History.

Baitadi was part of Kumaon Kingdom until gorkha invasion of Kumaon in 1791, the region once a part of the Great Katyuri's Kingdom. After the fall of that Kingdom, around the 10th century, Khas King Ashok Challa of "Sapadalaksh" (Karnali Zone or Dullu, Dailekh) seized most of that part of the Katyuri's Kingdom, including Baitadi. There were three major centres of Khas King i.e., (1) Bairath (Baitadi) (2) Kamadesh (kali kumaun) and (3) Kedarbhumi (Garhwal) to rule in a Central Himalaya. According to the historical folk-tales in Baitadi it was one of the Chand Kings who fought with the Khas king and established a sovereign state for the Chand dynasty in Baitadi. These tales resembled a historical story of the establishment of Kumaun Kingdom. One of the view of the historians of Uttarakhand, a state in India, Nepal's neighboring country, suggest that it was Thohar Chand who was responsible for establishing the Chand dynasty in Kali-Kumaun. He then changed his name to Abhai Chand after he became a King. Badri Dutt Pandey written history of Kumaun book has quoted the following story about the history of Kumaun.  Gyan Chand (1376 A.D) was the first ruler of the Chand Dynasty of Champawat who was part of the third generation from Thohar Chand or Abhai Chand. Gyan Chand's grandfather, Trilok Chand, and his father, Kalyan Chand, were rulers of Baitadi, according to the folk tales.  Rulers:  The Name of the Kings who ruled in Baitadi were:  Gorkha kingdom annexed Kumaon in 1791 and merged baitadi in Doti District until 1885. Baitadi and Dadeldhura had same "Bada-Hakim" (District Administrators) so those two districts jointly used to call Baitadi-Dadeldhura district until 1956. The "Baitadi-Dadeldhura" district named Mahakali District after 1956. In 1956 four county (Thums) of Baitadi separated and made a sub-district of Mahakali district. From 1956 to 1962 "Mahakali district" had three sub-districts.  In 1962, Darchula (Chamba) separated from Baitadi District.

Demographics.

According to the 2011 census, Baitadi District has a population of 250,898, with an absentee population of 21,038, roughly equal to that of the nation of Vanuatu. Baitadi District has a sex ratio of 87:95 of which 133,491 are female.  At the time of the 2011 Nepal census, 97.7% of the population in the district spoke Baitadeli, 1.0% Nepali and 0.8% Doteli as their first language.

Administration.

The district is administered by District Coordination Committee (Legislative), District Administration Office (Executive) and District Court (Judicial) as follows:

Administrative Divisions.

The district consists of ten municipalities, out of which four are urban municipalities and three are rural municipalities. These are as follows:

Former Village Development Committees.

Prior to the restructuring of the district, Baitadi District consisted of the following municipalities and Village development committees:

Sports.

Cricket is a very popular sport in Baitadi, and Baitadi has won many regional competitions; It is home to many eminent national players for the Nepal national cricket team.

Communication.

Saugaat FM 103.6 MHz, Samsher, FM 106.6 MHz and Ninglashaini FM 94.0 MHz are the radio stations of the Baitadi District. Radio Pura Sanchar 97.0 MHz is also in the Baitadi District.

Agriculture.

Corn and wheat are the main crops of this region, but millet, maize and rice are also grown for home use. Commercial farming is not popular in this region. Some fruits are grown and exported to the nearby headquarters Bhimdatta and Dhangadhi—particularly Mandarins, Oranges, Lemons, and sometimes Emblica. The latter is found both domesticated and growing wild in the forests. Sapindus or Soapnut is also grown and used for washing clothes as well as bodies.Sapindus is also exported to nearby towns.

Baitadi District ( ), historical name “Bairath” (बैराथ), a part of Sudurpashchim Pradesh, is one of the 77 districts of Nepal. It is a Hill district. Baitadi, with Dasharathchand as its headquarters, covers an area of and has a population of 250,898 according to the census (2011). The Baitadi district entails 56 village development councils (VDCs) and two municipality. Baitadi falls into the farthest western regional district of Nepal touching Jhulaghat, India, Nepal's neighboring country, to its border.

Der Distrikt Baitadi (Nepali बैतडी जिल्ला "Baitadi Jillā") ist einer von 77 Distrikten in Nepal und gehört seit der Verfassung von 2015 zur Provinz Sudurpashchim.


History.

The National Museum of Modern Art, Kyoto (MoMAK) was initially created as the Annex Museum of the National Museum of Modern Art in Tokyo. MoMAK was established on its present site on March 1, 1963. Its building, formerly the auxiliary building of the Kyoto Municipal Exhibition Hall for Industrial Affairs, was transferred from Kyoto City to the National Museum after restoration. On June 1, 1967, the Kyoto Annex Museum officially became the National Museum of Modern Art, Kyoto. Seventeen years later, the old building was dismantled and the present building, designed by Fumihiko Maki was completed.  The museum was opened to the public on October 26, 1986, with 9,761.99 m2 total floor area and 2,604.94 m2 exhibition area.

MoMAK collections.

MoMAK is a national institution devoted to the collection and preservation of artworks and related reference materials of the twentieth century in Japan and other parts of the world. Particular *emphasis is placed on artists or artistic movements in Kyoto and the "Kansai" area (the western region of Japan), such as Japanese-style paintings of the Kyoto School.  The gallery exhibits selected works of Japanese-style painting ("nihonga"), Western-style painting ("yōga"), prints, sculpture, crafts (ceramics, textiles, metalworks, wood and bamboo works, lacquers and jewelry) and photography from the museum collection, rotating the works on display approximately twenty times a year. Outstanding and monumental works of modern art in Japan, as well as modern and contemporary European and American art are also exhibited.

Union catalog.

The Union Catalog of the Collections of the National Art Museums, Japan, is a consolidated catalog of material held by the four Japanese national art museums—the National Museum of Modern Art, Kyoto (MoMAK), the National Museum of Modern Art, Tokyo (MOMAT), the National Museum of Art, Osaka (NMAO), and the National Museum of Western Art in Tokyo (NMWA):  The online version of this union catalog is currently under construction, with only selected works available at this time.

The is an art museum in Kyoto, Japan. This Kyoto museum is also known by the English acronym MoMAK (Museum of Modern Art, Kyoto).

Das Nationalmuseum für moderne Kunst Kyōto () wurde 1967 gegründet. Als Kurzform des Namens ist MoMAK (von engl. "National Museum of Modern Art, Kyōto") in Gebrauch.


Formation.

British Prime Minister David Lloyd George had grave concerns regarding the strategy of Sir William Robertson, Chief of the Imperial General Staff, and Sir Douglas Haig, the Commander in Chief of the British Expeditionary Force, in response to the Allied losses at the Somme and at Battle of Passchendaele.  Following the Italian defeat at the Battle of Caporetto, in which the Germans and Austro-Hungarians surprised the Italian forces, Lloyd George proposed the formation of the Supreme War Council at the Rapallo Conference of 5–7 November 1917.  Japan and Russia were not to be included, and the Italians and French, worried that Salonika might be evacuated, wanted it confined to the Western Front.

Permanent Military Representatives.

Each Allied nation would also appoint a senior military officer as Permanent Military Representative. The French PMR was Ferdinand Foch, later replaced by Maxime Weygand and Joseph Joffre. The British were represented by Sir Henry Hughes Wilson. Italy was represented by Luigi Cadorna.  The USA, which was "Associated" with the Allies, was not involved with the political structures, but sent a Permanent Military Representative, Tasker H. Bliss.  Wilson and his staff conducted numerous research projects into offensives against Turkey, culminating in the "Joint Note 12".  At the Supreme War Council (30 January – 1 February) Hankey recorded that the national Commanders-in-Chief, national Chiefs of Staff and PMRs "all gave different advice" creating "a worse state of chaos than I have ever known in all my wide experience". Lloyd George, whose main goal was to thwart Robertson, blocked a suggestion by Foch (French Chief of Staff) that the proposed Allied Reserve be controlled by the national Chiefs of Staff, possibly prompted by the notes Wilson was passing him across the table. It was eventually agreed that Foch should command the Reserve, with Wilson as his deputy.  The Allied Reserve eventually slipped from the agenda as the Commanders-in-Chief, Haig and Pétain refused to hand over sufficient troops. Early in 1918 Wilson replaced Robertson as CIGS and at the end of March Foch became Allied Generalissimo. After April 1918 all Allied troops on the Western Front were placed under the command of the, a multi-national general staff that developed from the Supreme War Council. The was on similar lines to the and came under General Ferdinand Foch, who had overall command of all Allied troops. Without its two main personalities the military machinery at Versailles became less important.

Meetings.

14–16 January 1920 in Paris, France.

This meeting was held four days after the ratification of the Treaty of Versailles. Lloyd George proposed dropping the blockade of the Russian Socialist Federal Soviet Republic by starting negotiations with the "Russian people" in the form of the centrosoyuz, which at that time was not controlled by the Bolsheviks. This was agreed, with a communique from the Council being published on 16 January. In the event, the negotiations soon became simply between the United Kingdom and a bolshevised centrosoyuz, leading to the Anglo-Soviet Trade Agreement.

6–16 July 1920 in Spa, Belgium.

This was attended by German delegates to discuss war reparations. Related documents:

The Supreme War Council was a central command based in Versailles that coordinated the military strategy of the principal Allies of World War I: Britain, France, Italy, the US and Japan. It was founded in 1917 after the Russian revolution and with Russia's withdrawal imminent. The council served as a forum for preliminary discussions of potential armistice terms as well as peace treaty settlement conditions, and it was succeeded by the Conference of Ambassadors.

Der Alliierte Oberste Kriegsrat (,, ) war ein 1917 auf Anregung David Lloyd Georges gegründetes Gremium mit Sitz in Versailles, in dem über die gemeinsame Strategie der Alliierten des Ersten Weltkriegs beraten wurde. Er wurde im November 1917 auf der Konferenz von Rapallo in Reaktion auf die italienische Niederlage in der Zwölften Isonzoschlacht beschlossen und bildete die Basis für den Rat des 1920 gegründeten Völkerbunds.


Nature.

Wild yaks were once thought to be regional extinct in Nepal, but was rediscovered in Humla in 2014.

Demographics.

At the time of the 2011 Nepal census, Humla District had a population of 50,858. Of these, 86.8% spoke Nepali and 12.5% Tamang as their first language.

Administration.

The district consists of 7 Municipalities, all of which are rural municipalities. These are as follows:

Former Village Development Committees.

Prior to the restructuring of the district, Humla District consisted of the following municipalities and Village development committees:

Health care.

Although there is a district hospital as well as primary health care centers, these are not enough for providing health services. The small health centers in many VDCs are often without Auxiliary Health Workers (AHWs), Auxiliary Nurse Midwives (ANMs) and Community Health Workers (CHWs). Many people still believe in Dhami and Jhakri and often resort to local practices before seeking allopathic treatment.  The Nepal Trust, which has been working in Humla since 1996, was one of the first NGOs in the district to address development (especially healthcare) issues at the grass-roots level. PHASE Nepal is a non profit organization which coordinates with the District Health Office in Simikot to provide comprehensive primary health services to the communities of Maila and Melchham, two of the most isolated VDCs of the district; as well as the neighboring villages who also received these services. The Trust was the only organization allowed to continue its development work throughout the district during the Maoist insurgency. The Torpa clinic was built by the trust almost 15 years ago to address the immediate need for health services. To date, the Trust has expanded services throughout the district including improvements made to the district hospital. Currently, Trust initiatives are related to ante/post natal care and infant mortality reduction programs. With its head office in Kathmandu, the Nepal Trust has its own satellite office and guest house in its Simikot office, which acts as a social enterprise (the first built in West Nepal) and along with healthcare works in education, renewable energy, heritage preservation, WASH, food security and agriculture, sustainable tourism development and income generation. Nepal Trust has been managing the Great Himalaya Trail Development Program since 2008.

Tourism.

Humla lies in the far west of Nepal, on the border between Nepal and China, and is used as the starting point for trekking and mountaineering, accessible from Simikot Airport. The trekking route to Tibet also starts from Simikot.

Trekking.

The Nepal section of The Great Himalaya Trail ends in Humla at Hilsa at the border with Tibet. The Humla district is a historic part of the Tibetan Buddhist religious tradition, with several points of interest for the history, culture and values of a typical Buddhist life. It has eleven small villages of Tibetan origin. The Nyin Community and the Limi Valley are inhabited by Buddhist communities.  The border crossing at Hilsa is a main entry point for treks going to and coming from Mount Kailash. The normal route to this point is via a 4-5 day walk to Simikot.

"For the island in Ålesund, Norway see Humla, Norway; for the island in Scotland see Humla, Scotland Humla District (, a part of Karnali Pradesh, is one of the seventy-seven districts of Nepal. The district, with Simikot as its district headquarters, covers an area of and has population of 50,858 as per the census of 2011. The Northern part of Humla District is inhabited by Khas people, originating from Sinjar valley, whereas the North border is mostly inhabited by Tibetans.

Der Distrikt Humla () ist einer von 77 Distrikten in Nepal und gehört seit der Verfassung von 2015 zur Provinz Karnali. Verwaltungssitz ist Simikot.


Early life and career.

Percy Crosby was born in Brooklyn, New York, prior to the 1898 incorporation of the five boroughs of New York City. He grew up in Richmond Hill, in what would be the borough of Queens but at the time was considered part of Long Island. His father, Thomas Francis Crosby, the son of Catholic immigrants from County Louth, Ireland, was an amateur painter who ran an art supply business. His mother Frances (née Greene), known as Fanny, was of English and Scottish descent. Percy had two younger sisters, Ethel and Gladys.  Crosby quit high school during his sophomore year to take a job as an art department office boy at editor Theodore Dreiser's magazine "The Delineator". He was quickly promoted to artist, but the job ended after one issue. When he was 17, he sold a drawing to "Life" for $6. After delivering sandwiches and working as a magazine salesman, he found a position as an editorial cartoonist for the Socialist newspaper the "New York Daily Call". There he published his first two comic strips, "Biff" and "The Extreme Brothers—Laff and Sy", but readers became outraged at frivolity in the paper and the strips were pulled.  Crosby next became a sports columnist and illustrator at "The New York Globe". On the side, he produced comics used as occasional filler for the paper. Eventually fired, he entered an Edison Company contest for the best cartoon on the use of electric light. He won the $75 prize and saw his cartoon appear in every newspaper in New York City. The exposure led to a job at the "New York World", "at the time the promised land for aspiring cartoonists". After a few years, he left to freelance, selling cartoons to "World" editor John Tennant. In 1916, the George Matthew Adams Service syndicated Crosby's first feature, the daily and Sunday strip "The Clancy Kids", earning Crosby a respectable $135 a week.  While continuing on this first strip, Crosby studied at Manhattan's Art Students League under such instructors as George Bridgman, Frank DuMond, Joseph Pennell and Max Weber. The painter and League president Gifford Beal, recognizing Crosby's talent, invited him to spend the summer in Cape Cod, where Crosby made the acquaintance of Edwin Dickinson, Edward Hopper, Eugene O'Neill and other habitues of the Provincetown, Massachusetts artists colony. Back in New York, he fell in love with fellow League student Gertrude Volz, the artist-sculptor daughter of a well-to-do real-estate broker. After being commissioned a second lieutenant in the Officer Reserve Corps in 1916 and being called to active service the following year, serving for a time as a jiujitsu instructor, he and Volz eloped and were married at the training camp in Plattsburgh, New York, on July 7, 1917.  While in training, Crosby created a daily comic panel, "That Rookie from the Thirteenth Squad", for the McClure Syndicate, writing and drawing it from the front in France while serving as a first lieutenant in the 77th Division, AEF. The comic was collected into his first two books, "That Rookie of the Thirteenth Squad" (1917) and "Between Shots" (1919). While at the Argonne front, Crosby was struck by shrapnel in the eye, suffering no permanent damage, and earned the Purple Heart.  Following the war, he resumed his studies and syndicated a series of panel cartoons from 1921 to 1925. These covered a variety of subjects, with some series, such as "Who Cares for the Feelings of a Small Boy", "The Local Boy", "Back o' the Flats", "The Little Girl Who Moved Away" and "Send a Poor Child to the Farm", featuring children, particularly from the slums.

"Always Belittlin' ".

One such series, "Always Belittlin<nowiki>'</nowiki>", presaged "Skippy" with its star, a child with a striped shawl and a bonnet with a black pop-pom, whose thoughts consisted of the text's daily aphorism. This series and two others, "Bugville" and "Bug Lugs", would eventually run as the supplemental topper feature accompanying the "Skippy" Sunday strip.

"Skippy" (1923–45).

Crosby concurrently became a prolific contributor to "Life", where several of his cartoons featured a child named Timmy, who became the prototype for Skippy Skinner when Crosby pitched art director Frank Casey about a regular feature. As Crosby recalled, "I drew up three pages and thought of forty-four names (among them "Beanie" and "Jumper")—"Skippy" last on the list. A minor editor put his oar in and suggested "Tiny Tim". I bristled with [sic] such uncalled-for interference, and... the thought flashed through my mind: '[The title] had to be "Skippy" and nothing else!'"  Following a full-page house ad in the March 15, 1923, issue, "Skippy" premiered in "Life" and quickly became a success. It became a syndicated comic strip two years later, initially by Johnson Features, Central Press Association and Editors Features Service, before publisher William Randolph Hearst signed Crosby to his King Features Syndicate. King distributed its first daily "Skippy" on October 7, 1926, and its first Sunday on April 1, 1929. Crosby retained the copyright, a rarity for strip artists of the time.  The strip focused on Skippy Skinner, a young boy living in the city. Usually wearing an enormous collar and tie and a floppy checked hat, he was an odd mix of mischief and melancholy who might equally be found stealing from the corner fruit stand, failing to master skates or baseball, complaining about the adult world, or staring sadly at an old relative's grave: "And only last year she gave me a tie."  The popular strip at one point guaranteed Crosby $2,350 a week, an enormous sum at the time. Crosby published a "Skippy" novel and other books; there were Skippy dolls, toys and comic books. The comic was adapted as the 1931 movie "Skippy" by Paramount Pictures. A hit, it won director Norman Taurog the Academy Award for Best Director, and boosted the career of young star Jackie Cooper, who played the title role.  From 1928 to 1937, Crosby produced 3,650 "Skippy" strips, ten books of fiction, political and philosophical essays, drawings and cartoons, as well as numerous pamphlets, while also mounting a dozen exhibitions in New York City, Washington, D.C., London, Paris and Rome of his oils, watercolors and other paintings and drawings. With its success, he befriended a pantheon of famed creators, including the author Marc Connelly, the humorist Robert Benchley, "The New Yorker" editor Harold Ross, "Life" magazine editor and future Pulitzer Prize-winning playwright Robert E. Sherwood, and the cartoonists and painters George McManus, H. T. Webster and Guy Hoff.

Personal life.

Crosby's marriage to Gertrude Volz had become strained during the 1920s, and after a few years of legal separation the two were divorced in 1927. She received custody of Patricia, their only child. Crosby later dated the torch singer and stage-musical actress Libby Holman and became friends with such actresses as Colleen Moore, Elsie James and Marilyn Miller. But during this time, making the rounds of speakeasies and night clubs, Crosby began developing an alcohol addiction. Crosby was a member of several private clubs—the Players Club, the Salamagundi Club, the Dutch Treat Club and the Coffee House Club at the Hotel Seymour, where he lived, dining with George Abbott, Jerome Kern, Ring Lardner, John Barrymore, Rube Goldberg, Heywood Broun and Frank Crowninshield. After nights at these clubs, he sometimes would awaken with no recollection of the previous evening.  Regardless, Crosby continued to explore numerous creative realms, writing "Skippy" prose vignettes for "Life" that led to a "Skippy" novel for G. P. Putnam's Sons. He fell in love with the secretary assigned to him, Vassar graduate Agnes Dale Locke, and the two were married on April 4, 1929. While on vacation in Europe, Crosby stopped drinking alcohol, becoming a teetotaler for the next seven years. Weathering the stock market crash of that fall, Crosby and his wife moved to McLean, Virginia, where Crosby bought an estate called "The Beeches". They later moved to an even larger estate in the area, "Ridgelawn". The couple would have four children: son Percy Jr., nicknamed Skippy, the eldest, and daughters Barbara, Joan, and Carol, who were, respectively two, three and four years younger. During this time, Crosby patented a firearm that incorporated a pistol in the stock of a rifle. With his wife and an agent handling his business affairs, Crosby oversaw a "Skippy" empire that included a radio show, three novels, a series of 34 posters for Standard Oil, and the aforesaid movie and a sequel, "Sooky". To assist him on the "Skippy" strip, Crosby hired an old friend, artist Richard Reddy, who continued with him through the end of Crosby's career.  In the late 1930s, Crosby began drawing more overtly political and philosophical "Skippy" strips. Following his third "Skippy" prose-fiction book, the essay collection "Skippy Rambles", Crosby began using his writing as primarily a vehicle for his beliefs. His 1931 memoir "A Cartoonist's Philosophy" was found to be too polemical for eight publishers, and Crosby published it himself, in a money-losing venture; his future books were all privately published under his own name or Freedom Press, which he founded in 1936. "Life" dropped him when Crosby agreed to do humorous cartoons only if the magazine agreed to publish his political work as well; the rival magazine "Judge" obliged. Of the nine books and pamphlets published from 1932 on, only "Sports Drawings" (1933) and the poetry collection "Rays" (1937) were not political or philosophical. Speeches, articles and cartoons would appear as paid ads in the "Washington Herald", the "Washington Post", "The New York Times" and the "New York Sun".  Although he had voted for Franklin D. Roosevelt in the 1932 U.S. Presidential election, Crosby opposed Roosevelt's controversial Judiciary Reorganization Bill of 1937. Crosby's vitriolic editorials called the president "crazed for power", and referred to Roosevelt's Fireside Chats as "talking from the Moscow room of the Spite House". He also fired editorial broadsides at the gangster Al Capone. When the Internal Revenue Service brought a tax claim against Crosby and his corporation Skippy, Inc., for more than $67,000 in 1937, Crosby—who fought the decision for years, ultimately unsuccessfully—claimed it was in retaliation for his political writing.  The previous year, Crosby had begun drinking again, and his behavior became increasingly erratic. His marriage suffered, and after a violent episode in February 1939, Crosby left for Florida for two weeks. When he returned, repentant, his family had decamped, and his wife had filed for divorce. He never again saw his children, then aged five to nine. A devastated Crosby moved back to Manhattan and eventually entered Presbyterian Hospital for an extended stay for exhaustion and an infection. There he met nurse Carolyn Soper, whom he took on a first date to the 1939–40 New York World's Fair. The two were married in May 1940, and they honeymooned in Venice, Florida.  About the same time, a California food packer, Joseph Rosefield, began to sell his newly developed hydrogenated peanut butter, which he labeled "Skippy" without Crosby's permission. Years of expensive litigation followed, which Crosby's heirs have continued into the 2000s.  His finances dire due to tax claims, the divorce settlement, legal fees, and alimony, Crosby sold Ridgelawn for a fraction of its value; his farm and other Virginia real-estate were awarded to his second wife. His beloved strip "Skippy" suffered; as his biographer, Jerry Robinson, wrote:

Later years (1945–64).

In his later years, Crosby's alcoholism contributed to the cartoonist being unable to find employment. His wife Carolyn returned to work as a nurse and dietitian. Efforts to revive "Skippy" went nowhere.  In December 1948, Crosby was committed to the psychiatric ward of Bellevue Hospital after attempting suicide following the death of his mother. In January 1949, he was transferred to the mental ward at Kings Park Veterans' Hospital, in Kings Park, New York, where he was declared a paranoid schizophrenic. His confinement was authorized by Arthur Soper, an uncle of Crosby's wife.  Though he would spend the last 16 years of his life institutionalized, Crosby continued to produce artwork and manuscripts, though no work was published and it is uncertain how much was sent to publishers by the hospital staff, through whom all mail had to be vetted. Carolyn, a diabetic whose workday began at 5:30 a.m., was unable to obtain legal counsel or the help of friends to try to secure Crosby's release.  Crosby's estranged daughters Barbara and Joan had graduated from Vassar College, and Carol from the Rhode Island School of Design, without having known of their father's whereabouts; son Skip had become a geologist. Crosby had received infrequent visits from his two sisters, and from his cartoonist friend Rube Goldberg. Carolyn, whose failing health had eventually precluded visits, died November 8, 1949.  On December 8, 1964, after a heart attack that had left him in a coma for months, Crosby died in the asylum on his 73rd birthday. He was buried in Pine Lawn Veterans' Cemetery on Long Island.

Percy Lee Crosby (December 8, 1891 – December 8, 1964) was an American author, illustrator and cartoonist best known for his comic strip "Skippy". Adapted into movies, a novel and a radio show, Crosby's creation was commemorated on a 1997 U.S. Postal Service stamp. An inspiration for Charles Schulz's "Peanuts", the strip is regarded by comics historian Maurice Horn as a "classic... which innovated a number of sophisticated and refined touches used later by Charles Schulz and Bill Watterson." Humorist Corey Ford, writing in "Vanity Fair", praised the strip as "America's most important contribution to humor of the century".

Percy Leo Crosby (* 8. Dezember 1891 in Brooklyn; † 8. Dezember 1964 in New York) war ein US-amerikanischer Autor, Illustrator und Cartoonist. Besonders bekannt wurde er durch seinen populären Comicstrip "Skippy".


Plot.

After Joan Warren (Alice Faye) is fired from her singing job at the Ritz Club, where she performs with the Ritz Brothers, she seeks help from theatrical agent, Nicky Alexander (Gregory Ratoff). Nicky, however, is in the process of being evicted from his office suite, so he tells her to find another agent. When she insists that he represent her, he takes her to Mr. Brewster (Paul Stanton), president of the Federal Broadcasting Company, and Joan auditions, but Brewster refuses to hire her because she is not of the upper class.  Back at the club, Joan packs her bags, while in the street, a crowd gathers around drunken actor Bruce Farraday (Adolphe Menjou). Nicky leads Farraday into the club, where Farraday orders a huge feast and hears Joan perform her last song. After more wine, Farraday passes out, and they take him to a hospital, where he babbles lines of Shakespeare. To create some publicity, Nicky tells Joan to play "Juliet" to Farraday's "Romeo." While Al Craven (Ted Healy), the brother of Nicky's secretary Fitz (Patsy Kelly), searches for alcohol to keep Farraday from sobering up, Nicky calls the newspapers, saying that Farraday is on his deathbed. When the doctor arrives and forbids visitors, Al pretends to be Farraday's personal physician and relieves him of the case. Nicky sneaks Joan in to see Farraday, while cynical reporter Ted Blake (Michael Whalen) and Joe (Cully Richards), a photographer, climb onto the fire escape and photograph them.  Later, Al accompanies Farraday home, and the puzzled Farraday wonders why he can't remember hiring a personal physician. The newspapers print the story, and Brewster decides that he wants to hire Joan on the condition that Farraday will perform as well. At their new home at the Madison Towers, the group learns that Farraday is about to return to Hollywood at the behest of his cousin and business manager, Robert Wilson, who is furious over the publicity. Nicky goes to Farraday and suggests that he show his cousin that he has a head for business by getting the lucrative radio contract. Robert arrives, tells the newspapers that Joan is a gold digger and escorts Farraday onto the train leaving for California. As a result of the new story, Brewster no longer wants to sign Joan. Ted explains that to be the first to print a retraction of Robert's statement, his newspaper will fly Joan out to Farraday. They fly to Kansas City to meet Farraday's train and trick Robert into leaving without Farraday. Then, they arrange with Brewster to broadcast that evening from Kansas City. They round up some performers for the show, including the Ritz Brothers, who happen to be in town. As Farraday prepares to go on the air, Robert returns and locks himself in the hotel room with Farraday, but Farraday escapes. He arrives at the station in the nick of time and exonerates Joan, securing for her the radio contract with Brewster.

Sing, Baby, Sing is a 1936 American film. Richard A. Whiting and Walter Bullock received an Academy Award nomination in Best Original Song at the 9th Academy Awards for their song "When Did You Leave Heaven".

Sing, Baby, Sing ist ein Musicalfilm von Sidney Lanfield aus dem Jahr 1936. Das Lied "When Did You Leave Heaven" von Richard A. Whiting und Walter Bullock aus dem Musical erhielt 1937 eine Oscarnominierung als Bester Song.


Early life.

Broner grew up in Cincinnati, Ohio, and started boxing at the

Amateur career.

Broner finished his amateur career having 319 fights

Professional career.

Super featherweight.

Early career.

Broner turned professional on May 31, 2008, and scored three consecutive first-round knockouts against Allante Davis, David Warren Huffman and Ramon Flores. In Broner's fourth fight he faced Terrance Jett at the MGM Grand in Las Vegas on the undercard of the Ricky Hatton vs Paulie Malignaggi fight. Broner defeated Jett with a stoppage in the sixth round. In Broner's fifth professional fight and final of 2008, he faced Eric Ricker with a no-contest decision.  In January 2009, he was forced to go the distance with Jose Alfredo Lugo, at the Staples Center on the undercard of Shane Mosley vs Antonio Margarito. Broner returned to

Broner vs. Ponce De Leon.

Broner took his first major step up in weight when he competed against former Super Bantamweight champion Daniel Ponce de León on March 5, 2011. In what was truly a very closely contested fight, Broner came away with a controversial unanimous decision victory. Broner got off to a slow start, having

Broner vs. Litzau.

Broner's next fight was on HBO's Boxing After Dark show from Guadalajara, Mexico, Broner took on Top 10 Super Featherweight contender Jason Litzau in a fight scheduled for ten rounds.

Broner vs. Rodriguez.

After having no luck in securing a fight with Ricky Burns, the former WBO super featherweight champion, to fight him on November 26, 2011, Broner fought contender Vicente Martin Rodriguez on the undercard of the Saul Alvarez vs. Kermit Cintron fight card on HBO as part of a double header. He defeated Rodriguez by knockout in the third round, to win the vacant WBO Super Featherweight World title.  Broner made a successful first defense of his WBO belt against Top 10 Super Featherweight contender and mandatory

Lightweight.

Broner vs. DeMarco.

Broners next fight was scheduled for November 17, 2012, in Atlantic City at Boardwalk Hall, and was aired on HBO. The fight marked Broner's debut in the Lightweight division. The opponent was the WBC Lightweight champion and "Ring" No. 1-ranked Lightweight, Antonio DeMarco. Broner started the fight off boxing DeMarco, working behind his jab and using his shoulder roll defense to frustrate DeMarco. In the early rounds, Broner was able to hit DeMarco with his quick counter left hook several times. By the 4th round, Broner and DeMarco decided to stand toe-to-toe in the center of the ring

Broner vs. Rees.

Broner was set to make his first title defense on February 16, 2013, at Boardwalk Hall in Atlantic City. Having no luck at getting fellow Lightweight champion Ricky Burns to fight him in February, Broner fought "Ring" No. 6-ranked lightweight and former WBA champion Gavin Rees (37-1-1, 18 KOs) instead. The fight was announced in December 2012, with many believing it to be a mismatch, to take place at Boardwalk Hall in Atlantic City, New Jersey. There was a crowd of 4,812 at Boardwalk Hall and both Broner and Rees weighed 150 pounds in their dressing rooms before the fight. Broner stopped

Welterweight.

Broner vs. Malignaggi.

After failing to secure a fight with fellow lightweight champion Ricky Burns, Broner decided to move up two weight classes to welterweight in order to fight two division champion Paulie Malignaggi. Malignaggi was the WBA welterweight champion and "The Ring" No. 6 ranked welterweight. On March 10, 2013, the fight was made official. Richard Schaefer confirmed the fight would take place on June 22 at the Barclays Center in Brooklyn. Broner, Golden Boy and Al Haymon drew criticism for not fighting lightweights Burns or Miguel Vazquez and then skipping the light welterweight division, where Danny Garcia, Lucas Matthysse, and Lamont Peterson are also under the Golden Boy.  In front of 11,461 on fight night, Broner defeated Malignaggi in a split decision, with one judge scoring the fight 115–113 for Malignaggi, and the other two scoring 117–111 and 115–113 for Broner, making him a 3 weight world champion at just 23 years of age. Malignaggi started the fight fast and aggressive, throwing many punches and applying

Broner vs. Maidana.

In October 2013 it was announced that Broner would make his first defense at welterweight against former light welterweight champion Marcos Maidana. Originally scheduled as a PPV fight, Golden Boy Promotions and Showtime Sports announced it would take place on regular Showtime on December 14. The fight was due to take place at the MGM Grand Garden Arena, but later moved to the Alamodome in San Antonio. Broner had stated before the fight that he did not take training camp seriously for the Malignaggi fight, and that he was going to make a statement in his first defense. There was a crowd of 11,312 at the Alamodome, with Broner a 5 to 1 betting favorite. From the opening bell, Maidana swarmed Broner, punishing him to the body and the head. In the second round, a left hook sent Broner down for the first time in his career. Broner recovered and seemed to be on the verge of taking control over a tiring Maidana, but a Maidana right to the body followed by a left hook to the head once again put Broner down in round 8. Following the knockdown, Maidana had a point deducted for a headbutt. Maidana punished Broner for the

Light welterweight.

Broner vs. Molina.

On March 26, 2014, it was announced that Broner would mark his first professional fight as a light welterweight on the Mayweather vs. Maidana undercard on May 3 at the MGM Grand Garden Arena against once beaten fringe contender Carlos Molina (17-1-1, 7 KO), who had not fought since being handed his first professional loss to Amir Khan in December 2012. The bout was scheduled for 10 rounds. Broner was still high on his rematch with Maidana, claiming that when Maidana loses to Mayweather, he would have to rematch him. Broner, who is usually flashy and charismatic, fought the bout with a bit less showboating, working for a clear win. Broner outworked Molina winning

Broner vs. Taylor.

Broner remained at light welterweight to fight 23 year old Emmanuel Taylor (18-2, 12 KOs) for the WBA International title. The official press conference took place on August 14, 2014, to announce the fight. Taylor won his last fight by way of unanimous decision against Karim Mayfield. The fight took place at the U.S. Bank Arena, Cincinnati in-front of 8,115 Broner fans on September 6. Broner had not fought in his hometown in 26 months prior to the fight. Taylor started the fight charging Broner. Broner spent a large portion of the early rounds on the ropes, appearing to be unaffected by Taylor's punches. In the middle rounds, Broner increased his

Return to welterweight.

Broner vs. Porter.

On May 16, 2015, TGB Promotions and Mayweather Promotions announced that Broner would fight fellow Ohio boxer and former IBF Welterweight champion Shawn Porter (25-1-1, 16 KOs) on June 20 at the MGM Grand Grand Garden Arena in Las Vegas on Premier Boxing Champions on NBC at a catchweight of 144lbs as per Broner's demand. Going into the fight, Broner was 4–0 at the arena. Prior to the fight, Broner spoke about how he didn't expect Maidana, the only boxer to beat him professionally, to fight him again, although he wanted to avenge the loss. Broner lost a unanimous decision to Porter with scores of 118–108, 115–111, and 114–112. In the 11th round Broner was deducted a

Return to light welterweight.

Broner vs. Allakhverdiev.

After Jessie Vargas vacated his WBA light welterweight to move up to welterweight, Broner announced that he would return to the 140 pound division to pursue a fourth world title. He was slated to fight former WBA champion Khabib Allakhverdiev (19-1, 9 KOs), who lost the title to Vargas in April 2014. A date in October 2015 was considered with the bout taking place in either Las Vegas or Cincinnati. On August 28, Showtime announced via an official press release the fight was confirmed for October 3 at the U.S. Bank Arena in Cincinnati, Ohio. Allakkverdiev had not fought in 18 months prior to this fight and was

Broner vs. Theophane.

On February 19, 2016, Premier Boxing Champions announced that Broner would defend his WBA light welterweight title against British veteran boxer Ashley Theophane (39–6–1, 11 KO) on April 1 at D.C. Armory in Washington, DC live on Spike. Broner was stripped ahead of the fight, for missing the 140-pound limit. Broner defeated Theophane by TKO in the 9th round. Before the stoppage by referee Luis Pabon, Broner was leading on the scorecards 78–74, 78–74, and 77–75. Theophane was rocked several times during the fight, almost leading to a knockdown in the 4th round. The fight was scheduled to be for the, but After the fight, Broner called out Floyd Mayweather Jr., as tensions between the former friends had increased in the past months, due to comments about TMT (The Money Team) by Broner.

Second return to welterweight.

Broner vs. Granados.

Prior to Ricky Burns retaining his world title against Kiryl Relikh, talks emerged about putting Burns and Broner in a fight for December 2016. Broner announced he would next fight Adrian Granados at a catchweight of 142 pounds on February 11, 2017, on Showtime Championship Boxing. Ongoing talks continued for a potential Broner vs. Burns fight to take place sometime in 2017. The fight card was pushed back a week to February 18. On February 9, 2017, it was revealed that the fight would take place at the

Second return to light welterweight.

Broner vs. Garcia.

On May 25, 2017, it was announced that talks were underway for a fight between Broner and WBC lightweight champion Mikey Garcia (36-0, 30 KOs) on July 29, 2017, at Barclays Center in Brooklyn. A deal which would include a catchweight of 140 pounds, the super lightweight limit, with Showtime the likely network to broadcast the fight. On Monday 22 May, Broner was sentenced to 72 hours at the Kenton County Detention Center in Covington, Kentucky, on a contempt charge, after failing to make multiple court appearances. Garcia said he would be returning to lightweight after the fight, adding that the Broner fight was 'too good and too lucrative' to pass up. If Broner misses weight, he would be fined $500,000. He said he would be more disciplined because he won't give up half a million dollars and claimed he had a reason to not miss weight. On July 20, 8 days before the official weigh in, Broner reportedly weighed 144 pounds and said that he would 'comfortably make weight tomorrow'. On July 21, the WBC announced that their Diamond light welterweight title would be at stake for

Broner vs. Vargas.

On November 5, 2017, according to Alex Vaysfeld, manager of IBF light welterweight champion Sergey Lipinets (13-0, 10 KOs), Broner was being targeted as a first defence for March 2018. Lipinets won the then-vacant title on November 4 against Japanese boxer Akihiro Kondo. On December 18, The Ring TV reported that a deal was being discussed which would match Broner against Omar Figueroa Jr. (27-0-1, 19 KOs) on Showtime in the Spring of 2018. On January 24, Showtime announced Broner vs. Figueroa would take place on April 21 at the Barclays Center in New York. On March 4, Figueroa pulled out of the fight after injuring his shoulder in training. PBC stated the card would still go ahead and they would find a new opponent for Broner. The next day, Showtime confirmed that Broner would now fight former two-weight world champion Jessie Vargas (28-2, 10 KOs) in a 144-pound catchweight bout, headlining a card also featuring the re-booked Jermall Charlo-Hugo Centeno Jr. fight and Gervonta Davis-Jesús Cuellar.  The attendance for the event was 13,964. With the arena only set up for 10,000, they opened additional sections in the upper tiers. Broner and Vargas fought to a

Third return to welterweight.

Pacquiao vs. Broner.

After Manny Pacquiao signed with Al Haymon in October 2018, reports circulated that Broner was the front-runner to face him in January 2019. On October 18, 2018, Pacquiao confirmed that the deal was almost complete. On November 19, 2018, a press conference was held in New York City to confirm the fight between Broner and Pacquiao on January 19, 2019, for the WBA (Regular) welterweight title. The fight took place at the MGM Grand Garden Arena in Las Vegas, Nevada and was distributed by Showtime PPV. Pacquiao was guaranteed at least $20 million from the fight, with $10 million being his base purse and the remainder made up from PPV revenue, Filipino TV rights, sponsorship and merchandise. Broner was paid a $2.5 million fight purse.  Broner lost by unanimous decision, with all three judges having scoring the fight in favor of Pacquiao 117–111, 116–112, and 116–112. His

Outside of boxing.

In October 2016, Broner posted alarming images and captions on his Instagram page hinting suicide and on October 17, 2016, he was charged with a misdemeanor battery for allegedly choking a waitress at Drai's, a nightclub.  On April 20, 2017, Broner was arrested on a warrant stemming from a failure to appear in court for a previous arrest in 2014.  On February 13, 2018, Broner was booked into Fulton County Jail in Atlanta on a misdemeanor sexual battery charge but was later released on bail.  On December 18, 2019, Broner was ordered to pay over $830,000 for sexually assaulting a woman in a Cleveland nightclub on June 18, 2018.

Adrien Jerome Broner (born July 28, 1989) is an American professional boxer. He has held multiple world championships in four weight classes, including the WBO junior lightweight title from 2011 to 2012, the WBC lightweight title from 2012 to 2013, the WBA welterweight title in 2013, and the WBA light welterweight title from 2015 to 2016. He is known for his over the top antics both in and out of the ring.

Adrien Jerome Broner (* 28. Juli 1989 in Cincinnati, Ohio) ist ein US-amerikanischer Profiboxer, ehemaliger Weltmeister der WBO im Superfedergewicht, ehemaliger Weltmeister der WBC im Leichtgewicht, ehemaliger Weltmeister der WBA im Weltergewicht und ehemaliger Weltmeister der WBA im Halbweltergewicht.


Club career.

Youth levels.

Rebić started his career playing at youth level for Vinjani before he moved to Imotski in 2008, where he spent two seasons. After his good performances at a tournament in Italy in 2010, where he went with Hajduk Split youth team, Rebić was brought to RNK Split by Darko Butorović.

RNK Split.

Rebić made his debut for the first team against Dinamo Zagreb on 21 May 2011 in the last round of the 2010–11 Prva HNL as a second-half substitute. The match ended in a 1–1 draw, with Rebić scoring the late equalizer. In August 2011, Rebić signed a professional three-year contract with RNK Split. In the 2011–12 season, Rebić scored five league goals in twenty appearances, four of them when coming off the bench. In the 2012–13 season, Rebić scored ten league goals in twenty-nine appearances. Performing extraordinarily well in both club and national team, Rebić drawn much attention from both the media and football world, resulting in interest from a number of clubs, including Fiorentina, Tottenham Hotspur and Swansea City.

Fiorentina.

On 28 August 2013, Rebić signed a five-year contract with Italian side Fiorentina, for an undisclosed fee. Upon passing the medical exams, he was given the number 9 shirt. He made a debut on 30 September, coming on as a 36th-minute substitute for injured teammate Giuseppe Rossi, in a 2–2 home draw against Parma. During his debut he sustained an injury, causing him to be sidelined for three weeks. Rebić made three more appearances for Fiorentina before he scored his first goal on 8 January 2014, starting and scoring the second goal of a 2–0 Coppa Italia last-16 home win against Chievo Verona. On 18 May, he scored his first goal in Serie A in 2–2 draw against Torino at the Stadio Artemio Franchi, two minutes after replacing Manuel Pasqual.  On 3 August 2014, Rebić joined 2. Bundesliga club Leipzig for a season-long loan deal. After his loan spell with Leipzig ended, Rebić returned to Fiorentina and was given the number 11 shirt, previously worn by Juan Cuadrado, and was used primarily on the left wing. He made his European debut with the club on 1 October in a 4–0 defeat of Belenenses in the Europa League. In their next match in that competition, Rebić was sent off for a reckless challenge in stoppage time in a 2–1 defeat to Lech Poznań. On 1 November, he scored his first goal in Serie A, in a 4–1 win against Frosinone.  After only making six appearances and scoring once for Fiorentina, Rebić was loaned to Hellas Verona on 14 January 2016. However, he failed to score in nine appearances, and Verona were relegated to Serie B. On 20 March, on as a halftime substitute for Giampaolo Pazzini, he was sent off for two yellow cards at the end of a 2–1 loss to Carpi in the Stadio Marc'Antonio Bentegodi.

Eintracht Frankfurt.

Rebić joined Eintracht Frankfurt on a season-long loan on 11 July 2016, reuniting with former national team manager Niko Kovač. After a short battle with mononucleosis, Rebić made his debut on 17 September against Bayer Leverkusen, coming on as a substitute and assisting Marco Fabián for the winning goal in a 2–1 victory. On 5 February 2017 he scored his first goal for his new team to conclude a 2–0 win over fellow Hesse team SV Darmstadt 98 at the Commerzbank Arena. On 27 May, he equalised in the 2017 DFB-Pokal Final, though Frankfurt lost 2–1 to Borussia Dortmund.  On 31 August 2017, Rebić joined Eintracht a second time on loan for another year with an option to buy. Across all competitions, he scored nine goals and assisted three that season. This included two goals on 19 May in the 2018 DFB-Pokal Final, a 3–1 victory that gave his club their first cup since 1988 and denied Bayern Munich to complete their double. At the conclusion of the season, Eintracht Frankfurt exercised their option to purchase Rebić permanently for €2 million.  On 10 August 2018, Rebić signed a new contract to last until June 2022. He had been tracked by clubs including Manchester United, Tottenham Hotspur, Bayern Munich and Sevilla, and Eintracht had lost several of their star players in addition to Kovač, who joined Bayern. Two days later, Eintracht lost the 2018 DFL-Supercup at home to precisely that team, with Rebić a 64th-minute substitute.  On 11 August 2019, he scored a hat-trick in a DFB-Pokal match against Waldhof Mannheim, which Eintracht won 5–3.

Loan to Milan.

On 2 September 2019, Rebić returned to Italy and signed a two-year loan deal with Milan.  After spending the first half of the season on the bench, having played more minutes for the national team than the club, Rebić scored his first two league goals in a 3–2 victory over Udinese on 19 January 2020, having been subbed on for Giacomo Bonaventura in 46th minute. A week later, he continued his supersub goalscoaring run with a single goal in a 1–0 away victory over Brescia. On 9 February, he scored the opener in "Derby della Madonnina"; however, the game ended as a 4–2 victory for Inter Milan. Four days later, he scored Milan's only goal in a 1–1 draw with Juventus in Coppa Italia. On 17 February he scored the only goal in a 1–0 victory over Torino.  On 12 June, in the club's first game after the COVID-19 pandemic, the second leg of Coppa Italia fixture against Juventus, Rebić was sent off after sixteen minutes due to a rough tackle on Juventus' defender Danilo.

International career.

On 31 July 2013, Rebić was called up for the first time to the national team, ahead of a friendly away to Liechtenstein. He came on as a 63rd-minute substitute for Ivica Olić in the match, and four minutes later he scored in the 3–2 win. He was praised by manager Igor Štimac after the game.  Upon the arrival of the new national team coach Niko Kovač, his former Croatia U21 coach, Rebić was called up for the decisive World Cup play-off matches against Iceland in November 2013. He came on as a substitute in both games, as Croatia secured their spot in the 2014 FIFA World Cup by winning 2–0 on aggregate.  Rebić was named in Kovač's final 23-man squad for the tournament in Brazil. He took part in the opening match against the hosts in São Paulo, as a late substitute in a 3–1 defeat. He played the same role in the next two matches as the Croats were eventually eliminated from the group, and lasted only 20 minutes before being sent off versus Mexico in their last match for a studs-up tackle on Carlos Peña.  From June 2015 to November 2017, Rebić was not capped for Croatia. He was named in manager Zlatko Dalić's final squad for the 2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia. In the second group match against Argentina in Nizhny Novgorod, he volleyed after a mistake by opposing goalkeeper Willy Caballero to open a 3–0 Croatian win. In the last 16 against Denmark, he had a chance to score near the end of extra time but was fouled by Mathias Jørgensen; Luka Modrić missed the resulting penalty but the Croats won in the shootout. Rebić started in the final, and was substituted for Andrej Kramarić after 71 minutes of a 4–2 loss to France at the Luzhniki Stadium.  He scored his third international goal on 24 March 2019 in an upset 2–1 defeat to Hungary in Budapest during Croatia's Euro 2020 qualifying campaign. After he had been benched at the club, his drop in form could as well be felt in the qualifying games, which caused a public outcry and endangered his spot in the Euro squad.

Style of play.

Rebić is known for his physical strength and running speed, both on and off the ball; in 2019, he was the second fastest player in the Bundesliga alongside Achraf Hakimi after clocking at 21.81 mph while playing for Eintracht, as well as the fastest player at the 2018 World Cup alongside Cristiano Ronaldo after clocking at 34 km/h. He is good at dribbling, especially in one on one situations, and at protecting the ball with his body strength when challenged. His first touch, however, has been cited as one of the areas of his game that is in need of improvement, with the others being the accuracy of his passing, crossing, and shots from long range, as well as his decision-making in high-pressure situations. Tactically, Rebić is a versatile forward who can operate in several positions across various formations. While he is mainly fielded as a left winger in a 4–3–3 or 4–2–3–1, he can also play as an out-and-out striker or supporting striker in a 4–4–2, while during Eintracht's 2018–19 season he was deployed as an attacking midfielder in a 3–4–1–2, forming a fluid goalscoring triangle with Luka Jović and Sébastien Haller. Aside from his attacking duties, he has been praised for his willingness to participate in his team's defensive plays, including the pressing or counter-pressing of the opposition.

Honours.

Eintracht Frankfurt  Croatia  Individual  Orders

Ante Rebić (; born 21 September 1993) is a Croatian professional footballer who plays as a forward for club Milan, on loan from Bundesliga side Eintracht Frankfurt, and the Croatia national team.

Ante Rebić (* 21. September 1993 in Split) ist ein kroatischer Fußballspieler. Der Stürmer spielt als Leihspieler von Eintracht Frankfurt bei der AC Mailand und ist kroatischer Nationalspieler.


Site history.

The 2-story Assembly Chamber, residential hostels, and expansive lawns cover on the Shahrah-e-Quaid-Azam (the Mall). After it was completed in 1935, the Assembly Chamber housed the Assembly for the Punjab province. After the division of Punjab and the emergence of Pakistan, the building became the administrative center of Pakistani Punjab.

Assembly Chamber.

Designed by Bazel M. Salune, chief architect of the Architecture Circle of Punjab, the foundation stone of the Assembly Chamber was laid by Sir Jogindar Singh, Minister of Agriculture, in November 1935 during the British Raj.  The first floor houses the Assembly Hall, which combines Indian and Roman architecture. Originally designed for a small number of members, it now accommodates 371 members. The hall is fitted with a public address system and a closed circuit television system. There was gallery seating for 200 visitors to view the proceedings of the Assembly, but now most of the gallery has been designated as floor of the house to accommodate the increased number of members, and accommodations for radio and TV press. The rest of the first floor consists of the Speaker's Chamber, the Chief Minister's Chamber, the Deputy Speaker's Office, the Cabinet Room, the Ministers' Offices, two committee rooms and the Assembly Secretariat offices.  The ground floor includes a reception area, a cafeteria, a library, a prayer room, a dispensary, the office of the leader of the opposition, the bank, the Assembly Secretariat offices, and one Committee room.

Pipal's House.

The members' first residential hostel, called Pipal's House, was built in 1950. It is situated near the Punjab Civil Secretariat, and contains 40 units. 2-story blocks form 3 sides of a common garden, with 6 units in each story. A fourth block houses the remaining four units.  Each residential unit consists of a large bed-sitting room, a dressing room and a bathroom. Some units have a kitchen and a veranda. There is a corridor in front of all rooms serving as a passage.

Additional housing.

In 1988, a project was formed to provide additional housing for Assembly members. Nayyar Ali Dada was appointed a consultant by the Chief Minister of Punjab, who was responsible for the project. Composed of blocks A and B, the construction was planned for the western lawn of the Assembly building. Block A was designed as a semicircular building, and Block B as a rectangular building. Block A, divided into phases I and II, was originally intended to contain 108 suites.  Construction of phase I of Block A began in 1988, when the foundation stone was laid down by the Chief Minister Nawaz Sharif. This phase was completed in 1992 and the inauguration ceremony was presided over by Manzoor Wattoo, speaker of the Assembly. It consists of a basement, a ground floor, and four residential floors. The ground floor includes a reception area and a lounge for visitors, as well service areas. The four residential floors consist of a total of 36 suites, with nine suites per floor. Each suite consists of one bedroom with an attached bathroom and a kitchen.  The Phase II plan originally called for 72 residential units, but was later revised to include 40 residential suites each consisting of a lounge, a bedroom, an office, a kitchen, and two bathrooms. One bathroom is connected to the lounge and the other to the bedroom.

Constitution.

Article 106 of the constitution provides that each Provincial Assembly shall consist of general seats and seats reserved only for women and non-Muslims. The same article specifies that the Provincial Assembly of Punjab will have a total of 371 seats: 297 general seats, 66 reserved for women, and eight reserved for non-Muslims.

Qualification of members.

According to Article 113 of the Constitution, the qualifications for membership in the National Assembly set forth in Article 62 of the Constitution also apply for membership to the Provincial Assembly. Thus, a member of the Provincial Assembly: The disqualifications specified in paragraphs 3 and 4 do not apply to a person who is a non-Muslim, but such a person must have good moral reputation and possess other qualifications prescribed by an act of Parliament.

Disqualification of members.

The criteria for disqualification of members of a Provincial Assembly is established by Articles 63, 63A, 113 and 127. A person shall be disqualified from being elected or chosen as, and from being, a member of the Provincial Assembly if the member:  Article 63A, which deals with disqualification on grounds of defection, was added to the Constitution in 1997. A member of a Parliamentary Party composed of a single political party defects if the member:

Privileges of members.

Article 66 read with Article 127 confers freedom of speech on the members of the Provincial Assembly. No member is liable to any proceedings in any court of law in respect of anything said or any vote given by him in Assembly. Similarly no member is liable in respect of any publication which is published under the authority of Provincial Assembly.  However, Article 114 of the Constitution curtails this privilege and prohibits members from discussing conduct of judges of High Court and Supreme Court in the discharge of their duties.

First day proceedings in the Provincial Assembly.

(a) Oath of Members. – After general elections, elected members in the first meeting take oath in the form set out in Third Schedule of the Constitution. Article 65 read with Article 127 states "A person elected to a House shall not sit or vote until he has made before the House oath in the form set out in the Third Schedule". Those members who have not taken oath in the first meeting take oath when they attend a meeting for the first time. The first meeting is presided by the outgoing Speaker. Article 53 (8) read with Article 127 says "the Speaker shall continue in his office till the person elected to fill the office by next Assembly enters upon his office." (b) Election and oath of Speaker and Deputy Speaker. – In addition to oath taking by the members, Provincial Assembly according to Article 108 to the exclusion of any other business, elect from amongst its members a Speaker and a Deputy Speaker. When office of Speaker or Deputy Speaker becomes vacant, in any way, the Assembly elects another member as Speaker or Deputy Speaker.  The elected Speaker and Deputy Speaker according to clause 2 of Article 53 read with Article 127 take oath before the House in the form set out in the Third Schedule.

Summoning and prorogation of Provincial Assemblies.

Article 109 authorizes the Governor of the Province to summon Provincial Assembly to meet at such time and place as he thinks fit. Where the Governor summons Assembly he is authorized to prorogue it too. In addition, the Speaker, on a requisition signed by not less than one-fourth of the total membership of the Provincial Assembly, can summon it, at such time and place as he thinks fit, within fourteen days of the receipt of the requisition. Article 54(3) read with Article 127 also empowers the Speaker to prorogue the session where he summons it.

Number of sessions and days during a year.

Article 54 (2) and (3) read with article 127 say there are at least three sessions of Provincial Assembly every year, with not more than 120 days intervening between the last sitting of the Assembly in one session and the date appointed for its first sitting in the next session. While clause 'g' of Article 127 read with Proviso to Article 54 provides that Provincial Assembly shall meet for not less than 100 working days in each year.

Duration of Provincial Assembly.

The term of Provincial Assembly in Pakistan according to Article 107 is five years unless it is sooner dissolved, from the day of its first meeting and stands dissolved at the expiration of its terms.

Other methods of dissolution of Provincial Assembly.

(a) Dissolution of Provincial Assembly on the advice by the Chief Minister. – Under Article 112, clause 1, the Governor of a Province is empowered to dissolve Provincial Assembly if so advised by the Chief Minister. Where the Chief Minister so advises, the Provincial Assembly stands dissolved at the expiration of 48 hours. (b) Dissolution of Provincial Assembly by the Governor on the approval by the President. – Clause 2 of the same Article again empowers the Governor to dissolve Provincial Assembly subject to the approval of the President, where he is of the opinion, that after having been passed a vote of no confidence against the Chief Minister, there is no other member of the Provincial Assembly to command the confidence of the majority of the members of the Provincial Assembly, in a session of the Provincial Assembly summoned for the purpose.

Executive Authority of a province.

Executive Authority is exercised by the Governor and under Article 105, he shall act in accordance with advice of the cabinet or the Chief Minister.

Appointment and ascertainment of Chief Minister.

According to clause 2-A of Article 130, the Governor of a Province invites the member of the Provincial Assembly to be the Chief Minister who commands the confidence of the majority of the members of the Provincial Assembly as ascertained in the session of the Assembly summoned for the purpose in accordance with the provisions of the constitution.

Powers and functions of Provincial Assembly.

There are three major functions or powers of a Provincial Assembly:

Limitations.

One of the major functions of the Provincial Assembly is to make laws as provided in Article 141 of the Constitution for conferring of functions upon officers or authorities subordinate to the Provincial Governments, Constitutionally. This function is subject to some limitations.

Federal Legislative List and Concurrent Legislative List.

By virtue of Article 142, the Provincial Assembly cannot legislate on matters which do not fall within its purview. However, under the same article, the Provincial Assembly can legislate on matters mentioned in Concurrent Legislative List. But where parliament makes a law in Concurrent Legislative List, and Provincial Assembly also legislates on it, the Provincial law will be void to the extent that it conflicts with the Federal law.

Residuary List.

The Provincial Assembly has exclusive powers to make law with respect to any matter not enumerated either in the Federal Legislative List or in the Concurrent Legislative List. Such list is called a Residuary List. Residuary matters are exclusively within Provincial autonomy. From the above, it cannot be extracted that the Province is subordinate to the Federation or Federation is subordinate to Province. In fact, legislative powers are distributed between Federation and Provinces vide Article 142. And one institution cannot take over powers of other institution. However, this provincial law making power comes to an end and shifts to the Federation during emergency when declared vide Articles 232, 233 or 234.

Manager of purse of a nation.

The second important function of Provincial Assembly under Article 123 (3) is that it acts as a manager or custodian of the purse of a nation.

Provincial Consolidated Fund.

No expenditure from the Provincial Consolidated Fund is deemed to be duly authorised unless it is specified in the schedule so authenticated and is laid before the Provincial Assembly. Provincial Assembly exercises checks over executive through control over the Finance. Article 119 provides custody and withdrawal of money from Provincial Consolidated Fund, (defined in Article 118) and public accounts of a Province, unless it is regulated by the Act of the Provincial Assembly.

Annual and supplementary Budget statement.

Provisions given under Article 120 dealing with annual budget statement and Article 124 dealing with supplementary budget or excess grant become effective, when it is approved by the Provincial Assembly.

Approval of budgets.

Article 122(2) and Article 124 authorise Provincial Assembly to approve or refuse any demand and reduce the amount specified in the demand. Once budget is approved, the Government has no right to deviate from these sanctions. For excess expenditure, Government has to seek regularization from the Assembly. Similarly under Article 88 read with Article 127, accounts and audit reports of the Government are further scrutinized by the public accounts Committee of the Assembly.

To keep checks on the policies and practices of the Government.

The significance of Provincial Assembly is that it is a representative institution and keeps checks upon policies, practices and performance of the Government. Article 130 (4) says that the Cabinet shall be collectively responsible to the Provincial Assembly.

Devices of accountability.

Issues relating to Public interest are raised by the Members for discussion in the House in the form of questions, adjournment motions, call attention notices, general discussion, resolutions and various Reports.  The Members make the Executive accountable to the legislature through these devices according to the Rules of Procedure of the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab, 1997.

Members Support Programme.

This programme is meant to serve Members of the Provincial Assembly in different areas. They are provided legislative help in drafting private members bills. They are provided useful and informative books. An Internet facility is also available to them, and through Internet research they can polish their ideas.  To provide these facilities to the Members, in 1997 the Research and Reference Division was formed. It was established to provide information to the Members when needed, and to collect up-to-date information from the resources available. The Library and Computer Sections were included in this division. It was also meant to provide help to the representatives in legislative procedures, such as the drafting of a bill. Prior to the establishment of the Research and Reference Wing, this service was performed by the Legislation Branch.

Automation Section and Library Section.

The primary function of Library Section is to provide data to the Members and to the Research Section. Information such as the Assembly's agenda, date of next sitting, schedule of committee meetings and information about Members is available due to installation of the latest PBX. The Assembly Secretariat has stored vital information in the computer and it is accessible from anywhere around the clock.  Moreover, Research and Reference Division has designed a web page to provide information to the Members about the Assembly Secretariat and proceedings of the Assembly including its schedule and agenda, and a summary of its proceedings. This web page also includes the procedural rules for the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab and some other important laws of the country.

The Provincial Assembly of the Punjab is a unicameral legislature of elected representatives of the province of Punjab, which is located in Lahore, Pakistan. The Assembly was established under Article 106 of the Constitution of Pakistan as having a total of 371 seats, with 297 general seats, 66 seats reserved for women and eight reserved for non-Muslims.

Die Provinzregierung des Punjab ist das Einkammer-Parlament der Provinz Punjab in Pakistan. Die Provinzregierung hat 371 Mitglieder, von denen 66 für Frauen und 8 für religiöse Minderheiten wie Christen (Anglikaner/Protestanten) reserviert sind.


Premise.

"Mr. Young" centers on Adam Young (Brendan Meyer), who graduated from university at the age of 14. He decides to come back to high school as a science teacher to live the high school "experience". He reunites with childhood best friend Derby (Gig Morton) and encounters the school bully, Slab (Kurt Ostlund), and a student in his class whom he has a crush on, named Echo (Matreya Fedor). However, because he is only 14, his students have little respect for him, and he often gets into trouble with the principal for his childlike behaviour.

Production.

The series was created and executive produced by Dan Signer. The series was filmed in front of a live studio audience at 5828 Byrne Road, in Burnaby, British Columbia.  The series began taping on Thursday, September 30, 2010 and production of Season 1 was completed on Friday, April 15, 2011. Through their Facebook page, YTV announced on March 31, 2011 that "Mr. Young" was the No. 1 show on their network. On April 29, 2011 the series was renewed for a second season. Filming of Season 2 began in early July 2011 and continued through to January 2012. On April 29, 2011 the series was renewed for a second season. Filming of Season 2 began in early July 2011 and continued until January 2012. Afterwards, the show had a third season of 28 episodes, bringing the episode total to 80 episodes. This third and final seasons aired from October 16, 2012 to November 28, 2013.

Broadcast and release.

On September 7, 2011, Corus Entertainment's Nelvana Enterprises and Thunderbird Films announced that they had sold the live-action comedy series to Disney XD channels United States, United Kingdom, Ireland, South Africa, Australia, and New Zealand. Nelvana Enterprises is the international distribution agent for "Mr. Young", while Nelvana and Thunderbird are co-distributing the series in the United States.

Mr. Young is a Canadian television series that premiered on March 1, 2011 on YTV. The series was filmed in Burnaby, British Columbia. The series was created by Dan Signer (who also worked on shows such as "The Suite Life on Deck" and "A.N.T. Farm"), and stars Brendan Meyer, Matreya Fedor, and Gig Morton as attendees of Finnegan High School. Further main cast includes Kurt Ostlund, Emily Tennant, and Milo Shandel. The show ended its run on November 28, 2013 with three seasons and 80 episodes.

Mr. Young ist eine kanadische Jugend-Sitcom, die zum ersten Mal am 1. März 2011 auf dem Sender YTV ausgestrahlt wurde. Die Idee zur Serie lieferte Dan Signer, der unter anderem auch Schöpfer der Disney-Channel-Serie "" ist. Die Serie handelt von Adam Young, der bereits im Alter von 14 Jahren einen Uni-Abschluss besitzt. Um weiter in Kontakt mit gleichaltrigen Freunden zu bleiben, beschließt er, wieder zur Highschool zurückzukehren, dieses Mal aber als Lehrer.


Technical characteristics.

Ordered in November 1884, "Pelayo" was built by Forges et Chantiers de la Méditerranée at La Seyne in France. Her keel was laid in April 1885, and she was launched on 5 February 1887 and completed in the summer of 1888. She was originally intended to be the first of a new class of battleships, but a crisis with the German Empire in the Caroline Islands in 1890 led to the cancellation of these plans and the diversion of funds to the construction of the "Infanta Maria Teresa"-class armored cruisers. "Pelayo" was viewed as too slow and having too little coal endurance for colonial service, and ended up being the only member of her class.  The design of "Pelayo" was based on that of the French battleship "Marceau", modified to give her a draft that was shallower so that she could transit the Suez Canal at full load displacement. Originally equipped with sails, she had them deleted soon after completion. She had two funnels. Her gun was a bow chaser. Her armor belt was wide amidships and extended above and almost below the waterline. Internally, she had French-style cellular construction with 13 watertight bulkheads and a double bottom.  She was a barbette ship, an ancestor of the modern battleship with the main battery mounted in open barbettes on armored rotating platforms, in contrast to the heavy self-contained turrets more common to the period and which the progress of the design of modern battleships would soon abandon.  Her main guns could be loaded in any position, and consisted of two Gonzalez Hontoria-built Canet guns mounted fore and aft on the centerline and two Gonzalez Hontoria guns, also in barbettes, with one mounted on either beam  "Pelayo" was reconstructed at La Seyne in 1897–1898, receiving armor for her midships battery and having her guns replaced by pieces, one mounted as a bow chaser and the rest on the broadside. However, the installation of these new guns was disrupted and delayed when she was rushed back into service after the Spanish–American War began.  During a major refit in 1910, her torpedo tubes were removed.

Operational history.

"Pelayo" spent her early years in Spanish waters, showing the flag in various naval reviews and exhibitions, notably in Greece in 1891, at Genoa, Italy, in 1892, and Kiel, Germany, in 1895.  She began a reconstruction at La Seyne in 1897, and was there when the Spanish–American War broke out in April 1898. She was rushed back into service with her old guns removed but her new guns not yet mounted, and entered service with the Reserve Squadron on 14 May 1898.  She remained in Spanish waters for a month to guard against United States Navy raids against the Spanish coast. She then was assigned to the 2nd Squadron, commanded by Rear Admiral Manuel de Cámara, which was to steam to the Philippines and defeat the U.S. Navy's Asiatic Squadron, which had controlled Philippine waters since defeating the Spanish squadron of Rear Admiral Patricio Montojo y Pasaron in the Battle of Manila Bay.  Cámara's squadron—consisting of "Pelayo", armored cruiser "Emperador Carlos V", auxiliary cruisers "Patriota" and "Rapido", destroyers "Audaz", "Osado", and "Prosepina", and transports "Buenos Aires" and "Panay"—sortied from Cadiz on 16 June 1898, passing Gibraltar on 17 June 1898. It arrived at Port Said, Egypt, on 26 June 1898, and requested permission to transship coal, which the Egyptian government finally denied on 30 June 1898 out of concern for Egyptian neutrality. By the time Cámara's squadron arrived at Suez on 5 July 1898, the squadron of Vice Admiral Pascual Cervera y Topete had been annihilated in the Battle of Santiago de Cuba, freeing up the U.S. Navy's heavy forces from the blockade of Santiago de Cuba. Fearful for the security of the Spanish coast, the Spanish Ministry of Marine recalled Cámara's squadron on 7 July 1898, and "Pelayo" returned to Spain, where Cámara's 2nd Squadron was dissolved on 25 July 1898. "Pelayo" spent the last month of the war in Spanish waters, and thus missed combat.  After the war, she resumed her duty of showing the flag, attending naval reviews in Toulon, France, in 1901 and in Lisbon, Portugal, and Vigo Bay, Spain, in 1904. But the Spanish Navy found it difficult to find a role for "Pelayo", which had no similar ships with which to operate. There was thought of having her operate with Spain's new dreadnoughts when they began to commission during the World War I era, but by then she was too old and slow to be compatible with them. She thus earned the nickname "Solitario", meaning "The Lonely One."  "Pelayo" fired her guns in anger only once, when she bombarded Moroccan insurgents in 1909 during the Second Rif War.  "Pelayo" underwent a major refit in 1910. In 1912, she was badly damaged in Fonduko Bay due to a navigational error. She was repaired, but thereafter served as a training ship, including service in 1920 and 1921 as a gunnery training ship in the Training Division. "Pelayo" was disarmed in 1923 and scrapped in 1925.

Pelayo was a battleship of the Spanish Navy which served in the Spanish fleet from 1888 to 1925. She was the first battleship and the most powerful unit of the Spanish Navy. Despite its modern design for the time, "Pelayo" and the rest of the Spanish Asia-Pacific Rescue Squadron never engaged in combat during the Spanish–American War. Some historians argue the battleship, along with Armored Cruiser Carlos V, would have changed the course of the war dramatically, leading to a possible Spanish victory, thus consolidating Spain's status as a colonial power.

Die Pelayo war ein Linienschiff der spanischen Marine, das Ende der 1880er Jahre in Dienst genommen und 1926 abgewrackt wurde. Das Schiff, benannt nach dem asturischen König Pelayo, wurde im Ausland gebaut. Nach der Bewilligung der "Pelayo" am 12. November 1884, wurde der Bauauftrag nach Frankreich vergeben. Das Einzelschiff wurde am 25. Januar 1886 auf der Werft der Forges et Chantiers de la Méditerranée im südfranzösischen La Seyne-sur-Mer (einem Vorort von Toulon) auf Kiel gelegt. Nach dem Stapellauf am 5. Februar 1887 erfolgte am 3. Juni 1888 die Indienststellung. Erster Kommandant des Linienschiffes war der spätere Almirante Pascual Cervera, der unter anderem im spanisch-amerikanischen Krieg Bekanntheit erlangte.


Career.

Ilkka Hanski took his bachelor's degree and Licentiate's degree in the University of Helsinki in 1976 and Doctoral degree from the University of Oxford in 1979. Hanski was a graduate student in Oxford from 1976 to 1979. He was appointed as a docent in the University of Helsinki in 1981 and in the University of Joensuu in 1983. He worked in the Academy of Finland from 1978 to 1988 as well as from 1991 to 1992. He worked as an acting professor of zoology in the University of Helsinki from 1988 to 1991, and was appointed (full) professorship of zoology in 1993. Hanski served as an Academy Professor for the Academy of Finland from 1996 until his death. In 2000, he was elected a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.  The central questions of metapopulation biology studies by Hanski have several practical applications. For example, understanding biodiversity and population variability is essential for practical work in conservation biology and in regional planning. Mathematical models developed by the Hanski group can be used to build and promote coexistence of Man and Nature, for instance in urban environments where planning of green areas bears importance.  The field research of the Glanville fritillary butterfly in Ahvenanmaa is a well-known classical model system. The scientific literature produced by Hanski is rather enormous; the ISI Web of Knowledge database suggests that he is the author or co-author of more than 200 scientific articles and has edited several books. he is the seventh most cited ecologist in the world.  Hanski died of a long-illness on 10 May 2016 in Helsinki, aged 63.

Advocacy.

Hanski was also an active advocate of nature and biodiversity conservation, participating in public debates. His central view was that the responsibility of ecologists is not restricted to producing scientific information but includes avid participation in the processes using the information produced.

Awards and recognition.

In 2000, he was awarded the Balzan Prize for Ecological Sciences. He was elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS) in 2005, the second Finnish scientist ever to receive this award. In April 2006, he was made an Honorary Fellow of the National Academy of Sciences. He was awarded the Crafoord Prize in biosciences 2011 "for his pioneering studies on how spatial variation affects the dynamics of animal and plant populations".  In 2010 he was awarded an honorary doctorate by The Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU).  In 2016, Hanski was awarded the BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award in Ecology and Conservation Biology for opening up an area of ecology that explains how species survive in fragmented habitats and allows to quantify extinction thresholds. In September 2015, he received the honorary title of Academician of Science from the Academy of Finland.

Ilkka Aulis Hanski (14 February 1953 – 10 May 2016) was a Finnish ecologist at the University of Helsinki, Finland. The Metapopulation Research Center led by Hanski, until his death, has been nominated as a Center of Excellence by the Academy of Finland. The group studies species living in fragmented landscapes and attempts to advance metapopulation ecology research. Metapopulation ecology itself studies populations of plants and animals which are separated in space by occupying patches.

Ilkka Aulis Hanski (* 14. Februar 1953 in Lempäälä; † 10. Mai 2016) war ein finnischer Ökologe und Evolutionsbiologe. Er ist insbesondere für seine wegweisenden Arbeiten auf dem Gebiet der Metapopulationen bekannt.


Attack and arrests.

He was with friends when one of them was attacked, and he received injuries when he attempted to help the friend. The attack occurred close to a bar. Jonny K. was hospitalised and succumbed to a brain hemorrhage.  Police in Berlin arrested four of the accused. Another, Onur U., initially fled to Turkey. Onur U., a Turkish citizen, was 19 years-old at the time, and was an amateur boxer. Onur U. later said that he left Germany as he felt he was being presumed guilty. In April 2013 the Turkish authorities extradited Onur U. to Germany. Prosecutors stated that Onur U. was the primary culprit, as he was the first to punch the victim.  The trial began in May 2013. Two of the accused were charged with aggravated assault, and the remaining ones were charged with grievous bodily harm causing death. The suspects were not charged with manslaughter nor murder as the court could not determine that they planned to kill the victim. The prosecution wanted a five and one half year sentence for Onur U. while the prime suspect said he did not hit Jonny K.  In June 2013 a mistrial was declared, therefore requiring the trial to occur again. Sentencing occurred in August 2013. Onur U., classified as a juvenile, was sentenced to four and one half years. Five other men, all of ages ranging from 19 to 24, each received sentences with the highest being two years and eight months.

Aftermath.

According to "Deutsche Welle", the killing "sparked outrage nationwide and triggered a new debate on youth violence."  Johnny K.'s sister, Tina K. began anti-violence advocacy. She was a co-plaintiff in the criminal case against the suspects.

Jonny K. was a man who was fatally beaten at Alexanderplatz in Mitte locality, Mitte borough, Berlin on 14 October 2012. Six people were criminally prosecuted for the beating.

Der Todesfall Jonny K. ist ein Kriminalfall, der sich im Oktober 2012 in Berlin ereignete. Der 20-jährige Jonny K. wurde in der Nacht zum 14. Oktober 2012 in der Nähe des Berliner Alexanderplatzes zum Opfer einer gewalttätigen Auseinandersetzung. Der Vorfall erhielt eine breite öffentliche Aufmerksamkeit und führte zu einer Diskussion über Jugend- und Ausländerkriminalität in Deutschland.


Biography.

Lartéguy was born into what he called "one of those families of poor mountain peasants whose names are found inscribed on war memorials, but not in history books." Both his father and uncle had served in the First World War. With his country conquered by the Germans, Lartéguy escaped from France into Spain in March 1942. He remained there for nine months and spent time in a Franquist jail before joining the Free French Forces as an officer in the 1st Commando Group ("1er groupe de commandos"). During the war, he fought in Italy; Vosges and Belfort, France; and Germany. He remained on active duty for seven years until becoming a captain in the reserves in order to enter the field of journalism. Lartéguy received numerous military awards, including the Légion d'honneur, the Croix de guerre 1939-1945, and the Croix de guerre T.O.E.  After his military service, Lartéguy worked as a war correspondent, particularly for the magazine Paris Match. He covered conflicts in Azerbaijan, Korea, Palestine, Indochina, Algeria, and Vietnam. In pursuit of a story at the start of the Korean War, Lartéguy volunteered for the French Battalion and was wounded by an enemy hand grenade during the Battle of Heartbreak Ridge. In Latin America, he reported on various revolutions and insurgencies, and in 1967 encountered Che Guevara shortly before his capture and execution. In the July 1967 issue of Paris Match, Lartéguy wrote a major article entitled ""Les Guerilleros"", where he wrote: "At a time when Cuban revolutionaries want to create Vietnams all over the world, the Americans run the risk of finding their own Algeria in Latin America."  In 1955, he received the Albert Londres Prize for journalism.

Writing.

His experiences as a soldier and war correspondent influenced his writing. Some of the most emphasized topics in his writing are decolonization, nationalism, the expansion of Communism, the state of post-war French society, and the unglamorous nature of war. His novel "Les chimères noires" evokes the role played by Roger Trinquier during the Katanga Crisis. Published in 1963 it portrays vividly the chaos of civil war in the Congo after the murder of Patrice Lumumba and the conflict between Moise Tshombe's secessionist government and the United Nations Forces. The novel is very critical of Belgian colonialism and is also a reliable expression of European views of Central Africa after independence. Several of his book titles were translated into English, with the most successful being his Algerian War series: "The Centurions" and "The Praetorians". The former was adapted into a major motion picture in 1966, entitled "Lost Command" and starred Anthony Quinn. Both have been interpreted as Roman a clef glamorizing Vietnam veterans deeply engaged in Algerian politics, such as Marcel Bigeard and Jacques Massu.  Also, with his novel "The Centurions", Lartéguy is credited with being the first to envision the 'ticking time bomb' scenario, which has regained relevance in recent debates on the use of torture in a counter-terrorism role. His novels have been read by military professionals, including General David Petraeus, in the new context of modern terrorism.

+ "Adieu à Saigon " (197.

Jean Lartéguy (5 September 1920 – 23 February 2011) was the nom de plume of Jean Pierre Lucien Osty, a French writer, journalist, and former soldier. He was born in 1920 in Maisons-Alfort, Val-de-Marne and died in 2011. Larteguy is credited with first envisioning the "ticking time bomb" scenario in his 1960 novel "Les centurions".

Jean Lartéguy, eigentlich Jean Pierre Lucien Osty (* 5. September 1920 in Maisons-Alfort; † 23. Februar 2011 im Hôtel des Invalides, Paris) war ein französischer Schriftsteller, Kriegsberichterstatter und Armee-Offizier. In seinen Werken thematisierte er im Kontext der Dekolonisierung Themen wie Terrorismus und die sogenannte Asymmetrische Kriegführung. Seine Protagonisten sind dabei oftmals realen Personen nachgezeichnet wie den französischen Offizieren Jacques Massu und Roger Trinquier. Der US-amerikanische General David Petraeus wurde durch Larteguys Roman "Die Zenturionen" angeblich zu seiner Felddienstvorschrift FM 3-24 Counterinsurgency angeregt. In Deutschland gilt Lartéguys Reportage "Guerillas oder der vierte Tod des Che Guevara" als sein bekanntestes Werk, da es 1968 im Nachrichtenmagazin "Der Spiegel" in Teilen als Vorabdruck erschien.


Etymology.

The area now known as Gunbalanya was originally called "Uwunbarlany" by Erre-speaking people who were its original inhabitants. Oenpelli was the way Paddy Cahill (1863–1923), the founder of the original cattle station in the area, pronounced the local word. The present toponym is an anglisation of the word "Kunbarlanja" current in Kunwinjku, the language of the people who now live there, who began moving into the area from the east following the Cahill's establishment of his cattle station there in 1909.

Access.

The sealed Arnhem Highway links Darwin to Jabiru, the town within Kakadu National Park. About four kilometres before Jabiru, the sealed road turns off to Ubirr, the Border Store, Cahills Crossing on the East Alligator River and Oenpelli. The road is dirt from the East Alligator to just before Gunbalanya, a distance of about 16 kilometres. While this road is generally navigable by four wheel drive vehicle, the river crossing is a causeway which is closed by flooding during the wet season (November to April) and at high tides.  Dry season travellers are able to drive the 300 km from Darwin in about three hours and 60 km from Jabiru in under an hour. Northern Land Council permits are required to cross the East Alligator River, the western boundary of Arnhem Land, and travel east to Gunbalanya.  Oenpelli Airport is a sealed all weather airstrip located in Gunbalanya, and a number of companies offer charter flights to and from this airport.  The local radio station is called "RIBS" for Remote Indigenous Broadcasting Service.

Tourism.

Permits for road travel into Arnhem Land can be organised at the Northern Land Council offices in Darwin or Jabiru and may take up to two weeks to finalise. Many visitors prefer to see Arnhem Land through an organised tour operation.  The "Stone Country Festival" (formerly Gunbalanya Cultural Open Day) is usually held in August and access for this is allowed without permit. Though an annual event, it is sometimes not able to be organised in a given year.

Rock art.

Western Arnhem Land is home to some of the most significant rock art in the world. It has arguably the world's longest continuing artistic traditions - with rock art dating back thousands of years and still being produced today.  Local artistic traditions are continued and adapted by the Injalak Arts Centre. Injalak Arts is named after nearby Injalak Hill, which has many rock art galleries and is the main tourist attraction in Gunbalanya.

Bark art.

In the 1960s the mission at Oenpelli encouraged traditional rock painting artists to paint on bark. These painted barks were sold to anthropologists and travellers. This soon became a cottage industry and several important aboriginal artists including Lofty Bardayal, Mick Kubarrku and Dick Murramurra transferred their rock art skills to bark. These bark paintings are now held in Australian and overseas art galleries. Exhibitions of Bark paintings include Old Masters at the National museum of Australia and Crossing Country at the Art gallery of New South Wales.

History.

Oenpelli, as it was known then, was established by the Rev Alfred Dyer as a mission in 1925 by the Church of England's Church Missionary Society, on the former cattle station. Dyer and his wife Mary established a typical mission station, with church, school, dispensary, garden and store, to which they added pastoral work with feral cattle and horses. Among those who attended the mission school was the celebrated Gagudju elder and interpreter of culture, Bill Neidjie.  Oenpelli remained a mission until 1975, when responsibility was transferred to an aboriginal town council and the name was changed to Gunbalanya.  The 1948 American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land visited Oenpelli for three months and collected a large array of local artefacts, art, and specimens.

Gunbalanya (also spelt Kunbarlanja, and historically referred to as Oenpelli) is an Aboriginal community in west Arnhem Land in the Northern Territory of Australia. The main language spoken in the community is Kunwinjku. At the 2011 census, Gunbalanya had a population of 1,174.

Oenpelli, auch "Gunbalanya" oder "Kunbarllanjnja" genannt, ist eine Siedlung der Aborigines im Westen von Arnhemland im Northern Territory, Australien. Der Ort liegt etwa 240 Kilometer östlich von Darwin und 42 Kilometer nordöstlich von Jabiru.


Pre-Revolution life.

Fernández Alvarez was born in Santiago de Cuba, where he studied his first and second education. In 1947 he graduated from the Cadet School of Cuba and also from the Artillery School as well as from other courses of the General Staff in Cuba and at Fort Sill in the USA.  From March 10, 1952, he took part in different conspiracy activities and movements against Fulgencio Batista's tyranny with different military and political groups, until 1956 when he was caught when the conspiracy movement called "Los puros" was discovered. He was judged and sentenced to prison at Presidio Modelo on the Isla de Pinos (Isle of Pines) until the Castro brothers' victory over Batista on January 1, 1959.

Cuban Revolution and beyond.

From 1959, as a member of the Revolutionary Armed Forces, Fernández took part in various mobilizations, both productive as well as for the defense of the country. He also carried out other tasks of the Cuban Revolution both in Cuba and abroad.  At the time of the Bay of Pigs Invasion on 17 April 1961, he was director of militia training and based at Managua near Havana. He was sometimes referred to as 'El Gallego' like his colleague Manuel Piñeiro. Before dawn that day, Fidel Castro ordered him to command the many battalions of militia and regular army troops engaged in fighting the invading forces of Brigade 2506. Late on 19 April 1961, he was among Cuban government forces who finally broke through to Playa Giron and forced the surrender and dispersal of invading troops.  He was promoted to the rank of Capitan in 1959, to Commandant in 1961 and to Brigade General of the reserve in 1966. He graduated from the Higher War School in 1964. From 1959 on he was in charge of different responsibilities and positions, among which there were; Director of the Cadet School of the Rebel Army; Chief of the Direction of Combat Preparation of the General Staff of FAR (initials for Revolutionary Armed Forces in Spanish) until 1968; Deputy Minister of FAR until 1970; First Deputy Minister of Education until 1972; Minister of Education from 1972 until 1990 and Vice-President of the Council of Ministers from 1978 to March 2012.

Political life.

He represented the Cuban government at the investiture of presidents in several Latin American countries and at other governmental events. He was a member of the Executive Committee of the Pan American Sports Organization.  Fernández Álvarez took part in the seven Congresses of the Cuban Communist Party and beginning in 1975 was a member of the Central Committee.  At the third congress of the Cuban Communist Party, he was elected as a Substitute Member of the Political Bureau. Fernandez was a deputy to the National Assembly from 1976 until his death and a Member of the Council of State from 1981 until 1993.

Other organizational roles.

Fernández chaired the Organizing Committee of the XIV Central American and Caribbean Games, held in Havana in 1982, and the Organizing Committee of the XI Pan American Games in Havana in 1991. He was also the chairman of the Organizing Committee of the VI Athletics World Cup that took place in Havana in 1992. From 1997 until 2018 he was the President of the Cuban Olympic Committee.  He was the chairman of the Organizing Committee of the Scientific–Academic Conference "Giron, 40 years later", which took place in March 2001 and of the International Conference "The Missile Crisis, a political vision 40 years later" on October 2002. Fernandez was Emeritus Professor of the Pedagogical Higher Institute "Enrique José Varona".

Acknowledgements.

In recognition of his work he was awarded several medals, among them the title of Hero of the Republic of Cuba.

José Ramón Fernández Álvarez (November 4, 1923 – January 6, 2019) was a Cuban Communist leader who was a Vice-President of the Council of Ministers.

José Ramón Carlos Fernández Álvarez (* 4. November 1923 in Santiago de Cuba; † 6. Januar 2019 in Havanna) war ein kubanischer Politiker und Militär. Er war ein Befehlshaber während der Invasion in der Schweinebucht auf Kuba, Mitbegründer der Kommunistischen Partei und gehörte dem Zentralkomitee der Partei seit dem ersten Parteitag 1975 an; außerdem war er zwischen 1981 und 1993 stellvertretendes Mitglied des Politbüros. Von 1997 bis Oktober 2018 stand er als Präsident dem Olympischen Komitee Kubas vor und war Vizepräsident des Ministerrats. Sein letzter militärischer Dienstgrad war Brigadegeneral.