Research.

Peace psychological research can be analytically (research "on" peace) or normatively (research "for" peace) oriented. Regardless of its analytical or normative orientation, peace psychological research mainly deals with the "psychological aspects of the formation, escalation, reduction, and resolution of conflicts" (including war), the "psychosocial conditions conducive or detrimental to a sustainable peace", and the "psychosocial effects of war and violence". In each case, different levels of analysis and explanation are relevant: from the level of individuals to groups, social organizations and institutions, states and state systems (e.g., the European Union), military alliances (e.g., NATO), and collective security systems (e.g., the United Nations and the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe [OSCE]).

Formation and escalation of conflict.

Peace psychology focuses on the psychological aspects of the formation, escalation, reduction, and resolution of conflicts. A conflict exists when the expectations, interests, needs, or actions of at least two parties to the conflict are perceived by at least one of the parties to be incompatible. Peace psychology is mainly concerned with conflicts between social groups (intergroup conflicts, such as between ethnic groups, clans, religious groups, states etc.), in terms of domains like power, wealth, access to raw materials and markets, cultural or religious values, honor, dignity, or recognition. In conflicts one has to distinguish between (overt) positions (e.g., " we don't negotiate with X") and underlying interests (e.g., power, spheres of influence and wealth) as well as between current triggers (e.g., violence at a political protest) and systematic, enduring, structural causes (e.g., deprivation of a group's political participation or access to professional employment). Although conflicts are inevitable and can lead to positive change when dealt with constructively, the escalation of conflicts and in particular the occurrence of violence are preventable. Psychological processes of information processing (attention, perception, memory, thinking, judgment), emotion, and motivation influence substantially how a conflict is handled, and in particular whether conflicts escalate to violent episodes. An important factor is the different points of view of the conflict parties, such as when behavior that is based on positive intentions is perceived by the opponent as aggressive and therefore contributes to escalation. Conflicts can easily escalate. A cycle of violence can arise in which both parties are involved, and original victims can become perpetrators, without realizing it ("victim myth").  Conflicts can be intensified specifically through the construction of enemy images, psychological warfare, and propaganda promulgated by the media, political elite, educational systems, socialization, cultural symbols and other means. Enemy images may have a kernel of truth, but overstate the negative sides of the opponent. The core features of a strong enemy image include: (1) a negative evaluation of the opponent (e.g., aggressive, immoral, but also inferior), (2) a one-sided blame for negative events, and (3) a different evaluation of similar actions of one's own side than the enemy ("double standard"; e.g., build-up of arms on one’s own side is self-defense, on the enemy's it is aggression). These constructions can cause dehumanization of the opponent, so that moral standards no longer apply. In extreme cases, it may seem acceptable, even desirable, for the opponent to suffer and be killed. The construction of the enemy image has the central function of justifying armament, violence, and war. In addition, it enhances the individual and collective self-image.  Psychological warfare includes methods of generating or strengthening war support among the civilian population and the military. These methods include disinformation using the media (war propaganda), but also sabotage, displacement, murder, and terror. War propaganda consists of two complementary strategies: (1) repeating, highlighting, and embellishing with detail information that functions to intensify the enemy image or threat perceptions, and (2) ignoring and devaluing information that may lead to de-escalation. In addition, negative behavior of the adversary may be provoked (e.g., by maneuvers at the state borders) or charges that the enemy engaged in heinous acts may be entirely invented (e.g., the Nayirah testimony).

Conflict reduction and resolution (peace psychological strategies).

Different peace psychological strategies for non-violent conflict resolution are discussed (conflict de-escalation, conflict resolution, conflict transformation). One can distinguish between strategies on the "official level" (e.g., measures of tension reduction and trust build such as Charles E. Osgood's "Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension Reduction" [GRIT], negotiations, mediation), approaches of "unofficial diplomacy" (interactive problem-solving workshops), and strategies at the level of peace and conflict "civil society" (e.g., peace journalism, contact between social groups).

Official level.

Osgood's GRIT model was designed as a counter-concept to the arms race in the East-West conflict, in which the former superpowers, USA and USSR, constantly increased the quantity and quality of their arms so that the destruction of humankind by a nuclear war seemed increasingly possible. The GRIT model, in contrast, aimed to de-escalate and create an atmosphere of mutual trust. One party publicly announces and performs a verifiable, concrete step to reduce tension, and asks or invites the other side to do something similar (developing a spiral of trust). Care is taken so that each step does not endanger the safety of one's own side. GRIT was designed to reverse the tension involved in the nuclear arms race by having each side engage in graduated and reciprocal inititiatives. While there is no firm evidence, it has been suggested that U.S. President Kennedy and the Soviet leader Khrushchev based their negotiations after the Cuban missile crisis on this concept.  When conflicted parties are engaged in long-lasting, severe conflicts, it can be difficult to have constructive bilateral negotiations. In this case, a third party (e.g., a social scientist or reputed politician) can serve as a mediator in order to facilitate conflict management. Mediators must be well aware of the conflict and its history, should have the confidence of both conflict parties, and need to be familiar with conflict analysis and communication strategies. Important strategies include establishing trust, working out the essential elements of conflict, and possibly dividing the problem so that at least partial solutions can be achieved and violence can be prevented or stopped. Problems arise when mediators are biased and have strong individual interests. Mediation success is more likely if the conflict is moderately intense, the power difference between the parties is low, and the mediators have high prestige (as a person or because of organizational affiliation).

Unofficial level.

In severe, long-lasting conflicts, it may be advisable to intervene at a level below official diplomacy. Interactive problem solving is such an informal approach to bring members of the conflict parties together. These can include citizens who are well-respected from different areas of society, such as media, business, politics, education, or religion. A team of social scientists (e.g., psychologists) initiate and promote a problem-solving process with the elements of conflict diagnosis, generation of alternatives, and development of nonviolent solutions that results in outcomes that are satisfactory to all parties involved. There is the expectation or hope that the participants influence their governments and public opinion so that official negotiations can follow. Psychologically important components of the process are that the respective self and enemy images are corrected. Interactive problem solving was used in particular in the Israel-Palestine conflict by the U.S. psychologist Herbert Kelman and his team.

Civil society level.

Media are often involved in the formation of enemy images and escalation of conflict. Peace journalism, in contrast, has the objective of investigating and using the influence of the media as a means of encouraging the constructive, non-violent resolution of conflict. Key strategies include representing the conflicting parties as well as the conflict and its history appropriately, identifying propaganda, and articulating the suffering of the people.  The collective action and peaceful demonstrations of the population toward peaceful and socially just ends can have an influence on the decisions of those in power – particularly in democracies. Citizens' commitment depends, among other factors, on the existence of opportunities in society, individual value orientations (e.g., valuing non-violence, social justice), the presence of role models, and the perceived probability of success of one's actions.  Contacts between opposing groups (e.g., on the level of municipalities, associations, universities, trade unions) can contribute to building positive relationships and the reduction of prejudice (see contact hypothesis). Conditions associated with the improvement of intergroup relations when groups come in contact with one another include: The actors involved have similar social status; there are common goals that can be achieved through cooperation; and the contacts are supported by authorities in society.  In asymmetric conflicts, where one conflict party is politically, economically, and/or militarily clearly superior, the stronger party may not be interested in a truly sustainable conflict resolution. Under asymmetric conditions, when the root causes of the conflict cannot be sufficiently addressed, structural violence persists. For such situations, approaches have been developed such as nonviolent resistance and liberation psychology, which originated in Latin America and is related to liberation theology.  Nonviolent resistance refers to public, non-violent behavior directed against injustice; it involves publicly explicating one's own intentions, committing to communicate with the other side, and the willingness to endure negative consequences of one's own actions. Methods of nonviolent resistance range from protests (e.g., demonstrations) to non-cooperation (e.g., strikes, boycotts) to civil resistance (e.g., traffic blockades). Particularly well known are the actions, speeches, and writings of Mahatma Gandhi and Martin Luther King.

Effects of war and violence.

Peace psychology examines war and violence between groups also with the aim of illustrating the psychological and social costs of war and violence and to document the human suffering caused. The psychological consequences include, in particular, traumatization (mainly of the civilian population, but also members of the military), cognitive and emotional damage, and the destruction of trustful social relationships. Wars often do not resolve the underlying problems; they often provoke new violence and wars. For example, in post-war societies an increased level of family and community violence can be observed. In addition, resources necessary to deal with civilian issues (e.g., education, health, social welfare) are lost. There is still little comprehensive and objective research on the consequences and costs of war.

Psychosocial conditions of sustainable peace.

Even when violence has been stopped or a Peace Treaty reached, to prevent the risk of a renewed escalation, physical and economic reconstruction as well as socio-political and psychosocial interventions are required. These interventions aim to cure psychosocial wounds of war, build trust, develop a common collective memory, recognize past wrongdoing, and achieve reconciliation and/or forgiveness. Examples are trauma therapy and Truth and Reconciliation Commissions.  Also, irrespective of any specific conflict and violence, peace psychological research looks at the psychosocial conditions that hamper or promote sustainable peace. The basic aim is to transform cultures of violence into cultures of peace.  The following cultural characteristics are obstacles to the development of sustainable peace: the view of one's own group (ethnicity, religion, nation, etc.) to be superior and more valuable and others as inferior and of little value (or in the extreme case: no value); the development of enemy images, dehumanization of others, legitimization of violence and damage; underlying beliefs (ideologies) such as ethnocentrism, social dominance orientation, authoritarianism, nationalism, militarism, and an education system that promotes these ideologies; power differentials that are defended or increased by the powerful and that create unequal conditions in areas such as wealth, health, education, and political participation (structural violence).  Among factors conducive to the development of sustainable peace are: the fundamental belief that conflicts are frequent, but that they can be solved without violence and for the benefit of the various conflict parties; the concept of humanism with the features of human dignity, pacifism, empathy, respect, tolerance and solidarity, and respect for all people or for humanity as a whole; critical proximity to one's own group that – in addition to positive identification – also integrates own weaknesses, mistakes, and committed wrongdoings in the collective self-concept.  In the transformation of cultures of violence into cultures of peace the focus on human rights is of high importance. Human rights are inalienable rights that apply to all human beings, without distinction as to sex, color, ethnicity, language, religion, political opinion, or social origin (prohibition of discrimination). The UN Human Rights Charter contains the essential documents of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR, 1948) and the Twin Covenants (1966, International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights). The UDHR consists of 30 articles with more than 100 individual rights, including civil and political rights (e.g., right to life, prohibition of torture, right to fair and public trial, right to asylum, freedom of speech, regular elections), but also social, economic, and cultural rights (including the right to work, rest, holidays with pay, protection from unemployment, the right to food, clothing, housing, medical care, and free primary education). Of particular importance in the UN's human rights concept is that all human rights are significant (indivisibility) and that they apply to all people (universality). Psychological research on human rights has mainly examined knowledge, attitudes, and readiness to act in support of human rights. Representative surveys in Germany show that the realization of human rights is considered to be very important, but at the same time knowledge of human rights is low and inaccurate. The results show a "halving" of human rights: Some civil rights are known, while economic and social rights are hardly considered human rights. Of importance in peace psychology are also analyses of whether human rights are used in the sense of peace or whether they are abused for the construction of enemy images or to prepare wars.

In education.

Peace psychological findings are used in the content and practice of peace education at various levels, from primary school to secondary and tertiary education (e.g., in the form of peace psychology courses at universities) to vocational training.  The Conflict Information Consortium at the University of Colorado offers the Beyond Intractability project, an openly accessible, cooperative learning platform.

Practice.

Peace psychology practice refers, for example, to trauma therapeutic work, the implementation of trainings in nonviolent conflict resolution, and activities in such roles as conflict mediator or civil peace worker. Of particular importance is the cooperation between research and practice, such as in the form of evaluation research, to contribute to the continuous improvement of practice.

Peace psychology is a subfield of psychology and peace research that deals with the psychological aspects of peace, conflict, violence, and war. Peace psychology can be characterized by four interconnected pillars: (1) research, (2) education, (3) practice, and (4) advocacy. The first pillar, research, is documented most extensively in this article.

Friedenspsychologie ist ein Teilbereich der Psychologie sowie der Friedensforschung, der sich mit den psychologischen Aspekten von Frieden, Konflikt, Gewalt und Krieg befasst. Friedenspsychologie lässt sich anhand von vier miteinander verbundenen Säulen kennzeichnen: (1) Forschung, (2) Bildung und Erziehung, (3) Praxis und (4) politische Einflussnahme. Die erste Säule, Forschung, ist am umfassendsten dokumentiert.


History and architecture.

The old Kiev railroad station was constructed during 1868-1870, as a part of Kiev-Balta and Kiev-Kursk railroad constructions, which were also completed in 1870. The station was located in a valley of Lybid’ river, replacing soldiers' and gendarmes' settlements. The two-floor brick station building of Old English Gothic style was by the architect М. V. Vyshnevetskyi.  The current Central Station building was constructed in 1927-1932 and designed by O. Verbytskyi. It was built in the style of Ukrainian Baroque with some elements of Constructivism. The Central Station building is designated as the Landmark of Architecture, numbered 193. The equipment and interior of the hall of deputies of the Supreme Council at the station was made by the architect Irma Karakis.  In 2001, the building was restored to roughly its original state. In the same year, the new modern "Southern Station" building was erected at the opposite side of Central Station's sixteen tracks, being in reality not a separate station but merely another large entranceway to the Central Station, with new ticket windows and linked by a hallway above the track accesses. Both buildings are connected with an overpass for passengers. The renovation project also included two large underground parking structures, one of which remains uncompleted to the date. The construction of the southern station building was done on efforts of Heorhiy Kirpa.

Name disambiguation.

Officially, "Kiev-Pasazhyrskyi railway station" is regarded as the whole huge complex of passenger terminals, railways, depots etc. with respective personnel. Practically, such installations in post-Soviet countries are widely known as railroad "", which means the building(s) and services immediately serving passengers for various types of transport. The official name "Kiev-Pasazhyrskyi" is not used colloquially, appearing only in tickets, schedules etc. By the same token, the locally popular terms "Central Station" and "Southern Station" do not appear in such technical literature, as for internal purposes they are treated as the same location.  The name Kiev-Pasazhyrskyi (literally Kiev Passenger) is also used to differentiate it from other railway stations across the city such as Kiev-Volynsky, Kiev-Demiivskii, Kiev-Tovarny, others.

Development plans.

Currently the station is severely overloaded with suburban traffic, intercity traffic (especially during the height of winter and summer holidays), and also subway traffic (in daily rush hours). Relief plans include:

External links.

!Previous station!!!!Operator!!!!Next Station

Kiev-Pasazhyrskyi ("Kiev-Passenger, ") is a railway station in the capital of Ukraine, Kiev. It is a big complex and railway hub consisting of several railroad station buildings, railyard, and other railroad infrastructure such as the Kiev Electrical and Railcar Maintenance Factory. The station is located on so called Kiev Southern Railway loop.

Der Bahnhof (, (Kijew-Passaschirski); übersetzt: "Kiew Personenbahnhof") ist der Fern- und Hauptbahnhof der ukrainischen Hauptstadt Kiew. Mit täglich mehr als 170.000 Reisenden (2005) ist er der größte Durchgangsbahnhof des Landes.


History.

Weber-Stephen was originally incorporated on May 8, 1893 as Weber Bros. Metal Works.  The original round charcoal kettle grill was built by George Stephen Sr., a then part-owner of the sheet metal shop in Chicago who sought to improve on the brazier he had been using to cook with at home. The grill was produced using two sheet metal half-spheres normally used as parts of buoys built in his shop. George's neighbors called it ‘Sputnik‘. Shortly thereafter he began selling the invention, which he called 'George's Barbecue Kettle', for which there was considerable demand.  Because the grill became so successful after he began selling it in 1952, Stephen formed the barbecue division of the Weber Brothers factory. In the late 1950s, Stephen bought out the Weber Brothers factory and became the sole owner, devoting all his professional time to manufacturing and selling the Weber kettle. Soon thereafter, Stephen changed the company's name to Weber-Stephen Products Co.  The Weber-Stephen company manufactures and sells outdoor electric grills, charcoal grills, gas grills, and charcoal smokers.

Weber Grill Restaurants.

In 1989, the company opened the first Weber Grill Restaurant in Wheeling, Illinois, but in spite of a remodeling in 2000, this location closed in 2010. Five additional locations were built in Lombard, Illinois (1999), River North, Chicago (2002), Schaumburg, Illinois (2005), Indianapolis (2007), and St. Louis (2016), all of which are in operation as of 2017.  While a majority share of Weber-Stephen Products LLC was sold to BDT Capital Partners in 2010, the acquisition did not include restaurant operations. While both the restaurants and outdoor cooking equipment maintain the Weber branding, two separate companies now exist. The restaurants remain solely owned by the Stephen family.

Ducane Products Co..

The Ducane Products Company began as the Ducane Brothers Metal Fabricating in 1946. It moved three years later to Little Ferry, New Jersey, where they manufactured warm air furnaces. In 1968, the name was changed to The Ducane Company and moved the base of operations to Barnwell, SC. And in 1975, they started making Ducane Gas Grills. However, Ducane filed for bankruptcy in 2003 and was partially acquired by Weber-Stephens at a bankruptcy sale in 2004 for $13.6 million.  Under Weber's leadership, Ducane marketed propane and natural gas grills through big box home improvement and specialty outdoor product stores. In an effort to revamp the Ducane brand, Weber introduced the "Ducane Stainless" (2006) exclusively through Home Depot, the "Ducane Affinity" (2007) and the "Ducane Meridian" (2007) through multiple channels.

The Weber-Stephen Products LLC is a privately held American manufacturer of charcoal, gas and electric outdoor grills with related accessories. In 2004, Weber-Stephen acquired some assets of competitor Ducane at a bankruptcy sale. It also owns restaurants and publishes cookbooks. The company was family owned until it sold a majority stake to BDT Capital Partners in 2010.

Die Weber-Stephen Products LLC ist ein US-amerikanischer Hersteller von Gas-, Kohle- und Elektrogrills mit Sitz in Palatine im Bundesstaat Illinois. Angeboten werden unter anderem Kugelgrills, Barbecue-Smoker, „Outdoor-Küchen“ sowie verschiedenes Zubehör. Das Unternehmen vertreibt seine Produkte meist unter der Marke "Weber" in über dreißig Ländern.


Education.

Felbermayr was born on June 24, 1976 in Steyr, Austria. From 1986 to 1994, he attended the Gymnasium der Abtei Schlierbach in Schlierbach, Austria, where he graduated "summa cum laude". He then continued his education at the Classe Préparatoire aux Hautes Études Commerciales in Vienna. In 1995, he began his studies at the Johannes Kepler University in Linz, receiving both a Magister in Economics and in International Business Administration in 2000. From 2000 to 2004, he joined the PhD program in Economics at the European University Institute in Florence, Italy under the supervision of Omar Licandro. From 2003 to 2004, he also worked as a university assistant at the University of Linz.  After graduating, Felbermayr worked as an Associate Consultant at McKinsey & Company in Vienna. He also became an academic councilor at the University of Tübingen. He subsequently completed his habilitation with a thesis on trade and unemployment under the supervision of Claudia Buch. He has had various academic posts at the University of Konstanz, the University of Zurich, and the University of Nottingham. From 2008 to 2011, he worked as a Professor of Economics at the University of Hohenheim in Stuttgart. Since 2011, he has been a Professor of Economics at the University of Munich. He has regularly taught courses on Microeconomics, International Finance, and Economic Growth.  Felbermayr is an associate editor for the "European Economic Review" and the "International Review of Economics and Finance". He has also been a board member of the European Trade Study Group since 2014. He also serves as a member of the Board of Academic Advisors at the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy.

Honors and awards.

He has published numerous articles in learned journals such as the "Review of Economics and Statistics", the "International Economic Review", the "Journal of International Economics", and the "American Economic Journal". Some of his notable honors and awards include:

Kiel Institute for the World Economy.

In March 2019, Felbermayr will replace current president Dennis J. Snower of the Kiel Institute for the World Economy, who has reached the compulsory age of retirement. Prime Minister of Schleswig-Holstein Daniel Günther and Minister of Science Karin Prien confirmed Felbermayr succession, believing the Institute's focus will shift to issues on custom duties, free trade agreements, and the intersection of politics and society. Felbermayr aims to maintain the Institute's "world economic profile".

Gabriel Felbermayr (born 1976) is an Austrian economist who specializes in international economics, international trade agreements, economic policy, and environmental economics. Felbermayr is a leading economist in the field of international economics, as cited in the top 5% of all economists and has been referred to as "Germany's Chief Economist of the North" ("Deutschlands neuer Chefökonom Nordens"). Felbermayr is currently a professor of economics at the University of Munich (LMU) and Director of the Ifo Institute for Economic Research, which is based in Munich. He is the incoming president of the Kiel Institute for the World Economy.

Gabriel Felbermayr (* 24. Juni 1976 in Steyr) ist ein österreichischer Wirtschaftswissenschaftler. Seit dem 1. März 2019 ist Felbermayr in der Nachfolge von Dennis J. Snower Präsident des Kieler Instituts für Weltwirtschaft (IfW).


Route.

The Hardanger Line ran from Voss to Granvin in Hardanger. From Voss to Skjervet, the line ran in relatively flat terrain, with easy construction. Along this section the route followed what is now Norwegian National Road 13. At Skjervet, the two split; towards Nesheim the gradient increased and the topography became more difficult. On this section there were four tunnels, named Skjervet Tunnel I through IV, the longest being. Between the two longest tunnels, the line was built on a shelf. Later, the tunnel was extended from to also include that portion in the tunnel. From Skjervet, the railway ran on the west side of the river Granvinvatnet, while the road ran on the east side.  The Hardanger Line was built with a minimum curve radius of, a maximum gradient of 4.5 percent and built with standard gauge tracks weighing, later increased to. In 1980, the section from Voss to Palmafoss had a permitted axle load of and a maximum speed of. From Palmafoss to Granvin, the permitted axle load was and the maximum speed was. The system had stations with buildings at Voss, Palmafoss, Mønshaug, Skjervet, Nesheim and Granvin. In addition, there were halts at Haugamo, Kinne, Bjørgum, Mala, Dalsleitet, Flatlandsmo, Såkvitno, Selland and Kolanes.  Granvin is a port on the Hardangerfjord and was the center for freight transport in Hardanger. Hardanger is dominated by a small number of large industrial companies, primarily smelters, which were responsible for more than 80 percent of the line's cargo volume. While Hardanger in the 1980s had a population of 40,000, Granvin had a population of 1,000 and was the smallest municipality in Hardanger. Granvin served as a ferry hub for services by Hardanger Sunnhordlandske Dampskipsselskap (HSD), and in 1980 there up to two daily services with the local ferry services in Hardanger, in addition to fast ferries to both Bergen and Stavanger. Buses operated to Granvin from Norheimsund and Kvanndal.  The line and power system is intact for from Voss to Palmafoss and is retained by the Norwegian National Rail Administration. From there to Skjervet, the line has been asphalted, and is used as a hiking and bicycle path. The section from Skjervet to Nesheim is disused, although it has been proposed used as a road. From Nesheim the hiking and bicycle path continues, although the last kilometer before Granvin the right-of-way is disused. The station buildings at Nesheim and Granvin remain, but the ones at Palmafoss, Mønshaug and Skjervet has been demolished.  In 2016 Palmafoss established an emergency freight terminal for the Bergen line. If the Bergen Line is closed, freight can be transferred to trucks at Palmafoss. At the same time the tracks were renovated and reestablished between Voss and Palmafoss.

History.

During construction of the Voss Line from Bergen to Voss, there was a proposal to extend the line from Voss to Granvin on the Hardangerfjord. The plans were again taken up to consideration with the construction of the Bergen Line, but also this time the plans were scrapped. Some people wanted the line to be a tramway and when it was passed by the Parliament of Norway on 12 July 1919; the plans incorporated some elements of a tramway, giving the line a lower standard than the mainline. The railway was to be built electrified, and construction started in 1921. However, there was a lack of engineers, forcing a slow pace. On 5 November 1923, parliament passed the final plans for the railway, and the pace of construction was accelerated.  In 1927, Minister of Labour Worm Hirsch Darre-Jenssen of the Conservative Party stopped the work on the railway, stating that time had run out and that there instead should be built a road. By then, had been invested and parliament decided that construction should continue. However, Darre-Jenssen convinced Hordaland County Council to make a statement against the Hardanger Line, the Flåm Line and the Namsos Line, without this stopping construction. In 1931, parliament reconsidered the electrification of the line, and there was consensus for electrification. The Hardanger Line opened on 1 April 1935 and became NSB's first line to be electrified at the time of opening. In February 1936, the line changed name from the Granvin Line to the Hardanger Line.  Three Class 64 electric multiple units (EMU) were delivered from Strømmens Værksted in 1934. Only long, they were the smallest EMUs ever operated by NSB. In addition, four passenger cars were delivered, with each multiple unit able to haul two passenger cars. Occasionally, Class 64 trains were used on the Flåm Line, after it was electrified in 1944, and El 9-hauled trains from the Flåm Line used on the Hardanger Line.  In the first year of operation, the line had 60,850 passengers, significantly over expectations. After the opening, there were five daily round trips. In 1939, the extension of the longest tunnel started, because the nearby section was subject to landslides. It was completed by the German occupational forces during World War II, but not taken into use by the railway until 1945 because of the German military's use of the tunnel as an ammunition depot. Because of the electric traction, the line was not affected by the lack of coal during World War II, and in 1945 it had 285,900 passengers. After the end of the war, the number of daily round trips increased to seven, but this was reduced to six in the 1950s. In 1955, a morning and evening coach service started between Granvin and Voss. It was further extended in 1968, when it started corresponding with services on the Bergen Line.  Initially, the freight transport was small. During the war, transport increased many-fold, particularly because of export of lumber. In 1966, a spur was built just south of Palmafoss to Voss Cementvarefabrikk. By the end of the 1960s, the line was transporting. During the late 1970s, the amount of transport fel dramatically, and reached in 1980. Nearly half of this was import of lumber to three sawmills and manufacturing companies. In 1972, Linjegods established a daily scheduled truck service to Granvin. Although Linjegods used train to and from Voss, the service from Voss to Granvin was operated parallel to the railway. In 1975, Tollpost Globe also established a similar service between Voss and Granvin. During the late 1970s, the manufacturer Bjølvefossen experienced a large drop in the demand of ferroalloys, reducing production—and thus transport on the line—by. Another issue for the line was that it has a permitted axle load of only ; this either prohibited optimal wagon weights on the main lines, or causing transshipment at Voss, both causing increased costs. In 1977, the average distance for cargo shipped from the Hardanger Line was by rail.  In 1980, the line had NOK 2.1 million in income, of which NOK 1.6 million was from freight (representing all revenue from freight that ran on the Hardanger Line). Operating expenses were NOK 4.8 million, and the deficit was covered by the national government. The line employed 21 people. In 1980, the estimated cost of upgrading the line to axle load was NOK 9.6 million. Freight volume was then estimated to increase between 100 and 300 percent, and an upgrade was calculated to give a positive net present value, although it would not be sufficient to cover the full existing deficit. The plans included introduction of a refrigerated depot at Granvin. At the same time, it was estimated that the cost of retaining a axle load would require investments of NOK 6 million.  In 1979, the concession for passenger transport between Voss and Granvin was transferred from NSB's bus division to HSD and Bergen–Hardanger–Voss Billag. At the same time, the number of weekly services increased from 14 to 34. This was largely a result of the 1975 declaration by Hordaland County Council to support the closure of the line. In 1980, the railway had 60,000 passengers. A halt was opened at Mala in 1981, but then all passenger traffic was terminated on 2 June 1985. Class 64 had remained in use until the end, and there existed no political desire to invest in new rolling stock. Freight transport was retained, at first using El 9, and later shunting locomotives because of the lack of maintenance. From 1 March 1989, all transport on the line was terminated. NSB wanted to renovate the line and continue operations. Among the plans were to transport metal from the smelters in Hardanger via the Hardanger Line to Continental Europe. This would have required the axle load to be increased. Other plans were to extend some of the departures of the Bergen Commuter Rail from Voss to Granvin or operate commercially profitable tourist trains similar to the service provided on the Flåm Line. The municipalities of Voss and Granvin wanted to use the right-of-way for a hiking and bicycle path, and NSB canceled their plans. Demolish started on 10 December 1991, although the section from Voss to Palmafoss was kept to serve a cement factory. Two of the Class 64 trains have been preserved by the Norwegian Railway Association and are based at the Old Voss Line in Bergen.

The Hardanger Line () was a railway between Voss and Granvin in Hordaland, Norway. The line connected to the Bergen Line in Voss, and ran to the Hardangerfjord and the district of Hardanger. Construction started in 1921, but the line did not open until 1 April 1935. Owned and operated by the Norwegian State Railways (NSB), the passenger transport was provided by three NSB Class 64 electric multiple units. They remained in use until 1985, when passenger transport was terminated. All transport ceased in 1988, and of the line was demolished in 1991. The from Voss to Palmafoss remains, and is owned by the Norwegian National Rail Administration. The line featured six stations, fourteen halts, four tunnels and was among Norway's steepest railways. It was NSB's first line to open electrified. The line was known as the Granvin Line () until February 1936. In 2016 Palmafoss established an emergency freight terminal and the tracks were reestablished.

Die Bahnstrecke Voss–Granvin () war eine 27,5 km lange elektrifizierte norwegische Bahnstrecke, die von Voss nach Eide (Bahnhof Granvin) am Granvinfjord in Hardanger entlang führte.


History.

The city of Henderson was established by European Americans before the State of Texas was founded. It was developed on land donated by W.B. Ochiltree and James Smith; it became the county seat of Rusk County when an act of legislature created Rusk County on January 16, 1843. The First Methodist and First Baptist churches were established in 1842 and 1845, respectively. The first courthouse, made of wood, was completed in 1849. After the Civil War, the International and Great Northern Railroad crossed through Rusk County but bypassed Henderson. In 1874, the Henderson and Overton Branch Railroad Company built a stretch of railroad connecting Henderson to the tracks running through Overton. This stretch of railroad was later sold to the Missouri Pacific Railroad (now Union Pacific) and remains in use to this day.  In 1878, a small fire destroyed the courthouse, and a brick courthouse was built in its place. This encouraged the construction of several other brick buildings, including the Howard Dickinson House, now a historical site.  In 1930, C. M. "Dad" Joiner brought in the Daisy Bradford #3 Discovery Well six miles northwest of Henderson. The discovery of oil in October 1930 created a booming economy in the area, with the population of Henderson increasing from 2,000 to over 10,000 in a few months. The oil fields in and surrounding Henderson, part of the hugely producing five-county East Texas Oil Field, continue to provide a large part of the wealth of the town, county and region.  During World War II, airmen cadets from the Royal Air Force, flying from their training base at Terrell, Texas, routinely flew to Henderson on training flights. The community served as a stand-in for the British for Dunkirk, France which is the same distance from London, England as Henderson is from Terrell.

1860 Henderson fire.

On August 5, 1860, a fire broke out and burned most of the booming town of Henderson. Forty-three buildings, including two hotels, were destroyed in the fire, for a loss of $220,000.  According to the Depot Museum, a man named John Crow recalled the fire as follows:  I was about eight years old when Henderson burned. I went to town with my father the day after the fire. It burned every house as well as I recollect, except the Flanagan Brick Building. I remember I was barefooted and careful not to burn my feet. My father said at the time they thought a fellow named Green Herndon, a union man, had hired a negro woman to burn Henderson. Herndon was a northerner and was a pronounced opponent of secession. On the negro woman's testimony, a mob gathered, threw a loop around his neck, tied it to a saddle horse which went around the public square dragging Herndon to death. Then they hung the body to a tree and shot it full of holes... War was in preparation and people were in fits of anger. When the war broke out, the men got all the files they could find and went to the blacksmith shops and made knives and swords. There was much laughter and I remember they said, "We'll whip those damn Yankees with axes and butcher knives. Everyone was anxious to go."John Crow was John Stephen Crow, born in Henderson, TX on 5 Mar 1852 and died there on 19 Oct 1952. He is buried at Maple Grove Cemetery. His father, Moses Melton Crow, was part of a large group of family, friends and neighbors who left the area of Henry and Clayton Co, GA and were early settlers in Rusk Co. The surnames of these early settlers include Burks, Cates, Crow, Mitchell and others.

2015 Henderson Tornado.

On Memorial Day, May 25, 2015, an EF-2 rated tornado struck Henderson. That day, multiple tornadoes had struck other areas in Texas, Arkansas, and Oklahoma. The tornado took a path that uprooted trees, damaged buildings, and caused minor damage to areas such as downtown. No severe damage was recorded.

Geography.

Henderson is located at (32.153938, −94.802732).  According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of, of which, of it is land and of it (0.92%) is water.

Demographics.

As of the census of 2000, there were 11,273 people, 4,350 households, and 2,971 families residing in the city. The population density was 947.6 people per square mile (365.8/km2). There were 4,831 housing units at an average density of 406.1 per square mile (156.7/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 68.98% White, 22.34% African American, 0.27% Native American, 0.47% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 6.80% from other races, and 1.13% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 11.80% of the population.  There were 4,350 households out of which 32.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 51.3% were married couples living together, 13.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31.7% were non-families. 28.9% of all households were made up of individuals and 17.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.52 and the average family size was 3.12.  In the city, the population was spread out with 26.9% under the age of 18, 8.9% from 18 to 24, 25.9% from 25 to 44, 19.5% from 45 to 64, and 18.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 87.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 81.2 males.  The median income for a household in the city was $31,766, and the median income for a family was $38,095. Males had a median income of $31,285 versus $19,473 for females. The per capita income for the city was $19,491.

Government.

Local government.

The structure of the management and coordination of city services is:

State government.

Henderson is represented in the Texas Senate by Republican Bryan Hughes, District 1, and in the Texas House of Representatives by Republican Travis Clardy, District 11.  The Texas Department of Criminal Justice contracts for the operation of East Texas Multi-Use Facility in Henderson, housing over 2000 male and female state inmates in treatment programs.

Federal government.

At the Federal level, the two U.S. Senators from Texas are Republicans John Cornyn and Ted Cruz; Henderson is part of Texas' US Congressional 1st District, which is currently represented by Republican Louie Gohmert.

Education.

Primary and secondary schools.

Public schools.

The Henderson Independent School District includes five campuses, Wylie Primary School, Wylie Elementary School, Northside Intermediate School, Henderson Middle School, and Henderson High School. The school mascot of Henderson is a lion, and the school colors are red and blue. School sports are an important part of Henderson, TX culture. A 3-A school, the Henderson Lions football team beat Chapel Hill, Texas to become state champions in 2010. Many students are a member of one or more athletic organizations, including Cheering Squad, Soccer, Basketball, Golf, Softball, Volleyball, Powerlifting, Baseball, Wrestling, Tennis, Track, and Majorette Squad.  A very small portion of the City of Henderson falls within the West Rusk ISD.

Private schools.

The City of Henderson is also served by Full Armor Christian Academy, a non-denominational private school.

Colleges.

Henderson is the home of the Texas Baptist Institute and Seminary, a Missionary Baptist institution.

Media.

There are currently 7 media outlets and one newspaper located in Henderson, as well as many more in the surrounding areas.

In popular culture.

The 1970 science-fiction film, "," mentions Henderson as the site of the fictitious Henderson Air Force Base, the target of a retaliatory ICBM fired by Colossus' Soviet counterpart, the defense supercomputer "Guardian".

Climate.

The climate in this area is characterized by hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Henderson has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated "Cfa" on climate maps.

Henderson is a city and the county seat of Rusk County, northeast Texas, United States. The population was 13,712 at the 2010 census. Henderson is named for James Pinckney Henderson, the first governor of Texas.

Henderson ist eine Stadt sowie der County Seat des Rusk County im US-amerikanischen Bundesstaat Texas. Auf einer Fläche von über 31 Quadratkilometern leben knapp 13.700 Menschen.


Etymology.

Its most basic meaning is as a word for meditation. In Burma senior meditation practitioners are known as "kammatthanacariyas" (meditation masters). Buddhaghosa uses "kammatthana" to refer to each of his forty meditation objects listed in the third chapter of the "Visuddhimagga", which are partially derived from the Pāli Canon.  In the Pali literature, prior to the post-canonical Pali commentaries, the term "" comes up in only a handful of discourses and then in the context of "work" or "trade."  The Thai Forest Tradition names itself "Kammaṭṭhāna Forest tradition".

Buddhaghosa's forty meditation subjects.

Of the forty objects meditated upon as kammatthana, the first ten are 'things that one can behold directly', 'kasina', or 'a whole': The next ten are objects of repulsion ("asubha"): Ten are recollections ("anussati"): Four are stations of Brahma ("Brahma-vihara"): Four are formless states (four "arūpajhānas"):  One is of perception of disgust of food ("aharepatikulasanna").  The last is analysis of the four elements ("catudhatuvavatthana"): earth ("pathavi"), water ("apo"), fire ("tejo"), air ("vayo").  Each kammatthana can be suggested, especially by a spiritual friend (""), to a certain individual student at some specific point, by assessing what would be best for that student's temperament and the present state of his or her mind.

Meditation subjects and jhanas.

According to Gunaratana, following Buddhaghosa, due to the simplicity of subject matter, all four "jhanas" can be induced through "ānāpānasati" (mindfulness of breathing) and the ten "kasinas".  According to Gunaratana, the following meditation subjects only lead to "access concentration" ("upacara samadhi"), due to their complexity: the recollection of the Buddha, dharma, sangha, morality, liberality, wholesome attributes of Devas, death, and peace; the perception of disgust of food; and the analysis of the four elements.  Absorption in the first "jhana" can be realized by mindfulness on the ten kinds of foulness and mindfulness of the body. However, these meditations cannot go beyond the first jhana due to their involving applied thought ("vitaka"), which is absent from the higher jhanas.  Absorption in the first three "jhanas" can be realized by contemplating the first three "brahma-viharas". However, these meditations cannot aid in attaining the fourth jhana due to the pleasant feelings associated with them. Conversely, once the fourth jhana is induced, the fourth "brahma-vihara" (equanimity) arises.

Meditation subjects and temperaments.

All of the aforementioned meditation subjects can suppress the Five Hindrances, thus allowing one to fruitfully pursue wisdom. In addition, anyone can productively apply specific meditation subjects as antidotes, such as meditating on foulness to counteract lust or on the breath to abandon discursive thought.  The Pali commentaries further provide guidelines for suggesting meditation subjects based on one's general temperament:  The six non-color "kasinas" and the four formless states are suitable for all temperaments.

In Buddhism, is a Pali word (Sanskrit: karmasthana) which literally means "the place of work". Its original meaning was someone's occupation (farming, trading, cattle-tending, etc.). It has several distinct but related usages, all having to do with Buddhist meditation.

Kammaṭṭhāna (Pali, Skt.: karmasthana; wörtl. „Übungsgebiet“; ähnlicher Begriff: Bhāvanā – "Geistesentfaltung"; in Thai:, gesprochen: []) bezeichnet im übertragenen Sinn einen Ort innerhalb des Geistes, wohin man sich zurückziehen kann, um an seiner geistigen Weiterentwicklung zu arbeiten. Kammaṭṭhāna bedeutet eine Meditations-Praxis, die darauf ausgerichtet ist, jeglichen Aspekt von „Verblendung“, „die den Geist trübenden Leidenschaften“ (kilesa), von Verlangen (taṇhā), von Unwissenheit oder „Nichtsehen“ (avijjā – siehe Drei Geistesgifte) aus dem Herzen zu entfernen, um so die Verbindung des Geistes zu dem Kreislauf von sich wiederholenden Geburten und darauffolgendem Tod zu unterbrechen.


Biography.

Salman is the second son of Ibrahim bin Hamad al-Khalifa and Aisha bint Salman al-Khalifa, daughter of Salman bin Hamad Al Khalifa I, the ruler of Bahrain from 1942 until his death in 1961.  He graduated from the University of Bahrain in 1992 with a bachelor's degree in English Literature and History. Salman has been involved in football for many years, dating back to the early 1980s when he played a few years in the youth team of Bahrain Division I team, Riffa Club.  Since leaving Riffa Club to focus on his academic studies, Salman has held executive positions at the BFA. In 1996, he became chairman of the national team. In 1998, he was elected vice-president of the BFA, and president in 2002. His tenures also include co-chairman of the disciplinary Committee of the FIFA World Cups, the FIFA Beach Tournaments, the FIFA Club Championships, etc. He was also deputy chairman of the FIFA disciplinary committee at Beijing in 2008.  Salman was president of the Bahrain Football Association at time of the "golden era" of Bahraini football. The national team was a match away from qualifying to the 2006 FIFA World Cup and 2010 FIFA World Cup. The team also managed to reach the 2004 Asian Cup semi final, the furthest the national team has ever reached in the continental championship. The national team FIFA ranking also reached its highest in the history of Bahraini Football, as it moved up to the 44th position.  In May 2013, Salman was elected president of the Asian Football Confederation. On 15 October 2015, he announced his candidature for president of FIFA after the election of February 2016. He was defeated by UEFA general secretary Gianni Infantino. On April 6, 2019 Salman was elected unopposed for a second full term as AFC President for the term 2019-2023.

Personal life.

Salman has three children, two daughters and a son.

Salman bin Ibrahim Al Khalifa (; born 2 November 1965) is a member of the House of Khalifa, the royal family of Bahrain. He has been president of the Asian Football Confederation (AFC) since 2 May 2013. Before becoming president of AFC, he was president of Bahrain Football Association (BFA) (2002–13) and also Chairman of the Asian Football Confederation Disciplinary Committee, and Deputy Chairman of the FIFA Disciplinary Committee. He is a member of the FIFA Council and chairman of the FIFA Development Committee.

Salman bin Ibrahim Al Chalifa (; * 2. November 1965 in Riffa, Bahrain) ist ein bahrainischer Fußballfunktionär und Mitglied des FIFA-Exekutivkomitees.


Etymology.

"Mug" is an English slang term for "face", dating from the 18th century. Mug shot can more loosely mean any small picture of a face used for any reason.

Description.

A typical mug shot is two-part, with one side-view photo, and one front-view. The background is usually stark and simple, to avoid distraction from the facial image (as distinguished from a casual snapshot in a more naturalistic setting). Mug shots may be compiled into a mug book in order to determine the identity of a criminal. In high-profile cases, mug shots may also be published in the mass media.

History.

The earliest photos of prisoners taken for use by law enforcement may have been taken in Belgium in 1843 and 1844. In the United Kingdom, police in London were photographing criminals by 1846. In Liverpool and Birmingham they were doing so by 1848. By 1857, the New York City Police Department had a gallery where daguerreotypes of criminals were displayed.  The Pinkerton National Detective Agency began using these on wanted posters in the United States. By the 1870s the agency had amassed the largest collection of mug shots in the US.  The paired arrangement may have been inspired by the 1865 prison portraits taken by Alexander Gardner of accused conspirators in the Lincoln assassination trial, though Gardner's photographs were full-body portraits with only the heads turned for the profile shots.  After the defeat of the Paris Commune in 1871, the Prefecture of Police of Paris hired a photographer, Eugène Appert, to take portraits of convicted prisoners. In 1888, Alphonse Bertillon invented the modern mug shot featuring full face and profile views, standardizing the lighting and angles. This system was soon adopted throughout Europe, and in the United States and Russia.  The arrested person is sometimes required to hold a placard with name, date of birth, booking ID, weight, and other relevant information on it. With digital photography, the digital photograph is linked to a database record concerning the arrest.

Use in wanted posters.

Mug shots have often been incorporated into wanted posters, including those for the FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives list.

Online mug shot publishing.

In the US in the early 21st century an online industry developed around the publication and removal of mug shots from internet websites.

Prejudicial nature.

The US legal system has long held that mug shots can have a negative effect on juries. The United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit held, "The double-shot picture, with front and profile shots alongside each other, is so familiar, from 'wanted' posters in the post office, motion pictures and television, that the inference that the person involved has a criminal record, or has at least been in trouble with the police, is natural, perhaps automatic."  Acccording to the "Handbook of Massachusetts Evidence", "Because of the risk of prejudice to the defendant inherent in the admission of photographs of the'mug shot' variety, judges and prosecutors are required to 'use reasonable means to avoid calling the jury's attention to the source of such photographs used to identify the defendant.'" (p. 617) Elsewhere, it cites a ruling in "Commonwealth v. Martin" that "admission of a defendant's mug shot is 'laden for characterizing the defendant as a careerist in crime.  Other states have similar rules.

Mug book.

A mug book is a collection of photographs of criminals, typically in mug shots taken at the time of an arrest. A mug book is used by an eyewitness to a crime, with the assistance of law enforcement, in an effort to identify the perpetrator. Research has shown that grouped photos result in fewer false-positives than individually displaying each photo.  Mug book also has a meaning in genealogy and history, referring to local biographical histories published in the US in the late 19th century.

A mug shot or mugshot (an informal term for police photograph or booking photograph) is a photographic portrait of a person from the waist up, typically taken after a person is arrested. The original purpose of the mug shot was to allow law enforcement to have a photographic record of an arrested individual to allow for identification purposes by victims, the public and investigators. However, in the United States, entrepreneurs have recently begun to monetize these public records via the mug shot publishing industry.

Als mugshot (oder "mug shot") werden insbesondere im amerikanischen Englisch Fotos bezeichnet, die von Tatverdächtigen im Zuge der erkennungsdienstlichen Behandlung erstellt werden. Der Begriff setzt sich aus dem Slang-Ausdruck "mug", „Gesicht, Fresse, Visage“, und dem Wort "shot", „[Schnapp-]Schuss, Aufnahme“, zusammen. In deutschsprachigen Medien wird er häufiger mit „Polizeifoto“ übersetzt.


Club career.

Tirapu began her career in SD Lagunak and played in the 2005 Copa de la Reina for CF Puebla. She then signed for Athletic Bilbao, who had just won their third Superliga Femenina in a row, as a replacement for the retiring Eli Capa. In August 2005 she played her first match for Athletic in the 2005–06 UEFA Women's Cup's qualifying stage; a 6–2 victory over Scottish champions Glasgow City.  From 2006 she was Athletic's first choice goalkeeper. Tirapu has won two Primera División titles with Athletic; in 2006–07 and 2015–16.

International career.

In 2002 Tirapu was part of the Spanish national under-19 squad which competed in the UEFA Women's Under-19 Championship finals in Sweden.  Tirapu made her senior Spain women's national football team debut in the second game of the UEFA Women's Euro 2009 qualifying series; a 2–2 draw against the Czech Republic in Plzeň on 27 October 2007. She remained as Spain's first choice goalkeeper for the rest of the stage, which ended in a 4–0 play-off defeat to the Netherlands. She also retained the position during the 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup qualification campaign.  In June 2013 national team coach Ignacio Quereda selected Tirapu in the Spain squad for UEFA Women's Euro 2013 in Sweden. She was a mainstay of the team which negotiated the group stage before being beaten 3–1 by Norway in the quarter final.  She was part of Spain's squad at the 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup.  She has also represented the Basque Country women's national football team.

Personal life.

Tirapu has a degree in chemistry and a master's degree in environmental contagion and toxicology from the University of the Basque Country. While playing in the youth ranks of SD Lagunak she was given the nickname "Sensi" by teammates Marta Moreno and Erika Vázquez, due to her perceived sensitivity to being hurt by the ball. The nickname remained with Tirapu throughout her career.  The ex-footballer brothers Fernando Tirapu and Mariano Tirapu are distant relatives of Ainhoa.

Ainhoa Tirapu de Goñi (born 4 September 1984) is a Spanish football goalkeeper who plays for Primera División club Athletic Bilbao and the Spain women's national football team.

Ainhoa Tirapu de Goñi, teilweise auch nur Ainhoa genannt, (* 4. September 1984) ist eine spanische Fußballspielerin. Sie nahm mit der spanischen Nationalmannschaft an der Europameisterschaft 2013 teil.


History.

Homogeneous catalysis is often used for enantioselective transformations. The ligands carry chiral information and thus they are modified for individual substrates. Ligands can also influence the chemoselectivity of the catalyst. The Josiphos ligands, often called privileged ligands, are important because of their ability to give high yields in enantioselective synthesis.  Josiphos ligands were developed in the 1990s by Antonio Togni in studies on ferrocenyl ligands previously discovered by T. Hayashi (1986). These studies focused of an Au(I)-catalyzed aldol reaction at The Central Research Laboratories of the former Ciba (now Novartis). Diphosphine ligands were prepared with secondary phosphines, they are today known as Josiphos ligands family, which gets the name after Josi Puleo, the technician who prepared the first one. It was first tried in an Ru-catalyzed enamide hydrogenation synthesis resulting in ee’s higher than 99% and TOF of 1000h. The ligand was successfully applied to the synthesis of the herbicide (S)-metolachlor, the active ingredient in the most common herbicide in the United States. The synthesis proceeds via the enantioselective hydrogenation of an imine (figure 2). The reaction proceeds with 100% conversion with TON over 7,000,000 and Turnover frequency ("TOF") higher than 2,000,000 h. This process is the largest-scale application of enantioselective hydrogenation, producing over 10,000 tons/year of the desired product with 79% ee. Figure 2: Xyliphos ligand  The ligands are also used in non-enantioselective reactions. They have been good ligands in Pd-catalyzed reaction of aryl chlorides and aryl vinyl tosylates with TON of 20,000 or higher. Also in the Pd/Josiphos catalyzed carbonylation. Coupling with Grignards and Negishi coupling reactions  A variety of Josiphos ligands are commercially available, under licence from Solvias. The (R-S) and its enantiomer are commonly used because they have provide give higher yields and higher enantioselectivities than the diastereomer (R,R). The ferrocene scaffold has proved to be versatile. One structural parameter that influences reactivity is the bite angle. The P1-M-P2 angle has an average value of 92.7°.  Figure 3: View of general conformation of a Josiphos ligands complex  The general consensus for the naming is abbreviating the individual ligand as (R)-(S)-RPF-PR’. The substituent on the Cp is written in front of the F and the R on the chiral center after the F.

Synthesis of Josiphos ligands.

The general approach for preparation of Josiphos ligands is outlined in figure 4, starting from Ugi's amine.  Figure 4: Scheme for general synthesis of the Josiphos ligands An important improvement since the first intent, and already pointed out in figure 4, has been using the N(CH) group as the leaving group and not acetate. Also found was that the use of acetic acid as solvent gave better yields.

Reactions using Josiphos ligands.

Some reactions that are accomplished using M-Josiphos complexes as catalyst are listed below. 1) Hydroboration of styrene  Figure 5: Hydroboration of styrene  With ee’s up to 92% and TOF of 5-10h. The reaction is conducted at -78 °C. Hayashi’s Rh-binap complex gives better yield. 2) Hydroformylation of Styrene  Figure 6: Hydroformylation of Styrene Yields of up to 78 %ee of the (R) product, however low TON and TOF, 10-210 and 1-14h, respectively.  3) Reductive amination  Figure 7: Reductive amination  This is the preparation of (S)-metolachlor. It is highly dependent on the solvent where AcOH is necessary to achieve good yields and a 100% conversion.  4) Hydrogenation of exocyclic methyl imine  Figure 8:Hydrogenation of exocyclic methyl imine  This reaction is the key step to for the synthesis of a HIV integrase inhibitor, Crixivan. This reaction gave 97% ee with TON and TOF of 1000 and 480h, respectively. This is one of the few reactions known of a homogenegeneous heteroarene hydrogenation. Bulky R groups increase the catalyst’s performance.  5) Asymmetric synthesis of chromanoylpyridine derivatives  Figure 9: Asymmetric synthesis of chromanoylpyridine derivatives  This reaction shows an intermediate for the synthesis of a chromanoylpyridine derivative used for hair growth and as an antihypertensive agent. This reaction occurs with high enantioselectivity, but low activity.  Other reactions where Josiphos ligands can be used are; hydrogenation of C==C bonds, hydrogenation of C==N, C==C and C==O, catalyzed allylic substitution, hydrocarboxylation, Michael addition, allylic alkylation, Heck reaction, ring-opening of oxabicycles, isomerization of allylamines and allylic substitution.

A Josiphos ligand is a type of chiral diphosphine which has been modified to be substrate-specific; they are widely used for enantioselective synthesis. They are named after the technician who made the first one, Josi Puleo.

Die Josiphos-Liganden sind eine Gruppe bidentater Diphosphanliganden mit axialer Chiralität, die in Übergangsmetall-katalysierten Reaktionen mit besonderer Enantioselektivität verwendet werden können. Erstmals wurde sie in den 1990er Jahren von Antonio Togni verwendet. ("R","S")-JosiPhos oder [("R")-1-{(S)-2-Diphenylphosphanylferrocenyl}ethyl-dicyclohexylphosphan] wurde erstmals großtechnisch bei der Synthese von ("S")-Metolachlor zur asymmetrischen Hydrierung des vorgebildeten Imins eingesetzt.


Plot.

Richie Furst used to have a lucrative career on Wall Street; this history prevents him from receiving tuition assistance at Princeton, so he funds his master's degree by referring students to online gambling, for which he receives a cut. After the dean threatens to expel him for these activities, Richie tries to win his tuition using his excellent poker skills in online gambling, but he loses all his money to a cheater, something he is able to prove by statistics.  Richie travels to Costa Rica to confront Ivan Block, who runs the biggest empire of online gambling websites in the world, including the one Richie lost his money on. After Ivan sees the statistics, he finds that coders have coded the software to allow them to cheat. After firing those involved, Ivan tells Richie he'll pay him millions per year to stay in Costa Rica and assist with the site.  Richie slowly begins a romantic relationship with Rebecca Shafran, ex-lover of Ivan, who appears to have no objections. Ivan has Richie blackmail a gaming affiliate with videos of his infidelity to force him to sign with Ivan. FBI Agent Shavers kidnaps Richie and threatens to ruin his life in various ways if he does not assist in getting Ivan convicted. Shavers cannot do anything legally as he has no authority in Costa Rica, but he takes advantage of this to use tactics that would be illegal and unethical for law enforcement inside the U.S. Ivan tells Richie that everyone in the organization ends up confronted by Shavers at some point.  Over time, Ivan's organization is revealed to be less than ethical. He sends Richie to bribe Costa Rica gaming director Herrera with too small a payment, which leads to Richie being beaten. Ivan tells him it comes with the territory of such a lucrative career. When Richie tries to leave the country, Shavers has drugs planted in his bag and offers to overlook it if Richie agrees to cooperate. A local police officer reveals that the police dislike Ivan but that he would buy his way out of any trouble and destroy whoever tried to take him down.  Richie's friend Andrew Cronin, who works on the software design for Ivan, suggests that Ivan is running a Ponzi scheme; the players' accounts have no actual money, and Ivan uses the money as his own bank account, keeping just enough to allow players to cash out when they need to. Aware that Richie might be wanting out, Ivan buys the massive poker debts of Richie's father and brings him to Costa Rica, using him as a hostage.  Ivan throws Herrera and his bodyguard into the river to get eaten by the crocodiles, but pulls them out before they are eaten. Cronin disappears and is later found nearly beaten to death. Thanks to Rebecca betraying Ivan, Richie finds out that he has been setting him up all along; Ivan is about to move his operations out of Costa Rica, planning to leave Richie behind as the fall guy. Richie gives out massive bribes to local officials, including low-level police officers. When the moving day hits, Ivan calls to sarcastically apologize to Richie, telling him he will be busted, as Ivan flies away on a private jet.  When Ivan lands, he finds he has been betrayed: the bribed pilot has instead flown him to Puerto Rico, an American territory. Shavers and other FBI agents move in to arrest him as Richie and Rebecca fly away on the private jet. Shavers says they're free to go because Richie left a flash drive for him containing sufficient evidence to convict Ivan.

Production.

Principal photography took place in the summer through the winter of 2012 in Puerto Rico and on the Princeton University campus. Despite the fact the film has several graphic indications that all events are taking place in Costa Rica none of the scenes were shot in the Central America nation.

Reception.

Box office.

In its opening weekend, the film came in third place with $7.8 million behind "Gravity" and "Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs 2". It grossed $19.3 million in North America and $43.4 million in the rest of the world for a worldwide total of $62.7 million.

Critical response.

On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds a rating of 8% based on 113 reviews, with an average rating of 4.08/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "It has an impressive cast and an intriguing premise, but "Runner Runner" wastes them on a bland, haphazardly assembled thriller with very little payoff." On Metacritic the film has a weighted average score of 36 out of 100, based on 31 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews". Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "C" on an A+ to F scale.

Runner Runner is a 2013 American crime thriller film directed by Brad Furman, written by Brian Koppelman and David Levien and starring Justin Timberlake, Ben Affleck, Gemma Arterton and Anthony Mackie.

Runner Runner ist ein US-amerikanischer Thriller aus dem Jahr 2013. Regie führte Brad Furman. In den Hauptrollen sind Justin Timberlake, Ben Affleck und Gemma Arterton. Der Film wurde am 25. September 2013 in Belgien, Frankreich und auf den Philippinen veröffentlicht. In den Vereinigten Staaten lief der Film am 4. Oktober und in Deutschland am 17. Oktober 2013 an.


Premise.

Set in December 2021, "Resiklo" is the story of Crisval Sarmiento, an ex-military Colonel who leads a rag-tag group of survivors in the Philippines against the insect-like alien invaders known as the "Balangs" (locusts). "Because of the enormous expenditures in resources during the invasion (hinted in the movie's opening credits), the humans are forced to scavenge the destroyed landscape for anything that could be recycled and put to use at their secret sanctuary, called "Paraiso" (Paradise).  However, they are in a race against time, as in addition to the resource gathering, the survivors are fighting to eliminate the Balangs and their human collaborators, the "Mutanos" (mutated humans), while keeping Paraiso's location secret and along the way, uncovering the truth behind the invasion as well.

Production.

The majority of the visual effects were handled by Riot, Ignite Media, and Digital Dodge, with Erick Torrente supervising the special effects.

International releases.

In Japan, "Resiklo" was retitled "Transbattler" (トランスバトラー), with a film poster emphasizing the presence of giant robots in the story and playing on the popularity of the Transformers franchise.

Critical reception.

The film garnered mixed to average reviews.  The CBCP's CINEMA (Catholic Initiative for Enlightened Movie Appreciation) gave the film a score of three out of five stars, stating it as a straight and simple sci-fi movie with an "ensemble cast that acts out the story."  The mecha action scenes were dismissed as copycats of the battle scenes from "Transformers". Director Mark Reyes insisted that such was not the case, stating that the concept for the movie was made before the Hollywood film was in development.

Resiklo () is a 2007 Philippine post-apocalyptic sci-fi film written and directed by Mark A. Reyes and starring Ramon "Bong" Revilla Jr., Dingdong Dantes, and Jennylyn Mercado. It is the entry of Revilla's outfit, Imus Productions, to the 2007 Metro Manila Film Festival.

Recyclo Transformers ist ein philippinischer Low-Budget-Science-Fiction-Film aus dem Jahr 2007. In Deutschland war der Film erstmals am 12. Juni 2009 zu sehen.


Text.

English.

<poem> The Father of mercy who dwells on high in His great mercy will remember with compassion the pious, upright and blameless the holy communities, who laid down their lives for the sanctification of His name. They were loved and pleasant in their lives and in death they were not parted. They were swifter than eagles and stronger than lions to carry out the will of their Maker, and the desire of their steadfast God. May our Lord remember them for good together with the other righteous of the world and may He redress the spilled blood of His servants as it is written in the Torah of Moses the man of God: "O nations, make His people rejoice for He will redress the blood of His servants He will retaliate against His enemies and appease His land and His people". And through Your servants, the prophets it is written: "Though I forgive, their bloodshed I shall not forgive When God dwells in Zion" And in the Holy Writings it says: "Why should the nations say, 'Where is their God?'" Let it be known among the nations in our sight that You avenge the spilled blood of Your servants. And it says: "For He who exacts retribution for spilled blood remembers them He does not forget the cry of the humble". And it says: "He will execute judgement among the corpse-filled nations crushing the rulers of the mighty land; from the brook by the wayside he will drink then he will hold his head high".</poem>

Transliteration.

Av harachameem shochein m'romeem, b'rachamav ha-atzumeem hu yeefkod b'rachamim. Hachaseedeem v'ha-y'shareem v'ha-t'meemeem, k'heelot hakodesh shemas'ru nafsham al kdushat Hasheim, hane-eh-haveem v'ha-n'eemeem b'chayeihem, uvmotam lo neefradu. Meen'shareem kalu umeiarayot gaveiru laasot r'tzon konam v'cheifetz tzuram. Yeezk'reim Eloheinu l'tova eem sh'ar tzadeekei olam v'yeenkom l'eineinu neekmat dam avadav hashafuch kakatuv b'torat moshe eesh haEloheem: harneenu goyeem amo kee dam avadav yeekom v'nakam yasheev l'tzarav v'cheeper admato amo. V'al y'dei avadecha haN'vee-eem katuv leimor: V'neekeitee damam lo neekeitee vAdonoy Shochein b'tzeeyon. Uvcheetvei hakodesh ne-eh-mar: lama yom'ru hagoyeem ayei ehloheihem yeevada bagoyeem l'eineinu neekmat dam avadecha hashafuch. V'omeir: kee doreish dameem otam zachar lo shachach tza-ah-kat anaveem. V'omeir: yadeen bagoyeem malei g'veeyot machatz rosh al eretz raba. Meenachal baderech yeeshte al kein yareem rosh.

Av Harachamim or Abh Haraḥamim ( "Father [of] mercy" or "Merciful Father") is a Jewish memorial prayer which was written in the late eleventh or early twelfth century, after the destruction of the Ashkenazi communities around the Rhine River by Christian crusaders during the First Crusade. First appearing in prayer books in 1290, it is printed in every Orthodox siddur in the European traditions of Nusach Sefarad and Nusach Ashkenaz and recited as part of the weekly Shabbat services, or in some communities on the Shabbat before Shavuot and Tisha B'Av.

Aw HaRachamim ( „Vater der Gnade“ oder „Gnädiger Vater“) ist ein jüdisches Gedenkgebet, das im späten elften oder frühen zwölften Jahrhundert geschrieben wurde, nach der Zerstörung der aschkenasischen Gemeinden rund um den Rhein durch christliche Kreuzfahrer während des ersten Kreuzzuges. Nachgewiesen ist ab es 1290 in einem Gebetbuch sowohl in der Tradition des "Nusach Aschkenas" () wie auch des "Nusach sfarad" (); es ist Teil des Morgengebets am Sabbat.


History.

Archeologists have excavated 16th-century settlements north of Lake Ontario at the Mantle Site (2005), Aurora Site and Ratcliff Site in Whitchurch-Stouffville, Ontario, all attesting to distinctly Wendat (Huron) occupancy. They have concluded the people coalesced in this area as a distinct group. Later they migrated to the Georgian Bay area, where they encountered Europeans in the 17th century.  Until the middle of the 17th century, the Wendake ancestors occupied a vast territory straddling part of what is now the United States (from Detroit as far south as Oklahoma), south-eastern Ontario (Penetanguishene and Midland) and Quebec. They hunted and trapped throughout this territory (mainly in the Laurentian Mountains, between the central section of the Saint-Maurice and the Saguenay rivers).  Between 1634 and 1650, the Wyandot Confederation was dismembered; its families, having been gathered into four or five tribes, were dispersed. It is estimated that the Huron population totalled approximately 20,000 to 30,000 people in 1634. By 1650, only a few hundred individuals remained. Most had been decimated by infectious disease epidemics, to which they had no natural immunity; survivors were attacked by wars, especially by the Iroquois Confederacy, who pushed from the south (present-day New York) trying to control hunting grounds and the fur trade.  Part of the Huron population had also been integrated into the Iroquois Confederation. The survivors of this tragic period divided into two groups in Canada: the Great-Lake Wyandot and the Huron-Wendat. The latter were the ancestors of the Huron-Wendat of Wendake. This marked the beginning of a period of exile for the 300 or so Wendat who remained, an era during which they would occupy as many as six different sites in the province of Quebec. They finally settled for good in the village of Lorette in 1697. First established on Île d'Orléans in 1651, the community moved to Quebec City in 1668. Subsequently, the Wendat temporarily resided in Beauport, Notre Dame de Foy, Ancienne-Lorette and then New Lorette in 1673.  The current population of the Indian reserve is 2,134 persons (2016 census). The land area is only 1.46 km2 (about 360 acres). The leader of Wendake is Grand Chef Konrad Sioui, who succeeded Max Gros-Louis in 2008.  The Huron had called their historic homeland Wendake; it was the territory south of Georgian Bay in present-day Simcoe and Grey counties. The region was informally known as "Huronia" or the Georgian Triangle. A very large 15th-century Huron-Wendat settlement (the Mantle Site) has recently been discovered in Whitchurch–Stouffville. Its discovery has added to archeologists and anthropologists believing that the Wendat arose as a people in this area.  Other remnants of the Wendat and Petun peoples formed the Wyandot and migrated south, to present-day Michigan, and later to Indian Territory in Kansas and Oklahoma. In the United States, there are three federally recognized Wyandot tribes: the Wyandotte Nation of Oklahoma, the Wyandot Nation of Kansas, and the Wyandot Nation of Anderdon in Michigan. In August 1999, these nations joined the contemporary Wendat Confederacy, pledging to provide mutual aid to each other in a spirit of peace, kinship, and unity.

Wendake is the current name for an urban reserve of the Huron-Wendat Nation in the Canadian province of Quebec. It is an enclave entirely surrounded by the La Haute-Saint-Charles borough of Quebec City, within the former city of Loretteville. One of the Seven Nations of Canada, the settlement was formerly known as "Village-des-Hurons" ("Huron Village"), and also as "(Jeune)-Lorette" ("New Lorette").

Wendake (auch "Village-des-Hurons" genannt) ist ein Indianerreservat der Wyandot (Huronen) in der kanadischen Provinz Québec. Es ist eine Enklave innerhalb der Provinzhauptstadt Québec. Im Jahr 2006 zählte man auf dem 1,46 km2 großen Gebiet 1.555 Einwohner. Wendake ist Teil der Verwaltungsregion Capitale-Nationale, gehört aber administrativ weder zur Agglomeration Québec noch zur Metropolregion.


Early life.

Jakob was born in 1413 in Sienno, the son of Dobisław of Oleśnicy a local aristocrat of the Debno family and his wife Catherine Oleśnicka, daughter of Dymitr of Goraj. His father, Dobiesława Olesnica mala Dębno, was Count of Sandomierz.  His brothers were:  He studied law and Theology in Rome and from 1435 was a Canon of Kraków Cathedral.

Diplomatic career.

As a diplomat he served as Secretary of King Vladislav Varnenchik and King Casimir IV Jagiellon. He was sent on missions to Hungary in 1442 and 1448 and in 1459 he represented the King at the Congress of Mantua.

Episcopal career.

After the death of his uncle, Cardinal Zbigniew Oleśnicki, in 1455 he was administrator of the diocese of Kraków.  Pope Pius II appointed him Bishop of Kraków. Unfortunately, the King had other plans and request the appointment of John Gruszczynski, consecrated on May 31, 1461. The conflict escalated with the Pope (Pius II) on 2 June 1461, threatening to excommunicate the King. The King then banished Jakub.  Eventually on 16 January 1462 the conflict was resolved through intersession of the papal legate Jerome Lando, Archbishop of Crete. In January 1463 at the Sejm in Piotrków the Kings appointee abdicated the bishopric of Kraków.  Pope Pius II compensated Jakob and he received the bishopric of Włocławek. In Włocławek and in Gniezno he installed oak pew stalls and rich liturgical equipment, and donated to the library of Kraków Academy.  In 1465 he represented the King at the meeting with the Teutonic Knights in Toruń, that ended the Thirteen Years' War.  In 1466 he represented the King during the discussions with the Teutonic Knights in Toruń, ending the 13-year-old war. He was a signatory to the Act of peace of 1466.  He died 4 October 1480 in Łowicz and was buried in the Cathedral of Gniezno. He erected the cross on the Cathedral, still there today.

Jakub of Sienno () was a medieval Bishop Kraków in the years 1461–1463, Bishop of Włocławek from 1464, and then Archbishop of Gniezno from 1474. He was also a 15th-century diplomat for the Polish Crown.

Jakub z Sienna Herb Dębno (* 1413 in Sienno; † 4. Oktober 1480 in Łowicz) war ein polnischer Adliger und als solcher der Bischof von Krakau (1461–1463), Bischof von Włocławek (1464–1474) und der Erzbischof von Gniezno sowie Primas Poloniae (1474–1480).


History.

The rolling hills of the North Shore of Long Island were laid down as terminal moraines by the receding glaciers of the last ice age roughly 10,000 years ago. The Algonquian tribe that settled the area, spanning from Flushing to Setauket, called the area "hilly ground" or Matinecock and as a result the Algonquian Indians who settled there became known as the Matinecock Indians.  In 1667, Captain John Underhill negotiated with the Matinecock Indians to purchase land for a settlement that he and his fellow colonists would call Buckram. The town name lasted for nearly 200 years, until in 1856 the name was changed to Locust Valley based on the number of locust trees located in the area.  On April 19, 1869, the Long Island Rail Road opened the extension of the Glen Cove line, via a single track to Locust Valley, making it the terminus of the line until the railroad was extended to its current terminus in Oyster Bay in 1889.  With the arrival of the Long Island Rail Road, a commercial center developed and thrived around the Locust Valley station and the nearby intersection of Forest Ave/Buckram Road and Birch Hill Road. As the North Shore of Long Island grew into the Gold Coast in the early 20th century, the commercial center grew to serve the great estates that were being established in the surrounding communities of Bayville, Centre Island, Lattingtown, Mill Neck, Matinecock, Muttontown and The Brookvilles.  By 1927, the wealthy Harrison Williams had established himself at his Delano & Aldrich designed estate "Oak Point" at Bayville, on nearby Pine Island. Weekend guests (which several times included Scott Fitzgerald, the Prince of Wales, Cecil Beaton & Winston Churchill) arriving at the Locust Valley Station were often fetched in one of his fleet of Rolls Royce motorcars which would stop in the hamlet for last-moment provisions. At that time, Williams, a Wall Street tycoon, was considered the wealthiest American, and John Kenneth Galbraith wrote, in his book about the great depression, of Williams' pyramiding of utilities holding companies, "If there must be madness something may be said for having it on a heroic scale".  In the 1940s and 50s, Locust Valley was the country home of Robert A. Lovett, a partner (with Prescott Bush) in Brown Brothers Harriman Bank on Wall Street and a former United States Secretary of Defense; Elizabeth Shoumatoff, renowned portrait painter of President Franklin D. Roosevelt, and other local luminaries; and finally, Leonard Hall, The National Chairman of the Republican Party. The hamlet was also a regular stop for rest and relaxation for the Duke of Windsor and Cole Porter.  As the commercial center, with the railroad station for the surrounding Gold Coast communities, the geographically small Locust Valley became the name of reference for all surrounding areas between Glen Cove and Oyster Bay. This larger community, which now constitutes the Locust Valley School service area, was associated with the upper-class accent prevalent on the great estates: "Locust Valley Lockjaw". While the accent is not heard as much as it once was, Locust Valley remains a social center for upper-class New Yorkers. Many are members of the exclusive clubs in the area: Piping Rock Club, The Creek, Beaver Dam and the Seawanhaka Corinthian Yacht Club.  The Cock-Cornelius House, Matinecock Friends Meetinghouse, and George Underhill House are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Geography.

Locust Valley is located at (40.877127, -73.594782) on the North Shore of Long Island. According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of, of which, of it is land and of it (2.13%) is water.

Demographics.

As of the census of 2000, there were 3,521 people, 1,279 households, and 915 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 3,832.0 per square mile (1,477.7/km2). There were 1,324 housing units at an average density of 1,441.0/sq mi (555.7/km2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 86.51% White, 3.89% African American, 0.03% Native American, 1.99% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 5.68% from other races, and 1.87% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 14.54% of the population.  There were 1,279 households out of which 33.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.1% were married couples living together, 11.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.4% were non-families. 22.6% of all households were made up of individuals and 10.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.75 and the average family size was 3.19.  In the CDP, the population was spread out with 23.8% under the age of 18, 6.4% from 18 to 24, 32.2% from 25 to 44, 23.5% from 45 to 64, and 14.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 95.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.5 males.  The median income for a household in the CDP was $57,418, and the median income for a family was $70,592. Males had a median income of $51,115 versus $37,868 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $40,141. About 3.0% of families and 6.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 7.2% of those under age 18 and 2.7% of those age 65 or over.

Education.

The Locust Valley Central School System is a K–12 public system which serves a large geographic area covering the Incorporated Villages of Lattingtown, Matinecock, Bayville, portions of Mill Neck, Muttontown, Brookville, and unincorporated Locust Valley. There are four school campuses which include Ann MacArthur Primary, Locust Valley Intermediate, Bayville Primary & Intermediate, and a shared Middle School-Upper School at Lattingtown. In May 2012, three major national publications, "Newsweek", "The Washington Post", and "U.S. News & World Report", ranked the high schools in the United States. All of these identified Locust Valley High School as being one of the best high schools in the country. The rankings are as follows: "Newsweek" ranked Locust Valley High School #2 on Long Island; #6 in New York State; and #55 in the nation. "US News & World Report" ranked Locust Valley High School #4 on Long Island; #20 in New York State; and #99 in the United States. "The Washington Post" ranked Locust Valley High School #5 on Long Island; #11 in New York State; and #144 in the United States. Each publication uses different criteria in the selection process. The following are many of the college-readiness indicators that are used: graduation rates, college acceptance rates, the number of International Baccalaureate (IB) and Advanced Placement (AP) tests taken per student, the average score on IB and AP tests; student achievement levels; SAT scores; and State assessments.  In 2004, LVCSD began offering the International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme (IB). In 2006, it had the first graduating class with IB Diploma recipients. In 2008, after an extensive national search the District appointed its current Superintendent Dr. Anna Hunderfund beginning July 1. Based on reported 2009-2010 IB/AP test participation data, Locust Valley High School is ranked 55th nationally, 10th in the northeast, and second on Long Island (behind Jericho) "Newsweek Magazine May 2012".This ranking being out of some 27,000 public high schools nationally.  In 2011, Josh Benstock, a music teacher with the Locust Valley School District since 2000, was arrested and in 2013 he pled guilty to inappropriate contact with students at two Locust Valley elementary schools, after being charged with four counts of sex abuse and 10 counts of endangerment. The School District sued Benstock under a "faithless servant" theory, to claw back all compensation Benstock had earned during the period of time in which he allegedly engaged in criminal conduct.  The high school newspaper "The Spectrum" has won the Columbia Scholastic Press Association's and the Empire State Scholastic Press Association's Gold Award for excellence in student journalism. Each year the school awards the Patrick J. Goostrey Award to the graduating senior most outstanding in American History and Student Leadership.  The school's colors are Hunter (Dartmouth) Green and White. The school crest includes a falcon, as the athletic teams are known as The Falcons.

Cemetery.

Locust Valley Cemetery is a private, non-denominational memorial designed by the Olmsted Brothers and incorporated in 1917.

Locust Valley is a hamlet and census-designated place (CDP) located in Nassau County, New York. Locust Valley is an unincorporated area of the Town of Oyster Bay. As of the United States 2010 Census, the CDP population was 3,406. The area is commonly identified with its W.A.S.P and "White Shoe" culture surrounding a group of polo and golf clubs, primarily the secretive Piping Rock Club, as well as the equally prestigious Creek Club, in the neighboring incorporated villages of Matinecock and Lattingtown, respectively. The town is also known for Locust Valley lockjaw.

Locust Valley ist ein sogenanntes "Hamlet" (im Deutschen einem Weiler entsprechend) und ein Census-designated place in Nassau County. Laut dem US-Zensus aus dem Jahr 2010 leben 3406 Einwohner in diesem Ort. Er gehört zum Stadtgebiet von Oyster Bay auf Long Island.


Qualification.

Qualification event.

Norway and Finland qualified from the qualifying event held in November 2012 in Lohja, Finland.

Teams.

The teams are listed as follows:

Round robin standings.

"Final Round Robin Standings"

Round robin results.

All draw times are listed in Moscow Time (UTC+4).

Draw 1.

"Saturday, February 16, 9:30"

Draw 2.

"Saturday, February 16, 16:00"

Draw 3.

"Sunday, February 17, 9:30"

Draw 4.

"Sunday, February 17, 15:30"  Draw 4 was postponed due to ice problems. The scheduled United States – South Korea game was moved to Draw 10, while the scheduled China – Norway and Slovakia – Sweden games were moved to Draw 11.

Draw 5.

"Monday, February 18, 9:30"

Draw 6.

"Monday, February 18, 15:30"

Draw 7.

"Tuesday, February 19, 9:30"

Draw 8.

"Tuesday, February 19, 15:30"

Draw 9.

"Wednesday, February 20, 9:30"

Draw 10.

"Wednesday, February 20, 15:30"

Draw 11.

"Wednesday, February 20, 19:30"

Draw 12.

"Thursday, February 21, 9:00"

Draw 13.

"Thursday, February 21, 14:30"

Placement Game.

"Thursday, February 21, 20:00"

Tiebreakers.

"Thursday, February 21, 20:00" "Friday, February 22, 9:00"

Playoffs.

1 vs. 2.

"Friday, February 22, 14:30"

3 vs. 4.

"Friday, February 22, 14:30"

Semifinal.

"Friday, February 22, 20:00"

Bronze medal game.

"Saturday, February 23, 9:30"

Gold medal game.

"Saturday, February 23, 15:30"

The 2013 World Wheelchair Curling Championship was held from February 16 to 23 at the Sochi Olympic Curling Centre in Sochi, Russia. Canada won their third title after defeating Sweden in the final with a score of 4–3, becoming the first nation to win three world wheelchair curling titles.

Die Rollstuhlcurling-Weltmeisterschaft 2013 war die 9. Austragung der Welttitelkämpfe im Rollstuhlcurling. Das Turnier fand vom 16. bis 23. Februar des Jahres erstmals in der russischen Stadt Sotschi, Region Krasnodar statt. Gespielt wurde im Ice Cube Curling Center. Kanada gewann das Finale gegen Schweden mit 4:3 und ist mit drei Titeln Rekordweltmeister.


Biography.

House was born on December 1, 1923, in Kansas City, Missouri, and moved to Whittier, California, when he was three years old. House completed pre-dental degrees at Whittier College and the University of Southern California. He then enrolled at the University of California, Berkeley, where he received a doctorate in dentistry. House next earned a medical degree from the University of Southern California after two years in the U.S. Navy. His older half brother, Howard P. House, was also a physician and was focused on otology, founding the House Ear Institute (later renamed the House Research Institute) in 1946. William House eventually adopted the same focus.  House was heavily criticized by physicians and surgeons during much of his career. Many believed his idea of a device to electrically stimulate the ear would never work. Today, however, he is generally regarded as a hero, in that his innovative research and development led to the creation of the modern cochlear implant.  House's first design for a cochlear implant was surgically implanted in 1961, but the implant was rejected by the patient's body. A longer-lasting model was developed and successfully implanted in 1969, and it was introduced commercially in 1972.  One of his patients was astronaut Alan B. Shepard, Jr., first American and the second person in space in 1961, and, thanks to Dr. House, 5th man to walk on the Moon in 1971 following a procedure he performed on him for Meniere's disease.  In 1987, House was awarded an honorary Doctor of Science (Sc.D.) degree from Whittier College.  House died on December 7, 2012, at his home in Aurora, Oregon, at the age of 89.

William Fouts House (December 1, 1923 in Kansas City, Missouri – December 7, 2012 in Aurora, Oregon) was an American otologist, physician and medical researcher who developed and invented the cochlear implant. The cochlear implant is considered to be the first invention to restore not just the sense of hearing, but any of the absent five senses in humans. Dr. House also pioneered approaches to the lateral skull base for removal of tumors, and is considered "the Father of Neurotology."

William Fouts House (* 1. Dezember 1923 in Kansas City, Missouri; † 7. Dezember 2012 in Aurora, Oregon) war ein US-amerikanischer Mediziner (Otologie, Chirurgie) und Pionier des Cochlea-Implantats.


Early life.

Anton Pace von Friedensberg was born on 14 November 1851 at Burg Thurn-Gallenstein near Heiligenkreuz am Waasen. He was the son of Count Karl Maria Philipp Pace von Friedensberg and Baroness Kamilla Schweiger von Lerchenfeld. He studied law at the University of Graz, graduating in 1870.

Government career.

In 1874 he entered the civil service and served as district captain of Loitsch. He then served as Ministerial Secretary in the Ministry of the Interior before being appointed Governor of Graz in 1888. In 1889 he was transferred to the Duchy of Bukovina where he served as a Geheimrat in the Aulic Council. On 2 August 1890 he took over the official business of the Duchy's president, Baron Felix Pino von Friedenthal, whose health was failing. He was made the successor for the position on 9 January 1891 and resumed the role of President of the Duchy of Bukovina, serving as the head of the state government, on 1 August 1981. Influenced by German and Polish social circles, Pace von Friedensberg restricted the use of the Romanian language in government administration and judicial proceedings. This caused controversy in the Duchy with the Romanian population and caused conflict with the Archbishop of Chernivsti, who accused Pace von Friedensberg of defying ecclesiastical autonomy. In February 1892 the Romanian Conservative Party leader Baron Alexander Vasilko von Serecki, the Orthodox Patriarch of Bukovina, and many of the Bukovinian nobility refused to attend a festival hosted by Pace von Friedensberg in protest of his anti-Romanian leanings. Pace von Friedensberg was recalled on 17 May 1892. Although no longer the President of Bukovina, he was granted honorary citizenship by the Czernowitz city council.  Upon leaving office, Pace von Friedensberg was not honored with any decorations, unlike his predecessors, due to his lack of adversity in his administrative career. He was given a position as Vice President of the Supreme Court of Auditors in Vienna and was added to the Privy Council in 1897. He was decorated as a second class member of the Order of the Iron Crown in 1898 for his administrative work. In 1990 he became Section Chief to the Ministry of the Interior, where he remained until he retired in 1905. He was decorated with the Grand Cross of the Imperial Austrian Order of Franz Joseph in 1901.  On 27 December 1909 Pace von Friedensberg was appointed as a member of the Austrian Imperial Council for life and served as Vice-President of the Commission for Legal Reform from 1911 until 1914.  Pace von Friedensberg was considered a leading expert in administrative law. He created a legal system for the Ministry of the Interior and revised Ernst Mayerhofer's "Handbuch für die politische Verwaltungsdienst".

Personal life.

Along with government work, Pace von Friedensberg was interested in Slovene culture and literature, having translated various works by France Prešeren from Slovenian to German.  He was married to Baroness Marie von Winckler. They had two children, Countess Melitta Maria Kamilla Pace (born 1891) and Count Carlo Maria Alfred Pace (born 1892).

Count Anton Pace, Baron of Friedensberg ("Anton Graf Pace, Freiherr von Friedensberg" in German; 14 November 1851 – 29 December 1923) was an Austrian aristocrat, politician, senior government official, and Imperial and Royal Privy Councilman. He served as the President of Bukovina and later as a life member of the Imperial Council of Austria-Hungary.

Anton Graf Pace, Freiherr von Friedensberg (* 14. November 1851 auf Burg Thurn-Gallenstein bei Heiligenkreuz, Grafschaft Görz; † 29. Dezember 1923 in Wien) war ein k.u.k. Geheimer Rat, hoher österreichischer Verwaltungsbeamter, Politiker, unter anderem Landespräsident der Bukowina, später Mitglied des Herrenhauses des österreichischen Reichsrats auf Lebenszeit und Autor.