History.

1985–1992: Formation and early years as Mighty Joe Young.

Two conflicting stories of how frontman Scott Weiland and bassist Robert DeLeo met have been described by the band; one was that Weiland and DeLeo met at a Black Flag concert in Long Beach, California in 1985. They began discussing their girlfriends, only to realize they were dating the same woman. However, instead of letting this come between them, they developed a bond and formed a band after they each subsequently broke it off with the girl. Weiland presented a different version of meeting Robert in his autobiography, stating that Weiland and his friends—guitarist Corey Hicock and drummer David Allin—pursued Robert after witnessing him play live with him sitting in during sets at various gigs with their band Soi Disant. However, after a few years Allin went his separate way pursuing other interests. The remaining members witnessed drummer Eric Kretz play in a Long Beach club and convinced him to join the band. Guitarist Hicock eventually left the band in 1989; in need of a replacement and auditioning many guitarists, Robert suggested his older brother, Dean. At the time, Dean was a successful businessman who had left behind his previous career as a musician, but still played guitar as a hobby. The band managed to convince Dean to play guitar for Swing, completing the original STP lineup. Dean reportedly refused to continue playing in a band called "Swing," and shortly afterwards the band became Mighty Joe Young. The band recorded a demo tape that was completed around 1990. The Mighty Joe Young demo features tracks that would go on to be re-recorded for the band's first studio album, as well as some musical styles that would not be featured on any of STP's studio albums, such as funk and yodeling.  Mighty Joe Young played several gigs in the San Diego area, building up a fanbase. Their first show was supporting Henry Rollins at the Whisky a Go Go. The group then began to work on their debut album with Brendan O'Brien. During the recording, they received a call from their lawyer who informed them that there was a bluesman who had already claimed the name Mighty Joe Young. Inspired by the STP Motor Oil stickers that the band members were fans of in their youth, various ideas on the initials "STP" were shared by the band, including "Shirley Temple's Pussy" and Stereo Temple Pirates. They eventually settled on the name "Stone Temple Pilots."

1992–1995: "Core" and "Purple".

Stone Temple Pilots developed a fan base in San Diego clubs. In 1992, Stone Temple Pilots signed with Atlantic Records. Their first album, "Core," was released on September 29, 1992, and peaked at No. 3 on the Billboard Albums Chart. "Core" was a big success, producing hits "Sex Type Thing," "Plush," "Creep", and "Wicked Garden." While the album was a major commercial success, some in the music press criticized the band as "grunge imitators." The same year, Scott Weiland and Dean DeLeo played an acoustic version of "Plush" on the MTV show "Headbanger's Ball." This is considered one of Weiland's greatest vocal performances.  Despite negative reviews from some critics, Stone Temple Pilots continued to gain fans. They toured for four weeks, opening for bands such as Rage Against the Machine and Megadeth. 1993 brought continued success on the road, with the band headlining a two-and-a-half-month American tour.  In 1993, the band filmed an episode of "MTV Unplugged", where they debuted the song "Big Empty." In a January 1994 "Rolling Stone" poll, the band was simultaneously voted Best New Band by "Rolling Stone"'s readers and Worst New Band by the magazine's music critics. The following month the group won Favorite Pop/Rock New Artist and Heavy Metal/Hard Rock New Artist at the American Music Awards. In March 1994, the group won a Grammy Award for Best Hard Rock Performance for the song "Plush".  In the spring of 1994, Stone Temple Pilots returned to the studio to work on their second album, "Purple." Completed in less than a month, "Purple" debuted at number one in the United States upon its release on June 7, 1994. The radio-friendly "Interstate Love Song" quickly became a big hit, spending a record-setting fifteen weeks atop the album rock tracks chart. Other hits from the album included "Vasoline" and "Big Empty" (the latter also being featured on the soundtrack to the film "The Crow"). By October, just four months after its release, "Purple" had sold three million copies.

1995–2002: "Tiny Music," "No. 4," and "Shangri-La Dee Da".

In October 1995, the band regrouped to begin recording its third album, renting out a mansion in Santa Barbara, California for the band to live together during the recording process. Stone Temple Pilots released the album "Tiny Music... Songs from the Vatican Gift Shop", on March 5, 1996. The album's sound marked a drastic change from their previous outings, oriented more in the direction of glam rock and psychedelic music than that of the hard rock/grunge sound that propelled them to popularity; critical reception, at the time, was mixed. "Rolling Stone", a magazine known for its initial dismissal of the band's music, held a favorable opinion of the album, regarding the release as the group's best effort to date. They expressed surprise, however, at "the clattering, upbeat character of the music" given Weiland's much-publicized run-ins with drugs and the law. Stone Temple Pilots were also featured on the cover of issue No. 753 in February 1997.  The band was only partially successful in being able to tour in support of "Tiny Music..." and pulled out of a support slot on Kiss' reunion tour. A short tour in the fall of 1996 ensued in the U.S. but final dates at the end of December in Hawaii and some dates in 1997 had to be cancelled in order for Weiland to go to rehab. The band then decided to take a break to work on other projects. "I can't call the kettle black," remarked Kiss drummer Peter Criss. "I just pray for the guy and hope that he gets himself better because they really are a great band."  The band, sans Weiland, recruited Dave Coutts, the frontman of Ten Inch Men, and performed under the moniker Talk Show. Talk Show released one eponymous album in 1997 before dissolving. Meanwhile, pursuing his own musical interests, Weiland released his first solo album, "12 Bar Blues," in 1998. Although both albums received moderate critical praise, neither was commercially successful.  In late 1998, the band regrouped and began work on a fourth Stone Temple Pilots album. Released in 1999, "No. 4" was conceived as a "back-to-basics" rock album in the vein of "Core" or "Purple." Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic compared the album's sound to contemporary alternative metal bands and wrote in his review "it's as if STP decided to compete directly with the new generation of alt-metal bands who prize aggression over hooks or riffs." STP scored one of its biggest hits since the success of "Core" and "Purple" with the single "Sour Girl", fueled by a popular music video starring Sarah Michelle Gellar of "Buffy the Vampire Slayer" fame. The band also recorded an episode of "VH1 Storytellers," and went on a summer tour with the Red Hot Chili Peppers. "No. 4" would eventually be certified platinum by the RIAA.  During the summer of 2001, the band released its fifth album, "Shangri-La Dee Da", which produced one modest rock radio hit in "Days of the Week." Despite promotion of the album by going on tour with Linkin Park and Godsmack on the Family Values Tour, "Shangri-La Dee Da" was a commercial disappointment. At that point, marketing support from their label was reportedly minimal, and the band decided to put a hold on any future albums. However, the band recorded "All in the Suit That You Wear," a song intended to be the lead single on the soundtrack for the 2002 film "Spider-Man." However, Chad Kroeger's song "Hero" was ultimately chosen as the lead single.

2002–2008: Separation and members' other projects.

Despite reports that the band had begun work on a sixth studio album in 2002, the band had dissolved by the end of that year, after reports of an altercation between Dean DeLeo and Weiland after the last show of Stone Temple Pilots' fall 2002 tour. As a capstone to the band's career, Atlantic Records released a greatest hits album, "Thank You," with a bonus DVD of archive material and music videos, in 2003.  Following the band's dissolution, Weiland was recruited to join the successful supergroup Velvet Revolver with Guns N' Roses members Slash (guitar), Matt Sorum (drums), and Duff McKagan (bass) and former Wasted Youth guitarist Dave Kushner. The band released two albums, "Contraband" in 2004 and "Libertad" in 2007 before breaking up in 2008. Likewise, the DeLeo brothers formed the supergroup Army of Anyone with vocalist Richard Patrick of the industrial rock band Filter and session drummer Ray Luzier. The band released its self-titled in 2006 before going on "indefinite hiatus" in 2007. Eric Kretz kept a lower profile during this time, operating his own studio, Bomb Shelter Studios, and drumming for the band Spiralarms.

2008–2011: Reunion and self-titled album.

According to Dean DeLeo, steps toward a Stone Temple Pilots reformation started with a phone call from Weiland's wife, Mary Forsberg. She invited the DeLeo brothers to play at a private beach party, which led to the reconciliation of Weiland and the DeLeo brothers. In 2007, Dean DeLeo and Weiland discussed a concert promoter's offer to headline several summer festivals. Weiland subsequently left Velvet Revolver in April 2008 and the following month, Stone Temple Pilots announced they were reuniting for a 65-date North American tour. The group officially reunited for a private gig at the Houdini Mansion and held their first public show on Jimmy Kimmel Live! on May 1. Stone Temple Pilots toured throughout the summer and fall, headlining the Virgin Mobile Festival in Baltimore in August of that year as well as the 10th annual Voodoo Experience in New Orleans. The band's six-month reunion tour wrapped up on Halloween 2008 in Pelham, Alabama.  After taking a short break to allow Scott to support his recently released second solo album, production for the band's sixth studio album began in mid-2009.The band also went on the road for a 13-date North American summer tour in 2009, taking place in-between the tours for Scott Weiland's second solo album.. The band showcased new material at South by Southwest in 2010, and also appeared at England's Download Festival 2010 in June, as well as at the Hurricane Festival and the Southside Festival in Germany. The band also performed during the Final Four Concert Series in Indianapolis on April 2, 2010. The band appeared on the "Late Show with David Letterman" for the first time in ten years on May 19, performing "Between the Lines". The band's self-titled sixth album was released on May 25, 2010, debuting at No. 2 on the "Billboard" 200.  Towards the end of 2010, STP announced they were rescheduling several U.S. tour dates so that the band could take a "short break". STP toured Southeast Asia for the first time in 2011, playing in Philippines (Manila), Singapore, and Indonesia (Jakarta). Following this, the band played successful shows in Australia, including sold-out performances in Sydney and Melbourne.

2011–2013: Split with Weiland and legal proceedings.

In December 2011, Dean DeLeo told "Rolling Stone," "what I'd like to see happen is the band go out and do more intimate shows—really lovely theaters around the country." DeLeo also commented on a possible extended reissue of "Core" including live archived material, "We have tons of live recordings from that era, and we didn't multi-track record that stuff. There's no fixes, so they'd sound incredible if we just master them." On January 2, 2012, Scott Weiland also commented on the 20th anniversary of "Core," saying "Well, we're doing a lot of special things. [There's] a lot of archival footage that we're putting together, a coffee table book, hopefully a brand new album—so many ideas. A box set and then a tour, of course."  On June 26, STP released its first-ever concert film, "Alive in the Windy City," on DVD and Blu-ray. The performance was filmed at a sold-out show in March 2010 at the Riviera Theatre in Chicago.  From then on, the band began to experience problems, and suspicions were raised that tensions within the band had arisen again. Despite the band's claims that their fall tour would be celebrating the 20th anniversary of "Core," this did not happen. According to Weiland's bandmates, they did not want to do the celebration because they believed that he no longer had the vocal range to perform some of the album's songs. Weiland then decided to perform the latter songs that they did not want to play on a separate solo tour. The rest of the band decided to hide their anger and frustration towards his decision, causing Weiland to assume that they were all on the same page.  On September 17, at a show in Abbotsford, British Columbia, STP arrived nearly two hours late, and cut their set 30 minutes short, angering many fans. The following day, the band released a brief statement announcing that that night's show in Lethbridge, Alberta was cancelled due to Weiland being ordered to go on "48 hours complete vocal rest due to strained vocal cords."  On December 7, in response to a public declaration from Weiland that he was "completely open" to returning to Velvet Revolver and a radio DJ's questions about the state of that band, Slash (Weiland's former bandmate with Velvet Revolver) told Minneapolis/St. Paul radio station 93X that he had heard rumors Weiland had been fired from Stone Temple Pilots, citing this as a possible reason for Weiland's eagerness to return to Velvet Revolver, something that he quickly dismissed.  On February 27, 2013, Stone Temple Pilots fired Weiland. The firing was officially announced as Weiland left on tour with his solo band. Both parties issued lawsuits over the right to perform with the Stone Temple Pilots name; both were settled out of court, with the DeLeo brothers and Kretz retaining the rights to perform under the name.

2013–2015: Chester Bennington era and Weiland's death.

On May 18, 2013, the three remaining members of Stone Temple Pilots performed with Chester Bennington of Linkin Park, appearing as special guests at the 21st Annual KROQ Weenie Roast, and the May 19, 2013 Live 105 BFD festival near San Francisco, where they performed a new song, "Out of Time."  On May 19, 2013, STP released a free download of their new single "Out of Time" with Bennington now an official member. Bennington had exclaimed years before in interviews that being in Stone Temple Pilots was his lifelong dream. The new lineup performed again on May 30, 2013 at the MusiCares MAP Fund Benefit Concert in Los Angeles, California, and were joined by Weiland's former bandmates Slash and Duff McKagan on stage to perform "All the Young Dudes".  On July 15, 2013, STP announced that it would embark on a small tour in September with Filter as the opening act. Stone Temple Pilots released a five-track EP titled "High Rise" on October 8, 2013, through Play Pen, LLC, credited as "Stone Temple Pilots with Chester Bennington". The album's second single, "Black Heart," was released through iHeart Radio on September 18, 2013. They officially dropped "with Chester Bennington" from their name in March 2015.  On November 9, 2015, Bennington announced he was amicably leaving Stone Temple Pilots to focus more on Linkin Park. He would not return to the band, as he died on July 20, 2017.  On December 3, 2015, Scott Weiland was found dead of an accidental overdose of alcohol, pills, and cocaine on his tour bus in Minnesota. Stone Temple Pilots released a statement noting his passing in which they thanked him for his time with them and said he was "gifted beyond words."

2016–2018: New singer Jeff Gutt and second self-titled album.

In February 2016, Stone Temple Pilots launched an online audition for a new vocalist, stating, "If you think you have what it takes to front this band, record with this band, and tour with this band, we would dig hearing from you." In September of that year, rumors circulated about "Fillipino musician John Borja being the top candidate for the job." In February 2017, it was reported by "AlternativeNation.net" that the band "has already selected their singer, so they have their hearts set on somebody," though it was not revealed who. That same article, however, called Borja and "X Factor" season 3 runner-up Jeff Gutt "two rumored finalists." On July 26, 2017, the band announced that a 25th anniversary edition of "Core" would be released on September 29, 2017. The reissue includes a 25th Anniversary box set, it includes a remastered version of the album, previously unreleased demos and b-sides, and parts of three live performances from 1993 (Castaic Lake Natural Amphitheater, Reading Festival, and "MTV Unplugged.")  In October 2017, Dean DeLeo said that the band's search for a new vocalist was "going great," and that the band is "working on new material." On November 14, the band revealed that Jeff Gutt had been chosen as their new lead singer.  On November 15, 2017, the band released a new song, "Meadow" from their upcoming studio album. On January 31, 2018, the band released a second new song, "Roll Me Under," as well as announced the release of its seventh studio album. The LP, which is the band's second self-titled album, was released on March 16, 2018. In mid-2018, the band embarked on a co-headlining tour with Bush and The Cult.

2019–present: "Perdida".

On October 4, 2019, Eric Kretz told "Loudwire" that a new album was complete and includes a flute solo. On December 2, the band announced that their eighth studio album, "Perdida", would be released on February 7, 2020, and would be "an acoustic record largely recorded on vintage instruments."

Musical style.

The band's sound is considered a blending of the alternative rock of the 1980s and 1990s with the hard rock of the 1970s, though the band is known for making each of their records possess a unique musical style, despite having the "sonic blueprint" of the band, as Robert DeLeo describes. Stone Temple Pilots have also been described as alternative metal. The band Aerosmith was a large influence on the band collectively, with guitarist Dean DeLeo acknowledging the band's influence on songs such as "Huckleberry Crumble" off their 2010 self-titled record. Steven Tyler and Joe Perry joined the band onstage at a 1996 show in Madison Square Garden for renditions of the Aerosmith songs "Sweet Emotion" and "Lick and a Promise". All of the band members were Kiss fans during their childhood, and played shows at the Roseland Ballroom in 1993 dressed in Kiss-style makeup. During the taping of their VH1 Storytellers performance, Weiland acknowledged artists such as The Rolling Stones, Neil Young and Robert Plant as their musical heroes. The band has covered songs by artists such as the Beatles, Led Zeppelin, The Doors, Pink Floyd, James Brown, David Bowie, and Bob Marley both live and in the studio.  Early in their career, the band was considered to be a part of the grunge movement. Despite assertions by critics that their style in the early–mid 1990s was derived from contemporary artists such as Alice in Chains and Soundgarden, the band maintained that the similarities were coincidental, due in part to having the same musical idols growing up. Much of the comparison was directed at Weiland's vocal style drawing similarities to that of Eddie Vedder's. Weiland stated that his vocal style is influenced by Jim Morrison and David Bowie, who also served as his main fashion influence. Weiland has been called a chameleon due to his ability to change his vocal and fashion style. Regarding the band's musical evolution, Weiland commented in 2014 that "with STP, we never stuck to it. We saw that even great movements only last a certain period of time and you don’t want to be pigeonholed, so we got into other things, like the Beatles were a big influence, glam was a big influence, and it morphed along the way. I’m proud of the legacy we created and where we stand among those other peers at the time."  Guitarist Dean DeLeo uses heavily layered and distorted guitar playing, while bassist Robert DeLeo draws influence from genres such as rhythm and blues, lounge music, and ragtime. Although the band's early demo recordings displayed a funk rock sound, the band's first album "Core" was a straightforward display of grunge. After reconvening in the studio for their second album, "Purple", the band's style developed, taking influence from psychedelic rock, country music, and jangle pop. The band continued to diverge into various genres and influences; for example, songs like "And So I Know" on "Tiny Music..." have a distinct bossa nova sound. Regarding the evolution of the band's sound, Weiland commented that "the transformation from "Core" to where we ended up before we took that time off, when I started with Velvet Revolver, was enormous."  Weiland was the band's primary lyricist. His style changed with the band's evolution; much of the lyrics on "Core" were written about societal issues such as religion, abuse of power, and isolation. The band's breakthrough single "Sex Type Thing" polarized critics with its lyrics, some interpreting it as advocacy of date rape. Weiland intended it as a feminist anthem, with its lyrics written in mockery of the narrator. As Weiland began to deal with substance abuse, his lyrics became more personal and intricate; songs like "Interstate Love Song" deal with his addiction's tolls on his relationship with his then-wife, Janina. The lyrics of the band's fourth album were written to provide closure to his marriage and addiction to heroin. Following the band's reunion in 2008, Weiland once again evolved as a songwriter, explaining: "[In] the '90s, I was so overwhelmed with my heroin addiction, and so a lot of the stuff was just from my point of view. Now, I tend to look at some of the greats like Leonard Cohen and Bob Dylan. I look at their storytelling [and] I try to tell stories. Every song doesn't have to be narcissistically written about how I feel on that day."

Legacy.

"Core," certified 8× platinum by the RIAA, drove the band to popularity. STP went on to become one of the most commercially successful rock bands of the 1990s, selling 40 million records worldwide, including 17.5 million units in the United States, before their dissolution in 2002. The band has had 16 top ten singles on the Billboard rock charts, eight of which peaked at No. 1, and one No. 1 album for "Purple" in 1994. That same year, the band won a Grammy for "Best Hard Rock Performance" for the song "Plush" from the album "Core". Stone Temple Pilots were also ranked No. 40 on VH1's "The 100 Greatest Artists of Hard Rock".  Despite being unpopular with critics in their heyday, Stone Temple Pilots have proved to be a popular and influential act. In retrospect, MTV writer James Montgomery published an article questioning the validity of music critics opinions of the band during the 90s, saying, "All I'm suggesting is that perhaps it's time to admit that we were wrong about them from the get-go—that we treated them unfairly." In a review of the band's 2003 greatest hits collection "Thank You," AllMusic critic Stephen Erlewine wrote that "STP made music that sounded great at the time and even better now," and that "this music has stood the test of time," calling "Thank You" "nearly perfect." Erlewine also wrote that "STP was the best straight-ahead rock singles outfit of their time."  After the death of Scott Weiland, Smashing Pumpkins singer Billy Corgan paid official tribute to the band and musician, calling him one of the greatest voices of their generation: <poem>"It was, I'd guess you'd say, my way of apology for having been so critical of STP when they appeared on the scene like some crazy, man-fueled rocket. And not only was the knight up front freshly handsome to a fault, but he could sing too! As any supreme actor gives a real and different voice to each character played. It was STP's 3rd album that had got me hooked, a wizardly mix of glam and post-punk, and I confessed to Scott, as well as the band many times, how wrong I'd been in assessing their native brilliance. And like Bowie can and does, it was Scott's phrasing that pushed his music into a unique, and hard to pin down, aesthetic sonicsphere. Lastly, I'd like to share a thought which though clumsy, I hope would please Scott In Hominum. And that is if you asked me who I truly believed were the great voices of our generation, I'd say it were he, Layne, and Kurt."</poem>  On December 3, 2016, STP posted a tribute on their website to mark the one year anniversary of Weiland's death. In 2017, Metal Injection ranked Stone Temple Pilots at number 9 on their list of "10 Heaviest Grunge Bands."

Band members.

Current members Former members

Discography.

Studio albums

Stone Temple Pilots (STP) is an American rock band from San Diego that originally consisted of Scott Weiland (lead vocals), brothers Dean DeLeo (guitar) and Robert DeLeo (bass, backing vocals), and Eric Kretz (drums). The band's line-up remained unchanged from its formation in 1989 until the firing of Weiland in February 2013. Linkin Park vocalist Chester Bennington joined the band in May 2013, but left amicably in November 2015. In 2016, the band launched an online audition for a new lead vocalist and announced Jeff Gutt as the new lead singer of the band on November 14, 2017.

Die Stone Temple Pilots sind eine aus San Diego in Kalifornien stammende US-amerikanische Rockband. Sie wurde im Zuge der Hochphase des Grunge bekannt. Die Band löste sich im Jahr 2003 auf, im Frühling 2008 kam es zu einer Wiedervereinigung. 2013 trennte sich die Band von Sänger Scott Weiland, der im Dezember 2015 verstarb. Sein Nachfolger, Chester Bennington, hatte die Gruppe einen Monat zuvor verlassen. Seit 2017 ist Jeff Gutt Sänger der Stone Temple Pilots.


Biography.

Born in Mart, Texas, Thomas often shadowed his father who was a general practice doctor. Later, he attended the University of Texas at Austin where he studied chemistry and chemical engineering, graduating with a B.A. in 1941 and an M. A. in 1943. While Thomas was an undergraduate he met his wife, Dorothy (Dottie) Martin while she was training to be journalist. They had three children. Thomas entered Harvard Medical School in 1943, receiving an M.D. in 1946. Dottie became a lab technician during this time to support the family, and the pair worked closely thereafter. He did his residency at Peter Bent Brigham Hospital before joining the US Army. "In 1955, he was appointed physician in chief at the Mary Imogene Bassett Hospital, now Bassett Medical Center, in Cooperstown, N.Y., an affiliate of Columbia University."  At Mary Imogene Bassett, he began to study rodents that received lethal doses of radiation who were then saved by an infusion of marrow cells. At the time, patients who underwent bone marrow transplantation all died from infections or immune reactions that weren't seen in the rodent studies. Thomas began to use dogs as a model system. In 1963, he moved his lab to the United States Public Health Service in Seattle.  Thomas also received National Medal of Science in 1990. In 2003 he was one of 22 Nobel laureates who signed the Humanist Manifesto.  He died of heart failure and is survived by his three children. His wife Dottie died in 2015 aged 92.

Edward Donnall "Don" Thomas (March 15, 1920 – October 20, 2012) was an American physician, professor emeritus at the University of Washington, and director emeritus of the clinical research division at the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center. In 1990 he shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Joseph E. Murray for the development of cell and organ transplantation. Thomas and his wife and research partner Dottie Thomas developed bone marrow transplantation as a treatment for leukemia.

Edward Donnall „Don“ Thomas (* 15. März 1920 in Mart bei Waco, Texas; † 20. Oktober 2012 in Seattle, Washington) war ein US-amerikanischer Mediziner und einer der bedeutendsten amerikanischen Transplantationsmediziner und Hämatologen. Der Nobelpreisträger für Medizin des Jahres 1990 war emeritierter Professor der University of Washington.


History and performances.

1990–96.

Stomp was created by Steve McNicholas and Luke Cresswell in Brighton, United Kingdom in 1991. The performers use a variety of everyday objects as percussion instruments in their shows.  Cresswell and McNicholas first worked together in 1981 as members of the street band Pookiesnackenburger and the theatre group Cliff Hanger. Together, these groups presented a series of street comedy musicals at the Edinburgh Festival throughout the early 1980s. After two albums, a UK TV series and extensive touring throughout Europe, Pookiesnackenburger also produced the "Bins" commercial for Heineken lager. The piece was originally written and choreographed as part of the band's stage show.  Between 1987 and 1990, Cresswell directed staged four large-scale outdoor events, including "Beat the Clyde". which involved floating a drum orchestra on a pontoon in the centre of Glasgow; the largest of these events, the "Heineken Hove Lagoon Show", involved a 120 piece drum orchestra featuring the Brighton Festival Chorus and a full orchestral string section.  In the summer of 1991, Cresswell and McNicholas produced, financed and directed the original "Stomp" show, previewing at London's Bloomsbury Theatre and premiering at the Assembly Rooms in Edinburgh, where it became the Guardian's "Critic's Choice" and won the Daily Express's "Best of the Fringe" award. Originally a seven-piece (with Luke Cresswell, Theseus Gerard, Fraser Morrison, Carl Smith, Nick Dwyer, David Olrod and Sarah Eddy), Stomp grew to be an eight-person outfit with the addition of Fiona Wilkes in the autumn of '91.  Between 1991 and 1994, the original cast of Stomp played to capacity audiences around the world. The touring culminated in a season at Sadler's Wells Theatre in London in January 1994, where Stomp received an Olivier nomination for the "Best Entertainment Award" and won "Best Choreography Award in a West End show".  Stomp began its run at the Orpheum Theatre in New York City in February 1994 winning an Obie Award and a Drama Desk Award for Most Unique Theatre Experience. By the summer of 1994, the first American cast was in place at the Orpheum, freeing the original cast for a tour of North America and Japan.  An extended version of Stomp, involving up to 30 cast members, was originally created for the Brighton Festival UK and was subsequently presented in Melbourne, Australia. It was most recently seen in September 1995 in an open-air production at the Acropolis in Athens and at the Royal Festival Hall in London.  In October 1995, Stomp appeared on an episode of "Mister Rogers' Neighborhood".  One by one, the entire cast was interviewed by Space Ghost on the Cartoon Network television sitcom "Space Ghost Coast to Coast" and appeared on Reading Rainbow in 1996.

2000–present.

Stomp performed at the Lincoln Memorial at President Clinton's Millennium celebrations. During 2000, a Sesame Street special "Let's Make Music", a collaboration between Stomp and the Muppets, was released on TV and video in North America.  Cresswell and McNicholas began production of their IMAX movie, "", in Brazil during Carnaval 2000 and completed it in the summer of 2002. "Pulse" features an international cast, with performances from Kodo, Timbalada and Eva Yerbabuena. It was released in the fall of 2002 and won two awards at La Geode's film festival in Paris the following year. In 2004 it received the ultimate IMAX Award for Best Film at the GSTA in Montreal. Pulse is still playing in IMAX theatres worldwide.  In September 2002, Stomp entered London's West End at the Vaudeville Theatre, and later that year performed as part of the Royal Variety Show for the second time. Stomp is now in its fifteenth year in London.  In 2003, a Dolby Digital trailer featuring Stomp performances debuted in cinemas worldwide, and the following year an Emmy nominated sequence was created for ABC Sports coverage of the World Figure Skating Championships.  In 2006, Stomp's New York production passed its 5000th performance mark. In the same year, Cresswell and McNicholas directed a public service announcement for television called "Stomp Out Litter", which featured the cast "sweeping up" at iconic locations in the five boroughs. They also began filming an IMAX 3D movie about South Africa's Sardine run, released in early 2008.  In addition, they were commissioned to create and produce "", which takes the ideas behind Stomp to a symphonic level, in celebration of 40 years of the Brighton Festival. The LFO subsequently performed at the Sydney Opera House as part of the Sydney Festival early in 2007 and at the Royal Festival Hall in London. The show was reworked and renamed for a US tour in 2010: "".  In 2007, "Stomp Out Loud" opened in Las Vegas at Planet Hollywood Resort & Casino with an expanded cast and performed inside a new $28 million theatres specifically created for the production.  In August 2012, Stomp contributed to the musical segment of the 2012 Summer Olympics closing ceremony in "London".  "The Gang Goes to Hell: Part 2" is the tenth episode of the eleventh season of "It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia" televised on FXX, 19th March 2016. It is the season finale and the conclusion from the previous episode "The Gang Goes to Hell." The gang is locked in the brig of a Christian chartered cruise ship for their various crimes and offenses to other passengers and begin using their bodies and contents of the brig to create a rhythmic production in the style of Stomp.  In October 2017 the show’s creators, Luke Cresswell and Steve McNicholas, announced that the London show would end its 15 year run in January 2018 but were quoted in an article in "The Stage" as stating that "its closure would not mark the end of Stomp in London."  In July 2019, Stomp was the subject of the US sitcom "American Dad!". When his uncle dies and leaves him with a large inheritance, Stan Smith goes against his family's wishes for a trip to New York City and uses the money to buy the rights to the Broadway musical "Stomp" instead.

Stomp (stylized as STOMP) is a percussion group, originating in Brighton, United Kingdom that uses the body and ordinary objects to create a physical theatre performance using rhythms, acrobatics and pantomime.

Stomp ist eine Perkussion-Band. Sie wurde von Steve McNicholas und Luke Cresswell gegründet. Erstmals traten diese 1991 in Brighton in Großbritannien auf. Heute ist Stomp sehr erfolgreich und tritt in der ganzen Welt auf. Zudem besteht die Gruppe mitunter aus mehr als zehn Personen. Die Performance ist szenisch dem Umfeld einer Putzkolonne entlehnt. Geräusche werden dabei mit Hilfe verschiedener (Haushalts)-Gegenstände erzeugt, etwa mit Fässern (auch Mülltonnen), Stäben und im Prinzip allem, was sich im Sperrmüll befinden könnte oder was sich zur Erzeugung rhythmischer Geräusche eignet. Die Shows selbst sind sehr dynamisch und Geräusche werden auch durch Interaktion mehrerer Künstler untereinander erzeugt, zum Beispiel bei Kampfszenen. Stomp war der Begründer eines neuen Performance-Genres.


Design.

"Nürnberg" was long overall and had a beam of and a maximum draft of forward. She displaced at full combat load. Her propulsion system consisted of two steam turbines and four MAN two-stroke double-acting diesel engines. Steam for the turbines was provided by six Marine-type double-ended oil-fired boilers. The ship's propulsion system provided a top speed of and a range of approximately at using only the diesel engines. "Nürnberg" had a crew of 25 officers and 648 enlisted men. She was fitted with a catapult and a crane to handle two Heinkel He 60 floatplanes, though these were later replaced with Arado Ar 196 models.  The ship was armed with nine 15 cm SK C/25 guns mounted in three triple gun turrets. One was located forward, and two were placed in a superfiring pair aft, all on the centerline. They were supplied with between 1,080 and 1,500 rounds of ammunition, for between 120 and 166 shells per gun. The ship was also equipped with eight 8.8 cm SK C/32 anti-aircraft guns, eight 3.7 cm SK C/30 anti-aircraft guns, and several 2 cm anti-aircraft guns, though the number of the latter changed over her career. "Nürnberg" also carried four triple torpedo tube mounts located amidships; they were supplied with twenty-four torpedoes. She was also capable of carrying 120 naval mines. The ship was protected by an armored deck that was thick amidships and an armored belt that was thick. The conning tower had thick sides.

Modifications.

After the outbreak of war, the ship was fitted with a degaussing coil to protect her against magnetic mines. In 1942, the ship's aircraft handling equipment and aft torpedo tubes were removed. Throughout the war, her radar suite was upgraded; in March 1941, she was equipped with FuMO 21 radar and in early 1942, a FuMO 25 radar set was installed. The latter was a search radar for surface targets and low-flying aircraft at low range. The FuMO 21 set was replaced by the short-range FuMO 63 "Hohentwiel" 50-centimeter radar. "Nürnberg" was also fitted with four Metox radar warning receivers.  The ship's anti-aircraft battery was improved over the course of World War II. In late 1942, a pair of Army-variant 2 cm "Flakvierling" quadruple mounts were installed, one on the navigating bridge and the other on top of the aft superfiring turret. In May 1944, the navy proposed installing several Bofors 40 mm guns, but most of these weapons were diverted to other uses, and only two guns were installed. One was mounted on the bridge and the other where the catapult had been located. Two Navy-pattern "Flakvierling"s were added; one replaced the Army model atop the aft superfiring turret, and the other was placed in front of the anti-aircraft fire director. The Army-pattern "Flakvierling"s were moved to the main deck. In December 1944, another revised anti-aircraft plan was proposed, this time incorporating the new 3.7 cm FlaK 43 gun, of which there were to be eight, along with two "Flakvierling"s and ten 2 cm twin mounts. Germany's wartime situation by the end of 1944 prevented these changes from being made, however.

Service history.

"Nürnberg" was laid down in 1934 at the Deutsche Werke shipyard in Kiel. She was launched on 6 December 1934 and completed in less than a year, being commissioned on 2 November 1935. The ship thereafter worked up in the Baltic Sea until April 1936, when she joined and for a training cruise into the Atlantic. At this time, she was made the flagship of the reconnaissance forces of the German Navy. The three cruisers then returned to the Baltic for additional maneuvers. "Nürnberg" participated the non-intervention patrols during the Spanish Civil War of 1936–39. On her initial deployment in 1936, she flew the flag of "Konteradmiral" Hermann Boehm. Over the course of the conflict, "Nürnberg" conducted four patrols off Spain, but did not encounter any belligerent forces, with the exception of a claimed attack by an unidentified submarine south of the Balearic Islands on 16 July 1937.  In September 1937, "Nürnberg" took part in fleet maneuvers with the heavy cruisers and, the light cruisers "Leipzig" and, and several destroyers. The first three months of 1938 were spent in the Baltic, after which "Nürnberg" went into dock for a periodic refit. In June, she went on a training cruise to Norway and returned to Germany the following month. In August, she was present at the fleet review held in Kiel for Adolf Hitler and the visiting regent of Hungary, Miklós Horthy. "Nürnberg" joined the fleet that was sent to Memel in March 1939 to seize the region. After completing the occupation, "Nürnberg" joined "Admiral Graf Spee", "Leipzig", and "Köln" for a training cruise to the Mediterranean Sea, which included several stops in Spanish ports. After returning to Germany in May, she resumed training in the Baltic.

World War II.

At the outbreak of World War II on 1 September 1939, "Nürnberg" was assigned to the blockade force that was intended to prevent the Polish Navy from escaping from the Baltic. Despite the Germans' efforts, several Polish destroyers and submarines escaped to Britain, where they continued the war. On 3 September, "Nürnberg" and the rest of the cruisers were withdrawn to the North Sea to lay a series of defensive minefields to protect the German coastline. She returned to the Baltic for training exercises in October. The following month, she was transferred back to the North Sea, where she was tasked with escorting destroyers laying minefields off the British coast. On 4–6 December, the ship conducted a mining operation off Kristiansand, Norway.  On 13 December, while escorting a group of destroyers returning from a mine-laying operation off the British coast, the Royal Navy submarine launched a spread of torpedoes at the German flotilla. Two torpedo tracks were spotted heading toward "Nürnberg", and the ship turned hard to port in an attempt to evade them. One passed harmlessly ahead of the ship, but the second struck her in the bow. "Nürnberg" reduced speed to to allow her crew to inspect the damage, when three more torpedo tracks were spotted to port. The ship immediately accelerated to full speed and turned to starboard; the torpedoes exploded in the cruiser's wake. The hit caused some minor flooding and minimal damage, but her watertight bulkheads held. The Germans spotted "Salmon" and briefly engaged her with "Nürnberg"s rearmost main battery turret, but to no effect. "Nürnberg" thereafter got underway at a speed of and made for port. unsuccessfully attacked the damaged cruiser the following day, just before she entered the Kiel Canal at Brunsbüttel. After arriving in Kiel, "Nürnberg" went into drydock at Deutsche Werke for repairs, which lasted until April 1940.  In early June 1940, "Nürnberg"s commander, "Kapitän zur See" ("KzS") Otto Klüber, was informed that the ship would not participate in Operation Juno, a sortie by the battleships and. Instead, she was transferred to Norway, departing Kiel on 10 June under the escort of the torpedo boats and. On 12 June, the torpedo boats were sent to Stavanger for fuel, and in the meantime, "Nürnberg" steamed a zig-zag course at to evade any submarines that might be in the area. The following day, the 2nd Minesweeper Flotilla took over her escort duty off Trondheim. On 17 June, "Nürnberg" reached Narvik, which was to be her base for the next month. During this period, one of her Arado Ar 196 floatplanes unsuccessfully attacked a British submarine. This was the only action the ship saw while in Norway. On 25 July, "Nürnberg" and several destroyers and torpedo boats escorted the damaged battleship "Gneisenau", which had been torpedoed by a British submarine, from Trondheim, Norway, to Kiel. The flotilla arrived in Kiel on 28 July.  On 8 August, "KzS" Leo Kreisch replaced Klüber as the ship's commander. "Nürnberg" spent the rest of the year in the Baltic. The Italian Admiral Mavagini visited the ship while she was in Gotenhafen in September. A short refit was conducted at Deutsche Werke in October and November. On 15 February 1941, she was reclassified as a training cruiser and assigned to the Fleet Training Squadron, along with the other surviving light cruisers. These ships were tasked with training the crews for the U-boat arm, which was expanding rapidly to wage the Battle of the Atlantic. At the start of this period, many of her crewmen were themselves transferred to the U-boat fleet. After the outbreak of war with the Soviet Union in June 1941, "Nürnberg" was reassigned to the Baltic Fleet, which was centered on the new battleship. After it became clear that the Soviet Baltic Fleet did not intend to sortie, the German ships were dispersed. "Nürnberg" returned to her training duties for the remainder of the year. Another refit was conducted in January 1942; during this period, her aircraft equipment and aft torpedo tubes were removed, and her light anti-aircraft armament was increased. Allied air raids caused some damage, which delayed her return to service until 23 August.  She thereafter conducted sea trials until October, after which she was deployed to Norway. On 11 November, "Nürnberg" left Gotenhafen, bound for Trondheim. She arrived there on 18 November, and remained there until she was transferred to Bogen Bay outside Narvik on 2 December. There, she joined the fleet in being, which was, again, centered on "Tirpitz". "Nürnberg" saw no action during this period. On 27 April 1943, "Nürnberg" left Narvik for German waters via Trondheim. After arriving in Kiel on 3 May, she had her machinery overhauled. After the work was completed in late May, she was assigned to the Training Squadron in the Baltic. Frequent crew changes kept the ship at a very low state of readiness. She remained in this duty through 1944, and she saw no action. She was not assigned to the shore bombardment units that supported the retreating German Army on the Eastern Front, unlike most of the other ships of the Training Squadron.  At the start of 1945, she was assigned to mine-laying duty in the Skagerrak, and was based in Oslo, Norway. She completed only one mine-laying operation, Operation Titus, on 13 January. The forces assigned to the operation included two destroyers, two torpedo boats, and a mine-layer; "Nürnberg" herself carried 130 mines. Severe fuel shortages prevented any further operations. On 24 January, she steamed to Copenhagen, where she remained until the end of the war, as she had only of synthetic fuel oil aboard. On 5 May 1945, she received the ceasefire order, and on 22 May, the British cruisers and arrived to take over "Nürnberg".

Post-war service.

On 24 May, "Nürnberg" and the heavy cruiser sailed from Copenhagen under escort by "Devonshire", "Dido", and several other warships. The flotilla arrived in Wilhelmshaven on 28 May, and the German vessels remained there while their fates were determined at the Potsdam Conference. The Allies eventually decided to award "Nürnberg" to the Soviet Union. To prevent the Germans from scuttling their ships as they had done in 1919, the Allies formally seized the vessels on 19 December, while "Nürnberg" was in drydock. That day, the ship's Soviet crew came aboard. On 2 January, the Soviets took their seized warships, which also included the target ship, "Hessen"'s radio-control vessel "Blitz", the destroyer Z15 "Erich Steinbrinck", and the torpedo boats "T33" and "T107", to Libau in present-day Latvia.  The Soviet Navy examined the ship in great detail after she arrived in Libau. The cruiser was then renamed "Admiral Makarov" and assigned to the 8th Fleet, based in Tallinn. In late 1948, she became the flagship of the 8th Fleet, under the command of Vice Admiral F. V. Zozulya. In the early 1950s, three new s entered service, which prompted the Soviet Navy to withdraw "Admiral Makarov" from front line duties. She returned to her old job as a training cruiser, this time based in Kronstadt in mid-1954. During this period, most of her light anti-aircraft armament was removed, and new radars were installed. Her ultimate fate is unclear; she appears to have been placed out of service by May 1959, and was scrapped some time thereafter, reportedly by mid-1960. Nevertheless, she was the longest-surviving major warship of the Kriegsmarine, and the only one to see active service after the end of the war.

Nürnberg was a German light cruiser of the built for the Kriegsmarine. She was named after the city of Nuremberg and had one sister ship,. "Nürnberg" was laid down in 1934, launched in December of that year, and completed in November 1935. She was armed with a main battery of nine guns in three triple turrets and could steam at a speed of. "Nürnberg" was the longest-serving major warship of the Kriegsmarine, and the only one to see active service after the end of World War II, though not in a German navy.

Der Leichte Kreuzer Nürnberg war der modernste 6000-Tonnen-Kreuzer der deutschen Kriegsmarine im Zweiten Weltkrieg. Er gehörte zur "Leipzig"-Klasse. Er und sein Schwesterschiff "Leipzig" unterschieden sich von ihren Vorgängern der "Königsberg"-Klasse äußerlich dadurch, dass sie über nur einen Schornstein verfügten und die beiden hinteren 15-cm-Drillingstürme nicht mehr seitlich versetzt, sondern hintereinander aufgestellt waren. Dies wurde durch die verbesserte Maschinenanlage ermöglicht, die auf drei Wellen wirkte statt – wie bei den Vorgängern – nur auf zwei. Die Marschdiesel wirkten hierbei auf die Mittelwelle, während die Außenwellen von den Turbinen angetrieben wurden.


Life.

Consagra was born on 6 October 1920 in Mazara del Vallo, in the province of Trapani in south-western Sicily, to Luigi Consagra and Maria Lentini. From 1931 he enrolled in a trade school for sailors, studying first to become a mechanic, and later to become a captain. In 1938 he moved to Palermo, where he enrolled in the "liceo artistico"; despite an attack of tuberculosis, he graduated in 1941, and in the same year signed up at the Accademia di Belle Arti, where he studied sculpture under. After the Invasion of Sicily and the Allied occupation of Palermo in 1943, Consagra found work as a caricaturist for the American Red Cross club of the city; he also joined the Italian Communist Party. Early in 1944, armed with a letter of introduction from an American officer, he travelled to Rome. There he came into contact with the Sicilian artist, and through him with Renato Guttuso, who was also Sicilian and who introduced him to the intellectual life of the city and to other artists such as Leoncillo Leonardi, Mario Mafai and Giulio Turcato. Consagra signed up at the Accademia di Belle Arti di Roma in September 1944 and studied sculpture there under, but left before completing his diploma.

Work.

In 1947, with Carla Accardi, Ugo Attardi, Piero Dorazio, Mino Guerrini,, and Giulio Turcato, Consagra started the artist's group Forma 1, which advocated both Marxism and structured abstraction.  Steadily Consagra's work began to find an audience. Working primarily in metal, and later in marble and wood, his thin, roughly carved reliefs, began to be collected by Peggy Guggenheim and other important patrons of the arts. He showed at the Venice Biennale eleven times between 1950 and 1993, and in 1960 won the sculpture prize at the exhibition.  During the 1960s he was associated with the "Continuità" group, an offshoot of Forma I, and in 1967 taught at the School of Arts in Minneapolis. Large commissions allowed him to begin working on a more monumental scale, and works of his were installed in the courtyard of the Foreign Ministry in Rome and in the European Parliament, Strasbourg. His work is found in the collections of The Tate Gallery, London, in Museo Cantonale d'Arte of Lugano and the Museum of Modern Art, Paris, and the National Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C..  Consagra returned to Sicily where he sculpted a number of significant works during the 1980s. With Senator Ludovico Corrao, he helped created an open-air museum in the new town of Gibellina, after the older town had been destroyed in the earthquake of 1968. Consagra designed the gates to the town's entrance, the building named "Meeting" and the gates to the cemetery, where he was later buried.

Writings.

In 1952 Consagra published "La necessità della scultura" ("the need for sculpture"), a response to the essay "La scultura lingua morta" ("sculpture, a dead language"), published in 1945 by Arturo Martini. Other works include "L'agguato c'è" ("the snare exists", 1960), and "La città frontale" ("the frontal city", 1969). His autobiography, "Vita Mia", was published by Feltrinelli in 1980.

Reception.

In 1989 a substantial retrospective exhibition of work by Consagra was shown at the Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Moderna in Rome; in 1993 a permanent exhibition of his work was installed there. In 1991 his work was shown in the Hermitage Museum in St. Petersburg. In 2002 the Galerie der Stadt Stuttgart opened a permanent exhibition of his work.

Pietro Consagra (6 October 1920 – 16 July 2005) was an Italian sculptor. In 1947 he was among the founding members of the Forma 1 group of artists, who advocated both Marxism and structured abstraction.

Pietro Consagra (* 6. Oktober 1920 in Mazara del Vallo, Sizilien; † 16. Juli 2005 in Mailand) war ein italienischer Bildhauer. Er gilt in Italien als Hauptvertreter der abstrakten Kunst.


About the cave.

The Eberstadt Stalactite Cave is a dripstone cave in Bauland at the transition of Southeastern Odenwald in the North of Baden-Württemberg. It is near Eberstadt, a District of Buchen, around east of Heidelberg and north of Stuttgart.  The cave is long, its width varies between, and the height between. The cave temperature is constant at year-round, with a humidity of approximately 95%. The age of the cave is estimated at between one and two million years. During this time, all forms of sintering on the walls or on the cave floor have been created, including stalactites (dripping stones hanging from the cave ceiling) and stalagmite drips that grow up from the cave bottom.  Visitor access to the cave is by trails, and it is accessible for wheelchair users. It was adapted for high numbers of visitors, with a large parking lot at the foot of the cave, including for tourist buses. In 2011 a small visitor center openend with its architecture intending to symbolize the crevices and distortions of the Muschelkalk. It informs about landscape development in the karst of the area and the development of the cave. The city staffs tourguides, who lead groups through the cave for about an hour year-round between March to the end of October every day, during the winter months only on weekends and holidays. In 1995, a less than one-kilometer-long geological trail (0.6-mile) was created into the mining areas of the neighboring quarry. Information panels explain about the origin of the dripstone cave and the most important geological formations in Baden-Württemberg on the basis of exposed rock patterns.

History.

The cave owes its discovery to chance in a limestone quarry: On December 13th, 1971, a larger cavity was drilled in preparation of a blasting. After part of the demolished material had been cleared, a fresh cave wall running east to west, about eight meters high above the quarry floor and about ten meters below the upper level, showed a cavern opening about two meters wide and one meter high.  The floor of the cave covered a layer of clay about one to one and a half meters thick. The water was 10 to 15 centimeters above loamy-soft ground. The visit was therefore laborious at first. The most difficult passage was at Vesuvius, where a rock stage with a rope ladder, later with wooden ladders, had to be overcome.  The press was informed how preliminary explorations revealed the beauty of a natural monument, unique in southern Germany. On the same day the news of the cave discovery spread in the village. Many inhabitants went to the quarry to get a personal impression. Photographs still show intact dripping stones which were later damaged. On 14 December, the press and television reported on the discovery. On the following days the television broadcast several special transmissions, which made the cave widely known. In January 1972 the TV stations made further records of the cave, which showed it in its original, still untouched state. Immediately after the discovery, rumors spread that the cave was not stable and was to be closed again. In order to procure souvenirs, several people pushed into the cave and knocked dripping stones off.  Because the cave was particularly large and beautiful, and the dripping stones had a great variety of forms, it was found worthy for preservation and development. The Landratsamt Buchen presented them with an interim injunction under nature protection, and 6 years later it was classified as a natural monument (FND).  On 15 December 1971 the District Office of Buchen ordered the demolition of the stone quarries. Later, investigations of the stability of the cave ridges and the drip stones showed that quarrying could be maintained at the same time as the cave was used. The explosions in the quarry resumed at a minimum distance of 50 meters to the cave and an important employer of the municipality remained. On December 16, 1971, the town council decided to expand the dripstone cave into a show cave. In order to protect it against further damage, first the entrance was walled in and a door installed. This, too, proved unsuccessful as thieves descended from above and broke the door. Only barbed wire guards above and below the entrance and an additional state police patrol service each night succeeded. Geologists and cave explorers traveled to visit the cave. Experts from the Geological Land Office, the Association of German Cave and Karst Researchers and the Nature Conservation Commissioners advised on the expansion of the cave.

The Eberstadt Stalactite Cave (or Eberstadter Tropfsteinhöhle) is a German show cave located in Bauland at the transition of Southeastern Odenwald forest in the North of Baden-Württemberg. It is near Eberstadt, a District of Buchen, around east of Heidelberg and north of Stuttgart. The cave is around long, lies above sea level and is estimated to be 3 to 5 million years old. It was discovered in December 1971 after blasting operations in a Muschelkalk quarry, and opened to the public in 1973. Since then it has been used as a show cave and is one of the attractions of the "Geo-Nature park Bergstrasse-Odenwald".

Die Eberstadter Tropfsteinhöhle ist eine Tropfsteinhöhle im Bauland am Übergang zum südöstlichen Odenwald im Norden von Baden-Württemberg. Sie liegt nahe Eberstadt, einem Stadtteil von Buchen, etwa 70 Kilometer östlich von Heidelberg und 100 Kilometer nördlich von Stuttgart. Die Höhle ist ungefähr 600 Meter lang, liegt 341 Meter über Normalnull und wird auf ein Alter von drei bis fünf Millionen Jahre geschätzt. Sie wurde im Dezember 1971 bei Sprengarbeiten in einem Muschelkalksteinbruch entdeckt und bis 1973 für den Publikumsverkehr erschlossen. Seither wird sie als Schauhöhle touristisch genutzt und ist eine der Attraktionen des Geo-Naturparks Bergstraße-Odenwald.


Aristotle's concept.

Aristotle's concept of "hyle" is the principle that correlates with "eidos" (form) and this can be demonstrated in the way the philosopher described "hyle," saying it is that which receives form or definiteness, that which is formed. Aristotle explained that "By "hyle" I mean that which in itself is neither a particular thing nor of a certain quantity nor assigned to any other of the categories by which being is determined." This means that hyle is brought into existence not due to its being its agent or its own actuality but only when form attaches to it. It has been described as a plenum or a field, a conceptualization that opposed by Democritus' atomistic ontology. It is maintained that the Aristotelian concept should not be understood as a "stuff" since there is, for example, "hyle" that is intellectual as well as sensible "hyle" found in the body.  For Aristotle, "hyle" is composed of four elements - fire, water, air, and earth - but these were not considered pure substances since matter and form exist in a combination of hot, moist, dry, and cold so that everything is united to form the elements.  The Latin equivalent of the "hyle" concept - and later its medieval version - also emerged from Aristotle's notion. The Greek term's Latin equivalent was "silva", which literally meant woodland or forest. However, the Latin thinkers opted for a word that had technical sense instead of the literal meaning so that it became understood as that of which a thing is made but one that remained a substratum with changed form. The word "materia" was chosen instead to indicate a meaning not in handicraft but in the passive role that mother ("mater") plays in conception.

Substance.

The matter of hyle is closely related to that of substance, in so far as both endure a change in form, or transformation. Aristotle defined primary substance as that which can neither be predicated nor attributed to something else, and he explained the transformation between the four terrestrial elements in terms of an abstract primary matter that underlies each element due to the four combinations of two properties: hot or cold and wet or dry. He stipulated that transformations between opposing elements, where both properties differ, must be analyzed as two discrete steps wherein one of the two properties changes to its contrary while the other remains unchanged (see essence and hylomorphism). For the neo-Aristotelian theorists, a corporeal substance is a hylemorphic composite, which means it is a combination of primary matter and a substantial form.  Modern substance theory differs. For example Kant's "Ding an sich", or "thing in itself", is generally described as whatever is its own cause, or alternatively as a thing whose only property is that it is that thing (or, in other words, that it has only that property). However, this notion is subject to the criticism, as by Nietzsche, that there is no way to "directly" prove the existence of any thing which has no properties, since such a thing could not possibly interact with other things and thus would be unobservable and indeterminate.  On the other hand, we may need to postulate a substance that endures through change in order to explain the nature of change—without an enduring factor that persists through change, there is no change but only a succession of unrelated events. The existence of change is hard to deny, and if we have to postulate something "unobserved" in order to explain what "is" observed, that is a valid "indirect" demonstration (by abductive reasoning). Moreover, something like a prime substance is posited by physics in the form of matter/energy.

In philosophy, hyle (; from ) refers to matter or stuff. It can also be the material cause underlying a change in Aristotelian philosophy. The Greeks originally had no word for matter in general, as opposed to raw material suitable for some specific purpose or other, so Aristotle adapted the word for "wood" to this purpose. The idea that everything physical is made of the same basic substance holds up well under modern science, although it may be thought of more in terms of energy or matter/energy.

Hyle (, "hylē" ‚Holz‘ im Sinne von „Rohstoff“, ‚Stoff, Materie‘) taucht als philosophischer Begriff unter anderem im Kontext der aristotelischen Physik und Metaphysik auf, wo es innerhalb des Begriffspaares ‚Form‘ und ‚Stoff‘ verwendet wird. Hyle ist dort das erste Zugrundeliegende bar aller Bestimmung, die formbare Materie, das Material, der ‚Urstoff‘, der durch die "technē", d. h. die menschliche Arbeit, eine bestimmte Gestalt annimmt. Im früheren Wortgebrauch Homers bezeichnet der altgriechische Ausdruck "hyle" Holz, Gehölz oder Wald.


Club career.

In his playing career Schöttel played exclusively for Rapid Vienna, making him a cult hero with Rapid fans. He was also Rapid's captain between 1997 and 2001. He won league and domestic cup titles with Rapid and played the full 90 minutes of the 1996 UEFA Cup Winners Cup Final against Paris St Germain in Brussels, which Rapid lost. In 1999, he was chosen as a member of Rapid's Team of the Century.  After finishing his playing career, he began working as a coach for the Rapid amateurs, continuing his association with the club until 2006. On 11 November 2006, after sustaining criticism for negotiating TV punditry contracts while allowing his duties at Rapid to wane, he left the club. In the summer of 2007, he began work as a trainer with Wiener Sportclub with his contract running until the end of June 2008.  His squad number, 5, was retired by Rapid Wien until the 2011 season as a mark of respect for Schöttel's playing career.

International career.

Schöttel made his international debut for Austria in a February 1988 friendly match against Switzerland and was a participant at the 1990 FIFA World Cup and 1998 FIFA World Cup. He earned 62 caps but scored no goals. His final international match was the embarrassing 0–9 demolition by Spain in a European Championship qualifying match in March 1999. In 2002, he just played for four minutes in a friendly match against Norway for his official retirement.

Coaching career.

In December 2009, Schöttel was appointed as manager to the Austrian Bundesliga club SC Wiener Neustadt. In 2011, he became manager of Rapid Wien. He was sacked on 17 April 2013. Schöttel was hired as Grödig head coach.

Peter Schöttel (born 26 March 1967) is a retired Austrian footballer and manager. He currently works as a pundit for Sky Austria.

Peter Schöttel (* 26. März 1967 in Wien) ist ein ehemaliger österreichischer Fußballspieler. Mit wenigen Jahren Ausnahme war Schöttel seit 1986 beim SK Rapid Wien tätig und war dort auch von November 2011 bis zum April 2013 Trainer. Er ist seit Oktober 2017 Sportdirektor des Österreichischen Fußball-Bundes (ÖFB).


Principles of Operation.

These antennas operate in 3 ways: traveling wave, fast wave, and leaky wave.  The traveling wave, formed on spiral arms, allows for broadband performance. Fast wave is due to mutual coupling phenomenon occurring between arms of spiral. Leaky wave “leaks” the energy during propagation through the spiral arms to produce radiation.  Ring theory (band theory) explains the working principle of spiral antenna. The theory states that spiral antenna radiates from an "active region" where the circumference of spiral equals the wavelength.

Design.

Different design parameters are to be considered while designing a square spiral antenna. The parameters include spacing between the turns formula_1, width of arm formula_2, inner radius formula_3 and outer radius formula_4. The inner radius is measured from center of the spiral to center of the first turn while the outer radius is measured from center of the spiral to center of the outermost turn. Other than these design parameters, spiral antennas have lowest (formula_5 and highest formula_6 operating frequencies. Here formula_7 corresponds to speed of light. In an formula_8 coordinate system, the spiral grows along the formula_9-axis and formula_10-axis simultaneously. All spirals satisfy formula_11 equation where formula_12 corresponds to growth factor and formula_13 corresponds to multiplication factor.  Different designs of spiral antenna can be obtained by varying number of turns it contains, the spacing between its turns and the width of its arm. A dielectric medium is used with a specific permittivity and dimensions over which the spiral is printed. Dielectric mediums like Rogers RT Duroid help in reducing the physical size of antenna. Thin substrates with higher permittivity can achieve the same result as thick substrates with lower permittivity. The only problem with such materials is their less availability and high costs.

Applications.

A spiral antenna transmits EM waves having a circular polarization. It will receive linearly polarized EM waves in any orientation, but will attenuate signals received with the opposite circular polarization. A spiral antenna will reject circularly polarized waves of one type, while receiving perfectly well waves having the other polarization.  One application of spiral antennas is wideband communications. Another application of spiral antennas is monitoring of the frequency spectrum. One antenna can receive over a wide bandwidth, for example a ratio 5:1 between the maximum and minimum frequency. Usually a pair of spiral antennas are used in this application, having identical parameters except the polarization, which is opposite (one is right-hand, the other left-hand oriented). Spiral antennas are useful for microwave direction-finding.

Elements.

The antenna includes two conductive spirals or arms, extending from the center outwards. The antenna may be a flat disc, with conductors resembling a pair of loosely nested clock springs, or the spirals may extend in a three-dimensional shape like a screw thread. The direction of rotation of the spiral defines the direction of antenna polarization. Additional spirals may be included as well, to form a multi-spiral structure. Usually the spiral is cavity-backed, that is there is a cavity of air or non-conductive material or vacuum, surrounded by conductive walls; the cavity changes the antenna pattern to a unidirectional shape. The output of the antenna is a balanced line. If one input or output line is desired, for example a coaxial line, then a balun or other device is added to so transform the signals.

In microwave systems, a spiral antenna is a type of RF antenna. It is shaped as a two-arm spiral, or more arms may be used. Spiral antennas were first described in 1956. Spiral antennas belong to the class of frequency independent antennas which operate over a wide range of frequencies. Polarization, radiation pattern and impedance of such antennas remain unchanged over large bandwidth. Such antennas are inherently circularly polarized with low gain. Array of spiral antennas can be used to increase the gain. Spiral antennas are reduced size antennas with its windings making it an extremely small structure. Lossy cavities are usually placed at the back to eliminate back lobes because a unidirectional pattern is usually preferred in such antennas. Spiral antennas are classified into different types; archimedean spiral, square spiral and star spiral etc. Archimedean spiral is the most popular configuration.

Eine Spiralantenne ist eine planare logarithmische Antenne und besteht aus einem oder mehreren in einer Ebene spiralförmig gewundenen Leitern, wobei deren Krümmungsradius und effektiver Querschnitt von innen nach außen zunehmen. Spiralantennen sind sehr breitbandig, Bandbreiten von 1 GHz bis 20 GHz sind üblich und sie erzeugen eine zirkular polarisierte elektromagnetische Welle.


Life.

He was a native of Side in Pamphylia. About 320 he was bishop of Beroea, and he became patriarch of Antioch shortly before the Council of Nicaea in 325. In that assembly he distinguished himself zealously against the Arians, though the "Allocutio ad Imperatorem" with which he has been credited is probably not by him.  His anti-Arian polemic against Eusebius of Nicomedia made him unpopular among his fellow bishops in the East, and a synod convened at Antioch in 330 deposed him for adultery, which was confirmed by the emperor.  In the dispute with Eustathius of Antioch, who opposed the growing influence of Origen and his practice of an allegorical exegesis of scripture, seeing in his theology the roots of Arianism, Eusebius, an admirer of Origen, was reproached by Eustathius for deviating from the Nicene faith, who was charged in turn with Sabellianism. Eustathius was accused, condemned, and deposed at a synod in Antioch. The people of Antioch rebelled against this action, while the anti-Eustathians proposed Eusebius as the new bishop, but he declined. He was banished to Trajanopolis in Thrace, where he died, probably about 337, though possibly not until 370.  The people of Antioch, who loved and revered their patriarch, became indignant at the injustice done to him and were ready to take up arms in his defence. But Eustathius kept them in check, exhorted them to remain true to the orthodox faith and humbly left for his place of exile, accompanied by a large body of his clergy. His adherents in Antioch formed a separate community by the name of "Eustathians" and refused to acknowledge the bishops set over them by the Arians. When, after the death of Eustathius, St. Meletius became Bishop of Antioch in 360 by the united vote of the Arians and the orthodox, the Eustathians would not recognize him, even after his election was approved by the Synod of Alexandria in 362. Their intransigent attitude gave rise to two factions among the orthodox, the so-called Meletian Schism, which lasted till the second decade of the fifth century.  The only complete work by Eustathius is the "De Engastrimytho contra Origenem."  The Commentary on the Hexameron attributed to him in the manuscripts is too late to be authentic.

Eustathius of Antioch, sometimes surnamed the Great, was a Christian bishop and archbishop of Antioch in the 4th century. His feast day in the Orthodox Church is February 21.

Eustathios von Antiochia (; * in Side, Pamphylien) war ein antiker Bischof. Zunächst Bischof von Beroea, wurde Eustathios Mitte der 320er Jahre zum Patriarchen von Antiochien gewählt. Er kämpfte verbissen gegen die Arianer, denen es schließlich gelang, ihn absetzen und verbannen zu lassen.


Design and development.

In 1956, an American-built S-58 was shipped to Britain for Westland to use as a pattern aircraft. Initially assembled with its Wright Cyclone, it was demonstrated to the British armed services leading to a preliminary order for the Royal Navy. For British production, it was re-engined with a single Napier Gazelle turboshaft engine, first flying in that configuration on 17 May 1957. The lighter (by 600 lb) Gazelle engine meant some redistribution of weight. The first Westland-built Wessex serial "XL727", designated a "Wessex HAS.1", first flew on 20 June 1958. The first production Wessex HAS1 were delivered to Royal Navy's Fleet Air Arm (FAA) in early 1960; the Wessex was the first helicopter operated by the FAA to be purpose-designed from scratch as an anti-submarine platform.  In service, the Wessex was found to be a major improvement over the older Westland Whirlwind. The decision made by "Westland " to install a modern gas-turbine power-plant gave the Wessex a greater load capacity, was quieter and generated less vibration, the latter quality being highly beneficial when treating casualties during flight. The Gazelle engine allowed for rapid starting and thus faster response times. The Wessex could also operate in a wide range of weather conditions as well as at night, partly due to its use of an automatic pilot system. These same qualities that made the Wessex well-suited to the anti-submarine role also lent themselves to the search and rescue (SAR) mission, which the type would become heavily used for.  An improved variant, the Wessex HAS3, succeeded the HAS1 in the anti-submarine role; it featured a more capable radar and better avionics, greater engine power, improved navigational features and a more advanced weapon system; the original HAS1 were hence re-tasked for SAR duties. A 'commando assault' variant, the Wessex HU5, was also developed as a battlefield transportation helicopter; it was typically deployed upon on the navy's amphibious assault ships, such as the commando carrier, and heavily used to transport the Royal Marines. The Wessex HU5 was powered by coupled de Havilland Gnome engines, which provided nearly double the power of the original HAS1 model and hugely expanded the aircraft's range. This allowed for operations in a wider range of conditions; during the 1970s, the HU5 also started to be used for the SAR mission.  As an anti-submarine helicopter, the Wessex could be alternatively equipped with a dipping sonar array to detect and track underwater targets or armed with either depth charges or torpedoes; a single Wessex could not be equipped to simultaneously detect and attack submarines as this was beyond its carrying capacity. It was this limitation that soon led the Royal Navy to search for a more capable helicopter that could provide this capability. This ultimately resulted in Westland proceeding with the adaptation and production of another Sikorsky-designed helicopter in the form of the Westland Sea King.  The Wessex was also successfully employed as a general-purpose helicopter for the RAF, capable of performing troop-carrying, air ambulance and ground support roles. The Wessex was the first of the RAF's helicopters in which instrument flying, and thus night time operations, were realistically viable. Unlike the Navy's Wessex fleet, which was largely composed of early single-engine models, the RAF mandated that its Wessex helicopters should be all twin-engined; this was a major factor in the RAF's decision to reject the adoption of ex-FAA Wessex helicopters as the navy migrated to the newer Sea King.

Operational history.

United Kingdom.

Overview.

The Wessex was first used by the Royal Navy, which introduced the Wessex "HAS.1" to operational service in 1961. Having been satisfied by the favourable initial performance of the Wessex but seeking to improve its avionics and equipment, the Navy soon pressed for the development of the improved "HAS.3", which came into service in 1967. Operationally, younger models would be assigned to perform the key anti-submarine warfare and commando transport missions, while older and less capable models would be typically be assigned to land bases for search and rescue (SAR).  The RAF became an operator of the Wessex in 1962; those helicopters used for air-sea or mountain rescue duties helped make the Wessex a particularly well known aircraft of the service and contributed to the saving of many lives during its time in service. As one of the RAF's standing duties, multiple Wessex helicopters were permanently kept on standby to respond to an emergency located anywhere within 40 miles of the British coastline within 15 minutes during daytime, at night hours this response time was decreased to 60 minutes. SAR-tasked Wessex helicopters were also stationed abroad, such as at Cyprus. The qualities of the Wessex were described as being "ideal for mountain flying".  The Wessex often found itself being used on the battlefield as a utility transport; as well as delivering supplies and equipment, the Wessex could also transport small groups of troops. Operationally, the Wessex could lift less than the RAF's Bristol Belvedere helicopters, but was more robust and required less maintenance; thus, when the Belvedere was retired at the end of the 1960s, Wessex squadrons were often tasked with their former duties in support of the British Army on an ad-hoc basis. In large-scale helicopter assault operations, the type could be escorted by the RAF's Hawker Siddeley Harriers. The HC.4 variant of the Westland Sea King began to replace the Wessex in this capacity from the late 1970s onwards, although troop-carrying missions would continue into the late 1990s.  The Wessex's service career featured long-term deployments to both Hong Kong and Northern Ireland to support internal security operations, performing transport and surveillance missions. In Northern Ireland, the use of helicopters for supply missions proved a viable alternative to vulnerable road convoys; operations in this theatre led to the employment of various defensive equipment and countermeasures against the threat posed by small arms and man-portable air-defense systems (MANPADS).  Wessex helicopters were also used by the Queen's Flight of the RAF to transport VIPs including members of the British Royal Family; in this role, the helicopters were designated "HCC.4" and were essentially similar to the "HC.2", differences included an upgraded interior, additional navigation equipment and enhanced maintenance programmes. Both Prince Philip and Prince Charles were trained Wessex pilots, occasionally they would perform as flying crew members in addition to being passengers on board the VIP services. The Wessex was replaced in this role by a privately leased Sikorsky S-76 in 1998.

Wartime operations.

In 1962, an international crisis arose as Indonesia threatened confrontation over the issue of Brunei, which was not in the newly formed Federation of Malaya. By February 1964, a large number of RAF and RN helicopters, including Westland Wessex, were operating from bases in Sarawak and Sabah to assist Army and Marine detachments fighting guerilla forces infiltrated by Indonesia over its one thousand mile frontier with Malaysia. Having removed much of the anti-submarine equipment to lighten the aircraft, during the campaign in Borneo the Wessex was typically operated as a transport helicopter, capable of ferrying up to 16 troops or a 4,000 pound payload of supplies directly to the front lines. Alongside the Westland Scout, the Wessex emerged as one of the main workhorses of the campaign, roughly half were operated directly from land bases and would regularly rotate with those stationed on RN vessels stationed off shore.  Around 55 Westland Wessex HU.5s participated in the Falklands War, fighting in the South Atlantic in 1982. On 21 May 1982, 845 Squadron's Wessex HU.5s supported British landings on East Falkland. The type was heavily used throughout the conflict for the transportation and insertion of British special forces, including members of the Special Air Service (SAS) and the Special Boat Service (SBS). A total of nine Wessex (eight HU.5s and one HAS.3) were lost during the Falklands campaign. Two HU.5s of 845 Squadron crashed on the Fortuna Glacier in South Georgia during an attempt to extract members of the SAS during a snow storm, six of 848 Squadron's Wessex HU.5s were lost when the container ship "Atlantic Conveyor" was sunk and the HAS.3 aboard HMS "Glamorgan" was destroyed when the ship was struck by an Exocet missile.

Civilian operations.

A civilian version of the helicopter, the Wessex 60, was also manufactured and supplied to a number of civilian operators, including Bristow Helicopters, one of the biggest rotary-wing operators in the world. Bristows flew them from various UK airfields and helicopter pads to support the growing North Sea Oil industry until they were withdrawn in 1982.

Australia.

In April 1961, the Royal Australian Navy (RAN) announced that they had selected the Westland Wessex to become the standard service helicopter from their ships and its intention to purchase roughly 30 for anti-submarine patrols, casualty evacuations, and fleet communications duties. The RAN formally accepted the first two of 27 Wessex helicopters in September 1963; 817 Squadron was the first to operate the type; the Wessex and its dunking sonar array quickly proved to be the most effective anti-submarine platform as yet seen in the RAN.  The Wessex was a major operational shift for the Fleet Air Arm, enabling the RAN to proceed with the conversion of the aircraft carrier HMAS "Melbourne" as an anti-submarine platform. In typical carrier operations, a Wessex would be deployed during the launch and recovery of fixed-wing aircraft as a guard helicopter; during anti-submarine patrols, routine procedure was to have one Wessex airborne to actively screen the ship while a second would be fully armed and prepared for operations, such an arrangement was used during troop transport deployments to Vietnam during the 1960s. Performing Search and Rescue sorties became another valued role of the type; in 1974, multiple Wessex helicopters participated in the relief effort in Darwin in the aftermath of Cyclone Tracy.  While the Wessex proved to be too large to reasonably operate from most of the RAN's destroyers, it was found to be well suited as a troop-transport helicopter from heavy landing ships and larger vessels. By 1980, the Wessex was no longer being used for anti-submarine operations, having been replaced by the more advanced and capable Westland Sea King in this capacity. Instead, remaining Wessex helicopters were retained to perform its secondary roles as a plane guard, search and rescue platform, and as a utility transport helicopter. The type was withdrawn from service in 1989.

Notable appearances in film.

There are no recorded fictional appearances of the Wessex. However Wessexes portrayed CH-34 Choctaws in Stanley Kubrick's 1987 film "Full Metal Jacket". The helicopters used were Wessex 60s, a civilian version of the Wessex HC.2 used as troop transports by the RAF. These are powered by the coupled-twin de Havilland Gnome with a distinctive long nose and single large turbine exhaust on each side, distinguishing them from the Vietnam-era CH-34.

The Westland Wessex was a British-built turbine-powered development of the Sikorsky H-34. It was developed and produced under licence by Westland Aircraft (later Westland Helicopters). One of the main changes from Sikorsky's H-34 was the replacement of the piston-engine powerplant with a turboshaft engine. Early models were powered by a single Napier Gazelle engine, while later builds used a pair of de Havilland Gnome engines.

Der Westland Wessex ist ein in den USA entwickelter und im Vereinigten Königreich hergestellter Transporthubschrauber. Mit einer zweiköpfigen Besatzung konnten 16 Passagiere bzw. im Ambulanzeinsatz 8 Verwundete auf Tragen oder auch 1350 kg Fracht befördert werden. Der Rumpf war in Ganzmetall-Halbschalenbauweise gefertigt.


Early life.

Wang was born in 1909 in Beijing to a poor family of Bannerman background. (His ancestors were ethnic Han Chinese adopted into the Manchu Eight Banners.) He worked as an editor for a newspaper agency, and as a clerk for a merchant association before becoming a writer. He is reported to have been self-educated. However, he graduated high school in 1924, and worked infrequently as a teacher until he moved to Beijing in 1931. He also worked as freelance editor and journalist.  He and Li Danquan were married in 1935. They had three children. Some sources credit Li as a working as journalist or editor at "Minyabao" (), a daily newspaper, where Wang also worked.

Career.

Wang wrote more than twenty novels from 1931 to 1949, though some sources attribute as many fifty novels to him. Most of his earlier works were detective and mystery novels.  He began writing wuxia novels after moving to Qingdao, sometime before 1938. "The Epoch Times" reported that Wang wrote serialized stories for "Qingdao Xinmin Daily" () newspaper during this period. From 1939 to 1949, Wang produced as many as sixteen wuxia novels.

"Crane-Iron Series".

Wang most popular works are collectively referred to as the "Crane-Iron Series" (), named after the first characters in the titles of the first and last installments in the series. The series five novels chronicle the struggles of four generations of youxia (), often translated as wandering heroes. Each novel contains elements which link it with the others.  Portions or possibly all of the novels may have been serialized. The publication history is not clear. Wang was also known to self-publish, and promote his own works. The following titles are arranged in internal chronological order rather than by their publication date:  "Crane Startles Kunlun" was written third, after "Sword Force, Pearl Shine", and serialized under the title "Dancing Crane, Singing Luan" (). The official website of actress Michelle Yeoh includes an English-language summary of the series.

Translations.

The two first volumes were translated into French, and published by Calmann-Lévy. As of 2017, no official English language translations of his novels exist. However, there is a manhua series of the same name (and a second, revised edition), created by Andy Seto. The plot of the manhua departs substantially from the novels.  An unofficial English translation of "Crane Startles Kunlun" exists, and a translation is currently in progress for "Precious Sword, Golden Hairpin".

Adaptations.

Ang Lee's 2000 film adaptation, "Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon", included elements from other books the "Crane" series, and also took liberties with the novel it was based on. The changes emphasized the romantic relationships between the protagonists from the novel. The film was also pitched as a martial-arts adaptation of "Sense and Sensibility" by Jane Austen.  In 2013, The Weinstein Company announced an English-language adaptation of "Iron Knight, Silver Vase" was in development, with Ronny Yu attached to direct. The film was later renamed "", and principal photography began in August 2014, with Yuen Woo-ping as director.

Later life and death.

After the Chinese Civil War, Wang was assigned to work as a school teacher by Communist leaders, who labelled him an "old literati". He was forbidden from producing new works. Following his retirement, possibly around 1966, he was labelled a "reactionary literati", thus the Communist Party punitively sentenced him to farm labor.  He died from an unknown illness on. Prior to his death he made several attempts to return to his wife and family who were living in Shenyang.  In 1999, Li Danquan met with Ang Lee and Michelle Yeoh during the production of "Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon".

Criticism.

Wang is considered to be one of the pioneers of the modern wuxia genre, along with other established wuxia writers such as Jin Yong and Liang Yusheng. He is also regarded as one of the "Ten Great Writers", and one of the "Four Great Writers of the Northern School", which included Li Shoumin, Gong Baiyu and Zheng Zhengyin.  Zhang Gansheng, a scholar of modern and contemporary Chinese literature, has characterized Wang as perfecting the wuxia genre, and paving the way for a generation of great writers. However, according to Xu Sinian, another scholar, there has not been any detailed critique of Wang's works, apart from that of the Taiwanese scholar Ye Hongsheng.

Wang Baoxiang (; 1909), was a Chinese mystery, science fiction, and wuxia romance novelist who wrote under the pseudonym Wang Dulu (). Wang is also known by the courtesy name Xiaoyu ().

Wang Dulu (, geboren als, Zi Xiaoci ; * 1909 in Peking; † 1977 in Tieling, China) war ein chinesischer Autor.