Early life.

Galloway was born near West River, Anne Arundel County, Maryland, the son of a landowner in the Colony. He moved with his father to Pennsylvania in 1749 where he received a liberal schooling. He studied law, for a time alongside William Franklin the son of Benjamin Franklin and later a fellow Loyalist, and he was admitted to the bar and began to practice law in Philadelphia.  Galloway married Grace Growdon on October 18, 1753, at Philadelphia. Some scholars speculate that he married her out of motives of financial ascension, due to her wealthy father, rather than for reasons of affection. Galloway converted to Anglicanism from Quakerism in order to marry Grace, and the conversion enhanced his political career.

Political career.

Galloway was a member of the Pennsylvania Provincial Assembly from 1756 to 1774 and served as Speaker of the House from 1766 to 1774. He was a prominent member of the faction which opposed Pennsylvania being a Proprietary Colony of the Penn family, and he called for it to be turned into a Crown Colony. Both Galloway and Franklin devoted a great deal of effort in lobbying London to bring the colony directly under the Crown's control. He was a British-American nationalist, believing that most Americans would prefer to remain loyal to the Crown if only they were given a legitimate and effective government that would inspire their loyalty.  Galloway was a member of the Continental Congress in 1774, where he proposed a compromise plan for Union with Great Britain which would provide the colonies with their own parliament subject to the Crown. The Continental Congress rejected it by one vote. He signed the nonimportation agreement, while he was opposed to independence for the Thirteen colonies and remained loyal to the King. He was a resident of Philadelphia and an associate of Benjamin Franklin with whom he corresponded over the issues of American independence.  Galloway urged reform of the imperial administration and was critical of the trade laws, the Stamp Act of 1765, and the Townshend Acts enacted in 1767, and he had a conciliatory plan to end the disputes between Britain and the colonies. He believed that the British had the right to tax and govern the colonies, keep the peace, and help the colonies to survive and flourish. Congress voted to expunge Galloway's plan from their journal, so he published it himself in 1775, reprimanding Congress for ignoring his analysis of Parliament's powers and colonial rights. He proposed a written constitution and joint legislature for the whole British Empire.

American War of Independence.

In 1775, the Assembly rejected Galloway's urging that it abandon its struggle for independence from Britain, so Galloway left the Assembly and the Congress. In the winter of 1777, he joined British General Howe and accompanied him on his Philadelphia campaign. During the British occupation of Philadelphia, he was appointed Superintendent of Police and headed the civil government. He aggressively organized the Loyalists in the city, but the British army was driven out of the city in 1778 following France's entry into the war. The British army retreated to New York, and he went with them.

Exile in Britain.

In 1778, he fled to Britain with his daughter, never to return to the United States, and he became a leading spokesman of American Loyalists in London. The General Assembly of Pennsylvania convicted him of high treason and confiscated his estates, which included Trevose Manor, now known as Growdon Mansion, and much of the land that is now Bensalem Township, Pennsylvania. In 1779, he appeared as a government witness in a parliamentary enquiry into the conduct of Lord Howe and General Howe during the Philadelphia Campaign, of which he was deeply critical. When Galloway fled Philadelphia with the British, his wife Grace remained in the city with the hope of retaining the rights of their property. They expected that she would be able to join her daughter and husband afterwards, but Charles Willson Peale evicted her.  Galloway was influential in convincing the British that a vast reservoir of Loyalist support could be tapped by aggressive leadership, thus setting up the British invasion of the South. After the war, he spent his remaining years in religious studies and writing. He died a widower in Watford, Hertfordshire on August 10, 1803; his wife had died on February 6, 1782.

Joseph Galloway (1731August 10, 1803) was an American politician. He became a Loyalist during the American Revolutionary War, after serving as delegate to the First Continental Congress from Pennsylvania. For much of his career in Pennsylvania politics, he was a close ally of Benjamin Franklin, and he became a leading figure in the colony. As a delegate to the Continental Congress, Galloway was a moderate, and he proposed a Plan of Union which would have averted a full break from Britain. When this was rejected, he moved increasingly towards Loyalism.

Joseph Galloway (* 1731 im Anne Arundel County, Maryland; † 10. August 1803 in Watford, Hertfordshire, England) war ein britischer Politiker im kolonialen Nordamerika. Im Jahr 1774 nahm er als Delegierter für Pennsylvania am Kontinentalkongress teil.


Veneration.

His name is in the "Roman Martyrology" on 25 June, and the city of Turin honors him as its patron saint. A life which, however, is entirely unreliable, was written after the 11th century, and is printed in the "Acta Sanctorum", June, VII, 3rd ed., 44-46. It states that a cleric one day followed Maximus with an evil intention to a retired chapel where he often prayed. The cleric suddenly became so thirsty that he implored Maximus for help. A roe deer happened to pass which the saint caused to stop, so that the cleric could partake of its milk. This legend accounts for the fact that Maximus is represented in art as pointing at a roe deer.

Works.

Maximus is the author of numerous discourses, first edited by Bruno Bruni, and published by order of Pope Pius VI at the Propaganda in 1784 (reprinted in P.L., LVII). These discourses, delivered to the people by the saint, consist of one hundred and eighteen homilies, one hundred and sixteen sermons, and six treatises ("tractatus"). However, a new edition is published in the collection "Corpus Christianorum Series Latina" by Almut Mutzenbecher (n° XXIII, Turnhout 1962) which has accurately identified the "corpus" to be attributed to Maximus I of Turin. This is currently the best edition of Maximus' sermons (see this edition for more information on content and datation of each sermon).  According to the edition of Bruni,Homilies 1-63 are de tempore, i.e. on the seasons of the ecclesiastical year and on the feasts of Our Lord; 64-82, de sanctis, i.e. on the saints whose feast was commemorated on the day on which they were delivered; 83-118, de diversis, i.e. exegetical, dogmatical or moral. Sermons 1-55 are de tempore; 56-93, de sanctis; 93-116, de diversis. Three of the treatises are on baptism (but, now to be attributed to an anonym author of northern Italy, see "Anonimo Veronese, Omelie mistagogiche e catechetiche", edizione critica e studio a cura di Giuseppe Sobrero, Rome, 1992), one against the Pagans, and one against the Jews. The last two are extant only in fragments, and their genuineness is doubtful. The sixth treatise, whose genuineness is also doubtful, contains short discourses on twenty-three topics taken from the Four Gospels. An appendix contains writings of uncertain authorship: thirty-one sermons, three homilies, and two long epistles addressed to a sick friend. Many writings, however, which Bruni ascribes to Maximus are of doubtful origin. The discourses are usually very brief, and couched in forcible, though at times over flowery language. Among the many facts of liturgy and history touched on in the discourses are: abstinence during Lent (hom. 44), no fasting or kneeling at prayers during paschal time (hom. 61), fasting on the Vigil of Pentecost (hom. 62), the synod of Milan in 389 at which Jovinianus was condemned (hom. 9), the impending barbarian invasion (hom. 86-92), the destruction of the Church of Milan by the barbarians (hom. 94), various pagan superstitions still prevalent at his time (hom. 16, 100-02), the supremacy of St. Peter (hom. 54, 70, 72, serm. 114).

Saint Maximus of Turin (; date of birth unknown [380?] – death between 408 and 423, or 465) was a Christian bishop and theological writer. He is believed to have been a native of Rhaetia (modern day Northern Italy).

Maximus von Turin (* im 4. Jahrhundert; † um 420) ist der erste in den Bischofslisten von Turin genannte Bischof. Über sein Leben ist nur wenig aus Quellenkombinationen erschließbar. Das unter seinem Namen überlieferte Schriftenkorpus – überwiegend Nachschriften von Predigten – zählt zu den bedeutenden theologiegeschichtlichen Quellen der Alten Kirche. Maximus wird seit ältester Zeit als Heiliger verehrt.


"The city that made Chicago famous".

Illinois is the nation's most populous inland state. Its successful growth is due in large part to the Illinois and Michigan Canal, a revolutionary development that linked the Great Lakes to the Illinois and Mississippi rivers. The canal was vital to the development of the city of Chicago and to the economic development of the Midwest; the canal also fostered the growth of the small settlement that became the City of Lockport. The Des Plaines River Valley was a portage site for the Des Plaines River for the Miami and Potawatomi, and explorers Louis Jolliet and Marquette traversed the region on their journeys.

Geography.

Lockport is located on the east bank of the Des Plaines River just north of Joliet. The village of Lemont is about two miles to the north along the river.

Demographics.

The city, along with Homer Township within the city limits, continues to develop both in terms of many new (and newer construction) homes and new businesses entering the area. Although the population was 15,191 at the 2000 census (and then estimated it would be 22,161 in 2005), a special census of 2003 counted 25,191 people, 13,599 households, and 12,137 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,144.3 people per square mile (828.4/km2). There were 5,835 housing units at an average density of 823.7 per square mile (318.2/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 95.82% White, 1.11% African American, 0.22% Native American, 0.75% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 0.94% from other races, and 1.15% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 4.34% of the population.  There were 8,599 households out of which 38.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 60.9% were married couples living together, 9.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26.1% were non-families. 20.8% of all households were made up of individuals and 6.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.71 and the average family size was 3.17.  In the city, the population was spread out with 28.2% under the age of 18, 7.7% from 18 to 24, 36.1% from 25 to 44, 18.0% from 45 to 64, and 10.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 33 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.1 males. The median income for a household in the city was $72,231, and the median income for a family was $81,717. Males had a median income of $65,759 versus $42,551 for females. The per capita income for the city was $32,939. About 3.2% of families and 3.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 4.3% of those under age 18 and 1.2% of those age 65 or over.

Parks and recreation.

The City of Lockport, Illinois has a park district titled the Lockport Township Park District that was created in 1945. It manages and maintains 38 parks and several recreational programs with the goal to "enrich the quality of life of the community". According to the City's website, each park should provide at least one of the following recreational activities: A place to engage in sports, open spaces in which children may play in, pavilions for picnics or gatherings, playgrounds, and other facilities.

Museums and Historic Places.

Downtown Lockport contains four museums, all within walking distance of one another, as well as other historic places.  The Gaylord Building is a historic site of the National Trust for Historic Preservation. It was constructed in 1838 of local limestone for use as a warehouse and is situated on the east side of the Illinois & Michigan Canal, just north of downtown Lockport. Renovated in the 1980's, the building now houses a restaurant and has historical galleries.  Located in the original 1837 Canal headquarters building, the Illinois and Michigan Canal Museum offers 10 rooms filled with artifacts, pictures and documents relating to the construction and operation of the Canal, as well as period items specific to the region during the height of the Canal’s operation.  The Lockport Gallery celebrates Illinois through changing exhibits featuring paintings, drawings, sculptures, quilts and other media created by the state’s artists and artisans. These rotating, theme-based exhibits are supplemented and showcased through educational events, group tours and outreach programs for all ages. An Illinois State Museum (ISM) facility, the Lockport Gallery is located in a structure that is itself a work of art and history. The historic Norton Building was constructed on the banks of the Illinois and Michigan Canal in 1850 to serve as a grain-processing facility. Today the building is a multi-use facility housing residential lofts, offices, commercial space and the Lockport Gallery. The Gallery’s space gracefully incorporates the building’s original features, including large windows (once arched portals used for loading and unloading), high ceilings,and hardwood floors.  Maintained by the Lockport Township Park District, the Gladys Fox Museum is located in the 1839 Old Congregational Church. Beautifully restored, this historic building is now home to the museum’s collection of historical photographs and memorabilia celebrating Dellwood Park and the Illinois and Michigan Canal.  Newly constructed just south of the Gaylord building and directly adjacent to the I&M Canal by the Give Something Back Foundation, the Lincoln Landing is a unique open air park and museum. The park shows the original I & M Canal lines with a statue of Lincoln contemplating the canal. Bronze medallions are placed all about the park with historical information. Each medallion then leads you to another with connected information.

Schools.

Taft School District 90.

In the 19th century it was called school district #9 of Lockport Township, and its school was called the South Lockport School. The district now has one school, called Taft School.

Milne-Kelvin Grove School District 91.

It has two grade schools.  Milne Grove has kindergarten through grade three.  Kelvin Grove has grades four through eight; sixth through eighth grade operate as a middle school.

Will County School District 92.

Will County School District 92 is a public grade school district which serves grades K-8. It mainly serves the communities of Lockport and Homer Glen. It contains four buildings: Walsh, Reed, Ludwig, and Oak Prairie with the administration building adjacent to Ludwig.  Walsh School is an elementary school educating students from PreK through grade one.  Reed School is an elementary school educating students grades two and three.  Ludwig School is an elementary school educating students grades four and five.  Oak Prairie Junior High School is a middle school educating students in grades six through eight.

High Schools.

Three other grade school districts cover parts of Lockport. The eastern part of Lockport is in Homer Community Consolidated School District 33C. The northern part of Lockport is in Will County School District 92. The southern part of Lockport is served by the Fairmont School District 89.  All of the city is in Lockport Township High School District 205, which operates Lockport Township High School at a Central and East campus, both in the city. The district serves about 3,700 students from the communities of Crest Hill, Fairmont, Homer Glen, Lockport, Homer Township and Lockport Township. The Central Campus opened in 1910 and serves freshman students while the East Campus opened in 1964 and serves sophomores, juniors and seniors.

Private schools.

Lockport has two private grade schools: Saint Dennis (Catholic) School at 1201 S. Washington St. and St. Joseph (Catholic) School at 529 S. Madison St.  There are also two private high schools in the area: Providence Catholic High School in New Lenox and Joliet Catholic Academy in Joliet.

Transportation.

Lockport has a station on Metra's Heritage Corridor, which provides weekday rush hour rail service between Joliet, and Chicago, Illinois (at Union Station). Lockport is very close to Metra's Rock Island District.

Major highways.

Major highways in Lockport include: Interstate Highways  US Highways  Illinois Highways

In popular culture.

Some scenes in the 2009 film "Public Enemies" were shot in Lockport.

Sister city.

Lockport has one sister city: In 2014 Lockport, Illinois and Asiago, Italy became officially "sister cities". As most Lockport residents have Italian last names and ancestors that were from around the Asiago area.

Lockport is a city in Will County, Illinois, United States, located 30 miles southwest of Chicago. The city was incorporated in 1853. It is situated along the Illinois and Michigan (I&M) Canal, and was the headquarters of the canal when the canal was operating. A section of the canal runs through Lockport, including the remains of the canal's "Lock No. 1" from which the town received its name. The canal right-of-way is now the Illinois and Michigan National Heritage Corridor. Because of proactive efforts dating back several years, the city of Lockport is one of the best-preserved canal sites in existence today.

Lockport ist eine Stadt (mit dem Status „City“) im Will County des US-amerikanischen Bundesstaates Illinois. Im Jahr 2010 hatte Lockport 24.839 Einwohner.


Description.

The shell of this snail is very unusual in its coloring: purple, indigo blue, and orange, and this makes the snail very easy to recognize and identify. The Aldabra snail grazes on algae, and thus it is very low on the food chain.  The shell of this species is oblong, ovate-conical, rather thick, slightly striated, glossy, in the upper part is pale, in the lower part it is black brown. The shell has seven slightly curved and regularly increasing whorls. The upper 3-4 whorls are blackish, the following are dim bluish.

Distribution.

The Aldabra banded snail is endemic to Aldabra Atoll in the Indian Ocean. In 1906 it was the most common snail species on the atoll.  After 1976 however, only adult snails were found on Aldabra, and no live individuals had been found at all between 1997 and August 2014. Researchers had believed that this species became extinct during the late 1990s, after a series of unusually long, hot, and dry summers caused by climate change. These summers appear to have killed off a large number of the younger snails.

Cause of apparent extinction.

The habitat of this snail suffered a sudden decline in rainfall in the 1990s, which was essential to the survival of this species, and this dryness appeared to have caused its extinction. Living snails were discovered on 23 August 2014.

Rediscovery.

A number of specimens of the snail were discovered on August 23, 2014. A team of Seychelles Islands Foundation (SIF) staff were exploring infrequently visited parts of Malabar Island, the second largest island of Aldabra, when the snails were found. Dr Frauke Fleischer-Dogley, CEO of the CIF, commented:

References.

This article incorporates public domain text from the reference.

The Aldabra banded snail ("Rhachistia aldabrae") is a species of air-breathing land snail, a pulmonate gastropod mollusc in the family Cerastidae. The species lives on one atoll in the Seychelles Islands, Indian Ocean, and is easily recognizable for its purplish-blue banded shell. The species was thought to have died out because of climate change, but was rediscovered in 2014.

Die Aldabra-Schnecke ("Rhachistia aldabrae") ist eine landlebende Schnecke aus der Unterordnung der Landlungenschnecken (Stylommatophora). Sie ist auf dem zur Republik Seychellen gehörenden Aldabra-Atoll heimisch. Nachdem seit 1997 keine lebenden Exemplare der Art mehr gefunden worden waren, wurde sie 2007 als „mit 95-prozentiger Wahrscheinlichkeit“ ausgestorben betrachtet. Im August 2014 wurden mehrere lebende Aldabra-Schnecken, darunter auch Jungtiere, von einem Team der "Seychelles Islands Foundation" auf der an der Nordwestecke des Atolls liegenden Insel Malabar (Middle Island) entdeckt.


Early life and Career.

Lynette Yiadom-Boakye was born in London, UK where she currently lives and works. Her parents worked as nurses for the National Health Service after emigrating from Ghana. Yiadom-Boakye attended Central St Martins College of Art and Design, however did not enjoy her time there and so moved to Falmouth College of Art where she eventually graduated in 2000, and completed an MA degree at the Royal Academy Schools in 2003.  In 2010, her work was recognised by Okwui Enwezor who gave her an exhibition at Studio Museum in Harlem. In addition to her artwork, Yiadom-Boakye has taught at the Ruskin School of Art, Oxford University where she is a visiting tutor for their Master in Fine Arts programme. Her influence as an Artist was recognised in the 2019 Powerlist and she was subsequently listed in the Top 10 of the most influential people of African or African Caribbean heritage in the UK in 2020.

Work.

Artworks.

Yiadom-Boakye's work consists mostly of painted portraits of fictional black subjects. Her paintings are predominantly figurative with raw and muted colours. The characteristic dark palette of her work is known for creating a feeling of stillness that contributes to the timeless nature of her subjects. Her portraits of fictional individuals feature people reading, lounging and resting in traditional poses. She brings to the depiction of her subjects contemplative facial expressions and relaxed gestures, making their posture and mood relatable to many viewers. Commentators have attributed some of the acclaim of Yiadom-Boakye’s work to its relatability. The artist strives to keep her subjects from being associated with a particular decade or time. This results in choices like not painting shoes on her subjects as footwear often serves as a time stamp. These figures usually rest in front of ambiguous backgrounds, floating inside monochromatic dark hues. These cryptic but emotional backdrops remind commentators of old masters like Velasquez and Degas.  Lynette Yiadom-Boakye's style shifted slightly after the opening of her 2017 show "In Lieu of a Louder Love". The show featured a new, warmer colour scheme. Her subjects in this show included more vibrant details such as a checkered, linoleum-floor, a bold headwrap and bathing suit and a yellow, orange and green background.  Though each portrait generally only contains one person, they are typically presented in groups arranged like family portraits. With her expressive representations of the human figure, the artist examines the formal mechanisms of the medium of painting and reveals political and psychological dimensions in her works, which focus on fictional characters who exist beyond our world in a different time and in an unknown location. She paints figures that are intentionally removed from time and place, and has stated, “People ask me, ‘Who are they, where are they?’ What they should be asking is ‘"What" are they?’ ”

Writing.

For an artist, she is unusual in describing herself as a writer as much as a painter—her short stories and prosy poems frequently appear in her catalogues.  Lynette Yiadom-Boakye's talks about her writing is to her as her painting and explains that "she writes the things she doesn't paint and paint all the things she doesn't write." Her paintings have artist poetic names.

Subject of Other Artist.

Painted in 2017, Kehinde Wiley’s "Portrait of Lynette Yiadom-Boakye, Jacob Morland of Capplethwaite" is displayed in the Yale Center for British Art in New Haven, CT.

Lynette Yiadom-Boakye (born 1977) is a British painter and writer. She is best known for her portraits of fictitious subjects painted in muted colours. Her work has contributed to the renaissance in painting the black figure.

Lynette Yiadom-Boakye (* 1977 in London, England) ist eine englische Künstlerin, Autorin und Malerin mit Wurzeln in Ghana. Sie lebt und arbeitet in London.


Birth and education.

Donaldson Oladipo Diya was born on 3 April 1944 at Odogbolu, Ogun State, then Western Region, Nigeria. He was educated at the Methodist Primary School, Lagos, the Odogbolu Grammar School, and then at the Nigerian Defence Academy, Kaduna. He later attended the US Army School of Infantry, the Command and Staff College, Jaji (1980–1981) and the National Institute for Policy and Strategic Studies, Kuru. While serving in the military, Diya studied Law at Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, where he obtained an LLB degree, and then at the Nigerian Law School, where he was called to bar as Solicitor and Advocate of the Supreme Court of Nigeria.

Military career.

Oladipo Diya became Commander 31, Airborne Brigade. He was appointed Military Governor of Ogun State from January 1984 to August 1985. He became General Officer Commanding 82 Division, Nigeria Army in 1985. General Oladipo Diya was Commandant, National War college (1991–1993) and then was appointed as Chief of Defence Staff. He was appointed Chief of General Staff in 1993 and Vice Chairman of the Provisional Ruling Council in 1994.

Botched coup attempt.

In 1997 Diya and dissident soldiers in the military allegedly planned to overthrow the regime of Sani Abacha. The alleged coup was uncovered by forces loyal to Abacha, and Diya and his cohorts were jailed. Diya was tried in a military tribunal, and was given the death penalty. Upon the untimely death of Abacha in 1998, Diya was not pardoned by the late Head of State's successor, Abdusalami Abubakar.  Most people believed that the much-hyped coup was in fact a ploy by Abacha to do away with Diya, who was increasingly becoming popular among the elite and opposition parties, for his moderate views on the situation in Nigeria. Earlier on, Abacha's loyalists had twice attempted to assassinate Diya, once at the airport and then in the streets, using bombs. But most analysts said that whether motivated by a real coup plot or not, the arrest of General Diya signaled deep divisions within the Nigerian military and reflected rising tensions over General Abacha's apparent intention to remain in office by engineering his own election as President.  Late Chief Gani Fawehinmi, a leading Nigerian human rights campaigner, said: "Almost everybody mentioned in the alleged coup had been an Abachaboy, an Abacha henchman, so the situation is very funny. The facts are not clear to us. We want the whole truth." Late Chief Fawehinmi was quoted in The Post Express, a Lagos daily.  The fact that General Diya and almost all of the others arrested were ethnic Yoruba from the already deeply disaffected southwest was seen by some as a virtual provocation at a time when a country of powerful regional rivalries was entering into a period of renewed civilian politicking. General Abacha, like his inner core of senior officers and much of the army's rank and file, was a Hausa-speaking northerner of Kanuri origin.

Death sentence.

After his arrest, a military tribunal sitting in the Nigerian town of Jos sentenced six people including Lieutenant General Oladipo Diya to death by firing squad in April 1998. The accused were brought to the main military barracks in Jos for the trial. Security was tight, and the men on trial were chained hand and foot during the proceedings. In a dramatic statement at the outset of the trial, General Diya asserted that he had been entrapped by another officer close to General Abacha, Gen. Ishaya Bamaiyi, who approached him with the idea of mounting a coup. Given the explosive nature of the charge, the government then closed the trial to the public The head of the military tribunal, General Victor Malu, the former commander of the West African regional peacekeeping force ECOMOG, responding to Lieutenant General Diya's defence that people at the very top framed him, said it was not necessary to know who had initiated the conspiracy. He noted that all Lieutenant General Diya had to do was prove that he had not been part of the plot at any stage. General Malu assured the defendants that they would be given a fair trial and unlimited access to information they needed to defend themselves. "This tribunal will not conduct or tolerate a trial by ambush", he said.  The South African government questioned the secrecy surrounding the trial and warned of the probability that there could be an unfavorable reaction, both in Nigeria and internationally, to a carrying out of the sentences. The sentence was later commuted by the head of state, Abdusalami Abubakar, who succeeded General Abacha.

Later career.

Following his release General Diya has refused to co-operate with any investigations by Nigeria's Truth and Reconciliation Tribunals into his activities while he was vice president. He has spent most of his time attempting to recover possession of various properties seized by the government on his arrest. He has made no attempt to explain how he purchased these lavish properties on the salary of a lieutenant general.

Donaldson Oladipo Diya (born 3 April 1944) is a retired Lt. General in the Nigerian Army. He was appointed Military Governor of Ogun State from January 1984 to August 1985. As Chief of the General Staff, he was the "de facto" Vice President of Nigeria during the Sani Abacha military junta from 1994 until he was arrested for treason in 1997. His Principal Staff Officer during this period was Bode George, who joined the People's Democratic Party after democracy was restored in 1999.

Donaldson Oladipo Diya (* 3. April 1944 in Odogbolu, Ogun) ist ein nigerianischer Politiker und Offizier der Streitkräfte, der unter anderem zwischen 1984 und 1985 Gouverneur des Bundesstaates Ogun sowie später von 1993 bis 1997 Generalstabschef und Vizepräsident Nigerias war.


1st century Flavian Christians.

Some sources hold that the Flavian family took a very early interest in Christianity. Several of them were said to have converted to the religion, including Vespasian's nephew Titus Flavius Clemens and his wife Flavia Domitilla. According to the legendary sixth-century Acts of Saints Nereus and Achilleus, Pope Clement I was the son of Titus Flavius Sabinus, consul 82. In the First Epistle of Clement, Clement's epistle to the Christians of Corinth, Atwill argued, Pope Clement describes himself as being like a Roman prefect, giving orders to his soldiers which he expects to be obeyed ("1 Clem. 37:2-3"). Atwill speculates that Saint Veronica may be the same person as Berenice, mistress of Emperor Titus, but Gary Carson said that the earliest evidence of the Veronica cult dates to the 4th century AD.  On the basis of the assumption that at least some if not all this information linking the Flavians to early Christianity is correct, Atwill points out that these early connections are very difficult to explain if Christianity was a struggling grassroots movement originating in Judea. He said that the sacraments of the early Christian church, its College of Bishops, and the title of its leader (the Pontiff) were all based on Roman, rather than Judaic traditions. Acharya S, in a review of Atwill's work, said that these Flavians were Chrestians, not Christians; and that the Chrestians were only one of several sects that were incorporated into later Roman Christianity.

Typological representation of the Emperor Titus in the Gospels.

Old Testament stories are often found to be echoed in the New Testament, in a relationship in which the Old Testament model is called the "type" and the New Testament reprise is called the "antitype". The study of these types and antitypes is called typology. Atwill claims that similar typological relationships knit together the Gospels and the works of Flavius Josephus.  Atwill notes that according to the Preterist school of biblical interpretation, the prophecies of Jesus and Daniel were fulfilled by the destruction of Jerusalem in 70 AD. He suggests that this is evidence that the Gospels (including the prophecies of the coming of the Son of man) were actually written after the Jewish war, and that the Gospels can then be interpreted ironically as predicting that Titus is the anticipated 'Son of Man'.  Furthermore, he argues that Jesus' mission foreshadows the military campaign of Titus in Judea. According to Atwill, this indicates that the Gospel authors wanted to signal that the character Jesus Christ, as the fulfillment of the messianic prophecies of the Hebrew scriptures, was a representation of Titus Flavius.  The Zealots and Sicarii were also expecting a messiah, but they expected that their hero would defeat the Romans. Instead, as depicted in the Gospels, Jesus was highly critical of the Jewish priesthood, and the Jews were blamed for killing this Messiah, according to the Gospel texts. Furthermore, Atwill says that Josephus' narrative in "The Jewish War" is built around the idea that Daniel’s prophecy was fulfilled by Titus' conquest of Jerusalem and the destruction of the Second Temple. Atwill sees this as an ironic juxtaposition of events, as Titus Flavius destroyed the Temple and conquered Jerusalem, and turned it over to the Romans.  The mythicist Biblical scholar Robert M. Price said that Atwill's view that Titus's conquest was the fulfillment of Jesus' prediction of the fall of Jerusalem, was "one of Atwill's most attractive suggestions". He agreed that the Gospels were based on Josephus, but said that the 'Son of Man' referred to mankind in general.

Josephus’ satirical view of Christianity.

Scholarly debate over Josephus’ knowledge of Christianity has centered on two explicit passages in the "Antiquities of the Jews": the “"Testimonium Flavianum"” ("Ant. 18.3") and a passage that mentions James as the brother of Jesus ("Ant. 20.9"). Atwill argues that in addition to those brief passages, Josephus wrote several vicious satires of the Gospel narrative and Christian faith, indicating that he was highly familiar with its tenets, but also disdainful.  The first occurs at "The Jewish War" 3.10, where Josephus describes an attack by Titus against Jewish rebels (led by a man named Jesus) at the lake of Gennesareth, in which the rebels are drowned and speared like fish. The Sea of Galilee (another term for the lake of Gennesaret) is the lake where Jesus told his disciples that they would become "fishers of men" in Luke 3:21. Josephus enigmatically describes the lake of Gennesereth as ‘a vein of the Nile’ where 'Coracin fish' grow. "Chorazain" was a Galilean rebel town, cursed by Jesus at Matthew 11:21. Atwill argues that the two events, both built on the "fishers of men" trope, must be read together to understand the satirical meaning of the authors.  In "Wars 4.7," the rebel leader John is described as suffering a sort of inflammation or distemper. His party meets Vespasian at Gadara, where the rebels are driven into the River Jordan. The passage contains dense verbal parallels to the Gospel description of Jesus meeting the demoniac at the land of Gadarenes, who contains a legion of unclean spirits that enter into herd of swine and then drown themselves in the sea. According to Josephus, the Romans captured a ‘mighty prey’ of livestock, but no swine. Atwill conjectures that there were no swine captured because they had all run into the river.  The Gospel narratives of Luke 10:38-42 and John 12:2-3 describe a dinner just after Lazarus has been raised from the dead. "They made him a supper", John says, and "Mary has chosen the good portion." Atwill sees this as a macabre cannibalistic double entendre, and a parallel to "Wars 6.3", in which Josephus describes a woman named Mary who is pierced by famine. She roasts her baby son as if he was a Passover lamb, eating half of him while saving "a very fine portion" to be eaten later. "Come, eat of this food", she says, in words which (Atwill argues) are reminiscent of the Catholic eucharist.  "Wars 6.5" describes the fate of a certain Jesus, the son of Ananus. This Jesus cries "A voice from the east, a voice from the west, a voice from the four winds, a voice against Jerusalem and the holy house, a voice against the bridegrooms and the brides, and a voice against this whole people!" No matter how severely whipped, this Jesus simply repeats again and again, "Woe, woe to Jerusalem." Finally he says, "woe to myself also", and he is killed by a stone from the Roman artillery. In these passages, Atwill sees a parody of Jesus' sayings in Matt. 23:13-33, 24:27-25:1 and Luke 11:43-52.  Atwill claims to have discovered another sprawling satire in the Gospels and Josephus, which he calls the "New Root and Branch." Atwill wrote: "The purpose of this particular satire is to document that the 'root' and 'branch' of the Judaic messianic lineage has been destroyed and that a Roman lineage has been 'grafted on' in its place."  The mythicist Richard Carrier analyzed all of these alleged parallels, and stated that they can be explained as either coincidences, mistranslations, or references to Old Testament sources or tropes.

The Testimonium Flavianum and the Decius Mundus puzzle.

Atwill argues (contrary to many scholars) that the "Testimonium Flavianum" ("Ant. 18.3") is genuine because he sees it as the introduction to a literary triptych. Immediately following the Testimonium Flavianum is the story of Decius Mundus, who pretends to be the god Anubis, to trick a woman named Paulina into having sex. Atwill sees Decius' name as a pun on Publius Decius Mus, a sacrificial hero of the Roman Republic. As the story continues, Paulina's husband Saturninus agrees that it would be no sin for Paulina to have sex with a god. So Paulina and Decius Mundus sleep together, but Mundus returns on the third day to boast that he is not a god. Atwill argues that Mundus' return is a parody of Jesus' resurrection, and that his worshippers Paulina and Saturninus have obviously been swindled.  Albert Bell, in his paper "Josephus the Satirist?", speculated that the satirical nature of the Decius Mundus story was understood in the 4th century. According to Bell, the author of pseudo-Hegesippus may have elaborated on the joke by making Paulina become possibly pregnant by Anubis, thus making her parody of the Virgin Mary.

Author.

As a youth, Joseph Atwill studied Greek, Latin and the Bible at St. Mary's Military Academy, a Jesuit-run school in Japan. In college he studied computer science, and was co-founder of a series of software companies including Ferguson Tool Company and ASNA. After 1995, he returned to Biblical studies. Working with Robert Eisenman, he authored a paper on radiocarbon dating of the Dead Sea Scrolls. In 2014, Atwill self-published another book, "Shakespeare's Secret Messiah."

Publishing and marketing.

In 2006, "Caesar's Messiah" was published by Ulysses Press. The book carried an endorsement from Robert Eisenman, who wrote: "Challenging and provocative... If what Joseph Atwill is saying is only partially true, we are looking into the abyss". The work was also endorsed by Rod Blackhirst and Jan Koster. In a review of Atwill's thesis at "The Village Voice," Eisenman explained to reporter Edmund Newton that he has long believed that the Gospel texts were "over-written" to give them a pro-Roman slant. With his discoveries, "Atwill may have carried it a step forward." In 2008, the book was published in German as "Das Messias Raetsel," which received several reviews in mainstream German publications. In 2012, the book was used as a basis for a film by director Fritz Heede and producer Nijole Sparkis, with interviews with Atwill, Eisenman, Kenneth Humphreys, Timothy Freke and Dorothy Murdock.  In 2013, the conference "Covert Messiah" was organized in London to discuss the film and the book's thesis. The conference attracted significant interest, but also a critique from Richard Carrier. Atwill posted a response to Carrier at his website.  Atwill's 2014 book "Shakespeare's Secret Messiah" expanded the thesis of Roman authorship of the New Testament, to suggest that the Pauline epistles and Revelation were written during or after the reign of Domitian.

Reception.

The mythicist Biblical scholar Robert M. Price said that Atwill "gives himself license to indulge in the most outrageous display of parallelomania ever seen." Price acknowledges that the New Testament has "persistent pro-Roman tendencies", but says this was done "for apologetical reasons, to avoid persecution." The mythicist Richard Carrier similarly stated that all of Atwill's alleged parallels can be explained as either coincidences, mistranslations, or references to Old Testament sources or tropes. However, Carrier also agreed that the New Testament has pro-Roman aspects. According to Carrier, "Christianity "was" probably constructed to 'divert Jewish hostility and aggressiveness into a pacifist religion, supportive of–and subservient to–Roman rule,' but not by Romans, but exasperated Jews like Paul."  Biblical scholar Bart Ehrman said "I know sophomores in college who could rip this... to shreds" and pointed out that Atwill had "no training in any relevant field."

Caesar’s Messiah is a 2005 book by Joseph Atwill, which argues that the New Testament Gospels were written as wartime propaganda by scholars connected to the Roman imperial court of the Flavian emperors: Vespasian, Titus and Domitian. According to Atwill, their primary purpose in creating the religion was to control the spread of Judaism and moderate its political virulence. The Jewish nationalist Zealots had been defeated in the First Jewish–Roman War of 70 AD, but Judaism remained an influential movement throughout the Mediterranean region. Atwill argues that the biblical character Jesus Christ is a typological representation of the Roman Emperor Titus.

Das Messias-Rätsel ist der Titel der deutschen Übersetzung eines 2005 unter dem Titel "Caesars Messiah – The Roman Conspiracy to Invent Jesus" erschienenen Buches von Joseph Atwill.


Organization and Mission.

The Zeravani are under the operational control of the Kurdish Ministry of the Interior but are a part of the Peshmerga (armed forces), and provide security for government and industrial property and support to civilian police & the military. The first Commanding Chief of Zerevani was Faridun Jwanroyi, Fraydoon resigned in 2010 and Aziz Weysi Bani was assigned as the Major General of the Zerevani.  The Zeravani were established in 1997 by the KDP in order to support police and Asaysh forces; according to Major General Aziz Waisi, the Zeravani's role over the years expanded to also protect electricity stations and water resources, as well as embassies, consulates, government offices and other sensitive targets.  According to Stratfor, as of 2004 two Zeravani divisions (totaling 30,000 troops) were established in the Iraqi Federal Police. In 2011, the Zeravani strength was of 47,000, while as of 2017, Zeravani strength is of 51,000; among these, there are several Iraqi Christians.  Zeravani accept recruits aged between 18 and 27. They need to provide an Iraqi national ID and food coupons, to be literate, to have a clean record and a recommendation in terms of moral and loyalty issues; women are allowed to serve.

Issues.

In June 2008, the Zeravani were the subject of an Amnesty International campaign after the alleged kidnap of a Kurdish journalist. According to Canadian website "McLeans.ca", the Zeravani are considered loyal to the ruling Kurdistan Democratic Party; according to Major General Aziz Waisi, all political activities are forbidden within the Zeravani, although party membership is allowed.

International training and operations.

In November 2009, the Zerevani began training conducted alongside the Iraqi Federal Police, in order to conduct effective police work and counter-insurgency operations. Since 2014, also the Zeravani have undergone training with the Combined Joint Task Force – Operation Inherent Resolve. The Zerevani training is conducted primarily by the Italian Carabinieri, but also by Canadian, British, German, Dutch, Norwegian, Finnish and Hungarian forces. As of 2016, the Zerevani were also trained by Italian Army  A Zeravani division led by Colonel Abu Rish was fighting against ISIS near Mosul during summer 2015; in 2016 the Zeravani, according to Colonel Abdularrahman Hassan, still occupied frontline positions around Mosul.

Current equipment of the Peshmerga.

Because Zerevani forces were low on equipment when they began training, the Peshmerga army donated some of their weapons to the Zerevani. The Kurdistan Regional Government set them up a base and allowed them to buy their own weapons. They are usually armed with AKMs, RPKs (light Soviet machine guns) and DShKs (heavy Soviet machine guns). Some Zervani companies are however armed with American rifles ( M4A1 and M16 )

The Zerevani () (or Zeravani, sometimes Zeravani Army) are the militarized police force (described as a gendarmerie by some) are operated by the Kurdistan Regional Government of Iraq.

Die Zeravani oder Zerevani ( "Zêrevanî") sind militarisierte Polizeikräfte der autonomen Region Kurdistan und Teil der Peschmerga-Verbände. Erste internationale Bekanntheit erlangten sie 2014 durch ihr Angebot an die kurdischen Kämpfer in Ain al-Arab in Syrien sie im Kampf um Kobanê zu unterstützen.


Development.

K9's co-creator, Bob Baker, had long sought to produce a television series starring the character. Indeed, in 1997 "Doctor Who Magazine" announced that Baker and producer Paul Tams were producing a four-part pilot series provisionally called "The Adventures of K9". The magazine stated that the pilot would be filmed that year "on a'seven-figure' budget", and that the BBC had expressed interest in purchasing the broadcast rights. However, funding proved elusive, and despite persistent rumours, the series remained in "development hell" for many years. In 2006, Jetix Europe announced that they were "teaming up" with Baker, Tams, and London-based distributor Park Entertainment to develop a 26-part series, then titled "K9 Adventures" and set in space. This announcement, timed to coincide with K9's return to "Doctor Who" in the episode "School Reunion", was picked up in the British media and "Doctor Who" fan press. In 2007, Park Entertainment revealed that the main setting for the series (by then retitled "K-9") would be the "Platte", "an old Prairie-class spacecraft" once used for asteroid colonization. In addition to K9, the characters would include Slocum, a thirty-something "space gypsy", and Djinn, "an overactive computer module in the shape of an attractive young woman". This early premise was abandoned before production began in Australia.

Production.

Each episode of "K-9" is approximately 25 minutes long, made for Disney XD (formerly Jetix) and Network Ten by Stewart & Wall Entertainment, in association with London-based distribution company Park Entertainment. The project is being overseen by Baker; the television series concept was developed by Australian writers Shane Krause and Shayne Armstrong, in association with Baker and Paul Tams. Krause and Armstrong are the primary writers for the series; four episodes were written by Queensland writer Jim Noble. The series is produced by Penny Wall and Richard Stewart of Stewart & Wall Entertainment Pty Ltd, and Simon Barnes of Park Entertainment. Grant Bradley of Daybreak Pacific and Jim Howell serve as executive producers. Michael Carrington, head of animation and programme acquisitions for BBC Children's, told "Broadcast" that the BBC had declined the opportunity to be involved in the production of a K9 series, saying, "As the BBC is already committed to a number of spin-off projects, we concluded that a K9 series may simply be an extension too far." BBC-owned characters like the Doctor will not appear in the series, due to rights considerations.  In July 2007, the Australian Film Finance Corporation approved funding for the series, and the programme was pre-sold to Network Ten. The Pacific Film and Television Commission (PFTC) (subsequently renamed Screen Queensland) also provided additional financing. The first series was shot between 3 December 2008 and 8 May 2009. The series is produced in Brisbane, Australia, shooting on location around the city and on a set built in a South Brisbane warehouse. A logo for the series was released on 27 February bearing some similarities to the original font seen on the casing of K9. A trailer produced to promote the series at MIPTV was released on 2 April 2009. As it was made early in production, the music, titles, and voice of K9 were not the final ones used in the programme. A second trailer was released on 1 October 2009.

Concept.

"K-9" is set in near-future London, with 14-year-old characters Starkey and Jorjie, alongside a Professor Gryffen, who is experimenting with a Space-Time Manipulator, and 15-year-old Darius who runs errands for Gryffen. K9 Mark I follows the villainous reptilian warrior Jixen who come through a space-time portal created by the professor's experiments and saves the Londoners. While protecting them, K9 is forced to self-destruct, but is able to give Starkey instructions to rebuild him in a more advanced form. K9 and the humans then form the front line defence against alien menaces from outer space and other times. The "Brisbane Times" reports that the series is set in London in the year 2050 and Professor Gryffen is employed by a clandestine government agency, "The Department". The design of K9 is noticeably different from that seen in "Doctor Who" because although Bob Baker owns the character rights to K9, the original character design is owned by the BBC.

Connections to "Doctor Who".

As this is not a BBC production, direct references to "Doctor Who" are not legally allowed for rights reasons. However, Baker and Tams have confirmed that this K9 is the original K9 Mark I, who appeared in "Doctor Who" from "The Invisible Enemy" (1977) to "The Invasion of Time" (1978). This model was last seen in the possession of Leela on Gallifrey; in the first episode, the robot dog is damaged and undergoes a "regeneration" into a new, more advanced form capable of flight. He then explains that most of his memory was damaged, so he cannot remember anything about himself or his past.  The decision to launch the show in Australia on 3 April, the launch date for "Doctor Who"'s "The Eleventh Hour", which introduced Matt Smith as the Eleventh Doctor, was interpreted by the Gawker Media blog io9 as a way of taking advantage of the latter show's popularity to boost interest in the new show.

Casting.

John Leeson reprises his role as the voice of K9. Sixteen-year-old Brisbane native Philippa Coulthard plays Jorjie Turner, a rebellious 15-year-old whose mother works for the mysterious "Department". 20-year-old Keegan Joyce plays Starkey, a 14-year-old orphan rebel; and 21-year-old Daniel Webber plays Darius Pike, an assistant to Professor Gryffen, who is played by Canadian character actor Robert Moloney. Recurring cast members include Robyn Moore as Jorjie's mother June Turner, and Connor Van Vuuren as Inspector Drake, later replaced by Jared Robinsen as Inspector Thorne.

Broadcast.

The first episode aired as a sneak preview of the series on Halloween 2009 on satellite channel Disney XD in the UK & Ireland. The full series later aired on Network Ten in Australia, Disney XD in the UK & Ireland, Scandinavia, Poland, Italy and The Netherlands; and Disney Channel CEE in Bulgaria, Romania, Moldava, Slovakia, Hungary and the Czech Republic. It was subsequently syndicated around the globe, including on Channel 5 in the UK and on Cartoon Network in New Zealand. In the UK, Channel 5 broadcast the first season between December 2010 and April 2011. The US cable channel Syfy began airing the series on 25 December 2012, initially by broadcasting the entire first season in an all-day marathon.

Merchandise.

"The Complete Book of K-9", a piece of non-fiction that follows the story of K9 through all four models, crossing over from "Doctor Who", "K-9 & Company", "The Sarah Jane Adventures" and "K-9" itself, has been advertised. A tie-in called "The K-9 Storybook" was also due to be released in 2013, containing behind-the-scenes extras, short stories, comic strips and other material from the live-action series. There are also K-9 Mark 2 figurines ready for sale.  In 2019, Obverse Books published the third in their "Time's Mosaic" series of guidebooks to Doctor Who by Finn Clark, in part covering the K9 Television series and associated spin-offs.

Awards.

In 2009, Shayne Armstrong and SP Krause, writers and developers of the series for television, won the John Hinde Award for Science-Fiction at the Australian Writers Guild AWGIES for their script for the episode "The Fall of the House of Gryffen". The episode was also a nominee in the category for Best Children's Television in that year.  In 2009, Shayne Armstrong and SP Krause were also nominated as finalists in the Queensland Premier's Literary Awards for Best Television Script for the episode "Regeneration".  In 2010, Tony O'Loughlan, Director of Photography for the show won two bronze awards at the Queensland and Northern Territory Cinematographer Awards for his work on the episodes "Angel of the North" and "The Eclipse of the Korven".  Series VFX Director and Director of 4 other episode, David Napier, was nominated for 'Best Direction in Children's Television' at the 2010 Australian Directors Guild Awards for episode 26 'Eclipse of the Korven'.

Proposed further series and film.

The show's creators stated that a second series was in development. A new design of K9 for series 2 was scheduled to be unveiled by Bob Baker and Paul Tams at the Who Shop on 27 July 2013. Bob Baker told an interviewer in 2014, "Paul and I are in process of getting another series going. Hope it doesn’t take another eleven years!". Paul Tams revealed on a Kickstarter page for his proposed "Marti" series that he and Baker are sitting out a protracted production deal before bringing back the series in a reboot titled "K9 Adventures". In April 2016, Bob Baker stated in an interview posted on K9 OFFICIAL PAGE on Facebook that the TV series will not continue and they will for now just focus on the TimeQuake film.  On 24 October 2015, Bob Baker and Paul Tams announced the film "K9: TimeQuake" which was destined for cinemas in 2017 and was to feature the robot dog facing off against classic Doctor Who villain Omega in deep space. The film has no connection to the TV series. As of 2018 there have been no casting announcements.  On 9 September 2018, it was announced on the Official K9 Facebook page that "a new multi Million Dollar series" was in development under a partnership with "a major US/UK company" prior to the release of the feature film. The film is to be set in space (similar to Guardians of the Galaxy). Omega is still set to play a part, but the idea of including other classic characters such as the Axons hasn't been dismissed. Further information was promised "in early 2019" but this time has since passed with no further information forthcoming.

K-9 is a British-Australian science-fiction adventure series for young adults focusing on the adventures of the robot dog K9 from the television show "Doctor Who", achieved by mixing computer animation and live action. It is aimed at an audience of 11- to 15-year-olds. A single series of the programme was made in Brisbane, Australia, with co-production funding from Australia and the United Kingdom. It aired in 2009 and 2010 on Network Ten in Australia, and on Disney XD in the UK, as well as being broadcast on other Disney XD channels in Europe.

K-9 ist eine britisch-australische Science-Fiction-Fernsehserie. Sie ist ein Ableger der seit 1963 ausgestrahlten britischen Fernsehserie Doctor Who und lief von 2009 bis 2010 auf Disney XD.


Career.

Swindon Town.

Born in Plymouth, Tozer began his career as a youth player at his local club Plymouth Argyle, where he studied for a BTEC National Diploma in Sport at City College Plymouth and was part of the College's Football Development Centre. Former Argyle youth coach David Byrne, who by this point had taken up a similar role at Swindon Town persuaded the Tozer family to allow Ben to join him in Wiltshire alongside fellow Argyle youngster Ben Joyce.  On 14 August 2007, Tozer made a surprise full debut for Swindon as a makeshift left-back in the League Cup match with Charlton Athletic.  In November 2007 Tozer started a 4-day trial with Everton, returning in time for Swindon's FA Cup game with Forest Green. This led the club's confirmed speculation that the club keen to sign Tozer.

Newcastle United.

Tozer moved to Newcastle United on 7 January 2008, penning a four-and-a-half-year deal with the club.  On 11 May, against Everton, Tozer was named on the substitutes bench, but did not play. On 22 September 2009, Tozer made his Newcastle debut starting at centre back alongside Steven Taylor against Peterborough United in the Football League Cup. Newcastle, fielding a side full of youngsters, lost the game 2–0. Tozer went on to make his league debut in a 2–1 home win against Doncaster Rovers, coming on as an 87th-minute substitute for Jonás Gutiérrez.

Northampton Town.

On 21 September 2010 Tozer signed on loan at Northampton Town on a one-month loan.  Tozer made his debut the following day in the Cobblers famous 3rd round League Cup win over Liverpool, and the following Saturday scored on his Northampton League debut in the 2–0 win over Bradford City. Tozer was sent off in the game at home to Hereford United for violent conduct, which resulted in the Cobblers delaying renewing his loan until after he served his 3-game ban. Tozer had his loan extended twice: the first extension came until 9 January 2011 and the second extension came until the end of the season. Tozer went to make thirty-one appearances and scoring twice this season against Aldershot Town on 19 February 2011 and Morecambe on 7 May 2011.  Tozer signed a permanent deal with Northampton Town on 23 June 2011, following his release by Newcastle United. Tozer made his Northampton Town debut, in the opening game of the season, a 0–0 draw against Accrington Stanley. Weeks later, Tozer scored his first Northampton Town goal since making his move permanent, in the first round of League Cup, in a 2–1 win over Ipswich Town. In his first full season at Northampton Town, Tozer was almost ever present player with forty-five appearances and scoring three times against Barnet on 1 October 2011, Shrewsbury Town on 19 November 2011 and Cheltenham Town on 3 March 2012.  The 2012–13 season saw Tozer started the season well after results went well for the first three matches. Tozer then provided double assist, losing 3–2 against Plymouth Argyle on 1 September 2012. Following his grandfather's death, Tozer was given a compassionate leave by Aidy Boothroyd. However, Tozer played a match in a 0–0 draw against Chesterfield. Tozer then provided another double assist in another match, winning 3–0 win against Morecambe on 20 November 2012. In March, Tozer was awarded Northampton Audi Player of the Month for February. Tozer went on to make forty-six appearances for the club, making him ever present player throughout the season. Tozer played all three matches in the play-offs and started as a right-back in the play-off final, in a 3–0 defeat to Bradford City. Despite unsuccessful attempt to get promoted to League One, Tozer was offered a new contract and signed a two-year contract on 19 June 2013.  The 2013–14 season saw Tozer featured regularly in the first team for the first five matches at the start of the season. Tozer soon had his playing time reduced following the arrivals of Kevin Amankwaah. With eleven appearances made, Tozer joined League One club Colchester United on an initial one-month loan on 28 November 2013 until 4 January 2014 to provide defensive cover over the Christmas period. He made his debut for the club on 14 December in a 4–0 home defeat to Notts County. He was replaced on 67 minutes by Tosin Olufemi while the score was 2–0. After making one appearance for Colchester United, Tozer was recalled by the club on 23 December 2013. Following his return to Northampton Town, Tozer made a return to the first team, which saw him awarded Northampton Audi Player of the Month for January. Despite being on the substitute bench for nine matches towards the end of the season, Tozer would make twenty-nine appearances for the club. Tozer soon expressed his future in doubt following the arrival of Manager Chris Wilder, who arrived during the season.  The 2014–15 season saw Tozer's playing time increase at the start of the season as a right-back despite being on the bench. The following arrival of Brendan Moloney saw Tozer's playing time reduced to the bench. Soon after, Tozer suffered a knee injury during training that ruled him out for a month. Two months later, Tozer made his return to training. Tozer made his first appearance back from injury, coming on as a substitute for Evan Horwood in the 50th minutes, in a 2–1 loss against Stevenage on 11 April 2015. At the end of the season, Tozer went to make twenty-two appearances for the club. After five years at the club, Tozer was among seven players to be released by the club.

Yeovil Town.

On 19 June 2015, Tozer signed for League Two side Yeovil Town on a one-year deal. Upon signing for the club, Tozer was given a number two shirt ahead of a new season.  However, Tozer's start to his Yeovil Town suffered a setback when he had a cartilage problem and was expected to be sidelined until September. It wasn't until November when Tozer made his return from training and made his Yeovil Town debut in the first round of FA Cup, in a 1–0 win over Maidstone United. Six days later, on 14 November 2015, Tozer made his league debut on 14 November 2015, in a 2–2 draw against Stevenage. A month later on 5 December 2015, Tozer scored his first Yeovil Town goal in the fourth round of the FA Cup, in a 1–0 win over Stevenage, the team he made his debut against. Since making his Yeovil Town, Tozer became a first team regular at the club, where he "made the anchorman role in Way's three-man central midfield his own" and finished the 2015–16 season, making thirty-two appearances and scoring once in all competition.  At the end of the 2015–16 season, Tozer was offered a new contract by the club. On 10 June 2016, a local newspaper based in Yeovil Town reported that Tozer had agreed to sign a new contract with the club. As weeks went by, it was increasingly likely that Tozer would sign a new contract with the club despite continuing to recover from his knee, having become a concern to the club's management.

Newport County.

On 4 July 2016, Tozer rejected Yeovil's offer of a new contract, and signed for fellow League Two side Newport County on a one-year deal. Upon joining the club, Tozer was given a number twelve shirt for a new season.  Tozer made his debut for Newport on 6 August 2016 in the opening game of the season, in a 3–2 loss against Mansfield Town as a second-half substitute. In a match against Doncaster Rovers on 17 September 2016, Tozer made his first start and played the whole game, in a 2–0 loss. He scored his first goal for Newport on 25 October 2016 in the League Two match versus Barnet which ended in a 2–2 draw. He was regularly selected in the first half of the season but then fell out with manager Graham Westley and he was not selected after 7 January 2017 for the rest of the 2016–17 season. By the end of the 2016–17 season Mike Flynn had taken over as Newport County manager and Tozer's contract was extended for a further year.

Cheltenham.

On 24 May 2018, it was announced that Tozer had declined a contract extension at Newport and signed for Cheltenham Town after his Newport contract had expired.  Tozer scored an own goal against Port Vale on 21/12/2019.

Personal life.

Tozer grew up in Plymouth, England and has a brother, Lee, who is a Sunday league footballer/Postman.

Ben Peter Anthony Tozer (born 1 March 1990) is an English professional footballer who plays for club Cheltenham Town as a defensive midfielder.

Ben Peter Anthony Tozer (* 1. März 1990 in Plymouth) ist ein englischer Fußballspieler, der für Northampton Town auf der Position des Verteidigers spielt.


Deborah Cavendish, Duchess of Devonshire

Life.

Known to her family as "Debo", Deborah Mitford was born in Asthall Manor, Oxfordshire, England. Her parents were David Freeman-Mitford, 2nd Baron Redesdale (1878–1958), son of Algernon Freeman-Mitford, 1st Baron Redesdale, and his wife, Sydney (1880–1963), daughter of Thomas Gibson Bowles, MP. She married Lord Andrew Cavendish, younger son of the 10th Duke of Devonshire, in 1941. When Cavendish's older brother, William, Marquess of Hartington, was killed in action in 1944, Cavendish became heir to the dukedom and began to use the courtesy title Marquess of Hartington. In 1950, on the death of his father, the Marquess of Hartington became the 11th Duke of Devonshire.  The Duchess was the main public face of Chatsworth for many decades. She wrote several books about Chatsworth, and played a key role in the restoration of the house, the enhancement of the garden and the development of commercial activities such as Chatsworth Farm Shop (which is on a quite different scale from most farm shops, as it employs a hundred people); Chatsworth's other retail and catering operations; and assorted offshoots such as Chatsworth Food, which sells luxury foodstuffs carrying her signature; and Chatsworth Design, which sells image rights to items and designs from the Chatsworth collections. Recognising the commercial imperatives of running a stately home, she took a very active role and was known to man the Chatsworth House ticket office herself. She also supervised the development of the Cavendish Hotel at Baslow, near Chatsworth, and the Devonshire Arms Hotel at Bolton Abbey.  In 1999, the Duchess was appointed a Dame Commander of the Royal Victorian Order (DCVO) by Queen Elizabeth II, for her service to the Royal Collection Trust. Upon the death of her husband in 2004, her son Peregrine Cavendish became the 12th Duke of Devonshire. She became the Dowager Duchess of Devonshire at this time, and moved into a smaller house on the Chatsworth estate.  She and the duke had seven children, four of whom died shortly after birth:  She was a maternal aunt of Max Mosley, former president of the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA), as well as the grandmother of fashion model Stella Tennant.

Death.

Her death, at the age of 94, was announced on 24 September 2014. The Duchess was survived by three of her seven children, eight grandchildren and eighteen great-grandchildren.

Selected interviews.

Cavendish was interviewed on her experience of sitting for a portrait for painter Lucian Freud in the BBC series "Imagine" in 2004.  In an interview with John Preston of "The Daily Telegraph", published in September 2007, she recounted having tea with Adolf Hitler during a visit to Munich in June 1937, when she was visiting Germany with her mother and her sister Unity, the latter being the only one of the three who spoke German and, therefore the one who carried on the entire conversation with Hitler. Shortly before ending the interview, Preston asked her to choose with whom she would have preferred to have tea: American singer Elvis Presley or Hitler. Looking at the interviewer with astonishment, she answered: "Well, Elvis of course! What an extraordinary question."  In 2010, the BBC journalist Kirsty Wark interviewed the Duchess for "Newsnight". In it, the Duchess talked about life in the 1930s and 1940s, Hitler, the Chatsworth estate, and the marginalisation of the upper classes. She was also interviewed on 23 December by Charlie Rose for PBS.  On 10 November 2010, she was interviewed as part of "The Artists, Poets, and Writers Lecture Series" sponsored by the Frick Collection, an interview which focused on her memoir and her published correspondence with Patrick Leigh Fermor.

Deborah Vivien Cavendish, Duchess of Devonshire, (born Deborah Vivien Freeman-Mitford and latterly Deborah, Dowager Duchess of Devonshire; 31 March 1920 – 24 September 2014) was an English aristocrat, writer, memoirist and socialite. She was the youngest and last surviving of the six Mitford sisters, who were prominent members of English society in the 1930s and 1940s.

Deborah Vivien Cavendish, Duchess of Devonshire (* 31. März 1920 im Asthall Manor, Asthall, Oxfordshire, England als Deborah Vivien Mitford; † 24. September 2014 im Chatsworth House, Bakewell, Derbyshire) war eine britische Herzogin, Unternehmerin und Autorin.


History.

The region around what would later be first called Shibboleth was a summer home to the Sioux and Winnebago nations. The first settlement that became Shibboleth was established in 1853 at the confluence of the Winnebago River and Calmus Creek. The town had several names: Shibboleth, Masonic Grove, and Masonville, until Mason City was adopted in 1855, in honor of a founder's son, Mason Long.  In 1854, John McMillin opened the first store, and Dr. Silas Card opened the first medical practice in the area. Lizzie Thompson established the first schoolhouse in a log cabin in 1856. The United States Post Office Department started service to the town in 1857. Mason City was named as the county seat in 1858.

Musical heritage.

Mason City is known for its musical heritage, consistently producing successful performers and educators. The city's "favorite son," Meredith Willson, grew up in Mason City and played in the Mason City Symphonic Band as a high school student. Willson's crowning achievement was the famous stage musical "The Music Man". Many of the characters in it were based on people Willson knew from his childhood in Mason City.

Geography.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of, of which is land and is water.

Demographics.

2010 census.

As of the census of 2010, there were 28,079 people, 12,366 households, and 7,210 families living in the city. The population density was. There were 13,352 housing units at an average density of. The racial makeup of the city was 93.8% White, 1.8% African American, 0.3% Native American, 0.9% Asian, 1.3% from other races, and 1.9% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 5.1% of the population.  There were 12,366 households of which 26.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 43.2% were married couples living together, 10.8% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.3% had a male householder with no wife present, and 41.7% were non-families. 35.0% of all households were made up of individuals and 13.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.20 and the average family size was 2.83.  The median age in the city was 40.9 years. 21.9% of residents were under the age of 18; 9.7% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 23.1% were from 25 to 44; 28.2% were from 45 to 64; and 17.1% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48.2% male and 51.8% female.

2000 census.

As of the census of 2000, there were 29,172 people, 12,368 households, and 7,507 families living in the city. The population density was 1,131.3 people per square mile (436.7/km). There were 13,029 housing units at an average density of 505.3 per square mile (195.1/km). The racial makeup of the city was 95.40% White, 1.17% African American, 0.18% Native American, 0.77% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 1.07% from other races, and 1.40% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.45% of the population.  There were 12,368 households out of which 28.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 47.4% were married couples living together, 10.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 39.3% were non-families. 33.5% of all households were made up of individuals and 14.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.27 and the average family size was 2.90.  In the city the population was spread out with 23.6% under the age of 18, 10.2% from 18 to 24, 26.7% from 25 to 44, 21.7% from 45 to 64, and 17.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 90.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 85.8 males.  The median income for a household in the city was $33,852, and the median income for a family was $45,160. Males had a median income of $32,451 versus $21,756 for females. The per capita income for the city was $18,899. About 7.2% of families and 10.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 10.9% of those under age 18 and 10.1% of those age 65 or over.

Economy.

Mason City has a very diverse employment base covering multiple sectors of the economy including Manufacturing, Health, Financial Services, Technology and Education, with no one sector or employer dominating the market.  The largest employer is MercyOne North Iowa Medical Center, formerly known as Mercy Medical Center-North Iowa, and before that as St. Joseph Mercy Hospital, is the region's largest hospital. The facility serves 14 counties across northern Iowa. In June 2019, the hospital opened a new $10.6 million behavioral center. The new center will help MercyOne to increase the number of behavioral health-care services it can offer to those in the community it serves who are struggling with mental illness and substance abuse issues. MercyOne to open $10.6 million behavioral center  Other major employers include door manufacturer Curries/Graham Company, Woodhardbor Cabinetry Manufacturers, Principal Financial, Cargill Kitchen Solutions and the Kraft Foods plant that produces the nation's entire supply of refrigerated ready-to-eat Jell-O pudding snacks. Mason City is also a major production center for Portland Cement. In November 2007, Reyes Holding / Martin-Brower opened a distribution facility serving McDonald's in 5 states.  In March 2016, North Carolina based company Prestage Farms proposed to build a $240 million pork processing plant or slaughterhouse in Mason City, employing about 1,800 people. In May, the Mason City Council cast a tie vote rejecting the proposed project. Plant opponents raised environmental issues and expressed concern about possible harm to property values.

Arts and culture.

Events and festivals.

In late May or early June Mason City holds an annual celebration of its musical heritage called The North Iowa Band Festival. School bands from across the Midwest compete during the parade to be named the best band. The home bands, Mason City High School and Newman Catholic High School Marching Bands, do not compete but do perform in the parade. Meredith Willson returned to participate in the festival many times.  Mason City is widely known for its collection of Prairie School architecture, the largest concentration of any city in Iowa. At least 32 houses and one commercial building were built in the Prairie Style between 1908 and 1922, 17 of which are listed on the National Register of Historic Places and eight more are contributing properties to a historic district.

Landmarks.

The first two Prairie structures, the Dr. G.C. Stockman House (1908) and the Park Inn Hotel and City National Bank Buildings (1909–1910) were both designed by Frank Lloyd Wright. The hotel and bank, a mixed-use development at the corner of State and Federal Avenues, was the first to be commissioned by local attorneys James E. E. Markley and James E. Blythe. Within a year, Wright was hired to design the Stockman House by Markley's neighbor. Both the Park Inn Hotel and Stockman House suffered from neglect and unsympathetic alterations before they were saved by community organizations. In 1989, the Stockman House was moved four blocks to prevent its demolition; it was subsequently restored and opened to the public by the River City Society for Historic Preservation. Likewise, Wright on the Park, Inc. began restoration on the Park Inn Hotel in 2005 and the former City National Bank building in 2007. The organization reopened both buildings as a boutique hotel in August 2011. The Park Inn Hotel is last remaining of the few hotels that Wright completed during his career and is considered a prototype for Wright's Imperial Hotel.  The Rock Glen and Rock Crest National Historic district is a small enclave of single-family homes situated along the banks of Willow Creek five blocks east of downtown. It is the largest collection of prairie style homes in a natural setting in the world. It features both Prairie School and Usonian design. Five of these houses were designed by Walter Burley Griffin and Marion Mahony Griffin, two by Francis Barry Byrne, and others by William Drummond, Einar Broaten, and Curtis Besinger.  In addition to Prairie Style architecture, Mason City is home to extensive Victorian, Craftsman, and Bungalow style homes, as well as historic commercial structures dates from between 1892 and 1940, including the Brick and Tile Building at the intersection of State and Delaware Streets.  The Mason City Public Library was designed by Chicago architects Holabird and Root in 1939.  The Len Jus Building on North Federal Avenue has an extremely rare sheet-metal facade, it had been placed on the Iowa Historic Preservation Alliance's Most Endangered list because of its poor repair and indifferent ownership, but is now being rehabilitated by the new owner.

Sports.

Mason City has some history of minor league sports teams despite its relatively small size.  The North Iowa Bulls hockey team began play in Mason City during the 2011–2012 NA3HL season. The Bulls won the Silver Cup in 2013, 2014 and 2016. They have also gone on to win the Tier III National Championship in 2013 and 2015. The North Iowa Outlaws junior hockey team began play in the North American Hockey League in 2005. They were in Mason City until 2010, when they relocated to Onalaska, Wisconsin to become the Coulee Region Chill. The former North Iowa Huskies played in the United States Hockey League until 1999.  Mason City was home to minor league baseball. The Mason City Cementmakers (1912) and Mason City Claydiggers (1915-1917) played as members of the Iowa State League (1912) and Central Association (1915–1917). The teams played at Hanford Park.  The Mason City Bats of the short-lived Great Central League played baseball here in 1994.  College Football Hall of Fame coach Barry Alvarez led Mason City High School to the 1978 Class 4A state football championship with a 15–13 victory over Dubuque Hempstead.  River City Rugby Football Club was established in Mason City in 1972. The Club competes in two separate two-month seasons, April and May, and September and October. The Club celebrated its 40th anniversary in June 2012. Over 250 players have played for the Club since it first began. The Club competes against teams from Iowa, Minnesota and Nebraska in the Midwest Division 3.

Education.

Primary and secondary schools.

Mason City Community School District operates the following schools: Harding Elementary School, Hoover Elementary School, Jefferson Elementary School, Roosevelt Elementary School, Lincoln Intermediate School (5–6), John Adams Junior High School (7–8), Mason City High School, (9–12), Mason City Alternative High School, Madison Early Childhood Center. Past schools include Lincoln, Washington, Grant and Garfield elementary schools, and Monroe and Roosevelt junior high schools.  Newman Catholic Elementary/Middle School, Newman Catholic High School, and North Iowa Christian School. Mason City is also the home of the Worldwide College of Auctioning founded in 1933 by the well-known auctioneer Col. Joe Reisch and subsequently owned/operated for many years by Col. Gordon E. Taylor.

Tertiary education.

Mason City is home to several institutions of higher education, including the North Iowa Area Community College (formerly Mason City Junior College), a branch of Buena Vista University which is located on the NIACC campus, and Purdue University Global formerly known as Kaplan University. Purdue University to acquire Mason City Kaplan campus Hamilton College, a business school, has operated in the city since 1900.

Media.

Movies and documentaries.

The town is featured prominently in the first episode of the 12-part documentary film "". In the 1989 movie "UHF" the character Stanley Spadowski (played by Michael Richards) is seen wearing a Mason City t-shirt.  Mason City served as the inspiration for the fictional town of River City, Iowa, in "The Music Man", a musical that was composed and written by Mason City native son Meredith Willson (although the 1962 film, which had its world premiere in Mason City, was shot entirely at Warner Bros. Studios in Burbank, California).

Infrastructure.

Surface transportation.

The majority of Mason City is served by Iowa Highway 122 and U.S. Route 65. U.S. Route 18 now bypasses the city to the south. Interstate 35 (eight miles to the west) serves the city as well.

Rail service.

Mason City is home to the Iowa Traction Railway. The IATR is one of the last surviving electric interurban railroads in the U. S., and the only one that still uses electric locomotives to haul freight in regular service.  Mason City also is served by the Canadian Pacific Railway and Union Pacific Railroad. The Canadian Pacific track is part of its US subsidiary the Dakota, Minnesota and Eastern Railroad ( former I&M Rail Link and Milwaukee Road trackage. The Union Pacific's track was inherited from the Chicago and North Western Transportation Company when it bought it in the 1990s. Much of the trackage is composed of the old Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railroad's (aka Rock Island Railroad )  While the Iowa Northern Railway does not operate in the city of Mason City, it does serve other communities in the Mason City micropolitan statistical area. The Iowa Northern has facilities in Manly, Iowa.

Airports.

The city also hosts Mason City Municipal Airport, (MCW) with commercial service by Air Choice One. It is the airport from which early rock and roll stars Buddy Holly, Ritchie Valens and The Big Bopper (J.P. Richardson) took off on the night of February 3, 1959, after a concert at the Surf Ballroom in nearby Clear Lake, Iowa, en route to Fargo, N.D. The plane crashed a few miles west of the airport in an historic event later referred to as the Day the Music Died. Holly, Valens, Richardson and pilot Roger Peterson all died in the accident.

Sister city.

Mason City, Iowa, and Montegrotto Terme, Italy, created a Sister City relationship in the spring of 2005. This relationship creates a bridge between the two cities that citizens can use to build new and lasting friendships and relationships.

Mason City is the county seat of Cerro Gordo County, Iowa, United States. The population was 28,079 in the 2010 census, a decline from 29,172 in the 2000 census. The Mason City Micropolitan Statistical Area includes all of Cerro Gordo and Worth counties. It is commonly referred to as the "River City", as the city grew up centered on the Winnebago River.

Mason City ist eine Stadt (mit dem Status „City“) und Verwaltungssitz des Cerro Gordo County im US-amerikanischen Bundesstaat Iowa. Im Jahr 2010 hatte Mason City 28.079 Einwohner, deren Zahl sich bis 2013 auf 27.704 verringerte.


Declaration of Independence (Azerbaijan)

History.

At the beginning of 1918, the political situation in the Caucasus remained critical. After the failure of the Russian-Germany peace talks in Brest-Litovsk, the German-Turkish troops began to attack on 6 December 1917 in the Caucasus. At the beginning of January 1918 Turkish troops were able to capture the Kars and Batumi provinces.  Deputies from the Transcaucasus elected to the Russian Entrepreneurial Council decided to establish a Transcaucasian Sejm- the Transcaucasian Parliament as the government body in the country on February 14, 1918.  30 members of Musavat Party and the Democratic Party of Neutral people, 7 members from the Muslim Socialists, 3 members from the İttihad Party, 4 members from the Democratic Socialist-Democratic Menshevik Party, included to Transcaucasian Sejm.(Parliament) As a result, 44 Azerbaijanis took place the Transcaucasian Seim and established the Muslim fraction of the Sejm. These were:  From "Musavat" Party and a group of Democratic neutralities: Mammad Yusif Jafarov, AliMardan Topchubashov, Mammad Amin Rasulzadeh, Nasib Yusifbayli, Hasan bey Aghayev, Khosrov bay Sultanov, Mammadhasan Hajinski, Mir Hidayat bay Seyidov, Fatali Khan Khoyski, Khalil bey Khasmammadov, Ahmed Bey Mahammadbeyov, Aslan bey Gardashov, Shafi bay Rustambeyli, Javad Malik-Yeganov, Mustafa Mahmudov, Mehdi bey Hajibababeyov, Haji Selim Akhundzadeh, Mehdi bey Hacinski, Khudadat bey Malik-Aslanov, Museyib bey Eqikanova, Lutfali bey Behbudov, Firudin bey Kocharli, Ibrahim aga Vakilov, Hamid bey Shakhtakhtinski, Rahim bay Vakilov, Alasgar bey Mahmudbeyov, Yusif Efendizade, Mirza Jamal Yusifzade, Mammadrza aga Vakilov, Islam bey Gabulzadeh.

Adoption.

On 28 May 1918 in the palace of the former governor of the Russian emperor in the Caucasus in Tiflis, in the blue saloon for Muslim group of Transcaucasian Seim members of Azerbaijan National Council gathered at the meeting chaired by Dr. Hasan bey Aghayev. Dr. Hasan bey Aghayev informed the participants about the collapse of the Transcaucasian Sejm, as well as prevailing in the region internal and external situation. Aghayev put the consideration of the free and independent Azerbaijan. After a long and thorough discussion, the Secretary Mustafa Mahmudov read the names of voters; 24 votes, with 2 abstentions, adopted a Declaration of Independence of Azerbaijan. The Declaration was signed by Hasan bey Aghayev, Fatali Khan Khoyski, Nasib Yusifbeyli, Jamo bey Hajinski, Shafi bey Rustambeyli, Nariman bey Narimanbeyov, Javad Malik-Yeganov and Mustafa Mahmudov. Only Jafar Ahundov and one of the leaders of the party "Ittihad" Majid Sultan Ghani Zadeh didn't vote for the adoption of the Declaration.

Monument.

Monument of the Independence Declaration erected on the Istiglaliyyat Street in honor of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic was opened on May 25, 2007. Independence Declaration (adopted in Tbilisi, 1918) in both version written with former Azerbaijani letters and the Latin alphabet were carved on the monument. President Ilham Aliyev attended in the opening ceremony. The monument was erected between the building of the Institute of Manuscripts of the Azerbaijan and the building of the Azerbaijan State University of Economic.

State holiday.

On the day of adoption of the Declaration of Independence - the Republic day of Azerbaijan is celebrated as a state holiday since May 28, 1990.

The Declaration of Independence of Azerbaijan () is the declaration of independence of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic from the Russian Empire. Azerbaijan was proclaimed independent in Tiflis on 28 May 1918.

Die aserbaidschanische Unabhängigkeitserklärung () erfolgte am 28. Mai 1918. Der Aserbaidschanische Nationalkongress bereitete den Text vor, acht seiner Mitglieder unterzeichneten ihn im georgischen Tiflis. Dies waren Hasan bey Aghayev, Feth-Ali Hoyski, Nasib Yusifbeyli, Jamo bey Hajinski, Shafi bey Rustambeyli, Nariman bey Narimanbeyov, Javad Malik-Yeganov und Mustafa Mahmudov.


Overview.

In 2013, the Pythons lost a legal case to Mark Forstater, the producer of their second film, "Holy Grail", over royalties for its musical adaptation "Spamalot". They owed a combined £800,000 ($994,600) in legal fees and back royalties to Forstater. To pay these, a reunion show was proposed. It soon became apparent to the group that owing to his theatrical experience with the creation of "Spamalot" (and because his schedule was free), Eric Idle was best suited to supervise the production. He envisaged an extensive assembly of the best-known Python sketches; to facilitate costume changes, they would be linked by short video clips and elaborate routines of the troupe's songs. The latter would be performed by a full chorus line, choreographed by Arlene Phillips. The music was to be arranged and conducted by Idle's long-time collaborator, John Du Prez. The ten stage shows were held on 1–5 and 15–20 July 2014. Tickets for the first night of the show sold out in 43 seconds of being available to purchase. All five surviving Pythons performed on stage together for the first time in 34 years, with archive footage of Graham Chapman interspersed throughout the show. The three-hour show had a 30-minute intermission. The show was billed as "The show that leaves you wanting less". Some of the sketches were updated to include contemporary references. Carol Cleveland, who appeared in many of the original TV episodes, assisted by playing additional characters, as did newcomer Samuel Holmes, who was given several lead roles, some of which were originally played by Chapman. Eddie Izzard made a small guest appearance as a 'Bruce' on the final night, as well as having appeared the previous evening as the 'Blackmail' special guest. There were also surprise cameos by (amongst others) Stephen Fry, Mike Myers, and Professors Brian Cox and Stephen Hawking. Cox and Hawking were shown in a pre-recorded video towards the end of the Galaxy Song. While Cox was criticising the scientific flaws of the song lyrics, he was run down by Hawking in his wheelchair, who continued to sing the song. Robin Williams was scheduled to be the 'Blackmail' special guest for the final night but declined, as according to Idle he was "suffering from severe depression" at the time, which ultimately contributed to his suicide in August 2014. When the show was released on video, it was dedicated to Williams.  The last of the ten performances was broadcast in the UK on the television channel Gold and internationally in cinemas by Fathom Events through a Dish Network satellite link on Sunday 20 July 2014. The filming of the performance was directed by Aubrey Powell. The film was released on DVD, Blu-ray, download and streaming on 11 November 2014. A re-edited audio-only recording of the show was exclusively included on two Compact Discs which formed part of the “Deluxe Edition” of the release - a 60-page 12 inch (60 cm) square hardback picture book with the DVD, Blu-ray and the two CDs housed inside the back cover. The audio only recording of the show omits some material due to its highly visual nature but includes additional dialogue and material not included in the video version. The CDs have a combined running time of 2 hours and five minutes.

Critical reception.

Critical reviews of the show were generally positive. Ed Power from "The Telegraph" wrote, it was “poignant and predictable, but tremendous fun.”  The negatively tinged review from the "Daily Mail" was incorporated into the last show with John Cleese and Michael Palin mocking the newspaper and its editor, Paul Dacre onstage.  The ten-night show was a financial success, allowing the members of the troupe to pay off their creditor, each pocket £2.2 million and to donate substantially to selected charities.

Cast.

The Pythons.

with  Cameos (pre-recorded)

Sketches and songs.

According to Dominic Cavendish at "The Telegraph"

Act Two.

°Song was later released as a single by Stephen Hawking

Monty Python Live (Mostly) (also billed as Monty Python Live (Mostly): One Down, Five to Go) was a stage show by the Monty Python comedy group in The O2 in London in July 2014. Planned as a single performance for 1 July, it was expanded to 10 shows due to the high demand for tickets. It was their first live performance together in 16 years, the second without member Graham Chapman (who died in 1989) and the last with Terry Jones before his death in 2020.

Monty Python Live (mostly) (voller Originaltitel: "Monty Python Live (mostly): One Down, Five to Go") war eine Bühnenshow der Comedy-Gruppe Monty Python in der O2-Arena in London, die an zehn Abenden im Juli 2014 stattfand.


Etymology.

Østensjøvannet ("Østensjø lake") is named after the Østensjø farm (old Norse "Austansjór"). The first element is "austan" 'east of', and the last element is "sjór"'sea, lake'. The farm was situated on the lake's east side. The last element is the finite form of "vann" 'water; lake'. The meaning of the name is then 'the lake belonging to Østensjø'.

Wildlife.

Østensjøvannet is well known for its birdlife, and over 200 different species of birds have been sighted at or near the lake, quite a significant number by Norwegian standards. Other wildlife is regularly sighted at the lake, but the variety of species is not much different from surrounding places, such as Østmarka. Fishing during the summer is forbidden, while ice-fishing is allowed.

Cultural history.

Finds in the area suggest that people may have been living in the area as far back as the stone age. Farming in the area started around 500 AD. At various locations surrounding the lake, there are burial mounds from the Viking Age.  "Abildsø gård", located on the lake's west side, was Norway's second farm school. It was where Minna Wetlesen started Europe's, and possibly the world's first "household" - school where girls and young women could learn about running a household and performing the various tasks related to it.

Environmental issues.

The lake itself has been a wildlife preserve since 1992, while Abildsø gård was preserved by the Norwegian Directorate for Cultural Heritage ("Riksantikvar") in 1997. In 2002, the Oslo city council passed plans for the "Østensjøvannet Environmental Park", which in effect preserves the various habitats and "green areas" surrounding the lake.  Situated inside the Oslo city limits, surrounded on all sides by built-up areas, has put a considerable strain on the lake, both in terms of pollution (especially caused by leaks from less-than-perfectly maintained sewage systems) and plans for using the fields and forested areas surrounding the lake for various purposes, including housing, a cemetery and even a small golf course. The sewage systems affecting the lake have been better maintained in recent years, and the environmental state of the lake is currently much better than it was a decade or two ago.

Østensjøvannet () is a lake located in the Østensjø borough in Oslo, Norway. It is well known for the wide variety of birds and other wildlife that can be found there. It is currently a wildlife preserve, though urban development posed a serious threat to the lake and its environs during the 1980s and early 1990s.

Østensjøvannet ist ein See in Østmarka in Oslo, Norwegen. Er verfügt über eine Fläche von 0,33 km2 und eine maximale Tiefe von 3,2 Metern. Østensjøvannet ist bekannt für seine Vielzahl an Vogelarten. Über 200 verschiedene Spezies wurden im Einzugsgebiet des Sees gesichtet. Während des Sommers ist das Fischen verboten, hingegen ist im Winter das Eisfischen gestattet.


Geography.

Rock Falls is located at (43.206223, -93.086145).  According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of, all land.

Demographics.

2010 census.

As of the census of 2010, there were 155 people, 68 households, and 50 families residing in the city. The population density was. There were 74 housing units at an average density of. The racial makeup of the city was 98.7% White, 0.6% Asian, and 0.6% from two or more races.  There were 68 households of which 22.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 66.2% were married couples living together, 4.4% had a female householder with no husband present, 2.9% had a male householder with no wife present, and 26.5% were non-families. 19.1% of all households were made up of individuals and 10.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.28 and the average family size was 2.64.  The median age in the city was 49.5 years. 14.8% of residents were under the age of 18; 4.7% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 24.5% were from 25 to 44; 29.1% were from 45 to 64; and 27.1% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 51.0% male and 49.0% female.

2000 census.

As of the census of 2000, there were 170 people, 68 households, and 55 families residing in the city. The population density was 806.7 people per square mile (312.6/km2). There were 69 housing units at an average density of 327.4 per square mile (126.9/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 100.00% White. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.59% of the population.  There were 68 households out of which 32.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 69.1% were married couples living together, 5.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 19.1% were non-families. 17.6% of all households were made up of individuals and 8.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.50 and the average family size was 2.76.  In the city, the population was spread out with 22.4% under the age of 18, 5.9% from 18 to 24, 29.4% from 25 to 44, 25.9% from 45 to 64, and 16.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females, there were 102.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.1 males.  The median income for a household in the city was $40,714, and the median income for a family was $42,917. Males had a median income of $28,750 versus $16,719 for females. The per capita income for the city was $17,523. None of the families and 1.1% of the population were living below the poverty line, including no under eighteens and 4.4% of those over 64.

Education.

Rock Falls' public schools are operated by the Central Springs Community School District, established on July 1, 2011 by the merger of North Central Community School District and Nora Springs-Rock Falls Community School District.

Rock Falls is a city in Cerro Gordo County, Iowa, United States, along the Shell Rock River. The population was 155 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Mason City Micropolitan Statistical Area.

West Branch ist eine Kleinstadt (mit dem Status „City“) im Cedar County und zu einem kleinen Teil im Johnson County im US-amerikanischen Bundesstaat Iowa. Im Jahr 2010 hatte West Branch 2322 Einwohner.