Geography.

Carlton County lies on the east side of Minnesota. Its east boundary line abuts the west boundary line of the state of Wisconsin. The Saint Louis River flows east-southeasterly through the county's NE corner, discharging into Lake Superior as it exits the county. The Moose Horn River flows southwesterly through the central part of the county, discharging into the Kettle River SW of the county's south boundary. The Nemadji River and the South Fork Nemadji River flow eastward through the eastern and SE part of the county, meeting a few miles east of the county's eastern boundary before flowing to Lake Superior. The county terrain consists of low rolling hills, heavily wooded. The terrain slopes to the several river valleys; the NW corner lies at 1,329' (405m) ASL, and a small hill 0.2 mile (0.35 km) west of Rogers Lake rises to 1,450' (442m) ASL.  The county has a total area of, of which is land and (1.6%) is water.

History.

Under a 1854 Treaty of La Pointe the Fond du Lac Indian Reservation and other reservations were established in exchange of all of the Lake Superior Ojibwe lands in the Arrowhead Region.  In 1857, Carlton county was formed and organized in 1870. It was named for Reuben B. Carlton, a member of the Minnesota Senate (1857–58).  In October 1918, an immense forest fire occurred known as the Cloquet Fire. The Carlton County Historical Society hosts a permanent exhibit about the Fires of 1918 besides one about the Ojibwe of Carlton County, and the Logging Era.

Climate and weather.

In recent years, average temperatures in the county seat of Carlton have ranged from a low of in January to a high of in July, although a record low of was recorded in January 1912 and a record high of was recorded in July 1936. Average monthly precipitation ranged from in February to in September.

Demographics.

As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 35,386 people living in the county. 89.7% were White, 5.9% Native American, 1.4% Black or African American, 0.5% Asian, 0.2% of some other race and 2.4% of two or more races. 1.4% were Hispanic or Latino (of any race). 16.4% were of German, 13.5% Finnish, 8.9% Norwegian, 8.6% Swedish and 5.6% American ancestry.  As of the 2000 census, there were 31,671 people, 12,064 households, and 8,408 families in the county. The population density was 36.8/sqmi (14.2/km2). There were 13,721 housing units at an average density of 15.9/sqmi (6.15/km2). The racial makeup of the county was 91.75% White, 0.97% Black or African American, 5.19% Native American, 0.35% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 0.21% from other races, and 1.52% from two or more races. 0.84% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 18.5% were of German, 16.9% Finnish, 12.5% Norwegian, 11.8% Swedish and 5.8% Polish ancestry. 95.5% spoke English, 1.8% Finnish and 1.1% Spanish as their first language.  There were 12,064 households out of which 32.60% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.50% were married couples living together, 9.00% had a female householder with no husband present, and 30.30% were non-families. 26.10% of all households were made up of individuals and 12.00% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.50 and the average family size was 3.00.  The county population contained 25.40% under the age of 18, 7.70% from 18 to 24, 28.40% from 25 to 44, 23.50% from 45 to 64, and 15.10% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females there were 102.70 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 102.20 males.  The median income for a household in the county was $40,021, and the median income for a family was $48,406. Males had a median income of $38,788 versus $25,555 for females. The per capita income for the county was $18,073. About 5.40% of families and 7.90% of the population were below the poverty line, including 8.20% of those under age 18 and 9.30% of those age 65 or over.

Politics.

Local government.

As of 2019, the Carlton County Sheriff is Kelly Lake. The Carlton County Board of Commissioners consists of 5 members, each representing one district. In April 2019 Lake and the Fond du Lac Police Department collaborated in training on the topic of sex trafficking on behalf of other sheriff agencies that would be affected by the upcoming Enbridge Line 3. In 2017, Carlton County published a detailed Jail & Criminal Justice System Planning Study. As of 2019, Carlton County Public Health employs 36 county staff and 6 contract staff. It has been operating since 1920.

National.

Carlton County voters are traditionally Democratic. In no national election since 1928 has the county selected the Republican Party candidate.

Carlton County is a county in the State of Minnesota, formed in 1857. As of the 2010 United States Census, the population was 35,386. Its county seat is Carlton. Part of the Fond du Lac Indian Reservation lies in NE Carlton County.

Das Carlton County ist ein County im US-amerikanischen Bundesstaat Minnesota. Im Jahr 2010 hatte das County 35.386 Einwohner und eine Bevölkerungsdichte von 15,9 Einwohnern pro Quadratkilometer. Der Verwaltungssitz (County Seat) ist Carlton.


History.

The county was formed on March 8, 1862, although its government was not organized at that time. In 1872 the organization was effected. It was named for nineteenth-century political figure Henry Clay, member of the United States Senate from Kentucky, and US Secretary of State. The county was originally called Breckenridge, but soon (in 1862) was changed to Clay.

Geography.

Clay County lies on the west side of Minnesota. Its west boundary line abuts the east boundary line of the state of North Dakota (across the Red River). The Red River flows northward along the west boundary line of the county, on its way to the Hudson Bay in Canada. The Buffalo River flows west-northwesterly through the center of the county, joined by the South Branch Buffalo River west of Glyndon, before discharging into the Red on the county's west border near Georgetown. The terrain consists of rolling hills, dotted with lakes and ponds in its eastern portion. The terrain slopes to the west and north, with its highest point near the SE corner, at 1,430' (436m) ASL. The county has a total area of, of which are land and (0.7%) are covered by water.

Climate and weather.

In recent years, average temperatures in the county seat of Moorhead have ranged from a low of in January to a high of in July, although a record low of was recorded in January 1887 and a record high of was recorded in July 1936. Average monthly precipitation ranged from in February to in June.

2000 census.

As of the 2000 United States Census, there were 51,229 people, 18,670 households, and 12,340 families in the county. The population density was 49.0/sqmi (18.9/km2). There were 19,746 housing units at an average density of 18.9/sqmi (7.30/km2). The racial makeup of the county was 93.99% White, 0.52% Black or African American, 1.44% Native American, 0.88% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 1.67% from other races, and 1.47% from two or more races. 3.65% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 40.4% were of Norwegian and 26.8% German ancestry.  There were 18,670 households out of which 33.80% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.90% were married couples living together, 8.80% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.90% were non-families. 26.10% of all households were made up of individuals and 10.60% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.53 and the average family size was 3.07.  The county population contained 25.00% under the age of 18, 17.10% from 18 to 24, 25.70% from 25 to 44, 19.30% from 45 to 64, and 12.90% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 32 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.70 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.10 males.  The median income for a household in the county was $37,889, and the median income for a family was $49,192. Males had a median income of $34,176 versus $23,149 for females. The per capita income for the county was $17,557. About 7.40% of families and 13.20% of the population were below the poverty line, including 13.30% of those under age 18 and 7.50% of those age 65 or over.

Law and government.

Clay County is governed by a board of five commissioners.  In national elections, Clay County has been a swing district for several decades. Since 1968 both Democratic and Republican Party candidates have carried the county vote an equal number of times (as of 2016).

Clay County is a county in the U.S. state of Minnesota. As of the 2010 United States Census, the population was 58,999. Its county seat is Moorhead.

Das Cottonwood County ist ein County im US-amerikanischen Bundesstaat Minnesota. Im Jahr 2010 hatte das County 11.687 Einwohner und eine Bevölkerungsdichte von 7 Einwohnern pro Quadratkilometer. Der Verwaltungssitz (County Seat) ist Windom, das nach William Windom, einem US-Senator benannt wurde.


History.

Chris Strachwitz immigrated with his family from Silesia in 1947, and became enamored with American regional music after seeing the film "New Orleans". He eventually settled in the San Francisco bay area, and in 1960 he headed to Texas to record bluesman Lightnin' Hopkins, but it turned out that Hopkins was in Berkeley for a performance engagement. He met up with historian Mack McCormick, and together they traveled to Navasota, Texas where Strachwitz recorded Mance Lipscomb for what would become the first Arhoolie LP, "Texas Sharecropper and Songster". The name "Arhoolie" was suggested by McCormick, deriving from a word for a field holler. Strachwitz also recorded "Black Ace" Turner, "Li'l Son" Jackson and "Whistling" Alex Moore on the same trip, and later in the year recorded Big Joe Williams and Mercy Dee Walton in California.  He also began reissuing archive material, both of R&B singers such as Big Joe Turner and Lowell Fulson who had recorded for the defunct Swingtime label, and old country and western recordings on his Old Timey label, started in 1962. Strachwitz continued traveling to make field recordings of blues musicians, notably Mississippi Fred McDowell - whom he first recorded in 1964 - Juke Boy Bonner, K. C. Douglas, and Clifton Chenier. From 1965, he also hosted a Sunday afternoon music program on Pacifica Radio's KPFA-FM in Berkeley, California, which ran until 1995.  In 1966, his friend Ed Denson introduced him to a local band, Country Joe and the Fish, who were active in anti-Vietnam war protests at Berkeley. Strachwitz recorded the band singing "I Feel Like I'm Fixin' To Die", and gained a share of the song's publishing rights. Eventually, royalties from the song - particularly its appearance in the Woodstock Festival movie and - helped subsidize the Arhoolie label, and enabled Strachwitz to buy a building in San Pablo Avenue, El Cerrito, California as the label's headquarters. Strachwitz also won royalties for Fred McDowell from the Rolling Stones' performance of his song "You Gotta Move" on their "Sticky Fingers" album.  During the 1970s, Strachwitz continued to record blues musicians, including Big Joe Duskin, Charlie Musselwhite, Big Mama Thornton, Elizabeth Cotten, and Robben Ford, as well as Cajun and zydeco performers such as Clifton Chenier, Lawrence Ardoin and John Delafose. He also continued to secure the rights to release archive blues material such as that by Snooks Eaglin and Robert Pete Williams. In the 1980s and 1990s, he continued to develop Arhoolie as a distributor of smaller independent blues labels, and an importer of jazz and blues releases on European labels.  Strachwitz increasingly focused attention on Mexican and, specifically, norteño music, which he had long admired, amassing what is believed to be the largest private collection of Mexican-American and Mexican music. He donated this collection, known as the Strachwitz Frontera Collection of Mexican and Mexican-American Music, to the nonprofit organization Arhoolie Foundation. The first norteño album on Arhoolie was "Conjuntos Norteños", by Los Pinguinos del Norte, released in 1970, but one of his biggest successes came with Flaco Jiménez, whose album "Ay Te Dejo en San Antonio" won a Grammy Award in 1986. With cinematographer Les Blank, he also made two documentaries about the music in the mid 1970s, "Chulas Fronteras" and "Del Mero Corazon". He discovered and released the first two albums of seminal klezmer revival band The Klezmorim. Another of Strachwitz's discoveries, and one of his biggest commercial successes, was Cajun musician Michael Doucet and his group BeauSoleil.  Artists who have recorded for the Arhoolie label include Big Mama Thornton, Big Walter Horton, Dave Alexander, Nathan Beauregard, Juke Boy Bonner, Clifton Chenier, Elizabeth Cotten, Sue Draheim, Jesse Fuller, Earl Hooker, John Jackson, Mance Lipscomb, Guitar Slim, Robert Shaw, Mississippi Fred McDowell, Whistlin' Alex Moore, George 'Bongo Joe' Coleman, Charlie Musselwhite, Doctor Ross, Bukka White, Big Joe Williams, Silas Hogan, Mercy Dee Walton, Black Ace, The Campbell Brothers, BeauSoleil, Jerry Hahn, the Savoy Family Band, the Pine Leaf Boys, Los Cenzontles, The Klezmorim, Rose Maddox, Rebirth Brass Band, and HowellDevine.  In 2014, filmmakers Maureen Gosling and Chris Simon released a documentary film about Arhoolie Records entitled "This Ain't No Mouse Music", which is distributed by Argot Pictures.  In May 2016, the Smithsonian Institution announced it had acquired Arhoolie Records from founder Chris Strachwitz and his business partner Tom Diamant for the Smithsonian Folkways Recordings.

Arhoolie Records is an American small independent record label run by Chris Strachwitz and is based in El Cerrito, California, United States (it is actually located in Richmond Annex but has an El Cerrito postal address. The label was founded by Strachwitz in 1960 as a way for him to record and produce music by previously obscure "down-home blues" artists such as Lightnin' Hopkins, Snooks Eaglin, and Bill Gaither. Arhoolie still publishes blues and folk music, Tejano music including Lydia Mendoza, Los Alegres de Terán, Flaco Jiménez, regional Mexican music, cajun, zydeco, and bluegrass.

Arhoolie Records ist ein US-amerikanisches Plattenlabel, das im Jahr 1960 von dem (deutschstämmigen) Chris Strachwitz gegründet wurde und bis heute betrieben wird.


List of United States senators from New Hampshire

List of senators.

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Living former senators.

, there are five former living senators from New Hampshire. The most recent senator to die was Warren Rudman (served 1980–1993) on November 19, 2012, and was also the most recently serving senator to die.

New Hampshire's current senators are Democrats Jeanne Shaheen and Maggie Hassan. Senator Shaheen is currently serving her second term, and Senator Hassan is currently serving her first term in the United States Senate.

Die Liste der Senatoren der Vereinigten Staaten aus New Hampshire zeigt alle Personen auf, die jemals für diesen Bundesstaat dem Senat angehört haben, nach den Senatsklassen sortiert. Dabei zeigt eine Klasse, wann dieser Senator wiedergewählt wird. Die Senatoren der "class 2" wurden zuletzt im November 2014 wiedergewählt, die Wahlen der Senatoren der "class 3" fanden zuletzt im Jahr 2016 statt.


Early life.

Jukums Vācietis began his academic life at the Skede Parish School and the Ministry of Kuldiga school. He had a tough childhood. Besides studying, he also worked in a match factory.

Military career.

Vācietis started his military career in Imperial Russia in 1891. During World War I, he commanded the 5th Latvian Zemgale Rifle Regiment (eventually with the rank of colonel), which supported Lenin's Bolsheviks after the October Revolution and the ensuing Russian Civil War. From April 1918, Vācietis was the commander of the Red Latvian Riflemen division. From July to September 1918, Vācietis commanded the Eastern Front. Vācietis was the first commander-in-chief of the Red Army (RKKA), a member of the Revolutionary Military Council (2 September 1918 – 3 July 1919), forming a productive working relationship with Leon Trotsky, the Commissar for Military and Naval Affairs. On 3 July 1919, Sergey Kamenev replaced Vācietis as commander-in-chief of the Red Army, following certain discontent amongst some Bolsheviks over Red Army leadership in the Russian Civil War. On 8 July 1919, Vācietis was arrested under the accusation of membership in a counter-revolutionary reactionary White Guardist organization, but was soon released when the charge was proved false.  In 1922, Vācietis became a professor of the RKKA Military Academy (future Frunze Military Academy). During this time, he wrote several books, most notable among them being 'Latvian Riflemen's Historical Importance'. In 1935, Vācietis was assigned a personal rank of Comandarm, 2nd Rank.  On 29 November 1937, during the height of Stalin's Great Purge, Vācietis was arrested as a member of the alleged "Latvian Fascist Organization within the RKKA", and was executed on 28 July 1938. Vācietis was rehabilitated in 1957.

Jukums Vācietis (, "Ioakim Ioakimovich Vatsetis"; 11 November 1873 – 28 July 1938) was a Latvian Soviet military commander. He was a rare example of a notable Soviet leader who was not a member of the Communist Party (or of any other political party), until his own demise during Joseph Stalin's Great Terror.

Jukums Vācietis (* in Jaunmuiža (Gemeinde Jaunlutriņi), Bezirke Saldus, Gouvernement Kurland; † 28. Juli 1938;, Joakim Joakimowitsch Wazetis) war ein lettischstämmiger Offizier und kurzzeitiger Oberbefehlshaber der Roten Armee im russischen Bürgerkrieg. Obwohl er niemals Mitglied der Kommunistischen Partei war, machte er in der Sowjetunion Karriere. Damit war er eine der wenigen parteilosen Personen, die in der Sowjetunion einen hohen Posten bekleideten.


Life and career.

Jonas was born in London, the son of Hilda (Ziadie), a fashion model, and Walter Jonas, who ran a dye works and a factory. His father was a German Jewish emigrant, from Hamburg, and his mother was of Jamaican and Lebanese descent. Jonas studied at Worth School, and took an English Literature degree at the University of Sussex. He later studied History of Music at Royal Northern College of Music Manchester, and the Royal College of Music London, with a final semester at Eastman School of Music, University of Rochester US.  In November 1974, Jonas became the assistant to Sir Georg Solti, music director of the Chicago Symphony Orchestra, serving in that capacity until December 1977. Jonas became artistic administrator of the CSO on 1 January 1978 and he held that position until May 1985. Returning to England, he took over the management of the English National Opera, holding the position from June 1985 to 1993, succeeding Lord Harewood. He later became a patron of The Solti Foundation.  He was awarded an honorary doctorate of music from the University of Sussex in 1993. In September that year, Munich's Bavarian State Opera invited Jonas to become its Staatsintendant (General and Artistic Director); he held this position until 2006. While there he extended the company's repertoire within baroque opera, promoted its "opera for all" project and supported contemporary composers by introducing fourteen new-work premieres. He was awarded the Bayerische Verfassungsmedaille in 2001.  Jonas became a faculty member and lecturer at the University of St. Gallen in 2003, a lecturer at the University of Zürich, and a visiting lecturer for the Bavarian Theatre Academy Munich in 2004. He was the first chairman of the German Speaking Opera Intendants (Directors) Conference from 2001 to 2005, and a judging panel member for the 2006 International Wagner Competition, Seattle.  Jonas, with Plácido Domingo, journalist Christine Lemke-Matwey, and Charles Barber, contributed to a documentary on the life and art of Carlos Kleiber on BBC Radio 3 (26 Sep 2009).

Sir John Peter Jonas (14 October 1946 – 22 April 2020) was a British arts administrator and opera company director.

Sir John Peter Jonas CBE, FRSA (* 14. Oktober 1946 in London; † 22. April 2020 in München) war ein britischer Kulturmanager und Opernintendant. Er war von 1993 bis 2006 Staatsintendant der Bayerischen Staatsoper.


History and use.

Although there is no historical evidence to support it, a popular modern-day legend states the weapon was made famous by Zhao Kuangyin, the first Emperor of the Song Dynasty (960 AD).  Historically made of white oak, waxwood, or Chinese red maple, modern staves are constructed from rattan, bamboo, various hardwoods or aluminum. For optimum fit, each of the three sticks should be about the length of the combatant's arm {usually to } and have a combined diameter that easily fits in the hand {usually about }. These are connected by chains of rings {usually of five inches (127 mm)}; modern versions use ball-and-socket joints.  The total length of the weapon is about the same as the Chinese staff (the gùn), and greater than that of the single staff (known in Japanese as a bō); Its larger size allows for an increased reach compared to the staff. Some of the techniques are similar to that of the staff, so spinning moves over the head and behind the back, such as helicopter spins and neck rolls, can be practised with a regular staff. Other weapon techniques the three-section staff makes use of are similar to that of the pair of sticks used in escrima, a simple short chain, a whip, or the two-section staff. It is therefore advantageous for the user to have some familiarity with these weapons. The three-section staff has the advantage of being usable as a long-range (whip), mid-range (flail or two section staff) or a short-range (pair of escrima) weapon. Acting as an extension of the user's arms, the three-section staff can strike, flail, block, choke, trap, disarm and whip, often with different sections of the staff acting at the same time. The chains or binding ropes of the staff are used to entangle an opponent and their weapons. While it has three ranges, the three-section staff is best used as a short range weapon against longer-ranged weapons. In this configuration, a skilled practitioner can nearly simultaneously block an opponent's strike, trap his or her weapon, and disarm them while executing their own strike with the free end of the staff.  While some martial artists have held that the three-section staff was used on the battlefield to entangle horses' legs or to strike around shields, the complexity of the weapon and the length, difficulty of use, lack of sharp tips or edges and other advantages of such traditional battlefield weapons as spears, polearms (such as the "yan yue dao"), swords and so forth meant that the triple staff was more likely restricted to personal self-defense.  One significant weakness of chained weapons in general is a lack of control. At long and intermediate ranges, the strike of a one ends not upon impact but on recoil; even the greatest martial arts masters must use valuable time regaining control of their weapon. Due to the length of the staff sections relative to the length of joining chains, the weapon suffers less from a lack of control than other more flexible chain weapons. In short range mode there are no control issues because the end sections are firmly in hand, and the middle section is unable to move independently. Training with the three-section staff is particularly difficult because it is a multi-mode complex weapon, and is not recommended for beginners. Foam covered versions are now sold to aid in training, but the blows received from the ends on recoil are a relatively rare risk. Instead, the greater danger is the painful impact of the chains or metal parts of the staff that the chains are anchored to upon the hands of the user. This occurs when the staff is improperly used in short range mode and the relative positions of staff sections are rapidly changed, serving as a strong deterrent to casual users. However, motivated self teachers will find the three-section staff and other flexible weapons to be the easiest to learn effectively. This is because flexible weapons provide instant feedback to the user. When used improperly, flexible weapons will either impact upon targets other than those desired, put the user off balance, injure the user, or otherwise be obviously out of control.  To experience the versatility of both single-staff and three-section staff, some manufactures have created a combination weapon made out of metal. The three sections, linked by chains as customary for this type of weapon, screw together to form one single staff. The transition to full staff to sectioned staff can be done in mid-combat with a few twists. Against an opponent, the transition is often masked, adding an element of surprise to the following attacks.  The ends of three-section staffs sometimes break, but can be replaced with pieces of similar weight and thickness to the other parts.  The three-section staff was brought to Okinawa from Fujian Province by Shinko Matayoshi, who incorporated it in Matayoshi Kobudo with two "kata" ("sansetsukon dai ichi", "sansetsukon dai ni") after 1935. Kobudo sansetsukon typically have shorter (usually 50–60 cm.) yet thicker (about 4–5 cm. in diameter) staffs. The sansetsukon is not to be confused with "san bon nunchaku" (三本ヌンチャク).

The three-section staff, triple staff, three-part staff, sansetsukon in Japanese, or originally sanjiegun (, or ), is a Chinese flail weapon that consists of three wooden or metal staffs connected by metal rings or rope. The weapon is also known as 蟠龍棍 "panlong gun", "coiling dragon staff". A more complicated version of the two section staff, the staves can be spun to gather momentum resulting in a powerful strike, or their articulation can be used to strike over or around a shield or other defense.

Der Dreistock, auch Dreigliederstab oder dreiteiliger Stock (chin. 三節棍 / 三节棍 Pinyin Sānjiégùn, Jyutping Saam1zit3gwan3, kant. "Sam Jit Gwun", jap., Hiragana, "Sansetsukon") genannt, ist eine traditionelle chinesische Waffe und gehört zur Kategorie der chinesischen Wushu-Waffen.


Early life.

Juan Carlos Navarro Feijoo was born in Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain. Navarro began playing youth club basketball with a local club in Sant Feliu de Llobregat, called Club Bàsquet Santfeliuenc, at the age of 8. At the age of 12, he moved to the youth clubs of FC Barcelona.

Professional career.

FC Barcelona.

Navarro started playing with the senior men's club of FC Barcelona at the age of 17, making his Spanish ACB League debut on November 23, 1997. That year he was selected to attend the Nike Hoop Summit, but he opted stayed in Europe, and play for the Barcelona pro team. Due to his club obligations, he was also not on the Spanish junior national team that won the Albert Schweitzer Tournament, in Mannheim, in 1998.  With the acquisitions of Dejan Bodiroga and Gregor Fučka in 2003, FC Barcelona won all the competitions they played in that year. It was the first time the club won the EuroLeague championship. By winning the Spanish ACB League, the Spanish King's Cup, and the 2002–03 EuroLeague all in the same year, Barcelona won the coveted Triple Crown championship that year.  With Barcelona, Navarro played on Liga ACB (Spanish League) championship teams eight times: 1999, 2001, 2003, 2004, 2009, 2011, 2012 and 2014; the Spanish King's Cup winners seven times: 2001, 2003, 2007, 2010, 2011, 2013 and 2018; the Spanish Supercup winners five times: 2004, 2009, 2010, 2011 and 2015; the FIBA Korać Cup champions once: 1999; and the EuroLeague champions twice: 2003 and 2010. Navarro helped Barcelona reach the EuroLeague Final Four seven times: 2000, 2003, 2006, 2009, 2010, 2012, and 2014. Navarro was selected to the All-EuroLeague Team seven times: 2006, 2007, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012 and 2013. In 2006, Juan Carlos Navarro earned the regular season Most Valuable Player award of the Spanish Liga ACB. He was named the Spanish Liga ACB Finals Most Valuable Player in 2009 and 2011. He was named the EuroLeague MVP in 2009, and the EuroLeague Final Four MVP in 2010.

Memphis Grizzlies.

As a member of FC Barcelona, Navarro played with players like Sasha Đjorđjević, Artūras Karnišovas, Rony Seikaly, Pau Gasol, and Šarūnas Jasikevičius, which helped make him a better player, and he became one of the most promising young European players, early on in his career with Barcelona. Several NBA mock drafts started to set him as a projected NBA Draft pick.  In the 2001–02 season, Navarro was plagued by injuries, which dropped his NBA Draft stock. Eventually, the Washington Wizards drafted Navarro in the second round (with the 40th pick overall) of the 2002 NBA draft. Navarro subsequently declined the Wizards contract offer, as he preferred to stay with FC Barcelona.  On August 3, 2007, the Washington Wizards traded Navarro's draft rights, to the Memphis Grizzlies, in exchange for a future first-round draft pick. Navarro would later be reunited with his former FC Barcelona and Spain national teammate Pau Gasol, on the Grizzlies. After securing his €10 million euros contract buyout with FC Barcelona, Navarro signed a one year contract with the Memphis Grizzlies of the NBA, and he played with them during the 2007–08 season.  In his rookie NBA season, Navarro was one of the Grizzlies' team leaders in three-point shooting (.361). He was also named to the 2007–08 NBA All-Rookie Second Team, after averaging 10.9 points per game. On June 18, 2008, Navarro decided to leave the NBA and return to Spain. He signed a four-year deal worth €12 million euros net income (with an optional fifth year that would bring the total contract to €15 million euros net income) with Barcelona, his former team. A qualifying contract offer, that had been previously tendered to Navarro by the Memphis Grizzlies, was eventually rescinded by the team on September 10, 2009. That allowed the Grizzlies the cap space to then sign Allen Iverson.

Return to FC Barcelona.

After spending the 2007–08 season in the NBA, with the Memphis Grizzlies, Navarro returned to FC Barcelona in the summer of 2008, on a 4-year €12 million euros net income contract. The contract included a €10 million euros buyout amount. The contract also included an optional fifth year, which brought the total contract to €15 million euros net income. In 2012, Barcelona picked up the fifth optional year of his contract (€3 million euros net income), and extended him for another two additional years, at a salary of €2.6 million per season after that, bringing the total to €8.2 million euros net income over three years.  Over the 2014–15 season, Navarro experienced several injury problems with his right leg. In late December 2014, it was announced that he would miss up to six weeks of action, due to a torn muscle in his right thigh. On June 29, 2015, it was announced by Barcelona that Navarro would miss three months of game action, due to plantar fasciitis on his right foot. Those injuries negatively impacted his performances over the season, in which he had averages of 10.5 points and 3.1 assists per game, on 37% shooting from the field overall, in 17 EuroLeague 2014–15 season games.  On August 17, 2018, Navarro retired from competing in active sports competition, and he joined the FC Barcelona club's head office structure. That fulfilled what had been previously established in the 10 year contract that he signed with the club in September 2017 - that he would join the club's front office, after he retired from playing basketball with the team.  At the time of his retirement from playing professional basketball, Navarro was the EuroLeague's all-time career leader in total Performance Index Rating (PIR) (that record was eventually broken by Vassilis Spanoulis), and also the league's career leader in total points scored (4,152 points) in the modern Euroleague Basketball era of the competition, since the year 2000 (that record was also eventually broken by Spanoulis). Navarro also retired as the all-time career leader in total points scored (4,321 points), in the entire history of the EuroLeague (since 1958), including when the competition was run by FIBA Europe, as he also scored 169 total points in the FIBA EuroLeague 1999–00 season. In March 2019, Navarro's number 11 jersey was retired by the club.

National team career.

Spanish junior national team.

In the summer of 1998, Navarro was a member of the Spanish under-18 junior national team that won the gold medal at the 1998 FIBA Europe Under-18 Championship. He was also one of "The Golden Generation" boys of Spain (along with Felipe Reyes and future NBA players Pau Gasol and Raúl López) that defeated the United States' junior national team at the 1999 FIBA Under-19 World Cup.

Spanish senior national team.

Navarro played with the senior Spanish national team at the 2000 Sydney Summer Olympics. He also played at the 2001 EuroBasket, where he won two games during the tournament with buzzer-beaters. He scored 27 points during the bronze medal game against Germany. At the 2003 EuroBasket in Sweden, Navarro won a silver medal with the Spain's national team.  In Spain's seventh-place finish at the 2004 Athens Summer Olympics, he scored 18 points in Spain's loss against Team USA. At the 2005 EuroBasket, the Spanish national team, playing without Pau Gasol, finished in fourth place. Navarro was the second leading scorer of the tournament, with an average of 25.2 points per game, finishing behind only Dirk Nowitzki. In August 2006, he played on the Spanish national team that won the gold medal at the 2006 FIBA World Championship, after they defeated Greece in the tournament's final; after the Greeks had earlier defeated Team USA, in their semifinal, by a score of 101–95.  In September 2007, Navarro and Spain lost against Russia, in the gold medal game at the 2007 EuroBasket, which was held in Madrid, on Spain's home floor. Navarro was also a member of Spain's national team that won the silver medal at the 2008 Beijing Summer Olympics. Navarro scored 18 points in the gold medal game that Spain lost against Team USA.  As the defending champions, Spain retained their European crown at the 2011 EuroBasket. Navarro led his team with a game-high 27 points in the championship game over France. He earned All-Tournament Team accolades, along with his teammate, Pau Gasol, and he was named the EuroBasket MVP.  Navarro won a silver medal with Spain at the 2012 London Summer Olympics. He also played at the 2014 FIBA World Cup, at the 2016 Rio Summer Olympics, where he won a bronze medal, and at the 2017 EuroBasket, where he also won a bronze medal.

Basketball managerial career.

After Navarro retired from playing professional basketball in August 2018, he began working in the front office of the Spanish Liga ACB club FC Barcelona.

Career statistics.

EuroLeague.

! colspan="14" | FIBA EuroLeague! colspan="14" | "1998–99 FIBA Korać Cup"! colspan="14" | EuroLeague! colspan="14" | "2007–08 Memphis Grizzlies"

Juan Carlos Navarro Feijoo, commonly known as either Juan Carlos Navarro or J. C. Navarro (born June 13, 1980), and nicknamed "La Bomba" (The Bomb), is a Spanish former professional basketball player. During his playing career, at a height of tall and a weight of, he played at the shooting guard position. On March 14, 2014, he was named a EuroLeague Basketball Legend.

Juan Carlos Navarro Feijoo (* 13. Juni 1980 in Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Katalonien) ist ein ehemaliger spanischer Basketballspieler, der während seiner Laufbahn hauptsächlich beim FC Barcelona spielte. Er zählt zu den erfolgreichsten und meistausgezeichneten Akteuren des europäischen Basketballs. Seinen Spitznamen "La Bomba" (die Bombe) verdankt er einem für ihn charakteristischen Wurf, bei dem er den Ball einhändig aus der Mitteldistanz in hohem Bogen über den Gegenspieler hinweg in den Korb warf.


Settlements.

The Terramare, in spite of local differences, is of typical form; each settlement is trapezoidal, with streets arranged in a quadrangular pattern. Some houses are built upon piles even though the village is entirely on dry land and some are not. There is currently no commonly accepted explanation for the piles. The whole is protected by an earthwork strengthened on the inside by buttresses, and encircled by a wide moat supplied with running water. In all over 60 villages are known, almost entirely from Emilia. In the Middle Bronze Age they are no larger than placed at an average density of 1 per. In the Late Bronze Age many sites have been abandoned and the ones that were not are larger, up to.  The remains discovered may be briefly summarized. Stone objects are few. Of bronze (the chief material) axes, daggers, swords, razors, and knives are found, as also minor implements, such as sickles, needles, pins, brooches, etc. Also remarkable is the finding of a large number of stone moulds, needed to obtain the bronze objects. There are also objects of bone and wood, besides pottery (both coarse and fine), amber, and glass paste. Small clay figures, chiefly of animals (though human figures are found at Castellazzo), are interesting as being practically the earliest specimens of plastic art found in Italy.

Society.

The occupations of the terramare people as compared with their Neolithic predecessors may be inferred with comparative certainty. They remained hunters, but also had domesticated animals; they were fairly skilful metallurgists, casting bronze in moulds of stone and clay; they were also agriculturists, cultivating beans, grapes, wheat, and flax.  According to William Ridgeway the dead were treated to inhumation: further investigation, however, of the cemeteries shows that both inhumation and cremation were practiced, with cremated remains placed in ossuaries; practically no objects were found in the urns. Cremation may have been a later introduction.

Development and collapse.

For the early phases of the Middle Bronze Age it is plausible to think of the Terramare in terms of a polycentric settlement system, with apparently no substantial differences between one village and another. The density of dwellings rose, and in the MB2 (1550–1450 BC) is worthy of note. There are areas, coinciding with those that have been most extensively investigated, in which the inhabited settlements in this phase are no more than 2 kilometres one from the other. It can therefore be supposed that the entire territory was occupied by a tight-knit network of villages, a polycentric system with settlements generally covering between 1 and 2 hectares and occupied by up to 250/260 inhabitants (about 125 per hectare). At that point, the dimension of the settlements began to vary. Until the MB2, their size did not normally exceed two hectares, but during the MB3 (1450–1350 BC), there was a substantial increase in the surface area occupied by certain of these settlements, while others remained limited in size or disappeared altogether. This tendency was consolidated in the LBA. Several of these settlements cover an area of up to 20 hectares. The size of the embankments and ditches can reach remarkable proportions, some exceeding 30 metres in width. For the more advanced phase of the Middle Bronze Age, and above all during the Late Bronze Age (1350–1150 BC), we can hypothesise a greater degree of diversified territorial organisation, including centres which are larger and tending towards hegemony, adjacent to smaller sites. In certain areas during the LBA, we see a higher frequency of sites occupying a larger extension and a scant presence of small-size settlements, perhaps due to a marked tendency towards concentration of population. This trend seems to be accentuated during the advanced LBA, when the overall number of settlements decreases, with a tendency towards concentration in larger-size settlements and probable subordination of the smaller settlements to the larger ones.  Around 1200 BC a serious crisis began for the terramare culture that within a few years led to the abandonment of all the settlements; the reasons for this crisis, roughly contemporaneous with the Late Bronze Age collapse in the eastern Mediterranean, are still not entirely clear, it seems possible that in the face of an incipient overpopulation (between 150,000 and 200,000 individuals were calculated) and depletion of natural resources, a series of drought periods led to a deep economic crisis, famine, and consequently the disruption of the political order, which caused the collapse of society. Around 1150 BC the terramare were completely abandoned, with no settlements replacing them. The plains, especially in the area of Emilia, were abandoned for several centuries, and only in the Roman era they regain the density of population reached during the terramare period.  It has been suggested that the memory of the fate of the terramare culture may have lasted for centuries, until it was recorded by Dionysius of Halicarnassus, in his first book on the Roman Antiquities, as the fate of the Pelasgians. In his record the Pelasgians occupied the Po Valley up to two generations before the Trojan War, but were forced, by a series of famines of which they could not understand the reason, or find a solution, to leave their once-fertile land and move to the south, where they merged with the Aborigines.

Theories of ethnic identity.

Great differences of opinion have arisen as to the origin and ethnographic relations of the Terramare population.  Edoardo Brizio, in his "Epoca preistorica" (1898), advanced a theory that the Terramare population had been the original Ligurians. Brizio believed that the Ligures, at some early point, took to erecting pile dwellings, although why they should have abandoned their previously unprotected hut-settlements for elaborate fortifications is unclear. While Brizio did not envision invading peoples until long after the Terramare period, the pile dwellings, ramparts and moats at Terramare sites have usually seemed more akin to military defenses, than the prevention of inundation during regular flooding; for instance, Terramare buildings usually stood on hills. There are other difficulties of a similar character with Brizio's theory.  Luigi Pigorini (1842–1925) proposed that a population derived from the Terramare culture was a dominant component of the Proto-Villanovan culture – especially in its northern and Campanian phases and the Terramare culture has been an Indo-European-speaking population, the ancestors of the "Italici", i.e. the Italic-speaking peoples. Pigorini also attributed to the "Italici" a tradition of lake dwellings, modified in Italy into Terramare-style pile dwelling on dry land. More recently, Italian archeologist Andrea Cardarelli has proposed re-evaluations of contemporaneous Greek accounts, such as that of Dionysius of Halicarnassus, and to link the Terramare culture to the Pelasgians – whom the Greeks generally equated with the Tyrrhenians and specifically, therefore, the Etruscans.

Terramare, Terramara, or Terremare is a technology complex mainly of the central Po valley, in Emilia-Romagna, Northern Italy, dating to the Middle and Late Bronze Age c. 1700–1150 BC. It takes its name from the "black earth" residue of settlement mounds. "Terramare" is from "terra marna", "marl-earth", where marl is a lacustrine deposit. It may be any color but in agricultural lands it is most typically black, giving rise to the "black earth" identification of it. The population of the terramare sites is called the terramaricoli. The sites were excavated exhaustively in 1860–1910.

Die Terramare-Kultur war eine etwa zwischen 1750 und 1150 v. Chr., also während der mittleren Bronzezeit, in Norditalien verbreitete Kultur. Sie erstreckte sich über die Poebene, insbesondere südlich des Flusses (in der Emilia-Romagna), sowie im Gebiet um Verona in Venetien und im Friaul, aber auch in der Lombardei, dort hauptsächlich am Gardasee.


Early life.

Princess Luise Margarete was born at Marmorpalais (Marble Palace) near Potsdam, Kingdom of Prussia. Her father was Prince Friedrich Karl of Prussia (1828–1885), the son of Karl of Prussia (1801–1883) and his wife Princess Marie of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach (1808–1877). Her mother was Princess Maria Anna of Anhalt (1837–1906), daughter of Leopold IV of Anhalt-Dessau. Her father, a nephew of the German Emperor Wilhelm I, distinguished himself as a field commander during the Battle of Metz and the campaigns west of Paris in the 1870–71 Franco-Prussian War. Her father was a double cousin of the German Emperor Friedrich III, the husband of her sister-in-law, Victoria, Princess Royal.

Marriage.

On 13 March 1879, Princess Luise Margarete married Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn at St. George's Chapel Windsor. Prince Arthur was the seventh child and third son of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. The couple received a great number of expensive gifts; the Queen's gift consisted of a diamond tiara, a pearl and diamond pendant. Many members of England and Germany's royal families attended; these included the Prince and Princess of Wales. After her marriage, Princess Louise was styled "Her Royal Highness The Duchess of Connaught and Strathearn" and her name was Anglicised as Louise Margaret.

Duchess of Connaught.

The Duchess of Connaught spent the first twenty years of her marriage accompanying her husband on his various deployments throughout the British Empire. The Duke and Duchess of Connaught acquired Bagshot Park in Surrey as their country home and after 1900 used Clarence House as their London residence. She accompanied her husband to Canada in 1911, when he began his term as Governor-General. In 1916, she became colonel-in-chief of the 199th Canadian (Overseas) Infantry Battalion (The Duchess of Connaught's Own Irish-Canadian Rangers), CEF. In 1885, she became chief of the 64th (8th Brandenburg) Regiment of Infantry "Field Marshal General Prince Friedrich Karl of Prussia", Prussian Army.

Death and legacy.

The Duchess of Connaught died of influenza and bronchitis at Clarence House. She became the first member of the British Royal Family to be cremated. This was done at Golders Green Crematorium. The procedure of burying ashes in an urn was still unfamiliar at the time, and her urn was transported in an ordinary coffin during the funeral ceremonies. Her ashes were eventually buried at the Royal Burial Ground, Frogmore. The Duke of Connaught survived her by almost twenty-five years.  The maternity hospital adjacent to the Cambridge Military Hospital at Aldershot was named in her honour as the Louise Margaret Maternity Hospital.

Princess Louise Margaret of Prussia (Louise Margaret Alexandra Victoria Agnes; later Duchess of Connaught and Strathearn; 25 July 1860 – 14 March 1917) was a German princess, and later a member of the British Royal Family, the wife of Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn. She also served as the Viceregal Consort of Canada, when her husband served as the Governor General of Canada from 1911 to 1916. King Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden and Queens Margrethe II of Denmark and Anne-Marie of Greece are among her great-grandchildren.

Prinzessin Luise Margarete Alexandra Viktoria Agnes von Preußen VA (* 25. Juli 1860 in Potsdam; † 14. März 1917 in Clarence House) war eine preußische Prinzessin, später Mitglied der britischen Königsfamilie durch ihre Heirat mit Prinz Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn.


Background.

After a five-year hiatus, Jon Bon Jovi and Richie Sambora released solo albums. In 1999, Jon Bon Jovi was planning to release a third solo album but the band started work on their new album in the summer of 1999. Its working title was "Sex Sells". Posters using this title are seen in and around New York in the video for "Real Life" – the band's then most recent single. Another working title was "One Wild Night". The latter was resurrected for a live compilation the following year.  An initial plan to team up producers Bob Rock and Bruce Fairbairn fell through because of the latter's death. An audition process was set up, but the band was uninterested by the producers interviewed. Eventually Bon Jovi asked A&R executive John Kalodner if he knew up-and-coming producers, and he recommended Luke Ebbin. He was brought to Bon Jovi's home studio in New Jersey, and took a demo with only vocals and acoustic guitar to add programming, string and background vocal arrangements. On his return, Ebbin was hired. The choice was fortuitous as it allowed Bon Jovi to update their sound with a smattering of loops and impressive arrangements.

Release and reception.

"Crush" debuted at number 9 on the "Billboard" 200 on the issue dated July 1, 2000 with 115,000 copies sold in contrast to their last set, "These Days" (1995), which debuted with 73,000 units, it stayed at number nine for a week before dropping to number 29 and spent 51 weeks on the chart. It was certified two times platinum by the RIAA, denoting shipments of two millions in the US. As of March, 2009 the album has sold 2,071,000 copies in the United States according to Nielsen SoundScan. "Crush" debuted at No. 1 in the UK on June 10, 2000 and became the band's fifth consecutive UK No. 1 album, it stayed at the top of the chart for a week before dropping to number four, it remained on the chart for thirty nine weeks. It was certified platinum by the BPI on September 1, 2000 for shipments of 300,000 units. The album also topped the European Top 100 Albums chart for seven weeks, spent fifteen weeks in the Top 10, and received double platinum certification by the IFPI Europe. The album was No. 6 on the 2000 Europe Year-End albums chart and No. 7 on the 2000 worldwide year end albums chart. The first single also featuring a music video, "It's My Life" was the No. 3 best-selling single worldwide in 2000 and topped the European singles chart for 4 weeks. "Say It Isn't So" and "Thank You For Loving Me" were also released as singles for the album featuring music videos.  "Crush" was mostly well received by critics. It was the first Bon Jovi album ever to be nominated for a Grammy. In a review for "Allmusic", Steve Huey expressed the opinion that "Crush" was a "solidly crafted mainstream rock record that's much better than most might expect." "Rolling Stone" "Magazine" gave the album 3 stars out of 5 and described "It's My Life" as "a Britney track shot through the heart with Richie Sambora's voice-box guitar." "Entertainment Weekly" gave it a B and said that "if the Jersey rockers haven't matured much, it hardly matters. "Crush" — for all its sappy ballads and suburban pop fairy tales — is classic Bon Jovi. And that's not an oxymoron."

Crush is the seventh studio album by American rock band Bon Jovi. It was released on June 13, 2000, by Island Records. It was produced by Jon Bon Jovi, Richie Sambora, and Luke Ebbin. The album marks the longest timespan between studio albums for the band, with five years between the release of "These Days" (1995) and this album. After the initial plan to team up with producer Bruce Fairbairn fell through because of his death a year earlier, Bon Jovi and Sambora hired Luke Ebbin to update their sound with a smattering of loops and impressive arrangements.

Crush () (engl. für etwa: „"Massenandrang"“) ist das siebte Studioalbum der US-amerikanischen Rockband Bon Jovi. Es erschien fünf Jahre nach ihrem letzten Studioalbum "These Days". Es zählt zu den bestverkauften Alben des Jahres 2000 und brachte der Band den Erfolg in ihrem Heimatland zurück. Das Album wurde besonders durch die Single "It’s My Life" bekannt.


History.

Ursprung was first mentioned in 1122 CE. It was a small farm near the village of "Ursprinch". Its roots date to a brewery built in 1682. Shortly thereafter, the was constructed and remains part of the school. The first students enrolled in Klessheim in 1963. In 1968, when the school was finished being built, they completed their studies at Ursprung. In 1985, the school made a big change. The farm switched from conventional agriculture to organic. First, it was only an agricultural school, but since 1997 there has been a new branch called. After the introduction of the environmental technology branch, more and more girls joined the school. The number of girls increased steadily and today the student body is more than one third female. As a consequence of the high number of students enrolling, they had to build a second boarding school. Since the additional implementation of the branch, the number of students has increased further and so there will be a plan for more classrooms and a third boarding school in the near future.

Subjects and projects.

A wide range and variety of subjects are offered at HLFS Urspung along the tracks of three major branches of study: "Umwelttechnik" (Environmental Technology), "Landwirtschaft" (Agriculture), and "Aufbaulehrgang" (Advanced training).

Agricultural.

Because Ursprung is an agricultural school, agricultural subjects are very important. These subjects include:

Academic.

Natural sciences.

Natural sciences are needed to get a basic knowledge of natural processes. This is particularly important because other subjects, like animal breeding or crop growing, are based on them. Academic subjects, on the other hand, include Physics, Chemistry, Biology and Geography. Furthermore, the school provides a branch of study that is called "environmental technology". In this branch, ways of renewable energy production are presented and the students learn how to calculate energy losses and ways to avoid them.

Economics.

A big part of education at HLFS Ursprung is basic knowledge of the international economy. Students attending Ursprung learn a lot about marketing and accounting due to its importance to farmers. Quality Management, an increasingly important topic to farmers, is also taught in relation to the other economic subjects.

Languages.

German and German History of Literature classes create an important base for many other subjects, but students also learn foreign languages, like English. After two years, students can decide to learn Spanish in addition to the other languages, or specialize in English.

Practice.

Theoretical knowledge is essential, but practice and practical knowledge are even more essential. So, students get the chance to work in every part of the school farm: the cow shed, the forestry shop, the metal and wood workshops, and also in the butchery. The other part of practical education takes place in the laboratory, where students analyze soil, feed, water and many other substances.

Other subjects.

Like every other school, Ursprung has a number of basic subjects like: P.E., religion, and justice. Additionally, Ursprung has a special class for communication and presentation as these skills are increasingly important nowadays.

Matura.

The Matura is the exam for finishing school at Ursprung. It consists of two parts. First, there is the written part, where students can choose between Business Studies or English and German. Then, there is a project week in which they have to solve problems through practical applications and exercises. The questions can be about Livestock Farming, Crop Management, Environmental Management, Chemical Laboratory, Microbiological Laboratory, Business Studies, Agriculture Machinery Technology and Rural Development. The second part is the oral test where you can choose from the following subjects: German, Applied Mathematics, Crop Management, Livestock Farming, Genetic Engineering, History, Spanish, Environmental Management, Rural Development and Religion. After passing the exam, there is a mass and the students celebrate their successful completion of the Matura together.

Projects.

There are many projects organized by students or teachers to increase the abilities of organization and teamwork. Through these projects the students have a chance to accrue experiences relating to social skills, learning, motivating and organizing a team, acting as a team leader, or simply recognizing the importance of workers in our society.

Company planning.

The students have to think about a business idea and start a fictional company. Thereafter, they interact with other fictional companies in Austria.

Junior company.

In order to gain more practical experience, the students can also decide to found a "Junior Company", instead of a mock one.

GBT (Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology).

This is also an elective. First, students have a course to get the basics of genetic engineering and biotechnology. Then, one can continue with different projects.

PMA (Project Management).

In general one thinks of a project, which has to be turned into reality in one school year. In 2012, for instance, the school yard was redesigned by students.

Impact.

Every year some students join a course to learn about new agricultural methods or animals. This project lasts about 3 weeks and takes place in different European countries.

Facilities.

The HLFS-Ursprung has many different outdoor and indoor facilities and its own farm where the students learn practical skills.  The gym was built in 1993.  The school has three labs. There is one microbiology lab and two chemistry labs. In these labs, the students practice their theoretical knowledge in chemistry and microbiological processes.  There are two stables, an old one, which was built before the school started and a new one which was built in 2003. The new stable is an exercise pen with access to the outside and includes an automatic feeding station as well as a milking parlour where you can milk six cows at the same time. The old stable is used for breeding pigs, chickens, geese, calves and sheep and the animals have access to the outside as well. In general, there is a focus on animal welfare at the school.  At the butcher shop, the students get insights into the life of a butcher. They learn how to slaughter animals and how to process the meat into different products like sausages or bacon. The produced goods get sold to teachers, students and customers.  In the forge, which was built in 1994, the students learn how to use a welder and how to work with different types of metals. The forge contains a blacksmith workshop, a couple of welding machines and CNC (computerized numerical control) mills as well.  The carpenter’s workshop is another facility at the school where the students learn practical skills.  Today, the school library contains more than 5,000 books and includes all books which the students need for the oral "Matura", or college-entry exam.

Events.

The school is traditional and Christian-orientated, so there are various religious events during the school year. The Austrian way of Thanksgiving, Anklöpfeln, and Advent are celebrated. Due to the mostly rural origin of the students, these events are a fixed part of the school year and it should foster in the students a desire to pass the traditions on to the next generation.  It is one of the biggest events during the whole school year. Due to the fact that HLFS Ursprung is rooted in strong tradition, there is also a mass in school and afterwards all students go to dinner and celebrate together.  This is an old tradition in Ursprung. Students go to the village near school and sing from house-to-house. The money that is collected is given to a charity project.  Celebrating the time before Christmas, the music department of the school invites people to a concert. It is a real atmospherically-charged concert and people enjoy it.  This is a week where the 4th-year-students go to a lake or to an ocean to have a week full of exercising and sport. It also demonstrates how much fun sports can be.  The students have a chance to go skiing and improve their skills for a whole week in Vorarlberg or Tyrol.  The school is part of the"European Network of Innovative Schools". ENIS is a network of European schools, where information technologies are very important. ENIS currently includes 40 partner schools in Austria, which got the certificate because of their special features and project work. HLFS Ursprung is characterized by the implementation of the specified criteria. Exchange of experience and information at the school level is one of the main objectives of this European network.  The "Umweltzeichen" is a certificate which is commissioned by the Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Ministry of Education. The HLFS Ursprung in particular has environmental and social responsibility. The label for schools is not only just about the eco-standard for the school building or the development of a waste management concept, but also to the quality of the learning culture, valuing the social climate at school and the promotion of students’health. In the kitchen, for example, the food has to be organic, and there is a big animal-welfare priority. The school has to do without chemicals, so cleaners, for instance, are replaced with environmentally-friendly products.  The SLK GesmbH works on the principles of the "European Standard"and they are responsible for the certification. The aim of organic farming is to produce natural foods under consideration and protection of natural resources such as soil and water.These are based on European production guidelines, which are reviewed and certified by independent monitoring bodies such as the SLK (Salzburger Landwirtschaftliche Kontrolle). The requirement to maintain the label does not end at the school-owned farm, the kitchen too functions according to organic guidelines.

Notable alumni.

Martin Legner was born on 17 December 1961 in Tyrol and is the most successful wheelchair-enabled tennis player in Austria. He has reached the third place in the world ranking list in 2007. The Tyrolian has won eight double titles (six Australian Open titles and two French Open titles) with Robin Ammerlaan since 2000.

The HLFS (Höhere land- und forstwirtschaftliche Schule) Urspung school is one of a few agricultural schools found in Austria and the flagship agricultural school for all western Austrian states. The school is located in the town of Elixhausen, within the Austrian state of Salzburg.

Die Höhere Bundeslehranstalt für Landwirtschaft, Ursprung (HBLA Ursprung), ist die zentrale höhere landwirtschaftliche Ausbildungsstätte für die westlichen Bundesländer Österreichs und befindet sich in Ursprung, welche zur Gemeinde Elixhausen im österreichischen Bundesland Salzburg gehört.


How it works.

Static posturography is carried out by placing the patient in a standing posture on a fixed instrumented platform (forceplate) connected to sensitive detectors (force and movement transducers), which are able to detect the tiny oscillations of the body. Dynamic posturography differentiates from static posturography generally by using a special apparatus with a movable horizontal platform. As the patient makes small movements, they transmit in real time to a computer. The computer is also used to command electric motors which can move the forceplate in the horizontal direction (translation) as well as to incline it (rotations). Thus, the posturography test protocols generate a sequence of standardized motions in the support platform in order to disequilibrate the patient's posture in an orderly and reproducible way. The platform is contained within an enclosure which can also be used to generate apparent visual surround motions. These stimuli are calibrated relative to the patient's height and weight. A special computer software integrates all this and produces detailed graphics and reports which can then be compared with normal ranges.

Components of Balance.

Center of gravity (COG) is an important component of balance and should be assessed when evaluating someone’s posture. COG is often measured with COP (Center of pressure) because COG is hard to quantify. According to Lafage et al. (2008) the COG should be located at the midpoint of the base of support if an individual has ideal posture. COP excursion and velocity are indicators of control over COG and are key factors for identifying proper posture and the ability to maintain balance. COP excursion is defined by Collins & De Luca (1992) as the Euclidean*LINK* displacement in the anterior/posterior and medial/lateral directions within the base of support (perimeter around the feet). With poor posture and / or exaggerated spinal curvatures it is possible that the COP excursion would increase which can cause instability as the COP shifts towards the perimeter of the base of support.

Types of Tests.

The test protocols usually include a Sensory Organization Test (SOT), Limits of Stability Test (LOS), a Motor Control Test (MCT) and an Adaptation Test (ADT). The SOT test was developed by Nashner and is a computerized system that is made up of dual movable force plates and movable visual screen (EquiTest). During the test the patient is instructed to stand still and quietly with eyes open or closed depending on which of the six tests is being administered. The patient performs multiple trials per test; a description of these tests can be found in the table below. The SOT test is based off the fact that there are three sensory systems mainly involved in maintaining balance (vision, vestibular, and proprioceptive). Minute spontaneous body sways are measured as well as reactions provoked by unexpected abrupt movements of the platform and the visual surroundings. Differences in these sways and reactions to system perturbations help to determine the patients ability to effectively use visual, vestibular, and proprioceptive input to maintain posture. Wrisley et al. (2007) found that there are learning effects associated with the SOT test and therefore it could be used clinically to assess, improve and track changes in balance. The limits of stability (LOS) is defined as the distance outside the base of support that can be traveled before a loss of balance occurs. The LOS test is frequently used to quantify this distance and has been suggested as a hybrid between static and dynamic balance assessment. During this test the patient stands on the platform as directed above in the SOT test. The patient watches their movements on a screen so they can see each of the eight LOS targets. The patient begins with their COP directly in the center of the targets (displayed as a figure as a computerized person). At the onset of the test, the patient attempts to lean in the direction of the indicated perimeter target, without lifting their feet, and hold there until the test is complete.  According to necessity of the diagnostic workup, CDP can be combined with other techniques, such as electronystagmography (ENG) and electromyography.  The main indications for CDP are dizziness and vertigo, and postural imbalances (balance disorders).

Posturography is the technique used to quantify postural control in upright stance in either static or dynamic conditions. Among them, Computerized dynamic posturography (CDP), also called test of balance (TOB), is a non-invasive specialized clinical assessment technique used to quantify the central nervous system adaptive mechanisms (sensory, motor and central) involved in the control of posture and balance, both in normal (such as in physical education and sports training) and abnormal conditions (particularly in the diagnosis of balance disorders and in physical therapy and postural re-education). Due to the complex interactions among sensory, motor, and central processes involved in posture and balance, CDP requires different protocols in order to differentiate among the many defects and impairments which may affect the patient's posture control system. Thus, CDP challenges it by using several combinations of visual and support surface stimuli and parameters.

Die Posturographie (Gleichgewichtsanalyse) ist ein Verfahren zur Ermittlung der Funktionsfähigkeit der Gleichgewichtsregulation unter Belastung der unteren Extremitäten. Unter Verwendung einer Messplattform, die mittels Kraftsensoren die Gewichtsverlagerungen ermittelt und aufzeichnet, werden der Schwerpunkt und das Schwingungsverhalten des Körpers und die Lastverteilung über den Füßen ermittelt. Die Daten über das Schwingungsverhalten und die Lastverteilung gelten als Indikatoren für Balance, Stabilität und Symmetrie. Die Ergebnisse der Messungen liefern Hinweise für Diagnose und Therapie.


Personal life.

Nordstoga grew up at Plassen in Vinje, Telemark, the homestead of author Aasmund Olavsson Vinje. He hails from a hugely cultural family. His mother, Ellen Bojer Nordstoga is a folk singer. His father, Olav Nordstoga is a folk singer, former politician and the chairman of the Vinje Literary Days. In addition, brother Aasmund Nordstoga has made a name for himself as a singer, dancer, actor and radio and TV presenter. Organist Kåre Nordstoga is his second cousin.  Nordstoga resides in Lambertseter, a borough of Oslo, together with his wife and three children.

Early career.

His career as a recording artist spans 8 years. He made his debut as a recording artist in 1997 with the band Something Odd and their self-titled debut. This album earned them a record deal with BMG Norway and they swiftly released the follow-up "Solreven" in 1998. Two minor radio-hits, the folk rock inspired "Fuggel i Karmen" and the haunting ballad "Ingen eg kjenner", came out of this album, but the album sold poorly and the band was dropped from their label. In 2000, Odd Nordstoga changed the name of Something Odd to simply Nordstoga, signed to the Norwegian label Grappa and released a more pop music oriented self-titled album. A couple of minor radio hits, "Dag" and "Bie på deg", ensued. Nordstoga won Norway's prestigious Edvardprisen Award for "Bie på Deg". However, soon afterwards they disbanded.  Between 2001-2003, Odd Nordstoga concentrated most of his efforts towards the more traditional folk music of Telemark. With his other band Blåmann Blåmann (named after the poem by Aasmund O. Vinje), consisting of Nordstoga and his friends from Vinje, guitarist Asgaut H. Bakken, flute player Silje Hegg and harding fiddle virtuoso Lars Underdal, he released a self-titled album to great reviews in 2001, and scored a radio hit in "Tippe Tippe Tuve". In 2002 he teamed up with highly respected Norwegian folk musician Øyonn Groven Myhren (amongst other things known from the folk ensemble Dvergmål) to write, perform and release the album "Nivelkinn", based on poems by Telemark poet Aslaug Vaa. This collaboration scored a couple of minor radio hits in "Uppi Måneskin" and "Guten og Folen", and earned them the Spellemannprisen award (Norwegian equivalent of the Grammy) in 2003 for best folk music album. Nordstoga was also involved in a book release in 2002, namely the song book "Song for deg og meg" ("Song for you and me") which he edited, consisting of children songs written in Nynorsk, one of Norway's two written standards. In 2014 he received the Nynorsk User of the Year award.

Breakthrough.

It was also in 2003 that the mainstream opened its eyes to Nordstoga as he teamed up with famous singer/actress/writer Herborg Kråkevik to write and perform the title track from her Édith Piaf-cabaret, entitled "Eg & Edith". The cabaret and its soundtrack, although greatly anticipated, was a minor flop in terms of album sales and tickets sold, whereas the title track proved to be a nice radio hit for the duo. Nordstoga, together with lyricist Stein Versto (another Vinje native), also contributed with the track "Rosevev" on this album.  Nordstoga had previously worked with Kråkevik in the film "Det Rare", based on a short story by famous Norwegian writer Tarjei Vesaas.  In 2004, Nordstoga signed for Universal Records and made his definitive breakthrough with the album "Luring", selling 150.000 copies and spending 14 weeks on top of the Norwegian album charts. The lead single from the album, about a howling pig entitled "Kveldssong for deg og meg", is already a Norwegian evergreen and one of the most played songs on Norwegian radio in 2004. "Texas", "Lause Ting", "Hallo Hallo" and "Farvel til deg" from the same album also became massive radio hits for Nordstoga.  The tour in the wake of the album, the so-called "Luringtur" tour, which Nordstoga played together with his backing band Daz Nordstogaz Allstars, played to a 60.000 strong crowd. At the Spellemannprisen Awards in February 2005, Nordstoga won two awards as he was named best male artist and Artist of the Year. In the summer of 2005, Nordstoga once again took to the road for the ""Luringtur" MK II" tour.  Nordstoga has also been involved in TV productions. In 2004 he did the music for the Norwegian children's series "Linus i Svingen" that was broadcast on NRK 1, Norway's public broadcaster. The theme song, "Svingensongen", is being released in 2005 on the compilation album "Tidenes beste barneplate 2". He has also been involved with the music for Norway's vastly popular UHU! series.  In June 2005, Nordstoga teamed up with some of Norway's finest jazz musicians and performed the piece "Pilegrim" to great acclaim at Festspillene i Bergen (Bergen Music Festival). the lyrics were written by lyricists Stein Versto and Ragnar Hovland, both previously involved in the "Luring" production. In August 2005, he made a cameo appearance with Norwegian rap-collective Klovner i Kamp, singing the chorus to their single "Syng".  Odd Nordstoga has also done projects for 'The Salvation Army' and folk music projects with different people, amongst other things, renditions of the famous Telemark piece "Storegut" with brother Aasmund and Lars Underdal, and guest appearances with the band Fake It or Leave It who play Beatles songs Norwegian folk music style.  Nordstoga released his follow-up to "Luring" in October 2006. Entitled "Heim Te Mor", the album received a great deal of airplay and acclaim from critics all over Norway. The radio single and title track "Heim Te Mor" became a radio hit upon release in September 2006, marking another milestone for Nordstoga as this release marks his first music video as a solo artist, an animated video based on a Nordstoga concert in his local community made by the Animidas film maker crew. With radio single number two "Frøken Franzen" coinciding with the album's release, Odd Nordstoga looks set for another album success. He is also responsible for the soundtrack to the forthcoming Christmas children series "Jul i Svingen" on Norway's NRK TV channel, which is the follow-up to "Linus i Svingen".  Nordstoga released the songbook "Songfuggel i Karmen" in 2007, containing his greatest hits and his personal favourites. In 2008 the album "Pilegrim" was released to great acclaim, securing the third bestseller in a row for the artist. In the autumn of the same year Nordstoga, together with his brother Aasmund Nordstoga and fiddler Per Anders Buen Garnås, toured Norway with a revamped version of the Storegut performance.

"Strålande Jul" and sales record.

On November 9, 2009 Nordstoga released the album "Strålande Jul" together with Norwegian soprano Sissel Kyrkjebø. The album is a collection of Norwegian, Swedish and Danish Christmas songs. The album was issued under the moniker "Sissel & Odd" and accompanied by a series of concerts in Scandinavia. In an attempt to sell more records in the age of downloading the album was partly released through the grocery store chain Coop Norge whereby its members could buy the album at a reduced price. The gimmick paid off, securing a sale of over 100.000 copies in its first week of release alone, of which 60.000 were sold in Coop stores. With the album selling well in both Norway and Sweden, it was released in Denmark on December 1, 2009. It was revealed by the end of 2009 that this album was the best selling album of the 2000s in Norway, selling 400,000 copies.

Controversy.

In the autumn of 2006, Odd Nordstoga was the cause of a controversy between the Norwegian national broadcaster NRK, his management, Universal Records and the producers and cast of Norwegian-Swedish folk music adaptation of the Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart piece "The Magic Flute" ("Tryllefløyten"). Nordstoga, having played Papageno in the piece in the spring of 2006, withdrew from the plans to show the stage adaptation on NRK TV during Christmas 2006. According to Nordstoga's management and label, a screening of the play at this time would collide with Nordstoga's two album releases of 2006 and overexpose him. The result was a massive outburst from some of his contemporaries in the Norwegian folk music scene, most prominently the folk singer Kirsten Bråten Berg. In the media, Nordstoga was portrayed as the villain, letting his personal career interfere with the ensemble of which he was part. In later interviews, Nordstoga claims to have been very sad about the situation and felt trapped by his obligations toward his recording company.

Crossover.

Odd Nordstoga has showed remarkable crossover potential in his career. He has collaborated with leading Norwegian artists and musicians from a wide variety of genres including folk music, jazz, electronica, chanson, hip hop, rock, classical music and pop. In addition to this, Nordstoga has shown that he is a "jack-of-all-trades" within the cultural field having performed in and helped writing cabarets, opera, edited books and acted in a film.

International career.

Nordstoga is for the most part famous within Norway. However, together with Rikskonsertene, he carried out a tour of China in 2008. In concurrence with the release of the Christmas album "Strålande Jul" he toured Sweden as well as appearing on Norwegian-Swedish talkshow "Skavlan". The album peaked at #17 in the Swedish Charts. The album will also be released in Denmark.

Dialect.

Being from Vinje in the traditional district of Vest-Telemark, Nordstoga writes and performs most of his original work in his native Telemark dialect. He also speaks the dialect privately and in the media. This has become a trademark for him and gained him respect from language organizations, as well as parodies and, to a small extent, ridicule from parts of the population without a distinct dialect. He was awarded the Telemark County Travel Industry Award for 2010 for using his dialect to promote the county of Telemark in a positive way.

Chart history.

All of Odd Nordstoga's solo albums have charted highly in the Norwegian Top 40 Albums Chart. "Luring" stayed in the charts for 38 weeks in 2004-2005 and peaked at no. 1. "Heim te Mor" stayed in the charts for 19 weeks in 2006-2007 and peaked at no. 2. "Pilegrim" stayed in the charts for 17 weeks in 2008-2009 and peaked at no. 2. The album "Strålande Jul" marked Nordstoga's first international hit album, entering the Swedish Top 40 Charts at #37 in its first week., and peaking at #17 in its third week. In Norway, the same album entered at #2, selling 100.000 copies in its first week, eventually reaching #1 in its second week. His latest album "November" debuted at no. 1 on the Norwegian charts.  The soundtrack album for the NRK series "Jul i Svingen", written in its entirety by Odd Nordstoga and John VInge, charted for 4 weeks in 2006, peaking at no. 22.  Nordstoga's single "Heim te Mor" spent 16 weeks on the Norwegian Top 20 Singles Chart in 2006-2007 peaking at no. 5. The single "Min Eigen Song" stayed in the charts for one week only in 2008, peaking at no. 19.  The album "Eg & Edith" by Herborg Kråkevik, of which Odd Nordstoga was a substantial contributor both as a musician and songwriter, stayed in the Norwegian charts for 7 weeks in 2002 and peaked at no. 21.

Other projects.

Audio books:

Appearances.

TV shows.

Odd Nordstoga has appeared in, amongst others, these TV shows

Radio shows.

Odd Nordstoga has appeared in, amongst others, these radio shows

Odd Nordstoga (born 10 December 1972) is a folk singer, musician, actor and editor from Vinje in Telemark, Norway. In 2004, he went from relative obscurity to becoming the country's biggest selling recording artist, with the phenomenal success of his first solo album proper, ""Luring"". The album, a fusion of pop and Norwegian folk music, has sold more than 160,000 copies in Norway to date and earned him several Spellemannsprisen awards. For the album "Strålande Jul", released together with Sissel Kyrkjebø, he won an unprecedented 11 Norwegian platinum trophies.

Odd Nordstoga (* 10. Dezember 1972 in Vinje, Norwegen) ist ein norwegischer Musiker, Sänger und Komponist aus Vinje (Telemark). 2004 hatte er großen Erfolg mit seinem ersten Soloalbum „Luring“. Das Album, eine Mischung aus Popmusik und traditioneller Volksmusik und mit Texten auf Nynorsk, verkaufte sich in Norwegen mehr als 150.000 Mal. 2008 erschien das Album "Pilegrim".


Advantages.

The advantages of a flapwheel over a traditional disk are twofold:

Development.

They appeared in the 1950s and their use was encouraged by developments in gas turbines. These demanded an increased production of fine investment castings that required careful polishing. In particular, the high centrifugal stresses these experienced in service required a finishing technique that did not give rise to oriented scratches that could act as stress risers.  The first flapwheels were made from cut sheets of abrasive, stacked into a multi-layered flat disk. These gained the advantage of long life from their materials, but their geometry was still flat and so they tended to produce surface flats if not carefully handled.  Early flapwheels were large diameter and intended for use on fixed buffing machines. They were used for deburring and polishing of castings, often instead of wire wheels. These cut faster, with less burnishing and surface contamination from the bristles.  Portable flapwheels were made by bonding radial flaps of abrasive into a hub fitted with a spindle shank. These were intended for use with electric drills and were limited to a maximum speed of around 1,000 rpm.  With developments in abrasive coating, the sheet material could withstand greater forces and speeds. This allowed the production of flapwheels for use with high speed angle grinders. These disks were different in format: flatter, like the original rigid angle grinder disks, and with the flaps arranged in a densely overlapped layout rather than radial. The extra lifetime this gave to the disk allowed their use for stock removal and metal shaping, not just finishing and polishing.  The flexibility of a flapwheel is an advantage for smoothing curved work and avoids the production of facets, as was a problem for rigid disks. This was taken further advantage of with the development of foam-bonded flapwheels. These use fewer flaps, spaced apart by a flexible foam spacer. This makes them even more flexible, thus more suited for producing a smooth finish to curved surfaces.

A flapwheel and the related flap disk is an abrasive disk, used for metal finishing. Unlike the simpler flat disks, made from a circular flat sheet of a coated abrasive, a flapwheel is made of multiple overlapping small pieces or 'flaps', bonded to a central hub.

Die Fächerschleifscheibe, auch Lamellenschleifscheibe, ist eine tellerförmige Schleifscheibe, bei der das Schleifmittel auf fächerförmig überlappenden Lamellen kreisringförmig aufgebracht ist. 1972 wurde sie – damals als „Schleifmopteller“ der Firma Klingspor – zur Serienreife gebracht. Auch andere Unternehmen (TAF, Gerd Eisenblätter GmbH und 3M) beanspruchen diese Entwicklung für sich. Heute hat die Fächerschleifscheibe in der industriellen Metallbearbeitung die Schruppscheibe in vielen Bereichen verdrängt.