Biography.

In Russian Empire.

Venclauskis was born to a family of Lithuanian peasants near Plungė. He studied at a primary school in before transferring to a progymnasium in Palanga. There he tutored future general and was a classmate with future President of Lithuania Antanas Smetona. Venclauskis then studied at the Liepāja Gymnasium in present-day Latvia. His parents wanted him to become a Catholic priest, but he refused and the parents discontinued their financial support. Due to poor living conditions, he contracted tuberculosis. Venclauskis tried studying engineering at the University of Saint Petersburg and medicine at the University of Warsaw before settling for law at the University of Tartu. He graduated in 1903. After a mandatory practice at a civil court in Riga, he worked as an interrogator in Kuressaare (Arensburg), and was assigned as deputy prosecutor in Siberia but decided to start a private practice in Šiauliai.  Already in 1902, Venclauskis joined the Social Democratic Party of Lithuania. He collaborated with Jonas Biliūnas,, and Kipras Bielinis distributing illegal social democratic publications and with Jonas Jablonskis in smuggling Lithuanian books. During the Russian Revolution of 1905, he was active among Lithuanian social democrats in Riga and published two issues of a social democratic newspaper "Pirmyn" (Forward). He defended in court some of the people arrested for anti-Tsarist activities. Together with others, in 1907, he co-founded the Žvaigždė Society (star) which organized Lithuanian schools and libraries (it was chaired by writer and it maintained five schools near Riga with about 500 students in 1914). In 1908, he moved to Šiauliai where he established his law practice and lived until his death. He practiced civil law. A large part of his practice was arbitration of large commercial cases, particularly those involving Jewish or foreign businesses. In 1911, he was first elected to the Šiauliai City Duma. He was disciplined, but spoke and wrote little. He did not leave an archive or an autobiography. He did contribute a few short informational announcements about various cultural activities and events to "Vilniaus žinios", "Lietuvos ūkininkas", "Lietuvos žinios".  In September 1908, Veclauskis became the first chairman of cultural organization Varpas (bell) which organized concerts, lectures, amateur theater performances. His wife, together with, directed several plays. Venclauskis co-directed a play in 1911. His activities attracted the attention of the Tsarist police. His home was searched and he was briefly arrested in September 1912. The arrest spoiled his plans for running in the elections to the Russian State Duma. During World War I, he organized aid to war refugees. When fighting reached Šiauliai, he retreated to Minsk. He worked as a jurist of the All-Russian Zemstvo Union dealing with the 10th Army. After the February Revolution, he became a justice of the peace in Minsk. He returned to Lithuania in summer 1917 or in June 1918. Venclauskis, together with and, managed to get a permission from the Ober Ost officials to reopen the Šiauliai Gymnasium. They organized Jėga Society (power, strength), chaired by Venclauskis, to support the school which opened in April 1918 with 200 students.

In independent Lithuania.

Politics.

On 26 November 1918, Venclauskis was elected the first burgermeister of Šiauliai. He served until 17 April 1919 during the chaotic post-war period when the city changed hands during the Lithuanian–Soviet War. When the city was captured by the Bolsheviks in January 1919, Venclauskis agreed to work in the finance department of the communist city soviet. He worked on establishing local self-government and drafted a statute that was adopted by local councils in Šiauliai, Rokiškis, Utena. He was elected chairman of the Šiauliai district council and served until his election to the Constituent Assembly of Lithuania. After serving in the national parliament, Venclauskis returned to the Šiauliai City Council as chairman in 1925–1931 ( was burgermeister at that time) and as member in 1935–1939.  Venclauskis, as a member of the Social Democratic Party of Lithuania (LSDP), was elected to the Constituent Assembly in May 1920 and reelected to the First Seimas in October 1922. His party was in opposition to the Lithuanian Christian Democratic Party (LKDP) which gained majority of seats. At the Constituent Assembly, he was a member of various parliamentary commissions, including those on economy and draft constitution. Due to the emergency caused by the Żeligowski's Mutiny in October 1920, the assembly established the seven-member Small Seimas to continue legislative function and temporarily adjourned. Venclauskis was elected as a member of the Small Seimas, but was soon replaced by Steponas Kairys. When drafting the new constitution, Venclauskis as other social democrats opposed creating the position of the President of Lithuania. He supported the rights of ethnic minorities in Lithuania and urged not to single out any particular minority for special treatment. Together with other members of his party, he submitted numerous interpellations. During discussions of one of these interpellations (in which LSDP asked why the police was not allowing or disrupting the celebrations of the International Workers' Day in Lithuania), Venclauskis engaged in a heated argument with LKDP leader Mykolas Krupavičius and was removed from the meeting. Venclauskis urged the government to adopt the law on amnesty and lift martial law which prevented the establishment of true democracy in Lithuania. Since LKDP ignored most of the proposals put forth by LSDP, Venclauskis and other members of his party protested by not voting for some of the major laws passed by Constituent Assembly, including the constitution and the land reform. He was reelected to the First Seimas, but it was deadlocked and functioned for only five months. When the Seimas was dissolved in March 1923, Vencklauskis returned to his private law practice and the Šiauliai City Council.

Law and business.

In 1919–1920, Venclauskis briefly taught law at the Šiauliai Gymnasium. He was later offered a teaching position at the University of Lithuania, but refused. In 1920–1925, Venclauskis was elected as a member of the Lithuanian Bar Association. He was also long-term elder (starosta) of attorneys in Šiauliai. As such, he assigned criminal cases to practicing attorneys. Venclauskis was mainly a commercial attorney, representing Swedish and Swiss firms (including defense contractor Oerlikon Contraves). He worked on some high-profile cases, including a murder of a child in Žagarė, trials of several participants in the Tauragė Revolt, and corruption of diplomat Vaclovas Sidzikauskas. He took some pro bono cases related to child support or socialist-leaning activists. He opposed the death penalty. Venclauskis represented French graf Choiseul-Gouffier in a dispute with the Lithuanian government over large forest properties near Plateliai that the government wanted to nationalize according to the land reform of 1922. The case earned him enough fees to finance the construction of a palatial house by architect in 1925–1927. It had his home and offices on the first floor, with two upper floors rented out. A fine example of modern interwar architecture, the house now hosts a section of the and is listed on the Lithuanian Real Heritage Register.  In August 1919, Venclauskis co-founded and became board member of the Šiauliai Union of Consumer Cooperatives. The union had about 100 cooperative members, but was absorbed by the state-sponsored Lietūkis cooperative in 1928. Together with, Venclauskis founded construction corporation Pastogė (shelter). It had plans of building a large culture center and a hotel, but managed to finish just a movie theater before the outbreak of World War II. Since 1941, the premises are used by the. Venclauskis supported various other business enterprises, often loaning money to various factories.

Culture and philanthropy.

In addition to raising his two daughters, Venclauskis and his wife sheltered and raised a number of orphans and foundlings. The exact number is not known, but is rumored to be around two hundred. The Šiauliai Gymnasium was built on land of his father-in-law Jonas Jakševičius. As a compensation, the Tsarist government granted a privilege that three future generations of Jakševičius could attend the school for free. This motivated Venclauskis to adopt and foster many students who could then study for free. He built a villa in Palanga which was mainly occupied by the foster children. In his home in Šiauliai, on average, there were about 20 people. Reportedly, Venclauskis requested that there would be no more than 30 people sheltered in his home, but this quota was often exceeded. Venclauskis did not spend much time with the children and was distant with rare exceptions on vacations at the seaside or holidays, but gladly provided financial support. Venclauskis was one of the key donors of societies organized to support students at the Šiauliai Gymnasium (established in 1891) and social-democratic youth (established in 1925).  In November 1920, Venclauskis was one of the co-founders of the Kultūra Society and became its chairman in 1925. The society focused on publishing Lithuanian books, primarily various textbooks. In 1921–1927, the society published 140 different books as well as a monthly magazine "Kultūra" (Culture). It also organized numerous local chapters (membership peaked at 250 chapters with 3,000 members) that used the slogan (learn and teach!) to organize various cultural and educational activities. The local chapters were abolished by the authoritarian regime of president Antanas Smetona in 1927. Textbooks published by Kultūra were forbidden to be used in schools. The society could not sell its books and repay loans it took out to cover publishing costs. Venclauskis, as a debt guarantor, had to pay 10,000 litas as a result. It was officially dissolved in July 1929. Venclauskis worked to establish a professional theater in Šiauliai. In 1925, Kultūra Society took over the only theater and cinema hall which after the liquidation of the society became property of Venclauskis and several other men. They finally managed to get the Šiauliai Theater established in 1930. Venclauskis was activve in various other cultural and charitable societies; he was a member of the Masonic lodge Lietuva, established in July 1920, and became a member of the newly established Rotary Club in Šiauliai in June 1938.  Venclauskis became ill in 1939. He sought treatment in a sanatorium in Riga and had an operation, but died in February 1940.

Kazimieras Venclauskis (27 February 1880 – 24 February 1940) was a Lithuanian attorney, politician, and philanthropist. After graduating from the University of Tartu and completing the mandatory five-year practice at a court and prosecutor's office, he moved to Šiauliai where he established a successful private law practice in 1908 and lived until his death. Venclauskis joined the Social Democratic Party of Lithuania in 1902 and was active during the Russian Revolution of 1905. He was elected to the Šiauliai City Duma in 1911 and planned to run in the election to the Russian State Duma in 1912, but an arrest by police spoiled the plans. He was an active member or chairman of various Lithuanian societies, including Žvaigždė and Jėga that organized Lithuanian schools and Varpas that organized amateur theater performances and other cultural events.

Kazimieras Venclauskis (* 27. Februar 1880 in Juodeikiai, Kreis Plungė, Bezirk Telšiai, Russisches Kaiserreich; † 24. Februar 1940 in Šiauliai, Litauen) war ein litauischer Rechtsanwalt und Politiker.


History.

Our Lady of the Treille.

The cathedral owes its name to a statue of the Virgin Mary, known as Our Lady of the Treille, which was housed at the Collegiate Church of St. Peter from the beginning of the 13th century and has since been the object of devotion and veneration. The statue is described by Charles Bernard, parish priest of the Church of St. Catherine, as a statue of stone "a little more than two and a half feet high; she has a scepter in her right hand, and from her left she supports the baby Jesus on her knees." He mentions a trellis of gilded wood surrounding the statue and its pedestal, and specifies that the old trellis made of gilded iron was lost in 1792 during the destruction of the Collegiate Church of St. Peter. He speculates that this trellis is what gave the statue its name, although it is more likely that the name came from "Treola", a place existing in the 9th century in what is now Lille.  Three series of miraculous events are associated with the statue, occurring in 1254, from 1519 to 1527, and from 1634 to 1638. The miracle of 1254 was the healing of the patients who resorted to her intercession. The miracles in the 16th century were varied and included deliverance from demonic possession, hernias, blindness, paralysis and plague. In 1254, a confraternity of Our Lady of the Treille was canonically established by Pope Alexander IV, and since 1259, an annual procession in honor of Our Lady of the Treille was held, a practice which continued until the French Revolution. In 1634, Jean Le Vasseur, mayor of Lille, consecrated the city to Our Lady of the Treille. In 1667, Louis XIV, who had just taken Flanders, took an oath to respect the freedoms of Lille before the statue.  After the destruction of the Collegiate Church of St. Peter, which had been badly damaged during the Austrian siege of 1792 before being demolished in the French Revolution, the statue largely fell into oblivion. It was bought by a sexton, Alain Gambier, who placed it in the Church of St. Catherine, where it remained between 1797 and 1802. It was not until 1842 that Charles Bernard, parish priest of the Church of St. Catherine, restored the cult of Our Lady of the Treille and tried to strengthen it again: he instituted the month of Mary, patron saint of Lille, and had the statue placed in the Chapel of the Blessed Virgin of St. Catherine's Church. The celebration in great pomp of the secular jubilee of the first miracles of Our Lady of the Treille, in 1854 constituted a decisive step in this restoration work. The restoration project is also believed to have been marked by providence, due to the unexpected acquisition of the land on which the new church in honor of the Lady of the Treille would be built, making it possible to lay the church's foundation stone before the end of the jubilee celebration.

The Creation of the Diocese.

In the middle of the 19th Century, in spite of the size of the town and the growing population of the surrounding region, Lille did not have its own bishop, but belonged to the Archdiocese of Cambrai. While proposals to create a new diocese for Lille and its surrounds had been made in the past, they had not been successful. In 1852, however, the Lille deputy Charles Kolb-Bernard recommended the creation of a new diocse, which would cover the districts of Lille, Dunkirk, and Hazebrouck, in a public report entitled "Intérêts communaux de la ville de Lille". An anti-Republican Legitimist and a spokeperson for the protectionist upper bourgeoisie, Kolb-Bernard was dedicated to the moralisation of the working class at a time when social tensions were exacerbated by mass immigration from Belgium and the impoverishment of large parts of the population due to industrialisation; he saw the creation of a new bishopric as a means to "re-Christianise" a population largely denied the spiritual relief of religion. The cause was likewise taken up by the lawyer Armand Prat in his 1856 memoir, "Thoughts on the Creation of a Bishopric of Lille".  The creation of the new bishopric also involved financial and linguistic considerations. The Diocese of Cambrai covered, in effect, two distinct linguistic areas, with Flemish the majority language in the north-west, due in part to the heavy immigration from nearby Belgium. Indeed, a few decades later in 1896, a report found that 25% of the residents of Lille did not hold French citizenship, and of these more than 98% were Belgium, mainly from Flemish-speaking Flanders. From the 1870s, the Flemish represented two fifths of the population of Wazemmes and half of the population of districts such as Moulins and Fives, and the town of Roubaix. From a financial perspective, the growing population was anticipated to provide a substantial income to a new diocese, while the expenses of the creation would fall primarily on the state.

The Construction of a Cathedral.

In early 1853, Charles Kolb-Bernard and his cousin, Charles Bernard, vicar general at Cambrai, created a commission with the object of building a magnificent church in honour of Our Lady of the Treille. The commission brought together representatives of the clergy and the industrial bourgeoisie of Lille, who strongly supported the creation of a new Bishopric, and soon began to think of the planned church as a future cathedral. Land in the heart of Old Lille, the site of the ancient, recently-levelled castle mound, was purchased for a sum of 223,000 francs.  An international competition was launched in 1854 for the design of the church, which was to be inspired by the Gothic style of the early 13th century, and the first stone was laid on the first of July 1854 by the Archbishop of Cambrai, in the course of the celebration of the feast of Our Lady of Treille, drawing large crowds including the mayor and ten bishops.

Lille Cathedral, the Basilica of Notre Dame de la Treille (), is a Roman Catholic church and basilica located in Lille, France. It is the cathedral church of the Archdiocese of Lille. An example of Gothic Revival architecture, the cathedral is considered a national monument.

Die Kathedrale von Lille ("Basilique-cathédrale Notre-Dame-de-la-Treille de Lille") ist die Bischofskirche des römisch-katholischen Erzbistums Lille in Lille, Region Hauts-de-France. Sie wurde 1854 im neugotischen Stil als monumentaler Schrein für das Gnadenbild "Unserer Lieben Frau von Treille" begonnen und 1999 mit der modernen Westfassade vollendet. Seit 1904 ist sie Basilica minor, seit 1913 Kathedrale des neu errichteten Bistums Lille. Mit diesem wurde sie 2008 zum Metropolitansitz erhoben.


Formation and goals.

The website of the Armenian National Congress lists five main goals: In addition, the ANC also believes in maintaining good relations with Armenia's neighbors, including normalizing relations with both Turkey and Azerbaijan, developing closer relations with the Middle East, self-determination of the Republic of Artsakh, encouraging further European integration of Armenia and deepening cooperation with the European union, the United States, Russia and maintaining strong relations with CIS member states.

History.

2008 merge.

The Impeachment Union party was officially dissolved in 2008 as members opted to join the ANC.

2011 protests.

During the 2011 Armenian protests, the HAK played a major role in organizing demonstrations and pushing for the government of President Serzh Sargsyan, who defeated Ter-Petrosyan in the 2008 election, to accept the demands of protesters. The death of 10 supporters of Ter-Petrosyan as a result of protests that followed Sargsyan's disputed victory are a major rallying point for protesters.  Relations between the HAK and Heritage, a fellow opposition party, have historically been rocky, with differences in tactics during the 2011 protests widening the rift.

2012 parliamentary election.

After the 2012 parliamentary elections Armenian National Congress gained 7 seats in the National Assembly of Armenia.

2015 Armenian constitutional referendum.

In the 2015 constitutional referendum in Armenia, the ANC supported the "no" camp. ANC leader Levon Ter-Petrosyan, stated that "the constitutional changes initiated by Serzh Sargsyan was destroying the bases of the state".

2017 Armenian parliamentary election.

The ANC formed a political alliance with the People's Party of Armenia, however the alliance failed to win any seats following the election.

2018 Armenian parliamentary election.

The ANC did not participate in the 2018 Armenian parliamentary elections.

Recent activities.

2019.

A statement from the Armenian National Congress in 2019 addressed tax reform: "On 7 March 2019, the Government of the Republic of Armenia approved the package of draft amendments to the Tax Code and to several laws regulating tax relations, but certain draft laws will cause harm to the activities of small and medium enterprises."

The Armenian National Congress () is a political party in Armenia, led by former President Levon Ter-Petrosyan and formed in 2008. Its direct predecessor was the Pan-Armenian National Movement.

Der Armenische Nationalkongress (, Abkürzung ՀԱԿ bzw. HAK) ist eine 2008 gegründete klassisch-liberale Koalition von 13 Oppositionsparteien in der Republik Armenien, die vom ehemaligen Präsidenten Lewon Ter-Petrosjan geführt wird und 2013 in eine politische Partei umgewandelt wurde. Ihr direkter Vorgänger war die Armenische Allnationale Bewegung.


History.

A.C. Carpi (1909–2000).

The club was founded in the summer of 1909 by local student Adolfo Fanconi as "Jucunditas" (Latin for "gaiety"), and changed their denomination to "Associazione Calcio Carpi" a few years later. Carpi played three seasons in the Italian Football Championship, the precursor to Serie A, from the 1919–20 season until 1921–22. Starting from the 1930s, they mostly played between Serie C and Serie D. Carpi achieved their best result in 1997, a third-placed finish under coach Luigi De Canio which allowed them to play the Serie B promotion playoffs then lost to Monza. The club was cancelled in 2000 following relegation to Serie D and subsequent bankruptcy.

Carpi F.C. 1909 (2000–present).

A new club, named "Calcio Carpi", was therefore admitted to "Eccellenza Emilia–Romagna". The club assumed the current denomination in 2002, following promotion to Serie D and a merger with the second team of the city, Dorando Pietri Carpi, that had just reached Serie D as well. Pietri Carpi also sold its license to Boca.  At the end of the 2009–10 season, through repechage due to the numbers of teams in financial difficulty, the club was admitted into Lega Pro Seconda Divisione. In 2010–11, the club's first season in the higher division, it was promoted again to Lega Pro Prima Divisione. In the 2011–12 season, as a result of the work being done on their stadium, the Sandro Cabassi, the team played in the Mapei Stadium – Città del Tricolore.

Serie B (2013).

In the season 2012–13 the team was promoted from Lega Pro Prima Divisione to Serie B for the first time ever when they defeated Lecce in the Girone A Play-off Final 2–1 on aggregate. This was the club's third promotion in just four seasons.  Carpi FC's first ever fixture at Serie B level ended in a 1–0 defeat away to Ternana on 24 August 2013. Their first win came in the manner of a 2–0 victory at Spezia courtesy of goals from Fabio Concas & Roberto Inglese. Carpi's first season in Serie B ended in a 12th-place finish, only three points away from a promotion play-off place, ensuring their place for another season.

Serie A debut promotion (2015).

The 2014–15 Serie B campaign saw Carpi, managed by experienced coach Fabrizio Castori, completing the first half of the season (21 games) in a surprising 1st place, with a record of 43 points and a nine-point advantage over second-placed Frosinone. On 28 April 2015, after a goalless draw with Bari, the club gained an historic first ever promotion to Serie A.  Carpi's first season saw a complete overhaul of the squad from the season previous, as a consequence of the departure of long-time director of football Cristiano Giuntoli, who had masterminded the club's rise from the amateur Serie D to the top flight, to Napoli; he was subsequently replaced by Sean Sogliano.  On 28 September 2015, after a 1–5 loss to Roma, the club announced it had relieved Castori of his coaching duties with immediate effect, replacing him with Giuseppe Sannino in the first managerial change of the 2015–16 Serie A season. Carpi had achieved just two points from its opening six matches. On 3 November, the club performed a U-turn, and Castori was rehired. The club's debut top-flight season ultimately ended in relegation by a single point, with the club having found itself in a relegation dogfight from virtually the start of the season.  The following season saw another complete rebuild of the first-team squad, with several important players returning to their parent clubs from loan, as Carpi sought an immediate return to Serie A. It ended in heartbreak after they fell to Benevento in the play-off final.

Carpi Football Club 1909 is an Italian professional football club based in Carpi in the province of Modena. The club was founded in 1909 and re-founded in 2000.

Der Carpi Football Club 1909, im deutschsprachigen Raum bekannt als FC Carpi, ist ein italienischer Fußballverein aus Carpi, Provinz Modena in der Region Emilia-Romagna.


History.

Carmona was just a part of the big town of Silang. This is not surprising because in the early part of the Spanish regime Silang included what today are known as the municipalities of Indang: San Francisco de Malabon (now General Trias), and Maragondon. Moreover, Alfonso, Amadeo, and Mendez were mere sitios of Indang; Santa Cruz de Malabon (now Tanza) was a part of San Francisco de Malabon or Malabon Grande; and Magallanes and Ternate were barrios of Maragondon. Furthermore, Maragondon itself had been a part of the Corregimiento of Mariveles on the opposite side of Manila Bay.  According to research conducted in 1982, by Sangguniang Bayan members Ernesto Zamora, Salvador P. Manahan, Pio Purificacion, Narciso Levardo, and Romy Laurito, assisted by Municipal Secretary Rogelio D. Paular, it was found out that the history of Carmona began during the 15th century. As related by a reliable informant, three brothers coming from the mountain of Silang were said to be the first settlers in the place which was then called “Latag”, a Tagalog word for “plain” due to the numerous hills and plains in the area. The settlement was not known to other residents of Silang until some of them also went down to the place, cleared some forest areas and established their residence.  In 1595, Silang became a town and Latag was annexed as a part since then. Latag gradually developed into a community whose residents struggled hard to make it a town. Their burning desires were filled with hopes and fulfillment in 1856 when their move for the conversion of Latag into a town was spearheaded by a leader named Tiburcio Purificacion. Finally, by virtue of a decree issued on February 20, 1857 by the King of Spain through Governor General Fernando de Norzagaray, Latag became a separate municipality with the name it bears today: Carmona, named after the town of Carmona in the province of Seville, Spain. Yet until now, it had not been known where the name originated.  During the Philippine Revolution in 1896, the gobernadorcillo of Carmona was Kapitan Damian Ermitano after the administrations of Tiburcio Purificacion, Mariano Mapanoo and Donald C. Virtucio, Augusto Manaog and Fabian Tenedero.  After the revolution and the occupation of the country by the Americans in 1901, the first local executive of Carmona was Martin Reyes who was followed next by Marcelo Reyes, Prudencio Torres, Juan Alumia, Estanislao Paular, Marciano Mapanoo, and Juan Zamora.  The mayors who assumed office after World War II were the following honorable men: Bernardo Hebron, Eulalio Reyes and Cesar Casal and Felino L. Maquinay. In 1959, the district of San Gabriel and San Jose of Barangay Kabilang Baybay was purchased by the National Government for the relocation of squatters from Metro Manila. On March 14, 1981, the relocation site, which teemed with people from almost every part of the country and was more popularly known as the resettlement area, became an independent municipality called General Mariano Alvarez.

Geography.

Carmona is located on the south-eastern part of the province of Cavite, approximately south of Manila and from Trece Martires City, Cavite's seat of government. It is bounded on the north, east and south by the City of Biñan, Laguna, Municipality of General Mariano Alvarez (GMA) on the north-west and Silang on the south-west. The geographic coordinates of Carmona are about 14.32° latitude and 121.06° longitude.  The topography of Carmona is generally flat to strongly rolling or sloping, partly lowland and partly hill. Carmona is divided into four physiographical areas: the lowest lowland area, the lowland area, the central hilly area and the upland mountainous area.  The town is also within the path of a fault line, the Valley Fault System which starts from the Sierra Madre mountains.

Land area.

With a total land area of 29,749,874 square meters, Carmona represented 2.17% of the total land area of the province. These areas are currently occupied by 14 barangays of which 7 are considered Poblacion barangays and 7 others are regular barangays. Barangay Lantic is the largest area while Barangay 2 has the smallest area.

Climate.

Carmona has a Type I climate characterized by two pronounced seasons: dry from November to April and wet during rest of the year. Maximum rainfall usually occurs from June to September. The average annual rainfall is 200 millimeters with a peak of 400 millimeters in August.  The average annual temperature is 27.2 C. The highest temperature occurs during the month of May while the lowest occurs during the month of January.  The predominant wind direction comes from the south-west during the month of June to September and from the north-west during the month of October to January, while from February to April, the wind is coming from the southeast, predominantly in the month of May.  The average humidity of Carmona is 81%. This makes the municipality cooler than the Metropolitan Manila Area where the average humidity is higher.

Soil properties.

The eastern side of Cavite consists of Carmona clay loam with streaks of Carmona clay loam steep phase and Carmona sandy clay loam. This type of soil is granular with tuffaceous material and concretions. It is hard and compact when dry, sticky and plastic when wet. This type of soil is planted with rice with irrigation or sugarcane without irrigation. Fruit trees such as mango, avocado and citrus are also grown in this type of soil.

Mineral resources.

Cavite coastal areas have marl and conglomerate sedimentary rocks and some igneous rocks which are prominent in the high, mountainous regions of the western part of the province. Carmona reserves and deposits of sand, clay and gravel materials are found in Sitio Ulong Tubig, Mabuhay.

Barangays.

Carmona is politically subdivided into 14 barangays. Eight of the current barangays are classified as poblacion barangays and the six others are ordinary barangays or barrios.

Demographics.

In the, the population of Carmona, Cavite, was people, with a density of.  In the 2010 census, Carmona had a total population of 74,986 which represented a total number of households at 14,885.

Population density.

The highest densities are found in the Poblacion area (Barangays 1–8) and Barangays Milagrosa and Maduya, where land areas are significantly lower than the other barangays. Barangay Lantic posted development of the Kuok Property within the Lantic area; it is expected that the density will increase within the ten-year period.

Population distribution.

Carmona's population is concentrated in Barangays 1–8 at the Poblacion area. Barangay Milagrosa is the most populated barangay, which posted a total population of 15,284. Dense population is also found in Barangay 9, the central business district of the municipality. Most population catalysts such as banks, town center, and commercial establishments are found in the Poblacion area.

Language.

The main language spoken is Tagalog. In some areas they speak Chabacano or Chavacano, sometimes referred to by linguists as Philippine Creole Spanish, a Spanish-based creole language spoken in the Philippines. English is considered as the second language and is widely used as medium of communication in business and higher education. Other Philippine languages spoken are Waray, Bicolano, Cebuano, Ilokano, Pangasinense, and Hiligaynon. Chinese and Spanish are also spoken by some local residents.

Religion.

The majority of inhabitants are composed of Roman Catholics, Protestants and other non-denominational groups.

Economy.

Cottage industries include metal works, metalcraft, footwear industries, concrete products, tricycle assembly, rattan handicrafts and bakeries. Manufacturing firms engaged in handicraft (bags and shoes), furniture making, business retailing, personal and business services, and food based enterprises contribute to the municipality's trade and commerce. Mercantile activities in the municipality are concentrated at the Poblacion area and along Governor's Drive. Carmona has been classified as a first class municipality since July 1996, brought about by industrialization, real estate development and commercial activities.  Carmona's progress accelerated after the conversion of more than fifty hectares of farmlands into industrial areas in 1998. Garment industries, steel fabrication, microchips and semi-conductors, tool fabrication, bus assembly, bulb factories, die casting and other small and medium-scale industries currently operate in the municipality. These investments continue to provide local employment, generate export earnings, increase municipal revenues and serve as vehicles for technology transfer. Foreign investments are pouring in as export-oriented industries continue to flourish.  Employment rate: Out of a potential labor force of 24,918 (members 15 years old & above who are actively seeking for work), 98.03% are employed while 1.97% are unemployed. The presence of 8 industrial estates & 2 industrial compounds contribute largely to the high employment rate of the municipality.

Agriculture.

The economy of Carmona is generally agricultural. Almost half of its total land area is devoted to agriculture.  In 2000, the total land area devoted to agriculture was 609 or roughly 19.60% of the total land area of Carmona, which is 3,902 hectares. 230 hectares are irrigated areas all of which are currently planted with rice and vegetables, 30 hectares are upland rice areas, 122.5 hectares are for diversified trees and crops, and the other 211.5 hectares are considered pasture land.  There are 217 farmers in the Municipality engaged in planting and farming. Crops and livestock farmers are distributed among 14 barangays of Carmona.  However, with the implementation of the CALABARZON growth area, the municipality of Carmona has slowly become an industrial enclave in the province. The advent of industrialization has threatened the agricultural base of Carmona. As of April 1999, land used for rice production has gone down; sugarcane plantation has decreased considerably and those land uses for other crops and vegetables totaled 84.5 hectares during the same year.  At present, the programs and services of the Department of Agriculture (DA) are focused on five priority programs: a sustained self-sufficiency program for rice and corn, strengthening of production market linkage, an acceleration of livelihood program, aggressive assistance to organizational development of farmers, and assistance to agriculture-related priority programs of other government agencies.

Industry.

Industrialization in the '90s accounts for the rapid growth of Carmona's business community from an otherwise quaint agricultural town in the 1950s. Brought about by huge capital from the national government, the industrial complexes bolstered the increase of the municipality's revenues and the change in the people's lifestyle.  There are eight existing industrial complexes in the towns. Its proximity to Manila and at the same time being the gateway to the Calabarzon area made Carmona a promising venue for business.  On the other hand, the local government has been very supportive of the investors. There are 114 factories in eight industrial parks/complexes to date. At present there are the eight industrial complexes strewn along the Governor's Drive, in a total of 419.31 hectares, making up 13.56% of the town's land area. Ranging from 9 to 100 hectares, these industrial estates are complete with amenities, secured, and in close coordination with the municipal government through the Carmona Business Club and other agencies.

Commercial and financial.

One of the biggest commercial subdivisions in town is the Macaria Business Park in Barangay Mabuhay which houses Waltermart in its 13.13 hectare lot. Recently, fastfood chains and restaurants have been opened to compete for regular patronage at the Paseo de Carmona in Barangay Maduya.  Moreover, numerous traders and retailers are housed in the bustling Carmona Public Market.  The bulk of commercial activities come from wholesale/retail enterprises, which comprise a total of 619 establishments. There are also service-related establishments: businesses, food shops and amusement operators, with 35 banks and other lending institutions. Among the major banking institutions that cater to the financial needs of businesses in Carmona and neighboring towns are Bank of Philippine Islands (BPI), Metrobank, Banco de Oro (BDO), Chinatrust Bank, China Bank, RCBC, and Union Bank.

Healthcare.

The Pagamutang Bayan ng Carmona ( and the Rural Health Unit (RHU) are government-owned and run healthcare facilities in the town.  The main health center in the municipality is located in Barangay 4. A total of eleven barangay health centers or substations of the RHU are established in different barangays.  In addition to the rural health units and the Pagamutang Bayan, there are also eleven private clinics operating in the municipality. Eleven clinics are privately owned and one clinic is under the supervision of government health workers.

Education.

The education sector in Carmona improved in many aspects of endeavor. In line with the local government's thrust of enhancing quality education, the Department of Education (DepEd), particularly the District of Carmona and Carmona National High School, with the full support of the local government unit, implemented various programs and projects that intensified the education sector in achieving its goals.  As early as 1995, various programs for the improvement of quality education started with a vision of producing competitive students from both the elementary and secondary levels. Carmona posted a literacy rate of 89%. The local government started with the computerization of all schools. Each public school was given computer units and students were provided with computer lessons. This is in consonance with the belief that modern technology and equipment are considered factors in enhancing better education. To address the increasing number of enrollees and students, the LGU conceptualized the construction of 2-story buildings in different schools in Carmona.  At present, the municipality has a substantial number of classrooms and teachers to meet the learning needs of the school age population. As of School Year 2005–2006, the municipality has 50 educational institutions, 28 of which are public schools while 17 are privately run. The public schools are categorized into 18 pre-schools, 9 elementary, 1 secondary, and 1 tertiary school. The private educational institutions are composed of 10 pre-schools, 7 elementary, 3 secondary/high school, and a computer college.

', officially the ', (), is a in the province of,. According to the, it has a population of people.

Carmona (Tagalog: Bayan ng Carmona) ist eine philippinische Stadtgemeinde in der Provinz Cavite, in der Verwaltungsregion IV, Calabarzon. Sie hat Einwohner (Zensus ), die in 14 Barangays lebten. Sie wird als Gemeinde der ersten Einkommensklasse auf den Philippinen und als urbanisiert eingestuft.


Description.

"Poecilotheria metallica" has similar intricate geometric body coloration as other "Poecilotheria" species, but it is the only species in the genus to be covered in blue hair. While it is young, "P. metallica" is less chromatic, the coloring turns to blue as it matures. This blue is much less significant in the mature males. Males also have more slender bodies, and their legs are longer. The definitive trait of a mature male are the revelation of emboli at the end of their pedipalps following their "mature molt." Females can be determined through molt confirmations before maturity. When full size, the leg span of "P. metallica" is.

Distribution.

"Poecilotheria metallica" is found only in a small area of less than, a reserve forest that is nonetheless highly disturbed. Surveys of adjacent forest have failed to observe this species. The type specimen was discovered in a railway timber yard in Gooty about 100 km southwest of its known range, but it is believed to have been transported there by train.

Behavior.

"Poecilotheria metallica"'s behavior parallels that of many arboreal spiders. In the wild, "P. metallica" lives in holes of tall trees where it makes asymmetric funnel webs. The primary prey consists of various flying insects. Spiders of this genus may live communally when territory, i.e. the number of holes per tree, is limited. The species is skittish and will try to flee first, and will also flee when light shines upon it, as it is a photosensitive species. Under provocation, however, members of the species may bite.

Longevity.

Females typically live for 11 to 12 years, or, in rare instances, for up to 15 years. Males live for 3 to 4 years.

Venom.

There has never been a recorded human death from its bite. However, "P. metallica's" bite is considered medically significant, with venom that may cause intense pain, judging from the experience of keepers bitten by other spiders in the genus. The vast majority are "dry bites," where no venom is injected into the handler. The mechanical effects of the bite can still be worrisome, as an adult's fangs can reach nearly 3/4 of an inch in length. "P. metallica" can move rapidly and may defend itself when cornered. Venom may produce a heart-rate increase followed by sweating, headache, stinging, cramping, or swelling. Effects can last for up to a week. However in extreme bites from the genus "Poecilotheria", effects may still be felt months later.

Coloration.

As with other tarantulas with blue hair, the vivid colors of "P. metallica" are produced by crystalline arrays of nanostructures. Structural colours are usually highly iridescent, changing color when viewed from different angles. Some species of blue tarantulas have hairs with a "special flower-like" structure which may reduce iridescence.

Common names.

"P. metallica" is also known as the Gooty sapphire ornamental tree spider, Gooty sapphire, and Gooty tarantula. Other common names are metallic tarantula, peacock parachute spider, or peacock tarantula.

As pets.

"P. metallica" has been bred in captivity for ten years and is popular with tarantula enthusiasts. It sometimes priced above $500 in the United States, but as a spiderling is typically between $100 and $200. As with most tarantulas, the spider's sex can influence price - females generally being more expensive because of their longer life. Members of the species are hardy, relatively fast-growing spiders that are generally fed crickets, but may also eat moths, grasshoppers and cockroaches. "P. metallica" measures between in legspan when fully grown. In captivity, humid environments with temperatures between and a humidity level of 75 to 85% are preferred.  This is a very fast, sometimes defensive tarantula that has the potential for medically significant venom.

Conservation.

"P. metallica" is classified as Critically Endangered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) due to its occurrence in a single, small area in which habitat is rapidly degrading due to logging and firewood harvesting. Another threat identified by IUCN assessors is specimen collection for the pet trade. Population size is unknown, but the combination of its small natural range and the habitat threats indicate a declining population trend.

Poecilotheria metallica, also known as the Gooty sapphire ornamental, is an Old World species of tarantula. It is the only blue species of the genus "Poecilotheria". Like others in its genus it exhibits an intricate fractal-like pattern on the abdomen. The species' natural habitat is deciduous forest in Andhra Pradesh, in central southern India. It has been classified as Critically endangered by the IUCN.

Poecilotheria metallica, auch als Blaue Ornament-Vogelspinne bekannt, ist eine Ornamentvogelspinne und bewohnt die Trockenwälder Südostindiens in einer Höhe von 500 bis 1000 Metern. Die Art wird lokal „Ägul purgo“ genannt, was übersetzt „blaue Spinne“ bedeutet.


Biographical information.

William Rees received his PhD degree in population ecology from the University of Toronto. He founded SCARP's '"Environment and Resource Planning" concentration and from 1994 to 1999 served as director of the School. Rees' book on ecological footprint analysis, "Our Ecological Footprint" (co-authored with then PhD student Dr Mathis Wackernagel), was published in 1996 and is now available in English, Chinese, French, German, Hungarian, Italian, Japanese, Latvian, and Spanish.  Much of Rees' work is in the realm of ecological economics and human ecology. He is best known in these fields for the co-development of ecological footprint analysis with his then PhD student Mathis Wackernagel. The ecological footprint is a quantitative tool that estimates humanity's ecological impact on the ecosphere in terms of appropriated ecosystem (land and water) area. This research reveals the fundamental incompatibility between continued material economic growth and ecological security, and has helped to reopen debate on human carrying capacity as a consideration in sustainable development.

Academic, policy and research interests.

Rees is a founding member and recent past-President of the Canadian Society for Ecological Economics. He is also a Fellow at the Post Carbon Institute and a co-investigator in the "Global Integrity Project," aimed at defining the ecological and political requirements for biodiversity preservation. His present book project examines factors that seem to drive the repeating cycle of human societal collapse. A dynamic speaker, Rees has been invited to lecture on areas of his expertise across Canada and the US, as well as in Australia, Austria, Belgium, China, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Japan, Mexico, the Netherlands, Norway, Indonesia, Italy, Korea, the former Soviet Union, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sweden and the UK.  Rees' academic interests are in the following subject matter fields:  Rees also presently serves on the National Board of Advisors of the Carrying Capacity Network, an organization that advocates immigration reduction to achieve U.S. population stabilization and resource conservation, and calls for "national revitalization attained through fostering education, family, community self-reliance, tradition, and national unity."

Philosophy.

Rees has said that the "enlightenment project," rooted as it is in Cartesian dualism, has resulted in a techno-industrial society that sees itself as somehow separate from the biophysical world. This dualism and its expansionary-materialist worldview are the basis of many of the "environmental problems" facing humankind.

Awards and honours.

Most recently William Rees has received a Dean's Medal of Distinction (UBC Faculty of Applied Science 2016) and the 2015 Herman Daly Award in Ecological Economics (USSEE). In 2012 he was awarded the 2012 Blue Planet Prize (jointly with Dr Mathis Wackernagel), the 2012 Kenneth Boulding Prize in Ecological Economics (ISEE), and an honorary Doctoral Degree, Laval University. Previously he was a recipient of a 2007 Trudeau Fellowship, an annual prize awarded by the Pierre Elliott Trudeau Foundation "...in recognition of outstanding achievement, innovative approaches to issues of public policy and commitment to public engagement", and in 2006 he was elected as a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada (FRSC). Rees was a member of the winning team receiving the City of Barcelona 2004 Award (Multimedia Category) for the exhibition "Inhabiting the World." In 2000, The Vancouver Sun recognized him as one of British Columbia's top "public intellectuals." In 1997, UBC awarded William Rees a Senior Killam Research Prize.

William Rees, FRSC (born December 18, 1943), is a professor at the University of British Columbia and former director of the School of Community and Regional Planning (SCARP) at UBC.

William Rees (* 18. Dezember 1943) ist ein kanadischer Professor an der University of British Columbia und früherer Direktor der School of Community and Regional Planning (SCARP). Er ist international bekannt durch das Konzept des Ökologischen Fußabdrucks, das er zusammen mit dem Schweizer Mathis Wackernagel entwickelt hat.


History.

Legend says that the barrio was named after a beautiful, lovely daughter of one of its early settlers of the place. She was so loved and revered by the locals that they named her "Santa Fe", and in her death, they named the place after her. However, in "Relacion de las Yslas Filipinas" by Spanish conquistador Miguel de Loarca, it states that the barrio was named after Santa Fe in the province of Granada in Spain. Its first settlers were Onhan-speaking Negritos from Panay Island who emigrated to Tablas as early as 1730.  During the Spanish colonial period, Santa Fe was a barrio of neighboring Looc town until 1855 when it was established as a separate "pueblo" or town. It was abolished and reverted into a barrio again in 1868. In 1892, the Spaniards restored Santa Fe's municipal status, which would remain until the American colonial period.  Santa Fe was one 11 municipalities created in Romblon when civilian government was established in the province. However, on 10 March 1917, it was abolished and reverted once more into a barrio of Looc. On 8 January 1940, by virtue of Commonwealth Act No. 581, authored by Romblon congressman Leonardo Festin, the municipality of Looc was abolished and incorporated into a new special municipality called Tablas. Hence, Santa Fe became a barrio of this special municipality.  On 1 October 1946, by virtue of Republic Act No. 38 authored by Romblon congressman Modesto Formilleza, the special municipality of Tablas was abolished and Looc municipality was reinstated. The law also created Santa Fe into an independent municipality.  Santa Fe is also the home of "Pinoy Big Brother" Season 1 big winner Nene Tamayo.

Geography.

Santa Fe has a total land area of 63.52 km. It lies on the southern tip of Tablas Island. The town is mountainous with so many beaches and islets. It has sandy loam type of soil rich with mineral resources such as granite and white clay. The tallest elevation in the town is Mount Calatong.

Barangays.

Santa Fe is politically subdivided into 11 barangays.

Demographics.

At the 2015 census, Santa Fe had a population of 16,098 people. Most of its natives descended from Ati indigenous people from Panay Island. Majority of its population speak the Loocnon variant of Inunhan that switches /r/ or /l/ for /d/.  The townsfolk are predominantly Roman Catholic. Every April, they celebrate the "Fiesta sa Dagat", also known as "Fisherfolk's Day" in honor of St. Vincent Ferrer, the town's patron saint. Other Christian denominations include the Philippine Independent Church, Foursquare Gospel Church in the Philippines, Assemblies of God, Baptist Church, Jehovah's Witnesses, Seventh-day Adventist Church, and the Potter's Fellowship.

Local government.

Pursuant to Chapter II, Title II, Book III of Republic Act 7160 or the Local Government Code of 1991, the municipal government is composed of a mayor (alkalde), a vice mayor (bise alkalde) and members (kagawad) of the legislative branch Sangguniang Bayan alongside a secretary to the said legislature, all of which are elected to a three-year term and are eligible to run for three consecutive terms.  Santa Fe's incumbent mayor and vice mayor are Elsie Visca and Miguel M. Galido, both from the PDP–Laban party, respectively.

Economy.

Agriculture is the most important sector in the municipality. This sector comprises sub-sectors namely: crops, livestock, poultry, and fishing. Crops like rice, corn, mango, cassava, banana, sweet yam and coconut are raised by farmers. Coconut comprises the largest share of the agricultural area of the municipality and is dominantly grown in all barangays.

Infrastructure.

National Power Corporation (NPC) supplies 32.37% (or 836 households) of Santa Fe's households with electricity. The town is serviced by Levels 1, 2 and 3 water supply system. It also has four community irrigation projects with 92 service areas. Potable water is also supplied from water pumps, artesian wells, and rainwater collection reservoirs. PLDT, Smart Communications, and Globe Telecom provides landline and cellular phone service in the municipality. Radio, as well as, terrestrial and cable television services are also available.  Santa Fe Municipal Port caters to intra-provincial travel, particularly between San Jose in Carabao Island. The town is connected to the neighboring towns of Looc and Alcantara through the Tablas Circumferential Road. Jeepneys, tricycles, and motorcycles are to common forms of transportation.

Transportation.

From Looc town proper, there are scheduled jeepney trips going to Odiongan. The earliest trip is at 5 a.m. and travel time is one hour. Travelers may expect some delays as the jeepneys will halt every now and then to unload and load passengers along the way. The jeepney route's terminus is at Odiongan Public Market, where travelers can ride a tricycle to get to Odiongan Port. Fare is around P100 and may take 15-20 minutes bumpy ride. At Odiongan Port, there are scheduled RORO ferry trips by Montenegro Lines, Starlite Ferries and 2GO Travel.  Travelers can also reach Santa Fe by flying to Tugdan Airport in neighboring Alcantara. Cebu Pacific operates four flights weekly to the airport from Manila.

Tourism.

There are several beaches and other scenic spots to visit in Santa Fe. These include:

', officially the ', is a in the province of,. According to the, it has a population of people.

Santa Fe ist eine philippinische Stadtgemeinde in der Provinz Romblon, in der Verwaltungsregion IV-B, Mimaropa. Sie hat Einwohner (Zensus ). Sie wird als Gemeinde der fünften Einkommensklasse auf den Philippinen und als teilweise urbanisiert eingestuft.


Features.

Stage is similar to operatic performance. The stage may consist of a clear circular open area, or at the most, a wooden platform about three and a half metre in length. There are no elaborate stage arrangements similar to modern dramatic performances. There are no backdrops, curtains or green-rooms. Typically, there are no microphones or loudspeakers either. An hour or so before the show, the musicians of the orchestra begin to sing religious or other songs connected with the play in order to create the proper atmosphere for the play. The 'Guru' then appears and the artistes touch his feet to evoke his blessings. The play opens with a song ('bhait' or offering) in praise of Bhawani, the Goddess of Knowledge:  "Aa re bhawani baas kar mere ghat ke parde khol" "Rasna par basa karo maai shudh shabd mukh bol"  After Bhawani there are Chamolas, Kafias, Savias the main ingredients of performance. Googa Dhamoda a dance form starts at the beginning. With a brief introduction about the play, the performance starts. It consists mainly of mimicry, from which the name of the theater form derives ("swaang" means disguise or impersonation). Also featured prominently are long question and answer sessions between the actors. Much of the dialogue is improvised and the actors must be able to trade quotations, puns, proverbs and songs at the drop of a hat. There is much singing and dancing and there is always a clown character called the "makhaulia" (jester). Swang theatre is traditionally restricted to men, who also play the female roles, the latter often involving elaborate make-up and costumes. But female troupes are not altogether unknown.  A single presentation of "swaang" may continue for up to five or six hours. There is much song and music, especially the famous Haryanvi style of singing known as "Raagani".

Themes.

Swang themes draw variously from themes of morality, folk tales, lives of inspiring personalities, stories from Indian mythology and in recent times, more current themes like health and hygiene, literacy, AIDS awareness and women's empowerment. In temple based religious theatre, Indian epics and Puranas are the major source material for characters, while the community-based secular theatre is of lighter variety. Several themes may be mixed together - mythological love, popular history, and religious themes, all with overtones of secular values. All dramas typically end with the victory of good over evil.  Popular mythological themes include Raja Vikramaditya, Ranveer- Padmavat, Jaani Chor, Prahlad Bhagat, Gopi Chand, Bharthari, Harishchander, Raja Bhoj, Kichak Badh, Draupadi Chir Haran, Jaani Chor, Pingla Bharthri and other tales from old literature. Also popular are Punjabi romances like Pooran Bhagat, Heer Ranjha, etc. Historical and semi-historical themes include Raja Rissalu, Amar Singh Rathor, Sarwar Neer, Jaswant Singh, Ramdevji, etc. Other popular tales include romances like Sorath Rai Diyach, Nihalde, Padmavat, etc.

History.

In Haryana the most celebrated name is that of Deep Chand Bahman of village Khanda Sonipat. He was popularly known as Shakespeare or Kalidas of Haryana. He polished the style of Ali Bux and gave a new color to this folk art. The Saang of that time had two categories: (i) Kirtan Style and (ii) Nautanki Style. Deep Chand's style of performance incorporated elements from music, dance, pantomime, versification, and ballad recitation. During the First World War, when Deep Chand's capacity for improvisation and adaptation was at its peak, the British Government made him a Rai Sahib and granted him other favours. His catchy song-compositions with martial tunes attracted large recruits to the army.  Deep Chand Bahman:  ।।भर्ती होले रे, थारे बाहर खड़े रंगरूट, आड़ै मिलै पाट्या पुराणा, उड़ै मिलै फुल बूट।।  दो सौ वर्ष के बाद म्य, सांगी दीपचंद आग्या, तख़्त बिछा साजिन्दे बिठा, आसमाने तणवाग्या, देश चमोले तीन बोल के, इसे काफिये गाग्या, सरकार करै थी पूछ, दीपचंद सांगी स्याणे की, बहुत पुराणी कहाणी, सुणियो हरियाणे की, घग्गर यमना बीच की, धरती हरी समाणे की। - प. रामकिशन व्यास  एक सौ सत्तर साल बाद, फेर दीपचंद होग्या, साजिन्दे तो बणा दिये, घोड़े का नाच बंद होग्या, निच्चै काला दामण ऊपर, लाल कन्द होग्या, चमोले को भूल गये, न्यू न्यारा छन्द होग्या, तीन काफिए गाये, या बणी रंगत हाल की, हरियाणे की कहाणी सुणल्यो, दो सौ साल की, कई किस्म की हवा चालगी, ये नई चाल की। - प. मांगेराम The origin of swang is traced to be Kishan Lal Bhaat, who some two hundred years ago is said to have laid the foundation of the present style of folk theatre. Another view gives credit for this to Kavi Shankar Dass, a poet artiste, who belonged to Meerut. Another notable early pioneer was Ali Bux of Rewari, who successfully staged plays titled Fasanai, Azad and Padmawat. For music and song, these early Swaang drew on khayals and chambolas. The stage was most elementary, the actors performed from a central place among the audience. The light was provided by mashals (Roman torches).  There are five major Lok Kavi who puts the Haryanvi Culture at the Peak.  Pt Surya Bhanu Shastri his disciple Dr Satish Kashyap and Dr Sandhya Sharma though belongs to Pt Lakhmi Chand gharana and staged major Swangs/saangs like Padmavat, Kichak Draupadi, Phool Singh Nautani and famous Jaani Chor but had performed in every major Gharanas breaking the orthodox Parnali/Gharana divided on the base of Brahmin/ Non- Brahmin, Caste and region based.  Hardeva polished his Chambola style and made some changes to Haryanvi ragni (folk song). Bjae Nai, a disciple of Hardeva, mixed both the styles of folk music. Pt. Nathu Ram, another well known Swaangi coached a number of talented pupils, which included Maan Singh, Bulli, Dina Lohar and Ram Singh. Anoop Lather a well known theatre person introduced Swang in Kurukshetra University and organised Swang Youth festivals and first time produced Swang Jaani Chor in proscenium with Satish Kashyap in 1999. Manish Joshi Bismil who is a noted theatre director of India belongs to Hisar is also known for developing Swang in Haryana. In year 2012 his recent production Lakhmiprem was a milestone work on Pandit Lakhmichand. Manish Joshi is recipient of Ustaad Bismillah Khan Yuva Puraskar by Sangeet Natak Akademi. He is working on Pandit Mangeram's biography.  Pt. Ramkishan Vyas of Narnaund (Hissar), formerly known as 'Vyas ji', is a celebrity in the field of Haryanvi Saangs and Raagnis. He invented various concepts in presenting the raagnis to the public e.g. Soni and others. In addition, he has been deputed as Counseller and Consultants by Rohtak Aakashvani & Kurukshetra Aakashvani. Haryana Government has also declared that the dominant universities of Haryana (Kurukshetra University, Maharishi Dayanand University, etc.) would include his autobiography and raagnis in their curriculum.  Dr. Satish Kashyap and Dr. Sandhya Sharma in the able guidance of Pandit Suraj Bhan Shastri, a disciple of Pt. Lakhmi Chand had done revolutionary changes in Swang performance. Revival of Swang traditions is utmost need to oxygen to the dying art. Dr Satish Kashyap, an internationally acclaimed Swang artist, is leading the only surviving Mandali of Swang. He performs both in Operatic as well as proscenium stage. They performed at National and International levels viz. National School of Drama (NSD), New Delhi and in SPIC MACAY International Convention at IIT, Mumbai. They were selected in prestigious "BHARANGAM" organised by National School of Drama, New Delhi. CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar in leadership of Dr. Satish Kashyap, also set up a unit for the promotion and preservation of Swang and produced and staged best productions, viz, Jaani Chor, Raja Vikramaditya, Phool Singh- Nautanki etc.  Dr. Sandhya Sharma is the sole female performer of Swang and has written and produced two new Swangs with her stage partner and mentor Dr Satish Kashyap. They are based on Mahabharata. New Swangs are GOPI-UDDAV and VEER- BARBRIK.  Towards the end of the 19th century, all-women "Swaang" troupes performed in western Uttar Pradesh and the adjoining "Khaaddar" area of Haryana. All parts in these troupes were played by women. Sardari of Kalayat (Jind), Natni of Gangaru, and Bali of Indri (Karnal) were some of the leaders of such troupes. In 1998, The Government of India has honored this renowned poet by the award from Rohtak Aakashwani for his incredible support to the rise of Haryanvi Lok Sahitya.His younger son, Satyanarayan Shastri is also continuing their task to rise the Haryanvi Lok Sahitya by his writing. Satyanarayan Shastri is a renowned singer of 'Ragnis' at aakashvani since 1983. Pandit Lakhmi Chand of Jatti Kalan (Sonipat) is known as "Surya Kavi" (Sun Poet) in Haryanvi Raagnis. important Swang staged by him included Nal Damyanti, Meera Bai, Satyavan Savitri, Poorjan, Seth Tara Chand, Puran Bhagat and Shashi Lakarhara. Pt. Tuleram, son of Pt Lakhmi Chand continued the tradition of performance and after him his son Vishnu is still performing in the remote villages of Haryana, Uttar Pradesh and Rajasthan. List of Famous Artists in Haryana

Saang (), also known as Swang (meaning "initiation") or Svang (), is a popular folk dance–theatre form in Rajasthan, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh and Malwa region of Madhya Pradesh. Swang incorporates suitable theatrics and mimicry (or "naqal") accompanied by song and dialogue. It is dialogue-oriented rather than movement-oriented. Religious stories and folk tales are enacted by a group of ten or twelve persons in an open area or an open-air theatre surrounded by the audience.Swang as an art of imitation means Rang-Bharna, Naqal-Karna.

Swang, auch "Svang" (Hindi, svāṅg), "Sang" (Hindi, sāṅg), ist im engeren Sinn ein volkstümliches Tanztheater in den nordindischen Bundesstaaten Punjab, Rajasthan und der Region Malwa in Madhya Pradesh. Der Schwerpunkt liegt auf Dialogen und Erzählungen in Prosaform, die Lieder werden in einer großen stilistischen Bandbreite gesungen, die von den melodischen Strukturen der halbklassischen indischen Musik bis zur heutigen Filmmusik reichen. Die Themen stammen aus weit verbreiteten mythischen Erzählungen oder den historischen Heldengeschichten der Panjabi-Folklore.


Features.

There is a great deal of fossil material known for "M. lamarmorai", which includes cranial, dental, and post-cranial findings. Despite this wealth of material, no complete skeleton is known. Of the few known molars only one represents the rearmost tooth, which is 13 cm long and 6.9 cm wide, with at least eleven ridges on the enamel. The humerus reaches a length of 45 cm. The few discovered tusk fragments exhibit only a small maximum diameter of 3.5 cm. The length of the femur indicates a shoulder height of 1.4 m. The weight of these dwarf mammoths was probably not more than 550 kg. The small size of "M. lamarmorai" is due to a process of insular dwarfism, which occurred when its original large ancestors reached Sardinia and due to lower food supply and lack of potential predators they reduced their size.

Discovery.

Most finds of "M. lamarmorai" were discovered on the west coast and in the western part of the island of Sardinia, and mainly comprise individual finds, but also belong to associated skeletal elements. The most important fossils are from Funtana Morimenta, a quarry south-southwest of Gonnesa in the valley of Rio Morimenta where it had already been discovered at the end of the 19th century. These fossils embedded in the Funtana-Morimenta lineup, which is composed of aeolian sedimentary formation that is located below a layer of strata dominated by a rock unit of conglomerates (the Tyrrhenian conglomerate). This rock formation is widely spread all over the west coast of Sardinia and is generally attributed to the last interglacial period that bears in northern Alpine region the term Eemian (126000–115000 years ago). The finds include mainly elements of the spine and musculoskeletal system, so among other things, a full foot, nearly complete hand, humerus and ulna, as well as remains of tusks. All discoveries are most likely to belong to a single individual. Other finds are known from San Giovanni di Sinis near Oristano, where a molar tooth was found in also deposited before the Eemian sediments, as well as an additional molar from Campu Giavesu in Sassari, which is, however, significantly larger. Finds from the Upper Pleistocene, which comprise a plurality of teeth are mainly from Tramariglio, near the city of Alghero, and came also from deposited sediments by wind, but above the Tyrrhenian conglomerate.

Classification.

As a mammoth, "M. lamarmorai"'s closest living relative is the modern Asian elephant ("Elephas maximus"). The occurrence of this mammoth already in the late Middle Pleistocene makes that a descent from the classic woolly mammoth ("M. primigenius") rather unlikely, since this latter species first appeared in Europe during the Upper Pleistocene. Rather, it is thought that the steppe mammoth ("M. trogontherii"), which lived on the continent, is the likely ancestor of "M. lamarmorai". The steppe mammoth's molars had only eleven ridges, a feature much more archaic than those of the woolly mammoth, which had twenty six ridges. The Cretan pygmy mammoth ("M. creticus") and "M. lamarmorai" are the only known dwarf mammoths on the islands of the Mediterranean Sea, which were otherwise occupied by diminutive members of the genus "Palaeoloxodon" (also included sometimes in "Elephas").  The first description was published in 1883 by Charles Immanuel Forsyth Major, who used the name "Elephas lamarmorae". He no published pictures, but saw a clear link to the Southern mammoth ("M. meridionalis"), which he in turn called "Elephas meridionalis" due to similarities. The remains were from the quarry Funtana Morimenta and are now kept in the Natural History Museum of Basel, where Major personally studied them. Because of new tooth finds since the mid-20th century, it became clear the close connection to the mammoths, which is why the name "Mammuthus lamarmorae" prevailed. As a result of adaptation to the International Rules for Zoological Nomenclature, one amendment was made in 2012 for the name, and "Mammuthus lamarmorai" is currently the valid species name. The species name, "lamarmorai", honors to the Sardinian General and naturalist Alberto La Marmora (1789–1863), who had already in 1858 investigated the fossils of Funtana Morimenta.

Phylogeny.

The origin of "M. lamarmorai" is still relatively unclear – the earliest finds date from the late portion of the Middle Pleistocene, as points their association with the dwarf deer "Praemegaceros cazioti", and are thus about 450,000 years old. A colonization of Sardinia through the steppe mammoth should therefore be carried out in the transition from the old to the Middle Pleistocene or early Middle Pleistocene. Probably this happened during the Pleistocene glacial periods in which the global sea level was much lower due to the continental ice sheets and the animals could reach the island by swimming. Whether single mammoth populations Sardinia reached only once, is unclear, maybe the somewhat larger tooth from Campu Giavesu suggests that several migration waves appear to be possible, as is also demonstrated when detecting dwarfed forms of the genus "Palaeoloxodon" of the Mediterranean islands of Sicily and Malta.

Mammuthus lamarmorai is a species of mammoth which lived during the late Middle and Upper Pleistocene (between 450,000 and perhaps 40,000 years) on the island of Sardinia. "M. lamarmorai" is a dwarf species, as it is estimated to have reached a shoulder height of only 1.4 m and weighed about 550 kg. This pygmy mammoth has been found mostly in the fine-grained sediments of the western part of the island.

Mammuthus lamarmorai ist ein Vertreter der Gattung der Mammute ("Mammuthus"), der endemisch im späten Mittel- und im Jungpleistozän von vor rund 450.000 bis möglicherweise 40.000 Jahren auf der Insel Sardinien lebte. Er erreichte eine Schulterhöhe von lediglich 1,4 m und wog etwa 750 kg. Überwiegend wurde dieses Zwergmammut bisher in feinkörnigen Ablagerungen im Westteil der Insel gefunden.


History.

Background.

The organization has several predecessor organizations and a complicated history.  The Office of Road Inquiry (ORI) was founded in 1893. In 1905 that organization's name was changed to the Office of Public Roads (OPR) which became a division of the United States Department of Agriculture. The name was changed again to the Bureau of Public Roads in 1915 and to the Public Roads Administration (PRA) in 1939. It was then shifted to the Federal Works Agency which was abolished in 1949 when its name reverted to Bureau of Public Roads under the Department of Commerce.  With the coming of the bicycle in the 1890s, interest grew regarding the improvement of streets and roads in America. The traditional method of putting the burden on maintaining roads on local landowners was increasingly inadequate. New York State took the lead in 1898, and by 1916 the old system had been discarded everywhere. Demands grew for local and state government to take charge. With the coming of the automobile after 1910, urgent efforts were made to upgrade and modernize dirt roads designed for horse-drawn wagon traffic. The American Association for Highway Improvement was organized in 1910. Funding came from automobile registration, and taxes on motor fuels, as well as state aid. In 1916, federal-aid was first made available to improve post-roads, and promote general commerce. Congress appropriated $75 million over a five-year period, with the Secretary of Agriculture in charge through the Bureau of Public Roads, in cooperation with the state highway departments. There were 2.4 million miles of rural dirt rural roads in 1914; 100,000 miles had been improved with grading and gravel, and 3000 miles were given high quality surfacing. The rapidly increasing speed of automobiles, and especially trucks, made maintenance and repair high-priority item. Concrete was first used in 1893, and expanded until it became the dominant surfacing material in the 1930s.  Federal aid began in 1917. From 1917 through 1941, 261,000 miles of highways were built with federal aid, and cost $5.31 billion. Federal funds totaled $3.17 billion, and state-local funds were $2.14 billion.

Creation.

The FHWA was created on October 15, 1966.  In 1967 the functions of the Bureau of Public Roads were transferred to the new organization.  It was one of three original bureaus along with the 'Bureau of Motor Carrier Safety' and the 'National Highway Safety Bureau' (now known as National Highway Traffic Safety Administration).

Functions.

The FHWA's role in the Federal-aid Highway Program is to oversee federal funds used for constructing and maintaining the National Highway System (primarily Interstate Highways, U.S. Highways and most state highways). This funding mostly comes from the federal gasoline tax and mostly goes to state departments of transportation. FHWA oversees projects using these funds to ensure that federal requirements for project eligibility, contract administration and construction standards are adhered to.  Under the Federal Lands Highway Program (sometimes called "direct fed"), the FHWA provides highway design and construction services for various federal land-management agencies, such as the Forest Service and the National Park Service.  In addition to these programs, the FHWA performs and sponsors research in the areas of roadway safety, congestion, highway materials and construction methods, and provides funding to local technical assistance program centers to disseminate research results to local highway agencies.  The FHWA also publishes the "Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices" (MUTCD), which is used by most highway agencies in the United States. The MUTCD specifies such things as the size, color and height of traffic signs, traffic signals and road surface markings.

Organization.

The Federal Highway Administration is overseen by an administrator appointed by the President of the United States by and with the consent of the United States Senate. The administrator works under the direction of the Secretary of Transportation and Deputy Secretary of Transportation. The internal organization of the FHWA is as follows:

Long-Term Pavement Performance Program.

Long-Term Pavement Performance (LTPP) is a program supported by FHWA to collect and analyse road data. The LTPP program was initiated by the Transportation Research Board (TRB) of the National Research Council (NRC) in the early 1980s. Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) with the cooperation of the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) sponsored the program. As a result of this program, FHWA has collected a huge database of road performance. FHWA and ASCE hold an annual contest known as LTPP International Data Analysis Contest, which is based on challenging researchers to answer a question based on the LTPP data.

Every day counts initiative.

The "Every day counts initiative" (EDC) of the FHWA planned in 2009 and started in 2011 is designed as the United States road infrastructure project of the 2010s decade to identify and deploy innovation aimed at reducing project build delivery time, enhancing safety and protecting the environment. It also made a positive impact in accelerating the deployment of innovations.  Five steps were scheduled from 2012 to 2020 and include various technologies and methods to improve travel time, safety, project and contract management, saving energy, risks, cost and environment resources.  It started with reducing fuel consumption and improving travel time reliability by Adaptive traffic control, conituned with implementing alternative intersections design and several money savings and anti-corruption strategies like independent reviewing of construction plans before construction is paid, also time saving stratiegies like right-of-way, on site bridge constructions as rapid bridge replacement.

The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) is a division of the United States Department of Transportation that specializes in highway transportation. The agency's major activities are grouped into two programs, the Federal-aid Highway Program and the Federal Lands Highway Program. Its role had previously been performed by the Office of Road Inquiry, Office of Public Roads and the Bureau of Public Roads.

Die Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) ist Teil des Verkehrsministeriums der Vereinigten Staaten, welche für das Netz der Fernverkehrsstraßen zuständig ist. Sie unterstützt sowohl die Regierungen der Bundesstaaten wie auch lokale Behörden bei Planung, Bau und Unterhalt der Highways und ist dafür zuständig, dass sich diese in einem technisch einwandfreien und sicheren Zustand befinden. Die finanzielle und technische Hilfe erfolgt durch zwei Programme: das "Federal Aid Highway Program", welches für die nationalen Fernverkehrsstraßen zuständig ist, und das "Federal Lands Highway Program", welches für Fernverkehrsstraßen auf Land in staatlichen Besitz und in den von Indianerstämmen verwalteten Gebieten zuständig ist.


Biography.

Davidson Don Tengo Jabavu was born in King Williams Town, in the Eastern Cape, and was educated at Morija Institution, a mission centre in Basutoland (present-day Lesotho). He later studied at Lovedale in the Cape Province before going to the United Kingdom, where he completed his matriculation at Colwyn Bay in Wales. In 1906 he entered the University of London, earning a BA degree in English six years later. As a student he attended the 1911 Universal Races Congress held in London, where he met leading African Americans and Africans, including his father, who was a member of the South African delegation.  Before returning home in 1915, D. D. T. Jabavu visited the United States on a tour of Booker T. Washington's Tuskegee Institute and other black centres of learning. Back in South Africa, he was a founding member of the staff of the University of Fort Hare in 1916, and the first and only African academic at the institution, where he remained as professor of African languages until 1944.  In addition, he established the South African Native Farmers' Association to encourage the development of better farming standards, stressing the value of manual labour. He also founded the Cape African Teachers' Association and the South African Native Teachers' Federation, which he led for many years. He was also president of the Cape Native Votes' Convention, which campaigned in the 1920 and 1930 for the retention of Africans' voting rights.  In 1936 he was elected first president of the All African Convention (AAC), which sought to consolidate all non-European opposition to the proposed abolition of the African vote; the AAC's stance was subsequently construed as damaging by some radical elements in the African National Congress (ANC). However, in 1948, the year that Jabavu retired from public life, he was a signatory to a joint ANC-AAC "Call for Unity", which attempted to reconcile their differences. The move was not successful, and Jabavu retired from its presidency.  In later years, he ran a private insurance business. He also wrote articles and books on the African struggle, including "The Black Problem" (1920), "The Segregation Fallacy and Other Papers" (1928), "The Life of John Tengo Jabavu, editor of Imvo Zabantsundu" (1922) and "IziDungulwana" (1958). In recognition of his contribution towards the creation of a just South African society, in 1953 he was awarded an honorary doctorate by Rhodes University. He died six years later in 1959, aged 74.

Davidson Don Tengo Jabavu (20 October 1885 – 3 August 1959) was a South African educationist and politician, and a founder of the All African Convention (AAC), which sought to unite all non-European opposition to the segregationist measure of the South African government. He was the eldest son of political activist and pioneering newspaper editor John Tengo Jabavu, and the father of Noni Jabavu, one of the first African female writers and journalists.

Davidson Don Tengo Jabavu (* 20. Oktober 1885 in King William’s Town; † 3. August 1959 in East London) war ein südafrikanischer Politiker, Sprachwissenschaftler und erster schwarzer Professor an der South African Native College.


History.

Cheapflights was founded in 1996 by John Hatt. That year, its first website, www.cheapflights.co.uk, launched.  In 2000, ex-ABN Amro banker David Soskin and Hugo Burge led a buyout of the website from its founder.  In 2000, the website was the first in the UK to launch the pay-per-click online advertising remuneration model.  In May 2003, the US website, www.cheapflights.com, was launched.  In 2006, the website handled £1 billion in annual travel sales.  In April 2007, the Canadian website, www.cheapflights.ca, was launched.  In October 2008, the first non-English website, www.cheapflug.de, was launched.  In 2008, co-founder David Soskin resigned as chief executive to become vice-chairman.  In 2009, the Australia / New Zealand website was launched.  In January 2011, the company launched mobile websites.  In March 2011, the company acquired momondo, a rival online travel agency. The two websites and brands were kept independent of each other. It also discontinued Zugu.  In October 2014, Great Hill Partners, a private equity firm, invested £80m for a majority stake in the company that owned Cheapflights and momondo, valuing it at £132 million.  In February 2015, the South African website was launched.  In June 2015, the United Kingdom website was launched as a metasearch engine.  In June 2016, Cheapflights added search capability within Facebook Messenger.  In October 2016, Cheapflights reorganized some of its staff.  In July 2017, Cheapflights and momondo were acquired by Booking Holdings for $550 million.

Cheapflights is a travel fare metasearch engine. The website is part of the Kayak.com subsidiary of Booking Holdings. Its websites publish flight prices, and compare prices from suppliers, including major airlines, through tiny travel agents.

Cheapflug.de ist die deutsche Website von Cheapflights.co.uk und Cheapflights.com. Sie gehören zur Cheapflights Media Ltd., ein internationales Online-Unternehmen mit Sitz in London und Boston. Das Unternehmen betreibt Websites in den USA, Großbritannien, Australien, Neuseeland, Frankreich, Spanien, Italien, Kanada und Deutschland.


Biography.

Schaff was born in Chur, Switzerland, and educated at the gymnasium of Stuttgart. At the universities of Tübingen, Halle and Berlin, he was successively influenced by Ferdinand Christian Baur and Schmid, by Friedrich August Tholuck and Julius Müller, by David Strauss and, above all, Johann August Wilhelm Neander. At Berlin in 1841 he took the degree of Bachelor of Divinity and passed examinations for a professorship. He then traveled through Italy and Sicily as tutor to Baron Krischer. In 1842, he was "Privatdozent" in the University of Berlin, where he lectured on exegesis and ecclesiastical history. In 1843, he was called to become Professor of Church History and Biblical Literature in the German Reformed Theological Seminary of Mercersburg, Pennsylvania, then the only seminary of that church in America.  On his journey Schaff stayed in England and met Edward Pusey and other Tractarians. His inaugural address on "The Principle of Protestantism", delivered in German at Reading, Pennsylvania, in 1844, and published in German with an English version by John Williamson Nevin was a pioneer work in English in the field of symbolics (that is, the authoritative ecclesiastical formulations of religious doctrines in creeds or confessions). This address and the "Mercersburg theology" which he taught seemed too pro-Catholic to some, and he was charged with heresy. But, at the synod at York in 1845, he was unanimously acquitted.  Schaff's broad views strongly influenced the German Reformed Church, through his teaching at Mercersburg, through his championship of English in German Reformed churches and schools in America, through his hymnal (1859), through his labours as chairman of the committee which prepared a new liturgy, and by his edition (1863) of the Heidelberg Catechism. So much so that when the German Reformed Church, in a desire to begin producing more and better published material for the denomination published Samuel Miller's work entitled "A Treatise on Mercersburg Theology: Mercersburg and Modern Theology Compared" in 1866. Schaff's "History of the Apostolic Church" (in German, 1851; in English, 1853) and his "History of the Christian Church" (7 vols., 1858–1890), opened a new period in American study of ecclesiastical history.  In 1854, Schaff visited Europe, representing the American German churches at the ecclesiastical diet at Frankfurt am Main and at the Swiss pastoral conference at Basel. He lectured in Germany on America, and received the degree of DD from Berlin.  In consequence of the ravages of the American Civil War the theological seminary at Mercersburg was closed for a while and so in 1863 Schaff became secretary of the Sabbath Committee (which opposed the "continental Sunday") in New York City, and held the position till 1870. In 1865 he founded the first German Sunday School in Stuttgart. In 1862–1867 he lectured on ecclesiastical history at Andover Theological Seminary.  Schaff was a member of the Leipzig Historical Society, the Netherland Historical Society, and other historical and literary societies in Europe and America. He was one of the founders, and honorary secretary, of the American branch of the Evangelical Alliance, and was sent to Europe in 1869, 1872, and 1873 to arrange for the general conference of the Alliance, which, after two postponements on account of the Franco-Prussian War, was held in New York in October 1873. Schaff was also, in 1871, one of the Alliance delegates to the emperor of Russia to plead for the religious liberty of his subjects in the Baltic provinces.  Schaff became a professor at Union Theological Seminary, New York City in 1870 holding first the chair of theological encyclopedia and Christian symbolism till 1873, of Hebrew and the cognate languages till 1874, of sacred literature till 1887, and finally of church history, until his death. He also served as president of the committee that translated the American Standard Version of the Bible, though he died before it was published in 1901.  Schaff's "History of the Christian Church" resembled Neander's work, though less biographical, and was pictorial rather than philosophical. He also wrote biographies, catechisms and hymnals for children, manuals of religious verse, lectures and essays on Dante, etc. He translated Johann Jakob Herzog's "Real-Encyklopädie für protestantische Theologie und Kirche" ("Encyclopedia in Real Terms of Protestant Theology and Church") into English.  Working with the Evangelical Alliance and the Chicago (1893) World's Parliament of Religions, and in Germany, through the monthly "Kirchenfreund", Schaff strove earnestly to promote Christian unity and union. It was his hope that the Pope (then Leo XIII) would abandon the doctrine of infallibility and undertake the reunion of Christianity. He recognized that he was a "mediator between German and Anglo-American theology and Christianity."  He died October 20, 1893, and is buried in Woodlawn Cemetery in The Bronx, New York City.

David Schaff.

His son, David Schley Schaff, was a Presbyterian clergyman and professor of church history. David wrote his father's biography in 1897.

Philip Schaff (January 1, 1819 – October 20, 1893) was a Swiss-born, German-educated Protestant theologian and ecclesiastical historian, who spent most of his adult life living and teaching in the United States.

Philip Schaff (getauft am 12. Januar 1819 in Chur; † 20. Oktober 1893 in New York) war ein in der Schweiz geborener und in Deutschland ausgebildeter protestantischer Theologe und Kirchenhistoriker, der nach seiner Ausbildung in den Vereinigten Staaten lebte und lehrte.


History.

In the 18th century, the Carmelite Catholic church of the Virgin Mary was built on the site. In 1741, Anatol Bazalski donated 19,000 zloty for the church and for the Carmelite community from the village of Borokhiv. The church was built in the Baroque style. The walls and ceiling were adorned with frescos. Damaged by fire, the church was rebuilt in 1764. After being totally gutted by fire in 1845, the building lay in ruins for a period until the debris was removed, leaving small fragments of the walls and the foundations.  Following annexation to the Russian Empire in 1795, Volyn was colonised by Germans thanks to the encouragement of the Russian government which sought to extend agriculture and industry. The German colonies grew rapidly in the 1870s and 1880s. As most Germans were Lutherans, permission to build a new church was sought from the Lutsk authorities who made the site of the former Carmelite church available.  Initially, Lutsk and Torchyn competed to have the new church. Although Torchyn had hundreds of Germans, the church administration preferred Lutsk as it was closer to the administrative institutions and to the railway. Construction of church to the design of architect Christian Beutelspacher began on 25 June 1905 in the idiom of Gothic Revival architecture. With the help of members of the Lutheran community, the building was completed 15 months later.  A large bell from the German city Bochum was placed in the central tower. An organ with 16 registers from the Austrian firm (Gebrüder Rieger was installed. The church's single nave was brightly illuminated with high lancet windows. The three altar windows were decorated. Bertel Thorvaldsen's picture of Christ filled the central window. Work on decorating the interior continued until 1911.  In 1914 Sigismund Loppe (born on 12 February 1872) was the adjunct pastor of the Lutheran congregation of Lutsk.  The church was damaged in the First World War. In 1921, A. Kleindienst became the new pastor. In accordance with the Peace of Riga, Volyn became part of the Second Polish Republic. Volyn Voivodeship was restored. The Lutheran adjuncture of Lutsk was confirmed by the Polish Lutheran consistory of Warsaw In 1927, the rectory and school were built near the church. In 1929, Ignacy Mościcki, president of the Second Polish Republic, visited the church.  The Soviet and German authorities agreed to evict German colonists from Volyn during the Second World War. The Lutheran Church was therefore left without a congregation. In 1951, it was reconstructed as an archive. The tall spire was destroyed by a hurricane in 1960 and the roof was gutted by fire in 1972. Some architectural features were removed. Restoring the church in 1990s, the Baptist community of Lutsk became the new owner as a result of the terms of the Church Restitution in Ukraine. The dusty brickwork was cleaned and war damage was repaired. The community restored the spire and installed a cross on the central bell spire. Interior restoration included a new altar, carved furniture, balconies and a pulpit. The bricked-up windows of the apse were restored. New stained glass windows were designed by Olexandr Yurchenko.

Architecture.

The church was built in a non-plastered Neogothic style using yellow bricks 27х13х7 cm made by "Łuczanin", a local brickworks. The building consists of a single nave with a bell tower above entrance portal|. The pulpit stands to the left of the altar. The altar itself is located in an apse while an amphitheatre structure accommodates the choir. There is no longer a pipe organ. The entrance consists of a portal with a lancet profile with a steep pediment. The height of central spire is 24 m. It is visually supported by lower lateral spires located above the narthex. The tall bell tower and spire are an important feature of the old town.

The building known as the Lutheran Church in Lutsk, Ukraine, is in fact now a Baptist church. It is located in "Old Lutsk", the historical and architectural part of the city.

Die Lutherkirche, () ist eine evangelisch-lutherische (gegenwärtig baptistische) Kirche in Luzk; das Baudenkmal liegt auf der Lutherstraße 1 in dem historisch-kulturellem Schutzgebiet "Altstadt von Luzk".


Career.

Harborth has been an instructor or professor at Braunschweig University of Technology since studying there and receiving his PhD in 1965 under Hans-Joachim Kanold. Harborth is a member of the New York Academy of Sciences, Braunschweigische Wissenschaftliche Gesellschaft, the Institute of Combinatorics and its Applications, and many other mathematical societies. Harborth currently sits on the editorial boards of Fibonacci Quarterly, Geombinatorics,. He served as an editor of Mathematische Semesterberichte from 1988 to 2001. Harborth was a joint recipient (with Stephen Milne) of the 2007 Euler Medal.

Mathematical work.

Harborth's research ranges across the subject areas of combinatorics, graph theory, discrete geometry, and number theory. In 1974, Harborth solved the unit coin graph problem, determining the maximum number of edges possible in a unit coin graph on n vertices.In 1986, Harborth presented the graph that would bear his name, the Harborth graph. It is the smallest known example of a 4-regular matchstick graph. It has 104 edges and 52 vertices.  In connection with the happy ending problem, Harborth showed that, for every finite set of ten or more points in general position in the plane, some five of them form a convex pentagon that does not contain any of the other points.  Harborth's conjecture posits that every planar graph admits a straight-line embedding in the plane where every edge has integer length. This open question () is a stronger version of Fáry's theorem. It is known to be true for cubic graphs.  In number theory, the Stolarsky–Harborth constant is named for Harborth, along with Kenneth Stolarsky.

Private life.

Harborth married Karin Reisener in 1961, and they had two children. He was widowed in 1980. In 1985 he married Bärbel Peter and with her has three stepchildren.

Heiko Harborth (born 11 February 1938, in Celle, Germany) is Professor of Mathematics at Braunschweig University of Technology, 1975–present, and author of more than 188 mathematical publications. His work is mostly in the areas of number theory, combinatorics and discrete geometry, including graph theory.

Heiko Harborth (* 11. Februar 1938 in Celle) ist ein deutscher Mathematiker und Hochschullehrer, der sich vor allem mit Graphentheorie, Kombinatorik, diskreter Geometrie und Zahlentheorie beschäftigt.


Playing career.

Dahl was born in Regina, Saskatchewan. As a youth, he played in the 1981 Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournament with a minor ice hockey team from Burlington, Ontario. Dahl later played minor hockey in Thunder Bay, Ontario. He played Midget for the Thunder Bay Comets before signing with the Stratford Cullitons Jr.B. hockey club in 1985. Dahl was a tenth round pick (149th overall) in the 1985 OHL Priority Selection by the S.S. Marie Greyhounds, however, he decided to accept a scholarship to Bowling Green State (CCHA).  Dahl was drafted by the Montreal Canadiens in the 11th round, 230th overall in the 1988 NHL Entry Draft while playing for Bowling Green State University. After being drafted Dahl continued playing in college until 1990. For the 1990–1991 season Dahl turned pro and joined the Fredericton Canadiens of the AHL for part of the season. He also played for the Winston-Salem Thunderbirds of the ECHL. For the 1991–1992 season Dahl joined the Canadian National team for most of the season and also represented Canada in the 1992 Winter Olympics, scoring 2 goals in 8 games.  Dahl signed as a free agent with the Calgary Flames in 1991 and joined the team for the 1992–1993 season after his time with the Canadian National team. That year he appeared in a career high 61 games with the Flames. Dahl spent the next 3 seasons with the Flames, scoring a career high 12 points during the lockout shortened 1994–1995 season.  Dahl signed with the Phoenix Coyotes in 1996. He would play only two games with the Coyotes during the 1996–1997 season however, spending the majority of the year in the minors with the Las Vegas Thunder. The following year, he resigned with the Flames and played 19 games with the team during the 1997–1998 season, spending most of the year with the Chicago Wolves. He was signed by the St. Louis Blues in 1998 but released a month later and signed by the Toronto Maple Leafs. He appeared in 3 games with the Maple Leafs for the 1998–1999 season, once again spending most of the year with the Chicago Wolves.  Dahl spent the majority of the next two seasons with the Wolves. He was signed by the Columbus Blue Jackets and played briefly during their inaugural season (2000–2001), appearing in 4 games. He then played 3 years with the Nuernberg Ice Tigers of the DEL in Germany before retiring in 2004.

Kevin "Buck" Dahl (born December 30, 1968) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey player who played in the NHL with the Calgary Flames, Phoenix Coyotes, Toronto Maple Leafs, and Columbus Blue Jackets. He played defense and shot right-handed.

Kevin Curtis Dahl (* 30. Dezember 1968 in Regina, Saskatchewan) ist ein ehemaliger kanadischer Eishockeyspieler, der in seiner aktiven Zeit von 1986 bis 2004 unter anderem für die Calgary Flames, Phoenix Coyotes, Toronto Maple Leafs und Columbus Blue Jackets in der National Hockey League sowie die Nürnberg Ice Tigers in der Deutschen Eishockey Liga spielte.