History.

Early history.

For many millennia, the Great Plains of North America was inhabited by nomadic Native Americans. From the 16th century to 18th century, the Kingdom of France claimed ownership of large parts of North America. In 1762, after the French and Indian War, France secretly ceded New France to Spain, per the Treaty of Fontainebleau.

19th century.

In 1802, Spain returned most of the land to France, but kept title to about 7,500 square miles. In 1803, most of the land in modern-day Kansas was acquired by the United States from France as part of the 828,000 square mile Louisiana Purchase for 2.83 cents per acre.  In 1854, the Kansas Territory was organized, then in 1861 Kansas became the 34th U.S. state. In 1879, Stafford County was established.  The boundaries of Stafford County were defined by the Kansas Legislature of 1870 but for several years, the county remained unorganized. The Legislature of 1875, with the intention of obliterating the county from the map, gave the territory in Stafford County to other counties. They gave the portion in Range 15 West to Pawnee County; the portion included in Ranges 11, 12, 13 and 14 to Barton County; and the south half of the county, excepting the portion in Range 15, was added to Pratt County. But after each of the counties had taken its part, a strip six miles wide and twelve miles long (two townships) remained as Stafford County. This was the condition of the county until April 25, 1879, when, by a decision of the Supreme Court, the act of the Legislature dividing the county was declared unconstitutional and the county was restored to its original boundaries.

Geography.

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of, of which is land and (0.4%) is water.

Demographics.

As of the census of 2000, there were 4,789 people, 2,010 households, and 1,294 families residing in the county. The population density was 6 people per square mile (2/km2). There were 2,458 housing units at an average density of 3 per square mile (1/km2). The racial makeup of the county was 94.97% White, 0.15% Black or African American, 0.38% Native American, 0.13% Asian, 2.97% from other races, and 1.42% from two or more races. 5.41% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.  There were 2,010 households out of which 29.90% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.90% were married couples living together, 5.90% had a female householder with no husband present, and 35.60% were non-families. 33.00% of all households were made up of individuals and 17.20% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.34 and the average family size was 2.99.  In the county, the population was spread out with 26.30% under the age of 18, 5.40% from 18 to 24, 24.60% from 25 to 44, 22.50% from 45 to 64, and 21.20% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females there were 95.20 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.40 males.  The median income for a household in the county was $31,107, and the median income for a family was $38,235. Males had a median income of $27,328 versus $21,063 for females. The per capita income for the county was $16,409. About 8.70% of families and 11.80% of the population were below the poverty line, including 15.20% of those under age 18 and 8.90% of those age 65 or over.

Government.

Stafford County is often carried by Republican Candidates. The last time they have been carried by a democratic candidate was in 1976 by Jimmy Carter.

Laws.

Although the Kansas Constitution was amended in 1986 to allow the sale of alcoholic liquor by the individual drink with the approval of voters, Stafford County remained a prohibition, or "dry", county until an election in 2016 when this prohibition was removed by 1,304 to 535, 71% of the vote.

Communities.

Townships.

Stafford County is divided into twenty-one townships. None of the cities within the county are considered "governmentally independent", and all figures for the townships include those of the cities. In the following table, the population center is the largest city (or cities) included in that township's population total, if it is of a significant size.

Stafford County (standard abbreviation: SF) is a county located in the U.S. state of Kansas. As of the 2010 census, the county population was 4,437. Its county seat is St. John. The county is named in honor of Lewis Stafford, captain of Company E, First Kansas Infantry, who was killed at the Battle of Young's Point in Madison Parish, Louisiana on June 7, 1863.

Stafford County ist ein County im Bundesstaat Kansas der Vereinigten Staaten. Der Verwaltungssitz (County Seat) ist St. John. Das County gehört zu den Dry Countys, was bedeutet, dass der Verkauf von Alkohol eingeschränkt oder verboten ist.


Synopsis.

The film introduces 11-year-old Maria in her little brother Pilten's funeral. Following her son's death, Maria's mother becomes engulfed in her own sorrow, and distances herself from Maria. While spending the summer holiday with her grandparents in Bergen, Maria meets Jakob, a boy around her age. The two become friends, and spend time together exploring the city, and having discussions about life and death. Through her friendship with Jakob, Maria comes to terms with her mother and their loss.

Release.

"Only Clouds Move the Stars" had its theatrical release on 24 August 1998. The film was seen by 10,000 people during its opening weekend. It went on to become the second most viewed Norwegian film of 1998, beaten only by "Gurin with the Foxtail", which was also produced by John M. Jacobsen.  Norwegian critics were almost unanimously positive about the film. Jon Selås of "Verdens Gang" praised the film for its "magical moments", and Rusten and Kristoffersen for their interplay and "fantastic" depictions of the main characters. He lauded Lian for "making the fundamentally important observation that children aren't half adults or unfinished individuals; they are children, they are human." "Dagbladet"'s reviewer was equally positive about the two leads, who she felt "carried the lion's share of the film". She rated the film 5/6, and urged moviegoers to "bring a handkerchief."  The film also received favourable notices from American publications. "Variety"'s Gunnar Rehlin found the film to be "realistically told", and characterized it as "funny, sad and bittersweet by turns, with a conclusion that's optimistic but feels right." "The Hollywood Reporter" also commented positively on the film, acclaiming Lian for creating a "truly magical family film, in large part a result of her work with the two young players." The reviewer found Rusten to "embod[y] the fragile vulnerability of a young girl who feels that she has been deserted by everyone," and characterized Kristoffersen as a "delight as the irrepressible Jacob."  "Only Clouds Move the Stars" received awards at several international film festivals. The film was awarded a Crystal Bear at the Berlin International Film Festival's Kinderfilmfest. At the Lübeck Nordic Film Days, the film won the Nordic Film Institute's Award for Best Film, Children and Young People, and the Grand Prize for Best Feature. Other awards included the Audience Award and Best Actress Award at the Rouen Nordic Film Festival. Domestically, the film was nominated for four Amanda Awards, and won in the category Best Film. Torun Lian subsequently received the Ingmar Bergman-award for the film.

Only Clouds Move the Stars () is a 1998 Norwegian drama film written and directed by Torun Lian. Based on her novel of the same name, the film was Lian's directorial debut. The film was a critical and commercial success. It won the Amanda Award in 1999 in the category "Best film", and has received more awards internationally than any other Norwegian film. It was the Norwegian submission for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film.

Der Kinder- und Jugendfilm Nur Wolken bewegen die Sterne ist ein norwegisches Filmdrama aus dem Jahr 1998. Die Literaturverfilmung entstand nach dem Buch Es sind die Wolken, die die Sterne bewegen von Torun Lian. Diese schrieb auch das Drehbuch zu diesem Film, und führte Regie. Das Buch wurde mit dem Norwegischen Kinderliteraturpreis ausgezeichnet, und der Film erhielt 12 Filmpreise.


Plot.

Environmental toxicants in the city of Woburn, Massachusetts contaminate the area's water supply and become linked to a number of deaths of local children. Cocky Boston attorney Jan Schlichtmann (John Travolta) and his small firm of personal injury lawyers are asked by Woburn resident Anne Anderson (Kathleen Quinlan) to take legal action against those responsible. After originally rejecting a seemingly unprofitable case, Jan finds a major environmental issue involving groundwater contamination that has great legal potential and realizes the local tanneries could be responsible for several deadly cases of leukemia. Jan decides to go forward against two giant corporations which own the tanneries Beatrice Foods and W. R. Grace and Company thinking that the case could possibly earn him millions and boost his firm's reputation.  Bringing a class action lawsuit in federal court, Jan represents families who demand an apology and a clean-up of contaminated areas. However, the case develops a life of its own and takes over the lives of Jan and his firm. The lawyers for Beatrice and Grace are not easy to intimidate, a judge (John Lithgow) makes a key ruling against the plaintiffs, and soon Jan and his partners find themselves in a position where their professional and financial survival has been staked on the outcome of the case. Jan stubbornly declines settlement offers, gradually coming to believe that the case is about more than just money. He allows his pride to take over, making outrageous demands and deciding that he must win at all costs. Pressures take their toll, with Jan and his partners going deeply into debt.  After a lengthy trial, the case is dismissed in favor of Beatrice, after Jan turned down an offer of $20 million from Beatrice attorney Jerry Facher (Robert Duvall) during jury deliberations. The plaintiffs are forced to accept a settlement with Grace that barely covers the expense involved in trying the case, leaving Jan and his partners broke. The families are deeply disappointed, and Jan's partners dissolve their partnership, effectively breaking up the firm. Jan ends up alone, living in a small apartment and running a small-time law practice. He manages to find the last key witness to the case, but lacks resources and courage to appeal the judgement. The files are archived while Jan later files for bankruptcy.  A postscript reveals that the EPA, building on Jan's work on the case, later brought its own enforcement action against Beatrice and Grace, forcing them to pay millions to clean up the land and the groundwater. It takes Jan several years to settle his debts, and he now practices environmental law in New Jersey.

Differences from the book.

The plotline has been greatly simplified from the book, e.g. later findings by the Environmental Protection Agency and its potential consequences that might have allowed the plaintiffs another trial against Beatrice, and which did ultimately lead to a conviction of perjury against John Riley, and improper conduct for Mary Ryan, are referred to only briefly in the epilogue.  The characters Charles Nesson, Mark Phillips, Rikki Klieman, Teresa Padro and others have been removed from the film version, as well as the plot points that they contribute.  Kathy Bates appears in an uncredited cameo in the final scene as the judge overseeing Jan's bankruptcy hearing.

Filming.

The movie was shot in Boston, Dedham, Massachusetts, Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts, Waltham, Massachusetts, Northbridge, Massachusetts, and Palmer, Massachusetts; Fenway Park, Boston Public Garden, Beacon Hill, Boston.

Release.

Box office.

Despite receiving mostly positive reception from critics and with Duvall getting an Oscar nomination, "A Civil Action" was nowhere near as successful as anticipated with audiences. Its domestic gross was a mere $56 million, well below its $75 million budget. During its original theatrical release "A Civil Action" was competing with other Christmas season blockbusters including "Shakespeare in Love", "The Prince of Egypt", "", "You've Got Mail", "Stepmom" and "Patch Adams". The film was successful on limited release.

Reception.

On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 61% based on reviews from 70 critics. The site's consensus called the film "Intelligent and unconventional." On Metacritic the film has a score of 68 out of 100, based on reviews from 25 critics. Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave the film a grade B on scale of A to F.  Roger Ebert of the "Chicago Sun-Times" gave the film 3.5 out of 4 and wrote: "Civil Action is like John Grisham for grownups."

A Civil Action is a 1998 American legal drama film written and directed by Steven Zaillian, based on the 1995 book of the same name by Jonathan Harr. Starring John Travolta and Robert Duvall, it tells the true story of a court case about environmental pollution that took place in Woburn, Massachusetts, in the 1980s. The film and court case revolve around the issue of trichloroethylene, an industrial solvent, and its contamination of a local aquifer. A lawsuit was filed over industrial operations that appeared to have caused fatal cases of leukemia and cancer, as well as a wide variety of other health problems, among the citizens of the city. The case involved is "Anne Anderson, et al., v. Cryovac, Inc., et al.". The first reported decision in the case is at 96 F.R.D. 431 (denial of defendants' motion to dismiss). Duvall was nominated for an Oscar for his performance.

Zivilprozess (Originaltitel: "A Civil Action") ist ein US-amerikanisches Filmdrama aus dem Jahr 1998. Die Regie führte Steven Zaillian, der auch das Drehbuch anhand eines Buches von Jonathan Harr schrieb. Die Hauptrolle spielte John Travolta.


History.

The park's lands were set aside as a wildlife refuge in 1958. In 1971, the small human population of the area was relocated and the lands were designated a national park. The park has not seen major development as a tourist location since its original designation. The park as a protective area is underfunded and national and international concerns exist about poaching and sustainability in the park, but its protection of important resident antelope species has improved since its initial founding as a preserve.  The park is an important study area for scientists because of the removal of the human population from within the park allowing for some long-term studies, in particular, of relatively undisturbed sites compared to similar areas of densely populated equatorial West Africa. One study on the resident population of 800 elephants, for example, indicates that elephant damage to large trees varies with species. In Mole, elephants have a greater tendency to seriously injure economically important species such as "Burkea africana", an important tropical hardwood, and "Butyrospermum paradoxum", the source of "shea butter", over the less important "Terminalia" spp.  Recently, honey made from flowers in the Molé National Forest has become the region's first fair-trade commodity. Nearby, villagers harvest the honey using traditional, non-invasive methods, and have partnered with a Utah-based company to sell the honey as a health and wellness supplement in the US. The program was co-founded by Ashanti Chief Nana Kwasi Agyemang, who hopes to re-ignite local interest in the honey and eventually export it to other countries in Africa.

Flora.

Tree species of the park include "Burkea africana", "Isoberlinia doka", and "Terminalia macroptera". The savanna grasses are somewhat low in diversity but known species include a spikesedge, " Kyllinga echinata", an "Aneilema", "Aneilema setiferum" var. "pallidiciliatum", and two endemic members of the Asclepiadaceae subfamily, the vine " Gongronema obscurum", and the edible geophyte, "Raphionacme vignei".  Trees:  Shrubs:  Herbaceous plants:  Grasslands:

Fauna.

The park is home to over 93 mammal species, and the large mammals of the park include an elephant population, hippos, buffalo, and warthogs. The park is considered a primary African preserve for antelope species including kob, defassa waterbuck, roan, hartebeest, oribi, the bushbuck, and two duikers, the red duiker and yellow-backed duiker. Olive baboons, black-and-white colobus monkeys, the green vervet, and patas monkeys are the known species of monkeys resident in the park. Of the 33 known species of reptiles slender-snouted and dwarf crocodile are found in the park. Sightings of hyenas, lions and leopards are unusual, but these carnivores were once more common in the park. Among the 344 listed bird species are the martial eagle, the white-headed and palm-nut vultures, saddle-billed storks, herons, egrets, the Abyssinian roller, the violet turaco, various shrikes and the red-throated bee-eater.  Mole National Park, like other Ghanaian game preserves, is poorly funded for prevention of poaching. Nevertheless, the fauna of the park is guarded by professional rangers, and the poachers are at real risk to be put under arrest. Poachers tend to live within 50 km of the boundaries of the park. This distance of 50 km is the reported greatest distance hunters were willing to travel with poached game. The remnant human population of the park was removed in 1961, leaving all game hunters outside the reserve, meaning that mammal populations on the edges of the park are impacted more by hunting than interior populations.

Tourism.

After improvements to the roads leading to the park, the number of visitors to the park increased from 14,600 in 2014 to 17,800 in 2015. Depending on the year, 20%-40% of visitors are foreign. Mr. Farouk Umaru Dubiure, the Park Manager, says “Though we received many visitors, the funds generated were very low because 70 percent of the visitors were Ghanaian students who pay little to visit the park. These students also visit the Park on the same day and return, compared to the foreigners who spend more days to view the Park well”

External links.

,Mole National Park is Ghana's largest wildlife refuge. The park is located in the Savannah region of Ghana on savanna and riparian ecosystems at an elevation of 150 m, with a sharp escarpment forming the southern boundary of the park. The park's entrance is reached through the nearby town of Larabanga. The Lovi and Mole Rivers are ephemeral rivers flowing through the park, leaving behind only drinking holes during the long dry season. This area of Ghana receives over 1000 mm per year of rainfall. A long-term study has been done on Mole National Park to understand the impact of human hunters on the animals in the preserve.

Der Mole-Nationalpark (englisch "Mole National Park") ist ein Nationalpark in Ghana, der 1971 als erstes Tierreservat des Landes gegründet wurde. Mit 4840 km2 ist er vor dem Digya-Nationalpark der größte Nationalpark Ghanas. Der Mole-Nationalpark liegt im Nordwesten des Landes in der Savannah Region, die im Vergleich zu den Küstengebieten Ghanas touristisch etwas schlechter erschlossen ist.


Taxonomy.

"Agaricus violaceus" was one of the few fungal species named by Carl Linnaeus in his 1753 work "Species Plantarum". The specific epithet "violaceus" refers to the deep violet colour of its cap. In English, it is commonly known as the violet webcap, or violet cort. French naturalist Jean-Baptiste Lamarck viewed it as a variety ("violaceus") of a variable species he described as "Amanita araneosa" in 1783, and Christiaan Hendrik Persoon placed it in the Section "Cortinaria" of "Agaricus" in his 1801 work "Synopsis Methodica Fungorum". "Cortinarius" was established as a genus by English botanist Samuel Frederick Gray in the first volume of his 1821 work "A Natural Arrangement of British Plants", where the species was recorded as "Cortinaria violacea", "the violet curtain-stool".  The starting date of fungal taxonomy had been set as 1 January 1821, to coincide with the date of the works of the "father of mycology", the Swedish naturalist Elias Magnus Fries, which meant the name "Cortinarius violaceus" required sanction by Fries (indicated in the name by a colon) to be considered valid. Thus the species was written as "Cortinarius violaceus" (L.: Fr.) Gray. However, a 1987 revision of the "International Code of Botanical Nomenclature" set the starting date at 1 May 1753, the date of publication of Linnaeus's "Species Plantarum". Hence, the name no longer requires the ratification of Fries's authority, and is thus written as "Cortinarius violaceus" (L.) Gray.  German botanist Friedrich Otto Wünsche described the species as "Inoloma violaceum" in 1877. In 1891, his countryman Otto Kuntze published "Revisio Generum Plantarum", his response to what he perceived as a poor method in existing nomenclatural practice. He called the violet webcap "Gomphos violaceus" in 1898. However, Kuntze's revisionary programme was not accepted by the majority of biologists.  "Cortinarius violaceus" was designated as the type species for the genus "Cortinarius" by Frederic Clements and Cornelius Lott Shear in their 1931 work "The Genera of Fungi". Mycologist David Arora considers this odd, due to the mushroom's unusual colour and cystidia. Because of this designation, if "C. violaceus" were to be split from the rest of the current genus, then, according to the rules of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature, it would retain the name "Cortinarius", while the other species would have to be reclassified. The species was one of only two placed in the "Cortinarius" subgenus "Cortinarius" by the Austrian mycologist Meinhard Moser. Molecular investigation of webcaps worldwide has increased this number to at least twelve.  A 2015 genetic study by evolutionary biologist Emma Harrower and colleagues of "C. violaceus" and its closest relatives suggests that the group (section "Cortinarius") originated in Australasia and began diverging from a common ancestor around twelve million years ago in the Miocene, with "C. violaceus" itself diverging from its closest relative around 3.9 million years ago. The fact that these species diverged relatively recently indicates that some form of dispersal must have taken place across large bodies of water. The original plant hosts were flowering plants (angiosperms), and "C. violaceus"—or its direct ancestor—developed a symbiotic relationship with pines, as well as multiple flowering plants; this may have facilitated its expansion across the Northern Hemisphere.  Some mycologists classify "C. violaceus" as two distinct species—"Cortinarius violaceus" and "Cortinarius hercynicus", with "hercynicus" relating to the Hercynian Forest region of southern Germany. These species are differentiated morphologically by the latter population's rounder spores. Persoon had described "C. hercynicus" as a separate species in 1794, though Fries regarded it as conspecific with "C. violaceus". Moser separated them once again as species in 1967, and Norwegian biologist Tor Erik Brandrud classified "C. hercynicus" as a subspecies of "C. violaceus" in 1983. However, Harrower and colleagues, on limited molecular testing, found no genetic or ecological difference between the two taxa.  Some fungal populations around the world that have been classified as "C. violaceus" have been found to belong to separate lineages and hence reclassified as new species within section "Cortinarius". Two separate lineages discovered in populations from Costa Rica have been renamed "Cortinarius palatinus" and "C. neotropicus", one from Guyana—described as sp. aff. "violaceus"—has become "C. altissimus", and another from Western Australia and Tasmania described as both "C. violaceus" and sp. aff. "violaceus" has become "C. hallowellensis". Yet another from Eastern Australia has been named "C. kioloensis". The poorly known species "Cortinarius subcalyptrosporus" and "Cortinarius atroviolaceus" from Borneo are almost indistinguishable from "C. violaceus" outside of hard-to-observe spore detail—the former has smaller spores with a detached perisporium (outer layer) and the latter has smaller spores and fruiting bodies. Another population, known from Borneo, New Guinea and New Zealand, was ascribed to "C. violaceus" by Moser. It was noted as very similar to the original species concept of "C. violaceus", and awaits description as a new species after a phylogenetic study revealed it to represent a distinct taxon.

Description.

"Cortinarius violaceus" has a convex (becoming broadly convex, umbonate or flat) cap of 3.5–15 cm (–6 in) across with an incurved margin. In colour, it is a dark violet to blue-black, and is covered in fine, downy scales. This layer on the cap is known as the pileipellis, which is either classified as a trichoderm—parallel hyphae running perpendicular to the surface and forming a layer 6–22 μm wide—or rarely an ixocutis, a layer of gelatinized hyphae 2–11 μm wide. The cap surface, unlike that of many other "Cortinarius" species, is neither sticky nor slimy, though it is occasionally greasy. The stipe, or stalk, is tall, and thick. Due to its swollen, bulbous nature, the base of the stipe can sometimes be as wide as. The stipe is a similar colour to the cap, and covered in wool-like fibrils; purple mycelium can be present at the base. Younger specimens feature a veil, but this vanishes quickly. The flesh is violet, but darker below the pileipellis and in the stipe. The flesh has a mild taste, indistinctly reminiscent of cedar wood, with a slight, pleasant smell, also reminiscent of cedar wood. The gills are dark violet, changing to a purplish-brown with age. They have an adnate connection to the stipe, and can be very dark in older specimens. The mushroom stains red when in contact with potassium hydroxide (KOH). Fruit bodies identified as "C. v. hercynicus" are less robust than those of the nominate subspecies.  The spore print is rust-coloured, while the spores themselves measure 12 to 15 μm by 7 to 8.5 μm. They are rough, from elliptical to almond-shaped, and covered in medium-sized warts. The spores are wider in "C. v. hercynicus". The species is the only one in the genus to have cystidia on both the faces and the edges of the gills. A large number of cystidia are present, and, individually, they measure between 60 and 100 μm by between 12 and 25 μm. They are flask-shaped, with somewhat purple contents.  Although there are many "Cortinarius" species with some degree of violet colour, "C. violaceus" and its close relatives are easily distinguished by their much darker purple colour. "Cortinarius iodes" of the southeastern United States has a slimy purple cap and paler violet stipe. The other species in the section "Cortinarius" are dark purple and superficially similar, but can be differentiated based on host and geography as they do not occur in the same locations as "C. violaceus". Certain "Leptonia" species in northwestern North America, including "L. carnea" and "L. nigroviolacea", have a similar color, but are easily differentiated due to their pink spore print.

Distribution and habitat.

"Cortinarius violaceus" is found across North America, Europe and Asia. Although widespread, it is not common anywhere in Europe, and it is listed as endangered in the British Isles. "Cortinarius violaceus" is a rare component of subarctic areas of western Greenland. It has not been recorded from Iceland.  In Europe, it grows in deciduous woodland during autumn, especially among oak, birch and beech, but is also found on occasion with conifers. It is also occasionally known from treeless heathland, where it is associated with bracken. The species favours acidic soil. "Cortinarius violaceus" forms mycorrhizal associations with several species of tree. In this symbiotic relationship, the fungus gains carbon from the plant and supplies it with beneficial minerals. In Nordic countries, its hosts include white birch ("Betula pubescens"), silver birch ("B. pendula"), European aspen ("Populus tremula") and rarely European beech ("Fagus sylvatica"). No records of association with oak ("Quercus") are known from this region. Brandrud reported that what he described as spp. "hercynicus" grew with "Picea abies", generally in more alkaline soils and along with mosses of the genera "Hylocomium" and "Pleurozium", and, in moister areas, big shaggy-moss ("Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus"), as well as the buttercup-family shrub "Hepatica nobilis". The species grows with "Betula pubescens" in Greenland, and is also associated with hazelnut ("Corylus avellana") in Central and Southern Europe.  In North America, "C. violaceus" favours conifers, and, though rare over much of the continent, is relatively common in certain areas, including Mount Rainier National Park and Olympic National Park. It is more common in old growth forest in the Pacific Northwest, though has sprung up in regrowth areas populated with fir, pine, aspen and alder in the Great Lakes region. Fruit bodies occur singly or in small groups, often near rotting wood, and can grow in fairy rings. Closely related species that look like "C. violaceus" can be found in Central and South America, Australia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, and Malaysia.

Edibility and biochemistry.

"Cortinarius violaceus" are sometimes considered inedible, and sometimes considered edible, but not choice. instead, the primary appeal of the species to mushroom hunters, according to Arora, is its beauty. Its similarity to some other (inedible or toxic) webcaps renders it risky to eat. The taste after cooking is reportedly bitter.  The colour of "C. violaceus" cannot be converted to a dye, unlike that of some other "Cortinarius" species, such as "C. sanguineus" and "C. semisanguineus". The colour is caused by an elusive pigment that has been difficult to isolate; its identity was not known until 1998. It is an iron(III) complex of ("R")-3′,4′-dihydroxy-β-phenylalanine [("R")-β-dopa]. It dissolves in water, turning the liquid dark purple before fading to blackish-grey. "C. violaceus" fruiting bodies contain around 100 times more iron than those of most other fungi. "Cortinarius violaceus" extract demonstrates an inhibitory activity against cysteine protease.

Cortinarius violaceus, commonly known as the violet webcap or violet cort, is a fungus in the webcap genus "Cortinarius" native across the Northern Hemisphere. The fruit bodies are dark purple mushrooms with caps up to across, sporting gills underneath. The stalk measures by, sometimes with a thicker base. The dark flesh has a smell reminiscent of cedar wood. Forming symbiotic (ectomycorrhizal) relationships with the roots of various plant species, "C. violaceus" is found predominantly in conifer forests in North America and deciduous forests in Europe.

Der Dunkelviolette Schleierling ("Cortinarius violaceus") ist eine Pilzart aus der Familie der Schleierlingsverwandten (Cortinariaceae). Andere Namen für diesen Pilz sind Violetter Schleierling, Mitternachtspilz oder Dunkelvioletter Dickfuß. Diese „sehr schöne, edle Art“ wurde 1857 vom schwedischen Mykologen Elias Magnus Fries als Typusart der von ihm erstellten Gattung "Cortinarius" gewählt.


His Majesty’s Declaration of Abdication Act 1936

Procedure and timing.

Although Edward VIII had signed a declaration of abdication the previous day—10 December 1936—he remained king until giving Royal Assent to His Majesty's Declaration of Abdication Act, which he did on 11 December, at 1.52 p.m., and the Act became immediately effective from that time.  The act was passed through the British Houses of Parliament in one day, with no amendments. As the Statute of Westminster 1931 stipulated that the line of succession must remain the same throughout the Crown's realms, the governments of some of the British Dominions—Canada, Australia, the Union of South Africa, and New Zealand—requested and gave their permission for the act to become part of the law of their respective realms.  The Canadian parliament later passed the Succession to the Throne Act, 1937 to ratify changes to the rules of succession in Canada and ensure consistency with the changes in the rules then in place in the United Kingdom. South Africa passed His Majesty King Edward the Eighth's Abdication Act, 1937, which declared the abdication to have taken effect on 10 December 1936. Australia and New Zealand did not adopt the Statute of Westminster 1931 until the 1940s and did not pass their own legislation. In the Irish Free State, which had been independent from the United Kingdom as a dominion since December 1922, and in which the monarch still had some diplomatic functions, the "Oireachtas" (parliament) passed the Executive Authority (External Relations) Act 1936, recognising George VI as king from 12 December 1936.

Legal background.

The act was necessary for two main reasons.  First, there was no provision in British law for a sovereign to abdicate. Parliament had to pass a bill to remove the king from the throne. Finally the king had to give royal assent to the legislation, which only then became a law. (This process had to be repeated in the parliaments of the Dominions which had enacted the Statute of Westminster 1931: Canada and South Africa.)  Second, the act ensured that any descendants of Edward VIII would have no claim to the throne, and that the Royal Marriages Act 1772 would not apply to them.  Upon the royal assent being communicated to Parliament on the king's behalf, the act came into effect and Edward VIII ceased to be king. The throne immediately passed to his brother, who was proclaimed King George VI the next day at St. James's Palace, London.

His Majesty's Declaration of Abdication Act 1936 (1 Edw. 8 & 1 Geo. 6 c. 3) was the Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that recognised and ratified the abdication of King Edward VIII and passed succession to his brother King George VI. The act also excluded any possible future descendants of Edward from the line of succession. Edward VIII abdicated in order to marry his lover, Wallis Simpson, after facing opposition from the governments of the United Kingdom and the Dominions.

Das Gesetz über die Abdankungserklärung Seiner Majestät von 1936 () war ein Gesetz des britischen Parlaments. Es wurde am 11. Dezember 1936 verabschiedet und verhalf der Abdankungserklärung des Königs Eduard VIII. vom Vortag zur Gültigkeit. Gleichzeitig wurde durch das Gesetz Eduards Bruder Albert, Herzog von York, zu dessen Nachfolger. Eduard dankte ab, um seine Geliebte Wallis Simpson heiraten zu können, was ihm nach dem Willen der Regierungen Großbritanniens und der Dominions als König nicht möglich gewesen wäre (siehe Abdankung Eduards VIII.).


History.

Archaeological studies support the idea that Boquete's history started around the years 300 AC to 600 BC. In the Caldera region you can find petroglyphs (a rock carving, especially a prehistoric one) that are evidence of the ancient settlements in the area. During the Spanish colonization, the highlands area was an isolated refuge for the indigenous tribes like the Ngöbe and the Misquito due to the topographic terrain. The colonization of Boquete only began in earnest in the second half of the nineteenth century, by locals from Bugaba, Gualaca, and David, and foreigners from Yugoslavia, France, Germany, and other European countries. Colonizers also arrived from the United States, starting the first coffee plantations and agricultural farms. (translated to English from ) (END OF TRANSLATION). In Spanish, the word Boquete means 'gap or opening'. It was through this gap that curious gold seekers trekked, looking for a cheaper and quicker way to the Pacific. By the early twentieth century, several villages had been populated: Lino, Quiel, Bajo Mono, Los Naranjos, and Bajo Boquete, which now is the town center of the district.  The District of Boquete was founded on April 11, 1911. Initially, the capital of the district was Lino, but it moved soon after to Bajo Boquete. For many years, the district had three "corregimientos" (townships): Bajo Boquete, Caldera, and Palmira. In 1998, the "corregimientos" of Alto Boquete, Jaramillo, and Los Naranjos were created.  Despite the recent boom in tourism, its main industry remains agriculture, especially the growing of coffee beans. Boquete is well known for its coffee, judged to be among the finest in the world.

Culture.

Boquete boasts a very lively music and arts scene. The annual Boquete Jazz Festival was founded in 2007 being the second largest jazz festival in the country after the Panama City Jazz Festival. Having been renamed Boquete Jazz & Blues Festival, the 2012 festival took place on the first weekend of March.  In separate action, a group of expatriates in Boquete came together in 2005 to form a performing theater group, which was named Boquete Community Players (BCP). BCP was formalized legally in 2007 as a Panamanian foundation and is operated as a not-for-profit organization. It became the first performance venue in the community in November 2009, when BCP held its grand opening of a refurbished restaurant and bar in the center of Boquete alongside the Caldera River. The mission of BCP is to sponsor, produce, and promote artistic events to enhance appreciation for and understanding of the arts, and to promote a cohesive sense of community. BCP produced its first Spanish language production in 2015.  An interesting "side activity" of the BCP was to institute a weekly market at the BCP facility in 2009. The weekly market activity was scheduled on Tuesday's, coincident with a weekly information and discussion session at the BCP theater. These joint market and information meetings have come to be known as the "Tuesday Morning Meetings" (TMM). Through time and with the demonstrated community interest, the Tuesday market has become a very significant community activity, at times causing conflict between the performance/theater functions and the market functions. For the most part, however, those issues have been successfully overcome. Visitors to Boquete are frequently advised to visit BCP on Tuesday mornings because it is such an integral part of the community. The Tuesday information meetings, and especially the Tuesday market activities have been a big success, not only commercially speaking, but more importantly in the integration of the locals and the expatriates working side by side.

Nature.

Some of its landmarks include nearby Volcán Barú, an active volcano and, at 3,475 meters (11,400 feet), the tallest point of land in Panama and with the help of a guide you can reach the highest point of the volcano. Hikers enjoy a relatively easy hike up and over the volcano, along the Sendero de los Quetzales, which runs from Boquete up to Cerro Punta and Volcan, on the other side of the volcano.  The Caldera River runs through the town. It is a river that has shaped much of its form.

Demographics.

The district of Boquete has approximately 19,000 inhabitants (2008). Recently, Boquete has become the second home to many North American and European retirees. Some 14% of its population are of foreign origin, according to La Prensa, a national newspaper. Ex-pats are attracted by the comfortable climate, excellent potable water, and clean air, as well as by the tranquility and Panama's relatively low cost of living.

Immigrant community.

There is a large community of immigrants in Boquete. According to La Contraloria General de la Nacion, the government institution in charge of the census, there are over 3,000 foreigners permanently living in Boquete, from over 30 different countries. Although Americans and Canadians comprise the majority of the foreign community, there is also a large group of immigrants from Colombia and Venezuela, and the third-largest group of immigrants is from the European countries. This increase in immigrants has stimulated the growth of new industries and business, owned both by locals and foreigners. The most relevant industry is the hotel industry; there are currently over 50 accommodations in Boquete, ranging from 5 star resorts to backpacker's motels. Along with hotels, many new restaurants have opened in Boquete.

Disappearance of Kris Kremers and Lisanne Froon.

Kris Kremers and Lisanne Froon were Dutch students who disappeared on April 1, 2014, While hiking in the vicinity of Boquete. After an extensive search, portions of their bodies were found a few months later. Their cause of death could not be determined definitively, but Dutch authorities working with forensic and search-rescue investigators thought it likely the students had accidentally fallen from a cliff after becoming lost. The circumstances and aftermath of their disappearance have resulted in much speculation about the cause of death, including the death of Leonardo Arturo Gonzalez Mastinu, the taxi driver who bought Kris and Lisanne to the Pianista trail on the morning of April 1st. Foul play could not be entirely ruled out and Panamanian officials came under fire for allegedly mishandling the disappearance and aftermath. Further investigation into the case in 2017 uncovered enough new evidence to suggest foul play,as well as a possible link to several other murders in the area.

Boquete is a small mountain town in Panama. It is located in the western-most Province of Chiriquí, about from the border with Costa Rica, and lies on the Caldera River, in Panama's green mountain highlands. Because of its elevation, some above sea level, its climate is cooler than that of the lowlands. Its scenic location, temperature, and natural environment make it popular with Panamanians and attracts tourists and retirees from all over the world.

Das kleine Städtchen Bajo Boquete liegt in der Provinz Chiriquí im Bezirk Boquete des mittelamerikanischen Staates Panama und wird häufig auch nur als "Boquete" bezeichnet. Es liegt 40 km von Davíd und 480 Kilometer von der Hauptstadt entfernt. Die Stadt hat rund 6.200 Einwohner "(Berechnung 2006)".


Details.

With...b5, Black tries to take control of c4, but 1.d4 b5 is generally considered dubious after 2.e4, threatening 3.Bxb5. "Modern Chess Openings" (MCO-14, 1999) allots two columns to the Polish, commenting that the variants where Black waits and plays 2...b5 instead of 1...b5 are much safer. Earlier editions of MCO give only a single column of analysis and consider only the 2...b5 lines. MCO-9 (1957), states that the Polish "fails because it neglects the centre". That negative verdict was softened in the next edition, MCO-10 (1965), to say that the Polish "neglects the centre, but is not refuted". MCO-12 (1982) retains the "not refuted" assessment and notes that the Polish can result by transposition from the Réti system. Other judgments have been more harsh. The 1...b5 Polish was deemed "entirely valueless" by I. A. Horowitz in 1964.  The Polish is closely related to the St. George Defence (1.e4 a6, usually followed by 2.d4 b5) into which it often transposes. Boris Spassky played 1.d4 b5 against Tigran Petrosian in the decisive 22nd game of their world championship match in. Spassky equalized, but rejected an opportunity to draw, as he was behind by a point in the match and with at most three games remaining, he was practically forced to play for a win. Petrosian won the game, thus ensuring retention of his title.  The Polish can be used to combat certain variations of the Réti Opening or King's Indian Attack. In particular, 1.Nf3 Nf6 2.g3 b5 is a fully respectable opening that has been successfully played by former World Champion Anatoly Karpov, among others. It prepares to fianchetto Black's queen bishop and prevents White from playing the otherwise desirable c4. Note that here 3.e4 would allow 3...Nxe4. White's second move commits him to fianchettoing his king bishop rather than developing it along the f1–a6 diagonal, due to the weakness which would result on the long diagonal.  1...b5 against the English Opening is known as the Halibut Gambit (or Jaenisch gambit).

The Polish Defense is the name commonly given to one of several sequences of chess opening moves characterized by an early...b5 by Black. The name "Polish Defense" is given by analogy to the Polish Opening (ECO A40), 1.b4. The original line was as played by Alexander Wagner, a Polish player and openings analyst, against Kuhn in the 1913 Swiss Correspondence Championship. Wagner published an analysis of the opening in "Deutsches Wochenschach" in 1914, when he was living in Stanislau, Galicia, Austria-Hungary (now Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine). Later the name was also applied to and other variants where Black delays playing...b5 until the second or third move, which are sometimes called the Polish Defense Deferred.

Die Polnische Verteidigung ist eine Eröffnung im Schach. Sie ist unter dem ECO-Code A40 eingeordnet und zählt zu den "Geschlossenen Spielen".


Plot.

In 1969, Dr. Malcolm Sayer (Robin Williams) is a dedicated, genuine, and caring physician at a local hospital in the Bronx borough of New York City. After working extensively with the catatonic patients who survived the 1917–1928 epidemic of encephalitis lethargica, Sayer discovers certain stimuli will reach beyond the patients' respective catatonic states; actions such as catching a ball, hearing familiar music, being called by their own name, and experiencing human touch all have unique effects on particular patients and offer a glimpse into their worlds. Leonard Lowe (Robert De Niro) proves elusive in this regard, but Sayer soon discovers that Leonard is able to communicate with him by using an Ouija board.  After attending a lecture at a conference on the subject of the L-Dopa drug and its success with patients suffering from Parkinson's disease, Sayer believes the drug may offer a breakthrough for his own group of patients. A trial run with Leonard yields astounding results: Leonard completely "awakens" from his catatonic state. This success inspires Sayer to ask for funding from donors so that all the catatonic patients can receive the L-Dopa medication and experience "awakenings" back to reality.  Meanwhile, Leonard is adjusting to his new life and becomes romantically interested in Paula (Penelope Ann Miller), the daughter of another hospital patient. Leonard also begins to chafe at the restrictions placed upon him as a patient of the hospital, desiring the freedom to come and go as he pleases. He stirs up a revolt by arguing his case to Sayer and the hospital administration. Sayer notices that as Leonard grows more agitated, a number of facial and body tics are starting to manifest, which Leonard has difficulty controlling.  While Sayer and the hospital staff are thrilled by the success of L-Dopa with this group of patients, they soon find that it is a temporary measure. As the first to "awaken", Leonard is also the first to demonstrate the limited duration of this period of "awakening". Leonard's tics grow more and more prominent and he starts to shuffle more as he walks, and all of the patients are forced to witness what will eventually happen to them. He soon begins to suffer full body spasms and can hardly move. Leonard puts up well with the pain, and asks Sayer to film him, in hopes that he would someday contribute to research that may eventually help others. Leonard acknowledges what is happening to him and has a last lunch with Paula where he tells her he cannot see her anymore. When he is about to leave, Paula dances with him, and for this short period of time his spasms disappear. Leonard and Sayer reconcile their differences, but Leonard returns to his catatonic state soon after. The other patients' fears are similarly realized as each eventually returns to catatonia no matter how much their L-Dopa dosages are increased.  Sayer tells a group of grant donors to the hospital that although the "awakening" did not last, another kind — one of learning to appreciate and live life — took place. For example, he himself overcomes his painful shyness and asks Nurse Eleanor Costello (Julie Kavner) to go out for coffee, many months after he had declined a similar proposal from her. The nurses also now treat the catatonic patients with more respect and care, and Paula is shown visiting Leonard. The film ends with Sayer standing over Leonard behind a Ouija board, with his hands on Leonard's hands, which are on the planchette. "Let's begin," Sayer says.

Production.

Principal photography for "Awakenings" began on October 16, 1989, at the functioning Kingsboro Psychiatric Center in Brooklyn, New York, and lasted until February 16, 1990. According to Williams, actual patients were used in the filming of the movie. In addition to Kingsboro, sequences were also filmed at the New York Botanical Garden, Julia Richman High School, the Casa Galicia, and Park Slope, Brooklyn.

Reception.

"Awakenings" opened in limited release on December 22, 1990, with an opening weekend gross of $417,076. The film then expanded to a wide release on January 11, 1991, opening in second place behind "Home Alone"s ninth weekend, with $8,306,532.

Critical response.

The film received positive reviews from critics. Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that 88% of 33 film critics have given the film a positive review, with a rating average of 6.7/10. Its consensus states "Elevated by some of Robin Williams' finest non-comedic work and a strong performance from Robert De Niro, "Awakenings" skirts the edges of melodrama, then soars above it." Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average score out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, gives the film a score of 74 based on 18 reviews. Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave the film a grade "A" on scale of A to F.  Roger Ebert of the "Chicago Sun-Times" gave the film a four-out-of-four star rating, writing, Owen Gleiberman of "Entertainment Weekly" praised the film's performances, citing, Oliver Sacks, the author of the memoir on which the film is based, "was pleased with a great deal of [the film]," explaining, Desson Howe of "The Washington Post" felt the film's tragic aspects did not live up to the strength in its humor, saying that The context of the line quoted is: Similarly, Janet Maslin of "The New York Times" concluded her review stating,

Accolades.

The film was nominated for three Academy Awards, including: the Academy Award for Best Picture, the Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay, and the Academy Award for Best Actor (Robert De Niro). Robin Williams was also nominated at the 48th Golden Globe Awards for Best Actor in a Motion Picture Drama.

Awakenings is a 1990 American drama film based on Oliver Sacks's 1973 memoir of the same title. It tells the story of a fictional character, Dr. Malcolm Sayer, which is based on a real life experience of the author, who, in 1969, discovers beneficial effects of the drug L-Dopa. He administers it to catatonic patients who survived the 1917–28 epidemic of encephalitis lethargica. Leonard Lowe and the rest of the patients are awakened after decades and have to deal with a new life in a new time. The film was nominated for three Academy Awards.

Zeit des Erwachens (Originaltitel: "Awakenings") ist ein US-amerikanisches Filmdrama aus dem Jahr 1990. Die Regie führte Penny Marshall, das Drehbuch schrieb Steven Zaillian auf der Grundlage von Oliver Sacks’ Buch "Awakenings" ("Bewußtseinsdämmerungen", deutsch 1989). Die Hauptrollen spielten Robert De Niro und Robin Williams. Der Film basiert auf wahren Begebenheiten, die der britische Arzt Oliver Sacks in den 1960er Jahren im New Yorker "Montefiore Medical Center" erlebte.


Evidence.

Snow and ice-albedo feedback tend to amplify regional warming due to anthropogenic climate change. Due to this amplification the cryosphere is sometimes called the "natural thermometer" of Earth because changes in each of its components have long lasting effects on the systems (biological, physical and social) of Earth. Internal feedback processes may also potentially occur. As land ice melts and causes eustatic sea level rise, it can also potentially induce earthquakes as a result of post-glacial rebound, which further disrupts glaciers and ice shelves. If sea-ice retreats in the Arctic, the albedo of the sea will be darker which means more warming. Similarly, if the Greenland or Antarctic land ice retreats, the darker underlying land is exposed and more solar radiation is absorbed.

Snowball Earth.

The runaway ice-albedo feedback was also important for the Snowball Earth. Geological evidence show glaciers near the equator, and models have suggested the ice-albedo feedback played a role. As more ice formed, more of the incoming solar radiation was reflected back into space, causing temperatures on Earth to drop. Whether, the Earth was a complete solid snowball (completely frozen over), or a slush ball with a thin equatorial band of water still remains debated, but the ice-albedo feedback mechanism remains important for both cases.

Ice-albedo feedback on exoplanets.

On Earth, our climate is heavily influenced by interactions with solar radiation and feedback processes. One might expect exoplanets around other stars to also experience feedback processes caused by stellar radiation that affect the climate of the world. In modeling the climates of other planets, studies have shown that the ice-albedo feedback is much stronger on terrestrial planets that are orbiting stars (see: stellar classification) that have a high near-ultraviolet radiation.

Ice–albedo feedback is a positive feedback climate process where a change in the area of ice caps, glaciers, and sea ice alters the albedo and surface temperature of a planet. Ice is very reflective, therefore some of the solar energy is reflected back to space. Ice–albedo feedback plays an important role in global climate change. For instance at higher latitudes, we see warmer temperatures melt the ice sheets. However, if warm temperatures decrease the ice cover and the area is replaced by water or land the albedo would decrease. This increases the amount of solar energy absorbed, leading to more warming. The effect has mostly been discussed in terms of the recent trend of declining Arctic sea ice. The change in albedo acts to reinforce the initial alteration in ice area leading to more warming. Warming tends to decrease ice cover and hence decrease the albedo, increasing the amount of solar energy absorbed and leading to more warming. In the geologically recent past, the ice-albedo positive feedback has played a major role in the advances and retreats of the Pleistocene (~2.6 Ma to ~10 ka ago) ice sheets. Inversely, cooler temperatures increase ice, which increases albedo, leading to more cooling.

Eis-Albedo-Rückkopplung ist die Wechselwirkung zwischen Kryosphäre (schnee- und eisbedeckter Erdoberfläche) und globalem Klima. Nach den Begriffen der Regelungstechnik handelt es sich um eine „Positive Rückkopplung“, welche die wirkende Ursache weiter verstärkt. Wasser und Boden absorbieren ca. 90 % der eingestrahlten Energie und heizen sich auf, was zum Abschmelzen weiterer Schnee- und Eisflächen führt. Umgekehrt führt eine Abkühlung zu einer Ausdehnung von Schnee- und Eisflächen, damit zu einer erhöhten Rückstrahlung und zu weiterer Abkühlung.


History.

The castle of the Parc Veil is an evidence of the past families thait reigned over the area until the 19th century.

Sightseeing.

Le petit train de Champignelles.

Built on a land of near the Agréau stream, the Little Train of Champignelles is a ridable miniature railway network reproduced on a 1/3 scale. The APTC ("Association du Petit Train de Champignelles") was created in 1990 by a group of devoted modellers that worked on a project to rehabilitate an abandoned field in Champignelles, near a place known as Prés de l'Abîme.  Some sixty volunteers participated in the construction, who built the rail network with railway stations, an automated signaling control, turntable, and planted trees to create a nice undergrowth for the train and its association. The track has a 40 cm gauge and has a 1 km network. The BB-001 locomotive runs on a Chrysler thermal engine and can reach 12k/h. Many events are held on the premises.

Saint-Roch church in Louesme.

The church is devoted to Saint Roch and is in the part of the commune that used to be the Louesme commune, before the municipal merger with Champignelles. It was inscribed as a national monument in 1992. The church was built during the Gothic period, between the 12th and 13th centuries near the creek dedicated to the goddess Loïma from where the name of the village came.  The church was first dedicated to the Virgin Mary, but was later devoted to Saint Roch after the plague of 1710. Many modification were done on the church in the 16th century, with the addition of large windows and a spire, but the building kept is unique nave, which is unaligned with the narthex. The bell tower is from 1600, and the bell, surnamed "Marguerite" and weighing 180 kg, was blessed in 1722. Many ancient mural paintings from the 16th century were discovered and restored at the end of the 20th century.

Champignelles is a commune in the Yonne department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in north-central France. The commune of Champignelle is situated near the Loiret department, at 50 km from Auxerre and Montargis and 150 km south of Paris. Champignelles was merged with the neighbouring commune of Louesme on January 1, 1973.

Champignelles ist eine französische Gemeinde mit Einwohnern (Stand ) im Département Yonne in der Region Bourgogne-Franche-Comté; sie gehört zum Arrondissement Auxerre und zum Kanton Cœur de Puisaye. Die Einwohner nennen sich Champignellois(es).


Awards.

Snead was the PGA leading money winner in 1938, 1949 and 1950. He won the Vardon Trophy, for lowest scoring average, four times: 1938, 1949, 1950, and 1955. In 1949, he was PGA Golfer of the Year.  Snead was inducted into the Virginia Sports Hall of Fame in 1973. In 1986, Snead was inducted into the Middle Atlantic PGA Hall of Fame. Snead was also inducted into the PGA of America Hall of Fame and the Helms Hall of Fame. Snead received the PGA Tour Lifetime Achievement Award in 1998. In 2009, Snead was inducted into the inaugural class of the West Virginia Golf Hall of Fame and in 2016, Snead was the unanimous top choice for inclusion in the Virginia Golf Hall of Fame's inaugural class.

Personal life.

Born in Ashwood, Virginia, near Hot Springs, Snead began caddying at age seven at The Homestead's Old Course in Hot Springs. He worked as an assistant pro at The Homestead at 17 in 1929, then moved to the Cascades Course and turned professional in 1934. During the depression, Snead self taught himself the game of golf from a set of clubs carved from tree limbs. Snead joined the PGA Tour in 1936, and achieved immediate success by winning the West Virginia Closed Pro tournament.  In 1936 he won two matches at the Meadow Brook Club, earning a $10,000 prize. This gave him the money he needed to start playing professionally full-time. In 1944 he became resident playing professional at The Greenbrier Resort in White Sulphur Springs, West Virginia, and maintained ties to Hot Springs and The Homestead all of his life. During the winter, he was resident playing pro at the Boca Raton Resort from 1956–1969. Each spring he returned to the Mid-Atlantic, stopping at The Masters Tournament on his way back to The Greenbrier.  Snead served in the U.S. Navy during World War II from 1942 to 1944. He was an athletic specialist in Cmdr. Gene Tunney's program in San Diego, and was given a medical discharge for a back injury in September 1944.  Snead appeared as himself in an episode of The Phil Silvers Show, "The Colonel Breaks Par", in 1957.  His nephew, J.C. Snead, was also a successful professional golfer, winning tournaments on both the PGA Tour and the Champions Tour.

Career.

In July 1936, Snead won his first tournament, the West Virginia Closed Pro, contested at The Greenbrier's Championship Course and Old White Course. He shot rounds of 70-61 to rout Logan, West Virginia professional, Clem Wiechman by 16 strokes (74-73). The following month, he won the first of 17 West Virginia Open championships by beating Art Clark by five strokes at Guyan Country Club in Huntington, West Virginia.  In 1937, Snead's first full year on the PGA Tour, he won six events, including the Oakland Open at Claremont Country Club in California and his second West Virginia Open. In Snead's debut in the U.S. Open hosted at Oakland Hills, he finishes runner-up to Ralph Guldahl (who wins with 19 clubs in his bag). Snead shared the first round lead shooting 69 with fellow West Virginian Denny Shute (1936 and 1937 PGA Champion). In Snead's first of two attempts in The Open Championship, he finished tied for 11th. While working at The Greenbrier, Snead played in the U.S. Pro Tennis Championships. In the first round, he faced eventual winner Karel Kozeluh, losing to Kozeluh by scores of 6-1, 6-1, and 6-1.  In 1938, Snead first won the Greater Greensboro Open, the first of eight times, the Tour record for victories of a single tournament event. Snead's last win at Greensboro was in 1965, at the age of, making him the oldest player to win a PGA Tour event. Snead introduced his first book, "Sam Snead's quick way to better golf".  In 1939, Snead won three times. 1939 was the first of four times (although Snead had already come close in 1937, losing to the eventual champion who had 19 clubs in his bag) where Snead failed at crucial moments of the U.S. Open, the only major event he never won. Needing par to win at the Philadelphia C.C., but not knowing that, since on-course scoreboards did not exist at that time, Snead posted a triple-bogey 8 on the par-5 72nd hole, taking a risky shot from a difficult lie in the fairway. Snead had been told on the 18th tee by a spectator that he needed a birdie to win. Snead ended up in fifth place, two shots behind three players who went into a playoff.  During World War II, Snead was prevented in participating in 14 major championships (1940–1945 Open Championship, 1942–1945 U.S. Open, 1943–1945 Masters, 1943 PGA Championship), due to their cancellation. Snead served in the U.S. Navy from 1942 to 1944.  In 1946, Snead won six times including the Open Championship at St Andrews. Expenses were more than 3x the winning purse and like Hogan (who won in his only attempt in 1953) and Nelson (who finished 5th in his only attempt in 1937) he never went back to play in the Open Championship. Snead introduced the book, "Sam Snead's How to play golf, and professional tips on improving your score. Also, rules of the game of golf, as approved by the United States Golf Association, and by the Royal and ancient golf club of St. Andrews".  At the U.S. Open in 1947, Snead missed a putt on the final playoff hole to finish runner-up to Lew Worsham.  Snead won three times in 1948, including his first Texas Open and fourth West Virginia Open.  In 1949, Snead won nine PGA events including two majors including the Masters and the PGA Championship and was awarded Golfer of the Year. For Snead, it was the third of four second-place finishes at the U.S. Open, the only major championship he never won. Needing two pars to finish in a tie for the lead, Snead took three shots to hole out his ball from the fringe of the green on the 17th hole.  In 1950, Snead won 11 events, placing him third in that category behind Byron Nelson (18, in 1945) and Ben Hogan (13, in 1946). Snead claimed that 1950 was his "greatest year" winning "eleven tournaments" including a playoff victory over Hogan in the L.A. Open yet lost the "Golfer of the Year" to Hogan, who won one "tournament". His scoring average of 69.23 was a Vardon Trophy record that stood for 50 years.  In 1952, Snead won ten events including the Masters. At the Jacksonville Open, Snead forfeited rather than play an 18-hole playoff against Doug Ford after the two golfers finished in a tie at the end of regulation play. The forfeit stemmed from a ruling Snead received during the tournament's second round of play. On the 10th hole, Snead's drive landed behind an out of bounds stake. While Chick Harbert, who was playing with Snead, thought the ball was out of bounds, a rules official ruled differently due to the starter not telling players the stakes had been moved after the previous day's play had ended. Afterwards, Snead explained why he forfeited even though Ford suggested they play sudden death for the title. "I want to be fair about it. I don't want anyone to think I took advantage of the ruling." Snead set the record for most PGA wins after reaching age 40, with 17.  In 1953, Snead won three events. He finished runner-up to Ben Hogan at the U.S. Open (the fourth time he would finish runner-up at the U.S. Open).  In 1954, Snead won two events, one of which was the Masters in an 18-hole playoff over Ben Hogan.  In December 1959, Snead took part in a controversial match against Mason Rudolph, at the Mid Ocean Club in Bermuda. Snead decided to deliberately lose the televised match, played under the "World Championship Golf" series, during its final holes, after he discovered on the 12th hole that he had too many golf clubs in his bag. (A player is limited to 14 clubs during competitive rounds.) The match was tied at that stage. The extra club in his bag, a fairway wood Snead had been experimenting with in practice, would have caused him to be immediately disqualified according to the Rules of Golf, even though he did not use it during the round. After the match was over, Snead explained the matter, and said he did not disqualify himself in order not to spoil the show. The problem did not become known outside a small circle until the show was televised four months later. After the incident came to light, the sponsor cancelled further participation in the series.  Beginning in 1960, Snead hosted television's "Celebrity Golf" program, emceed by Harry von Zell, competing for charity in nine-hole contests against Hollywood celebrities like Dean Martin, Jerry Lewis and Bob Hope. Snead had appeared with Martin and Lewis in their 1953 comedy film, "The Caddy".  On February 7, 1962, at age 49, Snead won the Royal Poinciana Plaza Invitational. He is the only man to ever win an official LPGA Tour event.  His 1962 autobiography was titled "The Education of a Golfer." Snead later wrote several golf instructional books, and frequently wrote instructional columns in golf magazines.  In 1965, Snead became the oldest player (52 years, 10 months and 8 days) to win on the PGA Tour (the Greater Greensboro Open).  Snead played on seven Ryder Cup teams: 1937, 1947, 1949, 1951, 1953, 1955, and 1959. Snead was selected to the 1939 Ryder Cup team however the event was never played due to WWII. He captained the team in 1951, 1959, and 1969.  In 1971, he won the PGA Club Professional Championship at Pinehurst Resort.  In 1973, Snead became the oldest player to make a cut in a U.S. Open at age 61.  In the 1974, age 61, he shot a third round 66 at the Los Angeles Open at Riviera Country Club to move into contention. A birdie at #17 in the last round moved him to within one stroke of the lead. Dave Stockton hit a miraculous fairway wood on the final hole. Snead was joint runner-up.  He shot a final round 68 at the 1974 PGA Championship to finish tied for third, three strokes behind winner Lee Trevino. At age 62, it was Snead's third consecutive top-10 finish at the PGA Championship, but his last time in contention at a major.  In 1978, he won the first Legends of Golf event, which was the impetus for the creation, two years later, of the Senior PGA Tour, now the Champions Tour.  In 1979, he was the youngest PGA Tour golfer to shoot his age (67) in the second round of the 1979 Quad Cities Open. He shot under his age (66) in the final round.  In 1982 he teamed with Don January to shoot 27-under-par to win the rain-shortened 54 hole Liberty Mutual Legends of Golf event at Onion Creek Club "The Birthplace of the Senior PGA Tour" in Austin, Texas. This victory would mark victories for Snead that spanned over six decades (1930s–1980s) winning tour and senior tour events.  In 1983, at age 71, he shot a round of 60 (12-under-par) at The Homestead in Hot Springs, Virginia.  In 1986, Snead wrote the book, "Pigeons, marks, hustlers and other golf bettors you can beat".  In 1997, at age 85, he shot a round of 78 at the Old White course of The Greenbrier in White Sulphur Springs, West Virginia.  In 1998, he received the PGA Tour Lifetime Achievement Award, the fourth person to be so honored.  From 1984 to 2002, he hit the honorary starting tee shot at the Masters Tournament. Until 1999, he was joined by Gene Sarazen, and until 2001, by Byron Nelson.  In 2000, Snead was ranked the third greatest golfer of all time, in "Golf Digest" magazine's rankings, behind only Jack Nicklaus and Ben Hogan.

Death.

Snead died in Hot Springs, Virginia, in 2002 following complications from a stroke, four days before his 90th birthday. He was survived by two sons: Sam Jr. of Hot Springs, and Terry, of Mountain Grove, Virginia, and a brother, Pete, of Pittsburgh, as well as two grandchildren. His wife Audrey died in 1990. His nephew J. C. Snead was also a PGA Tour golfer.

Playing style.

During his peak years, Snead was an exceptionally long driver, particularly into the wind, with very good accuracy as well. He was a superb player with the long irons. Snead was also known for a very creative short game, pioneering use of the sand wedge for short shots from grass. As he aged, he began to experiment with different putting styles. Snead pioneered croquet-style putting in the 1960s, where he straddled the ball with one leg on each side. The United States Golf Association banned this technique in 1968 by amending the old Rule 35–1, since until that time, golfers had always faced the ball when striking. Snead then went to side-saddle putting, where he crouched and angled his feet towards the hole, and held the club with a split grip. He used that style for the rest of his career.

Records.

Snead holds the following records:  Sources:

Professional wins (142).

PGA Tour wins (82).

Sources: The 1937 Bing Crosby Pro-Am was reduced from 36 to 18 holes because of bad weather. The 1938 Chicago Open was reduced to 54 holes by bad weather. The 1950 Los Angeles Open was played before the Bing Crosby Pro-Am but the playoff was delayed because of bad weather and played later. The 1946 Open Championship win was not counted as a PGA Tour win at the time, but designated as such in 2002. The 1955 Miami Open was reduced to 54 holes by bad weather.

Other wins (45).

"Note: this list is incomplete."

Major championships.

Wins (7).

"Note: The PGA Championship was match play until 1958." Defeated Ben Hogan in 18-hole playoff – Snead 70 (−2), Hogan 71 (−1)

Results timeline.

NT = no tournament WD = withdrew CUT = missed the half-way cut "T" indicates a tie for a place R64, R32, R16, QF, SF = Round in which player lost in PGA Championship match play

U.S. national team appearances.

Professional

Samuel Jackson Snead (pronounced [sni:d]; May 27, 1912 – May 23, 2002) was an American professional golfer who was one of the top players in the world for the better part of four decades (having won PGA of America and Senior PGA Tour events over six decades) and widely regarded as one of the greatest players of all time. Snead was awarded a record 94 gold medallions, for wins in PGA of America (referred to by most as the PGA) Tour events and later credited with winning a record 82 PGA Tour events, including seven majors. He never won the U.S. Open, though he was runner-up four times. Snead was inducted into the World Golf Hall of Fame in 1974.

Samuel Jackson „Sam“ Snead (* 27. Mai 1912 in Ashwood, Virginia; † 23. Mai 2002 in Hot Springs, Virginia) war eine der Allzeitgrößen des US-amerikanischen Golfsports und siebenfacher "Major" Sieger. Im Laufe seiner Karriere gewann er die Rekordanzahl von 82 Turnieren auf der nordamerikanischen PGA TOUR und etwa 70 weitere weltweit.


Evolution.

The origin of the genus "Hemidactylus" is still unclear as the higher level phylogeny is not well resolved. Moreover, much of the diversity in this group still remains to be discovered.

Feces.

A house gecko will usually confine its excretions to one area of a house. This is sometimes considered a nuisance by home owners, and may stain certain surfaces. The feces are approximately five (5) millimeters in length, two (2) millimeters wide, and dark brown (almost black) in color.

Description.

The dorsal lepidosis is either uniform or heterogeneous. The pupil of the eye is vertical. Males have pre-anal or femoral pores. Each finger or toe has a slender distal clawed joint, angularly bent and rising from within the extremity of the dilated portion.  The fingers and toes are free, or more or less webbed, and dilated; underneath they bear two rows of lamellae in a pattern resembling a paripinnate compound leaf. This leads to their other and more ambiguous common name, "leaf-toed geckos", used mainly for species from South Asia and its surroundings to prevent confusion with the many "leaf-toed" Gekkota not in "Hemidactylus". Some members of the genus, such as "H. platyurus", are able to run quadrupedally across water by a partially surface tension-dependent mechanism distinct from the bipedal gait of basilisks.

Communication.

Like many gecko species, "Hemidactylus" are able to communicate with distinct vocalizations. Depending on the species, their vocalization range from quiet clicks to short squeaks and chirps. The Asian common house gecko ("Hemidactylus frenatus") is notable for its characteristic loud chirps.

Phylogeny.

The following phylogeny is from Pyron, "et al." (2013), and includes 47 "Hemidactylus" species. "Hemidactylus" is a sister group of "Cyrtodactylus".

Hemidactylus is a genus of the common gecko family, Gekkonidae. It has 168 described species, newfound ones being described every few years. These geckos are found in all the tropical regions of the world, extending into the subtropical parts of Africa and Europe. They excel in colonizing oceanic islands by rafting on flotsam, and are for example found across most of Polynesia. In some archipelagoes, cryptic species complexes are found. Geckos like to live in and out of houses. They have been introduced to Australia.

Die artenreiche Gattung der Halbfinger-Geckos ("Hemidactylus") gehört zur Familie der Geckos (Gekkonidae). Das ursprüngliche Verbreitungsgebiet der Gattung liegt in Südeuropa, Afrika und Asien. Die einzige europäische Art ist der Europäische Halbfinger ("Hemidactylus turcicus"), der durch Griechen und Römer im ganzen Mittelmeergebiet und später durch den europäischen Kolonialismus weltweit verbreitet wurde. Die Tiere haben häufig als blinde Passagiere auf Schiffen neue Regionen besiedelt, darunter auch den amerikanischen Doppelkontinent und die Inseln des Pazifik. Besonders weit verbreitet sind der Afrikanische Hausgecko ("Hemidactylus brookii") und der Asiatische Hausgecko ("Hemidactylus frenatus"). Bei einigen weit verbreiteten Arten lässt sich das ursprüngliche Vorkommen nicht mehr feststellen.


Career.

Hollidt enlisted in the German army in 1909. During World War I, Hollidt served on the Western Front and was awarded the Iron Cross 2nd and 1st Class. He remained in the Reichswehr (the armed forces of the Weimar Republic). Beginning in 1935, he served on the General Staff and as a chief-of-staff of an army corps in the Wehrmacht.  At the beginning of World War II, Hollidt served as commander of the 52nd Infantry Division. From 1 November 1939, he served as a Chief-of-Staff with Commander-in-Chief Ost, General Johannes Blaskowitz. From October 1940 he served as the commander of the 50th Infantry Division in Greece. Promoted to the rank of general, Hollidt commanded XVII Army Corps, which was planned to take part in Operation Winter Storm, an attempt to relieve the 6th Army encircled at Stalingrad. After the surrender of the 6th Army, it was reconstituted in March 1943 and Hollidt was given its command. He was promoted to "generaloberst" (colonel general) on 1 September 1943. In 1944, his 6th Army suffered severe losses during its retreat from the Dnieper. Hollidt was dismissed from his command and put into reserve.

Trial and conviction.

In 1945, Hollidt was taken prisoner by US forces. After a High Command trial held at Nuremberg, he was convicted of the unlawful use of prisoners of war and of the deportation and enslavement of civilians. He was sentenced to five years imprisonment, and was released on good time credit in December 1949. He died in 1985, the last surviving "Generaloberst" of the "Wehrmacht".

Karl-Adolf Hollidt (28 April 1891 – 22 May 1985) was a German army commander and war criminal during World War II. He was a general ("generaloberst") in the Wehrmacht of Nazi Germany who commanded the 6th Army.

Karl-Adolf Hollidt (* 28. April 1891 in Speyer; † 22. Mai 1985 in Siegen) war ein deutscher Heeresoffizier (seit 1943 Generaloberst). Während des Zweiten Weltkrieges war er als Befehlshaber von Großverbänden auf verschiedenen Kriegsschauplätzen eingesetzt. Nach dem Krieg wurde er wegen seiner Beteiligung an Verbrechen der Wehrmacht angeklagt und zu fünf Jahren Haft verurteilt.


Track and field career.

Glance equaled the then 100 m world record of 9.9 twice in 1976: first on April 3 in Columbia and then a month later in Baton Rouge. As an Auburn University student, Glance won the NCAA 100 m championships in 1976 and 1977 and 200 m championships in 1976. In 1976, he also recorded the automatic timings of 10.12 s and 10.11 s that were world junior records for 100 m.  Glance finished first in the 100m at the 1976 USA Olympic Trials. @ 28:15 At the 1976 Montreal Olympics, Glance was a disappointing fourth in 100 m, as the United States failed to medal in the event. He then ran the opening leg in the gold medal winning American 4 × 100 m relay team. At the 1979 Pan American Games, Glance was second in 100 m and won the gold medal as a member of American 4 × 100 m relay team. He was also second in 4 × 100 m relay at the 1979 Athletics World Cup. Glance was also in line to replace James Sanford in the individual 100 m race if Sanford had not recovered in time from a muscle injury.  Glance again qualified for the team for the Olympic team for the 1980 Moscow Olympics, finishing second in the 100 m. However, due to the boycott, he did not compete at the Olympics but competed in the Liberty Bell Classic (Olympic Boycott Games) instead, winning silver in the 100 m and gold in the relay. He was a recipient of one of 461 Congressional Gold Medals created especially for the spurned athletes. He also won the gold medal at the 1985 Athletics World Cup, 1987 Pan American Games and 1987 World Championships as a member of the American 4 × 100 m relay teams.

Track coach career.

He worked first as assistant coach at Auburn University (1990–91) and then became their head coach.  In 1997, he became head track and field coach at the University of Alabama. While there, he established the 'Crimson Tide' as one of the USA's best college teams, and was able to attract many top athletes to the university including Kirani James (World 400 m Champion in 2011 and Olympic 400m champion in the London 2012 Summer Olympics).  At the national level, Glance assumed the following roles:  In recognition of his achievements, in 1996 he was inducted into the Alabama Sports Hall of Fame, and, most notably, he received in 2008 the Congressional Gold Medal of Freedom.  In April 2011, Glance announced he was to retire from his role at Alabama at the end of the season. Since retiring, Glance has continued to work as the personal coach of Kirani James, assisting in his rise to become Olympic champion.

Personal life.

Glance was born in Phenix City, Alabama, the son of Mr and Mrs Wheller Glance. and was educated at Central High School in Phenix City. There he was mentored in track by his high school drivers’ education teacher, Joe Henderson, who had recognised Glance's special talent.  After high school, he earned a degree in Health & Human Performance at Auburn University.  Glance always recognized his potential as a coach and volunteered to work as one in Arizona whilst still an athlete. Always aware of the importance of public relations and civic responsibility, Glance was a regular visitor as a student to a veterans hospital and was selected as one of five student-athletes from the 1976 Olympics team to be invited to an NCAA Honors Luncheon with the President of the United States. His coach, the well-renowned Mel Rosen, was proud to state "Harvey's what I call world-class - as an athlete and as a man."

Rankings.

Glance was ranked among the best in the US and the world in both the 100 and 200 m sprint events over the incredible spread of 12 seasons from 1976 to 1987, according to the votes of the experts of "Track and Field News".

Harvey Edward Glance (born March 28, 1957) is a former American track athlete, winner of gold medal in 4 × 100 m relay at the 1976 Summer Olympics.

Harvey Glance (* 28. März 1957 in Phenix City, Alabama) ist ein US-amerikanischer Leichtathlet, der in den späten 1970er und in den 1980er Jahren über 100 Meter erfolgreich war.


Prior events.

After Marc Dutroux was arrested on 13 August 1996, and the kidnapped girls Sabine Dardenne and Laetitia Delhez were freed from his basement on 15 August, commotion started. In subsequent days, the dead bodies of four other kidnapped girls were found buried in various properties that Dutroux had owned. At first, the anger amongst the Belgian people was directed mainly at Dutroux himself, but it quickly targeted the police, the justice department and the politicians as well. Many Belgians denounced the police and government for botching the investigation into the earlier kidnappings and failing to arrest Dutroux earlier, allowing him to kill off the first four victims.  A week prior to the White March people had already begun gathering in front of several courtrooms in Belgium.  The mistrust of the police, justice department and politicians increased when the investigating magistrate Jean-Marc Connerotte, who had been collecting evidence against Dutroux, was accused of bias and dismissed from the case. On 14 October people entered the streets carrying flags which said: "I'm ashamed to be a Belgian".

The White March.

On 20 October about 300,000 people (estimates range from 275,000 to 350,000, around 3% of Belgium's population) marched through Brussels. Many Belgians who lived outside Brussels came to the city to take part in the march. This demonstration was called the "White March", everyone was carrying something white: a balloon, a cloak, etc.; some had painted their face white. White was meant symbolically, as the color of hope. This symbolism had grown after Queen Fabiola wore white at the funeral of her husband. During the march, the fire brigade turned their hoses on the Federal Parliament buildings to symbolically cleanse it. With the demonstration, the Belgian public opinion wanted to indicate something had to change in Belgium and that the justice system and the police had to show more attention to children.

Aftermath.

After the demonstration so called "white groups" or "white committees" were created. Later on they formed a commemoration in Neufchâteau with about 6,500 people attending, including parents of missed and murdered children. The white committees often criticized Jean-Luc Dehaene, who was the Prime Minister at the time, because the guilty still had not been punished.

The White March (; ; ) was a demonstration in Brussels on 20 October 1996 after serial killer and criminal Marc Dutroux was arrested. The demonstrators wanted better protection for children and a better functioning justice system that could investigate the Dutroux affair independently.

Weißer Marsch (ndl. "Witte Mars", frz. "Marche Blanche"), ist der Name einer Protestbewegung, die nach Bekanntwerden der Verbrechen von Marc Dutroux und anderer Sexualstraftaten an Kindern in Belgien zum Kampf gegen Pädophilie aufrief. Er wurde ausgelöst durch die Entlassung vom Richter Jean-Marc Connerotte als Vorsitzender des Falls Dutroux, da er an einem Benefizessen für die Familien der Opfer von Dutroux teilgenommen hatte. Dort hatte er einen Kugelschreiber und eine Portion Spaghetti erhalten. Dadurch wurde der Skandal auch als "Spaghetti - Affäre" in Belgien bekannt. Beides wurde als Indiz gesehen, dass der Richter befangen war. Die belgische Öffentlichkeit war darüber entrüstet, da Connerotte maßgeblich an der Befreiung der einzigen überlebenden Opfer im fall Dutroux: Sabine Dardenne und Laetitia beteiligt war und deswegen unter den Menschen große Hochachtung genoss.


History.

The Congregation for Bishops has its origins in the "Congregation for the Erection of Churches and Consistorial Provisions" founded by Pope Sixtus V on 22 January 1588. Before the Second Vatican Council, when the pope announced the names of new cardinals at a Secret Consistory, that is, a consistory that only churchmen attended, the names of new cardinals would be read out, followed by those of archbishops and bishops. The name was changed from the Sacred Consistorial Congregation to the Congregation for Bishops in 1967. Since 30 June 2010 its Prefect has been Cardinal Marc Ouellet. Since 12 October 2013 its Secretary has been Archbishop Ilson de Jesus Montanari. Since 25 January 2012 its Undersecretary has been Monsignor Udo Breitbach.

Current procedure.

The Congregation's members who live in Rome meet every other Thursday for an entire morning. Appointments for four dioceses are reviewed in a typical session. Before the meeting, congregation members are sent documentation on the candidates for each diocese. At the meeting, one member takes the role of the presenter ("ponente"), reviews the information and makes his own recommendation from the list ("terna") of three candidates. Each member, in order of seniority, offers his assessment. The Congregation's recommendations, including any doubts, questions or minority opinions, are sent to the pope. He usually approves the congregation’s decision, but may choose to send it back for further discussion and evaluation. The prefect then meets with the pope every Saturday and presents the recommendations of the congregation. A few days later, the pope informs the congregation of his decision. The congregation then notifies the nuncio, who in turn contacts the candidate and asks if he will accept the appointment.

Congregation of Bishops (since 1965).

In 1965, the head of the congregation took the title prefect, while the prefect's deputy took that of secretary.

Secretaries.

The secretary of the Congregation for Bishops is concurrently the secretary of the College of Cardinals. During a Papal election the secretary of the Congregation acts as the secretary to the Conclave.

Membership.

On 16 December 2013, Pope Francis modified the Congregation's membership. He confirmed 18 of the Congregation's 33 members to continue and appointed 12 new members: • Cardinal Blase Cupich, Archbishop of Chicago

The Congregation for Bishops () is the department of the Roman Curia that oversees the selection of most new bishops. Its proposals require papal approval to take effect, but are usually followed. The Congregation schedules the visits at five-year intervals ("ad limina") that bishops are required to make to Rome, when they meet with the pope and various departments of the Curia. It also manages the formation of new dioceses. It is one of the more influential Congregations, since it strongly influences the human resources policy of the church.

Die Kongregation für die Bischöfe (lat.: "Congregatio pro Episcopis"), kurz Bischofskongregation, ist eine Zentralbehörde in der römisch-katholischen Kirche und zuständig für alle Angelegenheiten, die Bischöfe betreffen, wie beispielsweise Ernennungen und Synoden.


Club career.

Born in Pisa, Galli started his career with his home town's youth side as a midfielder before switching to the role of goalkeeper. He began his professional career with ACF Fiorentina in 1977, where he played for nine Serie A seasons. In 1986–87, he joined fellow league side A.C. Milan, being first-choice for three of his four years, and establishing himself as one of Italy's best goalkeepers, winning the Serie A title and the Supercoppa Italiana during his first season. He also started in both of the club's back-to-back European Cup conquests, in 1989 and 1990, also winning consecutive European Supercups in 1989 and 1990, and the Intercontinental Cups in 1989. He also reached the final of the 1989–90 Coppa Italia with Milan. In his final season with the club, he was often alternated and faced competition for a starting spot from back-up Andrea Pazzagli, whom manager Arrigo Sacchi often fielded during league games, while Galli played in European matches.  In the 1990 summer, following Milan's signing of Sebastiano Rossi, 32-year-old Galli left, going on to represent S.S.C. Napoli and appearing in an average of 33 league games during his three-year spell, starting by winning the Italian Supercup, 5–1 against Juventus. In 1993, he played as the starting keeper for Torino Calcio for a single season, reaching the semi-finals of the Coppa Italia, and the quarter-finals of the Cup Winners' Cup, despite a disappointing mid-table finish. He finished his stint in the top division at the end of the 1994–95 season, after being named backup goalkeeper behind Luca Bucci at AC Parma, who won the UEFA Cup that season, and reached the Coppa Italia final, also placing third in Serie A.  Galli retired in 1996 at the age of 38 after a brief stint with A.S. Lucchese-Libertas of Serie B.

International career.

Galli took part in Italy's victorious 1982 FIFA World Cup expedition, without playing a single match however, as he served as backup to Dino Zoff, alongside Bordon. The same had already happened in the UEFA Euro 1980 tournament, where Italy finished in fourth place on home soil, after reaching the semi-final. Galli was given his national team debut in a friendly match against Greece on 5 October 1983, which ended in a 3–0 win to Italy.  As a starter, Galli played in the 1986 World Cup in Mexico under manager Enzo Bearzot, as Italy were ousted in the round of 16 by eventual semi-finalists France, led by Michel Platini. During the tournament, in Italy's 1–1 draw against eventual champions Argentina in their second group match on 5 June, Galli drew criticism in the media for his goalkeeping on Maradona's equaliser. Following the competition, he was no longer called-up to Italy. In total, Galli obtained 19 caps for Italy.

Style of play.

Considered one of the best goalkeepers in Italy and the world during his prime, Galli was an extremely consistent, composed, reflective, and reliable goalkeeper, with a good physique and an excellent fundamental goalkeeping technique, who stood out for his elegance in his both playing style and movements. He was known in particular for his strong positional sense, handling, and his efficient rather than spectacular playing style, as well as his calm personality and serious demeanour, both on and off the pitch; however, he was also an athletic shot-stopper, with a good spring, who was capable of producing decisive diving saves when necessary. In spite of his reserved character, he was also highly regarded for his charismatic leadership, as well as his mentality, and his ability to communicate with his defenders and organise his back-line, which often inspired a sense of confidence in his teammates. He excelled in Milan's zonal marking system due to his speed when rushing off his line to claim crosses or anticipate opponents who had beaten the offside trap, which enabled the team to maintain a high defensive line. He also possessed good distribution, vision, and solid ball skills, which enabled him to play the ball out from the back.

After retirement.

In December 2007, Galli joined Hellas Verona F.C. as its director of football, leaving his position after only two months in charge. He also later worked as a football pundit.

Politics.

Following his retirement, Galli pursued a career in politics. On 1 March 2009, Galli was announced as the centre-right mayoral candidate in the 2009 local elections in Florence. His candidacy was supported by People of Freedom, Lega Nord and a number of minor local movements. In the first round of the elections, held on 6 and 7 June, he ended in second place, with 32% of votes; he was successively defeated fourteen days later in the second round of the election by centre-left candidate Matteo Renzi, taking only 40% of local votes.

Personal life.

Galli was the father of Niccolò Galli, a promising young footballer who died in a road accident on 9 February 2001, aged only 17. He is married to Anna, and also has two daughters, Camilla and Carolina.

Honours.

Club.

Milan  Napoli  Parma

International.

Italy

Giovanni Galli (; born 29 April 1958) is an Italian former professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper, and currently a politician.

Giovanni Galli (* 29. April 1958 in Pisa, Italien) ist ein ehemaliger italienischer Fußballspieler. Er spielte auf der Position des Torhüters.


Taxonomy.

The desert dormouse was first described in 1939 by Belosludov & Bazhanov as "Selevinia betpakdalaensis", the specific name being derived from the Betpak-Dala Desert, west of Lake Balkhash in Kazakhstan, where the type specimen was found. They included it in the rat and mouse family Muridae but later proposed placing it in a new family allied to Myoxidae (some taxonomists call this family Gliridae), the dormice. By 1947, they had concluded that it should be placed in Leithiinae, a subfamily of Myoxidae, along with three other dormouse genera.

Description.

This dormouse has a head-and-body length of between and a tail of between. It has a robust, rounded body and soft dense fur, the upper parts being grey and the underparts white. Unusually for a mammal, it sheds the upper layers of its skin with the hairs when it moults, starting at the back of the neck and continuing along the body and flanks, the whole process taking about a month. The tail is well clad with short hairs and the soles of the feet are naked. The upper incisors are large but the cheek teeth are small and barely project through the gums.

Ecology.

The species lives in sandy or clayey soils in arid habitats. It is mainly a nocturnal animal but does sometimes venture into the open during the day. It mostly walks along in a leisurely fashion but if alarmed, can move faster in a series of short bounds. It lives among desert shrubs such as "Artemisia maritima" and "Salsola laricifolia " and can climb efficiently. These animals have been little studied in the wild, but in captivity may shelter under rocks and foliage when the weather is warm and only burrow underground during cold periods. It mostly feeds on insects and spiders, but has been known to consume vegetation. It hibernates during the coldest months of the year, only being active between about March and September. Pregnant and lactating females have been found in late May and June, with litter sizes of four to eight young being recorded.

Status.

"S. betpakdalaensis" has a large range in Kazakhstan but is not abundant, being known from only about forty individuals scattered over about thirty locations. The total population and its trend are unknown and it may be threatened by the loss of the desert shrubs among which it lives. Because of these uncertainties, the International Union for Conservation of Nature has assessed its conservation status as "data deficient".

The desert dormouse ("Selevinia betpakdalaensis") is a species of rodent in the dormouse family, Gliridae. This species was formerly placed in its own family, Seleviniidae, but it is now considered to be a dormouse, monotypic within the genus Selevinia. It is endemic to Kazakhstan.

Der Salzkrautbilch oder Wüstenschläfer ("Selevinia betpakdalaensis") ist eine Nagetierart. Früher als einziges Mitglied einer eigenen Familie (Seleviniidae) betrachtet, wird er heute in die Familie der Bilche (Gliridae) eingegliedert, deren bekanntester Vertreter der Siebenschläfer ist.