay had tried to induce them to (1) return to their US masters; (2) return to Africa; (3) Leave Nova Scotia for the British colony of Trinidad.

Governor-General of Canada.

He was appointed, Governor General of British North America in 1820 and held that position until 1828.

Commander in Chief of India.

Ramsay was appointed Commander-in-Chief of the Indian Army in 1828. Ramsay was stationed in Calcutta and Simla. India taxed his health, and he resigned in 1832.

Retirement.

Ramsay suffered a ""fainting fit"" in February 1833. His health continued to deteriorate, and he returned to his estate, in 1834, where his health continued to deteriorate until his death 4 years later. He went both blind and senile in his final years.

Family.

Lord Dalhousie married Christian, daughter of Charles Broun, of Colstoun in East Lothian, Scotland, a lady of gentle extraction and distinguished gifts, in 1805. She was recognized as a "zealous botanist" by leading scientists of her day.  Ramsay and Christian had three sons, the two elder of whom died early. He died at Dalhousie Castle in March 1838, aged 67, and was succeeded by his youngest son, James, who was later created Marquess of Dalhousie. Lady Dalhousie died in January 1839.

Legacy.

While serving as Lieutenant-Governor of Nova Scotia he founded Dalhousie University in Halifax, Nova Scotia. The town of Dalhousie, New Brunswick was named after him when he visited there in 1826, although his diary entry for the day stated that he disapproved of changing the original French and Mi'kmaq location names. The villages of East and West Dalhousie in Nova Scotia are named after him, as are Earltown and Port Dalhousie, a community near St. Catharines, Ontario, a community in Calgary Alberta, Dalhousie Station and an adjacent square, "Dalhousie Square" in Montreal.

General George Ramsay, 9th Earl of Dalhousie, (23 October 1770 – 21 March 1838), styled Lord Ramsay until 1787, and Baron Dalhousie from 1815, was a Scottish soldier and colonial administrator. He was Governor of Nova Scotia from 1816 to 1820, Governor General of British North America from 1820 to 1828 and later Commander-in-Chief in India. In turn, his son, James Andrew Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie, would later serve as Governor-General of India.

George Ramsay, 9. Earl of Dalhousie, GCB (* 23. Oktober 1770 auf Dalhousie Castle, Midlothian, Schottland; † 21. März 1838 ebenda) war ein britischer Soldat und Kolonialbeamter. Von 1816 bis 1820 war er Vizegouverneur der Kolonie Nova Scotia und von 1820 bis 1828 Generalgouverneur von Britisch-Nordamerika.


Gameplay.

The gameplay in "Princess Lover!" requires little interaction from the player, as most of the duration of the game is only spent on reading the text that appears on the lower portion of the screen, representing either dialogue between characters, or the inner thoughts of the protagonist. Every so often, the player will come to a "decision point", where he or she is given the chance to choose from multiple options. The time between these points varies and can occur anywhere from a minute to much longer. Text progression pauses at these points and depending on the choices that the player makes, the plot will progress in a specific direction. There are four main plot lines in the game that the player will have the chance to experience, one for each of the heroines in the story. To view all of the plot lines, the player will have to replay the game multiple times and make different decisions to progress the plot in an alternate direction.

Plot.

Arima Teppei lost his parents in a traffic accident. His grandfather Isshin adopted him and ordered him to succeed the head of Arima Group Corporation. At Shuuhou Gakuen, a high school only for wealthy students, Teppei's new life as a celebrity starts.

Development.

"Princess Lover!" is the first title developed by the visual novel developer Ricotta. The project is notable as the development team comprises a limited number of credited members. Scenario for the game was provided by Shōta Onoue who has previously worked on titles such as Tactics' "Tenshi no Himegodo". Art direction and character designs were done by Kei Komori who is known for his work in various dōjin titles. Komori later went on to create Ricotta's second title "".

Release history.

"Princess Lover!" was first released to the public on June 27, 2008, as a limited edition collected in a DVD playable only on Microsoft Windows. The limited edition included the game itself, and it also included a maxi single entitled "Songs From Princess Lover!". It was later followed by an all-ages consumer console release published by Comfort and released for the PlayStation 2 on January 28, 2010. The PlayStation 2 version entitled "Princess Lover!: Eternal Love For My Lady" will contain remastered graphics, and additional scenarios for Ayano Kaneko, a supporting female character being promoted to a heroine.

Adaptations.

Books and publications.

"Princess Lover!" was first adapted into a series of light novels written by Utsusemi and illustrated by Hyūma Kitsuhi. The first of the novels, titled, was released on November 29, 2008. The second of the novels, titled, was released on May 30, 2009. Both of these light novels were published by Kill Time Communication and released in regular and limited editions. The limited editions included the book itself and a telephone card; the second novel also received a version with a poster included instead. The regular editions of did not contain the aforementioned extras. A third light novel series, titled "Princess Lover! Silvia van Hossen's Romance 2" and also written by Utsusemi and illustrated by Kitsuhi, began serialization in Kill Time Communication's "Nijiken Dream Magazine" on June 17, 2009.  A 135-page visual fan book for "Princess Lover!" was published by Max on December 2, 2008. The book contained illustrations and computer graphics used in the visual novel and various publications, introduction and explanations of the story and characters, production design and sketches, and interview with the development team, and also a short story entitled "Little Princess!"

Manga.

There have been two manga adaptations based on "Princess Lover!" The first manga series was illustrated by Japanese artist Naoha Yuigi, and it was first serialized in Media Factory's Media Factory Mobile! service for mobile phones on March 20, 2009. A second manga series was also serialized in Kill Time Communication's "Comic Valkyrie". The manga, which began serialization while the first was still ongoing, was illustrated by Yū Midorigi and received assistance from Utsusemi, the author of the light novel adaptations.

Anime.

The anime adaptation of "Princess Lover!" was first formally announced in March 2009 via its official website. The anime was produced by GoHands as the animation studio's first production, and it was directed by Hiromitsu Kanazawa and written by Makoto Nakamura. It was first exhibited as a video in a public showing in Akihabara on June 21, 2009, and again at Television Kanagawa's Tvk Anime Matsuri 2009 exhibition in Nippon Seinenkan in Shinjuku, on June 27, 2009. Both events featured a public showing of the anime's first episode along with "Umineko no Naku Koro ni", in addition to various other anime for the Tvk Anime Matsuri event. The anime began its televised broadcast in Japan on July 5, 2009, on the Chiba TV and TV Kanagawa broadcasting networks, ending on September 20, 2009. They also released an uncensored version in the webcast section.

OVA.

On September 24, 2010, a 2-part "Princess Lover!" adult OVA was animated by Hoods Entertainment under the name "Public Enemies". It features Sylvia as the main heroine and contains an original story with various erotic scenes. It was released on DVD by the adult anime label.

"Princess Lover!" has received several transitions to other media. The game was first adapted into three light novels written by Utsusemi and illustrated by Hyūma Kitsuhi. It was then followed by two manga adaptations: the first, illustrated by Naoha Yuigi, began serialization in Media Factory's Media Factory Mobile! service on March 20, 2009; and the second, illustrated by Yū Midorigi, began its serialization in the manga magazine "Comic Valkyrie" on July 27, 2009. An anime adaptation produced by the animation studio GoHands also began its broadcast in Japan on July 5, 2009, and it was later followed by other networks in the same month. An Internet radio show has also been produced to promote the anime adaptation, and began its broadcast on July 3, 2009. A two-part adult OVA series was released in late 2010.

Princess Lover! (jap., "Purinsesu Rabā!") ist ein Ren’ai-Adventure-Erogē des Spieleentwicklers Ricotta. Es wurde erstmals am 27. Juni 2008 für den PC als Spiel für Erwachsene veröffentlicht. Das Spiel wurde später durch verschiedene Medien wie Light Novels, Manga, Anime-Serie und OVA adaptiert.


Early life and education.

Weisman was born in Newark, New Jersey, on February 20, 1943. He attended the Kansas City College of Osteopathy (later known as the Kansas City University of Medicine and Biosciences, graduating in 1970 with a Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine (DO). He practiced medicine in his hometown of Carteret, New Jersey, for several years and ended his brief marriage by disclosing that he was gay.

Discovery and treatment of AIDS.

He moved to Los Angeles and was hired by a doctor's office in North Hollywood, where he started to see a number of patients in 1978 who had a series of unusual conditions, including younger men with shingles, a case of Kaposi's sarcoma, and several patients who had symptoms of what appeared to be, but was not, lymphoma. In 1980, a series of patients came to a medical office he had opened in Sherman Oaks, all gay men who had a pattern of what appeared to be immune system disorders exhibited by significant loss of weight and swollen lymph nodes, accompanied by fever and rashes, in addition to two patients with chronic diarrhea, depressed white blood cell counts and fungal infections.  Weisman referred two of these cases in 1981 to Michael S. Gottlieb, an immunologist at the UCLA Medical Center, who had a patient of his own with a similar pattern of symptoms. Weisman recollected that he knew going into this meeting that these cases "represented was the tip of the iceberg" and that there were "a lot of people that were potentially right behind them". Gottlieb diagnosed these and a number of his other patients as having pneumocystis pneumonia. A report they jointly wrote published by the Centers for Disease Control in the June 5, 1981, issue of its "Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report", describing how their patients, "5 young men, all active homosexuals, were treated for biopsy-confirmed Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia at 3 different hospitals in Los Angeles, California" of which "[t]wo of the patients died" by the time of the original report. This notice has been recognized as the first published report marking "the official start" of the AIDS pandemic and as "the first report on AIDS in the medical literature". A more detailed report regarding the pneumocystis pneumonia found in a series of four patients was published in a December 1981 issue of the "New England Journal of Medicine".  Weisman immediately started warning his patients that the disease was sexually transmitted and that behavioral changes were needed to help prevent its spread, a warning that was often disregarded and resulted in the deaths of many friends. He became involved in efforts to provide treatment options for AIDS patients, establishing AIDS Project Los Angeles in 1983 and developing Southern California's first AIDS unit at the Sherman Oaks Hospital. When amfAR was founded in 1985 by Gottlieb and Mathilde Krim, Weisman was a board member and became chairman from 1988 to 1992. His medical practice grew into the Pacific Oaks Medical Group, one of the largest treating patients with HIV / AIDS.  In Weisman's obituary in the "Los Angeles Times", Gottlieb described him as "a very astute physician" who recognized "that something out of the ordinary was happening" by being "alert to unusual symptoms in his patients". Krim described how Weisman immediately knew that "he was observing something that was never seen before."

Personal.

Weisman died at age 66 due to heart disease on July 18, 2009, at his home in the Westwood neighborhood of Los Angeles. He was survived by his domestic partner of 17 years, Bill Hutton, as well as by a daughter and granddaughter, a brother and two nieces. Timothy Bogue, his partner for 10 years, died of AIDS in 1991.

Joel D. Weisman D.O. (February 20, 1943 – July 18, 2009) was one of the first to identify a pattern of illnesses that was ultimately diagnosed as AIDS during his work as a general practitioner in the United States. He later became an advocate for the development of treatments and prevention of the disease.

Joel Weisman (* 20. Februar 1943 in Newark, New Jersey; † 18. Juli 2009 in Westwood, Los Angeles) war Arzt für Innere Medizin und AIDS-Forscher.


Early years.

He was born Lionel I. Cohen on July 22, 1914, in Brooklyn, and later changed his last name to "Casson". As a teenager he owned a sailboat that he would use on Long Island Sound. He attended New York University for all of his collegiate studies, earning a bachelor's degree there in 1934, a master's in 1936 and his Ph.D. in 1939 and was employed at NYU as an instructor. He served as an officer in the United States Navy during World War II, responsible for the interrogation of prisoners of war.  After completing his military service, Casson returned to NYU, where he served as a professor of classics from 1961 to 1979. The author of 23 books on maritime history and classic literature, Casson used ancient material ranging from Demosthenes's speeches and works by Thucydides to cargo manifests and archeological studies of ancient shipwrecks and the contents of the amphorae they carried to develop a framework for the development of shipbuilding, maritime trade routes and naval warfare in the ancient world.

Classics.

In a 2005 speech to the Archaeological Institute of America accepting its Gold Medal, Casson recalled a trip to Southern France in 1953 when he had the opportunity to visit Jacques-Yves Cousteau, who was performing an investigation of an ancient shipwreck. Once he visited the warehouse with the hundreds of amphorae that had been brought to the surface, Casson said that he immediately knew that he "was in on the beginning of a totally new source of information about ancient maritime matters and I determined then and there to exploit it" and integrate this new trove of data with the information he had been able to assemble from ancient writings.  His 1959 book "The Ancient Mariners: Seafarers and Sea Fighters of the Mediterranean in Ancient Times" told how civilizations along the Mediterranean Sea began by having their ships travel along the coast and then advanced to trips across the sea, far from the sight of shore. Commerce and military ventures led to journeys to such far-flung locales as India with more specialized crafts designed that expanded the original flat-bottomed boats into vessels such as the trireme propelled by hundreds of oarsmen to speeds of seven knots by its 170 oars. "Illustrated History of Ships and Boats", published by Doubleday in 1964, provided a history of boats from ancient craft carved from wood or made from animal skins up to the day's most modern nuclear submarines.  Yale University Press published Casson's 2001 book "Libraries in the Ancient World" that uses references in ancient works and archeological evidence in the Middle East and the Greco-Roman world to follow the development of writing, the creation of the first books and the process of copying them by hand and assembling them into libraries. In the book, Casson puts Homer at the top of a most-popular author list, "with the "Iliad" favored over the "Odyssey"" on his best-seller list. He documents the transitions from clay tablets, to papyrus and parchment scrolls, and the development of the codex as the precursor of the modern book. Casson rejects the accepted wisdom that the Library of Alexandria was destroyed in 48 BCE and argues that evidence shows that it continued in existence until 270 CE during the reign of Roman Emperor Aurelian.  He was a member of the all-male literary banqueting club the Trap Door Spiders.  Casson died of pneumonia in Manhattan at age 94 on July 18, 2009. He was survived by his wife, the former Julia Michelman, as well as two daughters and two grandchildren.

Lionel Casson (July 22, 1914 – July 18, 2009) was a classicist, professor emeritus at New York University, and a specialist in maritime history. He earned his B.A. in 1934 at New York University, and in 1936 became an assistant professor. He went on to earn his Ph.D. there in 1939. In 2005 he was awarded the Archaeological Institute of America Gold Medal.

Lionel Casson (* als "Lionel I. Cohen" 22. Juli 1914 in Brooklyn, New York; † 18. Juli 2009 in New York) war ein US-amerikanischer Althistoriker, der sich besonders der Erforschung der antiken Seefahrt widmete.


History.

Early years.

The State Legislature recognized the need for an education center in southern Minnesota by 1858. In 1860 the legislature chartered the development of state run normal schools to serve areas outside of Winona. The largest and fastest growing cities outside of Saint Paul, Saint Cloud and Mankato were selected for the sites dependent on local fundraising to establish the schools with seed money. Through the efforts of local attorney turned state legislator Daniel Buck, the newly formed City of Mankato donated $5,000 raised from the area community and sold $5,000 in bonds for the founding of the second state normal school, Mankato Normal School. Chartered in state law in 1860, the first classes were held in 1868 with an enrollment of 27 students. The institution's original mission was to train and educate teachers for rural schools throughout southern Minnesota. Early course work included sciences, mathematics, civil engineering, agriculture, western classics, and basic pedagogy.  During this early period, Mankato Normal School provided educational certificates that allowed for graduates to become school teachers and a majority of the students were women. In relation to this focus on women's education, Mankato Normal School is noted as the first public college in the United States to be headed by a woman, suffragette Julia Sears, in 1872. Controversially Julia Sears was hired, then subsequently demoted and eventually she was fired by the School Board of Trustees. Students, city residents and some businesses were upset at the firing of Sears and a protest was held. This became known as the Sears Rebellion which lasted until Sears left the school for a professorship at Peabody Normal School. These events would later come to be remembered as a new residence hall was dedicated in honor of Sears in 2008 and a commission on the status of women was founded to support the advancement of women's education at the institution in the 1990s.

State Teachers College.

By 1921, the school had grown significantly to the point that it began to offer four-year bachelor's degrees. As a result, it was renamed the Mankato State Teachers College. Enrollment then dipped during World War II and the college refocused its extension programs on providing education to members of the Works Progress Administration and Naval Corps.

Rapid post World War II expansion.

During the post World War II period, student enrollment expanded greatly. The original university buildings were then located in what was known as the Valley Campus. It was located geographically down the hill in lower Mankato. The size and footprint of the Valley Campus could not sustain the space needed to handle the growing student body. By the late 1950s work began on constructing an entirely new, modern campus atop the river valley bluff. This became the Highland Campus. A new experimental school called the Wilson School was built on the Highland Campus to research and apply new teaching methods for students in grades K-12. The intent of this school was to provide student teachers the opportunity to learn and experiment with new methods in a university environment.

Transition to comprehensive university.

By 1957, the mission of the institution had broadened to comprehensive 4-year college education, the state legislature changed the name of the college to Mankato State College. The following years saw additional enrollment growth. The Valley Campus was eventually sold to a private developer and the Highland Campus grew in size. By the 1960s the institution had grown so fast and so large that there was a bill created in the State Legislature to designate it the University of Southern Minnesota by state Senator Val Imm and later an amendment to the bill by state Representative Mike McGuire would have renamed it Minnesota State University. These were proposed long before the popular television show Coach (TV series) aired. It was proposed to be a second and independent state university equal in stature to the University of Minnesota at a time when there was only one research institution. There was significant opposition from the University of Minnesota and from Governor Karl Rolvaag at the time.  In 1975, the college successfully made the case to transition to comprehensive status and was renamed to Mankato State University. This change reflected a further 40% growth in the student body to 12,000 students by 1972. Following this period was a movement toward increasing the number of available programs including science, technology, engineering, health sciences and others. The university became more comprehensive in its programmatic offerings.

Change to Minnesota State University.

In 1995, the seven state universities were transferred to the newly created Minnesota State Colleges and Universities system by a mandate from the state legislature. Shortly after this, the University was renamed Minnesota State University, Mankato in 1998 in recognition of its significant contribution to the state's higher education system. This name change was also intended to broaden recognition of the university in the Midwest region. Dr. Richard Rush, then the President of the University had famously stated about the name change that: "Our goal is to make this University the other great public university in Minnesota", this marked a significant change in direction in the history of the institution, one that would later be realized as it fought for the authorization of being able to award doctoral degrees. It was during this time that the institution began to refer to itself as Minnesota State.  In 2007, in another major milestone – the University was authorized to begin offering applied doctoral degrees.

Names.

The University has previously been named:

Organization and administration.

The university is organized into 8 discipline specific colleges. Academic programs, schools and extended learning are divided among them. These units are: In addition to the academic units, there are several other research centers and state created units:

Academics.

Minnesota State Mankato currently offers 130 undergraduate programs of study, 13 preprofessional programs, and 75 graduate programs. The university provides a comprehensive education, each undergraduate program of study includes general requirements for students to learn mathematics, writing, cultural diversity, speech, information technology and the environment. As part of its quality education, it is also one of the top producing universities in the country of its type that participates in the Fulbright Scholar program. It has produced 8 Student awards in the past 10 years and over 37 Fulbright Scholars in the past 30 years.  It also has an online learning campus that offers both undergraduate and graduate programs of study that can be completed fully online. Each year over 3,000 students graduate from the university. On average over 3,000 bachelors, 600 masters, 50 specialist and 10 doctorate degrees are awarded yearly during commencements that occur in Spring and Fall. The campus Career Development Center reports that 85% of graduates find employment in an area related to their field, and 90% of graduates were employed or continuing their education within 12 months of graduation.

Accreditation.

The university is accredited by 26 national and regional accrediting agencies. A shortlist of these include accreditation by the Higher Learning Commission, American Association of University Women, American Board of Engineering and Technology, Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business, Commission on Collegiate Nursing Education, and National Council for Accreditation of Teacher Education.

Notable programs.

Minnesota State has a history of creating new programs to meet the demand of new and developing fields. It has the only accredited bachelor's degree program in Aviation and supplies pilots to the entire region. It was the first institution in the United States to offer a Master of Fine Arts degree in Forensics. It has one of the first and oldest continuing program in Experiential Education. It also offered one of the first interdisciplinary programs in Urban Studies and Local Government Management.  Some of the notable programs include:

Enrollment.

Minnesota State commonly has a student profile that consists of a cross section of society. It includes a large percentage of residential full-time students. It currently attracts the second largest number of incoming Minnesota freshman each year. For the past several years (2013–2016), the institution has rolling admissions with an acceptance rate of 65.5%, and the average accepted student ACT score ranges from 20 to 25.  After Fall 2012, the university has become the largest university in the Minnesota State system according to the total number of full-year equivalent students (14,443), as St. Cloud State (13,938) has a significantly larger percentage of PSEO and part-time students that causes a headcount to be higher.

Campus.

The Minnesota State University campus currently contains 30 buildings spread over 303 acres. The campus includes on campus housing in the form of dorms for 3,000 residents, academic buildings, a main library, a music library, two astronomy observatories, experimental research stations for alternative and renewable energy, a recreation center, an athletics complex, a student center, an administration center and over 50 acres of athletics fields including the American football Blakeslee Stadium. The Minnesota State Mavericks men's and women's hockey teams also utilize and have administrative space at the Verizon Center and the All Seasons Arena located off campus.

Satellite campuses.

Edina Campus.

This campus is located at 7700 France Ave. S. in Edina, Minnesota and serves a diverse student body from the southwest Twin Cities metropolitan area. Program offerings at this campus include 12 undergraduate programs including bachelor's degrees, bachelors completion programs, undergraduate minors and teaching licensure. The College of Graduate Studies offers 23 graduate programs including master's degrees in Accounting, Engineering, Education Leadership and other specialty areas.

Owatonna Campus.

Located on the southwest side of Owatonna, Minnesota, the Owatonna College and University Center was established on 27 acres by the state to meet the needs of college graduates in the Owatonna area. This site is a collaboration of Minnesota State University, Mankato, South Central College, and Riverland Community College to provide lower division liberal arts, career and technical education, and upper division and graduate-level studies in one location. On average 4,000 students attend this location for-credit coursework.

Normandale Partnership Center.

A partnership center was established in 2012 to offer several targeted bachelor's degree in the southwest Twin Cities area at Normandale Community College in Bloomington, Minnesota. Several trial programs originally offered at the Normandale Center such as the Twin Cities Engineering program were expanded to other Minnesota State system community colleges in 2016.

Student life.

There are more than 200 academic student groups, intramural sports, leadership and religious organizations, honorary and professional fraternities and sororities, and special interest groups that students can join. There is also an active Panhellenic Council and Intrafraternity Council. Several active fraternities are located nearby campus including Phi Kappa Psi, Sigma Nu, Lambda Chi Alpha, Tau Kappa Epsilon, Sigma Chi, Phi Delta Theta, Sigma Alpha Epsilon and Delta Chi. Active sororities include – Alpha Chi Omega, Gamma Phi Beta, Alpha Sigma Alpha and Sigma Sigma Sigma.

Student Government.

The Student Senate provides leadership and policy action as an advisory council to the student body. It oversees student activity fees allocations, hires a student legal aid, communicates with the university faculty and leadership, provides grade appeals, awards a yearly scholarship, and partners with the Memorial Library to operate a textbook rental/reserve program for commonly requested books.  The Student Government (formerly the Minnesota State Student Association) represents Minnesota State University, Mankato students at the Institutional, Local, State, and Federal governing levels through listening to and voicing the thoughts, ideas, and concerns of all students. It advocates on behalf of university students along with Students United.

LGBT Center.

Minnesota State University, Mankato has the second oldest LGBT resource center for students in the nation. This center, originally named the "Alternative Lifestyles Office", was founded by Mankato alumnus James Chalgren in 1977. The current director of the Center is Jessica Flatequal. The Center is located in the Centennial Student Union and is an independent office within the University Student Affairs. Minnesota State was also voted as one of the top 100 campuses in the nation for LGBT students according to "The Advocate".

Student housing.

Freshman and sophomore students are encouraged to stay in the on-campus student housing. Students may optionally choose to participate in the Learning Community Program. This program provides a structured environment for incoming first-year students to join a residence hall that supports their academic success by placing them with students from the same major, provides major specific study sessions led by senior students and provides direct connections with faculty and staff.

Athletics.

The athletic teams are known as the Minnesota State Mavericks with school colors of purple and gold. More than 500 students participate each year in athletics each year for the University. It offers teams in men's and women's hockey and basketball, football, baseball, golf, women's swimming, track, cross country, women's tennis, wrestling, soccer, golf, volleyball, and softball. The men's and women's ice hockey teams both compete in the NCAA Division I Western Collegiate Hockey Association (WCHA), along with four other Minnesota-based college teams. Other university athletic teams began competing in the Northern Sun Intercollegiate Conference of NCAA Division II in 2008–09 following the disbandment of the North Central Conference.  The school mascot is Stomper, the Maverick, an caricature of a wild steer. He is known for helping to rally the fans and crowds at sporting events through various antics. He can be seen as part of giveaways and other competitions and is often playfully waving to children. Several events, locations and areas are named for Stomper.  Minnesota State athletics teams have placed favorably in national competitions in NCAA Division II athletics in several sports including hockey, football, baseball, women's basketball, men's basketball, men's track & field, wrestling, women's soccer and softball. Since 1993 the Mavericks have captured the most individual national championships out of all sixteen colleges and universities in the Northern Sun Conference. The 2015 Season marked the 14th straight year that the Mavericks have finished in the top 25 in the country in the national standings and seventh time Minnesota State has posted a top-five placing for the Learfield Sports Directors' Cup. It has also won the NSIC US Bank All-Sports Award 4 times and placed 2nd 2 times during the last six-year period of the 2008–2015 competition seasons.  The Minnesota State fight song is The Minnesota State Rouser also known as the Maverick Rouser. It is played at all the athletics events as well as other events along with the school song The Minnesota State Hymn. The Minnesota State University Marching Band is called the Maverick Machine it drives enthusiasm and school spirit at athletics events.  Minnesota State was the traditional location of the summer training camp for the Minnesota Vikings National Football League team for 52 years from 1966 to 2017. Each year over 60,000 fans traveled to Blakeslee Stadium on the Minnesota State University campus athletics grounds to watch the team practice, fireworks, signing events, fan meet and greet and other events. In 2017, the Vikings ownership announced they would end the annual tradition as they built a new facility in Eagan, Minnesota to be completed in 2018. A single scholarship was named by the Vikings at the school after the end of the 2017 camp. Some critics decried that the Vikings team did not further assist the university after such a long relationship, either with repairs to the stadium or further commemoration of the long running tradition.

Facility renovations and upgrades.

The Taylor Center opened in the Fall of 2000, and was made possible by the donations of alumnus Glen Taylor. The 4,800-seat facility houses Maverick basketball, volleyball and wrestling teams. The MSU Admissions office is also located here and the 5,000 square-foot Hall of Champions showcases the University's proud history. In addition to MSU athletic events and other sporting activities, Taylor Center also hosts MSU commencement ceremonies, major concerts and lectures.  Expanded Outdoor Athletic Facilities were constructed in the very southern portion of the campus including over 20 acres of new baseball fields, a soccer field, a jogging track, a trail, and experimental wind power facilities were completed in 2008.

In Popular Fiction.

A fictitious Minnesota State University was the main setting for the popular sitcom "Coach", with its teams nicknamed the Screaming Eagles. However, the show was filmed and portrayed by University of Iowa and other colleges. At the time the television show was filmed the institution was still under the previous name, Mankato State University.

Minnesota State University, Mankato (MSU or MNSU), also known as Minnesota State, is a public university in Mankato, Minnesota. Established as the Second State Normal School in 1858, it was designated in Mankato in 1866, and officially opened as Mankato Normal School in 1868. It is the second oldest member of the Minnesota State Colleges and Universities system. It is also the second largest public university in the state, and has over 123,000 living alumni worldwide. It is the most comprehensive of the seven state universities and is referred to as the flagship of the Minnesota State Colleges and Universities system. It is an important part of the economy of Southern Minnesota and the state as it adds more than $781 million to the economy of Minnesota annually.

Die Minnesota State University, Mankato, ist eine Universität in Mankato, Minnesota. Mit 14.700 Studenten ist es die drittgrößte Hochschule in Minnesota und gehört zum Minnesota State Colleges and Universities System.