Life.

Provenance and early years.

Gertrud Fankhauser was born in Rechthalten (Fribourg), a little town in the mountains south of Bern. Her father was a cheese maker. After attending business schools in Fribourg and Bern, still aged only 18, she emigrated to the USA in search of adventure. Between 1931 and 1934 she undertook office work at the Swiss consulate in St. Louis (Missouri). It was here that she met Carl Lutz, a junior Swiss diplomat originally from Appenzell. Gertrud Fankhauser and Carl Lutz returned together to Switzerland, and in January 1935 married at the fashionable St. Paul's Church in Bern.

Diplomat's wife in (British) Palestine.

Following a last minute change of plan on the part of the Swiss authorities their honeymoon was cancelled. Instead, at the end of January 1935 the couple travelled to Jaffa (as it was then commonly known) in Palestine, which since 1922 had been administered, at least for most practical purposes, as a relatively fractious territory of the British empire. Here Carl Lutz took up an appointment as a Swiss consular official: Gertrud worked alongside him, supplying (unpaid) clerical support. At some point between 1937 and 1939 (sources differ) they were relocated to nearby Tel Aviv from where, as the wife of an increasingly senior Swiss consular official, Gertrud Lutz experienced at close hand the unfolding Palestinian civil war.  Following the outbreak of the Second World War in September 1939, diplomatic relations between belligerent states were wound down or broken off. Switzerland, with a tradition of neutrality stretching back to 1815, suddenly found itself accepting requests to provide diplomatic and consular services around the world on behalf of various governments that no longer wished to pursue diplomatic interactions directly. Diplomatic relations between Britain and Germany were broken off. At the Swiss consulate in (British) Palestine Carl Lutz was placed in charge of diplomatic representation in behalf of several foreign countries including Germany, which since 1933 had been governed as a one-party dictatorship. Alongside an enormous increase in administrative work, and having to work with various National Socialist agencies, representing Germany diplomatically in Palestine also involved coping with a massive level of humanitarian and social work. In handling these responsibilities the formidable organisational abilities of Gertrud Lutz came to the fore. One of the largest tasks for Gertrud involved looking after the women, children and old people among the German citizens - many of them political or racial refugees - who had been interned in camps by the British authorities. Another major responsibility involved creating and sustaining contacts with large numbers of German Jews in the territory who had suddenly found themselves rendered stateless in 1935 as a result of the Nuremberg [race] Laws. Through their diplomatic and consular work together in Palestine Carl and Gertrud Lutz built up experience and established contacts internationally that would prove invaluable through the challenges ahead, notably during their posting in Budapest.  After the transfer of the "German interest section" in Palestine of the Swiss consular department to Spain Carl Lutz was returned to Switzerland in the Autumn of 1940. Gertrud Lutz stayed on, liaising closely with the British military authorities, and looking after the German women and children whom the British had identified as "enemy aliens" when the war broke out, and who continued to be detained in camps. She left Palestine to re-join her husband only in October 1941.

During the war years in Budapest.

Between January 1942 and the spring of 1945 Gertrud Lutz lived with her husband in Budapest. While they had been apart, the Swiss Foreign Minister Giuseppe Motta, in recognition of his remarkable contribution and that of his wife during their time in Palestine, had promoted Carl Lutz to the rank of vice-consul. During 1941 he had been representing the interests of Yugoslavia in Berlin. In January 1942 he was appointed to head up the foreign interests section at the Swiss embassy in Budapest. It was a prestigious posting but also an inherently complicated one. At various stages he represented the interests of up to fourteen foreign states which found themselves at war with Hungary. These included the USA and Great Britain, along with its dominions round the world (including Palestine). At the time of their posting to Budapest, Hungary was allied to Germany. Lutz seems to have been viewed in some quarters as a somewhat "restless and anti-bureaucratic" vice-consul, but the circumstances under which he was operating were also far from normal. He ran his department of 18 consular staff from an office in the former United States embassy building. By the time the Germans had lost trust in the Hungarian government sufficiently to invade the country, early in 1944, Lutz had used his vice-consular office in Budapest to issue approximately 5,000 exit visas to Jewish refugees desperate to emigrate to Palestine. According to other sources, by the time of the German invasion he had "aided by his wife and helpers... helped some 10,000 [Jews] to emigrate to Palestine".  Starting in the summer of 1944 the numbers involved were scaled up, with the issuance of the so-called "collective" protection documents and passes. As the German military authorities began the grim task of herding the Jewish population of Budapest into ghettoes, approximately 30,000 people received protection in their homes from protection documents issued by the Swiss vice-consul, with 76 houses designated as buildings under Swiss diplomatic protection. Limited quotas of protection documents that Lutz had been allocated in the anticipation that they would be used for individuals were instead adapted so that each applied to entire family units, this increasing the number of people protected. Lutz's team engaged in constant legalistic wrangles to ensure that the diplomatic protections were respected under wartime conditions, but with the German forces accustomed to following rules and frightened of the consequences of not doing so, the protective documents issued and administered on behalf of neutral Switzerland were widely respected by soldiers on the ground through most of 1944.  Between December 1944 and February 1945, during the 50-day Soviet blockade of Budapest, Carl and Gertrud Lutz looked after "more than 50" people who were hidden in the basement of the Swiss embassy buildings, which now included not merely the pre-war Swiss embassy building but also the former embassies of states that were now, following the severing of direct diplomatic relations, being represented by the foreign interest section of the much expended Swiss diplomatic estate. The cellar of the burned out former British embassy building was being used to hide, according to one of them interviewed in 2017, roughly thirty people.

New beginnings.

One of the more significant of the thousands of letters of protection issued by the Swiss head of the foreign interests section in the Budapest embassy was one dated 1 July 1944 in favour of Magdalena Grausz, described in some sources as his domestic servant or maid. Carl Lutz fell in love with Magdalena. In April 1945 Carl and Gertrud Lutz were able to return to Switzerland. Carl Lutz "received an official reprimand for his actions in Budapest". At the official level, recognition came only much later. The end of the war provided an opportunity for Gertrud and Carl Lutz to divorce, which they did in 1946. Carl Lutz married Magda Grausz and adopted her baby daughter, Agnes "Agi" Grausz. More than ten years spent looking after those displaced by war had left Gertrud Lutz-Fankhauser with a formidable breadth and depth of experience in the organisation, provision and administration of welfare assistance to children traumatised and orphaned by the slaughter and deeper atrocities of war. There was much to be done.

Don Suisse.

In January 1946 Gertrud Lutz-Fankhauser joined, which involved working in Yugoslavia, where she organised the distribution of "badly needed clothing and shoes to the populations of war-devastated villages throughout Bosnia" (working in co-ordination with the Yugoslav Red Cross). She was transferred to Finland during 1947. A picture of Gertrud Lutz-Fankhauser with a Finnish child in her arms appeared during the first part of 1947 as the cover/title page of the weekly news magazine Schweizer Illustrierte and became, according to at least one source, a pictorial icon of Switzerland's post-war aid programme She then, in May 1947, moved on to Poland where in the first instance she served as "Don Suisse" representative. operations came to an end in 1948. Some of the activities were taken on by other international organisations.

UNICEF.

During 1947 or 1948 Lutz-Fankhauser came across Al Davidson, director of UNICEF's European office. It was he who offered her a job with UNICEF. She was employed as head of the UNICEF "mission to Poland" between July 1947 and the mission's closure in December 1950. Interviewed later, she recalled that the most important aspect of her mission in Poland was the feeding programme. There was no mass starvation, but the great majority of children were badly underweight, while the poor quality of the remaining housing caused an alarmingly high level of Tuberculosis, which meant that agencies including the Red Cross and UNICEF were called upon to provide extensive medical support along with the feeding programme. UNICEF also funded an anti-rickets campaign and short post-graduate study programmes in Switzerland for young Polish doctors. In Poland as in Germany most of the industrial capacity had been reduced to rubble during the war. During Lutz-Fankhauser's time running the UNICEF mission in Poland, in collaboration with the government and other agencies, UNICEF arranged vaccination programmes. They also supplied pasteurisation equipment for milk collection depots and set up five powdered milk factories.  Her longest and in many ways most successful posting was to Brazil where she headed up the UNICEF mission between 1951 and 1964. It was a period of rapid change. There were serious challenges to be addressed with respect to child nutrition and health issues in the remoter parts of the interior and north-east of the country. The high levels of currency depreciation and inflation presented challenges in respect of budgeting. Getting round the country became less of an issue after the capital was relocated to Brasilia, since this was rapidly followed by a massive road building programme, which reduced dependency on ancient Douglas DC-3s. An initial challenge, rapidly overcome, was that Lutz-Fankhauser had never mastered Portuguese. However, mastering the language was not too easy, given the Latin origins that in many respects also surface in French she was also amused to find that some of the more nasal sounds used in Brazilian Portuguese were unexpectedly similar to vowel sounds familiar from the Bernese dialect which was the mother tongue with which she had grown up. In 1964 she agreed her transfer to Turkey only with reluctance, fearing the disruptive impact on UNICEF work in Brazil of a change in the organisation's management there. As matters turned out she was nevertheless received with great cordiality by colleagues at the UNICEF office in Turkey (where she was the only non-Turkish national on the organisation's payroll). Lutz-Fankhauser's time in Turkey was relatively brief. To her initial astonishment, a priority defining much of her work there involved a large and very necessary UNICEF malaria eradication programme. The situation was particularly grim in the remoter regions, notably in the Kurdish provinces to the east. UNICEF supplied vehicles, equipment and insecticide. Insecticide formulations had to be changed saveral times as the mosquitoes adapted and acquired new immunities. The vehicles were also a problem. They were mostly Willys Jeeps sent over as kits and assembled at a manufactory in Istanbul. It turned out that roughly 100 of the 400 UNICEF Jeeps were "not in running condition". The drivers had received no training in vehicle maintenance. They had merely been given English language "manufacturers' instructions" and left to work them out. Some of the drivers had difficulty reading even Turkish: English was not widely understood beyond the merchant classes in the cities. One of the new mission chief's most pressing tasks was therefore to arrange hands-on vehicle maintenance courses for drivers and mechanics, and to have the manufacturers' documentation translated into Turkish. The drivers and the vehicles were critical elements in the malaria eradication programme, and while funding for the necessary training was released by UNICEF without demur, the launch of the lengthy exercise was significantly delayed by the Jeep problems. The eradication was in full swing, but still far from completed, when Gertrud Lutz-Fankhauser was moved on again in 1966, this time back to (western) Europe. Based (initially) in Paris she served between 1966 and 1971, as UNICEF Vice-president and director for Europe and North Africa, reluctantly reconciling herself to a more office-based style of working as she chain-smoked her way through endless meetings at which, frequently, she was the only woman present.  During the Biafra War (1868-1970 Gertrud Lutz temporarily relocated the centre of her operations from Paris to Geneva in order to be closer to the other international welfare and relief agencies engaged in trying to help the civilian population affected by the war. Under her direction UNICEF looked after around a million imperilled children both during the war and during the post-war period in the early 1970s. After retiring, formally in June 1971, Gertrud Lutz-Fankhauser retained close links with the UNICEF European and North African headquarters in Paris. She continued to appear at international congresses, representing UNICEF, and also built herself a broadly based career as a public speaker, the twin focus of her lectures being on the women's movement and on the peace movement.

"Retirement".

Gertrud Lutz-Fankhauser retired from her last UNICEF role just a few months after her sixtieth birthday. She now immersed herself in the municipal politics of Zollikofen (Bern), which was the little town in which she now settled in her parents' family home. Due in part to the centrality of referenda in the country's constitutional arrangements, political emancipation for women had arrived rather late in Switzerland, and in 1972 Lutz-Fankhauser became Zollikofen's first female town councillor. She was indeed the first female politician to secure election anywhere in the Canton of Bern. On the council she sat as a member of the national conservative People's Party (""Schweizerische Volkspartei" / "Union démocratique du centre""). Just as during her UNICEF years, as a town councillor she often found herself as the only woman on a committee comprising, otherwise, just men. Between 1972 and 1974 she was the Zollikofen councillor responsible for looking after the schools. After that she withdrew from the council due to the pressures on her time and energies from her continued duties on behalf of the UNICEF.  Gertrud Lutz-Fankhauser suffered a heart attack while travelling by train to Zürich for a "television event" in which she had been scheduled to participate, and died almost at once on 29 June 1995 at Burgdorf, just outside Bern,

Archive.

The principal archive on her life and works is held by the at Worblaufen, just outsideZollikofen and near Bern. The foundation has translated its mission statement into English as follows: "Our aim is to commemorate the many women who have achieved so much and to ensure that they are never forgotten by future generations. [We]... collect resources on the history of the Swiss women’s movement, preserve the archives of women’s organisations and individual women and run a library, an extensive collection of pamphlets and a collection of biographical notes."  Many of the papers that make up the literary estate of Gertrud Lutz wwre supplied after her death by Agnes Hirschi (formerly Agnes "Agi" Grausz, the little girl who became step daughter of Carl Lutz (and therefore, by some calculations, of his first wife) as a result of his marriage to Magdalena Grausz, his second wife. By the time Gerd Lutz died in 1995 it is apparent that the two women were in regular contact.

Gertrud Lutz-Fankhauser (7 March 1911 - 29 June 1995) was a Swiss humanitarian activist. For a quarter of a century she undertook work for the UNICEF, serving in successively more senior capacities between the organisation's foundation and 1966. She then served between 1966 and 1971, as UNICEF vice-president and director for Europe and North Africa.

Gertrud Lutz-Fankhauser (* 7. März 1911 in Rechthalten; † 29. Juni 1995 in Burgdorf BE) war eine humanitäre Schweizer Aktivistin und UNICEF-Vizepräsidentin.


International debut.

Mazali, a member of the Nacional side that won three consecutive domestic titles between 1922 and 1924 (the side only conceded 29 goals in those three, turbulent seasons; Peñarol were banned from the national league in 1923), made his debut on 26 May 1924 in an Olympic Games fixture against Yugoslavia in Colombes, Paris, having won his place from Pedro Casella who, at the time, was plying his trade with Rampla Juniors. Uruguay won that fixture 7–0 and he conceded only two goals on his way to the Olympic title. By the time of the 1924 South American Championship his place behind his captain José Nasazzi was assured, where he conceded only one goal on his way to achieving victory with Uruguay.

South American Championships.

His place was taken at the 1926 South American Championship by Fausto Batignani of Liverpool Montevideo and in 1927 by Miguel Capuccini of Montevideo Wanderers F.C.. When Mazali did regain his position (recalled into Primo Giannoti's Olympic squad prior to Amsterdam) he regained his form as well. He conceded only five goals on his way to a second Olympic Gold Medal; in the 1929 South American Championship, however, in Buenos Aires, both he and the team suffered ill-form, he conceding six goals and the Uruguayans finishing in 3rd place overall. His last match for the national side was a 2-0 defeat to the Argentinians in Buenos Aires in the last match of the competition in November, 1929.

Breaking curfew.

When in Montevideo for the 1930 FIFA World Cup, the Uruguayans were under strict instructions from Alberto Suppici not to leave the team hotel beyond curfew hours. At one point close to the tournament Mazali breached the curfew and was, thereafter, banned from participating in the tournament by Supicci and never played for Uruguay again. His place at the tournament was taken by Enrique Ballesteros of Rampla Juniors.  Mazali was one of eight players who became double Gold medalists, along with José Leandro Andrade, Pedro Arispe, Pedro Cea, José Nasazzi, Pedro Petrone, Héctor Scarone and Santos Urdinarán. Except for the second, all became World Champions under Alberto Suppici.

Other sports.

Besides football, Mazali also excelled in other sports. In athletics, he was the 1920 South American champion of the 400 metres hurdles in Chile. In basketball, he played for 6 years for Olimpia, he played the finals of the Uruguayan Federal Tournament against in 1923, winning the championship with his team.

Andrés Mazali (22 July 1902 – 30 October 1975), nicknamed as El Buzo (The Diver), was a goalkeeper who played for the Uruguay national team. He spent his entire club career with Nacional. He was a twice Olympic gold medalist for Uruguay in the 1924 Olympics and 1928 Olympics. He became famous for his decision to break curfew in the days leading up to the start of the first FIFA World Cup in Uruguay, deciding to go out on a date with a mystery blonde.

Andrés Mazzali (* 22. Juli 1902 in Guruyú, Montevideo, Uruguay; † 30. Oktober 1975) war ein uruguayischer Fußballspieler und Leichtathlet.


Early years.

A native of Tallahassee, Florida, Sims attended North Florida Christian High School, where he began his high school football career by earning a varsity letter while only in the eighth grade, a feat not often heard of. A two-way player at running back and linebacker, Sims earned a total of five varsity letters. Playing in Class A, Florida's smallest classification, Sims led the Eagles to four state championships from 1998 to 2001. In his senior year, however, North Florida was eliminated in the region semifinals of the Class A playoffs, losing to Jay 19–14. As a junior, totaled 180 tackles, 41 tackles for loss, 12 sacks and forced seven fumbles on defense and rushed for over 600 yards and 17 touchdowns as a tailback. During his senior year, Sims registered 133 tackles (73 solo stops), 15 tackles for lost yardage, six forced fumbles, seven fumble recoveries and one blocked field goal attempt from his linebacker position and ran for 1,081 yards on 115 carries for 23 touchdowns as a running back.  Sims earned All-American honors by "Parade" and "USA Today". Regarded as a five-star recruit by "Rivals.com", Sims was ranked as the No. 1 inside linebacker in his class. In fact, he was also listed as the No. 1 prospect overall, ahead of Reggie Bush and Whitney Lewis., Sims remains the only linebacker ranked atop of the "Rivals" annual rankings. Recruited by virtually every school in the nation, Sims took official visits to Georgia, Florida, Auburn, Miami (FL), and Florida State. On National Signing Day, Sims chose the Seminoles over the Gators.

College career.

At Florida State, Sims wore #34, a number that was retired in honor of former Seminole football player, Ron Sellers. Sellers gave Sims and the university permission for Sims to wear the jersey number.  In 2003, as a true freshman at Florida State, Sims played in all 13 games of the season, including the Orange Bowl against Miami (FL), as a back-up outside linebacker. He finished ninth on the team with 42 tackles, and added two tackles for lost yardage, two pass break-ups, three quarterback hurries and a forced fumble. Sims was also one of the Seminoles' top special teams performers. He earned ACC Rookie of the Week for his efforts against Wake Forest, which included a season-high 10 tackles.  As a sophomore, Sims played in all 12 games, and made the starting lineup by the second week. For his exceptional play on the field in 2004, Sims was named to the second All-ACC team and ESPN named Sims to their first team All-American team. He finished second on the team with a single-season career-high 86 tackles, behind only A. J. Nicholson (88). Sims also recorded a single-season career-high nine tackles for lost yardage, 4.5 quarterback sacks, nine quarterback hurries, five pass break-ups, two forced fumbles and a blocked kick. In three games (North Carolina, Duke, and Florida), Sims recorded double-digit tackles, including a career-high 12 tackles against the Gators. In the Seminoles' 36–3 victory over Virginia, he had nine tackles, a career-high two sacks and a blocked punt. Sims followed that performance with eight tackles, one tackle for lost yardage, a sack and a pass break-up against Wake Forest. Each of those weeks, Sims earned ACC Defensive Back of the Week, as the only player in the ACC to earn the ACC Defensive Back of the Week honors multiple times during the season.  In July 2005, Sims was arrested on charges of battery and resisting an officer, allegedly shoving his then-girlfriend “repeatedly to the ground” during an argument in the parking lot of a FSU residence hall. Expectations for his junior year were high, as "The Sporting News" and other publications named him to their pre-season All-American teams. Sims had a productive, but not spectacular junior season, starting all 13 games, including the Orange Bowl.  Sims majored in Environmental Studies at Florida State. In January 2006, Sims announced that he would forgo his senior season to focus on a career in the NFL.

Professional career.

2006 NFL Draft.

Described as a “three-down linebacker who plays bigger than his listed size,” Sims was selected as ninth overall in the first round of the 2006 NFL Draft by the Detroit Lions. He was the highest selected Seminoles defender since Corey Simon in 2000.

Detroit Lions.

Sims was targeted by Lions general manager Matt Millen to bolster the Lions' defense at weakside linebacker. On July 30, 2006, he signed a 5-year, $15.735 million contract with $12.1 million guaranteed. Sims started all 16 games his rookie season at outside linebacker, collecting 124 tackles (81 solo tackles) and was credited with a half sack and one pass deflection. On December 3, against the New England Patriots, Sims had a career-high 13 total tackles. On December 31, Sims made a key tackle on fourth down to give the Lions a big win against the Dallas Cowboys. On September 3, 2007, Sims was named one of five captains for the 2007 Detroit Lions. The Lions former head coach, Rod Marinelli, said that Sims' resembled that of Tampa Bay Buccaneers linebacker Derrick Brooks in his early years, being described as a fast, punishing, sure-tackler.

Philadelphia Eagles.

Sims was traded to the Philadelphia Eagles on April 19, 2010 in a three-team trade. The Denver Broncos sent tight end Tony Scheffler and a seventh-round draft pick in 2010 to the Detroit Lions, the Lions sent Sims to the Eagles, and the Eagles sent a fifth-round draft pick in 2010 to the Broncos.

Indianapolis Colts.

On August 2, 2011, Sims signed with the Indianapolis Colts as an unrestricted free agent. He wasn't re-signed at the end of the year.

Dallas Cowboys.

After the loss of Sean Lee to injury, on October 24, 2012, the Dallas Cowboys signed him as an unrestricted free agent to provide depth at linebacker. Sims quickly became a starter by his second game (against the Atlanta Falcons) and eventually the unit's defensive play caller, after injuries decimated the position further. He finished the season with 42 tackles, one sack, 2 quarterback pressures and 3 passes defensed. He also recorded 10 tackles in the Cowboys’ emotional week 14 win against the Cincinnati Bengals, a day after the team received news of the death of Jerry Brown and the arrest of Josh Brent.  On March 18, 2013, Sims was signed to a one-year contract at the league minimum salary. He registered 42 tackles, a forced fumble and started 6 games while replacing Bruce Carter, Justin Durant and Sean Lee at different times. He wasn't re-signed at the end of the season.

Arizona Cardinals.

On June 3, 2014, Sims signed 1-year deal to replace the suspended Daryl Washington. He was later released on August 7.

NFL statistics.

Key

Personal life.

On May 29, 2009, Sims married Brooke McGriff, who is pursuing a degree in Education at Tallahassee Community College.  Sims' mother, Alice Sims, formerly Alice Bennett, was an All-American sprinter on the Florida State track and field team from 1980 through 1983. His younger brother, Marcus Sims, a highly regarded high school running back, announced in February 2006 that he will also play his college football at Florida State before transferring to the University of North Alabama. His father Ernie, Sr. was also a running back at Florida State.  Sims owns a small collection of animals: 5 dogs and 1 type of reptile. Fox produced a segment for the Lions' game against the Minnesota Vikings in Detroit in 2007 which showcased his pets.  Sims currently resides in his home town of Tallahassee, FL, where he owns his own athletic training facility, called Ernie Sims' Big Hits Performance. He also has his own local sports talk radio show.

Ernie Sims III (born December 23, 1984) is a former American football linebacker. He played college football at Florida State and was drafted by the Detroit Lions in the first round of the 2006 NFL Draft. He also played for the Philadelphia Eagles, Indianapolis Colts and Dallas Cowboys.

Ernie Sims III (* 23. Dezember 1984 in Tallahassee, Florida) ist ein ehemaliger US-amerikanischer American-Football-Spieler auf der Position des Outside Linebackers. Er spielte in der National Football League (NFL), zuletzt für die Dallas Cowboys.


Teams.

Twenty-two teams started the race. These included sixteen UCI ProTour teams, including the provisionally-licensed, and six UCI Professional Continental teams. These teams, along with three others, also contested Milan–San Remo.  The 22 teams participating in the race were:

Stages.

Stage 1.

The race of two seas began with a mostly flat stage from Livorno on the Tyrrhenian coast to Rosignano Solvay. The riders took a finishing circuit in the arrival town, seeing the finish line twice.  A lone rider from comprised this stage's major breakaway. Dmytro Grabovskyy slipped away early and quickly built an advantage of over five minutes. The peloton, battered by the freezing rain that almost kept the stage from being run at all, was content to let him stay away until the to go mark, when the and teams set to bringing him back in the hopes of setting up a potential mass sprint finish for their top sprinters Daniele Bennati and Tyler Farrar.  Grabovskyy was caught with left to race, and's Pablo Urtasun took the opportunity to counter-attack, being joined after a short while by Niki Terpstra from. They were away until the to go mark, and another move took shape when they were caught, including Terpstra's team leader Linus Gerdemann and Matti Breschel. Despite never holding even ten seconds advantage over the main field, and not having an appreciable gap over them at the finish line, they were able to contest the stage among themselves and deny the pure sprinters the chance. Gerdemann came around Pablo Lastras' early leadout to take the stage win and the first blue jersey as race leader. With the time bonus at the finish line, he became the first leader of the race with a four-second advantage over Lastras. Gerdemann was also awarded the red jersey as points classification leader; Lastras wore it during stage two.

Stage 2.

Stage two contained a categorized climb after just, but following the descent from that climb the course was a plateau with no further raises in elevation of any consequence. The stage started and ended in the same town, and concluded with a 5-lap circuit with repeated visits to a short hill.  Four riders again tried their luck to contest the stage win among themselves in a breakaway, but on this day the sprinters would not be denied. The four were Mikhail Ignatiev, Diego Caccia, Alan Pérez, and Alan Marangoni, who escaped into the stage. They built up an advantage of over four minutes, while race leader Linus Gerdemann's Milram team rode a tempo at the front of the peloton. Various teams representing strong sprinters worked to reel in the escape toward the end of the stage, and three of them were caught from the finish line. Ignatiev tried to counter-attack as the catch occurred, but the blazing speed with which was driving the peloton at the time meant that it was only a few seconds until the Russian too was brought back. Liquigas-Doimo led out the sprint in the final kilometer, but their top sprinter Daniele Bennati was unable to take advantage. Belgian national champion Tom Boonen began his sprint first, but was able to hold on to the finish line for the win. The win, and the time bonus it afforded, left Boonen tied with Gerdemann on time in the general classification.

Stage 3.

Stage 3 was the last in Tuscany. This course had two categorized climbs in the final before the peloton reaches Monsummano Terme. There were three uncategorized rises in elevation before that point, and a lengthy flat stretch to the finish.  The day's escapees were Sebastian Lang, Cameron Wurf, and Diego Caccia. By virtue of being in the breakaway for the second day in a row, Caccia took the lead in the mountains classification after the stage from his teammate Dmytro Grabovskyy. Wurf was the last of them to be caught, on the final climb of the day. The main field was all together for a sprint finish, but this was nearly not the case, as ten riders broke away on the descent from the last climb, including overall contenders like defending champion Michele Scarponi, last year's runner-up Stefano Garzelli, and the duo of Vincenzo Nibali and Roman Kreuziger. This breakaway group had 18 seconds on the main field with left to race, but they were unable to ride as cohesively as the peloton, who caught them just before they reached the red kite indicating to the finish line. Just as they had the previous day, the Liquigas-Doimo squad executed an efficient leadout for their top sprinter Daniele Bennati. Unlike the previous day, Bennati used it to his full advantage, winning the stage over Alessandro Petacchi, Bernhard Eisel, and Tyler Farrar. The time bonus at the line made Bennati the new race leader. He also took the lead in the points classification – previous race leader Linus Gerdemann dons the red jersey for stage 4.

Stage 4.

The profile for this long stage, entering the region of Abruzzo, is bumpy, with many climbs, both categorized and uncategorized. The riders head east and slightly to the south to Chieti and will nearly reach the Adriatic Sea. The final are especially difficult, with stretches containing maximum gradients of 19%.  The peloton reeled in many early attacks on this stage, and the day's principal breakaway did not form until had been covered. The seven escapees were Rubén Pérez, Vasil Kiryienka, Marco Frapporti, Maarten Wynants, Paolo Longo Borghini, Vladimir Efimkin, and Italian national champion Filippo Pozzato, who did much of the pacemaking for the group. Their biggest advantage over the main field was 8'30", at the halfway point of the stage. and did the majority of the pacemaking at the front of the peloton, as overnight race leader Daniele Bennati was quickly dropped on this stage, eventually finishing 12 minutes back of the stage winner.  The break still had 3 minutes on the main field with left to race, though several riders tried escapes from the peloton before the breakaway was caught, indicating that they did not believe the group could stay away. riders Alexander Vinokourov and Enrico Gasparotto both tried their luck, but could neither stay away nor bridge to the leaders. Vincenzo Nibali then attacked, and drew with him defending Tirreno–Adriatico champion Michele Scarponi. In the lead of the race, Kiryienka dropped his remaining breakaway companions and tried to solo to the line inside of the last. Nibali and Scarponi quickly absorbed all of them, and at that point had Maxim Iglinsky and Stefano Garzelli in tow in their leading group. No one could answer Scarponi's subsequent attack, which gave him the stage win and the blue jersey. He finished 14 seconds the better of Benoît Vaugrenard, who had come up from what remained of the main field to finish with Garzelli's group. Due to the narrow, twisting roads on which the stage finished, Vaugrenard had not seen Scarponi cross the finish line, and he thought he had won the stage when he led his group across the line. Nibali was unable to maintain the pace of this group and lost a further 7 seconds to them, finishing 21 back of Scarponi.

Stage 5.

The first half of this stage, which saw the peloton ride directly alongside the Adriatic coast, was flat, but the second half contained several climbs. The final were removed from the course due to poor road conditions, leaving out the originally scheduled final climb, one that reaches a 20% maximum grade. The resultant course featured a smaller, but still difficult, summit finish.  An eleven-rider breakaway formed early in the stage, but it did not come close to staying away, as only Marco Pinotti from this group was out front for any length of time. He was caught with a good left to race. Race leader Michele Scarponi's team set a furious pace to control the main field, even though two of its riders crashed hard. José Serpa finished the stage, continuing to take pulls at the front of the main field, covered in dirt with a blood-streaked face meagerly patched up by a bandage. A counter-attack from Juan José Oroz as the time Pinotti was caught got the Basque rider clear for most of the remainder of the stage.'s Enrico Gasparotto bridged across to him just before the short but nearly vertical climb to Colmurano which concluded the stage. Cadel Evans, Stefano Garzelli and Maxim Iglinsky next bridged from the Scarponi group to the leaders, and Evans tapped out a pace to get them to the finish line first. Despite having been in the flats in his bridge up to Oroz, Gasparotto still had the legs to come around Evans and claim the stage win. Scarponi retained the overall lead, but his advantage was narrowed.

Stage 6.

Stage six is hilly, concluding with a 4-lap circuit that involves a visit to the Macerata climb each lap. The first and third laps will count the climb towards the mountains classification, while for the second pass it will be considered an intermediate sprint.  Twelve riders from twelve teams broke away at the mark. The best-placed riders in this group were Paul Martens of and Simon Špilak from, respectively 1'36" and 1'48" back of race leader Michele Scarponi as the day began. The significance of 12 different teams being represented in the break was that Scarponi's team did not get much help in setting a pace for the peloton to bring them back, as teams do not normally help chase down breakaways when they have a rider in them. Androni Giocattoli rode a deliberate pace for much of the stage, with the breakaway's time gap hovering at around two minutes most of the day. As the end of the stage neared, the main field had closed the gap to under a minute, meaning Martens and Špilak did not stand to threaten Scarponi's overall lead. This caused Androni Giocattoli to ease up on their pace, but they nonetheless absorbed 11 of the breakaway riders before the finish, since the hilly parcours did not suit most of those riders. The one who got away was's Mikhail Ignatiev, a time trial specialist who shed his breakaway mates with remaining and was able to pace himself to the line for the stage win. A hectic final kilometer for the race's top contenders was resolved when Stefano Garzelli and Cadel Evans broke away from a small group containing Scarponi. They finished 2 seconds better than the race leader, but more importantly, both won time bonuses. Scarponi retained the race leader's blue jersey heading into the final day, but by a margin of just 2 seconds to Garzelli and 12 to Evans.

Stage 7.

The first of this course contained two categorized climbs, but from that point on the stage was perfectly flat to the finish. The race concluded with a seven-lap circuit in San Benedetto del Tronto, with intermediate sprint points available on the third and fifth laps.  The teams of the sprinters came forward in the final to set up the finale. Mark Cavendish, who had missed out on the previous sprint finishes, crashed hard with and missed an opportunity to contest this sprint. Assan Bazayev and Rui Costa also crashed. controlled the race in the final kilometer, and delivered Edvald Boasson Hagen to the line in first position.

The 2010 Tirreno–Adriatico was the 45th running of the Tirreno–Adriatico stage race. It started on 10 March and finished on 16 March. The race started in Livorno and ended San Benedetto del Tronto. The race was won by Stefano Garzelli after gaining 2 seconds in intermediate sprints in the last stage which tied him for first with Michele Scarponi; Garzelli held the tiebreaker, combined stage finishes.

Das 45. Radrennen Tirreno–Adriatico fand vom 10. bis 16. März 2010 statt. Es führte in sieben Etappen über eine Distanz von 1274 Kilometern. Das Rennen gehört zum UCI World Calendar 2010.


Laplace operators in differential geometry

Connection Laplacian.

The connection Laplacian, also known as the rough Laplacian, is a differential operator acting on the various tensor bundles of a manifold, defined in terms of a Riemannian- or pseudo-Riemannian metric. When applied to functions (i.e. tensors of rank 0), the connection Laplacian is often called the Laplace–Beltrami operator. It is defined as the trace of the second covariant derivative:  where "T" is any tensor, formula_2 is the Levi-Civita connection associated to the metric, and the trace is taken with respect to the metric. Recall that the second covariant derivative of "T" is defined as  Note that with this definition, the connection Laplacian has negative spectrum. On functions, it agrees with the operator given as the divergence of the gradient.  If the connection of interest is the Levi-Civita connection one can find a convenient formula for the Laplacian of a scalar function in terms of partial derivatives with respect to a coordinate system:  where formula_5 is a scalar function, formula_6 is absolute value of the determinant of the metric (absolute value is necessary in the pseudo-Riemannian case, e.g. in General Relativity) and formula_7 denotes the inverse of the metric tensor.

Hodge Laplacian.

The Hodge Laplacian, also known as the Laplace–de Rham operator, is a differential operator acting on differential forms. (Abstractly, it is a second order operator on each exterior power of the cotangent bundle.) This operator is defined on any manifold equipped with a Riemannian- or pseudo-Riemannian metric.  where d is the exterior derivative or differential and "δ" is the codifferential. The Hodge Laplacian on a compact manifold has nonnegative spectrum.  The connection Laplacian may also be taken to act on differential forms by restricting it to act on skew-symmetric tensors. The connection Laplacian differs from the Hodge Laplacian by means of a Weitzenböck identity.

Bochner Laplacian.

The Bochner Laplacian is defined differently from the connection Laplacian, but the two will turn out to differ only by a sign, whenever the former is defined. Let "M" be a compact, oriented manifold equipped with a metric. Let "E" be a vector bundle over "M" equipped with a fiber metric and a compatible connection, formula_2. This connection gives rise to a differential operator where formula_11 denotes smooth sections of "E", and "T"M is the cotangent bundle of "M". It is possible to take the formula_12-adjoint of formula_2, giving a differential operator The Bochner Laplacian is given by which is a second order operator acting on sections of the vector bundle "E". Note that the connection Laplacian and Bochner Laplacian differ only by a sign:

Lichnerowicz Laplacian.

The Lichnerowicz Laplacian is defined on symmetric tensors by taking formula_17 to be the symmetrized covariant derivative. The Lichnerowicz Laplacian is then defined by formula_18, where formula_19 is the formal adjoint. The Lichnerowicz Laplacian differs from the usual tensor Laplacian by a Weitzenbock formula involving the Riemann curvature tensor, and has natural applications in the study of Ricci flow and the prescribed Ricci curvature problem.

Conformal Laplacian.

On a Riemannian manifold, one can define the conformal Laplacian as an operator on smooth functions; it differs from the Laplace–Beltrami operator by a term involving the scalar curvature of the underlying metric. In dimension "n" ≥ 3, the conformal Laplacian, denoted "L", acts on a smooth function "u" by  where Δ is the Laplace-Beltrami operator (of negative spectrum), and "R" is the scalar curvature. This operator often makes an appearance when studying how the scalar curvature behaves under a conformal change of a Riemannian metric. If "n" ≥ 3 and "g" is a metric and "u" is a smooth, positive function, then the conformal metric  has scalar curvature given by

In differential geometry there are a number of second-order, linear, elliptic differential operators bearing the name Laplacian. This article provides an overview of some of them.

Verallgemeinerte Laplace-Operatoren sind mathematische Objekte, welche in der Differentialgeometrie insbesondere in der Globalen Analysis untersucht werden. Die hier behandelten Operatoren sind Verallgemeinerungen des aus der reellen Analysis bekannten Laplace-Operators. Diese Verallgemeinerungen sind notwendig, um den Laplace-Operator auf riemannsche Mannigfaltigkeit definieren zu können. Eine wichtige Rolle spielen diese Operatoren in den Beweisen für den Atiyah-Singer-Indexsatz und den Atiyah-Bott-Fixpunktsatz.


Early life.

Felix Davidovich Krivin was born June 11, 1928 in a Jewish family in Mariupol. His family moved to Odessa in 1933. In 1945, after evacuation, Krivin moved to Izmail, where he finished evening school. He graduated from the Kiev State Pedagogical Institute in 1951.

Career.

Krivin worked as a mechanic apprentice before becoming a mechanic on the "Edelweiss" barge of Danube Shipping Company. He later became a night shift proofreader in "Pridunayskaya Pravda" ("Danubian Truth") where his first poems were published, and a radiojournalist at the Izmail regional Radio Committee.  Krivin worked as a teacher in Mariupol from 1951 to 1954. After living in Kiev in 1954-1955, he moved to Uzhhgorod, where he worked as a contributing editor at Zakarpattia Oblast publishing house. In 1962, he was accepted to the Writers' Union of Ukraine. In 1990, Krivin was a laureate of the Korolenko republican award.  Krivin was the author of more than 25 books which were published starting from the 1960s by various Soviet publishing houses. He collaborated with comedian Arkady Raikin, for whom he wrote interludes. In 2006, he became a laureate of the Subcarpathian Rus independent literature "Russian award".  One of his most famous creations are the "half-legends"; in 2018, a few of the stories were the first of his work to be published in English in the online edition of the World Literature Today journal, translated from Russian by Anna Burneika.

Personal life and death.

Krivin moved to Israel, where he settled with his wife in Beersheba in 1998. He died on December 24, 2016 at the age of 88.

Felix Davidovich Krivin (Ukrainian: Фе́лікс Дави́дович Кри́він, tr. "Félix Davídovich Krívin"; June 11, 1928 – December 24, 2016) was a Soviet, Ukrainian and Israeli writer and poet, author of intellectual humoristic prose, screenwriter.

Felix Davidovich Krivin (, "Felix Dawidowitsch Kriwin",, "Feliks Dawydowytsch Krywin"; * 11. Juni 1928 in Mariupol, Ukrainische SSR; † 24. Dezember 2016 in Be’er Scheva (Israel)) war ein russischer, ukrainischer und israelischer Schriftsteller, Dichter und Kinderbuchautor.


Mythology.

In the eternal realm of Greek mythology, Kyane, or Cyane (Italian Ciane) was a nymph or, more precisely, a naiad, a freshwater nymph. Cyane, after witnessing Hades's abduction of Persephone and trying to prevent it, was turned to liquid by Hades.  In the ancient Greek world the nymph represented a particular aspect of nature. Arethusa, a naiad like Kyane, is associated with a spring and pool in Syracuse (Siracusa); Kyane is said to dwell in a river bearing her name in southeastern Sicily. She had as a partner the river god Anapos (or Anapis). She cited their love as an example of consensual relationship while trying to convince Hades not to take Persephone by force.  Appropriately, the Classical Greek kyanos meant "blue-green" (hence the English cyan) and alludes to the water of lakes and streams.

Popular culture.

In the popular TV series "", "Cyane" is a recurring name of prominent Amazon warriors, each considered the worthy successor of the former one: five different Cyanes (from different times) are shown in "Xenaverse", played respectively by Victoria Pratt as "Cyane III", Selma Blair as "Cyane I", Shelley Edwards as "Cyane IV" and Morgan Reese Fairhead as "Cyane V". "Cyane II" appears in "Young Hercules" series, played by Katrina Browne. There are probably some other Cyanes between "Cyane I" and "Cyane II", but they are not shown in the series. All shown Cyanes are powerful and charismatic, but "Cyane IV" is somewhat aphoristic, and "Cyane V" overly polite and shy. The first Cyane came from the future: she taught Amazons to tame horses and (in a strange time loop) gave them the name "Amazons".  A powerful person, "Cyane III" defeated both Xena (in a physical battle) and Alti (in a spiritual battle). She was trusting of Xena and even offered to let her join the tribe. Xena betrayed Cyane when Alti "offered her a better deal". Alti wanted Cyane's blood, and after she drank it she kept Cyane's soul and the souls of all the Amazons in the land of the dead. She then used their power for herself and made it evil. The souls of the Amazons were trapped in the land of the dead until the reformed Xena killed Alti and found the Amazon's new holy word, Love.

In Roman mythology, Cyane (Κυανῆ "Kuanē̂" "dark blue" in Greek) was a nymph who tried to prevent Dis from abducting Proserpina, her playmate. Upon failure, she dissolved away in tears and melted into her pool.

Kyane ( „die Blaue“, lat. "Cyane") war in der griechischen Mythologie eine Najade der Cianequelle auf Sizilien. Sie war mit dem Flussgott Anapos verbunden.


Composition.

"Die Soldaten" came about as a result of a commission from the Cologne Opera, and Zimmermann began the work in 1957.  His original idea was to present the opera on twelve stages surrounding the audience, who would be seated on swiveling chairs. Upon reviewing an early scored version of this idea, however, the Cologne officials, including Wolfgang Sawallisch, advised Zimmermann that it would be impossible to realize "("")".  In 1963 Zimmermann completed a "Vokal-Sinfonie" using music for the opera consistent with the original idea, to demonstrate in concert that the music could in fact be played. He did not, however, go on to complete a version of the "opera" consistent with the original idea, as presented in draft form to Sawallisch and the other officials, according to his widow. Instead, from 1963 to 1964, during a study visit to the Villa Massimo in Rome, Zimmermann revised his composition into the version we know today in order to get it performed. The premiere followed the next year.

Performance history.

WDR (Westdeutscher Rundfunk) broadcast scenes from "Die Soldaten" in 1963, but the first staged performance, with Cologne Opera forces conducted by Michael Gielen, did not take place until 15 February 1965, after Zimmermann completed revisions to the score in 1964. WDR documented this with a recording, made in sessions on 21 and 22 February and 2 and 3 March in its main studio. In 1969 Gielen also conducted the successful and widely reviewed Bavarian State Opera premiere run in Munich.  The first British performance came during the 1972 Edinburgh Festival, when the Deutsche Oper am Rhein company took a 1971 Düsseldorf production to the King's Theatre. The opera did not reach London until November 1996, in a staging by English National Opera with Jon Garrison as Desportes. The U.S. premiere was on 7 February 1982 by the Opera Company of Boston led by Sarah Caldwell. "Die Soldaten" arrived in New York in 1991 in a production by New York City Opera under Christopher Keene's baton.  In 1988 and 1989 Bernhard Kontarsky conducted Stuttgart performances and recording sessions of the complete opera, with Nancy Shade as Marie. These resulted in a Teldec CD set and, much later, an Arthaus DVD.  Dresden's Semperoper gave the opera for the first time in 1995 in a celebrated primary-color staging by Willy Decker. The Japan premiere, which took place at the New National Theatre Tokyo in May 2008, conducted by Hiroshi Wakasugi the year before he died, used this Decker staging; Wakasugi had served as a permanent conductor of the Semperoper from 1982 to 1991 and had recorded Zimmermann's original (1963) "Vokal-Sinfonie "Die Soldaten" für 6 Gesangs-Solisten und Orchester" with WDR forces, in London, in 1978.  The opera was given an acclaimed "warehouse" production at Germany's "Ruhrtriennale" festival in Bochum in 2006, with David Pountney directing and Steven Sloane conducting. This was filmed and released as a DVD and in 2008 successfully mounted in New York at the Park Avenue Armory as part of the Lincoln Center Festival.  "Die Soldaten" was first performed at the Salzburg Festival on 20 August 2012, with the Vienna Philharmonic conducted by Ingo Metzmacher. A year later it was staged by Calixto Bieito at Zürich Opera; Marc Albrecht conducted, with Susanne Elmark as Marie and Peter Hoare reprised the role of Desportes he had sung in Bochum, Tokyo and New York. The same production went to the Komische Oper in Berlin in 2014, always with Susanne Elmark in the role of Marie, Gabriel Feltz conducted.  On 25 May 2014 the opera returned to the Bavarian State Opera in Munich in an staging conducted by Kirill Petrenko with Barbara Hannigan in the role of Marie. This was streamed live over the Internet on 31 May 2014.  The Latin American premiere was in July 2016, with critical acclaim, in a new production by Teatro Colón, conducted by Baldur Brönnimann and directed by Pablo Maritano. Its fifth and last performance was live-streamed, with Susanne Elmark in the role of Marie.  Susanne Elmark is actually now the singer that has sung Marie the most, particularly in March 2018 in Nuremberg Opera, staged by Peter Konwitschny and in May 2018 in Teatro Real of Madrid, in the reprise of Calixto Bieito staging, Pablo Heras-Casado conducted. The centenary of Zimmermann has been celebrated also in Cologne with a production created by Carlus Padrissa (La Fura dels Baus) in April 2018.

Synopsis.

Place: Lille and nearby Armentières in French Flanders. Time: (Zimmermann) "Yesterday, today, and tomorrow."

Act 1.

Preludio  Scene 1 "(Strophe)": Marie has moved from Armentières to Lille with her father Wesener, a fancy goods merchant. She writes a letter to the mother of her fiancé, Stolzius, a young draper in Armentières, while her sister Charlotte does needlework. Charlotte's aria: "Herz, kleines Ding, uns zu quälen". An argument breaks out between the sisters, Charlotte being scornful of Marie's love for Stolzius.  Scene 2 "(Ciacona I)": Stolzius has been lovesick since Marie's departure for Lille, but he is encouraged when his mother brings him a letter.  Scene 3 "(Ricercari I)": Desportes is a French-serving nobleman from Hainaut, and one of Wesener's customers. He courts the commoner Marie and wins her affection. Her father, however, forbids her to go with him to the theatre: for a commoner to accompany an officer in public would damage the family name.  Scene 4 "(Toccata I)": At the trenches in Armentières, officers discuss with Padre Eisenhardt the relative merits of comedy. Captain Haudy, one of the officers, holds the view that it has more value than a sermon. Eisenhardt maintains that comedy undermines the soldiers' sense of what is right – their loose morals have already brought misery to countless young women. Haudy counters with the argument, "once a whore, always a whore". No, replies Eisenhardt, a whore would never be a whore if she were not forced to become one.  Scene 5 "(Nocturno I)": Wesener advises his daughter to be cautious in her dealings with Desportes, although he secretly harbours the hope that she may marry the young aristocrat. In the meantime, he says, it would not be wise to give up Stolzius altogether. As stormclouds gather, Marie grows anxious at what lies ahead and the dilemma builds in her heart.

Act 2.

Scene 1 "(Toccata II)": The officers discuss politics and Stolzius, and philosophize, at the Armentières café, owned by Madame Roux. When the Colonel and Eisenhardt leave, a jazzy dance begins (Rondeau à la marche), led by the Andalusian waitress: "O Angst! Tausendfach Leben... Götter wir sind!" After five couplets, this screeches to a halt upon the return of the Colonel and Eisenhardt with Haudy. Stolzius arrives, and the officers make insinuating remarks about Marie's relationship with Desportes. Tumult.  Intermezzo  Scene 2 "(Capriccio, Corale e Ciacona II)": Marie has received a reproachful letter from Stolzius. She is reading it in tears when Desportes enters. He scornfully dictates to her a brusque reply. His flattery finally has the desired effect: his spot with Marie is won. In the room next door, Wesener's aged mother sings the folk song "Rösel aus Hennegay" with its prophetic line, "Some day your cross will come to you". On a partitioned stage appear, on one side, Marie and Desportes as a couple engrossed in love play, and on the other, Stolzius and his mother, who is trying to convince her son that having broken off his engagement, the "soldier's whore" Marie was not worthy of him. But Stolzius defends her and swears revenge on Desportes.

Act 3.

Scene 1 "(Rondino)": A conversation between Eisenhardt and Captain Pirzel, whose odd behaviour is portrayed as the result of the monotony of military service, reveals that Captain Mary, a friend of Desportes, is to be transferred from Armentières to Lille.  Scene 2 "(Rappresentazione)": In order to move closer to Marie, Stolzius offers Captain Mary his services as a batman.  Scene 3 "(Ricercari II)": Desportes has left Marie. When she starts accepting gifts from Captain Mary, her sister Charlotte labels her a "soldier's girl". Marie claims she only behaved in this way in order to get news of Desportes. Captain Mary invites Marie and Charlotte for a drive; neither of them recognizes the identity of his batman Stolzius.  Romanza (Act 3 Zwischenspiel)  Scene 4 "(Nocturno II)": Gräfin de la Roche reproaches her son, the Young Count, for his behaviour toward Marie. She advises him to leave town and, in order to protect Marie from the advances of other officers, she declares herself willing to take the girl into her own house as a companion.  Scene 5 "(Tropi)": The Gräfin goes to find Marie at Wesener's house. In Charlotte's presence, she makes her offer, persuading Marie it is the only way she can now save her honour. Trio: "Ach, ihr Wünsche junger Jahre".

Act 4.

Scene 1 "(Toccata III)": What the future holds in store for Marie is a living nightmare. Films I, II and III. Having turned down the Gräfin's offer in order to try to renew her contact with Desportes, she is now subjected by Desportes to the attentions of his young gamekeeper, who makes a brutal sexual assault. Dishonored and discredited, Marie wanders aimlessly while the Gräfin, the Young Count, Wesener, Charlotte, Pirzel, and Eisenhardt all search for her.  Scene 2 "(Ciacona III)": Captain Mary and Desportes are eating their evening meal. Stolzius, who is serving them, overhears their conversation and learns of Marie's fate. He hands Desportes a bowl of poisoned soup and, before drinking some of the soup himself, triumphantly reveals his identity to the dying Desportes. Stolzius dies.  Scene 3 "(Nocturno III)": As Eisenhardt sings the "Pater noster", Marie, now sunk to the level of a street beggar, encounters her father and asks him for alms. Wesener does not recognize her, but, out of concern for his daughter, gives her money. He then joins an endless procession of enslaved and fallen soldiers, in which the drunken officers also take part. The procession builds to a vision of Hell: one human is raped by another, the individual by the collective conscience and, in this instance, by the power of the army.

Staging and instrumentation.

Even today a stage performance of "Die Soldaten" places very great demands on any opera company. In addition to the sixteen singing and ten speaking roles, it requires a one hundred-piece orchestra involving many unusual instruments and pieces of percussion. With its open action, a large number of scenes which at times overlap one another or run simultaneously (the second scene of act 2, for example, or all of act 4), its multimedia structure incorporating film screens, projectors, tape recordings and loudspeakers, in addition to the sound effects of marching, engines and screams, "Die Soldaten" –an opera composed using the strict rules of twelve-tone music and presenting a high degree of complexity despite its careful design for the stage– is a uniquely complicated opera, both to stage and to watch.  There are numerous unorthodox roles in this opera, but the most noticeable is the mass usage of banging chairs and tables on the stage floor as percussion instruments. This is carried out by many of the actors with non-singing roles. The composer also calls for 3 cinema screens, 3 film projectors and groups of loudspeakers on the stage and in the auditorium.  The orchestra is composed of:  Woodwind:  Brass:  Percussion: (9–10 players)  1 player: timpani (also small timpano)  8–9 players:  Keyboards:  Strings  On the stage:  The stage players consist of 3 percussionists and a 3-player jazz-band.  I. 3 triangles (high register), 3 crotales (high), 2 basins (high), gong (small), tamtam (small), small drum, military drum, 2 bongos, agitating drum, large drum (with cymbals), 3 bass drums, cow bell (high), 2 tube bells, maracas and temple block (high).  II. 3 triangles (middle register), 3 crotales (middle), 2 basins (middle), 2 gongs (medium & large), small drum, 2 Tomtoms, agitating drum, 3 bass drums, cow bell, 6 tube bells, maracas & temple block (middle).  III. 3 triangles (deep register), 1 crotale (deep), 2 basins (deep), gong (large), 2 tamtams (small & large), small drum, tomtom (deep), snare drum, 3 bass drums, cow bell (deep), 4 tube bells, maracas, 3 temple blocks (deep)  Jazz band:

Music.

The prelude is written to sound as mechanical as possible, with dissonant combinations of instruments colliding against each other rhythmically to portray the mechanised movements of the soldiers on stage. As with Alban Berg's operas "Wozzeck" and "Lulu", the individual scenes are built on strict musical forms; strophes, chaconnes, ricercare, toccatas, etc. Musically, the work makes extensive use of twelve-tone technique, and expresses debts to Berg's "Wozzeck", such as in the shared name of the principal female role (Marie) and in the number of scenes (15).  Just as Zimmermann allows temporal levels to flow into one another, he also makes use of musical styles from several periods. Jazz rhythms (as in the coffee house scene), J. S. Bach chorales (from the "St Matthew Passion"), a folksong and the Dies irae plainchant sequence are juxtaposed and assembled in a way which creates a score which seethes with tension.

References.

Notes  Sources

Zimmermann wrote and revised his opera in phases between 1957 and 1964; it was premiered in 1965 and dedicated to Hans Rosbaud. Zimmermann himself faithfully adapted the play into the libretto, the only changes to the text being repeats and small cuts. It is the composer's only completed opera and is considered an important work of the second half of the 20th century.

Die Soldaten ist die einzige vollendete Oper des deutschen Komponisten Bernd Alois Zimmermann. Die von Zimmermann in Collagetechnik zusammengestellte Handlung in vier Akten basiert auf dem gleichnamigen Drama von Jakob Michael Reinhold Lenz. Zimmermann verwendete in seiner in Zwölftontechnik komponierten Oper erstmals Multimedia-Elemente wie Simultanszenen, Filmprojektionen, Zuspielbänder und Lautsprecher auf der Bühne und im Zuschauerraum. Die Oper, die zunächst als „unspielbar“ galt, setzte sich jedoch nach der Uraufführung am 15. Februar 1965 auch international durch und wurde trotz der überdimensionalen Besetzung und der Aufführungsschwierigkeiten von vielen größeren Bühnen nachgespielt. Heutzutage gilt das Werk nach Meinung vieler Musikkritiker als eine der wichtigsten Opern des 20. Jahrhunderts.


Plot.

At South Station, Boston, homicide detective Thomas Craven picks up his daughter Emma, who comes home to visit and vomits while getting into the car. As Craven prepares dinner at home, Emma suffers a nosebleed and vomits again. Thomas realizes he needs to take his daughter to the hospital. As they step outside the house, a masked gunman yells "Craven!" and fatally wounds Emma with a shotgun blast and escapes as Craven attends to his daughter.  At the medical examiner's office, Craven takes a lock of Emma's hair as a memento, then returns to duty to help find out who wanted to kill him. When he discovers that Emma had a.45 pistol in her night stand, he starts to suspect that Emma was the target. He checks the gun's ownership and finds out that it belongs to her boyfriend, David. David is living in fear of Northmoor, the company where he and Emma worked. David will not say more, but Craven incidentally discovers that the lock of Emma’s hair is radioactive. Emma had discovered that Northmoor, a research and development facility under contract to the U.S. government and headed by Jack Bennett, was secretly manufacturing nuclear weapons using foreign material. The weapons were intended to be linked with foreign nations if they were used by the US as dirty bombs.  Burning Emma's clothing in his backyard, Craven suddenly draws his weapon and turns to find Jedburgh, a British "consultant", casually sitting in his backyard. Jedburgh was tasked with preventing the disclosure of the information Emma had and tying up any loose ends, including her father. Jedburgh takes a liking to Craven, leaving him to investigate. Craven repeatedly has visions of Emma's past, including short conversations, typically as the happy young child he remembers and loves. Craven eventually discovers through one of Emma's activist friends, who is nearly killed by a Northmoor agent, that Bennett ordered Emma's murder, as well as those of the other activists Emma was working with to expose Northmoor.  Craven confronts U.S. Senator Jim Pine who was contacted earlier by Emma, revealing that Craven knows almost everything that happened. After examining Emma’s fridge with a Geiger counter, Craven discovers that her milk is radioactive. His fellow detective and friend, Bill, comes to Craven's home while the Northmoor agents break into the house. Craven realizes that Bill set him up before the agents taser and kidnap Craven, taking him away in an ambulance. He wakes up handcuffed to a gurney in the Northmoor facility, but manages to escape.  His health deteriorating rapidly from radiation poisoning, presumably done to him before he was kidnapped, Craven heads to Bennett's house and kills the Northmoor agents after forcing one of them at gunpoint to shout "Craven," finally identifying him as Emma's killer. Bennett shoots and wounds Craven, but Craven also wounds Bennett and forces some of the radioactive milk down his throat. Bennett attempts to take some pills to counteract the radioactivity, only to be shot dead by Craven.  Jedburgh, who is suffering from an unrelated terminal illness, meets with the Senator and two political advisers who had hired Jedburgh to handle Craven. They want to spin the Northmoor incident in a positive light. Jedburgh suggests that an assassination attempt on the Senator could be an angle to drive Bennett's death out of the headlines. They are pleased with this idea until Jedburgh abruptly kills both advisers and the senator. When a young police officer nervously enters the Senator's room, Jedburgh asks the officer at gunpoint if he has children. When the officer replies yes, Jedburgh lowers his gun, allowing the officer to shoot him dead.  While Craven lies dying in the hospital from his wounds and radiation poisoning, a young reporter for the local TV station WFXT, who had spoken to Craven a few nights earlier, opens a letter from him which contains DVDs recorded by Emma revealing the conspiracy, ensuring Northmoor's end. As Craven dies, the spirit of Emma comforts him. Craven and Emma are then shown leaving the hospital together, walking down the corridor and toward a bright, white light.

Production.

In 2002, Martin Campbell announced that he was planning to adapt "Edge of Darkness" for the cinema. Active development began in early 2007 when Campbell met with producer Graham King, who first enlisted Australian playwright Andrew Bovell to write, and then William Monahan (fresh from winning an Academy Award for King's "The Departed") to re-write the screenplay. Michael Wearing and BBC Films also co-produced the film. Filming began on 18 August 2008 in Boston, Massachusetts. A scene where Craven scatters his daughter's ashes at a beach was filmed at Rockport on 25 and 26 September. They shot some scenes in Merrimac, Massachusetts from 15 September 2008 to 18 September 2008. Additional scenes were shot in Malden, Massachusetts in the old Malden hospital. Some of the final scenes were shot at a home in Manchester-by-the-Sea, Massachusetts. Additionally, Gibson and his crew set up shop for filming in western Massachusetts, with 180 staff staying in Northampton hotels. They shot in various locations in the Pioneer Valley, including Tully O'Reilly's Pub, the Northampton Athletic Club, and an older part of the Hampshire County Courthouse, all in Northampton. Also, Sugarloaf Mountain was shut down for a few days while they rented it out. They also filmed at the Notch Visitor Center, Rt. 116, Amherst. The film takes place in America, unlike the television series, which was based in England. "The idea was to transfer the story to a different time and place rather than just repeat what we did in England," Campbell said. "Boston seemed like the perfect location because it does have a whole English, Irish signature on it." Jack Bennett disembarks from a helicopter in one scene. The FAA registration number, N401LH, is visible on the fuselage. This helicopter later collided with a Piper PA-32 on 8 August 2009, over the Hudson River, resulting in nine deaths. The helicopter was owned by Liberty Helicopters, which offers sight-seeing tours around Manhattan. The film was originally scored by classical composer John Corigliano. However, the decision was made during postproduction (after Corigliano's score had been recorded and dubbed) to replace his score with a new one by Howard Shore.

Reception.

Critical reaction.

On aggregate reviewer Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 56% based on 203 reviews; the average rating is 5.3/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "For better and for worse, "Edge of Darkness" offers vintage Mel Gibson, working within the familiar framework of a bloody revenge thriller." On review aggretator, Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average score out of 1–100 reviews from film critics, has a rating score of 55 out of 100, based on 34 critics, indicating "generally mixed or average reviews".  Film critic Richard Roeper of "Richard Roeper & the Movies" gave the film a B stating: "Gibson excels in this entertaining conspiracy thriller" in his review for the film. Michael Rechtshaffen, a critic for "The Hollywood Reporter", wrote in his review, "An intense Mel Gibson performance anchors this brutally effective crime thriller". Some critics, such as A.O. Scott of "The New York Times", saw a similarity to "Taken". Other critics, such as "Chicago Sun-Times" film critic Roger Ebert, "Chicago Tribune" film critic Michael Phillips, and "New Orleans Times-Picayune" film critic Mike Scott, described Ray Winstone's character in the film as "intriguing".

Box office.

On its first weekend, the film opened number two, grossing $17.1 million behind "Avatar". The film went on to gross $43.3 million in the United States and Canada and $37.8 million in other countries for a worldwide total of $81.1 million, against a production budget of $80 million.

Home media.

The film was released by Warner Home Video on 11 May 2010, on DVD and Blu-ray.

Edge of Darkness is a 2010 conspiracy political thriller film directed by Martin Campbell, written by William Monahan and Andrew Bovell, and starring Mel Gibson. It was based on the 1985 BBC television series of the same name, which was likewise directed by Campbell. This was Gibson's first screen lead since "Signs" (2002), and follows a detective investigating the murder of his activist daughter, while uncovering political conspiracies and cover-ups in the process.

Auftrag Rache (Originaltitel: "Edge of Darkness") ist ein britisch-US-amerikanischer Action-Thriller. Er ist eine Neuverfilmung der britischen sechsstündigen Mini-Fernsehserie "Am Rande der Finsternis" (1985; VHS-Veröffentlichung als "Die Plutonium-Affäre"). Sowohl bei der Serie wie 25 Jahre später beim Spielfilm führte Martin Campbell Regie.


Early life.

Radcliffe was born in Staten Island, New York in 1960. He grew up with his two parents, and two siblings, a sister and a younger brother. Radcliffe attended school in Staten Island until leaving to attend college at Buffalo State University in Buffalo, New York, earning two Bachelor's degrees in mathematics and physics. He came out in 1983 and later moved to Denver, Colorado that summer.

Career.

Radcliffe was "discovered" in 1989 by photographer Chris Nelson. Nelson featured Radcliffe (as "Jack Radcliff") in his coffee table book "The Bear Cult", which helped establish the iconic imagery associated with the nascent gay "bear" subculture. He debuted in issue #9 of Nelson and Nelson's partner Richard Bulger's foundational publication "Bear Magazine" and continued to appear in the publication as a model for the magazine's company, Brush Creek Media, after moving to San Francisco in 1989. Nelson worked as the magazine's photographer, while Bulger served as the magazine's publisher.  During the same photoshoot, Radcliffe also shot his first solo pornographic video. Continuing to work as a regular model for Brush Creek Media, Radcliffe quickly became popular in the bear community. Several years later, Nelson and Bulger contacted Radcliffe concerning interest in shooting non-solo films for Brush Creek Media. Radcliffe appeared in seven adult films with Brush Creek Media and later appeared in additional films with Butch Bear and Massive Studio. He retired from adult acting after performing in "Massive Muscle Bears" with Massive Studio.

Other ventures.

Radcliffe worked as the chief financial officer of a software consulting company during the late 1990s and early 2000s. He currently works as a realtor.

Legacy and cultural impact.

Radcliffe is often cited as an enduring iconic representation (if not the most iconic representative) of the bear aesthetic in pornography, gay culture, and at large. He has been described as "the Marilyn Monroe of bear culture," a "poster boy of bear culture," and a "reigning bear icon." In a 2009 list of bear icons, LGBT pop culture website Queerty stated, "In the bear porn industry, Radcliffe is God. It’s easy to see why– if Plato were a bear, this would be his ideal."  Despite this, Radcliffe has downplayed his iconography within bear culture.  Radcliffe was the most featured cover model in the history of "Bear Magazine". In his 2001 forward for author and academic scholar Les K. Wright's "The Bear Book II: Further Readings in the History and Evolution of a Gay Male Subculture", former editor-in-chief of "Drummer" Jack Fritscher noted that Radcliffe remained Brush Creek Media's top box office earner and described him as an icon for the company. Wright also described Radcliffe as the first to embody the "bear beauty" aesthetic with his specifically marketed films. Conversely, Radcliffe has also been specifically identified as an example of the "muscle-bear" body type that later emerged in bear culture, contributing to a more muscular standard of beauty, seemingly in conflict with the "normal," "average," or fat ("chub") aesthetic origins of the bear community.

Jack Radcliffe (born Frank Martini; July 5, 1960) is an American pornographic film actor. Radcliffe is considered a pornographic icon, and in particular, an icon of gay bear subculture and its physical aesthetics.

Jack Radcliffe (* 7. Mai 1960 als "Frank Martini") ist ein ehemaliger US-amerikanischer Gay-Pornodarsteller, dessen Filme in der Bear Community vermarktet wurden.


Early life.

Collet-Serra was born in Sant Iscle de Vallalta, Catalonia, Spain. Soon after graduating, he began his career as an editor before moving on to direct music videos and television commercials for companies such as Sony, Budweiser, and Verizon.

Career.

2005–2010: "House of Wax" and "Orphan".

In 2005, Collet-Serra was given an opportunity to direct his first feature film by producer Joel Silver ("The Matrix"). The film, "House of Wax", was a remake of the 1953 original of the same name. Despite reviewers giving the film a negative critical reception, it was a financial success, and starred Elisha Cuthbert and Chad Michael Murray and featuring Paris Hilton. Two years later, Collet-Serra directed "". The film, the sequel to "Goal!", finds star European soccer player Santiago Muñez (Kuno Becker) bumped by is agent (Stephen Dillane) from England's Newcastle United team to Real Madrid's Galácticos. He reunited with producer Silver for the third film of his career, "Orphan", a 2009 American psychological horror film starring Vera Farmiga, Peter Sarsgaard, and Isabelle Fuhrman. The film centres on a couple who, after the death of their unborn child, adopt a mysterious nine-year-old girl. "Orphan" was produced by Joel Silver and Susan Downey of Dark Castle Entertainment and Leonardo DiCaprio and Jennifer Davisson Killoran of Appian Way Productions. The film received mixed critical reviews but was a box office success.

2011–2015: "Unknown", "The River", "Non-Stop" and "Mindscape".

Collet-Serra then directed "Unknown", a 2011 action thriller starring Liam Neeson, Diane Kruger, January Jones, Aidan Quinn, Bruno Ganz, and Frank Langella. The film is based on the 2003 French novel published in English as "Out of My Head", by Didier Van Cauwelaert. Collet-Serra made his television directing debut with the ABC pilot "The River", a horror drama from "Paranormal Activity" writer-director Oren Peli. The show was met with generally favourable reviews. In December 2012, he began filming for his next film "Non-Stop", which starred Liam Neeson and Julianne Moore.  Collet-Serra formed his own production house Ombra Films. With money from StudioCanal, the small company set out to make low-budget English-language horror films, with an eye toward launching the careers of up-and-coming Spanish filmmakers. Juan Sola, Collet-Serra's producing partner, told "Deadline Hollywood", "We've seen how many talented directors are coming out of Spain, but there hasn't really been a platform for them to find work in films. They look up to Jaume as a guy they want to become and we thought, how about a company that creates a bridge between Spain and the U.S., similar to what Luc Besson provided in France? Already, we are being bombarded, and we feel directors will find Ombra a fantastic platform. Jaume loves mentoring new talent." The venture's first film was "Mindscape", a psychological thriller about a man with the ability to enter people's memories, starring Taissa Farmiga, Mark Strong, and Brian Cox. Collet-Serra executive produced the found footage comedy-horror film "Hooked Up", which was directed by Pablo Larcuen and was shot on an iPhone.

2016–present: "The Shallows" and "The Commuter".

Collet-Serra directed and executive produced "The Shallows", a 2016 horror-thriller starring Blake Lively, from a script by Anthony Jaswinski, and "The Commuter", an action-thriller starring Liam Neeson, which was released on January 12, 2018, and also features Vera Farmiga, Sam Neill, and Elizabeth McGovern.

Upcoming projects.

Collet-Serra served as director for "Jungle Cruise" from The Walt Disney Company, starring Dwayne Johnson. The film is based on the concept of the ride of the same name at Disneyland.  In June of 2019, Collet-Serra signed on to direct "Black Adam", written by Adam Sztykiel and starring Dwayne Johnson. Johnson will serve as a producer on the project alongside Hiram Garcia, Dany Garcia, Beau Flynn, and Scott Sheldon. Collet-Serra emerged as front-runner to direct after his work on "Jungle Cruise". The film will be a co-production between Warner Bros. Pictures, New Line Cinema, Seven Bucks Productions, and FlynnPicturesCo. film studios. Production is scheduled to begin sometime in 2020.

Filmography.

Film.

Producer only

Jaume Collet-Serra (; born 23 March 1974) is a Spanish-American film director and producer. He is known for directing the horror remake "House of Wax" (2005), Disney soccer movie "" (2007), the psychological horror "Orphan" (2009), the Liam Neeson action-thrillers "Unknown" (2011), "Non-Stop" (2014), "Run All Night" (2015) and "The Commuter" (2018), and the survival thriller "The Shallows" (2016).

Jaume Collet-Serra (* 23. März 1974 in Sant Iscle de Vallalta, Provinz Barcelona) ist ein international agierender spanischer Filmregisseur und Filmproduzent. Seine bekanntesten Werke sind die Thriller "Unknown Identity" (2011) und "Non-Stop" (2014) mit Liam Neeson in der Titelrolle.


Early life.

Brown was the only child born to lawyer and former Congressman William G. Brown Sr., and his second wife, Margaret Gay Brown (d. 1913), who survived her husband by nearly two decades and was close to her son. This father was a leading Unionist during the American Civil War, sometimes called the "Father of West Virginia", and would be the first Congressman elected to West Virginia's 2nd Congressional district when the state was formed.

Career.

William Jr. graduated from West Virginia University at Morgantown in 1877, where he was a member of Phi Sigma Kappa fraternity. The same year, he was admitted to the bar and opened his law practice in Preston County. Like his father, he also worked in banking. His father died in 1884, leaving a substantial estate. In 1896, young Brown lost his first bid to become a congressman. In 1910, voters elected Brown as a Democrat to the Sixty-second Congress. He was re-elected to the Sixty-third and Sixty-fourth Congresses. He served from March 4, 1911, until his death in Washington, D.C. on March 9, 1916. Congressman Brown was buried in the family plot at Kingwood Cemetery in Kingwood, West Virginia.

Personal life.

Brown married three times. His first marriage was in 1883 to Jessie Thomas, of Tyrone, Pennsylvania, who died three years later near the birth of their daughter Jessie. His second wife, Flora B. Martin, a West Virginia native, fell victim to pneumonia in 1912 afters about ten years of marriage. His third wife, actress and women's rights activist Izetta Jewel Kenney, whom he married in December 1914, gave birth to their daughter Izetta Jewel Gay Brown just a few weeks before Brown died in office in March, 1916.

William Gay Brown Jr. (April 7, 1856 – March 9, 1916) was a lawyer, and Democratic politician from West Virginia who served as a United States Representative. Congressman Brown was born in Kingwood, West Virginia in Preston County (then in Virginia) on April 7, 1856. He served as a member of the 62nd, 63rd, and 64th United States Congresses. He died in office on March 9, 1916.

William Gay Brown junior (* 7. April 1856 in Kingwood, Virginia; † 9. März 1916 in Washington, D.C.) war ein US-amerikanischer Politiker. Zwischen 1911 und 1916 vertrat er den zweiten Wahlbezirk des Bundesstaates West Virginia im US-Repräsentantenhaus.


Early years.

He was born on July 12, 1920, in Whitehorse, Yukon, where his father had moved for the 1898 Klondike Gold Rush. His family moved to Dawson City, Yukon in 1921. His mother, Laura Beatrice Berton (née Thompson) was a school teacher in Toronto until she was offered a job as a teacher in Dawson City at the age of 29 in 1907. She met Frank Berton in the nearby mining town of Granville shortly after settling in Dawson and teaching kindergarten. Laura Beatrice Berton's autobiography of life in the Yukon entitled "I Married the Klondike" was published in her later years and gave her, what her son Pierre describes as 'a of fame, which she thoroughly enjoyed.'  Berton's family moved to Victoria, British Columbia, in 1932. At age 12 he joined the Scout Movement and later wrote that "The Scout Movement was the making of me". He credited Scouting with keeping him from becoming a juvenile delinquent. He started his journalism career in scouting and later wrote that "the first newspaper I was ever associated with was a weekly typewritten publication issued by the Seagull Patrol of St. Mary’s Troop." He remained in scouting for seven years and wrote about his experiences in an article titled "My Love Affair with the Scout Movement".  Like his father, Pierre Berton worked in Klondike mining camps during his years as a history major at the University of British Columbia, where he also worked on the student paper "The Ubyssey". He spent his early newspaper career in Vancouver, where at 21 he was the youngest city editor on any Canadian daily, replacing editorial staff that had been called up during the Second World War. Berton himself was conscripted into the Canadian Army under the National Resources Mobilization Act in 1942 and attended basic training in British Columbia, nominally as a reinforcement soldier intended for The Seaforth Highlanders of Canada. He elected to "go Active" (the euphemism for volunteering for overseas service) and his aptitude was such that he was appointed Lance Corporal and attended NCO school, and became a basic training instructor in the rank of corporal. Due to a background in university Canadian Officers' Training Corps (COTC) and inspired by other citizen-soldiers who had been commissioned, he sought training as an officer.  Berton spent the next several years attending a variety of military courses, becoming, in his words, the most highly trained officer in the military. He was warned for overseas duty many times, and was granted embarkation leave many times, each time finding his overseas draft being cancelled. A coveted trainee slot with the Canadian Intelligence Corps saw Berton, now a Captain, trained to act as an Intelligence Officer (IO), and after a stint as an instructor at the Royal Military College in Kingston, Ontario, he finally went overseas in March 1945. In the UK, he was told that he would have to requalify as an IO because the syllabus in the UK was different from that in the intelligence school in Canada. By the time Berton had requalified, the war in Europe had ended. He volunteered for the Canadian Army Pacific Force (CAPF), granted a final "embarkation leave", and found himself no closer to combat employment by the time the Japanese surrendered in September 1945.  In 1947 he went on an expedition to the Nahanni River with pilot Russ Baker. Berton's account for the "Vancouver Sun" was picked up by International News Service, making him a noted adventure-travel writer.

Later life.

Editor in Toronto.

Berton moved to Toronto in 1947. At the age of 31 he was named managing editor of "Maclean's". In 1957, he became a key member of the CBC's public affairs flagship program, Close-Up, and a permanent panelist on the popular television show "Front Page Challenge". That same year, he also narrated the Academy Award-nominated National Film Board of Canada documentary "City of Gold", exploring life in his hometown of Dawson City during the Klondike Gold Rush. He then released an album in conjunction with Folkways Records, entitled "The Story of the Klondike: Stampede for Gold – The Golden Trail."  Berton joined the "Toronto Star" as associate editor of the "Star Weekly" and columnist for the daily paper in 1958, leaving in 1962 to commence "The Pierre Berton Show", which ran until 1973. On this show in 1971 Berton interviewed Bruce Lee in what was to be the famous martial artist's only surviving television interview. Berton's television career included spots as host and writer on "My Country", "The Great Debate", "Heritage Theatre", "The Secret of My Success" and "The National Dream". From 1966 to 1984, Berton and long-time collaborator Charles Templeton made the daily syndicated radio debate show "Dialogue", based first at CFRB and later at CKEY.  Berton served as the chancellor of Yukon College and, along with numerous honorary degrees, received over 30 literary awards such as the Governor General's Award for Creative Non-Fiction (three times), the Stephen Leacock Medal of Humour, and the Gabrielle Léger Award for Lifetime Achievement in Heritage Conservation. He is a member of Canada's Walk of Fame, having been inducted in 1998. In The Greatest Canadian project, he was voted No. 31 in the list of great Canadians. Berton was named Toronto Humanist of the Year 2003 by the Humanist Association of Toronto. The honour is presented by H.A.T. to men and women who, in their actions and creative endeavours, exemplify the principles of Humanism: a commitment to reason, compassion, ethics and human dignity. He was named a Companion of the Order of Canada, Canada's highest decoration, and was also a member of the Order of Ontario.

Retirement.

In 2004, Berton published his 50th book, "Prisoners of the North", after which he announced in an interview with CanWest News Service that he was retiring from writing. On October 17, 2004, the $12.6 million CAD Pierre Berton Resource Library, named in his honour, was opened in Vaughan, Ontario.  He had lived in nearby Kleinburg, Ontario, for about 50 years.  Berton attracted attention in October 2004 by discussing his 40 years of recreational use of marijuana on two CBC Television programs, "Play" and "Rick Mercer Report". On the latter show he gave a "celebrity tip" on how to roll a joint.

Personal life.

Berton was an atheist.

Death.

Berton died at Sunnybrook Hospital in Toronto, reportedly of heart failure, at the age of 84 on November 30, 2004. His cremated remains were scattered at his home in Kleinburg. He was survived by his wife and their eight children, along with 14 grandchildren.

Legacy.

Established in 1994, the Pierre Berton Award is presented annually by Canada's National History Society for distinguished achievement in presenting Canadian history in an informative and engaging manner. Berton was the first recipient and agreed to lend his name to future awards.  His childhood home in Dawson City, Yukon, now called Berton House, is currently used as a retreat for professional Canadian writers. Established authors apply for a three-month-long subsidized residency, adding to the area's literary community with events such as local public readings. Previously, the Berton House Writers' Retreat was administered by the Berton House Writers' Retreat Society and Elsa Franklin, Pierre Berton's long-time editor and agent. In October 2007, the deed to Berton House was passed to the Writers' Trust of Canada; the literary organization now oversees the program as part of its roster of literary support.  A school in Vaughan, Ontario, was named for Pierre Berton in the York Region District School Board in September 2011. The Berton family visited and had an official opening of the school in front of the students.

Honorary degrees.

Pierre Berton received many honorary degrees in recognition of his work as a writer and historian. These include:

Bibliography of Pierre Berton’s books.

History for Young Canadians.

The Battles of the War of 1812 Exploring the Frozen North Canada Moves West The Great Klondike Gold Rush There is also Berton's abridged version of “The National Dream” and “The Last Spike” that was published in 1974 and a compendium of the two books “The Invasion of Canada” and Flames Across the Border” entitled the “War of 1812” published in 1980,  A comprehensive biography of Pierre Berton was written by A. B. McKillop. It was published in 2008, four years after Berton's death at age of 84.  All of Pierre Berton's writings, including finished books and articles as well as manuscripts, drafts, and research material are now held in the Pierre Berton fonds at the McMaster University Archives here.

Pierre Francis de Marigny Berton (July 12, 1920 – November 30, 2004) was a noted Canadian author of non-fiction, especially Canadiana and Canadian history, and was a television personality and journalist. He won many honours and awards for his books.

Pierre Francis de Marigny Berton, CC, O.Ont, (* 12. Juli 1920 in Whitehorse, Yukon; † 30. November 2004 in Toronto, Ontario) war ein kanadischer Autor und Journalist. Berton publizierte mehr als 50 Bücher, darunter viele zur Geschichte Kanadas, Anthologien und Kinderbücher. Darüber hinaus trat er häufig im Fernsehen auf und hat aufgrund seiner Arbeit die kanadische Geschichte einer breiten Öffentlichkeit zugänglich gemacht.


Biography.

Known as J. Cheever Cowdin, he was born in New York City on March 17, 1889 to John Elliott Cowdin and Gertrude Cheever.  In 1936, Cowdin's Standard Capital was part of the lending group who had to exercise their rights to the shares held as loan collateral of the financially strapped Universal Pictures Corp. from Carl Laemmle. Cowdin would serve as Universal's President and Chairman of its Board of Directors until 1946. Comedian Groucho Marx played a lawyer based on Cowdin in the 1939 film ‘At the Circus’. The character was named “J. Cheever Loophole”. A director of Curtiss-Wright, Cowdin was considered a leader in aviation financing, notably associated with fellow financier George Newell Armsby in the investment house of Blair & Co., which merged with BancAmerica to form Bancamerica-Blair in 1931. Through Armsby, Cowdin was associated with aviation pioneer (and friend of Amelia Earhart) Floyd Odlum.  Cowdin served as chairman of the Committee on Government Finance of the National Association of Manufacturers.  Cowdin was married three times in the course of his life. He married his first wife, Florence Hopkins, in 1912; they divorced in 1926. Their union produced a son, John Cheever Cowdin, Jr. who in 1946 committed suicide at age 33 while in Nassau, Bahamas. According to the New York Times, Cowdin later married Katherine Andrea Parker Berens on December 30, 1941, in Yuma, Arizona. As a prominent American, the "TIME" magazine reported Cowdin's 1929 marriage to Manhattan socialite divorcee, Mrs. Katherine McCutcheon Abbott, in Bristol, Maine during a cruise on his yacht, "Surf".  He died on September 16, 1960.

Equine sportsman.

J. Cheever Cowdin served as president of Aqueduct Racetrack in Queens, New York. In 1941, the track renamed its Junior Champion Stakes Thoroughbred horse race to the Cowdin Stakes in his honor.  He was termed by Esquire Magazine not only one of the best-dressed men of his era, but "one of the Big Four of polo from the time of the great Tommy Hitchcock." The International Polo Club Palm Beach lists him on a 1927 team with W. Averell Harriman and Tommy Hitchcock. He also played in 1925

John Cheever Cowdin (March 17, 1889 – September 16, 1960) was an American financier and polo champion who was a head of Universal Pictures, Standard Capital Corporation of New York City, and was chairman of Ideal Chemicals.

John Cheever Cowdin (oft: J. Cheever Cowdin; * 1889; † 16. September 1960 in New York City) war ein US-amerikanischer Bankier, der neben zahlreichen anderen Unternehmen u. a. der New Yorker "Standard Capital Corporation" und den "Ideal Chemicals" vorstand.


Biography.

Early life.

Bowman was born in Masontown, Pennsylvania on January 21, 1879. He attended the public schools, and then moved with his parents to Morgantown, West Virginia. He graduated from the West Virginia University in 1902, where he was known to have been a brilliant student, winning the Inter-Society Oration and Debate prize, and where he had been a member of Phi Sigma Kappa fraternity.

Professional Years.

After graduation, he worked as a teller in a bank at Morgantown from 1902 until 1904, when he resigned to take up the study of law, again at West Virginia University. In 1904 he became a member of the then-professional law fraternity, Delta Chi. He was admitted to the bar in 1905 and commenced practice in Morgantown, West Virginia. In addition, he pursued an interest in coal mining, both as a shareholder and board member.  Bowman was appointed postmaster of Morgantown, West Virginia May 25, 1911, and served until April 14, 1915, when a successor was appointed. He was the city mayor in 1916 and 1917 but declined renomination for mayor. Bowman was elected as a Republican to the Sixty-ninth and to the three succeeding Congresses (March 4, 1925 – March 3, 1933) but was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1932 to the Seventy-third Congress.  After leaving Congress, Bowman organized the Tropf coal company in Washington, D.C., and served as president until appointed a member of the Board of Veterans Appeals of the Veterans’ Administration in 1935. He also served several other coal companies in the role of corporate attorney.

Personal life.

In addition to his fraternal memberships during college, Bowman was a Freemason, with involvement in both the Rotary Club, and also holds membership in the Knights Templar, belonging to Morgantown Commandery No. 18, Knights Templar, and Osiris Temple of the Mystic Shrine at Wheeling. He also belongs to the Knights of Pythias, in all of which he was remembered by his biographers as "very popular." His religious faith is that of the Presbyterian Church. He married Miss Pearl Silveus of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania on 3 June 1904, with whom he had two children.  He served in his role on VA Board until his death in Washington, D.C., on September 15, 1936. He was buried in East Oak Grove Cemetery, Morgantown, West Virginia where his wife and parents were later also buried.

Frank Llewellyn Bowman (January 21, 1879 – September 15, 1936) was an American politician who represented West Virginia in the United States House of Representatives from 1925 to 1933.

Frank Llewellyn Bowman (* 21. Januar 1879 in Masontown, Fayette County, Pennsylvania; † 15. September 1936 in Washington, D.C.) war ein US-amerikanischer Politiker. Zwischen 1925 und 1933 vertrat er den zweiten Wahlbezirk des Bundesstaates West Virginia im US-Repräsentantenhaus.