History.

The early motte and bailey castle was built on a cliff overlooking a ford on the River Wye in 1070 by William FitzOsbern, 1st Earl of Hereford, on a wasteland formerly occupied by Browning. The castle was intended to provide protection for a planned Norman settlement above the River Wye of quite a substantial size, with c. 200 plots being intended, running uphill for half a mile towards Llanfair, where the church was sited on the hilltop. St Mary's church remains today, much altered in the Victorian era. The position of the castle as adjacent to the River Wye enabled the seasonal flooding of the river to fill the flood plain around the castle, forming a shallow lake or marsh with the assistance of a dam on the western or upstream side of the site, acting as a further form of defence.  After FitzOsbern was slain in battle at Flanders, the castle passed to his son, Roger de Breteuil, 2nd Earl of Hereford. Roger forfeited his lands for rebellion against the King in 1075, and the castle was granted to Ralph Tosny who held it directly from the Crown, and it was the Tosnys who rebuilt the castle in stone (in a manner much resembling the Tosny's Conches Castle in Normandy). As the bulk of Ralph's time was spent in Normandy, the castle was rented to Gilbert, Sheriff of Hereford for 60 shillings.  After the marriage of Ralph's daughter, Margaret de Tosny, to Walter Fitz Richard, Walter became steward of the lands and estate, later claiming them for himself and taking the name of Walter de Clifford sometime before 1162. It was Walter's daughter, Rosamund Clifford (known for her beauty as the Fair Rosamund), who became famous as the mistress of Henry II, which she remained until her death in 1176 or 1177 when she was buried at Godstow in Oxfordshire. A property near the castle is called Rosamund House today, and one of the surviving towers is known as "Rosamund's Tower."  In 1233 Walter's grandson, Walter de Clifford (died 1263), rebelled against the autocratic rule of King Henry III. In early September the king came and besieged Clifford castle, forcing the garrison to surrender after just a few days. Walter Clifford then made his peace with the Crown and led his troops against Prince Llywelyn ab Iorwerth, his father-in-law. Walter's volte-face was doubly dishonourable, as Prince Llywelyn had just entered the field to fight the king in support of Walter. Twenty years later Walter nearly rebelled again, when, in a fit of anger, he forced a royal messenger to eat a royal writ, together with the royal wax seal the size of a dinner plate. For this Walter lost many of his Marcher Lord privileges.  Walter had no male heir and so Clifford fell to his daughter, Matilda Clifford (widow of the Earl of Salisbury) some time in the 1260s. It was during the Second Barons' War when John Giffard of Brimpsfield took the castle, whereupon kidnapped, raped, and forcibly married Matilda. Though Giffard was fined, Matilda declined any further action and chose to accept her erstwhile abductor as her husband, and they lived together in the Clifford estate until Giffard's death in 1299, whereupon the King granted Clifford to the Mortimers of Wigmore.

Ruination.

After the Welsh had been successfully conquered, Clifford Castle diminished in value considerably, and was allowed to deteriorate. Though the castle was garrisoned against the rebellion of Owain Glyndŵr in 1402, it saw no further use. The damage it received during the uprising was left unrepaired, and the castle abandoned and allowed to fall into ruin, with much of the stone pillaged for the older properties seen in the village today; large dressed stone blocks can be seen in numerous garden walls.

Excavations.

1920s.

O. Trumper, the then owner of the site, carried out a series of excavations between 1925 and 1928, which were successful in revealing the bases of twin towers either side of the castle entrance, and a large building (containing an annexe and bailey) to the east of the castle. Evidence was also discovered for a southern tower, guardroom and portcullis, alongside a section of the curtain wall. Findings from the excavations of this period unrelated to the castle included a boar's tusk, wolf vertebra, and a Roman brooch.

1950s.

Between 1950 and 1953 a further series of excavations were embarked on, discoveries from which included the foundations of a tower on the motte, alongside a further sections of curtain wall. A complete excavation of the barbican was undertaken, and evidence of a roadway uncovered. Findings from these excavations included pottery and iron, arrowheads, a knife, a bullet mould, a key, iron nails and a bridle bit.

Modern ruin.

The castle is currently on the English Heritage Heritage At Risk Register 2010. The present owners are working closely with English Heritage to implement a maintenance policy, followed by a program of works to stabilise the current structure and prevent further decay. This work has now been completed and images can be seen at www.cliffordcastle.org  Clifford castle now consists of a great motte as constructed by the men of William Fitz Osbern in the late 1060s. This was later sub-divided and the eastern part was crowned by an ovoid shell keep with five D-shaped towers in its circuit. Its north wall appears to overlie part of William Fitz Osbern’s original hall. To the east of the motte is the castle bailey. Most of the walls of this structure have disappeared, but centrally are the remains of a great twin-towered gatehouse probably of the mid-thirteenth century. To the west of the castle is a broken earthwork dam which would have flooded the valley to the south of the castle. With the River Wye to the north the fortress would have been surrounded by water on all sides except for the east. As such it would have been a very difficult fortress to take by storm. Clifford Castle is within the grounds of a family home and has limited public access on dates published on the Clifford Castle website.  A branch of Great Western Railway ran just to the north of the castle, between the castle and the river. The next station to the north on this line was nearby in Clifford, and the next station to the south was Hay-on-Wye railway station. This station was also the terminus of the Great Western line—beyond the station the line was the Golden Valley Railway. The Great Western named one of its Castle class locomotives after Clifford Castle. Locomotive 5071 was built in June 1938, but in September 1940 it was renamed Spitfire. In May 1946, a new build locomotive, 5098, was named after the castle.

Clifford Castle is a ruined castle in the village of Clifford which lies 2.5 miles to the north east of Hay-on-Wye in the Wye Valley in Herefordshire, England (). It was the "caput" of the feudal barony of Clifford, a Marcher Lordship (owing allegiance directly to the King, but separate from the rest of the kingdom).The castle stands in the grounds of a private house and is only open to the public on certain days of the year (including Heritage Open Days listed in the Contact section at www.cliffordcastle.org).

Clifford Castle ist eine Burgruine im Dorf "Clifford", etwa 6,5 km nördlich von Hay-on-Wye im Wye Valley in der englischen Grafschaft Herefordshire. Die Burg war das "Caput" der Baronie Clifford, einer Marcher Lordship (die dem König direkte Gefolgschaft schuldete, aber getrennt von Rest des Königreiches).


Architecture.

Clun Castle is located on a bend in the River Clun, overlooking the small town of Clun and its church (on the other side of the river). The river provides natural defences from the north and west, whilst the main keep of the castle stands upon a large motte or mound. Most historians conclude that this is primarily a natural elevation of rock, which has then been cut and scarped into its current, although others argue that it is mostly artificial. Three similar, but less dramatic mounds around the main motte provide the basic structure for the castle defences.  The remains of the tall, four-storey rectangular great keep are still standing on the north side of the motte. In large part this a typical late Norman keep, wide, similar to those locally at Alberbury, Bridgnorth and Hopton, featuring pilaster buttresses and round-headed Norman windows. Unusually the keep is off-centre, probably to allow the foundations greater reach and avoid placing excessive pressure on the motte – a similar design can be found at Guildford Castle. The ground floor was used for storage, with the upper three storeys for the family's residential use. Each floor had its own large fireplace and five windows. The great keep appears powerful, but was built as a compromise between security and comfort – the building has relatively few arrowslits – many of the externally visible arrowslits are fakes and the building as a whole could easily have been undermined.  On the highest point of the main motte are the remains of one wall of what appears to have been an earlier small square keep, probably dating from the 11th or 12th centuries. The remains of a bridge, linking the main motte with the south-west mound, can just be seen to the south of this; this bridge would have formed the main route to the town. South of the bridge is the site of the gatehouse, while the foundations of a great round tower can be seen to the south-west. Along the west front are the remains of two solid turrets, built in possible imitation of Château Gaillard. A number of domestic buildings once stood inside the main bailey, including a grange, a stable and a bakehouse. The earthworks of two further bailey walls can be seen on the east side of the castle.  The surrounding grounds around Clun Castle have been extensively developed in the past and a pleasure garden can still be made out in the field beyond the River Clun to the west. To the north-east lies the remains of a fish pond, with a sluice connecting this to the river.

History.

11th–12th centuries.

Before the Norman invasion, the manor of Clun was owned by Eadric the Wild. The area around Clun was rugged, thinly populated and covered in extensive forests in early medieval times. Clun Castle was originally established by Robert de Say, also known as Picot, an early Norman baron who seized the territory from Edric; Robert built a substantial motte castle with two baileys. Robert held the castle and district from the Earl of Shrewsbury until 1102. After the Shrewsbury rebellion of that year, Robert and his descendants held their castle directly from the Crown.  Picot's daughter married the local Welsh lord, Cadwgan ap Bleddyn. In 1109 Cadwgan was forced out of Powys and it is possible that he lived at Clun Castle during this time. The couple had a son, Henry de Say, who inherited the castle in 1098, with his son, Helias de Say controlling the castle until his death in 1165. Under Helias, the barony of Say was divided in two, with Helias' daughter Isabella de Say receiving an expanded estate centred on Clun, and the more easterly elements of the de Say land, including the future Stokesay Castle, being given to Theodoric de Say.  At around the same time, Henry I established a new castle-guard system at Clun, probably in response to the succession of Welsh attacks in the decades following the rebellion of Gruffudd ap Cynan in 1094. Under the castle-guard system, protecting Clun Castle was undertaken by knights from a group of fiefs stretching eastwards away from Clun and the Welsh frontier, linked in many cases by the old Roman road running alongside the river Clun. Each knight had to conduct forty days of military service each year, probably being called up in a crisis rather than maintaining a constant guard, and were supplemented when required by additional mounted or infantry sergeants. Henry II continued the royal focus on Clun as the regional centre for protecting the border, investing heavily in the castle during 1160–64. The castle could also draw on Welsh feudal service, with twenty-five local Welsh settlements owing the castle military duty.  The area surrounding the castle was now declared a Marcher Barony, known in the 13th century as the Honour of Clun, which meant it was governed by its own, rather than English law, and the Marcher Lord who controlled this section of the Welsh Marches. In particular, the lord of Clun Castle was known for having the right to execute criminals on his own behalf, rather than as the representative of the king; criminals would be taken from as far as Shrewsbury for this punishment to be carried out.  Isabella married William Fitz Alan, the lord of Oswestry. William was another powerful regional lord, and was appointed the High Sheriff of Shropshire by Adeliza of Louvain, the second wife of Henry I. After Henry I's death during the Anarchy, in which England was split between the rival claimants of King Stephen and the Empress Matilda, William declared for the Empress Maud and in 1138 held Shrewsbury Castle for four weeks against Stephen. William escaped before the fall of the city, spending the next fifteen years in exile before the return of Henry II in 1153.  Isabella married twice more after William's death, with her husbands Geoffrey de Vere and William Botorel being lords of Clun Castle by virtue of marriage, but on her death in 1199 the castle passed to her son from her first marriage, the second William Fitz Alan. In doing so, Isabella created the combined lordship of neighbouring Oswestry and Clun, the beginnings of what would become a powerful noble family. William built the tall, off-centre Norman keep that dominates the site today, blending a defensive fortification with the beginnings of a more luxurious style of living. William had been with King Richard I during the building of Château Gaillard in Normandy and it would seem that the distinctive circular towers William built to defend the new keep at Clun were based on those at Gaillard. The result was echoed in Shropshire, on a smaller scale, in the fortified tower-houses at Upper Millichope and Wattlesborough, whilst several generations later the trend would result in Stokesay Castle.

13th century.

In the 13th century, Shropshire was in the front line of attempts by Prince Llywelyn the Great to reassert the power of the Welsh principality, aided by the difficult relations that King John enjoyed with the local barons. For many years there was an erroneous story that in 1196 the castle was besieged by the Welsh under Prince Rhys ap Gruffydd, a Prince of the Welsh Kingdom of Deheubarth. This story is a confusion of Colwyn Castle in Radnorshire, which was attacked in 1196, and the Welsh rendition of Clun, "Colunwy".  William died in 1210, leaving the castle to his eldest son, another William Fitz Alan. King John, however, demanded a huge fee of 10,000 marks for William to inherit his lands; unable to pay, Clun Castle was assigned to Thomas de Eardington instead. William died shortly afterwards at Easter, 1215, and his brother, John Fitz Alan, a close friend of Llywelyn the Great, promptly took up arms against the king, immediately seizing Clun and Oswestry from royal control. In 1216, King John responded militarily, his forces attacking and burning Oswestry town, before besieging and taking Clun Castle in a surprise attack. John came to an understanding with King John's successor, Henry III in 1217 after finally paying a fine of 10,000 marks.  In 1233–34 during the conflict between King Henry III, the Earl Marshal, and Llywelyn the Great, suspicions were raised again over the loyalty of John Fitzalan, and Clun Castle was garrisoned with royal troops in 1233 to ensure its continued reliability as a key fortress. The castle successfully resisted the attack by Llywelyn that year, although Clun itself was destroyed.  In 1244 John FitzAlan inherited the castle from his father; John also became the "de jure" Earl of Arundel. The Welsh border situation was still unsettled, and security grew significantly worse in the next few years, as the Welsh prince Llywelyn up Gruffudd conducted numerous raids into English territories. John's son, another John Fitzalan inherited the castle, marrying Isabella, one of the neighbouring and powerful Mortimer family. In 1272 John died leaving a young son, Richard; during his minority the castle was controlled by Roger Mortimer of Wigmore. A group of commissioners, called in to examine the castle as part of the inquest, noted that the castle was described as "small but strongly built", but in some need of repair, with the bridge and the roof of one of the towers needing particular work.

14th–17th centuries.

The invasion of North Wales by Edward I in the 1280s significantly reduced the threat of Welsh invasion and the long-term requirements for strong military fortifications such as Clun Castle. Meanwhile, the FitzAlan family had acquired Arundel Castle by marriage in 1243; their new castle proved to be a much more amenable location for the Earls of Arundel and became their primary residence. By the 14th century Clun Castle had been transformed into a hunting lodge complete with pleasure gardens by the FitzAlan family, who kept a large horse stud at the castle, along with their collections at Chirk and Holt castles.  Richard II made an attempt to break the power of the Arundel family in the area, removing Clun Castle from the Fitz Alan family with the execution of Richard FitzAlan in 1397, granting it to the Duke of York with the intent that it became part of the Earldom of Chester; with the fall of Richard II and the return to favour of Thomas FitzAlan, the castle was restored to the family. There was a resurgence of interest in Clun Castle during the Glyndŵr Rising of 1400–15, with Thomas playing a key role in suppressing the revolt; the castle was refortified and saw some service against the Welsh rebels led by Owain Glyndŵr.  By the 16th century, the antiquarian John Leland observed the increasingly ruined nature of Clun Castle. Philip Howard, the 20th earl of Arundel, died in 1595 whilst under attainment, and James I gave Clun Castle to Henry Howard, 1st Earl of Northampton. The castle was abandoned by the time of the English Civil War of 1642–46 and saw no military action; it was slighted by Parliament, however, in 1646 to prevent any possible use as a fortress. The castle passed through several hands in the coming years, including a period in which it was owned by Clive of India. The 19th century author Sir Walter Scott used Clun Castle as the model for the castle "Guarde Doleureuse" in his medieval novel "The Betrothed" in 1825.

Today.

In 1894, the site was purchased by the Duke of Norfolk, a descendant of the original FitzAlan family. The Duke undertook a programme of conservation on the castle, stabilising its condition. The castle is classed as a Grade I listed building and as a Scheduled Monument. The site is open to the public, managed by English Heritage.

Clun Castle is a ruined castle in the small town of Clun, Shropshire. Clun Castle was established by the Norman lord Robert de Say after the Norman invasion of England and went on to become an important Marcher lord castle in the 12th century, with an extensive castle-guard system. Owned for many years by the Fitzalan family, Clun played a key part in protecting the region from Welsh attack until it was gradually abandoned as a property in favour of the more luxurious Arundel Castle. The Fitzalans converted Clun Castle into a hunting lodge in the 14th century, complete with pleasure gardens, but by the 16th century the castle was largely ruined. Slighted in 1646 after the English Civil War, Clun remained in poor condition until renovation work in the 1890s.

Clun Castle ist eine Burgruine im Dorf "Clun" in der englischen Grafschaft Shropshire. Die Burg ließ der normannische Adlige Robert de Say nach der normannischen Eroberung Englands bauen. Im 12. Jahrhundert wurde Clun Castle eine wichtige Marcher-Lord-Burg mit ausgedehntem "Castle-Guard"-System. Die Burg gehörte viele Jahre lang der Familie "FitzAlan" und spielte eine Schlüsselrolle beim Schutz der Region von walisischen Angriffen, bis sie schließlich zu Gunsten des luxuriöser ausgestatteten Arundel Castle aufgegeben wurde. Die FitzAlans widmeten Clun Castle im 14. Jahrhundert zu einem Jagdschloss, komplett mit Lustgärten, um, aber im 16. Jahrhundert lag die Burg größtenteils in Ruinen. 1646, nach dem englischen Bürgerkrieg, wurde die Burg geschleift und blieb bis zu ihrer Renovierung in den 1890er-Jahren in bedauernswertem Zustand.


Diplomatic career.

Tefft is a career member of the U.S. Senior Foreign Service, with the personal rank of Minister-Counselor. He joined the United States Foreign Service in 1972 and has served in Jerusalem, Budapest, Rome, Moscow, Vilnius, Tbilisi, and Kiev.  Until his appointment as ambassador to Georgia, he was the Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for European Affairs since July 6, 2004. Tefft also served as International Affairs Advisor (Deputy Commandant) of the National War College in Washington, D.C. From 2000 to 2003, he was the United States Ambassador to Lithuania. He served as Deputy Chief of Mission at the U.S. Embassy in Moscow from 1996-99 (when Pickering was Ambassador), and was chargé d'affaires at the Embassy from November 1996 to September 1997. Tefft served as Director of the Office of Northern European Affairs from 1992–94, Deputy Director of the Office of Soviet Union (later Russian and CIS) Affairs from 1989–92, and Counselor for Political-Military Affairs at the U.S. Embassy in Rome from 1986-89. His other foreign assignments included Budapest and Jerusalem, as well as service on the U.S. delegation to the START I arms control negotiations in 1985.  He has served in a number of positions at the State Department in Washington, D.C. and held a fellowship, working in the United States Congress.  On September 30, 2009, President Barack Obama nominated Tefft as the next ambassador to Ukraine and he was confirmed by the U.S. Senate on November 20, 2009.  Tefft arrived in Ukraine on December 2, 2009 and President Viktor Yushchenko accepted Tefft's credentials of Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary on December 7, 2009. The Ambassador expressed his hope for fruitful cooperation. Tefft delivered his speech in Ukrainian.  On February 26, 2013, President Obama nominated Geoffrey R. Pyatt to succeed Tefft as Ambassador of the United States to Ukraine. Pyatt was sworn in on July 30, 2013 and arrived in Ukraine on August 3, 2013.  In July 2014, President Obama nominated Tefft as the United States Ambassador to Russia in Moscow, after receiving Russia's approval. The Senate confirmed Tefft in a voice vote on July 31, 2014. The confirmation followed several attempts as a number of ambassadorial appointments were being held up at the time. Strained relations with Russia over pro-separatist activity in eastern Ukraine, the country's annexation of Crimea, and the alleged shooting down of a commercial airliner, prompted senators to finally approve the nomination. He presented his credentials to President Vladimir Putin on November 19, 2014 and left the position on September 28, 2017.  In 2016, the Russian governor of the Samara Oblast, Nikolay Merkushkin, advised employees for help in paying wages and appeals to US Ambassador John Tefft.

Awards.

Tefft has received a number of awards, including the State Department Distinguished Honor Award in 1992 and the DCM of the Year Award for his service in Moscow in 1999. He received Presidential Meritorious Service Awards in 2001 and 2005.

Biography.

Tefft is a native of Madison, Wisconsin and holds a B.A. degree (1971) from Marquette University in Milwaukee, Wisconsin and a M.A. degree in history (1978) from Georgetown University in Washington, D.C.  Tefft is married to Mariella Cellitti Tefft, a biostatistician and nurse. They have two daughters, Christine, a lawyer at the State Department in Washington, D.C., and Cathleen, a program analyst at the National Endowment for the Humanities in Washington, D.C.

John F. Tefft (born August 16, 1949) is a career U.S. Foreign Service Officer since 1972. He was confirmed as the United States Ambassador to Russia on July 31, 2014. He has previously served as the United States' ambassador to Ukraine, Georgia, and Lithuania, as well as chargé d'affaires of the Embassy of the United States in Moscow.

John F. Tefft (* 16. August 1949 in Madison, Wisconsin) ist ein US-amerikanischer Diplomat. Seit dem 31. Juli 2014 ist Tefft Botschafter der Vereinigten Staaten in der Russischen Föderation.


Design.

Beginning in 1843, the Prussian postal service "Preussischer Adler" initiated negotiations with the Russian government to establish a regular line between St. Petersburg and Stettin; the agreement was finalized in 1845, which called for both countries to provide a steamship to service the route. An order for a vessel to meet Prussia's obligation to the project was placed, but the ship built in Britain in 1845 proved to be a failure on initial sea trials and a replacement was ordered from the Ditchburn & Mare shipyard in Blackwall, London the following year. "Preussischer Adler" was designed by the Prussian Navy's chief designer, Carl Elbertzhagen; the historians Hans Hildebrand, Albert Röhr, and Otto Steinmetz note that records of the initial owner of the vessel have not survived, but Elbertzhagen's involvement suggests it was a state organization, though they point out that the "", the royal merchant shipping organization, had already ceased its shipping operations.

Characteristics.

"Preussischer Adler" was long at the waterline and overall. She had a beam of over the hull and over the paddle wheel. Her draft was and she had a designed displacement of and a full-load displacement of. Her hull was built with transverse iron frames that provided the internal structure for the iron hull planking and wood decks.  The ship had a crew of ten officers and one hundred enlisted men. She carried one large and five small boats of unrecorded types. During her early career as a post steamer, she could carry 168 passengers. "Preussischer Adler" was a good sea boat, but she maneuvered poorly, being difficult to turn and slow to do so.  Her propulsion system consisted of one horizontal, 2-cylinder, single-expansion marine steam engine that drove a pair of paddle wheels, one on each side of the ship. The wheels were in diameter, and each wheel had twenty paddles. Steam for the engine was provided by three trunk boilers that were ducted into a single funnel. Her machinery was rated at for a top speed of, but in service she was capable of reaching from. She had a coal storage capacity of. To supplement the steam engines, the ship carried a topsail schooner rig with a total sail area of, though the ship did not perform well under sail.  The ship initially carried no armament. After conversion to an aviso in 1848, she was initially armed with a pair of 25-pounder mortars; the following year, she received two short-barreled 32-pounder guns. When she returned to civil service in 1849, her guns were removed. After resuming naval service in 1862, she received a new armament that consisted of four 36-pounder guns, and after 1867, her armament was revised again, now consisting of four 24-pounder guns, two of which were rifled and two were smoothbores.

Service history.

Civil career and the First Schleswig War.

"Preussischer Adler" was laid down in 1846 and was launched later that year. She entered service in 1847 as a post steamer, operating the route between Stettin and St. Petersburg. During the German revolutions of 1848–1849, the ship was requisitioned by the Prussian Navy for use after the outbreak of the First Schleswig War between the German Confederation and Denmark in March 1848. At the time, the Prussian Navy was effectively powerless to prevent the larger Danish Navy from blockading the German coast; merchant ship owners in various German ports pressured Prussia to arm "Preussischer Adler" and another post steamer, "Königin Elisabeth", but the postmaster general initially refused to turn the vessels over to the navy, since doing so would break international postal treaties. Continued pressure forced the postal service to transfer the vessels, and upon her requisitioning, her deck was reinforced to support the weight of the guns added. During this period, from August 1848 to August 1849, the ship was commanded by Paul Barandon and she retained her civilian crew. The ship got underway for the first time as an auxiliary warship in August 1848, steaming first from Stettin to Swinemünde; by this time, the Armistice of Malmö had been signed on 26 August, temporarily ending the conflict.  By August, the so-called "" (Committee of the Fifty) of the Frankfurt Parliament became aware that the Prussian fleet had acquired "Preussischer Adler"; the parliamentarians requested that the Prussians turn the vessel over to the "Reichsflotte" (Imperial Fleet), but the Prussians refused. Later that month, she assisted with the launching of the gun-yawls "Nr. 3" and "Nr. 4". With the fighting stopped, the Prussian naval command debated the continued service of "Preussischer Adler". The senior naval officers convened a committee on 5 September to evaluate the vessel; since the Russia–Prussia postal line could not be reestablished owing to the uncertain political situation in the Baltic Sea, the navy initially opted to decommission "Preussischer Adler". But after Denmark remobilized its forces in February 1849 to resume the conflict with the Duchy of Schleswig, the navy decided to return the ship to active service, and at this time the two 32-pound guns were added. The ship was recommissioned in May, with Barandon again in command; by this time, he had been inducted into the Prussian Navy and given the rank "Leutnant zur See" (Lieutenant at Sea). The ship was tasked with protecting German shipping in the area around Stettin from the Danish blockade and preventing Danish warships from attacking the Prussian coast.  While she was conducting shooting practice in the Stettiner Haff on 26 June, the ship received word that a Danish warship was cruising off Swinemünde and had taken two Prussian merchant ships as prizes. "Kommodore" (Commodore) Jan Schröder came aboard "Preussischer Adler", which steamed to Swinemünde to search for the blockade ship. At around 16:00 the next day, she encountered the Danish brig off Brüsterort. The two ships engaged in an artillery duel at ranges between that lasted until 21:30; this was the first naval battle of the Prussian Navy after it had been re-established. The Danes fired some 200 shells at the Prussian vessel, which fired 63 shells from her mortars and six 32-pound shells in return. Neither side was significantly damaged in the battle, though "Preussischer Adler" was hit once by a shell that killed one man, the first battle death of the Prussian fleet.  "Preussischer Adler" returned to port and received repairs for the shell hit, thereafter returning to Swinemünde in late July. She saw no further action, as a second armistice had been signed, again stopping hostilities. The ship then steamed back to Stettin, where she remained until November, when she was disarmed and returned to the postal service. A long winter prevented the resumption of the St. Petersburg–Stettin route until May 1850. She operated on the route without incident until 1862, when the Prussian Eastern Railway had reached St. Petersburg; the rail line was much faster than "Preussischer Adler", rendering the maritime route superfluous and bringing her career as a postal steamer to an end. She once again passed into service with the Prussian Navy, which was at that time searching for vessels to strengthen its fleet. The ship was used to replace the old paddle steamer, which had recently been decommissioned. "Preussischer Adler" was commissioned on 18 July and taken to Danzig to be reconstructed for naval service. At this time, she received her armament of 36-pound guns.

Return to naval service.

The ship was commissioned in June 1863 for a tour abroad; this came after intense debate between elements of the naval command and the administration over the reliability of the ship's steam engines for an extended overseas cruise. "Preussischer Adler" was to be sent to the eastern Mediterranean Sea along with the gunboats and. At the time, unrest in the Kingdom of Greece threatened German interests, including the reign of King Otto of Greece—a member of the German House of Wittelsbach, who was deposed in 1862. "Korvettenkapitän" ("KK"—Corvette Captain) Gustav Klatt served as the ship's commander and as the leader of the flotilla during the deployment. A secondary purpose of the cruise was to patrol the mouth of the Danube at Sulina on the Black Sea, a right granted to Prussia and the other European Great Powers (excluding Russia) under the terms of the Treaty of Paris that had ended the Crimean War in 1856.  "Preussischer Adler", "Basilisk", and "Blitz" departed Kiel on 19 September and reached Piraeus, Greece on 9 October. From there, they passed through the Dardanelles and Bosporus into the Black Sea to patrol the Danube, but they remained there only briefly before receiving orders to return home on 3 December owing to the rise in tensions between Denmark and the German states. Boiler problems aboard "Preussischer Adler", coupled with heavy coal usage, slowed the voyage back to Prussia, and they had only reached Brest, France by 3 February 1864, by which time war had again broken out between Denmark and the German Confederation.

Second Schleswig War.

The Second Schleswig War had resulted from Denmark's November Constitution, passed in 1863, which integrated the duchies of Schleswig, Holstein, and Lauenburg with Denmark, a violation of the London Protocol that had ended the First Schleswig War. The crisis between Denmark and the German Confederation erupted into open conflict on 1 February 1864, after the Prussian and Austrian Empires delivered an ultimatum to Denmark to cede the disputed duchies to Austro-Prussian control. At the time, the Danish fleet was far superior to the Prussian naval forces available, which allowed the Danes to blockade the German coast. To assist the Prussians, the Austrian Navy sent "Kommodore" (Commodore) Wilhelm von Tegetthoff with the screw frigates and to break the Danish blockade.  While Tegetthoff's ships were still en route from the Mediterranean, the three Prussian ships remained in Brest for several days owing to the uncertain situation in the North Sea; the Prussians were not certain as to the location of Danish warships in the area and did not want to risk sending the small flotilla into a possible action with superior enemy forces. By 15 February, the Prussians had ascertained that the Danish Navy had sent only the screw frigate into the English Channel, so the naval command ordered Klatt to return home. From Brest, the ships steamed to Cherbourg, France, to replenish coal. They then hugged the coast to avoid contact with "Niels Juel" and stopped in Den Helder, the Netherlands, on 15 February. There they waited until Tegetthoff's frigates arrived, joining forces to make the last and most dangerous leg of the trip back to Cuxhaven. During this period, the Danes had organized a North Sea Squadron to patrol for German ships in the area. Tegetthoff arrived on 1 May and took command of the Austro-Prussian squadron, which departed for Cuxhaven two days later.  On the morning of 9 May, Tegetthoff learned that a Danish squadron consisting of the steam frigates "Niels Juels" and and the corvette were patrolling off the island of Heligoland. Tegetthoff took the five ships under his command out to attack the Danish vessels, resulting in the Battle of Heligoland. "Preussischer Adler" and the other Prussian ships remained on the disengaged side of the Austrian frigates, taking shots at the Danish vessels when possible, though they had little success. After "Schwarzenberg" caught fire, Tegetthoff broke off the action and escaped to the neutral waters around Heligoland, where the ships remained until early the next day. During the period off Heligoland, the Prussian vessels sent their doctors to the Austrian frigates to help tend to their wounded. "Preussischer Adler" had not been hit or suffered any casualties. The next morning, the ships returned to Cuxhaven, with "Preussischer Adler" carrying many of the wounded to a hospital at Altona. Though the Danish squadron had won a tactical victory at Heligoland, the arrival of Austrian warships in the North Sea forced the Danes to withdraw their blockade.  The day after the battle, both sides agreed to a temporary ceasefire and "Preussischer Adler" steamed to Hamburg. In June, a second Austrian squadron arrived, which included the ship of the line and the armored frigate under the command of "Vizeadmiral" (Vice Admiral) Bernhard von Wüllerstorf-Urbair; the now outnumbered Danish fleet remained in port for the rest of the war and did not seek battle with the Austro-Prussian fleet. The combined Austro-Prussian fleet embarked on a campaign to seize the North Frisian Islands; "Preussischer Adler" was part of the powerful fleet assembled under Wüllerstorf-Urbair for the attack. Due to her boiler problems, she remained in Hamburg during the operations and took no active role in their execution. Austrian and Prussian soldiers crossed over to the islands of Sylt and Föhr on 12 July without naval support, though elements of the fleet provided support to the soldiers as they engaged the defending Danish forces.  The war ended with the Treaty of Vienna, and thereafter repair work began on "Preussischer Adler"s troublesome boilers. This work was finished by March 1865 and she was then taken to Danzig, where she was decommissioned for a more thorough overhaul. The project was delayed until October 1867, lasting until February 1868.

Later career.

She was recommissioned on 11 August 1868 to carry a delegation of senior naval officers to visit Russia; she got underway on 20 August with "Vizeadmiral" Eduard von Jachmann, the director of the Ministry for the Navy, aboard, along with his adjutant, "Kapitänleutnant" Reinhold von Werner, the Chief of Staff for the High Command, "Kapitän zur See" ("KzS"—Captain at Sea) Carl Ferdinand Batsch, and the head of the Artillery Department, "KK" Georg von Schleinitz. They met with Vice Admiral Nikolay Krabbe, the Russian Minister of the Navy and observed Russian naval maneuvers directed by Vice Admiral Grigory Butakov. "Preussischer Adler" then carried the Prussian officers back to Kiel and immediately took aboard King Wilhelm I, Frederick Francis II, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, and Carl Scheel-Plessen, the new president of the Province of Schleswig-Holstein. She carried them to the artillery training ship to observe experiments with torpedoes and naval mines in the Kieler Förde. Since the winter of 1868–1869 was mild, the ship remained in commission into early 1869, albeit with a reduced crew.  On 20 January 1869, "Preussischer Adler" carried material to be used in completing the new armored frigate, then being built at the Thames Iron Works in London. She also brought "KK" Heinrich Köhler, the head of the acceptance commission. "Preussischer Adler" remained in London at the disposal of the acceptance commission during the final months of work on "König Wilhelm" and she escorted the ironclad back to Kiel on 4 May. She then went to participate in the ceremonies surrounding the founding of the port of Wilhelmshaven in the Jade Bight, held from 29 May to 22 June. In August and September, she served with the newly-formed ironclad squadron for its first exercises. She remained in service until 13 October, when she was decommissioned for the winter. The ship was recommissioned briefly in early 1870 for use as a harbor vessel in Kiel.  She was mobilized after the outbreak of the Franco-Prussian War in July and she served as the flagship of "Konteradmiral" (Rear Admiral) Eduard Heldt, the commander of the "Marinestation der Ostsee" (Naval Station of the Baltic Sea). Heldt organized the "Ostseestreitkräfte" (Baltic Sea Forces) to assist in the defense of Prussia's Baltic coast. She spent the war at Friedrichsort to observe the minefield that had been laid to protect the Kieler Förde. The French Navy send a squadron into the Baltic, but poor planning hampered its effectiveness: it possessed no landing forces and few shallow-draft vessels suitable for operations close to shore. As a result, they withdrew on 24 September and Heldt hauled down his flag six days later. After the war, the naval command dissolved the "Ostseestreitkräfte" on 19 March 1871.  "Preussischer Adler" initially remained in service as a guard ship in Kiel before being reduced to a tender to the base command. She helped the ironclad tow a new floating dry dock from Swinemünde to Kiel from 29 June to 1 July. At the end of July, she was assigned to I. Shipyard Division to assist with the training of engineers and boiler room personnel. The next month, she carried Prince Friedrich Karl from Flensburg to Heiligenhafen, and in mid-August, the ship was transferred from Kiel to Wilhelmshaven, where she continued to serve as a tender. Prince Adalbert, the Inspector General of the Navy, boarded "Preussischer Adler" for his last cruise in the North and Baltic Seas in September; at the conclusion of the voyage, the ship returned to Wilhelmshaven, where she was decommissioned.  In April 1872, "Preussischer Adler" was recommissioned for a new role: fishery protection. At the time, British fishing vessels were encroaching in German waters and had begun attacking German fishers to drive them off, prompting an appeal from Chancellor Otto von Bismarck to the navy to address the problem. "Preussischer Adler" was tasked with patrolling German waters to expel British vessels illegally fishing. She began these operations on 1 July, replacing "Blitz". She was decommissioned again in February 1873 and the next year she resumed training duties for engine and boiler room crews. She served as a fishery protection vessel again in July that year, thereafter seeing short periods in her training role between 1875 and 1877, ultimately being decommissioned for the last time on 30 April 1877. Owing to the poor condition of her hull, she was deleted from the naval register on 27 November. She remained in the fleet's inventory until November 1879, when she was used as a target ship in torpedo experiments. "KL" Alfred von Tirpitz, the new head of the torpedo department, wanted to test the effectiveness of the weapons on an iron-hulled vessel. She was sunk by two torpedoes in tests conducted on 26 June. During subsequent salvage operations to clear the wreck, the ship's bow ornament was removed and is preserved at the Mürwik Naval School.

SMS "Preussischer Adler" was a paddle steamer originally built in the mid-1840s for use on a packet route between the Kingdom of Prussia and the Russian Empire in the Baltic Sea. She was requisitioned by the Prussian Navy during the First Schleswig War in 1848 and converted into an aviso, the first vessel of the type commissioned by Prussia. During the war, she took part in an inconclusive action with the Danish brig, the first naval battle of the Prussian fleet. After the war, she was disarmed and returned to her commercial role, operating uneventfully on the Stettin–St. Petersburg route until 1862, when the expansion of the Prussian Eastern Railway had rendered the maritime route superfluous. The ship was purchased by the Prussian Navy and rearmed, once again as an aviso.

SMS "Preußischer Adler" war ein Radaviso, der zunächst als Postschiff und später innerhalb der Preußischen und der Kaiserlichen Marine eingesetzt wurde. Das Schiff diente militärisch während der Schleswig Holsteinischen Erhebung, im Deutsch-Dänischen und im Deutsch-Französischen Krieg und wurde kurzzeitig als königliche Jacht eingesetzt. Der Aviso wurde 1877 aus der Liste der Kriegsschiffe gestrichen.


History.

The chapel was commissioned by Niccolò dei Bufalini (~1450 - 1506) for his mortuary chapel in the church of Santa Maria in Aracoeli. Bufalini was a prelate, citizen of Città di Castello, who worked as abbreviator "" and consistorial lawyer in Rome. His family coat of arms (a bull with a flower) appears widely in the chapel. Several important painters, including Pietro Perugino, Sandro Botticelli, Luca Signorelli, and Pinturicchio, had finished the wall decoration of the Sistine Chapel (1482), and had returned to their hometowns, with the exception of Pinturicchio, who had formed a workshop including some of the collaborators in that work. Pinturicchio, who had been so far outshone by Perugino's fame, could exploit his presence in Rome to obtain the commission of his first great work, the Bufalini Chapel, also favored by the common origin with Riccomanno Bufalini. The painter had already executed at least one work for the latter's family, a "Madonna" now in the Municipal Gallery of Città di Castello (c. 1480).  No documents about the works' execution exist, but they are generally dated to around 1484-1486. The frescoes suffered some damage and repainting, and were subsequently restored in 1955-1956 and 1981-1982.

Description.

The chapel has a rectangular plan, with a cross-vault and a pavement decorated by Cosmatesque mosaics. The frescoes occupy three walls and the vault, and portray the life and miracles of Bernardino of Siena, a Franciscan Friar recently canonized. The church was in fact held by this monastic order at the time, and the frescoes also include two scenes of St. Francis of Assisi's life. The Bufalini family had strong ties with Bernardino, since the latter had resolved disputes between them and the Baglioni and Del Monte families.

Vault.

The paintings on the vault were the first to be completed. They depict the four Evangelists, within four bright oval almonds, according to a layout inspired by Perugino. The Evangelists' postures were carefully studied and are more lively than those by Perugino.

Central wall.

The central wall is decorated with the "Glory of St. Bernardino", on two levels as was the lost "Assumption" by Perugino. The lower section portrays Bernardino on a rock, with open arms, surmounted by two angels crowning him. He is flanked by the saints Augustine and Antony of Padua, while in the background is a landscape inspired by those of Umbria. The upper sector depicts a blessing Christ within an almond, with angels and musicians.  This fresco shows a more lively composition than Perugino's, both in the figures and the rocks in the landscape, which do not follow a symmetrical pattern and are spatially deeper. Bernardino holds a book on which is written "PATER MANIFESTAVI NOMEN TVVM OMNIBVS" ("Father, I have shown your name to everyone"), the words the friars were chanting as Bernardino passed away on Ascension eve, 1444.  Under the previous scenes is a monochrome band, today only partially readable: It originally housed blind niches and reliefs, of which one remains today with a military procession with prisoners and satyrs. It is one of the first examples of the taste for antiquities which was becoming widespread in Rome at the time, and which was used also by Filippino Lippi in the Carafa Chapel in Santa Maria sopra Minerva.

Right wall.

For the right wall, which features a double mullioned window, Pinturicchio adopted an illusionistic perspective, painting two fake symmetrical windows, one with a blessing Eternal Father and one with a dove, an early Christian symbol of eternal life. The wall contains also two scenes with episodes of the life of St. Francis of Assisi: The first is the "Renunciation to the Patrimony", characterized by an oblique perspective, which takes advantage of the piers of the arches, having a grotesque decoration; the second depicts "St. Francis Receiving the Stigmata", featuring in the background a view of the Verna Sanctuary over a rocky peak. Under the real window is an illusory opening with five characters: among them is an aged friar, perhaps the convent's prior, and a lay figure that resembles him, perhaps an administrator of the basilica.

Left wall.

The left wall comprises two scenes organized vertically, divided by a painted frieze. The upper lunette shows the "romitaggio" (hermitage) of the young Bernardino; below are the "Funerals of Bernardino", set in an urban scene with a chessboard-like pavement, painted using geometrical perspective. The latter has its vanishing point in an edifice with central plan, taken from Perugino's "Delivery of the Keys". Pinturicchio, however, departed from that model by using two buildings of different heights at the sides. On the left is a loggiato, supported by piers decorated with fanciful gilded candelabra. On the right is a cubic building connected through a double loggia to the landscape and the bright sky in the background.  The foreground depicts the saints' funerals. Bernardino lies on a catafalque, which, thanks to its oblique perspective, increases the depth of the scene and the interaction between the characters. Friars, pilgrims and other common people are approaching the corpse to pay homage; on the sides are two richly dressed characters, identified as Riccomanno Bufalini (on the left, with a fur-lined hood and the gloves) and a member of his family. The remaining characters are used to portray a series of miracles attributed to Bernardino during his life: the healing of a blind man(who hints at his eyes), the resurrection of someone possessed, the healing of a dead newborn, the healing of Lorenzo di Niccolò da Prato, wounded by a bull, and the pacification of the Umbrian families.  In the fresco, Perugino's influence on Pinturicchio is manifest: the Umbrian-Perugian perspective rationality, the variety of types and attitudes of the characters, inspired by Florentine painters such as Benozzo Gozzoli or Domenico Ghirlandaio, the striking appearance of the poor pilgrims and beggars, derived from Flemish painting. The candelabra grotesque decoration is inspired by contemporary examples discovered at Rome in the Domus Aurea. These elements are contained in one of the few drawings certainly attributable to Pinturicchio, housed in the Kupferstichkabinett of Berlin (n. 5192). In his later works, the quality of Pinturicchio's decorative elements would fall due to the increasing use of assistants.

References.

Citations  Bibliography

The Bufalini Chapel is a side chapel of the church of Santa Maria in Aracoeli, Rome, Italy. The first chapel on the right after the entrance, it houses a cycle of frescoes executed c. 1484-1486 by Pinturicchio depicting the life of the Franciscan friar St. Bernardino of Siena, sainted in 1450.

Die Bufalini-Kapelle oder auch Kapelle des heiligen Bernhardin von Siena in der Basilika Santa Maria in Aracoeli in Rom ist wegen des Freskenzyklus von Pinturicchio berühmt. Sie zählt zu den bedeutendsten Kapellen, die in der Zeit der Frührenaissance in Rom gestaltet wurden. Die Kapelle, die erste im rechten Seitenschiff, ist dem heiligen Bernhardin von Siena geweiht und wird auch nach ihrem ersten Stifter Nicolò di Manno Bufalini "Bufalini-Kapelle" genannt.


Creator.

The statue was probably made by Vulca, an Etruscan artist who was also responsible for the Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus, according to Pliny. He is the only Etruscan artist known by name.

Mythological depiction.

This terracotta statue was part of a scene of Apollo and Heracles contending over the Ceryneian Hind, placed 12 metres above the ground on beams on the acroterion of the Portonaccio Sanctuary of Minerva.  The statue is dressed in a tunic and short cloak, advancing towards the left with the right arm outstretched and bent (the statue's left arm is towards the ground and may have held a bow).  Together with other statues, it decorated the roof beams of the Portonaccio temple, a sanctuary dedicated to Minerva. Placed on high plinths, this series of statues were acroterial. They stood some twelve metres above the ground level and even though they were created separately, they narrated events from Greek mythology that were at least in part tied to the god Apollo.  This statue, together with the statue of Heracles, formed a group representing one of the labours of the hero before his apotheosis made him one of the divinities of Olympus. The myth narrates the contention between the god and the hero for the possession of the doe with the golden horns. There was probably also a statue of Mercury united to this group, of which only the head and a part of the body remain. Apollo, dressed in a tunic and short cloak, advances towards his left with his right arm outstretched and bent (his left arm is towards the ground, perhaps holding a bow); Heracles, with the doe tied around is outstretched towards the right, leaning forwards to attack with his bludgeon and with his torso in a violent curve.

Analysis.

The group was conceived for a lateral vision and the solid volume of the figures united with the dissymmetry both in Apollo (the torso and face) and in the Heracles torso suggest that the artist understood optical deformations. The style of the statues is in the ambit of the “international” Ionic style that characterizes the Etruscan artistic culture of the late 6th century BC. The sculpture reaches a very high level of expression.

The Apollo of Veii is a life-size painted terracotta Etruscan statue of Apollo ("Aplu"), designed to be placed at the highest part of a temple. The statue was discovered in the Portonaccio sanctuary of ancient Veii, in what is now central Italy, and dates from c. 510 - 500 BC. It was created in the so-called "international" Ionic or late-archaic Etruscan style.

Der Apollon von Veji ist eine bemalte etruskische Terrakottaplastik des 6. Jahrhunderts v. Chr. Sie diente als Akroterion am Tempelbau des Portonaccio-Heiligtums und entstammt wahrscheinlich dem Atelier des etruskischen Künstlers Vulca. Die Plastik wird heute im Museo Nazionale Etrusco di Villa Giulia in Rom unter der Nummer 40702 aufbewahrt.


Early life.

Jane was born in Lesotho and began playing soccer at age 4 watching his brother Jane Jane, a member of the Lesotho national football team. He moved to the United States with a host family in Kentucky to pursue a professional soccer career at age 13 after making contact with Thabane Sutu, a former goalkeeper for the Lesotho national team, who was coaching at United 1996 in Louisville.

Career.

Youth.

While living in Kentucky, Jane played for United 1996 FC in Louisville while earning All-State honors at Trinity High School.

College and amateur.

From 2010-2013, Jane played college soccer for the Terrapins of the University of Maryland. His performance in the offense at Maryland, including appearances in every match during the 2012 and 2013 seasons and eight goals and 19 assists in four seasons, led to him being named the No. 10-rated recruit in the nation. At the time, it was strongly believed that Jane was one of only two Lesotho-born players to be playing college soccer in the United States, the other being Lepe Seetane who played for the Northwestern Wildcats and came to the United States and lived with the same host family as Jane.  It was announced on 26 January 2011 that Jane was signed as one of the first 15 players to join the River City Rovers of the Premier Development League for their inaugural season in 2011. However, Jane never appeared on the roster for the season and did not make any appearances for the club.

Professional.

United States.

Following the 2013 season at Maryland, Jane was invited to participate in the MLS Combine in hopes of impressing Major League Soccer scouts and being selected in the 2014 MLS SuperDraft. However, he was not selected during the draft. After not being selected by an MLS club, it was announced on 24 February 2014 that Jane had signed a professional contract with Wilmington Hammerheads FC of the USL Pro, the third level of the United States soccer pyramid, for the 2014 season. After missing the Hammerheads' first two games of the season due to a lengthy international clearance process, Jane made his professional debut on 26 April 2014 in a league match against the Charlotte Eagles. Jane entered the match in the 60th minute with Wilmington trailing 0-2. Although he did not score, Jane set up several chances and narrowly missed one of his own. About Jane's debut, head coach David Irving said, “I thought Sunny Jane did well when he came on...I thought he gave us a little breath of fresh air...” In May 2014 Jane scored a hat trick against the United States Under-20 national team when it played the Hammerheads as part of a training camp in North Carolina to prepare for 2015 FIFA U-20 World Cup qualification.  Jane scored his first professional goal on 23 August 2014 in an eventual 2-1 victory over the Orange County Blues FC. Only one day after scoring his first professional goal, Jane scored two more for his first brace in a 3-3 draw with LA Galaxy II. In total, Jane scored five goals and tallied three assists in 17 appearances during his first professional season, one that included a late-season playoff push. On 24 November 2014, it was announced that Jane, along with teammate Paul Nicholson, would return to Wilmington for the 2015 USL Pro season to fulfill the second year of their two-year contracts. About Jane returning to the team, new head coach Carson Porter said, “What is exciting for us is that I don’t think we have seen the best of Sunny and we look forward to working with him and helping him reach his potential as a player. We knew coming into the offseason we wanted to have Sunny back and are excited about his future.”  Jane moved to USL side Richmond Kickers on January 7, 2016. He remained with the club through the 2017 season, scoring seven total league goals in 49 appearances.

Cambodia.

On 8 February 2018 it was announced that Jane had signed for Phnom Penh Crown of the Cambodian League. His first goal for the club came in his second appearance, when he scored a long-ranged screamer to the top corner in the 90+minute to seal off an impressive 2 : 0 away win over National Defense Ministry FC.

Return to the United States.

On 10 December 2018, it was announced Jane would join USL Championship side Louisville City ahead of their 2019 season.

International career.

Jane represented his native Lesotho at the Under-15/16 and Under-18 levels. He trained with the U-18 team at age 13. He had also been called up to play for the U-20 and senior national team. However, Jane stated that he was waiting to make a decision on the future of his international career until after gaining United States citizenship and attempting to earn a call-up to the United States national team. In June 2014, Jane chose to represent his native Lesotho, making his international debut in a 2-0 victory over Liberia during 2015 Africa Cup of Nations qualification. Jane started the match and played 60 minutes in the victory which saw Lesotho advanced to the second round of qualifying for the first time in history. About playing for Lesotho, Jane said, “It’s a good feeling...It’s really special. It’ll be a chance to see my family, so I’m excited about it.” His return to Lesotho for the match allowed him to see his family and friends for the first time in ten years since going to the United States. In July and August 2014, Jane was called up again for home-and-away qualifiers against Kenya. Jane went on to play in the first leg of the series, earning a start in the eventual 1-0 victory.  In May 2015, Jane was called up to the Lethoso squad again to take part in the 2015 COSAFA Cup. Jane started Lesotho's opening match against Madagascar before being subbed off in the second half of the eventual 1–2 defeat.

Tsotleho "Sunny" Jane is a Lesotho footballer who currently plays as a forward for Louisville City in the USL Championship, and the Lesotho national team.

Tsotleho „Sunny“ Jane (* 17. Juli 1991 in Lesotho) ist ein lesothischer Fußballspieler. Seit Januar 2016 steht er im Aufgebot der Richmond Kickers mit Spielbetrieb in der United Soccer League, der dritten Fußballliga in den USA und Kanada.


Season review.

After a generally much better pre-season in terms of reliability than the year before, the team headed to the 2016 Australian Grand Prix with progress made to the Honda power unit. McLaren showed progress with the car by qualifying 12th and 13th. However, the race was a disappointment as Alonso was involved in an accident with Haas's Esteban Gutiérrez which caused Alonso's car to barrel roll a few times before landing upside down. His car was totally wrecked and Alonso suffered from broken ribs and a collapsed lung, ruling him out of the next race in Bahrain. Button's race was badly affected because of this, as the red flag was shown after he had made a pit stop. With a few cars in front of him making a free change of tyres as a result of the red flag, Button struggled through to finish 14th.  In Bahrain, the team fielded reserve driver Stoffel Vandoorne to replace the injured Alonso. Both cars once again made it to Q2 easily. During the race, Button was on course for a good result, however unreliability struck him once again, retiring after just eight laps with engine problem. However, Vandoorne did have the honours to pick up McLaren's first point by finishing tenth, including a notable overtake on the Force India of former McLaren driver Sergio Pérez.  Alonso then returned for the Chinese Grand Prix. Both the cars once again comfortably made it into Q2, albeit not Q3 but then had an uninspiring race to get two cars to the finish line for the first time outside the points, despite Alonso at one time running third.  The Russian race saw both cars failing to make it into Q3, extending that barren run to 23 races. However, in a race of attrition, both cars benefited from turn one incidents to have a clean race, with both cars finishing well inside the points, just the second time since the renewed partnership between McLaren and Honda. Alonso finished in sixth place and Button in ninth.  The 2016 Spanish Grand Prix saw McLaren eventually making it into the top ten in qualifying for the first time since the 2014 Abu Dhabi Grand Prix, with Alonso in tenth. However, it was Button who claimed the points after Alonso retired.  The team once again had Alonso into Q3 at Monaco, albeit in another tenth place, but he rose to ninth after Kimi Räikkönen's five-place grid penalty for a gearbox change. Eventually, with good timings to pit for different sets of tyres in changeable conditions, Alonso managed to fend off Nico Rosberg in the much faster Mercedes to finish fifth, his joint best result since rejoining McLaren, and outscoring his points tally of last year. Button finished ninth, but felt that he could have finished higher had he not gotten stuck behind traffic.  In Canada, Alonso once again qualified 10th and Button 12th. The race however, was disappointing and branded as forgetful, as Button once again succumbed to early reliability woes by having an engine failure, and Alonso finished just outside the points in 11th, having lost time on pit-stops and also lack of pace with the car.  At the newly introduced Baku City Circuit, the cars showed good pace in the first free practice sessions but Alonso and Button qualified a disappointing 14th and 19th respectively. Both the cars failed to score points with Button recovering to finish 11th and Alonso retiring due to a gearbox problem.  At the Red Bull Ring, Austria, the team was expected to struggle for performance due to the high speed nature of the track. But surprisingly, the car performed above everybody's expectations as Button qualified 5th and started in 3rd, equalling his best qualifying position since 2014 British Grand Prix where qualifying was also held in mixed conditions, due to Rosberg and Vettel receiving 5 place grid penalties. Alonso meanwhile struggled with the car and managed to qualify down in 14th, due to the team's error in sending him out in old tyres instead of the newer ones. During the race, Button managed to get into 2nd before the first corner, overtaking the slow starting Force India of Nico Hülkenberg. Button managed to finish in 6th place after faster cars such as Red Bulls and Ferraris overtook him and Alonso retiring from the race during the final couple of laps due to an energy storage battery failure. The team had then scored more points with less than half of the season completed compared to the previous season's tally of 27 points.  At Hungaroring, both cars made it into Q3 for the first time since Abu Dhabi in 2014, their last race with engines supplied by Mercedes, with Alonso qualifying 7th and Button qualifying 8th. In the first few laps of the race, Button experienced a problem with the brake pedal sensor which lead to a drop in pace, a pit stop, and then a penalty for illegal radio communications when discussing the problem. Button eventually retired with an oil leak on lap 60 after making some progress moving from the back of the field. Alonso had a stronger race, heading the front of the midfield. While not troubling the faster Mercedes, Red Bull, and Ferrari cars, Alonso was able to keep the Toro Rosso of Sainz a comfortable distance behind him and finished in 7th.  Hockenheimring featured the McLaren cars battling in the midfield for the lower point places. After some good midfield battles, both cars struggled towards the end with fuel saving. This led to Alonso dropping out of the points in the last few laps and finishing 12th. Button capitalised on Bottas slowing drastically at the end of the race (as a result of a two-stop strategy) to move into 8th on the final lap. At Spa-Francorchamps, Honda introduced new engine upgrades claiming its true potential will not be seen until the Singapore Grand Prix. But they were surprised to see that it was showing good pace at a track where engine power matters the most. Button managed to qualify in 9th and Alonso had an engine failure and failed to set a time which relegated him to the back of the field alongside his former teammate Lewis Hamilton who was penalised with a 55 place grid penalty. At the start of the race, Button fell down the order due to the first turn mayhem caused by the spinning of Vettel's Ferrari. Button was hit at the back of his car by Pascal Wehrlein at Les Combes causing damage to the back of his car forcing him to retire. But Alonso who had started from the back made the most out of it as many drivers had to pit after lap 1 to repair the damage or to retire. On lap 6 Kevin Magnussen crashed heavily at Eau Rouge which caused the Safety Car to be deployed. Most of the drivers ahead of Alonso came in to pit for fresh tyres which elevated him to 4th. He managed to finish in 7th and get 6 points for the team which saw them overtake Toro Rosso in the Constructors' Championship.  However, in Monza, the team were not expected to be competitive due to the long straights. Both drivers were eliminated in Q2 and as expected finished outside the points, despite Alonso setting the first fastest lap for a Honda-powered car since Ayrton Senna did so in Portugal in 1992, and McLaren's first fastest lap since Sergio Pérez did in Malaysia in 2013. The team also confirmed that more upgrades to both car and engine will be introduced until the end of the season, despite the changes in technical regulations for 2017.  In Singapore, the team said that they could have been the fourth best team for that weekend. But the car struggled and Button qualified 13th after damaging his left-rear wheel from a tap with the wall but started 12th due to Pérez being issued a five place grid penalty. Alonso started the race in 9th. Button retired from the race on lap 43 due to brake issues caused by a start-line collision with Bottas whilst trying to avoid Hülkenberg, who crashed out. Alonso however had a steady race to finish in 7th place yet again.  In Sepang, the team introduced an upgraded engine planned for Alonso to take the engine penalty which relegated him to last place in qualifying, while Button was expected to take the new engine and penalty in Austin. Button did made it to Q3, using an older spec engine all weekend with 9th. The car was competitive enough to deliver a double points finish for the 2nd time with Alonso using back the old engine to claw his way back to yet another 7th-place finish, while Button stayed in 9th. However a week later in Suzuka, Honda's home race, the team experienced their most difficult race of the season as the circuit characteristics were not suited to either the car or the engine, despite both drivers using the updated engine for the race, resulting in McLaren being outpaced by the likes of Haas, Renault, and even Sauber. Button failed to even make it to Q2, while Alonso qualified just 15th, with Button electing to take the new engine and penalty intended for Austin, for strategic reasons due to the car's lack of competitiveness for that race, and started last. With no retirements from the race for the 2nd consecutive year, both Alonso and Button could only manage 16th and 18th place, their worst finishing positions (excluding retirements) of 2016 so far.  In Austin, Button was surprisingly knocked out in Q1 since he could not find clear track and was delayed by Jolyon Palmer's Renault on the final corner which caught him off-guard, while Alonso was knocked out in Q2 and managed to qualify 12th, despite the car seemingly returning to competitiveness. McLaren nonetheless still delivered a 4th double points finish of the season, with Alonso benefiting from a Virtual Safety Car to make a free pit-stop and therefore matched his best finish of 5th since rejoining McLaren and for 2016, after late overtakes on both Massa and Sainz, despite colliding with Massa which caused Massa to suffer a puncture. Button again finished 9th, after a great 1st lap which saw him rise from 19th to 11th. The weekend was pretty encouraging for McLaren as they had endured difficult times at their engine supplier's home race in Japan, only for them to slip outside the points again in Mexico with 12th and 13th place for Button and Alonso respectively.  At São Paulo, Alonso made it to Q3 in 10th while Button struggled with balance issues of his car and was eliminated in Q1 in 17th. During the rain-soaked race, Alonso finished 10th after recovering from a spin to overtake 7 cars from 17th while Button again struggled with the balance and wound up in 16th place and last. Finally, in Abu Dhabi, Alonso once again made it to Q3 in 9th, while Button qualified 12th in what was possibly Button's last race in F1. During the race, Button unfortunately retired due to breaking the right-front suspension whilst bouncing the kerbs, while Alonso again finished 10th. The team rounded off the season 6th in the Constructor's Championship, a marked improvement compared to 2015 where it finished 9th. The team also finished with 76 points, compared to just 27 in 2015.

Complete Formula One results.

† Driver failed to finish the race, but was classified as they had completed greater than 90% of the race distance.

The McLaren MP4-31 is a Formula One racing car designed by McLaren to compete in the 2016 Formula One season. The car was driven by and World Drivers' Champion Fernando Alonso and World Champion Jenson Button, and reserve driver Stoffel Vandoorne, who replaced Alonso at the following the Spaniard's accident at the which deemed him unfit for the next event. The car used the Honda RA616H power unit, the second engine developed by Honda since their return to the sport with McLaren in 2015.

Der McLaren MP4-31 ist der Formel-1-Rennwagen von McLaren-Honda für die Formel-1-Weltmeisterschaft 2016. Er ist der 44. McLaren-Formel-1-Wagen. Das Fahrzeug wurde am 21. Februar 2016 auf der Internetseite des McLaren-Teams vorgestellt.


Life.

Blackadar was a surgeon by profession. Raised in New Jersey and educated at Dartmouth College and Columbia University, he moved to Salmon, Idaho, in 1949. It wasn't until he reached the age of 43 that he started kayaking. He began running big rivers, typically of the Western United States and Canada, and soon he had several first descents to his credit.  He was the role model of a whole generation of paddlers. In America in the 1970s, he transformed the image of paddling from pure competition to outdoor recreation and exploration. One of his most spectacular achievements was the first descent of Turnback Canyon on the Alsek River, which he ran solo on August 25, 1971; and in 1972, he achieved the first descent of Devils Canyon on the Susitna River in Alaska.  In Turnback Canyon, after a chunk of ice in a large hydraulic damaged his kayak and he had barely reached the shore, he wrote in his diary:  "One huge horrendous mile of hair, 30 feet wide, 50,000 cubic feet per second and a twenty degree downgrade going like hell. Incredible! I did not flip in that mile or I would not be writing... I'll never go back, not for $ 50,000, not for all tea in China. Heed my words well and do not be a ass! It's unpaddleable!" Sports Illustrated compared his success at Turnback Canyon with the first ascent of Mount Everest. Canada named a mountain in the Alsek Range in his honor; Turnback Canyon is located on the west flank of Mount Blackadar.  In 1972, with Roger Hazelwood and Kay Swanson, Blackadar attempted the first descent of Devil’s Canyon of the Susitna River in Alaska. While they completed the descent alive, there were several swims and two lost boats. He ran Devil’s Canyon again in 1976 and 1977, the former filmed for the TV show American Sportsman; he was not able to complete the run without swimming.  Blackadar appeared in many other episodes of American Sportsman, running the Grand Canyon and other western “big water” rivers. He also appeared in a full-length feature documentary, "The Edge" (1976), running the Grand Canyon.  Blackadar's paddling career suffered a tragedy in 1974, when young Julie Wilson lost her life while running the West Fork of the Bruneau with him in Idaho. The rapid was later named Julie Wilson Falls in her honor. Blackadar was greatly saddened by the loss, and it affected his aggressive, devil-may-care approach to the sport.  In 1974, Blackadar learned of Evel Knievel's plan to jump the Snake River Canyon on a rocket-powered motorcycle, and he resolved to be there to witness the event. Sneaking onto the river with four kayakers, he positioned himself in the rapids below the jump. When Knievel's parachute opened prematurely and his cycle floated down toward the river, crashing on the banks, Blackadar got to him. He checked Knievel out and accompanied the daredevil to the helicopter for evacuation.  On May 13, 1978, he had a fatal accident on the South Fork of the Payette River, Idaho, when he became pinned under a downed tree at the water's surface. The rapid is named in his honor. A memorial, marked by a bronze plaque on a rough boulder, is located in Garden Valley Cemetery, overlooking the river where he passed away.

Walter Lloyd Blackadar Jr. (August 13, 1922 – May 13, 1978) was an American whitewater pioneer, best known for his solo first descent of Turnback Canyon on the Alsek River.

Walter Lloyd Blackadar Jr., meist nur Walt Blackadar (* 13. August 1922; † 13. Mai 1978) war ein US-amerikanischer Wildwasser-Pionier.


Playing career.

Ross began his major junior career in the WHL with the Regina Pats in 2004–05, appearing in 10 games. After a 31-point campaign with the Pats in 2006–07, Ross was drafted 30th overall in the 2007 NHL Entry Draft by the Phoenix Coyotes. The next season, back in the WHL, he was traded from the Pats to the Kamloops Blazers on January 5, 2008, along with Spencer Fraipont and a fourth-round bantam draft pick, in exchange for Victor Bartley and Ryan Bender. Upon being eliminated from the 2008 WHL playoffs with the Blazers, the Coyotes assigned Ross to the San Antonio Rampage of the American Hockey League (AHL) for the remaining 4 games of the 2007–08 AHL season.  Returning to the Blazers the following season, in 2008–09, Ross was traded, along with Alex Rodgers, just before the January 10, 2009 trade deadline, to the Vancouver Giants in exchange for Curtis Kulchar and three bantam draft picks. He finished the season with an accumulated 43 points between the two teams. In the subsequent 2009 playoffs, after sweeping the Prince George Cougars, the Giants were pushed to a seventh game against the Spokane Chiefs in the second round where Ross scored the series-clinching goal in overtime – a point shot that deflected off a Chiefs defenceman.  On July 30, 2013, Ross returned for a second stint in the Austrian Hockey League, signing a one-year contract with HDD Olimpija Ljubljana. In the 2013–14 season, Ross enjoyed a more productive second tenure in the EBEL, posting 28 points in 39 games before opting to finish the season in the Italian Elite.A with HC Asiago.  On April 16, 2014, Ross signed to continue in the EBEL, joining his third club in as many seasons in agreeing to a one-year deal with HC TWK Innsbruck.

Family.

His younger brother, Brad Ross (born 1992), was selected by the Toronto Maple Leafs in the 2nd round (43rd overall) of the 2010 NHL Entry Draft, and is currently playing with the Iserlohn Roosters of the Deutsche Eishockey Liga (DEL).

Nick Ross (born February 10, 1989) is a Canadian professional ice hockey defenceman who is currently playing for DVTK Jegesmedvék of the Slovak Extraliga. He was drafted by the Phoenix Coyotes with the 30th pick of the 2007 NHL Entry Draft.

Nicholas Rory Ross (* 10. Februar 1989 in Lethbridge, Alberta) ist ein kanadischer Eishockeyspieler, der seit Mai 2019 für DVTK Jegesmedvék in der slowakischen Extraliga spielt.


Methodology.

Predictive policing uses data on the times, locations and nature of past crimes, to provide insight to police strategists concerning where, and at what times, police patrols should patrol, or maintain a presence, in order to make the best use of resources or to have the greatest chance of deterring or preventing future crimes.  Police may also use data accumulated on shootings and the sounds of gunfire to identify locations of shootings. The city of Chicago uses data blended from population mapping crime statistics, and whether to improve monitoring and identify patterns.

History.

In 2008, Police Chief William Bratton at the Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) began working with the acting directors of the Bureau of Justice Assistance (BJA) and the National Institute of Justice (NJI) to explore the concept of predictive policing in crime prevention. In 2010, researchers proposed that it was possible to predict certain crimes, much like scientists forecast earthquake aftershocks.  Predictive policing programs are currently used by the police departments in several U.S. states such as California, Washington, South Carolina, Arizona, Tennessee, New York and Illinois. Predictive policing programs have also been implemented in the UK and Europe, for example in Kent County Police and the Netherlands.  From 2012, NOPD started a secretive collaboration with Palantir Technologies in the field of predictive policing. According to the words of James Carville, he was impetus of this project and "[n]o one in New Orleans even knows about this".  In China, Suzhou Police Bureau has adopted Predictive Policing since 2013. During 2015-2018, several cities in China have adopted predictive policing. China has used Predictive Policing to identify and target people for sent to Xinjiang re-education camps.

Effectiveness.

The effectiveness of predictive policing was tested by the Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) in 2010, which found its accuracy to be twice that of its current practices. In Santa Cruz, California, the implementation of predictive policing over a 6-month period resulted in a 19 percent drop in the number of burglaries. In Kent, 8.5 percent of all street crime occurred in locations predicted by PredPol, beating the 5 percent from police analysts.  One study from the Max Planck Institute for Foreign and International Criminal Law in an evaluation of a 3-year pilot of the Precobs (pre crime observation system) software caution that no definite statements can be made about the efficacy of the software. The 3-year pilot project will enter a second phase in 2018.

Criticisms.

A coalition of civil rights groups, including the American Civil Liberties Union and the Electronic Frontier Foundation issued a statement criticizing the tendency of predictive policing to proliferate racial profiling. The ACLU's Ezekiel Edwards forwards the case that such software is more accurate at predicting policing practices than it is in predicting crimes.  Some recent research is also critical of predictive policing. Kristian Lum and Isaac William have examined the consequences of training such systems with biased datasets in 'To predict and serve?'. Saunders, Hunt and Hollywood demonstrate that the statistical significance of the predictions in practice verge on being negligible.  In a comparison of methods of predictive policing and their pitfalls Logan Koepke comes to the conclusion that it is not yet the future of policing but 'just the policing status quo, cast in a new name'.  In a testimony made to the NYC Automated Decision Systems Task Force, Janai Nelson, of the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund, urged NYC to ban the use of data derived from discriminatory or biased enforcement policies. She also called for NYC to commit to full transparency on how the NYPD uses automated decision systems, as well as how they operate.  According to an article in the Royal Statistical Society, 'the algorithms were behaving exactly as expected – they reproduced the patterns in the data used to train them' and that 'even the best machine learning algorithms trained on police data will reproduce the patterns and unknown biases in police data'.

Predictive policing refers to the usage of mathematical, predictive analytics, and other analytical techniques in law enforcement to identify potential criminal activity. Predictive policing methods fall into four general categories: methods for predicting crimes, methods for predicting offenders, methods for predicting perpetrators' identities, and methods for predicting victims of crime.

Predictive Policing [] oder deutsch Vorhersagende Polizeiarbeit bezeichnet die Analyse von Falldaten zur Berechnung der Wahrscheinlichkeit zukünftiger Straftaten zur Steuerung des Einsatzes von Polizeikräften. Es kommen sowohl orts- als auch personenbezogene Systeme zum Einsatz, bisweilen auch in Mischformen.


Description.

The colouration of the green junglefowl is sexually dimorphic. The male's plumage is dark and blackish at a distance. A closer view reveals an iridescent mantle of gleaming scales reminiscent in colour and pattern to those seen in the ocellated turkey and green peafowl. Each scale is vivid blue at its base and moves through various shades of gold and bronzed green. Specialized plumes framing the throat of the male green junglefowl are highly light-reflective and appear violet at the proximal and sky blue at the distal edges. The lesser coverts of the wing are a striking burnt orange with bronzed black centers. The distal edges of the greater secondary coverts are vivid ocher.  Like the related red junglefowl, the breast and ventral regions are a dense, light-absorbing black. Like its closer relative the Sri Lankan junglefowl, the male green junglefowl exhibits vivid 'windows' of bare facial skin that contrast against the dark scarlet red of the face. The green junglefowl exhibits an ice blue center in its comb. A region of electric yellow facial skin extends below each ear, delineating the plumed hackles from gular lappet. Its head is topped by a light blue comb, which turns purple or red towards the top. Its wattle is also of the same colour but is bordered with blue on the edges and yellow closer to the throat. The female is mostly brown with occasional green feathers and has no comb.

Distribution and habitat.

The green junglefowl is endemic to Java, Bali, Lombok, Komodo, Flores, Rinca and small islands linking Java with Flores, Indonesia. It has been introduced to the Cocos (Keeling) Islands where there is a small wild population. It is found from a natural altitude of 0 – 2000 m in subtropical/tropical lowland moist forest, shrubland and arable land, and has been seen flying from island to island in its native range, where it lives and breeds along coastal areas.

Behaviour.

The green junglefowl usually lives in groups of two to five in the wild led by a dominant male, who takes the flock to feed and drink and then back into the cover of the forest. In the night the flock roosts in bamboo stands at 15–20 feet above the forest floor. In the breeding season the dominant males in each flock are challenged by other males without flocks. The two males clap their wings and crow loudly while fighting each other with their spurs.

Relationship with humans.

The green junglefowl is being maintained and increasingly bred in captivity as its genetic diversity is disappearing. This is because these birds are bred with domestic chickens by many people, producing a hybrid known as the bekisar. The bekisar has become very popular in the East Java province and has become a mascot of the area. A recent genetic study revealed evidence of genetic introgressive hybridization from green junglefowl to domestic chicken.  The captive green junglefowl requires warm aviaries with lots of foliage and cover due to their shy nature and are fed with grains and seeds, as well as fruit and insects as these are the same type of food they would feed on in the wild. This bird has also been known for a long time as a pet animal because of its beauty and unique call.

Status and conservation.

The green junglefowl is evaluated as least concern on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.

The green junglefowl ("Gallus varius"), also known as Javan junglefowl, forktail or green Javanese junglefowl, is the most distantly related and the first to diverge at least 4 million years ago among the four species of the Junglefowl.. Hybridization with domestic chicken has also been reported. Green junglefowl is a medium-sized (up to 75 cm long) bird in the pheasant family Phasianidae.

Das Gabelschwanzhuhn ("Gallus varius") ist eine Hühnervogelart aus der Familie der Fasanenartigen (Phasianidae). Seine Verbreitung reicht von Java und Bali ostwärts über die zu den Kleinen Sundainseln gehörenden benachbarten Inseln Madura, Kangean, Bawean, Lombok, Sumbawa und Flores bis Alor. Es besiedelt Savannen, Trockengebüsche und Waldrandbereiche, kommt aber auch in der Kulturlandschaft vor. Über die Lebensweise ist nur wenig bekannt.


Life and career.

Rouverol was born in St. Louis, Missouri, the daughter of playwright Aurania Rouverol (1886–1955), who created Andy Hardy and wrote many of the films in the MGM series. After being spotted in a high school production, Rouverol first acted in a Hollywood motion picture at the age of seventeen, appearing as W. C. Fields' daughter in the comedy "It's a Gift" (1934). She continued to perform mainly in supporting roles, making another eleven films until 1940 when she married screenwriter Hugo Butler.  With four children coming in quick order, Rouverol did not return to film acting but throughout the 1940s performed on radio, including playing Betty Carter on "One Man's Family". While her husband was away serving in the U.S. military during World War II, she wrote her first novella, which she sold to "McCall's" magazine in 1945. By 1950, she had her first screenplay made into a film, but her career was interrupted as a result of the investigations by the House Committee on Un-American Activities (HUAC) into Communist influence in Hollywood.

American Communist Party/HUAC.

In 1943, Rouverol and her husband had joined the American Communist Party. In 1951, when agents for HUAC attempted to subpoena them, Rouverol and her husband chose self-exile to Mexico with their four small children rather than face a possible prison sentence, as endured by some of their friends who were dubbed the Hollywood Ten. Labeled as subversives and dangerous revolutionaries by the government, they did not return to the United States on a permanent basis for thirteen years, during which time they had two more children.  In Mexico, she continued to write screenplays, short stories and articles for various American magazines to earn money. Three screenplays she co-wrote with her husband were accepted for filming by the Hollywood studios because agent Ingo Preminger arranged for friends from the Writers Guild of America to put their names on the scripts. In 1960 the family moved to Italy, so Rouverol and her husband could work on a film script. In 1961 the family, with the exception of son Michael and daughter Susan, moved to Rome for two years. After a few years, in 1964 they briefly lived in Mexico again, and then returned to the United States for good. Living in California again, she and her husband continued their screenplay collaboration. She wrote a book on Harriet Beecher Stowe. Her husband died in 1968.  In the 1970s, Rouverol returned to writing. She scripted an episode of "Little House on the Prairie", and after publishing three books in three years, she was hired as co-head writer for the CBS soap opera "Guiding Light". For this show she received a Daytime Emmy nomination and a Writers Guild of America Award. Rouverol, by then sixty years old, left the show in 1976. Her book "Writing for the Soaps" was published in 1984. She taught writing at the University of Southern California and at UCLA Extension.  Rouverol wrote scripts for "Search for Tomorrow" and "As the World Turns". She served four terms on the board of directors of the Writers Guild of America, and in 1987 she received the Guild's Morgan Cox Award as a member "whose vital ideas, continuing efforts and personal sacrifice" best exemplified the ideal of service to the Guild. In 2000, Rouverol (aged 84) published "Refugees from Hollywood: A Journal of the Blacklist Years", which told the story of her family's life in exile.

Death.

For many years Rouverol lived with actor Cliff Carpenter, who was another former blacklisted performer. Carpenter died on January 9, 2014 at the age of 98. Rouverol died on March 24, 2017 at the age of 100.

Jean Rouverol (July 8, 1916 – March 24, 2017) was an American author, actress and screenwriter who was blacklisted by the Hollywood movie studios in the 1950s.

Jean Rouverol Butler (* 8. Juli 1916 in St. Louis, Missouri; † 24. März 2017 in Wingdale, Dutchess County, New York) war eine US-amerikanische Schauspielerin und Drehbuchautorin.


Gameplay.

The game structure resembles a linear adventure game - the player doesn't have an inventory, but can traverse into dialog trees with other characters. Some items or choices of dialog result in puzzles to be solved, although in some cases the puzzle has no consequence in the game's progress. The types of puzzles vary from jigsaw through mathematics to logic puzzles. Each of them has a basic short description about the objective of the puzzle, while some have a basic set of rules and conditions that help the player deduce the solution. The player can request three hints for each puzzle, and each hint costs the player a piece of chewing gum - gum is on shortage in the town, as the hotel clerk explains, but Nelson can collect pieces of used gum he finds at each location. The puzzles don't automatically approve the players solution, even if the player provides the correct answer - Nelson must send the answer back to HQ where it is either approved or rejected. If the solution is approved, the player is given a score depending on how many hints he used and how many failed attempts he had (the latter is represented in taxpayer dollars), and an optional further explanation is provided on how the puzzle can be solved.

Plot.

The game begins as Agent Nelson Tethers, the sole member of the Puzzle Research Division of the FBI, is given his first field assignment. The factory that produces the erasers used by the White House has stopped production; any attempts to contact the factory are met with bizarre puzzles. Tethers must visit the factory in Scoggins, Minnesota and get it running again.  In Scoggins, Tethers is told that the factory was closed after an unidentified accident, and that the factory's foreman, Isaac Davner, hasn't been seen since. Further investigation is impossible because the factory is sealed by a complex lock requiring three keys.  Tethers' search for the keys and for additional clues to Isaac's whereabouts is hindered by mysterious gnome-like creatures called the Hidden People by the townspeople. The Hidden People seem to be supported by a local lodge called the Brotherhood of Scoggins. The lodge head, Bjorn, tells Tethers that the Hidden People have “chosen” Isaac, though he is unable to explain exactly what that means.  Finally, Tethers gains entry to the factory. Inside, he finds Isaac, driven mad by puzzles given to him by the Hidden People. Tethers tries to rescue Isaac, but the Hidden People drag Isaac off before he can be saved. The factory starts back up soon afterward. Back in Washington, Tethers is congratulated for his work, and is reminded that the disappearance of Isaac is a matter for local law enforcement.  The story continues in the sequel, "Puzzle Agent 2".

Nelson Tethers: Puzzle Agent (also known simply as Puzzle Agent) is an adventure/puzzle game by Telltale Games, in collaboration with Graham Annable. It is the first game to come out of Telltale's pilot project. It was released on June 30, 2010. The game was influenced by the works of David Lynch, Stanley Kubrick and the Coen brothers (most notably "Twin Peaks" and "Fargo"). This is one of two games that have an original character, made by Telltale Games, the other being Telltale Texas Hold'em. A WiiWare release of the game was planned but eventually cancelled.

Nelson Tethers: Puzzle Agent ist ein Knobel- oder Puzzlespiel des US-amerikanischen Softwareherstellers Telltale Games. Ziel des Spiels ist das Lösen von verschiedenen Rätsel- und Denksportaufgaben rund um Radiergummis.