Design.

German Type IXC submarines were slightly larger than the original Type IXBs. "U-66" had a displacement of when at the surface and while submerged. The U-boat had a total length of, a pressure hull length of, a beam of, a height of, and a draught of. The submarine was powered by two MAN M 9 V 40/46 supercharged four-stroke, nine-cylinder diesel engines producing a total of for use while surfaced, two Siemens-Schuckert 2 GU 345/34 double-acting electric motors producing a total of for use while submerged. She had two shafts and two propellers. The boat was capable of operating at depths of up to.  The submarine had a maximum surface speed of and a maximum submerged speed of. When submerged, the boat could operate for at ; when surfaced, she could travel at. "U-66" was fitted with six torpedo tubes (four fitted at the bow and two at the stern), 22 torpedoes, one SK C/32 naval gun, 180 rounds, and a SK C/30 as well as a C/30 anti-aircraft gun. The boat had a complement of forty-eight.

Service history.

After her transfer from a training organization to front line service in May 1941, until her sinking in May 1944, "U-66" conducted nine combat patrols, sinking 33 merchant ships, for a total of, and damaged two British motor torpedo boats. She was a member of four wolfpacks.  "U-66" was the seventh most successful U-boat in World War II.  On 6 May 1944, during her ninth patrol, she was sunk west of the Cape Verde Islands by depth charges, ramming and gunfire from Grumman TBF Avenger and Grumman F4F Wildcat aircraft of the US escort carrier and by the destroyer escort.

Patrols.

First.

On 13 May 1940, three days after the start of the invasion of France, "U-66" departed her homeport of Kiel under the command of Richard Zapp, a future Knight's Cross recipient, on her first patrol. After about 10 days she rounded the northern coast of Britain and made her way into the mid-Atlantic ocean. After another 20 days, "U-66" headed for her new base at Lorient, on the French Atlantic cost, where the Keroman Submarine Base was just about to begin construction and where the U-boat was based for the rest of her career.

Second.

After refitting and refueling, "U-66" set off to the Cape Verde islands. Following an uneventful six-day voyage, she came upon convoy SL-78, a convoy designated to give supplies to Allied African countries. The convoy had been attacked just recently by and, one of which ("U-123") was in her flotilla. "U-66" sank "George J. Goulandris" and "Kalypso Vergotti", two Greek merchantmen of 4,345 and, respectively, west of the Canary Islands. She extended her tonnage sunk with the torpedoing of "Saint Anselm" on the next day, which was a British steam merchant ship of 5,614 tons. More than two weeks later, she sank "Holmside", a 3,433-ton straggler from the convoy OG-67 northeast of the Cape Verde Islands. The remainder of the patrol was unsuccessful; she returned to Lorient in about a month.

Third.

On 28 August, "U-66" left Lorient for north-eastern South America. The patrol was mostly uneventful, but the boat found the Panamanian steam tanker "I.C. White" (), off the eastern coast of Brazil on 24 September. After a two-day chase, "U-66" hit the tanker with one torpedo. "U-66" continued the remainder of the patrol without any further incident and returned to Lorient on 9 November.

Fourth.

"U-66"s fourth sortie was part of Operation "Drumbeat", a German attempt to hinder American convoys off the east coast of the United States. "U-66", leaving on 25 December 1941 and in compliance with orders, positioned herself off Cape Hatteras on 15 January 1942 and started to hunt for a target. She found the 6,635-ton American steam tanker "Allan Jackson" three days later and sank her with two torpedoes north-east of Diamond Shoals, North Carolina. The next day she sank a Canadian passenger liner,, with two stern-launched torpedoes, killing 246 passengers and crew. Another five died in a lifeboat before 71 survivors were rescued five days later by. Three days later with two stern-launched torpedoes she hit "Olympic", a Panamanian steam tanker which broke in two after one minute. Two days after that, "Empire Gem" and "Venore" (an British motor tanker and an American steam merchant ship, the latter following the former), were both sunk by "U-66". "Empire Gem" was hit amidships and aft by two torpedoes, while "Venore", 20 miles behind, had only one torpedo hit that set her boilers on fire. "U-66 "then continued eastward back to Lorient, where she arrived on 10 February.

Fifth.

On 21 March, "U-66" left for what proved to be her most successful patrol, resulting in 43,956 gross metric tons sunk and 12,502 gross metric tons damaged in the Caribbean Sea. 24 days after departure she sank "Korthion", a Greek steam merchantman just south of Barbados with one torpedo hit amidships. Two days later, the boat sank "Amsterdam", a Dutch steam tanker, which split in two after being hit by two torpedoes, one amidships, and one in the engine room. Most of the survivors were picked up near Port of Spain, (Trinidad) by "Ivan", a Yugoslavian steam merchant vessel. The next day "U-66" attacked "Heinrich von Riedemann", an 11,020-ton Panamanian motor tanker. The first torpedo severely damaged the steering control of her port engine and ruptured a tank of oil, making much of it leak out. 20 minutes after the first hit, just after the starboard engine was stopped, the ship was abandoned when the crew took to the lifeboats. An hour later "U-66" hit her with a second torpedo, setting her afire. It extinguished itself within 25 minutes. 50 minutes later the submarine hit her with a third torpedo, which set the ship afire again. She remained that way for about 70 minutes before she finally sank. Nine days later "U-66" sank the US "Alcoa Partner" with a torpedo and a shot from her deck gun.

Sixth.

After her fifth patrol, Richard Zapp left "U-66" to take command of the 3rd U-boat Flotilla. This meant that "Kapitänleutnant" Friedrich Markworth was in charge. The submarine started her sixth patrol with the sinking of "Triglav", a Yugoslavian steamer, after depositing a sick crew-member in Spain. After a couple of weeks, "U-66" ran across the 4,942-ton Brazilian merchant ship "Tamandaré", sinking her with a torpedo hit in her stern. The survivors were picked up by the. Two days after the attack on "Tamandaré", "U-66" sank "Weirbank", a British merchantman on 28 July 1942, with the second of two torpedoes launched at her. Four days after her previous sinking, two mines from "U-66" severely damaged two British motor torpedo boats that had left on a patrol from Port Castries, St. Lucia. Those two mines had been laid, along with four others, on 20 July. "U-66" subsequently sank the 766 ton Polish "Rozewie" on 6 August and the American "Topa Topa" on the 29th. The next day she sank both the Panamanian "Sir Huon" and the American "West Lashaway" in separate attacks. A raft with survivors from "West Lashaway" was sighted by three aircraft on 18 September;, one of the escorts of a small convoy went to investigate. Deciding that the raft could be a disguised U-boat, "Vimy" opened fire, luckily with no result. The raft's sail was hastily cut down, upon which the British destroyer rescued 17 people.  "U-66" also sank the "Winamac" on 31 August and the Swedish "Peiping" on 9 September. She returned to Lorient on 29 September.

Seventh (aborted).

On 9 November 1942, "U-66" left Lorient on what should have been her 7th war patrol. Soon after departure, leaks were encountered, and she decided to return. On 10 November, the day before she returned, a British Wellington bomber, equipped with a Leigh Light, spotted her and dropped four depth charges. The U-boat escaped without serious damage.

Seventh.

"U-66" left Lorient on 6 January 1943 for what was officially her seventh patrol. On 20 January, the ship landed an espionage agent on the coast of Mauritania, but the agent and two crewmen were immediately captured. Her first sinking came with the attack on the 113-ton French "Joseph Elise" on 1 February. On the 27th, "U-66" attacked the 4,312-ton British coal merchant ship "St. Margaret" in mid-Atlantic near Bermuda, sinking her with one torpedo and, after several misses, a shell. Several survivors were captured and taken to the prison camp "Marlag und Milag Nord". "U-66" then returned to port, arriving on 24 March 1943.

Eighth.

"U-66"s eighth patrol started after a quick refit on 7 April 1943 when she left Lorient. At 148 days, it was to be her longest. She first sank the 10,173-ton American "Esso Gettysburg", which was carrying crude oil, on 10 June after unsuccessfully attempting to attack several other American tankers. On 2 July, she successfully sank the 10,195-ton "Bloody Marsh" (this ship was on her maiden voyage), with a torpedo. The last ship encountered on the patrol was the 10,172-ton "Cherry Valley", also American, which she sank on 22 July. "U-66" then returned to Lorient.

Ninth.

On 16 January 1944, "U-66" left Lorient for what would be her last patrol and the last command of "Oberleutnant zur See" Gerhard Seehausen (posthumously promoted to "Kapitänleutnant"). A month and ten days after departure, "U-66" sighted "Silvermaple", a 5,313-ton British motor merchant in the convoy ST-12. She was sunk after one torpedo hit. Four days later, the boat came upon the French 5,202-ton "St. Louis", which she sank with two torpedoes off Accra, Ghana. The ship broke into three parts, which sank in less than 50 seconds. Four days after the sinking of "St. Louis", on 5 March 1944 'U-66 sank the 4,964-ton British "John Holt" with two torpedoes, and took the captain, Master Cecil Gordon Hime, and a passenger, Mr Elliott - an agent of the Holt Shipping Company, prisoner. These men were later lost with the U-boat. Nearly three weeks after the sinking of "John Holt", the U-boat came across the 4,257-ton British "Matadian", which she torpedoed and sank. After the attack, "U-66" was forced to bottom out in the mud as British patrol craft engaged her. "U-66" was supposed to be resupplied by, but this boat, a "Milchkuh" supply submarine, was sunk on 26 April.

Sinking.

On 1 May 1944, "U-66" came under attack by American ships from an antisubmarine hunter-killer group formed around. Three Fido homing torpedoes were dropped near the boat, and numerous aircraft from "Block Island", along with smaller craft, were designated to hunt for her. On the morning of 6 May, the destroyer escort found the submarine. After an exchange of gunfire and torpedoes, "Buckley", under the command of Lieutenant Commander Brent Abel, rammed the submarine.  With the two vessels stuck fast, a party of Germans, under the command of "U-66"s first officer, Klaus Herbig, attempted to climb onto the American escort's forecastle to create a diversion while Seehausen and the remainder of the U-boat's crew worked to free the boat. As American sailors saw the boarding party climbing on deck, hand-to-hand fighting broke out in which a number of Germans were killed or wounded before the U-boat was able to make good its escape. Five armed Germans remained on deck of the destroyer but they were quickly over-powered and taken prisoner. "Buckley"s 3-inch gun was unleashed on the U-boat as the Americans chased after her, but "U-66" then turned and rammed "Buckley" near her engine room, damaging the ship's starboard screw. Soon afterward, "U-66" was scuttled on Seehausen's orders to prevent her secret equipment from being captured. "Buckley" then began rescue operations, which lasted three hours.  "U-66" was lost at position with 24 dead and 36 survivors, all of whom were captured by "Buckley". Seehausen was not among the survivors, who were later transferred to "Block Island". For his act of ramming "U-66", Brent Abel received the Navy Cross.

Wolfpacks.

"U-66" took part in four wolfpacks, namely.

German submarine "U-66" was a Type IXC U-boat of Nazi Germany's "Kriegsmarine" during World War II. The submarine was laid down on 20 March 1940 at the AG Weser yard at Bremen, launched on 10 October and commissioned on 2 January 1941 under the command of "Kapitänleutnant" Richard Zapp as part of the "2nd U-boat Flotilla".

U 66 war ein deutsches U-Boot vom Typ IX C, das im Zweiten Weltkrieg von der Kriegsmarine eingesetzt wurde. Auf seinen 10 Feindfahrten versenkte es 33 Schiffe mit zusammen 196.928 BRT, wobei insgesamt 742 Menschen ums Leben kamen. Bei der Bekämpfung von "U 66" durch den US-Geleitzerstörer "USS Buckley" mit anschließender Selbstversenkung am 6. Mai 1944 starben 24 seiner Besatzungsmitglieder und zwei britische Kriegsgefangene, während 36 Männer von "U 66" in US-amerikanische Kriegsgefangenschaft gerieten.


History.

The show was in effect the TV version of "Radio Active", which spoofed local radio stations, and was developed by the same team.  It was written by Angus Deayton and Geoffrey Perkins, produced by Jamie Rix, directed by John Kilby and John Stroud, and with music by Philip Pope. The majority of the programme's scripts had already aired on "Radio Active".  The five key actors all performed various roles, some multiple, others on a single occasion. Their main characters as presenters were:  The pilot show was broadcast on 12 May 1989, and a series of six programmes began on 3 May 1990. A second series of six began on 17 March 1992, and a final six episodes were broadcast between 17 September and 22 October 1993, plus an additional Children in Need special, making a total of 19 episodes.  In 1992 the series won the Silver Rose and the Special Prize of the City of Montreux at the Festival Rose d'Or for the "Good Morning Calais" episode. In the DVD commentary for "The Micallef Programme", lead writer and performer Shaun Micallef cites the series as an inspiration for his show's format.

Format.

KYTV combined irreverent sketches and variety elements (such as song and dance routines) with a broad-based satire of the public perception of UK satellite television - that of opportunistic entrepreneurs producing cheap, low quality television in order to exploit viewers.  KYTV was a fictional low-budget satellite television station named after its owner Sir Kenneth Yellowhammer, and bore a suspicious similarity to Sky Television.  In the second series KYTV merged with the fictional "BSE Television", just as Sky merged with BSB. The channel's new name was also KYTV, composed from the first two letters of KYTV and the last two of BSETV. The third series featured parodies of Carlton Television's early logos.  Each episode featured a central theme (for example, a terrorist siege, the Channel Tunnel, or a costume drama) around which sketches could revolve.  Comedic elements included:  A regular feature was "Mike Flex's Master Quiz", in which contestants typically had to answer one question correctly to win "a château in the Loire". Mike Flex always managed to arrange the questions in such a way that nobody's answer was ever quite right. (Name that Tune: "Beatles, Yellow Submarine!" "Sorry, it was "The" Beatles, Yellow Submarine. Bad luck.")

Episodes.

Pilot.

Siege Side Special (12 May 1989)

Series 1.

Series 1 was released on DVD in 2006.

Series 2.

Series 2 was released on DVD in 2006.

Series 3.

Series 3 was due to be released in January 2007 but it was pulled.

KYTV is a British television comedy show about a fictional television station. It ran on BBC2 from 1989 to 1993, and satirised satellite television in the UK at the time.

KYTV war eine britische Comedyshow, die von 1989 bis 1993 auf BBC Two ausgestrahlt wurde. In Mitteleuropa wurde die Show u. a. von arte ausgestrahlt.


Early life.

Rivers was born in El Reno, Oklahoma. His father was a gospel musician who had sung with the Fisk Jubilee Singers and the Silverstone Quartet, exposing Rivers to music from an early age. His grandfather was Marshall W. Taylor, a religious leader from Kentucky. Rivers was stationed in California in the 1940s during a stint in the Navy. Here he performed semi-regularly with blues singer Jimmy Witherspoon. Rivers moved to Boston, Massachusetts in 1947, where he studied at the Boston Conservatory with Alan Hovhaness.  He performed with Quincy Jones, Herb Pomeroy, Tadd Dameron and others.

Blue Note era.

In 1959 Rivers began performing with 13-year-old drummer Tony Williams. Rivers was briefly a member of the Miles Davis Quintet in 1964, partly on Williams's recommendation. This edition of the quintet released a single live album, "Miles in Tokyo", from a show recorded on July 14 at Kohseinenkin Hall. Rivers' tenure with the quintet was brief: he had engagements in Boston, and his playing style was too avant-garde for Davis during this period; he was replaced by Wayne Shorter shortly thereafter.  Rivers was signed by Blue Note Records, for whom he recorded four albums as leader and made several sideman appearances. Among noted sidemen on his own Blue Note albums were Jaki Byard, who appears on "Fuchsia Swing Song", Herbie Hancock and Freddie Hubbard. He appeared on Blue Note recordings by Tony Williams, Andrew Hill and Larry Young.  Rivers derived his music from bebop, but he was an adventurous player, adept at free jazz. The first of his Blue Note albums, "Fuchsia Swing Song" (1964), adopts an approach sometimes called "inside-outside". Here the performer frequently obliterates the explicit harmonic framework ("going outside") but retains a hidden link so as to be able to return to it in a seamless fashion. Rivers brought the conceptual tools of bebop harmony to a new level in this process, united at all times with the ability to "tell a story", which Lester Young had laid down as a benchmark for the jazz improviser.  His powers as a composer were also in evidence in this period: the ballad "Beatrice" from "Fuchsia Swing Song" has become an important standard, particularly for tenor saxophonists. For instance, it is the first cut on Joe Henderson's 1985 "The State of the Tenor, Vols. 1 & 2", and Stan Getz recorded it during the 1989 sessions eventually issued as "Bossas & Ballads – The Lost Sessions".

Loft era.

During the 1970s, Rivers and his wife, Bea, ran a jazz loft called "Studio Rivbea" in New York City's NoHo district. It was located on Bond Street in Lower Manhattan and was originally opened as a public performance space as part of the first New York Musicians Festival in 1970. Critic John Litweiler has written that "In New York Loft Jazz meant Free Jazz in the Seventies" and Studio Rivbea was "the most famous of the lofts". The loft was important in the development of jazz because it was an example of artists creating their own performance spaces and taking responsibility for presenting music to the public. This allowed for music to be free of extra-musical concerns that would be present in a nightclub or concert hall situation. A series of recordings made at the loft were issued under the title "Wildflowers" on the Douglas label.  Rivers was also recruited by Clifford Thornton to lead a student world-music/free-jazz ensemble at Wesleyan University in 1971.  During this era Rivers continued to record, including several albums for Impulse!: "Streams", recorded live at Montreux, "Hues" (both records contain different trio performances later collated on CD as "Trio Live"), the quartet album "Sizzle" and his first big-band disc, "Crystals"; perhaps his best-known work from this period though is his appearance on Dave Holland's "Conference of the Birds", in the company of Anthony Braxton and Barry Altschul.

Later career.

In the early 1990s Sam and wife Beatrice moved to Florida, in part to expand his orchestra compositions with a reading band in Orlando. This band became the longest-running incarnation of the RivBea Orchestra. He performed regularly with his Orchestra and Trio with bassist Doug Mathews and drummer Anthony Cole (later replaced by Rion Smith.) From 1996 to 1998 he toured and recorded three projects for Nato Records in France with pianist Tony Hymas and others. In 1998, with the assistance of Steve Coleman, he recorded two Grammy-nominated big-band albums for RCA Victor with the RivBea All-Star Orchestra, "Culmination" and "Inspiration" (the title-track is an elaborate reworking of Dizzy Gillespie's "Tanga": Rivers was in Gillespie's band near the end of the trumpeter's life). Other late albums of note include "Portrait", a solo recording for FMP, and "Vista", a trio with drummers Adam Rudolph and Harris Eisenstadt for Meta. During the late 1990s he appeared on several albums on Postcards Records.  In 2006, he released "Aurora", a third CD featuring compositions for his Rivbea Orchestra and the first CD featuring members of his working orchestra in Orlando.  Rivers died from pneumonia on December 26, 2011 at the age of 88 in Orlando, Florida.  On June 25, 2019, "The New York Times Magazine" listed Sam Rivers among hundreds of artists whose material was reportedly destroyed in the 2008 Universal fire.

Discography.

As sideman.

With Barry Altschul With Steven Bernstein With Miles Davis With Bruce Ditmas With Brian Groder With Andrew Hill With the Dave Holland Quartet With John Lee Hooker With Bobby Hutcherson With Franklin Kiermyer  With Jason Moran  With the Stephen McCraven Quartet With Music Revelation Ensemble (James Blood Ulmer) With NOJO With Don Pullen With Roots With Kazuko Shiraishi With Cecil Taylor With Tony Williams With Larry Young With Reggie Workman

Samuel Carthorne Rivers (September 25, 1923 – December 26, 2011) was an American jazz musician and composer. He performed on soprano and tenor saxophones, bass clarinet, flute, harmonica and piano.

Samuel „Sam“ Carthorne Rivers (* 25. September 1923 in El Reno, Oklahoma; † 26. Dezember 2011 in Orlando, Florida) war ein US-amerikanischer Jazzmusiker (Tenor- und Sopransaxophon, Piano, Flöte, Komposition).


Early life.

Richard de Bury was born near Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk, the son of Sir Richard Aungervyle, who was descended from a knight who fought for William the Conqueror's men. Aungervyle settled in Leicestershire, and the family came into possession of the manor of Willoughby. Sir Richard Aungervyle died when de Bury was a young boy. He was educated by his maternal uncle John de Willoughby, and after leaving the grammar school was sent to the University of Oxford, where he studied philosophy and theology. It is often reported that de Bury became a Benedictine monk at Durham Cathedral although several respected sources dispute this, as there is no evidence of him joining the Order. In fact, he was a priest and not a monk. He was made tutor to the future King Edward III whilst Earl of Chester (whom he would later serve as high chancellor and treasurer of England) and, according to Thomas Frognall Dibdin, inspired the prince with his own love of books.

Administrator.

Somehow he became involved in the intrigues preceding the deposition of King Edward II, and supplied Queen Isabella and her lover, Roger Mortimer, in Paris with money in 1325 from the revenues of Brienne, of which province he was treasurer. For some time he had to hide in Paris from the officers sent by Edward II to apprehend him. On the accession of Edward III his services were rewarded by rapid promotion. He was cofferer to the king (1327–28), treasurer of the wardrobe (1328–29) and afterwards Lord Privy Seal in 1329. The king repeatedly recommended him to the pope, and twice sent him, in 1330 and 1333, as ambassador to the papal court in exile at Avignon. On the first of these visits he met a fellow bibliophile, Petrarch, who records his impression of Aungerville as "not ignorant of literature and from his youth up curious beyond belief of hidden things". Petrarch asked him for information about Thule, but de Bury, who promised to reply when he was back at home among his books, never responded to repeated enquiries. Pope John XXII made him his principal chaplain, and presented him with a rochet in earnest of the next vacant bishopric in England.

Bishop of Durham.

During his absence from England de Bury was made Dean of Wells in February 1333. In September of the same year, he was made Bishop of Durham by the king, over-ruling the choice of the monks, who had elected and actually installed their sub-prior, Robert de Graystanes. In February 1334 de Bury was made Lord Treasurer, an appointment he exchanged later in the year for that of Lord Chancellor. He resigned the following year, and, after making arrangements for the protection of his northern diocese from an expected attack by the Scots, he proceeded in July 1336 to France to attempt a settlement of the claims in dispute between Edward and the French king. In the next year he served on three commissions for the defence of the northern counties. In June 1338 he was once again sent abroad on a peace mission, but within a month was waylaid by the approaching campaign.  De Bury travelled to Coblenz and met Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor, and in the next year was sent to England to raise money. This seems to have been his last visit to the continent. In 1340 and 1342 he again tried to negotiate peace with the Scots, but afterwards left public politics to care for his diocese and accumulate a library. He sent far and wide in search of manuscripts, rescuing many volumes from the charge of ignorant and neglectful monks. He may sometimes have brought undue pressure to bear on the owners, for it is recorded that an abbot of St Albans bribed him with four valuable books, and that de Bury, who procured certain coveted privileges for the monastery, bought from him thirty-two other books for fifty pieces of silver, far less than their normal price. The record of his passion for books, his "Philobiblon" (Greek for "The Love of Books"), is a Latin treatise in praise of books. The "Philobiblon" was completed in 1344 and first printed in 1473. The most accurate and reliable English translation is by Ernest C. Thomas in 1888. Alfred Hessel describes the Philobiblon as "[t]he particular charm of the apology consist in fact that it contains sound library theory—though clothed in medieval garb". This remarkable piece of literature is one of the earliest books to discuss librarianship in-depth.

Bibliophile.

Richard de Bury gives an account of the unwearied efforts made by himself and his agents to collect books. He records his intention of founding a hall at Oxford, and in connection with it a library in which his books were to form the nucleus. He even details the dates to be observed for the lending and care of the books, and had already taken the preliminary steps for the foundation. The bishop died, however, in great poverty on 14 April 1345 at Bishop Auckland, and it seems likely that his collection was dispersed immediately after his death. Of it, the traditional account is that the books were sent to the Durham Benedictines Durham College, Oxford which was shortly thereafter founded by Bishop Hatfield, and that on the dissolution of the foundation by Henry VIII they were divided between Duke Humphrey of Gloucester's library, Balliol College, Oxford, and George Owen. Only two of the volumes are known to be in existence; one is a copy of John of Salisbury's works in the British Museum, and the other some theological treatises by Anselm and others in the Bodleian.  The chief authority for the bishop's life is William de Chambre, printed in Wharton's "Anglia Sacra", 1691, and in "Historiae conelmensis scriptores tres", Surtees Soc., 1839, who describes him as an amiable and excellent man, charitable in his diocese, and the liberal patron of many learned men, among these being Thomas Bradwardine, afterwards Archbishop of Canterbury, Richard Fitzralph, afterwards Archbishop of Armagh, the enemy of the mendicant orders, Walter Burley, who translated Aristotle, John Mauduit the astronomer, Robert Holkot and Richard de Kilvington. John Bale and Pits I mention other works of his, "Epistolae Familiares" and "Orationes ad Principes". The opening words of the "Philobiblon" and the "Epistolae" as given by Bale represent those of the "Philobiblon" and its prologue, of that he apparently made two books out of one treatise. It is possible that the "Orationes" may represent a letter book of Richard de Bury's, entitled "Liber Epistolaris quondam dominiis cardi de Bury, Episcopi Dunelmensis", now in the possession of Lord Harlech.  This manuscript, the contents of which are fully catalogued in the "Fourth Report" (1874) of the Historical Manuscripts Commission (Appendix, pp. 379–397), contains numerous letters from various popes, from the king, a correspondence dealing with the affairs of the university of Oxford, another with the province of Gascony, beside some harangues and letters evidently meant as models to be used on various occasions. It has often been asserted that the "Philobiblon" itself was not written by Richard de Bury at all, but by Robert Holkot. This assertion is supported by the fact that in seven of the extant manuscripts of "Philobiblon" it is ascribed to Holkote in an introductory page, in these or slightly varying terms: "Incipit prologus in re philobiblon ricardi dunelmensis episcopi que libri composuit ag". The Paris manuscript has simply "Philobiblon olchoti anglici", and does not contain the usual concluding note of the date when the book was completed by Richard. As a great part of the charm of book lies in the unconscious record of the collector's own character, the establishment of Holkot's authorship would materially alter its value. A notice of Richard de Bury by his contemporary Adam Murimuth ("Continuatio Chronicarum", Rolls series, 1889, p. 171) gives a less favourable account of him than does William de Chambre, asserting that he was only moderately learned, but desired to be regarded as a great scholar.

The "Philobiblon".

Before his death in 1345, de Bury wrote a book of essays that he compiled in a work entitled "The Philobiblon". This was a word he created from the Greek meaning "love of books". Written in Latin, as was the custom of the day, it is separated into twenty chapters. These essays discuss book collecting, the care of books, the "advantages of the love of books", and the vagaries of wars and how they destroy books. In the book, De Bury states that "the same man cannot love both gold and books". In Chapter VII entitled "The Complaint of Books against Wars" de Bury writes: Fortunately, these were not the idle words of an academic and bibliophile. As a diplomat, de Bury sought to seek peace throughout the realm, sometimes successfully as was the case with Scotland to the north, sometimes unsuccessfully, as was the case with France and the start of the 100 Years War. One of the most interesting sections in the "Philobiblon" is Chapter XIX entitled "Of the Manner of lending all our Books to Students". According to one scholar, the "Philobiblon" is "one of the longest extant medieval texts on the subject of library management". Here, de Bury describes the practices for circulation control among the students of the college, utilising at times an open-stack rather than the dominant closed-stack system. As to de Bury’s legacy, it was said about the "Philobiblon": "it is the sole memorial of one who loved books so much in an age and country that loved them so little".

Richard de Bury (24 January 1287 – 14 April 1345), also known as Richard Aungerville or Aungervyle, was an English priest, teacher, bishop, writer, and bibliophile. He was a patron of learning and one of the first English collectors of books. He is chiefly remembered for his "Philobiblon", written to inculcate in the clergy the pursuit of learning and the love of books. The "Philobiblon" is considered one of the earliest books to discuss librarianship in-depth.

Richard de Bury (eigentlich "Richard Aungerville") (* 24. Januar 1281 oder 1286/1287 bei Bury St. Edmund's in Suffolk; † 14. April 1345 in Durham) war Bischof von Durham von 1333 bis 1345. De Bury war königlicher Hofbeamter und Gesandter, Priester, Lehrer, Förderer des Bildungswesens und Autor, besonders aber wurde er bekannt als Sammler von Büchern und Verfasser der ersten Schrift über Bibliophilie.


Technical description.

The Z88 is a portable computer weighing 0.9 kg (2 lb), based on a low-power CMOS version of the popular Zilog Z80 microprocessor. It comes with 32 KiB of internal pseudo-static RAM and 128 KiB of ROM containing the operating system (called "OZ"). The memory can be expanded up to 3.5 MiB of RAM, the contents of which are preserved across sessions. An integrated capacitor prevents the Z88 from losing its data for the limited time it takes to change the batteries.  The machine uses a membrane keyboard, which is almost silent in use; an optional electronic "click" can be turned on to indicate keystrokes. The Z88 is powered by four AA batteries, giving up to 20 hours of use. It has three memory card slots, which accommodate proprietary RAM, EPROM or FLASH cards, the third slot being equipped with a built-in EPROM programmer. Card capacities range from 32 KiB to 1 MiB.  The Z88 has a built-in eight-line, 64 × 640 pixel "super-twisted" LCD display which has greater contrast than conventional twisted nematic LCDs.

Memory map.

The 64 KiB addressable by the Z80 processor are divided in four banks of 16 KiB each. The maximum memory of 4 MiB for the system is also divided in 256 segments of 16 KiB each. The hardware can map any of the 16 KiB blocks to any of the four banks. The first 512 KiB are reserved for ROM; the next 512 KiB are reserved for internal RAM. The next 3 MiB are assigned to each one of the three memory slots.

Current status.

The Z88 had something of a cult following, and is still used by a few enthusiasts. A variety of software is available including games and utilities. Since 1998, a 1 MiB Flash memory card is available which provides convenient non-volatile storage. Once written to the card, files are safe and not reliant on a power supply. Unlike traditional EPROM cards (erased with an external ultraviolet light), this one can be electrically erased in the computer's slot. The first generation of card only worked in slot 3 where a 12 V signal (Vpp) is available. The later generation is based on AMD chips and runs with 5 V for erasure. It is possible to read, write and erase flash cards in the three slots and the internal one.  It is also possible for an experienced user to replace the built-in 32 KiB RAM chip with a bigger 128 or 512 KiB static RAM chip. However, the latter requires some extra board modifications, and 512 KiB is the biggest size that can be addressed by the Z88 for the internal RAM. A similar modification is possible for the internal ROM slot. A 512 KiB flash chip can replace the original ROM, allowing an upgrade of the operating system.

The Cambridge Computer Z88 is an A4-size, lightweight, portable Z80-based computer with a built-in combined word processing/spreadsheet/database application called "PipeDream" (functionally equivalent to a 1987 BBC Micro ROM called Acornsoft View Professional), along with several other applications and utilities, such as a Z80-version of the BBC BASIC programming language.

Der Cambridge Z88 ist ein kleines Notebook mit Flüssigkristallbildschirm auf Basis des Zilog Z80-Prozessors und wurde ab April 1987 gebaut.


Biography.

Journalist.

Balderston began his career as a journalist in 1912 while still a student at Columbia University; he worked as the New York correspondent for the "Philadelphia Record". He worked as European war correspondent during World War I for the McClure Newspaper Syndicate, then was director of information in England and Ireland for the US Committee on Public Information. In 1916 he wrote "The Brooke Kerith", about the life of Jesus, with George More. In 1919 he wrote the play "The Genius of the Marne." Balderston co-authored "Cross-Styx, A Morality Playlet for the Leisure Class," a part of the Dutch Treat Club's 1920 annual dinner extravaganza written by him, Fred Dayton, Rae Irvin, Berton Braley, James Montgomery Flagg with music by Arthur Samuels. Deems Taylor and Arthur Samuels were at the Steinways; From 1920 to 1923, he was the editor of "The Outlook" magazine in London and then head of the London bureau for the "New York World" from 1923 to 1931. Balderston left journalism in 1931 when the "New York World" went out of business.

Playwright.

Balderson wrote a play about Bacon and Shakespeare, "Clown of Stratford" in the mid 1920s. He achieved success as a playwright in 1926 with the London production of his play "Berkeley Square" which he had written with Jack Squire, the editor of the "London Mercury". It was adapted from Henry James' posthumously published 1917 novel "The Sense of the Past".  In 1927, he was retained by Horace Liveright to revise Hamilton Deane's 1924 stage adaptation of "Dracula" for its American production. Balderston did some significant work on the adaptation, which was an enormous success when it debuted in October, running for 261 performances and making a star of Bela Lugosi. Deane then hired Balderston to adapt Peggy Webling's 1927 play version of "Frankenstein" for American audiences. However this did not make it to Broadway.  "Berkley Square" was produced on Broadway from 1929–30, starring Leslie Howard. It ran for 229 performances.

Screenwriter.

Balderston's play of "Dracula" formed the basis of the 1931 film version starring Lugosi, made by Universal Pictures. Universal then bought his American adaptation of Peggy Webling's 1927 play "Frankenstein", and used it as the basis for the 1931 film "Frankenstein". Universal hired him to adapt a story on Cagliostro in "The Mummy" (1932). He wrote a version of "The Invisible Man" for James Whale which was not used.  Balderston returned to Broadway in 1932, working with J.E. Hore on "Red Planet". It only ran seven performances. For MGM he did an unused treatment of "" in 1932 and did some uncredited work on "Smilin' Through" (1932). He is credited as screenwriter on the adaptation of "Berkeley Square" (1933).  Balderston was one of several writers on "The Lives of a Bengal Lancer" (1935), which earned him an Oscar nomination. He worked on "The Mystery of Edwin Drood" (1935) and "Bride of Frankenstein" (1935) and was the last writer on "Mad Love" (1935). He was an uncredited contributor to the script of "Mark of the Vampire" (1935) and wrote a version of "Dracula's Daughter" (1936) for David O. Selznick which was sold to Universal.  Balderston worked on "Peter Ibbetson" (1935) for Henry Hathaway. He was one of several writers on "The Amazing Quest of Ernest Bliss" (1936) and did "The Last of the Mohicans" (1936) with Philip Dunne.  He adapted a Hungarian play into "Farewell Performance" for the English stage in 1936.  In Hollywood, Balderston specialised in British themed subjects: "The Man Who Changed His Mind" (1936); "Beloved Enemy" (1936) for Sam Goldwyn; "The Prisoner of Zenda" (1937) for Selznick. He wrote an unused script, "Murder in Church" in 1938 and was one of the team of writers who collaborated on the 1939 film adaptation of "Gone with the Wind" for Selznick. He wrote a musical for Fox, "Little Old New York" (1940) then adapted "Victory" (1940) for Paramount.  At MGM he worked on "Smilin' Through" (1941), "Stand By for Action" (1942), and "Tennessee Johnson" (1942). He was also one of the writers on 1944's "Gaslight", which earned him his second Academy Award nomination. He also wrote a book "Chicago Blueprint", which was published in 1943.

Later Years.

In 1948 he co-wrote a novel about Caesar and Cleopatra, "A Goddess to a God".  Balderston did a treatment of "Red Planet" which became "Red Planet Mars" (1952). In 1952 he was appointed lecturer in drama at the University of Southern California.  In 1953 it was announced Balderston and the heirs of Peggy Webling had settled a lawsuit with Universal over "Frankenstein" Under their original contract they were to be paid $20,000 plus 1% gross of any films that resulted from their work, including any sequel - and there were several Frankenstein films.  He died of a heart attack in Beverly Hills in 1954.

John L. Balderston (October 22, 1889, in Philadelphia – March 8, 1954, in Los Angeles) was an American playwright and screenwriter best known for his horror and fantasy scripts. He wrote the 1926 play "Berkeley Square" and the 1927 American adaptation of the 1924 play "Dracula".

John Lloyd Balderston (* 22. Oktober 1889 in Philadelphia; † 8. März 1954 in Los Angeles) war ein US-amerikanischer Journalist, Bühnen- und Drehbuchautor.


Biography.

Stevens was born in Brentford, the son of a tap dancer. He listened to jazz as a child but was more interested in drawing and painting, through which he expressed himself throughout his life. He studied at the Ealing Art College and then started work in a design studio but left at 19 to join the Royal Air Force. He studied the drums at the Royal Air Force School of Music in Uxbridge, and while there met Trevor Watts and Paul Rutherford, two musicians who became close collaborators.  In the mid-1960s Stevens began to play in London jazz groups with Tubby Hayes and Ronnie Scott, and in 1965 he led a septet. He moved away from mainstream jazz when he heard free jazz from the U.S. by musicians like Ornette Coleman and Albert Ayler. In 1966, he formed the Spontaneous Music Ensemble (SME) with Watts and Rutherford. The band moved into the Little Theatre Club at Garrick Yard, St Martin's Lane, London. In 1967 their first album, "Challenge", was released. Stevens then became interested in the music of Anton Webern, and the SME began to play quiet music. Stevens also became interested in non-Western music.  Stevens also devised a number of basic starting points for improvisation. These were not "compositions" as such, but rather a means of getting improvisational activity started, which could then go off in any direction. One of these was the so-called "Click Piece" which essentially asked for each player to repeatedly play a note as short as possible.  Stevens played alongside a large number of prominent free improvisors in the SME, including Derek Bailey, Peter Kowald, Julie Tippetts and Robert Calvert, but from the mid-1970s, the make-up of the SME began to settle down to a regular group of Stevens, Nigel Coombes on violin, and Roger Smith on guitar. During the mid-1970s Stevens played regularly with guitarist and songwriter John Martyn as part of a trio that included bassist Danny Thompson. This line up can be heard on Martyn's 1976 recording "Live at Leeds".  From 1983 Stevens was involved with Community Music, an organisation through which he took his form of music making to youth clubs, mental health institutions and other unusual places. Notes taken during these sessions were later turned into a book for the Open University called "Search and Reflect" (1985). In the late 70s and early 80s John was a regular performer at the Bracknell Jazz Festival.  Stevens ran or helped to organise groups that were more jazz or jazz-rock based, such as Splinters, the John Stevens Dance Orchestra, Away, Freebop, Folkus, Fast Colour, PRS, and the John Stevens Quintet and Quartet. He contributed to Trevor Watts's group Amalgam, Frode Gjerstad's Detail, and collaborated with Bobby Bradford on several occasions.  SME played for its last time in 1994, when it included John Butcher. Stevens died later that year.

Discography.

With the Spontaneous Music Ensemble

John William Stevens (10 June 1940 – 13 September 1994) was an English drummer and a founding member of the Spontaneous Music Ensemble.

John William Stevens (* 10. Juni 1940 in Brenford, England; † 13. September 1994 in Ealing, London) war ein britischer Jazzschlagzeuger (und spielte gelegentlich auch Trompete).


Etymology.

The Persian word "Gaz" is associated with "gaz-angebin" which translates to 'Honey of Gaz', in reference to a species of Tamarisk, "T. gallica" that is native to the Zagros mountain range located to the west of Isfahan. Gaz is traditionally presumed to be the sap of the Tamarisk tree.

History.

Gaz dates backs to 450 years ago in Isfahan, when the sap found on the Tamarisk tree was combined with flour, bread, pistachios, almonds and chocolate in traditional and industrial workshops. The height of this mountain tree reaches a height of two meters and it usually grows in good weather in the mountains of Bakhtiari and Khansar. The product of this tree becomes ready to harvest in the late summer and the shiny and yellow grains come out in the stems like millet. At this time, the owners of the trees must harvest them before the autumnal rains.  The sweet, milky honey (angebin) found on the Gaz plant is associated with "manna", a food mentioned in the religious texts of the Abrahamic religions.

Manufacture and style.

Although originally believed to be sap manufactured by the Tamarisk tree, the sticky white substance was found to be formed from honeydew, which is exuded from the anus of the nymph of a psyllid insect, either "Cyamophila astragalicola" or "C. dicora", in its final instar, which live on plants of "Astragalus adscendens", and is collected annually and is combined with other ingredients including pistachio or almond kernels, rosewater and egg white. Modern versions of gaz may not contain gaz of Khansar and may use sugar and corn syrup as substitutes for psyllid manna.  The traditional way to serve gaz is in round pieces that are about 2 inches in diameter and up to 1/2-inch thick. A modern presentation is to serve the nougat cut into smaller rectangles. Depending on the ingredients mixed in, gaz can have a subtle rose flavor, a nutty taste, or a savory and pungent profile. It can be white, or it can become another color because of the addition of spices (such as saffron) or nuts.

Nowruz.

Celebrations such as Nowruz, the Persian New Year, feature gaz. During the Nowruz holiday, family and friends visit each other's homes and, typically, the host offers fruits and sweets to their guests. Served with sherbet or tea, gaz is a favorite delicacy and a much-appreciated gift as it helps to ensure that a household will have ample snacks to serve all holiday visitors.

Gaz () is an Iranian nougat originated in Isfahan. It is widely known as Persian Nougat in American and European countries.

Gaz (persisch: گز) ist eine persische Süßigkeit, die aus Zucker oder Honig, Eischnee, dem milchigen Saft der Tamariskenpflanze und Pistazien, Mandeln (fakultativ) und Rosenwasser hergestellt wird.


Morphology.

Microsporidia lack mitochondria, instead possessing mitosomes. They also lack motile structures, such as flagella.  Microsporidia produce highly resistant spores, capable of surviving outside their host for up to several years. Spore morphology is useful in distinguishing between different species. Spores of most species are oval or pyriform, but rod-shaped or spherical spores are not unusual. A few genera produce spores of unique shape for the genus.  The spore is protected by a wall, consisting of three layers:  In most cases there are two closely associated nuclei, forming a "diplokaryon", but sometimes there is only one. The anterior half of the spore contains a harpoon-like apparatus with a long, thread-like "polar filament", which is coiled up in the posterior half of the spore. The anterior part of the polar filament is surrounded by a "polaroplast", a lamella of membranes. Behind the polar filament, there is a posterior "vacuole".

Infection.

In the gut of the host the spore germinates, it builds up osmotic pressure until its rigid wall ruptures at its thinnest point at the apex. The posterior vacuole swells, forcing the polar filament to rapidly eject the infectious content into the cytoplasm of the potential host. Simultaneously the material of the filament is rearranged to form a tube which functions as a hypodermic needle and penetrates the gut epithelium. Once inside the host cell, a sporoplasm grows, dividing or forming a multinucleate plasmodium, before producing new spores. The life cycle varies considerably. Some have a simple asexual life cycle, while others have a complex life cycle involving multiple hosts and both asexual and sexual reproduction. Different types of spores may be produced at different stages, probably with different functions including autoinfection (transmission within a single host).

Medical implications.

In animals and humans, microsporidia often cause chronic, debilitating diseases rather than lethal infections. Effects on the host include reduced longevity, fertility, weight, and general vigor. Vertical transmission of microsporidia is frequently reported. In the case of insect hosts, vertical transmission often occurs as transovarial transmission, where the microsporidian parasites pass from the ovaries of the female host into eggs and eventually multiply in the infected larvae. "Amblyospora salinaria" n. sp. which infects the mosquito "Culex salinarius" Coquillett, and "Amblyospora californica" which infects the mosquito "Culex tarsalis" Coquillett, provide typical examples of transovarial transmission of microsporidia.  Microsporidia, specifically the mosquito-infecting "Vavraia culicis", are being explored as a possible 'evolution-proof' malaria-control method. Microsporidian infection of "Anopheles gambiae" (the principal vector of "Plasmodium falciparum" malaria) reduces malarial infection within the mosquito, and shortens the mosquito lifespan. As the majority of malaria-infected mosquitoes naturally die before the malaria parasite is mature enough to transmit, any increase in mosquito mortality through microsporidian-infection may reduce malaria transmission to humans. In May 2020, researchers reported that "Microsporidia MB", a symbiont in the midgut and ovaries of "An. arabiensis", significantly impaired transmisison of "P. falciparum", had "no overt effect" on the fitness of host mosquitoes, and was transmitted vertically (through inheritance).

Clinical.

Microsporidian infections of humans sometimes cause a disease called microsporidiosis. At least 14 microsporidian species, spread across eight genera, have been recognized as human pathogens. These include "Trachipleistophora hominis".

As hyperparasites.

Microsporidia can infect a variety of hosts, including hosts which are themselves parasites. In that case, the microsporidian species is a hyperparasite, i.e. a parasite of a parasite. As an example, more than eighteen species are known which parasitize digeneans (parasitic flatworms). These digeneans are themselves parasites in various vertebrates and molluscs. Eight of these species belong to the genus "Nosema".

Genomes.

Microsporidia have the smallest known (nuclear) eukaryotic genomes. The parasitic lifestyle of microsporidia has led to a loss of many mitochondrial and Golgi genes, and even their ribosomal RNAs are reduced in size compared with those of most eukaryotes. As a consequence, the genomes of microsporidia are much smaller than those of other eukaryotes. Currently known microsporidial genomes are 2.5 to 11.6 Mb in size, encoding from 1,848 to 3,266 proteins which is in the same range as many bacteria.  Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) seems to have occurred many times in microsporidia. For instance, the genomes of "Encephalitozoon romaleae" and "Trachipleistophora hominis" contain genes that derive from animals and bacteria, and some even from fungi.

Classification.

The first described microsporidian genus, "Nosema", was initially put by Nägeli in the fungal group Schizomycetes together with some bacteria and yeasts. For some time microsporidia were considered as very primitive eukaryotes, placed in the protozoan group Cnidospora. Later, especially because of the lack of mitochondria, they were placed along with the other Protozoa such as diplomonads, parabasalids and archamoebae in the protozoan-group Archezoa. More recent research has falsified this theory of early origin (for all of these). Instead, microsporidia are proposed to be highly developed and specialized organisms, which just dispensed functions that are needed no longer, because they are supplied by the host. Furthermore, spore-forming organisms in general do have a complex system of reproduction, both sexual and asexual, which look far from primitive.  Since the mid-2000s microsporidia are placed within the Fungi or as a sister-group of the Fungi with a common ancestor.  Work to identify clades is largely based on habitat and host. Three classes of Microsporidia are proposed by Vossbrinck and Debrunner-Vossbrinck, based on the habitat: Aquasporidia, Marinosporidia and Terresporidia.  Another proposed classification is:  A third classification by Cavalier-Smith 1993:

Microsporidia are a group of spore-forming unicellular parasites. They were once considered protozoans or protists, but are now known to be fungi, or a sister group to fungi. Loosely 1500 of the probably more than one million species are named now. Microsporidia are restricted to animal hosts, and all major groups of animals host microsporidia. Most infect insects, but they are also responsible for common diseases of crustaceans and fish. The named species of microsporidia usually infect one host species or a group of closely related taxa. Approximately 10 percent of the species are parasites of vertebrates —several species, most of which are opportunistic, can infect humans, in whom they can cause microsporidiosis.

Die Microsporidia, auch Microspora, sind einzellige, zu den Pilzen gehörende Parasiten und Erreger der Mikrosporidiasis. Sie können eine Größe von wenigen μm erreichen (2–12 μm). Microspora parasitieren meist intrazellulär bei Vertretern vieler Tierstämme, seltener in anderen Protisten aus der Sar genannten Klade der Eukaryoten. Eine Übertragung erfolgt durch Aufnahme einzelliger Sporen (meist oral, d. h. durch den Mund).


The fundamental theorem of poker.

The fundamental theorem of poker, introduced by David Sklansky, states: Every time you play your hand the way you would if you could see your opponents' cards, you gain, and every time your opponents play their cards differently from the way they would play them if they could see your cards, you gain. This theorem is the foundation for many poker strategy topics. For example, bluffing and slow-playing (explained below) are examples of using deception to induce your opponents to play differently from how they would if they could see your cards. There are some exceptions to the fundamental theorem in certain multi-way pot situations, as described in Morton's theorem.  Learn for about a year before gambling anything then understand you have to rely on understanding your own experience or the extent of it before betting with larger sums more wisely.

Pot odds, implied odds and poker probabilities.

The relationship between pot odds and odds of winning is one of the most important concepts in poker strategy. Pot odds are the ratio of the size of the pot to the size of the bet required to stay in the pot. For example, if a player must call $10 for a chance to win a $40 pot ("not" including their $10 call), their pot odds are 4-to-1. To have a positive expectation, a player's "odds of winning" must be better than their pot odds. If the player's odds of winning are also 4-to-1 (20% chance of winning), their expected return is to break even (on average, losing four times and winning once for every five times they play such a pot).  Implied odds is a more complicated concept, though related to pot odds. The implied odds on a hand are based not on the money currently in the pot, but on the expected size of the pot at the end of the hand. When facing an even money situation (like the one described in the previous paragraph) and holding a strong drawing hand (say a Four flush) a skilled player will consider calling a bet or even opening based on their implied odds. This is particularly true in multi-way pots, where it is likely that one or more opponents will call all the way to showdown.

Deception.

By employing deception, a poker player hopes to induce their opponent(s) to act differently from how they would if they could see their cards. David Sklansky has argued that winning at poker is often decided by how much one player can force another to change his/her style while successfully maintaining their own strategy. Bluffing is a form of deception where players bet strongly on a weak hand to induce opponents to fold superior hands. Related is the "semi-bluff", in which a player who does not have a strong hand, but has a chance to improve it to a strong hand in later rounds, bets strongly on the hand in the hopes of inducing other players with weaker "made" hands to fold. Slow-playing is deceptive play in poker that is roughly the opposite of bluffing: checking or betting weakly with a strong holding, attempting to induce other players with weaker hands to call or raise the bet instead of folding, to increase the payout.

Position.

Position refers to the order in which players are seated around the table and the strategic consequences of this. Generally, players in earlier position (who have to act first) need stronger hands to bet/raise or call than players in later position. For example, if there are five opponents yet to act behind a player, there is a greater chance one of the yet to act opponents will have a better hand than if there were only one opponent yet to act. Being in late position is an advantage because a player gets to see how their opponents in earlier position act (which provides the player more information about their hands than they have about his). This information, coupled with a low bet to a late player, may allow the player to "limp in" with a weaker hand when they would have folded the same hand if they'd had to act earlier. Position is one of the most vital elements to understand in order to be a long-term winning player. As a player's position improves, so too does the range of cards with which they can profitably enter a hand. Conversely this commonly held knowledge can be used to an intelligent poker player's advantage. If playing against observant opponents, then a raise with any two cards can'steal the blinds,' if executed against passive players at the right time.

Reasons to raise.

Unlike calling, raising has an extra way to win: opponents may fold. An opening bet may be considered a raise from a strategy perspective. David Sklansky gives seven reasons for raising, summarized below.

Reasons to call.

There are several reasons for calling a bet or raise, summarized below.

Gap concept.

The gap concept states that a player needs a better hand to play against someone who has already opened (or raised) the betting than he would need to open himself. The gap concept reflects that players prefer to avoid confrontations with other players who have already indicated strength, and that calling only has one way to win (by having the best hand), whereas opening may also win immediately if your opponent(s) fold.

Sandwich effect.

Related to the gap effect, the "sandwich effect" states that a player needs a stronger hand to stay in a pot when there are opponents yet to act behind him. Because the player does not know how many opponents will be involved in the pot or whether he will have to call a re-raise, he does not know what his effective pot odds actually are. Therefore, a stronger hand is desired as compensation for this uncertainty. A squeeze play exploits this principle.

Loose/tight play.

Loose players play relatively more hands and tend to continue with weaker hands; hence they do not often fold. Tight players play relatively fewer hands and tend not to continue with weaker hands; hence they often fold. The following concepts are applicable in loose games (and their inverse in tight games):

Aggressive/passive play.

Aggressive play refers to betting and raising. Passive play refers to checking and calling. Unless passive play is being used deceptively as mentioned above, aggressive play is generally considered stronger than passive play because of the bluff value of bets and raises and because it offers more opportunities for your opponents to make mistakes.

Hand reading, tells and leveling.

Hand reading is the process of making educated guesses about the possible cards an opponent may hold, based on the sequence of actions in the pot. The term 'hand reading' is actually a misnomer, as skilled players do not attempt to assign a player to an exact hand. Rather they attempt to narrow the possibilities down to a range of probable hands based on the past actions of their opponent, during both the current hand and previous hands played by this opponent.  Tells are detectable changes in opponents' behavior or demeanor which provide clues about their hands or their intentions. Educated guesses about opponents' cards and intentions can help a player avoid mistakes in his own play, induce mistakes by the opponents, or influence the opponents to take actions that they would not normally take under the circumstances. For example, a tell might suggest that an opponent has missed a draw, so a player seeing it may decide a bluff would be more effective than usual.  Leveling or multiple level thinking is accounting for what the other opponents think about the hands. This information can then be used to the player's advantage. Some players might be able to make educated guesses about opponents' hands; this could be seen as the first level. The second level could be thought of as the combination of the first level and deducing what the opponents think the player's hand may be. Skilled players can adjust their game play to be on a higher level than that of less skilled opponents.

Table image and opponent profiling.

By observing the tendencies and patterns of one's opponents, one can make more educated guesses about others' potential holdings. For example, if a player has been playing extremely tightly (playing very few hands), then when he/she finally enters a pot, one may surmise that he/she has stronger than average cards. One's table image is the perception by one's opponents of one's own pattern of play. A player can leverage their table image by playing out of character, and thereby inducing his/her opponents to misjudge his/her hand and make a mistake.  In live poker, as opposed to internet, stereotypes are often used for initial'reads'. For instance, people of retirement age are often witnessed to play tight. Players will often project this image on unknown people of retirement age. Young people wearing headphones and hoodies are often witnessed to play more aggressively and mathematically if they played a lot of winning internet poker. These stereotypes can often be good bases to start a profile.  Often, there is a rather small pool of players in a given card playing venue. People will carry their history of playing with them in these environments.  Internet poker players can use large databases of hand histories to get a more precise player profile. Statistical information about opponents is displayed on the tables in the form of a heads up display. The most commonly used software is PokerTracker and Hold'em Manager.

Equity.

Players' equity in a pot is their expected share of the pot, expressed either as a percentage (probability of winning) or expected value (amount of pot * probability of winning). Negative equity, or loss in equity, occurs when contributing to a pot with a probability of winning less than 1 / (number of opponents matching the contribution+1).

Short-handed considerations.

When playing short-handed (at a table with 3-6 players), players must loosen up their play (play more hands) for several reasons:  This type of situation comes up most often in tournament style play. In a cash game, the adjustments are very similar, but not quite as drastic as the table can ask for what is known as a 'rake break.' A rake break occurs when the floor-man, who represents the casino, agrees to take a smaller portion than usual for the hand. For example, a random casino might normally receive 10% of the pot up to 5 dollars for a 'rake.' In this case the table would only owe 10% up to 3 dollars until there are a sufficient number of players again. In online poker rake breaks are determined automatically.

Structure considerations.

The blinds and antes and limit structure of the game have a significant influence on poker strategy. For example, it is easier to manipulate pot odds in no-limit and pot-limit games than in limit games. In tournaments, as the size of the forced bets relative to the chip stacks grows, pressure is placed on players to play pots to avoid being anted/blinded away.

Mindset considerations.

In 2014, Bwin conducted a study to see what makes a professional poker player. The brain activity of poker players, of varying degrees, was monitored using EEG headsets and visualised into brain maps. Leading sports psychologist, James Hazlett, then interpreted the findings:  The conclusions of the study suggest that poker players can improve their strategy by considering their mindset. Mental training techniques, commonly used by athletes, could therefore help to improve performance by working on elements such as self-control and concentration.

Poker is a popular card game that combines elements of chance and strategy. There are various styles of poker, all of which share an objective of presenting the least probable or highest-scoring hand. A poker hand is usually a configuration of five cards depending on the variant, either held entirely by a player or drawn partly from a number of shared, community cards. Players bet on their hands in a number of rounds as cards are drawn, employing various mathematical and intuitive strategies in an attempt to better opponents.

Die Pokerstrategie ist ein elementarer Bestandteil des Pokerspiels, das kein reines Glücksspiel ist. Dieser Artikel erläutert allgemeine, grundlegende Strategien, die weitgehend unabhängig von der gewählten Pokervariante gültig sind.


Plot.

Two eight-year-old Little League teammates, Neil McCormick and Brian Lackey, both experience life-altering events during the summer of 1981 in Hutchinson, Kansas. Neil, the son of an irresponsible single mother and already discovering his own homosexuality, is sexually abused by the Little League coach, who leaves town after that summer. Brian, whose parents are often neglectful or busy working, only remembers that it started to rain during a game. The next thing he remembers is being in the crawl space of a house with a bloody nose, having no memory of the intervening five hours.  Neil views the coach's abuse as love and becomes attracted to "bearish" middle-aged men. He begins prostituting himself at the age of 15, and continues doing so three years later when he moves to New York City, where his best friend, Wendy Peterson, now lives. In New York, Neil has an emotional encounter with a client, Zeke, who is dying from AIDS and (instead of sex) only wants to feel another person's touch. Afterwards, Neil begins withdrawing from prostitution and takes a job as a cashier with assistance and encouragement from Wendy.  Brian suffers from chronic nosebleeds, blackouts, and bedwetting for years after entering the crawl space. He also has recurring dreams about being touched by a strange, bluish hand, which eventually lead Brian to suspect that he may have been abducted by aliens. Another boy wearing the same Little League uniform begins to appear in these dreams later on. At 18, Brian meets a woman named Avalyn Friesen who also believes that she was abducted by aliens. They start to form a friendship, but when she makes advances towards him, he panics and refuses to speak to her again.  Brian sees a photo of his Little League team as he tries to untangle his confused memories, recognizing a young Neil as the other boy from his dreams. Meanwhile, after a john brutally rapes and beats him, Neil returns to Hutchinson to spend Christmas with his mother. There, Neil and Brian meet for the first time in over a decade. After breaking into the house that was previously rented by the Little League coach, Neil tells Brian what happened that night: the coach offered to drive Brian home with Neil after a baseball game was rained out, as Brian did not have a ride. Instead, they all went to the coach's house, where the coach performed sex acts on the boys and made them perform sex acts on each other. At one point, Brian collapsed face-first onto the floor, giving him a bloody nose, while a nearby porch light caused the atmosphere to have an eerie blue color. Having finally learned the truth, Brian breaks down crying and is comforted by Neil as Christmas carolers sing “Silent Night".

Production.

Both Joseph Gordon-Levitt and Michelle Trachtenberg, by the time the film went into production, were looking for independent films where making money was not the main goal. Trachtenberg was filming "EuroTrip" (2004) in Prague when she first received the script, and quickly decided to join production. Gordon-Levitt was especially praiseful of Araki for allowing him to join production, and commented in a 2005 interview: "It is a really different role for me, and I'll always be really grateful to Gregg for believing that I could do a role like this. I've played the nice kid, and the smart one or funny one and even the angry one, but Gregg was the first one to call me sexy, and I'll always be really grateful for that." Araki approached Gordon-Levitt, who was by then struggling to find work for over a year, after seeing him in "Manic" (2001). Made on a low budget, filming commenced in August 2003 and lasted only three weeks, which gave the cast and crew no possibility of doing retakes.  A number of measures were taken to avoid exposing the child actors to the sexual and abusive aspects of the story. Although their parents were given the entire shooting script to review, the boys were given separate scripts which included only the activities they would be performing, and their roles and the characters' relationships were explained to them in innocent terms. All of the sexual abuse involving children is implied rather than being directly depicted, and the scenes in which this seduction and abuse takes place were filmed with each actor performing alone and addressing the camera rather than the other actor, then edited together, so the children did not see or hear the performance by the adult actor playing the abuser. (This subjective approach to filming was consequently used in various places throughout the film.)

Reception.

"Mysterious Skin" received very positive reviews. The film received an 85% "Certified Fresh" rating on review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes based on 108 reviews with an average rating of 7.31/10. The site's consensus states: "Bold performances and sensitive, spot-on direction make watching this difficult tale of trauma and abuse a thought-provoking, resonant experience." On Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, the film has a score of 73 out of 100 based on 32 reviews.  Lou Lumenick from the "New York Post" commented, "Not for the squeamish, but it is a beautifully crafted and thoughtful film that genuinely provokes." Ella Taylor from LA Weekly wrote “A warped, but beautiful and strangely hopeful, coming-of-age tale.” Roger Ebert gave "Mysterious Skin" 3.5 out of a possible 4 stars, describing it as "at once the most harrowing and, strangely, the most touching film I have seen about child abuse." Steven Rhea of "The Philadelphia Inquirer" awarded the film 3 out of 4 stars, stating that "Mysterious Skin" ultimately "manages to deal with its raw, awful subject matter in ways that are both challenging and illuminating." Gordon-Levitt was praised by critics for his performance, and the actor has stated that people on the streets had come up to him to applaud his performance in the film. His portrayal of a teenage hustler inspired director Scott Frank to cast him in "The Lookout" (2007).  According to psychologist Richard Gartner, the novel "Mysterious Skin" is an uncommonly accurate portrayal of the long-term effect of child sexual abuse on boys.

Rating issues.

The US MPAA rated the film NC-17, which the studio appealed unsuccessfully. The film was released theatrically in the US without a rating.  The film was the subject of some controversy in Australia, where the Australian Family Association requested a review of its classification, seeking to have the film outlawed due to its depiction of pedophilia. They suggested that the film could be used by pedophiles for sexual gratification or to help them groom children for sexual abuse. The six-member Classification Review Board voted four-to-two in favour of maintaining an R18+ rating. The controversy is referenced in a review excerpt from "The Sydney Morning Herald" on the Region 4 DVD that reads: "How anyone could have wanted it banned is beyond me"; film critic Margaret Pomeranz expressed that the film does more for the case against pedophilia, stating: "People who do indulge in crimes like that, if they saw this film they would understand the damage that they do."

Soundtrack.

The film score was composed by Harold Budd and Robin Guthrie.  Other songs include:

Mysterious Skin is a 2004 coming-of-age drama film directed by Gregg Araki, who also wrote the screenplay based on Scott Heim's 1995 novel of the same name. The film is Araki's eighth, premiering at the 61st Venice International Film Festival in 2004, although it was not more widely distributed until 2005.

Mysterious Skin – Unter die Haut ist ein US-amerikanisch-niederländischer Film über zwei Jungen, die als Kinder sexuell missbraucht wurden. Dabei wird ihre parallele Entwicklung von 8 bis 19 Jahren gezeigt. Der Film spielt größtenteils in der Kleinstadt Hutchinson (Kansas) und basiert auf dem gleichnamigen Roman von Scott Heim.


Plot.

Katie (Jenny McCarthy) and Becca (Pamela Anderson) talk about what Katie believes is a sex tape, but Becca calls it a cursed tape. After several odd occurrences, they both die. Meanwhile, in a farm outside Washington, D.C., widowed farmer Tom Logan (Charlie Sheen) and his brother George (Simon Rex) discover a crop circle, saying "Attack Here!", after noticing the dogs' strange activity.  Cindy Campbell (Anna Faris), now a reporter, announces the crop circles on the news. She picks up her paranormally endowed nephew Cody from school, where her best friend Brenda Meeks (Regina Hall) is his teacher. George picks up his niece Sue, who is in the same class. Cindy and George quickly become attracted to one another, and George invites her and Brenda to a rap-battle with his rapper friends Mahalik (Anthony Anderson) and CJ (Kevin Hart). George proves to be talented but is violently thrown out after he raises his unintentionally pointy white hood.  After watching the cursed videotape, Brenda asks Cindy to keep her company. After playing several pranks on Cindy, the girl from the cursed tape, Tabitha, fights with and kills Brenda. George receives a phone call about the death, and Tom meets with Sayaman, who apologizes for the accident involving himself and Tom's wife Annie.  During Brenda's wake, George and Mahalik wreak havoc in an unsuccessful attempt to revive her, only to blow up her body and get kicked out of the house. Cindy finds the cursed tape in Brenda's room, watches it, and receives a phone call warning her of her death in seven days. She calls George, CJ and Mahalik for help. CJ says his Aunt Shaneequa might be able to help. Shaneequa (Queen Latifah), the Matrix Oracle, and her husband Orpheus (Eddie Griffin) agree to watch the tape with her. Shaneequa discovers the hidden image of a lighthouse and gets in a fight with Tabitha's mother. Shaneequa tells Cindy to find the lighthouse to break the curse. When Cindy returns home, she finds Cody watched the tape.  At work, Cindy searches through pictures of lighthouses before finding the one from the tape. Desperate to save Cody, Cindy warns everyone by entering a message into the news anchor's teleprompter. Her boss interrupts her, and the anchor mechanically recites the wrong message. The Logans take it seriously since they encountered an alien disguised as Michael Jackson, and President Baxter Harris (Leslie Nielsen) personally visits the farm to investigate the crop circles. Cindy visits the lighthouse, where she encounters The Architect (George Carlin). The loquacious old man explains Tabitha was his evil adopted daughter, whom his wife drowned in the farm's well, but not before she imprinted her evil onto the tape. Unfortunately, he mistakenly returned it to Blockbuster believing it was "Pootie Tang", unleashing the curse. When Cindy asks about how this relates to the Aliens, the Architect speculates that Tabitha is summoning them to aid her in destroying the human race.  Returning home, Cindy discovers her station has been broadcasting the evil tape for hours, and there have been various sightings of aliens around the world. Worse, Cody is missing. Cindy tracks him to the Logan farm, where he has taken refuge with George. Tom orders everybody into the basement for safety, as he, George and Mahalik go outside to fight the extraterrestrials. The aliens arrive but reveal they are friendly and have come to stop Tabitha, since they accidentally watched the tape on a broadcast they had intercepted, again believing it was "Pootie Tang".  In the basement, Cindy recognizes the farm's cellar from the tape, and she finds the well where Tabitha drowned. Suddenly, Tabitha appears behind her. A short fight ensues, during which Tabitha takes Cody hostage. Cindy and George appeal to her, offering her a place in their family. Tabitha appears to accept the offer but changes back to her monstrous form. As she advances on Cindy and the others, President Harris opens a door and accidentally knocks her into the well. The aliens leave in peace, and Cindy and George get married. Leaving for their honeymoon, they realize they left Cody behind. After Cindy avoids hitting Cody at an intersection, another car strikes him.

Cast.

Rapper cameos.

As well as in "The Rap Battle", several actual rappers assist in the confrontation with the aliens and a subsequent shootout amongst themselves.

Production.

Posters.

There were four posters. The first poster spoofed "Signs" where the signs are shaved on the back of someone's hair with a small house on top of the hair and on the top left of the hair is a comb. The second poster spoofed "The Ring" where there are two rings with a small circle inside each ring and at the bottom of the poster is an upside-down triangle. The header reads "You'd die to see these rings". The third poster spoofed "Catch Me If You Can" where a woman in her bikini, who is screaming is running away from a blue alien. The header reads "catch her if you can". The fourth and final poster is the original poster as in the first two Scary Movie films were sitting in the back are Orpheus, Oracle, and President Baxter Harris and sitting in the front row are Simon Rex, Mahalik, Cindy Campbell and Tom Logan with Annie Logan sitting on his right knee. MJ alien is sitting in the far back and the background spoofing the signs poster. The header reads "Great trilogies come in threes".

Home media.

Alternate scenes.

The DVD edition includes a director's audio commentary, several deleted scenes and alternate endings (with optional commentary). A "3.5" special DVD was also released, and contained several more deleted scenes than the original DVD, with an unrated version of the film.  In the alternate ending, Cindy is told Cody does not exist. After hitting a few people in the face with a shovel, Cindy asks everybody who is not real to stand over at a different spot. Cody goes over there but is followed by Santa Claus. The aliens then begin to invade but George stops them by transforming into The Hulk. President Harris tries to hulk out but ends up soiling his pants. Cindy enters the Logan House, where she is attacked by Tabitha. She is teleported away to Aunt Shaneequa, who teaches her how to defeat Tabitha. Cindy must then confront hundreds of Tabitha's. She wins the battle by performing moves from "The Matrix" and teleports back to the Logan House. The cast then gets into a car with the President, but are horrified to learn that the driver happens to be M. Night Shyamalan.  One of the scenes that appeared on the Extended DVD named "Scary Movie 3.5" was part of the unrated feature. After Pamela Anderson and Jenny McCarthy shut off the TV, the two complement each other on their good looks. Anderson then asks if McCarthy wants her "shaved pussy", but this turns out to be a furless kitten.  In an extended scene, the person who runs Cody down at the end is shown to be Michael Jackson.

Release.

Box office.

The film opened at the number one spot in the US, grossing $48.1 million in its opening weekend and $57.5 million for that week. In its second week, it grossed $24.7 million. At the end of its box office run, "Scary Movie 3" grossed $110 million in the US and $110.7 million internationally, making $220.7 million in total.

Critical reception.

The film received a 35% rating on Rotten Tomatoes and 49 out of 100 on Metacritic, with the former's consensus being "Though an improvement over the second Scary Movie, the laughs are still inconsistent". This is the first film in the series to be rated PG-13. The first two films were R-rated.

Music.

The score for the film was composed by James L. Venable. The original soundtrack was released on October 24, 2003, and features hip hop artists such as Buku Wise, Delinquent Habits, Dame Lee, Kebyar, and others. Frank Fitzpatrick served as music supervisor for the film and soundtrack. Jorge Corante produced and co-wrote the majority of original songs used for the feature.

Scary Movie 3 is a 2003 American science fantasy horror comedy film, which parodies the horror, sci-fi, and mystery genres. It is the third film in the "Scary Movie" franchise, and the first to be directed by David Zucker.

Scary Movie 3 ist eine Komödie aus dem Jahr 2003. Es ist die Fortsetzung von "Scary Movie" und "Scary Movie 2". 2006 erschien der vierte Teil, "Scary Movie 4" und 2013 der fünfte Teil, "Scary Movie 5". 2005 wurde Scary Movie 3 in einer vier Minuten längeren Schnittfassung als "Scary Movie 3.5" aufgelegt.


History.

Premonstratensian priory.

About 1217 the canonesses of Ahnaberg Priory near Kassel were permitted to establish a daughter-house on the Eppenberg, on the shoulder of the Heiligenberg. This foundation was confirmed on 3 March 1219 by Siegfried II, Archbishop of Mainz, who took it under his protection. The total number of canonesses in Ahnaberg was set at 40, and the remainder moved to a newly established daughter-house at Eppenberg.  The relationship of the new priory to its motherhouse was clearly not without friction. In 1223 the provost and community of Ahnaberg re-stated their rights in Eppenberg. On 17 February 1224 Archbishop Siegfried once more confirmed the rights of Ahnaberg Priory. But in 1250, for reasons now unknown, the prioress of Eppenberg openly rejected the rights of Ahnaberg, and Eppenberg became an independent house, now, like Ahnaberg, under the supervision and protection of Spieskappel Abbey.  The newly-independent priory rapidly flourished, mostly because of gifts and acquisitions of land in the nearby villages of Altenbrunslar, Böddiger, Besse and Gensungen. In 1269 Eppenberg was able to found a daughter house at Homberg an der Efze. Growing prosperity however led to a decline in morals and discipline, and eventually to prodigality, mismanagement, and economic collapse.

Charterhouse.

Landgrave Ludwig I of Hesse, greatly offended at the conditions in the priory, the neglected estates and buildings, and the loss of discipline, rigor and order, obtained a Papal bull in 1438 to dissolve the Premonstratensian priory and replaced it by a charterhouse, which was settled by hermits from Erfurt in 1440. The buildings were rebuilt as a hermitage, re-dedicated to Saint John the Baptist, and generously and extensively rebuilt. In 1471 Landgrave Ludwig II of Hesse gave the Charterhouse the estate of Wimmenhof (now Domäne Mittelhof) and the nearby, half-derelict Heiligenburg Castle, on the condition that the hermits should pray weekly in the castle chapel for its salvation.

Secularization.

In 1527, in the wake of the Synod of Homberg of 1526, which introduced the Protestant Reformation in Hesse, the monastery was dissolved and taken over by Landgrave Philip I of Hesse for use as a hunting lodge and farm. In about 1610 Landgrave Maurice of Hesse-Kassel had the hunting lodge remodeled in Italian Renaissance style. The buildings and lands were maintained by the nearby Mittelhof.  In the Thirty Years' War the building complex was mostly destroyed, and afterwards it became a subsidiary building and sheep-farm to the state-owned Domäne Mittelhof. In the Seven Years' War (1756–63) French troops were holed up there for seven weeks after losing the Battle of Grebenstein; two dugouts on the slopes of the Heiligenberg remain as a reminder of their camp.

Present day.

In 1957 the principal building was struck by lightning and burnt down, leaving only the bare walls. The buildings and the monastery church fell increasingly into dereliction, until in 1984 the Felsberg Beekeepers' Association took on the task of restoring and caring for the site. In the former gatehouse they established a highly regarded museum of bee-keeping. Of the monastery itself the only remains are those of the church.  The area around the charterhouse site and the ruins themselves were declared a nature reserve in December 1988.

Eppenberg Charterhouse was a Charterhouse, or Carthusian monastery, now a ruin, situated on the Eppenberg next to the Heiligenberg in Gensungen, now part of Felsberg in Hesse, Germany. It was established to replace a failing monastery of Premonstratensian canonesses regular.

Die Kartause Eppenberg ist eine Klosterruine in der Nähe von Gensungen, einem Ortsteil der Stadt Felsberg in Nordhessen. Der Ort wird noch heute „Kartause“ genannt, nach den zuletzt im Kloster Eppenberg lebenden Mönchen des Kartäuserordens. In der Nähe befindet sich die Staatsdomäne Mittelhof.


Personal life.

Sarah Stefanie Hecken was born in Mannheim.

Career.

Early years.

Hecken got her first skates when she was only 18 months old. Her first moves on skates were done during summer training in Kaiserslautern. Peter Sczypa became her coach in 1997. At the age of five, she landed her first single axel and at 9 years old, she landed her first double Axel and triple jump (toe loop).  At the age of 10, she skated at the German Novice Championships, which was held as an open competition, where she won the silver medal. Due to her young age, she skated at the Novice Competition again one year later at 11, where she won her first national title.  In the 2005–2006 season, Hecken skated in the youth category and won her second national title. During that season, she skated her first senior competition, the Baden-Württembergische Championship, and won that regional title at the senior level.  2006–2007 was her first national junior year, but she was still too young for international junior competitions. She won her third national title at the German Championships in the junior category. Again, she won the Baden-Württembergische Championship in the senior class.

2007–2008 season.

After placing 13th at the Junior Grand Prix in Vienna, Austria, Hecken rebounded by winning the Junior Grand Prix in Chemnitz, Germany, becoming the first ever German lady to win a Junior Grand Prix event. At that event she landed her 3Toe-3Toe Combination for the first time.  After winning the first and second German Junior Worlds qualifier and the Eisemann Trophy in Stuttgart, Germany, Hecken went on to take her fourth consecutive national title by winning the senior competition at the German Figure Skating Championships in Dresden, becoming the youngest German lady to ever win that title.  Hecken defended her regional title at the Baden-Württembergische Champion for the third time. She also won the senior competition of the 2008 Bavarian Open before heading of to the 2008 World Junior Championships in Sofia, Bulgaria where she placed 8th.

2008–2009 season.

Hecken began the 2008–2009 season at the Junior Grand Prix in Merano Italy, where she placed third. Her next competitions were the Nebelhorn Trophy in Oberstdorf, Germany and third the Junior Grand Prix in Cape Town, South Africa where she placed 9th and 5th respectively. Hecken claimed her first senior ISU medal at the 2008 Ondrej Nepela Memorial in Bratislava, Slovakia where she placed 3rd.  After placing fourth at the German Championships in Oberstdorf, Germany she returned to Oberstdorf in January 2009 to win the German Junior Worlds qualifier held there as part of the Bavarian Open only days after defending her regional championships title.  Hecken ended the season on a high note by placing 7th at the World Junior Championships in Sofia and winning both the 2009 DEU Pokal in Dortmund, Germany and the 2009 Triglav Trophy

2009–2010 season.

The first competition of Hecken's Olympic season was the Nebelhorn Trophy in Oberstdorf, Germany. She placed 7th overall and with a score of 130.73 point she met the German Olympic qualifying criteria for the first time. At her second competition, the Coupe Internationale de Nice, Hecken noticed during the warm-up that her skates didn't feel right and after inspection she noticed that the blade was broken and withdrew from the event.  Hecken was invited to her first two Grand Prix events of her career. At Skate America she placed 8th and scored 131.10. With that score she met the qualifying criteria for the Olympics for the second time. At Skate Canada she placed 9th. On 17 December 2009, one day before the short program at the German Championship, she was officially nominated for the Olympic Games by the German Olympic Sport Confederation. As she was the only lady who met the criteria for the Olympic Games, her berth to the European Championships was confirmed before the German Championship. Hecken won the German Championships by more than 20 points over the second-place finisher. At the 2010 Winter Olympics she was 23rd after the short program with a score of 49.04. In the free skate she scored 94.90 points and ranked 15th. Overall, she placed 18th with a combined score of 143.94 points.

2011–present.

In May 2011, Hecken underwent hand surgery and went to Italy the next month to work with her choreographer Edoardo De Bernardis. In November 2011, she underwent a synovial bursa operation and returned to training in January 2012. She withdrew from the 2012 European Championships because she was not able to skate full programs prior to the championships but competed at the 2012 World Championships in late March.  Hecken competed at the 2012 Skate America. She won her fourth German national title, in Hamburg in December 2012, but lost the direct qualification for the European Championships versus Nathalie Weinzierl.

Competitive highlights.

"GP: Grand Prix; CS: Challenger Series (began in the 2014–15 season); JGP: Junior Grand Prix"

Sarah Stefanie Hecken (born 27 August 1993) is a German figure skater. She is a four-time German national champion (2008, 2010, 2011 and 2013) and has won twelve senior international medals, including six gold. She has placed as high as 11th at the World Championships. Her first international victory was at the 2007 Junior Grand Prix event in Germany.

Sarah Hecken (* 27. August 1993 in Mannheim) ist eine ehemalige deutsche Eiskunstläuferin, die im Einzellauf startete. Sie ist deutsche Meisterin der Jahre 2008, 2010, 2011 und 2013.


Club career.

Early career.

Luković started his career at hometown club Sloga Kraljevo. In 2002, he was signed by Crvena Zvezda. He played his first UEFA Cup match on 15 August 2002 after he substituted Nemanja Vidić at second half. Crvena Zvezda won 2–0 to FC Kairat.

Udinese.

In mid-2006, after signing a pre-contract with Udinese, Luković was on loan to Ascoli from Red Star Belgrade in order for the club to "borrow" the non-EU registration quota of Ascoli for Udinese. He was "loaned" to Udinese from Ascoli in January transfer window.  On 27 January 2007, he played his first Serie A match for Udinese against Torino.  He was signed permanently in mid-2007 by Udinese from Red Star.

Zenit St. Petersburg.

On 29 July 2010, it was officially announced that Luković signed a four-year contract with FC Zenit Saint Petersburg for undisclosed fee. Initially he was a constant starter for the team but eventually got reduced playing time with the arrival of Domenico Criscito to the club for left-back position.

Return to Red Star Belgrade.

After several consecutive transfer windows of rumors regarding his return, it was announced on 29 December 2014 that Luković signed a 2.5-year contract with Red Star. On 6 February 2015, in a friendly match against Rubin Kazan, Luković suffered a serious injury which sidelined him until the summer of 2015. On 23 August 2015, Luković finally made his first appearance for Red Star since his injury, and was applauded by the whole stadium when he came in as a substitute for Savo Pavićević. After the end of contract with club in summer 2017, Luković left the club as a free agent. In July same year, Luković retired from playing football professionally.

International career.

He made his international debut against Poland on 15 August 2005. He played a part during 2010 World Cup qualifying and mostly partnered Nemanja Vidić in central defense as Aleksandar Kolarov was preferred at left back. He was sent off in Serbia's opening 2010 World Cup match against Ghana on 13 June 2010.  In March 2011, two weeks before a crucial Euro 2012 qualifier against Northern Ireland, Luković surprised everyone by deciding to retire from the national team at the age of 28, choosing to focus on his club Zenit. On the same occasion, his teammate Danko Lazović also made the same announcement.

Honours.

Club.

Red Star Belgrade  Zenit St. Petersburg

Aleksandar Luković (Serbian Cyrillic: Александар Луковић; born 23 October 1982) is a Serbian former footballer who played as a defender for the Serbian national team and Red Star Belgrade. He appeared in the 2010 World Cup.

Aleksandar Luković (* 23. Oktober 1982 in Kraljevo, SFR Jugoslawien) ist ein ehemaliger serbischer Fußballspieler. Er ist Verteidiger und derzeitiger Nationalspieler. Im Sommer 2010 verpflichtete ihn der russische Klub Zenit Sankt Petersburg. Vorher war er beim italienischen Erstliga-Verein Udinese Calcio unter Vertrag, nachdem er bereits bei Ascoli Calcio in Italien und bei Roter Stern Belgrad sowie Sloga Kraljevo und Jedinstvo Ub in seiner Heimat aktiv war.


Personal life.

Paolo Berlusconi is the third child in a middle class Milan family and the younger brother of Silvio Berlusconi. He has four children, two from his first marriage with Mariella Bocciardo (Alessia and Luna Roberta), and two from his second marriage with Antonia Rosa (Davide Luigi and Nicole). In 1996, he divorced his second wife and since 2000 he had relationship with the model Katia Noventa and from 2001 to 2006 with the showgirl Natalia Estrada.

Career.

In 1990, an Italian law was passed that prohibited the simultaneous ownership of a newspaper and a television station (the Mammi Law). Thereafter Silvio Berlusconi, owner of three television channels and the daily "Il Giornale", ceded control of the newspaper to his brother Paolo. Silvio kept a minority interest through the Mondadori group., Paolo is still the co-owner of Società Europea di Edizioni, the publisher of "Il Giornale".  Since the early nineties, the Paolo Berlusconi Finanziaria S.r.l (PBF) bought part of Fininvest as well as directly investing in various other sectors such as construction (Italcantieri), real estate (gruppo Edilnord), textile (Zambieti) and media (Solari.com S.r.l). In 2011, PBF strengthened its influence in the publishing sector by acquiring a majority share of the newspaper "Il Foglio", taking over the 38% of the shares held by Veronica Lario, the second wife of Silvio Berlusconi.  On 3 February 2013 Paolo Berlusconi, in his capacity as vice-chairman of A.C. Milan, appeared to be caught on video referring to footballer Mario Balotelli in racially derogatory terms. Berlusconi claimed the remarks were meant to be affectionate and not derogatory.

Judicial inquiries.

In 2002, Paolo Berlusconi was charged with fraud and corruption for his involvement as head of Simec in a landfill scandal in Cerro Maggiore near Milan. He was conditionally sentenced to one year and nine months in prison and fined a sum of 49 million euro.  In June 2009, Paolo Berlusconi and the S.E.G. (Societa Europea Golf) had to pay 4.5 million euro in compensation and 150000 euro in legal fees to the commune of Pieve Emanuele.  On 12 January 2010, he was sentenced to 4 months in prison for falsifying invoices.

Paolo Berlusconi (born 6 December 1949 in Milan, Italy) is the younger brother of the former Italian prime minister Silvio Berlusconi. He is the publisher of the newspaper "Il Giornale" and the head of the investment group Paolo Berlusconi Finanzaria.

Paolo Berlusconi (* 6. Dezember 1949 in Mailand) ist ein italienischer Unternehmer und der jüngere Bruder von Silvio Berlusconi. Im Jahr 1990 zwang ein neues Medien-Gesetz (die "legge Mammì") Silvio Berlusconi, die Kontrolle über seine Tageszeitung Il Giornale abzugeben. Neuer Besitzer und Herausgeber wurde daraufhin sein Bruder Paolo.