Haweswater aqueduct.

The aqueduct carrying water from Haweswater Reservoir to Heaton Park Reservoir in Manchester follows the line of Longsleddale underground on the east of the valley, and crosses Stockdale Beck by a pipe bridge. Construction of the aqueduct was started in the 1930s and finally completed in 1976. Survey columns can still be seen on Branstree, Tarn Crag, and Great Howe below Grey Crag. The tunnel is about 2m by 2m in section, and the water flow is by gravity. Between Haweswater and Manchester the tunnel only deviates from a straight line by less than.

Possible railway route.

When the directors of the Lancaster and Carlisle Railway were choosing its route in the 1840s, one possibility considered was a route through Kendal and along Longsleddale, with a 2-mile tunnel under the Gatescarth Pass into Mardale and thence towards Bampton. This route had the support of the Kendal Committee of the Lancaster and Carlisle Railway; other alternatives under consideration included a line over a barrage across Morecambe Bay and round the Cumbrian coast, routes bypassing Shap to the east and west, and the Shap summit route finally chosen.  After a lengthy Parliamentary inquiry the longer and steeper route over Shap Fell was chosen. Thomas Bouch was approached to be an adviser on the Longsleddale route and if this route had been chosen, in all probabilities Thos. Bouch would have been appointed as the civil and railway engineer. Bouch was the engineer for the Cockermouth, Keswick and Penrith Railway and rose to fame in later years, for it was his design of the Tay Railway Bridge that was destroyed in a severe storm.  The gradient of the Longsleddale route would have been somewhat less than the 1 in 70 gradient of the climb up and over Shap Fell, and the use of banking engines could have been reduced if not entirely eliminated.  It has been said that the Longsleddale route, "had it ever been built, would have been as dramatic and awe-inspiring as any in Britain".

Recreation and community.

In 1974, an Outdoor Pursuits Centre was founded by Jim McVeigh as an access point for young people, from in and around Manchester, to the great outdoors. Over the years, this has extended to young people from all around the country. Unlike many outdoors centre in the UK, this is staffed and operated solely by volunteers. The centre's Adventure Activities Licensing Authority licence allows staff to run outdoor activities including: rock climbing, caving, ghyll scrambling (canyoning), hillwalking and archery.  There are few community buildings in Longsleddale. There is one village hall that is known as the Community Hall and one church - St Mary's - which is near the centre of the valley and is open every day. Services are on the second and fourth Sunday of each month at 10.30am.  The village was the inspiration for the fictional village of Greendale in the BBC children's television series "Postman Pat".

Geology.

The Stockdale Shales is a geologic formation in the area near Longsleddale.

Longsleddale is a valley and civil parish in the South Lakeland district of the English county of Cumbria. It includes the hamlet of Sadgill. The parish has a population of 73. As the population taken at the 2011 Census was less than 100, details are maintained in the civil parish of Whitwell and Selside.

Longsleddale ist ein Tal und eine Civil parish im Lake District, Cumbria, England. Das Tal verläuft für etwa 6 km in Nord-Süd-Richtung. Am Nordende des Tals liegen der Branstree, der Kentmere Pike und der Tarn Crag.


Description.

"Dracaena hanningtonii" bears its leaves in two opposite rows (distichous), forming a sparse fan-shape. It develops a short stem of maximum 18cm length (unlike stemless species such as "D. patens" or "D. pearsonii").  Mature leaves are rounded in cross-section, though with grooved channel on the inner side, dark green and usually range between 0.5 and 1.5 m in length and 2.45 and 8.0 cm in width.  The plant offsets by rhizomes, eventually forming tight, relatively dense clusters.

History.

The epithet "ehrenbergii" in the synonym "Sansevieria ehrenbergii" refers to Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg, a naturalist who travelled through Egypt, Nubia, Abyssinia and Arabia in the years 1820-25.  In 1911, the German entomologist Wilhelm Kattwinkel, while searching for butterflies, stumbled into a gorge. He asked the indigenous Maasai people what the gorge was called. They did not understand what he was saying and thought he was referring to the plants of "Dracaena hanningtonii", to which they responded "oldupaai". Kattwinkel misinterpreted and mispronounced what they were saying by referring to the gorge as "Olduvai Gorge".

Uses.

The Maasai have used "Dracaena hanningtonii" for antiseptics, natural bandages, rope, baskets, roofs and clothes. They were also useful for stitching and sewing as well as patching and repairing leatherwork. To make the rope, the leaves were cut, then taken and left to soak in water until the outer layer had split and rotted down which would allow it to be easily separated from the fibrous matter inside. They were then removed from the water and taken to a hard flat surface to be beaten with heavy clubs until the fibres were loosened. The fibrous material was then extracted, separated into strands and worked into cordage of various thicknesses. Fibres from the "D. hanningtonii" were short but very strong threads which were popular when making slingshots  During the 1970s, paleoanthropologist Bill Montagne was working in Olduvai Gorge and became injured. He received treatment in the form of a natural bandage made from "D. hanningtonii", after which he was so impressed, he began pharmaceutical research.  "Dracaena hanningtonii" was also traditionally used to treat circular weeping sores with the juice squeezed out from a snapped off leaf. In years of drought, this plant was also vital in sustaining cattle until the next rains.

Dracaena hanningtonii, synonym Sansevieria ehrenbergii, (blue sansevieria, sword sansevieria, oldupai, or East African wild sisal) is a flowering plant which grows in northeastern and eastern tropical Africa (Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, Sudan and Tanzania) and the Arabian Peninsula (Oman and Saudi Arabia). It occurs notably in proliferation along the Olduvai Gorge in northern Tanzania

Sansevieria ehrenbergii ist eine Pflanzenart aus der Gattung "Sansevieria" in der Familie der Spargelgewächse (Asparagaceae). Das Artepitheton ehrt den deutschen Biologen Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg, ordentlicher Professor an der Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität in Berlin. In der Sprache der Massai in Kenia wird die Pflanze „Ol Tupai“ genannt, kommt häufig in der Olduvai-Schlucht vor und wurde so zur Namensgeberin der Schlucht.


Overview.

Diffusion current versus drift current.

The following table compares the two types of current:

Carrier actions.

No external electric field across the semiconductor is required for a diffusion current to take place. This is because diffusion takes place due to the change in concentration of the carrier particles and not the concentrations themselves. The carrier particles, namely the holes and electrons of a semiconductor, move from a place of higher concentration to a place of lower concentration. Hence, due to the flow of holes and electrons there is a current. This current is called the diffusion current. The drift current and the diffusion current make up the total current in the conductor. The change in the concentration of the carrier particles develops a gradient. Due to this gradient, an electric field is produced in the semiconductor.

Derivation.

To derive the diffusion current in a semiconductor diode, the depletion layer must be large compared to the mean free path. One begins with the equation for the net current density "J" in a semiconductor diode,  where "D" is the diffusion coefficient for the electron in the considered medium, "n" is the number of electrons per unit volume (i.e. number density), "q" is the magnitude of charge of an electron, "μ" is electron mobility in the medium, and "E" = −"d"Φ/"dx" (Φ potential difference) is the electric field as the potential gradient of the electric potential. According to the Einstein relation on electrical mobility formula_1 and formula_2. Thus, substituting "E" for the potential gradient in the above equation () and multiplying both sides with exp(−Φ/V), () becomes:  Integrating equation () over the depletion region gives  which can be written as  where  The denominator in equation () can be solved by using the following equation:  Therefore, Φ* can be written as:  Since the "x" « "x" the term ("x" − "x"/2) ≈ "x", using this approximation equation () is solved as follows:  since (Φ − "V") > "V". One obtains the equation of current caused due to diffusion:  From equation (), one can observe that the current depends exponentially on the input voltage "V", also the barrier height Φ. From equation (), "V" can be written as the function of electric field intensity, which is as follows:  Substituting equation () in equation () gives:  From equation (), one can observe that when a zero voltage is applied to the semi-conductor diode, the drift current totally balances the diffusion current. Hence, the net current in a semiconductor diode at zero potential is always zero.

Example.

The equation above can be applied to model semiconductor devices. When the density of electrons is not in equilibrium, diffusion of electrons will occur. For example, when a bias is applied to two ends of a chunk of semiconductor, or a light is shining in one place (see right figure), electron will diffuse from high density regions (center) to low density regions (two ends), forming a gradient of electron density. This process generates diffusion current.

Diffusion current is a current in a semiconductor caused by the diffusion of charge carriers (holes and/or electrons). This is the current which is due to the transport of charges occurring because of non-uniform concentration of charged particles in a semiconductor. The drift current, by contrast, is due to the motion of charge carriers due to the force exerted on them by an electric field. Diffusion current can be in the same or opposite direction of a drift current. The diffusion current and drift current together are described by the drift–diffusion equation.

Der Diffusionsstrom ist ein elektrischer Strom, der – auch ohne Vorhandensein eines Kraftfeldes – entsteht, wenn sich freie Ladungsträger aufgrund ihrer Wärmebewegung so bewegen, dass evtl. bestehende Konzentrationsunterschiede ausgeglichen werden (Diffusion). Eine solche nicht konstante Dichte freier Ladungsträger tritt beispielsweise an pn-Übergängen von Halbleitern auf.


Early life.

Gaston was born in New Bern, North Carolina on September 19, 1778. He was the son of Dr. Alexander Gaston and Margaret Sharpe.  He entered Georgetown University in Washington, D.C., at the age of thirteen, becoming its first student. Due to illness shortly thereafter, he also became its first dropout. After Georgetown and some education in North Carolina, he graduated from Princeton University in 1796, where he studied law.

Career.

Gaston was admitted to the bar in 1798 and commenced practice in New Bern. He was a member of the North Carolina General Assembly in 1800, served in the State House of Commons (now known as the House of Representatives) from 1807 to 1809, and as its Speaker in 1808. He was again a member of the North Carolina State Senate in 1812, 1818, and 1819, and was elected as a Federalist to the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Congresses (March 4, 1813 – March 3, 1817). While in Congress, he obtained a federal charter for Georgetown University. In 1814, Gaston was elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society.  Gaston was not a candidate for to Congress in 1816. He again served in the House of Commons in 1824, 1827, 1828, 1829, and 1831. In 1832, Gaston delivered a graduation address at the University of North Carolina, which emphasized the duties of the graduates to themselves and their communities and urged them to take action against slavery.  Gaston was appointed judge of the North Carolina Supreme Court in 1833, holding the position until his death. As a justice of the North Carolina Supreme Court, Gaston wrote a decision that limited the control that slave-owners could exercise over enslaved humans. As a legislator, Gaston had introduced the bill that established the state Supreme Court as a distinct body in 1818. Gaston was offered but declined a nomination for election to the United States Senate in 1840, turned down an offer to be U.S. Attorney General for President William Henry Harrison.  Gaston won elective office on several occasions, even though the Constitution of North Carolina before 1835 seemed to prohibit it, because Gaston was a Roman Catholic. The young Rev. Andrew Byrne, later bishop of the Diocese of Little Rock, having contracted a serious illness during the course of his lengthy missionary labors, recuperated under the hospitable roof of judge Gaston. Gaston was largely responsible, as a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1835, for removing official discrimination against Catholics from North Carolina law.

Personal life.

Gaston was married three times. His first marriage was on September 4, 1803 to Susan Hay (d. 1804). He married for the second time on October 6, 1805 to Hannah McClure (d. 1813). Together, William and his second wife were the parents of one son and two daughters:  His third and final marriage was on September 3, 1816 to Eliza Ann Worthington (d. 1819). With his third wife, Gaston was the father of two additional daughters:  He died in his office in Raleigh, North Carolina, on January 23, 1844. He was interred in Cedar Grove Cemetery, New Bern, N.C. His home at New Bern, the Coor-Gaston House, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972. Elmwood, his home at Raleigh, North Carolina, was listed in 1975.

William J. Gaston (September 19, 1778 – January 23, 1844) was a jurist and United States Representative from North Carolina. Gaston is the author of the official state song of North Carolina, "The Old North State". Gaston County, North Carolina is named after him, as are Lake Gaston, the city of Gastonia, North Carolina, and Gaston Hall within Healy Hall at Georgetown University.

William J. Gaston (* 19. September 1778 in New Bern, North Carolina; † 23. Januar 1844 in Raleigh, North Carolina) war ein US-amerikanischer Jurist und Politiker. Zwischen 1813 und 1817 vertrat er den Bundesstaat North Carolina im US-Repräsentantenhaus.


Achievements.

In 2018 and 2019, Oleksandr Yaroslavsky received the title of Doctor Honoris Causa of O. M. Beketov National University of Urban Economy and V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University, the best Ukrainian university according to World University Rankings 2018, for the personal weighty contribution to the development of Kharkiv and many years of support for the city's leading universities included in the world rankings.  He regularly meets with students to talk about business and life. In 2019, Jack Ma, the founder of Alibaba and one of the richest people in the world, had a conversation with students in Kharkiv at Oleksandr Yaroslavsky's invitation.  For many years, Oleksandr Yaroslavsky has been systematically giving support to universities in Kharkiv and helping to improve the quality of education: DCH and Kharkiv Tractor Plant (KhTP) have signed a strategic partnership memorandum with V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University (KhNU) and National Technical University "Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute". With the comprehensive organizational and financial support from Oleksandr Yaroslavsky, students and faculty members created the Megapolis Technology Transfer Center at O. M. Beketov National University of Urban Economy. This center helps to create a business space to develop technological and social innovative ideas that can be integrated into day-to-day business activities of enterprises and organizations.  Thanks to Oleksandr Yaroslavsky, students, graduate students and professors of KhNU can now use the electronic publication database of the world's most famous university press—Oxford University Press. Oleksandr Yaroslavsky paid for a subscription worth about UAH 1 million for his hometown university that can now access the English-language academic papers written by the world's most talented scientists of Oxford University in the fields of natural sciences, medicine, mathematics, humanities and social sciences, economics and finance, and jurisprudence.  Oleksandr Yaroslavsky provided financial support to erect monuments to outstanding historical figures associated with KhNU within its territory: Nobel Prize winners Ilya Mechnikov, Lev Landau and Simon Kuznets, as well as the classic of Ukrainian literature Petro Hulak-Artemovskyi. A monument to the famous architect Oleksii Beketov (the university bears his name) was erected on the territory of O. M. Beketov National University of Urban Economy.

Early life.

Oleksandr Yaroslavsky was born in Zhdanov (now Mariupol) in the south of the Ukrainian SSR. Both of his parents were doctors. A few years later, his parents moved to Kharkiv. The future businessman graduated as a technologist from the Kharkiv Academy of Public Nutrition and then spent 3 years doing military service in the Soviet Army in Hungary. Upon being demobilized, he took jurisprudence courses provided by the Ministry of Internal Affairs and spent a year working as an inspector in the Kharkiv Department Against Misappropriation of Socialist Property (so called OBKhSS). In 1989, he graduated from the Odesa Institute of Technology as a Candidate of Technical Sciences and worked at the Kharkiv Institute of Food Technology. The collapse of the Soviet Union became a new reference point in his career.

Business.

Oleksandr Yaroslavsky was the Vice President of Geya JSC until 1996 and then became the Vice President of the Ukrainian representative office of Triverton International (until 1997). Since 1998, he was the President and principal shareholder of JSCIB UKRSIB Group. In 2006, he ceded control of UkrSibbank to BNP Paribas and focused on consolidating his assets within a single legal entity—DCH Group—solely owned by him. In 2010, UkrSibbank was completely controlled by BNP Paribas that worked closely with DCH on workout issues. Today, DCH is one of the most powerful business groups in Ukraine, including financial institutions, industrial facilities, in particular, mining enterprises (e.g. Ukrainian Mining Company), development companies, luxury real estate (in particular, Vozdvizhenka, the elite residential complex in Kyiv). Oleksandr Yaroslavsky's key interests include protecting the investments of his foreign partners (BNP Paribas, Citigroup and Apollo). Both of these companies, along with DCH, have their own shares in the network of Karavan shopping centers.  DCH renovated the Kharkiv International Airport. The state financed the renovation of the airfield, and Oleksandr Yaroslavsky constructed a new terminal, which is currently the only private terminal in Ukraine, and renovated old airport buildings. Over the past 25 years, this has been the first project of its kind in Ukraine. The new terminal of the Kharkiv International Airport was inaugurated on August 28, 2010.  On February 25, 2011, DCH closed the sale of Merefa Glass Company Ltd. to the Turkish company Sisecam in a deal amounting to EUR 32 million.  In early March 2011, DCH sold OJSC Azot to Dmytro Firtash. The deal value was not disclosed, but Oleksandr Yaroslavsky said that he was satisfied. According to experts, it was about USD 800 million.  Oleksandr Yaroslavsky also invested in the construction of the first luxury hotel in Kharkiv. Kharkiv Palace 5* opened on December 5, 2011. During Euro 2012, it was the HQ for UEFA.  Oleksandr Yaroslavsky regularly attends the World Economic Forum in Davos. Together with Victor Pinchuk, he co-hosted the Ukrainian Lunch in 2011. With the Ukrainian delegation, he participated in the Yalta European Strategy (YES) in 2011 and 2013.  In 2016, he bought back a controlling stake in Kharkiv Tractor Plant (KhTP), which he sold to Russian businessman Oleg Deripaska in 2007.  In 2017–2018, he bought Dniprovsky Metallurgical Plant and Sukha Balka Mine from the Russian businessman Roman Abramovich.  In 2020, DCH will begin to construct the industrial technology park Ecopolis KhTP within the territory of KhTP, which will include an industrial park, a technology park, a distribution center for online trading, a logistics center, a shopping cluster, research, educational and medical centers.  In 2020, DCH will construct the airport terminal at the Dnipro Airport.  In 2020, DCH plans to enter the road construction and repair market in Ukraine.

Construction Projects in Dnipro.

In the spring of 2020, DCH group starts a project to build a modern terminal at the Dnipro International Airport in the format of public-private partnership, as was done with the modernization of the Kharkiv International Airport: the state finances the modernization of runways and take-off and landing service systems, and the private investor creates airport infrastructure at his own expense. After the renovation and construction of a new 3,200 m runway, the airport in the Dnipro International Airport will be able to accommodate modern air liners of all types, including Boeing 777. The new international terminal and VIP terminal will have a high airport capacity—up to 3–4 million travelers a year.

Ecopolis KhTP.

Ecopolis KhTP is one of the DCH's most ambitious projects that involves redeveloping the territory of the Kharkiv Tractor Plant (KhTP) into a multi-functional business ecosystem.  The investments in this project amount to USD 1 billion until 2033.  The total area of Ecopolist KhTP will exceed 150 hectares within Kharkiv; the area of buildings and facilities will be more than 550 thousand square meters.  The existing KhTP will become one of the anchor residents of Ecopolis. The technology park will be the residence of the Kharkiv IT industry: it will house a business incubator, a startup accelerator and a distribution center for online trading.  The research center will include an agriculture hub, and the educational cluster will include higher education institutions and a business school, including the Kharkiv Institute of Physics and Technology, the Karazin Business School, the Confucius Institute, etc.

FC Metalist.

Oleksandr Yaroslavsky became the owner of FC Metalist in 2006. Under his leadership, the club set a national record by winning the bronze medal of the national championship for six consecutive years. During this period, Metalist also qualified for the semi-finals of the Ukrainian Football Cup twice and consistently participated in the UEFA Cup, reaching the quarter-final stage in 2012.  Kharkiv was one of the four Ukrainian cities that hosted Euro 2012 (three matches of the European tournament). In addition, Oleksandr Yaroslavsky initiated a modernization program for city's sports infrastructure, including the reconstruction of the Metalist Stadium. In total, Oleksandr Yaroslavsky invested USD 300 million in the preparation of Kharkiv for Euro 2012. Implemented projects: 1. Reconstruction of the Metalist Stadium in the public-private partnership (with Oleksandr Yaroslavsky contributing 30%). The stadium opened on December 5, 2009. 2. Construction of a modern training center for FC Metalist—100% financed by Oleksandr Yaroslavsky (this was a training camp during Euro 2012). 3. Construction of a children's football academy—100% financed by Oleksandr Yaroslavsky. During the preparation and hosting of Euro 2012, this was used as the UEFA volunteer center.  In December 2012, Oleksandr Yaroslavsky sold FC Metalist to Sergey Kurchenko.

EURO 2012 Museum.

On his 60 anniversary (December 5, 2019), Oleksandr Yaroslavsky, the main investor who contributed to the preparation of Kharkiv infrastructure to host guests and matches during Euro 2012, held a grand opening ceremony at the first stage of construction of Euro 2012 Museum.  On this day, the renovated Metalist Stadium, the home arena of FC Metalist that was owned by Oleksandr Yaroslavsky, marked the 10 anniversary since its inauguration. This event of 2009 marked the start of an ambitious project: Kharkiv, which was only a reserve city and had powerful competitors, and Oleksandr Yaroslavsky joined the fray to host Euro 2012 matches.  The businessman plans to invest up to USD 1.5 million in the museum and its collection that is replenished with championship artifacts. It will feature documentary photo and video materials, memorabilia related to the hosting of Euro 2012, European football stars and UEFA regional headquarters.  Advanced interactive solutions based on augmented and virtual reality technologies enable museum visitors to once again plunge into the atmosphere of the unforgettable sports festival that opened a new era in the development of Kharkiv.  "This is a unique case with a single center that managed the construction of infrastructure and huge private investments", Martin Cullen, Euro 2012 Operations Director and now Executive Director of UEFA Events SA, commented on the idea of creating a championship museum in Kharkiv. "For us, the DCH initiative is very interesting, we believe in its success. This project is focused on the little-known social facet of sporting competitions and their impact on the development of host cities. We hope that the national teams that played in Kharkiv during Euro 2012—Denmark, Germany, the Netherlands and Portugal—will help the future museum by providing exhibits, and the museum will delight residents and guests of Kharkiv for a long time."

Political activity.

In 2002–2006, Oleksandr Yaroslavsky was a People's Deputy in the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine of IV convocation as a member of the Party of Greens of Ukraine.  From 2012 to 2020, he was in conflict with Hennadiy Kernes, the mayor of Kharkiv.

Charity.

In October 2010, Oleksandr Yaroslavsky and Dmytro Firtash (owner of DF Group) bought the painting "In Love" by the scandalous British artist Damien Hirst for EUR 1,750,000 euros, which was a record for the Ukrainian auction business, at a charity dinner hosted by the Elena Pinchuk ANTIAIDS Foundation. The proceeds went towards expanding the joint project between the ANTIAIDS Foundation and the Clinton Foundation. Together with John Elkann, a representative of the Agnelli dynasty, Oleksandr Yaroslavsky participates in projects that aim to develop youth football. He also supports other charitable projects (e.g. the Rіdny DIM Foundation).

Personal life.

Family.

Oleksandr Yaroslavsky is married and has five children. In 2015, Maryna Sventytska, the wife of Oleksandr Yaroslavsky, won the competition of the most beautiful wives of Ukrainian millionaires.

Hobby.

He practices yoga, plays tennis and is keen on scuba diving and skiing. Oleksandr Yaroslavsky, a huge fan of rugby, sponsors the Olympus Rugby Club (Kharkiv). Olympus is one of the leading rugby clubs of Ukraine and a talent factory for the national rugby team. This club is a fifteen-time rugby union champion of Ukraine, ten-time rugby sevens champion of Ukraine, nine-time winner of rugby union cup of Ukraine and seven-time winner of rugby sevens cup of Ukraine.

Partners.

Oleksandr Yaroslavsky is known as having friendly relations with Oleg Deripaska, Roman Abramovich and many other international business representatives.  In addition, the businessman has smooth or friendly relations with representatives of the Ukrainian business elite.  For example, Pavlo Fuks and Ihor Kolomoyskyi played table football at a grandiose party on the occasion of the 60 anniversary of Oleksandr Yaroslavsky. Victor Pinchuk and Hennadiy Boholiubov, Ihor Kolomoyskyi's business partner, visited the party too.  In addition, Oleksandr Yaroslavsky put an end to the protracted conflict with Hennadiy Kernes, the mayor of Kharkiv. At the birthday party of the founder of DCH, Pavlo Fuks gave a toast and conveyed greetings and congratulations to the hero of the occasion from the mayor of Kharkiv who wished him every success. Pavlo Fuks also said that Hennadiy Kernes would like to award the title of Honorary Freedom of the City of Kharkiv to Oleksandr Yaroslavsky on the city day (August 23). Oleksandr Yaroslavsky thanked and wished Kernes good health.  Subsequently, the mayor of Kharkiv celebrated the 2020 New Year with Oleksandr Yaroslavsky at his New Year's party held at his five-star luxury hotel Kharkiv Palace.

Awards.

Oleksandr Yaroslavsky has a number of state awards and awards from the Orthodox Church of Ukraine.

Oleksandr Yaroslavsky (; born December 5, 1959, Zhdanov) is a Ukrainian businessman. He was formerly co-owner of UkrSibbank and president of FC Metalist Kharkiv (2005-2012). Yaroslavsky is the president of DCH (Development Construction Holding) and one of the most influential people in Ukraine according to Ukrainian and Eastern European media. In 2016, Forbes ranked him among the top ten richest people in Ukraine. In November 2018, Russia imposed sanctions against 322 citizens of Ukraine, including Yaroslavsky.

Oleksandr Wladilenowytsch Jaroslawskyj (ukrainisch ; * 5. Dezember 1959 in Mariupol) ist ein ukrainischer Unternehmer, Mäzen und Sportfunktionär und gilt als einer der reichsten Männer der Ukraine.


Overview.

VSS "Unity", the second SpaceShipTwo suborbital spaceplane for Virgin Galactic, is the first SpaceShipTwo built by The Spaceship Company. The ship's name was announced on 19 February 2016. Prior to the naming announcement, the craft was referred to as SpaceShipTwo, Serial Number Two. There was speculation in 2004 that Serial Number Two would be named VSS "Voyager", an unofficial name that was repeatedly used in media coverage. The name "Unity" was chosen by British physicist Stephen Hawking. Hawking's eye is also used as the model for the eye logo on the side of "Unity".

History.

The manufacture of "Unity" began in 2012. The spacecraft's registration, N202VG, was filed in September 2014. As of early November 2014, the build of "Unity" was about 90 percent structurally complete, and 65 percent complete overall.  As of April 2015, initial ground tests of Unity were projected to be able to begin as early as late 2015, after being projected as early as mid-2015 as of November 2014. On 21 May 2015, "Unity" reached the milestone of bearing the weight of the airframe on its own wheels. The spaceship was unveiled on 19 February 2016, as Virgin Galactic founder Richard Branson had projected in November 2015; ground and flight testing commenced thereafter.  VSS "Unity" is the second SpaceShipTwo to be completed; the first, VSS "Enterprise", was destroyed in a crash in late October 2014. After rollout and unveiling, a phase of testing called "Integrated Vehicle Ground Testing" began on VSS "Unity" in February 2016.

Test flight program.

VSS "Unity" will undergo a test regimen similar to VSS "Enterprise", then will embark on testing beyond what "Enterprise" experienced. The test flights are expected to be fewer, as "Enterprise" has already tested the design's responses under numerous conditions. For each flight test, the White Knight Two aircraft carries "Unity" to altitude. Testing began with captive carry flights, in which "Unity" was not released from its carrier aircraft. Testing then progressed to free-flight glide testing, and will continue with powered test flights. It is possible that only 2-3 flights under each regime previously tested will be performed, instead of the 5 or 10 that "Enterprise" performed.  On 8 September 2016, Virgin Galactic commenced flight testing of "Unity" with a captive-carry flight. On 1 November 2016, Virgin Galactic conducted another captive-carry flight of "Unity" but cancelled the glide portion of the flight because of wind speed. On 3 November and 30 November, additional captive-carry flights took place.  In July 2017, Richard Branson suggested that the craft was to begin powered tests at three-week intervals. In September 2017, CEO George Whitesides suggested that engine testing was complete, and that only a "small number of glide flights" remained before VSS "Unity" would begin powered test flights. The first powered flight test took place on 5 April 2018 when a 30-second rocket firing accelerated "Unity" to a speed of Mach 1.87 and an altitude of. The first powered test flight of "Unity" exceeded the altitude of all powered test flights of its predecessor, "Enterprise".  VSS Unity VP-03, the first suborbital spaceflight of VSS Unity was successfully completed on 13 December 2018, surpassing the altitude considered the boundary of outer space by NASA and the United States Air Force.  Following its February, 2019 flight to space, VSS Unity began to undergo modifications including installation of the commercial cabin, and changes to cockpit displays.

List of test flights.

Legend

VSS Unity (Virgin Space Ship Unity, Registration: N202VG), previously referred to as VSS "Voyager", is a SpaceShipTwo-class suborbital rocket-powered crewed spaceplane. It is the second "SpaceShipTwo" to be built and will be used as part of the Virgin Galactic fleet. It first reached an altitude of 80 km on December 13, 2018.

Die VSS Unity (Luftfahrzeugkennzeichen N202VG) ist das zweite für die kommerzielle Nutzung ausgelegte Raumflugzeug der Firma Virgin Galactic und das zweite Raumfahrzeug der SpaceShipTwo-Klasse. Der ursprüngliche Name war VSS Voyager. Das „VSS“ in den Namen steht für „Virgin Space Ship“. Hersteller ist die Firma "The Spaceship Company", ein ehemaliges Joint Venture der Unternehmen Virgin Group und Scaled Composites, seit 2012 eine hundertprozentige Tochter von Virgin Galactic.


Early life.

Pargo attended Chicago's Paul Robeson High School.

College career.

He played college basketball for Gonzaga University's Gonzaga Bulldogs. He was voted the 2008 WCC Player of the Year in his junior season. The following year, he was featured on the cover of "Sports Illustrated" magazine for the 2009 March Madness issue.

Professional career.

2009–10 season.

After going undrafted in the 2009 NBA draft, Pargo participated in the 2009 Las Vegas NBA Summer League, as a member of the Detroit Pistons' summer league squad, alongside former Gonzaga teammate Austin Daye. He also played in the Orlando Pro Summer League for the Orlando Magic's summer league squad. He did not secure a contract, however.  In his first professional year, Pargo played for Hapoel Gilboa Galil Elyon of the Israeli Basketball Super League, averaging 14.1 points, 2.9 rebounds, 4.5 assists, and 2.7 turnovers per game. He was a home crowd favorite because of his electrifying dunks over bigger defenders. He won the 2009-10 Israeli Super League championship.

2010–11 season.

In 2010, Pargo participated in the Orlando Pro Summer League for the Charlotte Bobcats, and then later in the Las Vegas NBA Summer League, as a member of the Minnesota Timberwolves. On August 26, 2010, Pargo replaced Mikhail Torrance, who was suffering from a heart condition, signing a one-year contract with EuroLeague giants Maccabi Tel Aviv. After a promising start, he emerged as one of the team's main players, especially after Doron Perkins's season-ending injury. He helped Maccabi to reach the EuroLeague Final, earning an All-EuroLeague Second Team selection in the process. His team lost in the EuroLeague Finals to Panathinaikos, by a score of 78–70.

2011–12 season.

On May 24, 2011, Pargo signed a new two-year contract extension with Maccabi. However, he broke the contract, and on December 10, 2011, he signed a two-year contract with the NBA's Memphis Grizzlies, with his successful EuroLeague season not having gone unnoticed.

2012–13 season.

On July 25, 2012, he was traded to the Cleveland Cavaliers, along with a 2014 second round draft pick, in exchange for D. J. Kennedy.  On January 22, 2013, Pargo was waived by the Cavaliers.  On February 7, 2013, Pargo was signed to a ten-day contract by the Philadelphia 76ers. On February 18, 2013, Pargo was signed by the 76ers for the rest of the 2012–13 season. He was waived on April 1, 2013, when the team signed Justin Holiday.

2013–14 season.

In June 2013, he signed a two-year contract worth $5.2 million net income (€4 million) with the Russian club CSKA Moscow.

2014–15 season.

On July 24, 2014, Pargo and CSKA Moscow reached an agreement to part ways. Later that day, Pargo signed a two-year deal with his former club Maccabi Tel Aviv.

2015–16 season.

On July 4, 2015, he parted ways with Maccabi, signing with the Chinese club Zhejiang Lions for the 2015–16 CBA season. On April 27, 2016, Pargo joined the Italian club Reyer Venezia, for the remainder of the 2015–16 season.

2016–17 season.

In July 2016, Pargo signed with the Chinese club Shenzhen Leopards.

2017–18 season.

On December 12, 2017, Pargo signed with the Chinese club Nanjing Monkey King.  On February 26, 2018, Pargo joined the Santa Cruz Warriors of the NBA G League. One month later, Pargo signed with the Lebanese team Champville SC.  On April 25, 2018, Pargo returned for a third stint in Maccabi Tel Aviv, signing for the rest of the season. On May 17, 2018, Pargo recorded 26 points, scoring 20 points in the fourth quarter, along with four rebounds and four assists, leading Maccabi to a 98–95 win over Ironi Nes Ziona. He was subsequently named Israeli League Round 32 MVP. On June 8, 2018, Pargo was named 2018 Israeli League Quarterfinals MVP. Pargo made a key contribution to Maccabi's 2018 Israeli League Championship title.

2018–19 season.

On July 11, 2018, Pargo signed a one-year contract extension with Maccabi Tel Aviv. Pargo won the 2019 Israeli League Championship with Maccabi, winning the Israeli League title for two consecutive years.

2019–20 season.

On November 7, 2019, Pargo joined the Santa Cruz Warriors of the NBA G League for a second stint. He scored 37 points against the South Bay Lakers on December 10.  On February 8, 2020, Pargo signed a 10-day contract with the Golden State Warriors. In his debut the same day against the Lakers, Pargo appeared in an NBA game for the first time in six years, 316 days — the sixth-longest gap between game appearances in NBA history. Pargo posted 15 points in a 112-106 loss to the Phoenix Suns.

2020–21 season.

On June 3, 2020, Pargo signed with Hapoel Jerusalem.

The Basketball Tournament.

In the summer of 2017, Pargo played in The Basketball Tournament (TBT)—a single-elimination winner-take-all tournament—for team Few Good Men (Gonzaga alumni). He averaged 13.3 points per game (PPG) and helped take the team to the Super 16 round of TBT 2017, where they lost to Team Challenge ALS, 77–60. In TBT 2018, Pargo played for Overseas Elite, the three-time defending champion. In six games, he averaged 7.7 PPG, 3.3 assists per game and 2.3 rebounds per game. Overseas Elite reached the championship game and defeated Eberlein Drive, 70–58, for their fourth consecutive TBT title. In TBT 2019, Pargo and Overseas Elite advanced to the semifinals where they suffered their first-ever defeat, losing to Carmen's Crew, 71–66.

Jeremy Raymon Pargo (born March 17, 1986) is an American professional basketball player for Hapoel Jerusalem of the Israeli Premier League. Standing at, he plays at the point guard position. In 2011 he reached the EuroLeague Final with Maccabi Tel Aviv, earning an All-EuroLeague Second Team selection in the process. He is the brother of Jannero Pargo, who also played in the NBA.

Jeremy Raymon Pargo (* 7. März 1986 in Chicago, Illinois) ist ein US-amerikanischer Basketballspieler. Nach dem Studium in seinem Heimatland spielte Pargo als professioneller Spieler in Israel, bevor er nach zwei Landesmeisterschaften dort 2011 doch noch den Sprung in die am höchsten dotierte Profiliga NBA in seiner Heimat schaffte. Hier konnte er bei drei Vereinen in zwei Jahren sich jedoch nicht nachhaltig durchsetzen und kehrte über den russischen Meister ZSKA Moskau zur Saison 2014/15 zum israelischen Rekordmeister Maccabi Tel Aviv zurück. Jeremy ist der jüngere Bruder von NBA-Profi Jannero Pargo.


History.

When it was established, it was known as the "Festival of Yugoslav Film", and it quickly became the most important national film festival in SFR Yugoslavia. Over the following decades the festival gained considerable recognition internationally, along with the Yugoslav film industry which continued to thrive since the 1960s. Many film production companies were soon founded across the former Yugoslavia and the industry released about 20 new feature films for nationwide distribution every year. These films competed for a number of awards at the festival, since the award categories and the festival concept were modeled after the Academy Awards. However, the festival often served as a launching pad for new films before being released in cinemas nationwide, so - unlike the Academy Awards - the festival usually marked the beginning of a new season for filmgoers, not its ending.  In 1991 the festival was cancelled because of the outbreak of the war and the related breakup of Yugoslavia. In 1992 the festival was restarted, but it was renamed "Filmski festival u Puli (eng: Pula Film Festival)". The 1992 edition was also the first one that was dedicated solely to Croatian films, since the unified Yugoslav film industry disappeared along with the former country.  In 1995 it was renamed again and called "Festival hrvatskog filma (eng: Croatian Film Festival)" to emphasize its now exclusively Croatian character. However, since the Croatian film industry proved to be insufficiently productive, with only a handful of new titles being released each year, the festival's popularity rapidly plummeted. In order to rectify this, the festival opened for foreign films for the first time in its history in 2001, and was renamed once again to "Festival hrvatskog i europskog filma (eng: Croatian and European Film Festival)". From then on, apart from screenings of Croatian films, the festival also regularly offers an international program, as well as various one-off theme programs and retrospectives.

Golden Arena awards.

The national film industry awards called Golden Arena are always presented at the festival. All the locally produced feature films made in the preceding 12 months are screened at the festival and everyone involved in making them automatically qualify for the Golden Arena award in their respective category. Therefore, there are no Academy Award-style shortlists of nominees announced prior to the actual awarding ceremony. However, some festival editions in the past also had runner-up awards for some categories, called Silver Arena. The awards are given by the jury made up of prominent film critics, directors, actors, etc.

Pula Film Festival () is an annual Croatian film festival, established in 1954. It is held in a Roman amphitheater known as the Pula Arena. Pula Film Festival is the oldest Croatian film festival and is usually held in the summer, in July or August.

Das Filmfestival von Pula (kroatisch: Festival igranog filma u Puli) ist das älteste kroatisch/jugoslawische Filmfestival und wird seit 1954 in Pula ausgerichtet.


Name.

In Serbian, the town is known as "Bač" (Бач); in Slovak as "Báč"; in Croatian (Šokac) as "Bač"; in Hungarian as "Bács"; in German as "Batsch"; in Latin as "Bach" or "Bacs"; and in Turkish as "Baç". Along with Serbian, Slovak and Hungarian languages are also in official use in the municipality administration.  In the 9th-10th century, name of the town was "Bagasin". In 1154, the Arab geographer Idrisi mention it under name "Bakasin" and claim that "it is a famous city that was mentioned among old big cities".  The current name of the town was first recorded in 1094. In 1111 the parish was mentioned as "Bache". This name probably derived from the same personal name. In Serbian this name is written as "Bač" (Бач), in Hungarian as "Bács", and in Romanian as "Baci", although the Romanian population used this word as a title rather than as a name. The name is of uncertain origin and its existence was recorded among Vlachs, Slavs and Hungarians in the Middle Ages. The origin of the name could be Paleo-Balkanic, Romanian, Slavic, or Old Turkic.  In the Romanian language, "Baci" means "tenant, mountaineer or chieftain of the shepherd habitation in the mountain". The name could be spread into other languages by the Vlach shepherds. However, a similar name, "Bača", was recorded among old Russians, which implies the possibility of Slavic origin. Hungarian linguists claim that a similar but originally different Hungarian personal name was derived from the Old Turkic "baya" dignity in the form "Bácsa", which later evolved into "Bács". It is not certain whether name of the town came from Vlach-Slavic or from the Hungarian name. Some Hungarian historians assume that the town was named after the first comes of the county, Bács ispán (Bač župan). However, the existence of that person is not historically confirmed and his ethnic origin is uncertain.  There are several more places with same name (in North Macedonia, Slovenia, Montenegro and Albania), as well as a large number of place names beginning with letters "bač-" or "bács-" that are scattered all over the Balkans and Central Europe, as well as in some other regions.

History.

Evidence show that the area was inhabited already in the younger Neolithic. The town later developed on an island in the meander of the Mostonga river and for centuries was accessible only by the wooden bridge. The river is channeled today as part of the Danube–Tisa–Danube Canal system and has two proper bridges, so the fortress and the old town are now on a dry land.  Bač is one of the oldest towns in Vojvodina. The archeological research showed that an ancient Roman settlement existed in this area. Bač was first mentioned in 535 AD, in a letter written by Eastern Roman emperor Justinian. In 873 AD, the town was mentioned as Avar fortress, inhabited by both, Avars and Slavs. In this time, the Saint Methodius, a creator of the Slavic alphabet, converted to Christianity Slavs that lived in Bačka and Bač.  In the 10th century, this region became part of the Kingdom of Hungary. In the Middle Ages the town was the seat of the Bacsensis County. The foundation date of the county is a disputed question, some historians assume that it was one of the first counties of the Kingdom established by Stephen I but there is no documentary evidence of its existence in that time. The first known prefect (comes) of the county was recorded in 1074 and his name was Vid.  King Ladislaus I made the town the seat of a new archbishopric in 1085. Previously historians assumed that Bač (Bacs) was a bishopric before that time. The first archbishop, Fabian (1085–1103) helped the king in the course of the campaign against Croatia and was rewarded with the title.  Gyula Városy proved that king Ladislaus only moved the seat of the archbishopric of Kalocsa to Bač (Bacs), where he built a cathedral and established a chapter house around 1090. After 1135 the archbishops moved back to their former seat in Kalocsa. Later the diocese was called the "Archbishopric of Kalocsa-Bacs" (first mentioned in 1266).  In 1154, the Arab geographer Idrisi wrote that Bač is a rich town with many merchants and craftsmen, a place with a lot of wheat and many "Greek scholars" which could refer to Orthodox priests and monks.  In the early 13th century. Ugrin Csák, Archbishop of Kalocsa, founded a hospital in Bač, as the first such facility in this part of Europe. Pope Gregory IX wrote about the "Bačka hospital" in 1234, as being open for the sick and poor.  The town prospered with the Hungarian king Charles Robert I built the fortress in the first half of the 14th century. The fort developed and reached its full extension by the 16th century. From the 15th century, it was the most important Hungarian ramparts against the invading Ottoman forces. The pivotal moment was the disastrous Hungarian defeat in 1526 at the Battle of Mohacs, so the Ottomans conquered Bač in 1529. During the war between Ottoman Empire and the Kingdom of Hungary, in the 16th century, Serbian despot Stevan Berislavić successfully defended the Bač fortress from the Ottomans for a long time until the fortress finally fell.  During the Ottoman rule (16th-17th century), Bač was a seat of a kaza of Bač in Sanjak of Segedin. Since 1686 the town was under Habsburg. The fortress was mined with explosives in 1704, during the Rákóczi's War of Independence. During the Austrian rule, many Germans settled in Bač during this time. After 1918, Bač was part of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes and subsequent South Slavic states. It was occupied by Hungary between 1941-1944 during World War II.

Characteristics.

Bač Fortress is the best preserved medieval fort in Vojvodina. Section of Bač below the fortress is called "Podgrađe". It consists of 36 houses in the typical lowland Vojvodina style and is protected, together with the fort, as the Spatial Cultural-Historical Units of Exceptional Importance. The section is directly accessed via the bridge across the canal and through the gate of "Šiljak". The houses were built from the 18th to the 20th century, and residents are not allowed to change façades without prior consent from the institutes in charge of protection.  The fort used to have 8 towers, but five are preserved today. There are four side towers and the tallest, over, keep ("donžon"). The fortress was left to the elements from 18th to 20th century. First occasional archaeological explorations began in the 19th century, but the survey in earnest began in the 20th century. Reconstruction and conservation project, which includes the exploration works, started in 2006. The fortress was restored, archaeological sections were conserved while the visitors center was open in the keep. The project was awarded the 2018 Europa Nostra Award, European Union prize for cultural heritage.  One of the first modern pharmacies in this part of Vojvodina was open in Bač in 1828. It was founded by the Gebauer family, in their family home. The house still exists today and, though the interior is changed, the original display window and the stairs are preserved.

Inhabited places.

Bač municipality includes the town of Bač (together with Mali Bač settlement) and the following villages:

Media.

Zvonik, a Roman Catholic magazine in Croatian language, was founded in Bač in 1994.

Demographics.

According to the 2011 census, the Bač municipality had 14,405 inhabitants.  The ethnic composition of the municipality:

Ethnic groups.

Settlements with Serb ethnic majority are: Bač, Bačko Novo Selo, and Bođani. The settlement with Slovak ethnic majority is Selenča. Ethnically mixed settlements with relative Serb majority are Vajska and Plavna.  In the 17th century some Šokci Croats from Tuzla area migrated to Bač as refugees. Today they comprise less than 9% of the population.

Languages.

According to the 2002 census, 66% of inhabitants of the Bač municipality speak Serbian as mother tongue. Other spoken languages include Slovak (20%), Romanian (4%), Hungarian (3%), Croatian (3%), and Romani (2%).  Serbian, Slovak and Hungarian language are officially used by municipal authorities.

Economy.

The following table gives a preview of total number of employed people per their core activity (as of 2017):

Politics.

Seats in the municipality parliament won in the 2012 local elections:

Sites of interest.

In 2017 the fortress was visited by 6,500 tourists. Other attractions include the Provala Lake, which was formed in the mid-20th century after a flood of the Danube, and a Berava stream, popular among the fishermen.

Franciscan monastery.

Origins can be traced to the 12th century. In 1169, canons from the knighthood Order of the Holy Sepulchre built a small church in the Romanesque style. They used some building materials from much older previous edifices. Franciscans took over the church in 1300. In the second half of the 14th century, the Franciscans expanded it, forming a monastery. The inner corridors are designed to practically form the cubes. Franciscans added the tall bell tower and the monastery building, all in the Gothic style. A nice, Renaissance style sink is still preserved. The monastery was surrounded by a moat and the walls with towers, as was the usual for the monasteries in Hungary at the time. After the Ottoman conquest, the monastery was converted to a mosque in the 16th century. Some of the Ottoman adaptations still remain, like the south wall's mihrab - a niche in the wall that indicates the direction of Mecca. With the withdrawal of the Ottomans, the Franciscans returned in the 17th century.  The present appearance of the complex dates from the 1734-1768 period. Visually, the monastery is today a combination of Gothic, Romanesque and Classicist architecture. The dining room still has a large doorknob from 1736. The monastery hosts a mechanical pipe organ, one of the oldest in this part of Europe. The original one was acquired in 1716 and was "like the one that Bach plays on". It was replaced with the larger and bigger one, which was made in 1826 and installed in 1827. It has 2 manuals, 16 registers, almost 1,000 organ pipes and is fully functional.  Restoration of the monastery, dedicated to the Assumption of Mary, began in 2016. The remains of the old moat were discovered during the digging. During the reconstruction, one part of the monastery was adapted into the museum. A permanent archaeological exhibition was set, which shows the continuous habitation of the area, from the Prehistoric time until the 18th century. As the monastery holds numerous Franciscan relics, books, dishes, cloths and other items, they are also exhibited. The idea is to make this one part of the "diffused museum" within the scopes of the "Centuries in Bač" project, which would also include the fortress and the Serbian Orthodox Bođani monastery. The reconstruction was finished in June 2019.  Artifacts in the museum include bricks from the Roman period, which have the game Nine men's morris or the crosses carved on. Also exhibited are the 13th century remains of the fresco paintings, including the fresco "Crucifixion of Jesus with Virgin Mary" which was discovered accidentally in 2011. There is also an icon of Mary, Mother of God, painted in 1684, which is protected by the state in 1948 with some of the old and rare books from the monastery library.

International relations.

Twin towns — Sister cities.

Bač is twinned with:

Bač (, ) is a town and municipality located in the South Bačka District of the autonomous province of Vojvodina, Serbia. The town has a population of 5,399, while Bač municipality has 14,405 inhabitants. The entire geographical region between the rivers Danube and Tisza, today divided between Serbia and Hungary, was named Bačka after the town.

Bač (ungarisch "Bács"; deutsch "Batsch") ist eine Stadt in der Vojvodina in Serbien und Sitz der gleichnamigen Gemeinde. Nach der Volkszählung von 2002 gab es 6087 Einwohner. Bač ist 62 km von Novi Sad, 140 km von Belgrad und 120 km von Subotica entfernt.


Early life.

Born on October 25, 1832, at Apple Creek in Perry County, Missouri, Kimmel was the second child of Joseph Singleton Husband Kimmel and Caroline Monica (née Manning) Kimmel. His father was a prosperous merchant and a member of the St. Louis City Council between 1840 and 1850, and his mother died during Kimmel's birth. Joseph Kimmel remarried four years later to Sarah Gorgas, and had three stepchildren.  He attended Princeton University, but was dismissed in his junior year, according to family legend, for organizing a protest meeting against a faculty warning against students using a local billiard-saloon. Kimmel then obtained an appointment to the United States Military Academy, entering on July 1, 1853, and graduating with the Class of 1857 on July 1 of that year. He was ranked 22nd out of 38 cadets in his class.

Military service.

Frontier campaigns.

Kimmel was brevetted to Second Lieutenant after his graduation and sent to the Cavalry School of Practice at Carlisle, Pennsylvania. Receiving the full rank of Second Lieutenant on August 18, 1858, he was assigned to the 2nd Cavalry (later redesignated the 5th Cavalry Regiment), stationed in Texas. Kimmel served with the regiment in frontier operations against the Comanche tribe and Mexican outlaws for the next two years, and was promoted to First Lieutenant on April 1, 1861.  He was stationed at Camp Radziminski from 1858 to 1859 and in 1859 at Camp Cooper, serving in Earl Van Dorn's Wichita Expedition against the Comanches. On February 10, 1859, he became acting commander of G Company, 2nd Cavalry after its commander was put on trial for shooting and killing a soldier who disobeyed orders and its first lieutenant went on recruiting duty. On May 13, 1859, he fought in an action that became known as the Battle of Crooked Creek at the camp of Comanche leader Buffalo Hump, erroneously identified as the Nescutunga Valley. During the battle, Kimmel led a detachment of dismounted skirmishers from G Company.  From 1859 to 1860, Kimmel was stationed at Fort Inge, and in 1860 he participated in the regiment's march to Brownsville, from which they operated against Mexican guerrillas led by Juan Cortina in the Cortina Troubles until the outbreak of the Civil War. Kimmel and future Union cavalry commander George Stoneman led two companies from the regiment alongside Rip Ford's Texas Rangers in April 1860 when Ford made an incursion into Mexico at Reynosa, which was suspected of giving aid to Cortina.

Civil War.

At the beginning of the Civil War, the regiment was sent east to defend the capital via Indianola, Texas, and Carlisle, and fought in the Union defeat at the First Battle of Bull Run on July 21, during which Kimmel was commended for gallant conduct. The 2nd Cavalry retreated to the Washington defenses, after which Kimmel resigned his commission on August 14, at the Galt House in Louisville, Kentucky, and joined the Confederate Army with the rank of Major. This made him one of the four West Point graduates to serve on both sides in the war, along with William T. Magruder, Donald C. Stith, and Richard K. Meade. Kimmel became adjutant-general on the staff of Brigadier-General Benjamin McCulloch, until the latter was killed on March 7, 1862 in the Battle of Pea Ridge. Kimmel then became the assistant adjutant-general on the staff of Major General Earl Van Dorn, McCulloch's superior. After Van Dorn was shot by an angry husband on May 7, 1863, Kimmel briefly was the Confederate adjutant-general of Missouri, and later became acting assistant and inspector-general on Major General John B. Magruder's staff, in which capacity he ended the war.

Later life.

After the end of the war, fearing reprisals like many Confederate veterans, Kimmel fled Houston on horseback to Mexico City and became a civil engineer there, working on the construction of the City of Mexico and Vera Cruz Railroad, before coming back to Cape Girardeau, Missouri in 1866. While in Mexico, he served as a mercenary for Maximilian I, according to contemporary letters Kimmel wrote to his close friend and fellow 2nd Cavalry officer Fitzhugh Lee. He married Sibbella Lambert on December 28, 1868, and moved to Henderson, Kentucky, in 1872, where he worked as a civil engineer and superintendent for the Saint Bernard Mining Company at St. Charles. Kimmel had seven children, including Husband E. Kimmel (born 1882), who went on to command the United States Pacific Fleet during the Pearl Harbor attack. He worked as a civil engineer until 1884, when he resigned from the company, and was a coal dealer and real estate agent from 1885. Kimmel lived in Henderson for the rest of his life, serving on its school board and city council. Kimmel died of a cerebral hemorrhage at his home on February 27, 1916, at age 83, and was buried in the city's Fernwood Cemetery. A state historical marker was later placed at his home in Henderson, at 512 North Green Street.

Manning Marius Kimmel (also known as Marius Manning Kimmel, October 25, 1832 February 27, 1916) was a military officer who served on both sides of the American Civil War. He entered the United States Military Academy at West Point in 1853 and graduated in 1857. After initially fighting for the Union, he switched sides to the Confederacy, one of four West Point graduates to fight on both sides during the war. In the Confederate Army, he served as adjutant general and assistant adjutant general on the staff of generals Benjamin McCulloch and Earl Van Dorn, and as inspector general on John Magruder's staff. He was the father of Admiral Husband E. Kimmel, who commanded the United States Pacific Fleet during the Attack on Pearl Harbor.

Manning Marius Kimmel (* 25. Oktober 1832 in Apple Creek, Perry County, Missouri; † 27. Februar 1916 in Henderson, Kentucky) war ein US-amerikanischer Offizier und Ingenieur.


Background.

The song was written by Brown and Amber Streeter (of American R&B girl group RichGirl). The latter duo receive production credits on the track. In December 2010, Brown tweeted that he would be collaborating with Bieber. The song first appeared online on March 8, 2011. The song was one of three collaborations between Bieber and Brown in 2011, the others being a remix of "Up" from Bieber's "My World 2.0" album, which was included as a track on his "Never Say Never – The Remixes" set, and the single "Don't Check on Me" from Brown's 2019 album "Indigo". In an interview with MTV News, Brown revealed that the duo recorded the "Up" remix first, and Brown wanted Bieber on his album after their first collaboration.

Composition.

"Next to You" is a R&B and pop song. The song has lyrics about a relationship, but Eliot Glazer of MTV Buzzworthy said that the song also contained inspirational lyrics. It features "digitized" violins. According to the sheet music at Musicnotes.com by Sony/ATV Music Publishing, the song is set in common time with a moderate tempo of 116 beats per minute. It is composed in the key of E major with Bieber and Brown's vocal ranges spanning from the low-note of G to the high-note of C. The song features the chord progression of E–B–Cm–A. Nadia Noir of WNOW-FM said the song was a hybrid of a "dance-jam" and "love-song." Furthermore, AOL Music's Charley Rogulewski called the song a "dreamy pop love song." The song sees Brown and Bieber trading verses and the chorus in lyrics like "I'll be there when you're insecure/ Let you know that you're always lovely/ Girl, because you are the only thing that I got right now."

Music video.

The music video for "Next to You" was directed by Colin Tilley and filmed at the Universal Studios in Los Angeles, and upper Manhattan. On May 10, 2011, Bieber's manager confirmed plans for a music video via Twitter. In an interview with MTV News, Tilley spoke briefly about the video, saying "Tomorrow, I'm shooting New Boyz and Chris Brown... then Justin Bieber and Chris Brown, together... I can't tell you anything about that yet, but it's going to happen. It's gonna be big. It's gonna be big. I can't say anything else." On May 21, 2011, Brown posted two photos from the shoot via Twitter, showing him and Bieber standing among overturned cars in a path of destruction. However, the unfinished version of the music video leaked onto the internet on June 6, and the final cut was premiered on June 17, 2011. The video begins with Brown and Bieber interacting with their girlfriends while the song "All Back" by Chris Brown is playing. Bieber's love interest is removed by her father, who reprimands, "You will never see him again. You understand that?" Brown is thinking of his girlfriend (played by Shannon Elizabeth) before the apocalypse occurs, which is characterized by land fissures, buildings toppling down and fiery scenery. Brown searches for his love interest who is then hit by the car that Bieber's girlfriend is in. Brown saves her by leaping over the fissure. Near the end of the video, Bieber's girlfriend finds him on top of the roof of a building and it ends with them reuniting and kissing. Interspersed are scenes of Brown and Bieber dancing amongst the destruction. Jamie Peck of MTV wrote of the video, "The whole thing is delightfully ridiculous in its cinematic drama". The video was nominated for International Artist Video of the Year at the 2012 MuchMusic Video Awards.

Critical reception.

Brad Wete of "Entertainment Weekly" coined the song as "thumping" and said that "Brown and guest Justin Bieber trade verses assuring their ladies of their dedication." Joanne Dorken of MTV News UK said "It seems that everything Justin Bieber touches turns to gold at the moment and this cutesy ballad is no exception." Dorken complimented how well the song showed the blending of the pair's voices, and she commented, as "the most 'pop' song on the LP, we are hoping Chris decides to make this a single... a sure fire hit." Nadia Noir of WNOW-FM wrote, "What do you get when you combine two of pop's best-looking/greatest dancers, the sexy rasp of Justin Bieber, and a dance-jam/love-song? A combination of all the best elements of music!" Nick Levine of BBC Music said the track was part of Brown's identity crisis on the album, as "Next to You" was just two tracks after the "grisly sex jam" of "Wet the Bed" featuring Ludacris. Levine called the collaboration a "wholesome-as-homemade-chutney hook-up." While complementing that the album had "something for everyone", Jody Rosen of "Rolling Stone" called "Next to You" a "puppy-love declaration." Bri LaPelusa called the song a "dreamy ballad" and said it melted Brown and Bieber's "angelic" voices. She went on to add that "Next to You" "might be affirmation that Chris Brown is once again an accepted celebrity."  Concerning the lyrics, Eliot Glazer of MTV Buzzworthy said "It ain't new, but it's still cute." Eric Henderson of Slant Magazine said Brown was unable to capture the "majesty of 'Forever'" with the song, noting it was "rendered limp by the undercurrent of sincerity." Jon Caramanica of "The New York Times" wrote that the song does not compliment Brown's already weak voice, and called it "geniunely awful." Caramanica also commented that Bieber was "apparently not worried about the stain this collaboration might leave."

Chart performance.

Due to digital sales after the release of "F.A.M.E.", "Next to You" debuted on the US "Billboard" Hot 100 and the Canadian Hot 100 charts of the week ending April 9, 2011. The song debuted at number ten on the Hot Digital Songs chart in the US, and at number 26 on the Hot 100. The following week, the song fell to number ninety before falling off the chart the next week. On the Canadian Hot 100, it debuted at number 36, and spent one week on the chart.  In the United Kingdom, after the release of "F.A.M.E.", "Next to You" appeared at number forty-nine. It spent one week on the chart. After being released as a single, it appeared on the chart again and eventually peaked at number fourteen. The single was eventually certified Silver by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI) for sales of over 200,000 copies in the UK.  Source

"Next to You" is a song by American recording artist Chris Brown, included as a track on his fourth studio album, "F.A.M.E.", released on June 21, 2011. The song features Canadian singer Justin Bieber. Brown co-wrote the song with Sevyn Streeter of American girl group RichGirl. Brown first revealed plans to collaborate with Bieber in December 2010, and the track is one of three tracks they worked together on, the others being a remix of Bieber's "Up" (2011) and "Don't Check on Me" from Brown's 2019 album "Indigo".

Next 2 You ist ein Lied des US-amerikanischen Musikers Chris Brown. Der kanadische Sänger Justin Bieber ist an dem Titel als Gastmusiker beteiligt. Der Song wurde am 24. Juni 2011 als fünfte Auskopplung des Albums "F.A.M.E." veröffentlicht, welches im März 2011 erschienen war.


History.

The castle which later became known as the Tower of London was begun by William the Conqueror in 1066. It began as a timber fortification enclosed by a palisade. In the next decade work began on the White Tower, the great stone keep that still dominates the castle today. The precise date of the White Tower's foundation is unknown, and it is also uncertain how long construction took. It is traditionally held that construction began in 1078. This is because the "Textus Roffensis" records that Gundulf, Bishop of Rochester, oversaw the building work under instruction from William the Conqueror. Dendrochronological evidence suggests construction of the White Tower began in 1075–1079. The archaeology of the standing building suggests there was a pause in construction between 1080 and 1090–1093, although it is unknown why. Gundulf did more than just oversee work and was a skilled architect. Rochester's castle and cathedral were rebuilt under his auspices. As the main castle in England's capital, the Tower of London was an important royal building. The keep built by Gundulf bears testament to this as it was one of the largest in Christendom.  The White Tower was multi-purpose. It was the castle's strongest point militarily yet provided accommodation fit for the king and his representatives. In Norman architecture the keep was a symbol of a lord's power. The White Tower was probably complete by 1100 at the latest, at which point it was used to imprison Ranulf Flambard, Bishop of Durham. It was probably during Henry II's reign (1154–1189) that a fore-building was added to the south side of the tower to provide extra defences to the entrance, but it has not survived. Henry III's relations with his barons were uneasy, and in the 1220s and 1230s he enhanced the castle's defences and domestic buildings. Though the work he started may not have been finished within his lifetime, he extended the castle to the north and east, building a new stone wall to enclose the castle. A brattice (a timber gallery) was added to the top of the White Tower, projecting beyond its walls to better defend the base of the tower. Henry also undertook maintenance of the White Tower and it was during his reign that the tradition of whitewashing the building began. In March 1240 the Keeper of the Works at the Tower of London was ordered "to have the Great Tower whitened both inside and out". Later that year the king wrote to the Keeper, commanding that the White Tower's lead guttering should be extended with the effect that "the wall of the tower... newly whitened, may be in no danger of perishing or falling outwards through the trickling of the rain". Henry did not explain his order to whitewash the keep, but may have been influenced by contemporary fashion in Europe to paint prestigious buildings white. He also added decoration to the chapel in the keep, adding stained glass, statues, and paintings. Activity at the castle in the early 14th century declined relative to previous periods. Though the Tower of London was still occasionally used as a residence, by the 1320s the chapel in the White Tower was used to store records. This marked the beginning of the castle's diminishing role as a royal residence. The records were briefly removed from the White Tower in 1360 to accommodate the captive French king, John II. It may have been during the reign of Edward III (1327–1377) that a building abutting the south side of the White Tower was created. Built as storage, it may have been part of Edward's building programme at the Tower of London which saw its role as a military store come to the fore. The structure no longer survives, but is recorded on plans from 1597 and 1717.  Richard II was imprisoned at the Tower of London and abdicated there in 1399; according to tradition, the event took place in the White Tower. In the 1490s a new floor was added to the White Tower, creating extra storage. Architecturally virtually no trace remains of the White Tower's forebuilding, although it appears in a manuscript drawing circa 1500 depicting the imprisonment of Charles, Duke of Orléans and was recorded in a plan of 1597. It was demolished in 1674. On 17 June that year, during the course of the demolition, bones belonging to two children were discovered beneath the stairs in the forebuilding. It was assumed that they belonged to the Princes in the Tower. The remains were re-interred in Westminster Abbey. The story of the Princes in the Tower is one of the most infamous stories related to the castle. After the death of Edward IV his 12-year-old son was declared king as Edward V, but never crowned. Richard Duke of Gloucester was named Lord Protector while the prince was too young to rule. Edward was confined to the Tower of London along with his younger brother, Richard of Shrewsbury. The Duke of Gloucester was then proclaimed King Richard III in July 1483. The princes had last been seen in public in June 1483; the most likely reason for their disappearance is that they were murdered late in the summer of 1483.  By the Tudor period, the science of fortification had changed to deal with powerful cannons. The new designs, with low angled bastions, were not emulated at the Tower of London. All the same, some adaptations to use cannons were made; the changes included adding a timber platform to the top of the White Tower for cannon emplacements. The weight of the guns damaged the roof so that it had to be reinforced. The one documented use of these cannon was during Wyatt's rebellion in 1554 and they were ineffective. The Office of Ordnance and Office of Armoury were headquartered at the Tower of London until the 17th century. Their presence influenced activity at the castle and led to it becoming the country's most important military store. In the 1560s two armouries were created in the White Tower and by the reign of Elizabeth I (1558–1603) most of the gunpowder at the Tower was stored in the White Tower. By the last quarter of the 16th century the castle was a tourist attraction with visitors allowed inside despite its use by the Offices of Ordnance and Armoury. Its role in providing storage directly impacted on the White Tower's structure and posts were added to support the floors. In 1636 a hole was knocked through the White Tower's north wall to ease the movement of provisions. In 1639–1640 the White Tower's external appearance was changed, with much of its facing material replaced.  In 1640 Charles I ordered that the Tower of London should be prepared for conflict. Platforms for cannons were built and 21 installed on top of the White Tower with three additional mortars. Despite the new defences the Parliamentarians captured the Tower of London without the cannon being used. In January 1642, Charles I attempted to arrest five Members of Parliament. When this failed he fled the city, and Parliament retaliated by removing Sir John Byron, the Lieutenant of the Tower. The Trained Bands had switched sides, and now supported Parliament; together with the London citizenry, they blockaded the Tower. With permission from the King, Byron relinquished control of the Tower. Parliament replaced Byron with a man of their own choosing, Sir John Conyers. By the time the English Civil War broke out in November 1642, the Tower of London was already in Parliament's control. By 1657 the entire building apart from the chapel was being used to store gunpowder. Storing both gunpowder and government records in the White Tower was not ideal, and there were repeated suggestions in 1620, 1718, and 1832 to move the gunpowder to a new location, although the proposals were unsuccessful. By 1661 plans had been proposed to clear an area around the White Tower to safeguard the dangerous material inside. Nothing was done until after the Great Fire of London in 1666. During the fire it was feared the flames might reach the castle, specifically the White Tower, highlighting the need for safety measures. In the following years a protective wall was built around the White Tower. In the 1670s buildings that had accumulated around the White Tower to provide storage for the Offices of Ordnance and Armoury were pulled down. After this, repairs were carried out on the face of the White Tower. A staircase was also added on the south face, allowing direct access to the records in the chapel.  While the Tower of London had been open to visitors for centuries, it was not until the early 19th century that alterations were made explicitly for visitors. In 1825 a building, the New Horse Armoury, to contain effigies of England's kings was constructed against the south of the White Tower. The Gothic revival design of the structure – one of the first purpose-built museums in England – was widely reviled. By the end of the century the effigies and Queen Elizabeth's Armoury were distributed in displays in the White Tower. In the mid-19th century, under the encouragement of Prince Albert, Anthony Salvin undertook a programme of restoration at the castle. In 1858 the White Tower's roof was reinforced with iron girders. On 26 January 1885 a bomb in the White Tower damaged some of the displays.  The roofs of the White Tower and its turrets were repaired in the 1960s and 1970s. Accumulated dirt was washed from the exterior and the floors inside replaced. Also in this period a staircase was added against the south face of the keep, reopening access through the original entrance. In 1974, there was a bomb explosion in the Mortar Room in the White Tower, leaving one person dead and 35 injured. No one claimed responsibility for the blast, but the police investigated suspicions that the IRA was behind it. In 1988, the Tower of London as a whole was added to the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites, in recognition of its global importance and to help conserve and protect the site. The Tower of London is in the care of Historic Royal Palaces, a charity, and between 2008 and 2011 a £2 million conservation programme was undertaken at the White Tower. Repairs were carried out and the keep was cleaned, removing pollution that was causing damage to the structure. The White Tower is a Grade I listed building, and recognised as an internationally important structure. The Royal Armouries still have displays at the White Tower.

Architecture.

The White Tower is a keep (also known as a donjon), which was often the strongest structure in a medieval castle, and contained lodgings suitable for the lord—in this case the king or his representative. According to military historian Allen Brown, "The great tower [White Tower] was also, by virtue of its strength, majesty and lordly accommodation, the donjon "par excellence"". One of the largest keeps in the Christian world, the White Tower has been described as "the most complete eleventh-century palace in Europe". The influences on the White Tower's design are unclear. Magnates in northern France had been building stone keeps since the mid-9th century so the general design was well-established. More specifically the keep of Château d'Ivry-la-Bataille, built around 1000, may have been a particularly prominent influence as it included a semi-circular projection in one corner. Allen Brown and P. Curnow suggested that the design may have been based on the now vanished 10th-century keep of Château de Rouen, which belonged to the Dukes of Normandy.  At the western corners are square towers, while to the north-east a round tower houses a spiral staircase. At the south-east corner is a larger semi-circular projection which accommodates the apse of the chapel. Excluding its projecting corner towers, the keep measures at the base, and rises to a height of and is high at the southern battlements where the ground is lower. The structure was originally three storeys high, comprising a basement floor, an entrance level, and an upper floor. The entrance, as is usual in Norman keeps, was above ground (in this case on the south face) and accessed via a wooden staircase which could be removed in the event of an attack. The forebuilding added in the 12th century no longer survives. As the building was intended to be a comfortable residence as well as a stronghold, latrines were built into the walls, and four fireplaces provided warmth.  The main building material is Kentish rag-stone, though some local mudstone was also used. Although little of it survives, Caen stone was imported from northern French Republic to provide details in the Tower's facing, much of it replaced by Portland stone in the 17th and 18th centuries under the direction of architect Inigo Jones. As most of the Tower's windows were enlarged in the 18th century, only two original – albeit restored – examples remain, in the south wall at gallery level. The White Tower was terraced into the side of a mound, so the northern side of the basement is partially below ground level.

Interior.

The purpose of each room is interpreted based primarily on its design. As a result, there can be some ambiguity in what individual chambers were used for. Each floor was divided into three chambers, the largest in the west, a smaller room in the north-east, and the chapel taking up the entrance and upper floors of the south-east. As was typical of most keeps, the bottom floor was an undercroft used for storage. One of the rooms contained a well. Although the layout has remained the same since the tower's construction, the interior of the basement dates mostly from the 18th century when the floor was lowered and the pre-existing timber vaults were replaced with brick counterparts. The basement is lit through small slits. The sole access to the floor was via the north-east staircase turret.  The entrance floor was probably intended for the use of the Constable of the Tower and other important officials. The south entrance was blocked during the 17th century, and not reopened until 1973. Those heading to the upper floor had to pass through a smaller chamber to the east, also connected to the entrance floor. The crypt of St John's Chapel occupied the south-east corner and was accessible only from the eastern chamber. There is a recess in the north wall of the crypt; according to Geoffrey Parnell, Keeper of the Tower History at the Royal Armouries, "the windowless form and restricted access, suggest that it was designed as a strong-room for safekeeping of royal treasures and important documents".  The north floor contained a grand hall in the west and residential chamber in the eastboth originally open to the roof and surrounded by a gallery built into the walland St John's Chapel in the south-east. The top floor was added in the 15th century, along with the present roof. The absence of domestic amenities such as fireplaces suggest it was intended for use as storage rather than accommodation. In the 17th century lead cisterns were installed on top of the White Tower.  The White Tower has contained at least two armouries, historically. The Horse Armoury, located on the tower's north side and long and wide, was built in 1825. From its northeast corner, a wooden staircase ornamented with two carvings titled "Gin" and "Beer" ascended to Queen Elizabeth's Armoury. Gin and Beer represent the two most important alcoholic beverages of their time. They are believed to have originally been placed in the great hall at Palace of Placentia in Greenwich.

St John's Chapel.

The semi-circular projection in the south-east corner to accommodate St John's Chapel is almost unparalleled in castle architecture. The only other keep in England with a similar projection is that of Colchester Castle, the largest in England. St John's Chapel was not part of the White Tower's original design, as the apsidal projection was built after the basement walls. Due to changes in function and design since the tower's construction, except for the chapel little is left of the original interior. The chapel's current bare and unadorned appearance is reminiscent of how it would have been in the Norman period. In the 13th century, during Henry III's reign, the chapel was decorated with such ornamentation as a gold-painted cross, and stained glass windows that depicted the Virgin Mary and Holy Trinity.

The White Tower is a central tower, the old keep, at the Tower of London. It was built by William the Conqueror during the early 1080s, and subsequently extended. The White Tower was the castle's strongest point militarily, and provided accommodation for the king and his representatives, as well as a chapel. Henry III ordered the tower whitewashed in 1240.

Der White Tower ist der Keep des Towers of London. Der ab 1078 gebaute Turm ist mit einer Fläche von 32,5 Meter × 36 Meter der größte Turm der Festung. Im Laufe der Jahrhunderte diente er unter anderem als königliche Wohnung und als Gefängnis. Heute befindet sich eine Ausstellung im Turm. Seine auffallende Gestaltung sorgte dafür, dass die gesamte Festung als Tower ("Turm") bekannt wurde, obwohl sie neben dem White Tower noch aus zahlreichen weiteren Gebäuden, Mauern und Gräben besteht.


Design.

The Datsun 14 was externally very similar to the preceding Datsun Type 13. The only notable difference was the addition of a leaping rabbit emblem. The brand Datsun is derived from the DAT car of 1914. The car's name was an acronym of the surnames of the following partners of, the company that produced it: Fortuitously, also means to "dash off like a startled rabbit or hare". Nissan decided to use this association to incorporate a rabbit into the design of the Datsun 14 and therefore Ryuichi Tomiya designed the leaping rabbit radiator mascot which became a defining characteristic of the type.  Mechanically, the old DAT engine of the Datsun 13 was replaced with the new Datsun Type 7 engine, a side valve 4 cylinder engine with a displacement of. The new engine was smaller, but more powerful, at. The engine drove the rear wheels through a three speed gearbox to give the car a top speed of.

Production.

The Datsun 14 was the first car that Nissan produced at their new plant in Yokohama. The factory utilised many tools and techniques imported from the United States and enabled the company to assemble both bodies and chassis in the same factory for the first time. The first vehicle rolled off the production line on 12 April 1935.

Production numbers.

A total of 3,800 Datsun 14 were produced between April 1935 and April 1936, of which 53 were exported. The car was similar in styling to the Austin 7, which greatly helped exports, initially to Australia and, in 1936, to New Zealand.

Datsun 14T.

Nissan produced the Datsun 14T commercial vehicle based on the Datsun 14 at the same factory during the same period. The truck had a front section identical to the 14, including the rabbit radiator mascot and chrome plated grille.

The Datsun Type 14 was a small car produced in Japan in the 1930s. It had a side valve engine and was offered in several body styles. According to Britain's National Motor Museum at Beaulieu, the Type 14 "marked the birth of the Japanese car industry."

Datsun-Modelle hatten im Emblem die Buchstaben "DAT". Das ursprüngliche Unternehmen hieß DAT, zu Ehren der ursprünglichen Investoren "Den", "Aoyama" und "Takeuchi". DAT war zufällig auch das japanische Wort für Hase, Kaninchen oder „schnell sein“. 1935 entschied Nissan, ein Kaninchen in das Design der Kühlerfigur des neuen Datsun 14 zu integrieren. Der Datsun-Designer "Ryuichi Tomiya" entwarf daraufhin eine Kühlerfigur für den Datsun 14 mit einem springenden Kaninchen, ähnlich wie das Lincoln-Greyhound-Maskottchen und die spätere Jaguar-Katze. Jedoch wurde diese Besonderheit nur beim Datsun 14 verwendet. Der Kühlergrill war der einzig nennenswerte Unterschied bei der Karosserie zum Vorgänger Datsun 13. Technisch begannen jedoch mit dem neuen "Datsun-Type-7-Engine", einem Vierzylindermotor mit einem Hubraum von 722 cm3, neue Zeiten. Dieser Motor war zwar etwas kleiner, mit 15 PS jedoch stärker.