Career.

Petteri Taalas is the Secretary-General of the World Meteorological Organization. His four-year term started 1 January 2016. He has a mandate from WMO Members to develop activities that give greater support to Weather, Climate and Water services, research and development institutions and the private sector. Investments in weather and climate early warning services offer a powerful means to adapt to climate variability and change in time scales ranging from minutes to decades. Taalas has been in charge of a historical reform of the WMO constituent bodies and their working practices. E.g. the former eight technical commissions are now merged to two to promote holistic weather-climate-water-oceans-environment observing systems and services. Better engagement of private sector and world leading scientific experts, as well as key partner organizations is a part of the reform. Also reallocation of the Secretariat resources from administration to scientific and technical expertise is under way.  UN Secretary General Antonio Guterres has appointed Taalas as his climate principal as well as co-chair of the UN climate scientific advisory group. Taalas is active communicator of climate observations and science. He prefers modest and science based climate mitigation and adaptation efforts and understands the political sensitivity of related actions.  Over his career, Taalas has been an adept of change management to enhance efficiency in the various organizations with which he worked, including research institutes, government agencies, universities and private companies. It is his ambition to do so again as WMO Secretary-General. Taalas is motivated to support the developing countries and countries in economic transition, especially through project implementation, for example, in Africa, small-island developing states in the Pacific and Caribbean and in southeast Europe. This motivation guided his career prior to his appointment as WMO Secretary-General, while serving as the Director-General of the Finnish Meteorological Institute (from 2002-2015, excluding 2005-2007) and when he was Director of Development and Regional Activities at WMO from 2005-2007.  He has extensive experience in managing national and international expert organizations with demonstrated ability to enhance efficiency and implement innovation while maintaining high customer and staff satisfaction. He has a strong scientific background with an emphasis on atmospheric sciences. He has authored about 50 publications on global climate change, satellite methodologies and atmospheric chemistry.  Taalas has held several positions and board memberships in both national and international organizations, serving as a member of the WMO Executive Council and the European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Council, and he is past Chairman of both the EUMETSAT (2010-2014) and the EUMETNET (2003-2005) Councils. He was the first Chairman of the Board of the University of Eastern Finland (2009-2015), which was formed by merging the Universities of Kuopio and Joensuu. He was also on the advisory board and on the board of directors of Fortum energy company (2010-2015), one of the leading low carbon energy providers in Northern Europe.  During his term as the Director General of the Finnish Meteorological Institute external funding level doubled, customer and staff satisfactions rose to high levels and the amount of scientific publications tripled. To this date, FMI, one of the most advanced medium-sized weather and marine service organizations, continues to actively assists its sister organizations worldwide. Taalas has also served as a research professor and scientist at FMI dealing with global change, satellites, atmospheric chemistry and UV radiation.  As the WMO director he was reorganizing the WMO Development co-operation to pay more attention to services for members and resource mobilizing for assisting the less developed Members and their national meteorological and hydrological services.

Studies.

Taalas studied meteorology, physics, physical chemistry and international development at the University of Helsinki. He was awarded a PhD in Meteorology by the Helsinki University Physics Department in 1993, following presentation of his thesis on Arctic and Antarctic stratospheric and lower atmospheric ozone. In 1997, he became a docent at the University of Eastern Finland, and also gave lectures at University of Helsinki and Helsinki University for Technology on atmospheric dynamics, global change and Earth Observations. He also pursued management training at Helsinki University on Economics in 1998 and 2004 as well as public sector management in 2003. Prior to that he studied International management at Leonardo da Vinci University in Paris in 1996.  After his military service and training at the Naval Academy, he became a reserve officer in 1981 and a reserve captain in 2003, following a National Defense Course. Finnish is his mother tongue. He is fluent in English, has moderate skills in German and Swedish, and basic skills in Russian and French.

Life and family.

Born in Helsinki, Finland, in 1961, Taalas married Anni Taalas, nee Minkkinen, in 1986. They have two sons (born 1990 and 1996) and three daughters (1993, 1993 and 2000). He speaks fluent English and Finnish, moderate German and Swedish and basic French and Russian.

Hobbies.

Cross-country skiing, bicycling, swimming, hunting, gardening, nature.

Petteri Taalas (born 3 July 1961 in Helsinki, Finland) is the Secretary-general of the World Meteorological Organization, headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland. Appointed in 2015 by the World Meteorological Congress, the supreme body of the Organization, he took up the four-year Secretary-General term on 1 January 2016, and was re-elected to a second four year term on 13 June 2019. He was director general of the Finnish Meteorological Institute from 2002 to 2005 and 2007 to 2015.

Petteri Taalas (geb. 1961) ist ein finnischer Meteorologe. Er ist seit 2016 Nachfolger Michel Jarrauds als Generalsekretär der Weltwetterorganisation (WMO).


Early life.

Robinson was born in Sydney, Australia, the second of three children of Sarah and David Robinson. Her parents moved to Queenstown permanently when Robinson was aged four. She started her ski racing career at Coronet Peak with the Queenstown Alpine Ski Team and later also trained with the Sugar Bowl Ski Team and Academy based in Tahoe, California during the northern hemisphere winter. From 2016 Robinson has been coached predominately by former New Zealand Olympian Tim Cafe. She currently attends Wakatipu High School in Queenstown.  Robinson won the Under-14 and Under-16 New Zealand titles before beginning her international career. In April 2015 she won the ladies’ U14 Giant Slalom and Parallel Slalom at the Whistler Cup (which is one of the largest and most important junior ski races on the international calendar) held in Canada. and in 2017 she won the U16 Giant Slalom and finished second in Slalom at ‘Pokal Loka in Kranjska Gora, Slovenia. She also won the USSA U16 National Championship Giant Slalom held at Snowbird, Utah and took second place in the Super G.

2018 season.

In her debut FIS race on 30 July 2017 at Cardrona, she finished 3rd. The next day at the same venue she won the giant slalom race.  On 10 August 2017, Robinson at the age of 15, won the New Zealand Alpine National Championships for slalom and giant slalom at Coronet Peak. On 16 December 2017, she won her first North America Cup (NorAm) Giant Slalom race in Panorama, Canada. Her 8.70 FIS point result is the best any New Zealand skier has achieved in their first year of senior competition. Robinson made her World Cup debut on 6 January 2018, in a giant slalom at Kranjska Gora in Slovenia finishing in 42nd place, and missing the cut to qualify for a second run by just 0.97s. Three days later Robinson won a FIS giant slalom race in Gaal, Austria in which she scored 11.90 FIS points, ranking her inside the top 70 in the world at the time.  On 28 January 2018, Robinson was selected for New Zealand team for the PyeongChang 2018 Olympic Winter Games alongside fellow alpine skiers Adam Barwood and Willis Feasey. She is New Zealand's youngest ever Winter Olympian, being 16 years and 70 days when the games began. At the Olympics Robinson was coached by former alpine Olympians Tim Cafe and Ben Griffin. Robinson finished 35th out of 81 skiers in the giant slalom, the best result for a New Zealander in giant slalom at the Olympics since Fiona Johnson and Anna Archibald finished 30th and 32nd at the 1980 Winter Olympics at Lake Placid, New York. She failed to finish the first run of the slalom event.

2019 season.

On 27 August 2018, Robinson won the Audi Quattro Winter Games NZ FIS Australia New Zealand Cup (ANC) Giant Slalom. On 5 September 2018 she won the New Zealand Alpine National Championships for Super-G as well as two Australia New Zealand Cup Super G races held at Mt Hutt.  On 2 February 2019, at the World Cup giant slalom in Maribor, Slovenia Robinson finished in 25th place on the first run, becoming the first New Zealander to qualify for the second run (in World Cup racing only the top 30 racers qualify for a second run). She failed to finish the second run. On 9 February, at aged 17, she won the European Cup Giant Slalom in Berchtesgaden, Germany, becoming the first New Zealand athlete to do so since Claudia Riegler in 2001.  At the 2019 World Championships at Åre in Sweden in February, at age 17, she won the U21 category and finished 17th in the ladies' giant slalom, having the fastest time in the second run. This was the best result for a New Zealand alpine ski racer since Claudia Riegler and Annelise Coberger.  Less than a week later, at the Junior World Championships in Val di Fassa, Italy, Robinson won the giant slalom by more than a second, becoming the first New Zealander to win a gold medal in the 38-year history of the Junior World Championships. She also finished in 15th-place finish in the Super-G.  On 8 March 2019, at the World Cup giant slalom in Spindleruv Mlyn, Czech Republic Robinson finished 16th in a 70 strong field earning 15 World Cup points, the first in her career.  On 12 March 2019, at the European Cup Finals Super G in Sella Nevea, Italy Robinson finished second place, 0.12 s behind the winner.  On 17 March 2019, Robinson competed at the World Cup Final Giant Slalom held in Grandvalira Soldeu, Andorra. She earned the right to compete in the Finals by virtue of winning the Junior World Championships Giant Slalom the month prior. At aged 17 she finished on the podium at the World Cup for the first time in her career, finishing 0.30 s behind Mikaela Shiffrin. This silver medal was the first podium at a FIS Alpine World Cup for a New Zealand athlete since Claudia Riegler in Slalom in 2002.  Robinson was named the Otago Junior Sportswoman of Year at the 2019 Otago Sports Awards. Her coach, Tim Cafe, was also named as the Otago Coach of the Year.  On 24 June 2019, it was announced that Robinson was splitting from Tim Cafe who has coached her for the previous eight years citing a need for World Cup-level coaching. Chris Knight and Jeff Fergus, who formed the International Ski Racing Academy in 2018 are now Robinson's full-time coaches. Knight and Fergus previously coached the United States women's team which included four-time overall World Cup champion Lindsey Vonn.

2020 season.

Robinson began the 2020 season ranked a career best 10th in the World in Giant Slalom. She won both the giant slalom and the slalom at the 2019 New Zealand Alpine National Championships. On 28 August 2019, Robinson won two Australia New Zealand Cup (ANC) Super G races held at Coronet Peak. These results mean that she holds the yellow Super G ANC bib for the 2020 Northern Hemisphere race season. On 30 August 2019, Robinson finished second in a ANC Giant Slalom race and was awardered the Janey Blair Memorial Trophy for being the fastest finishing New Zealand female. On 28 September 2019, Robinson won the New Zealand Alpine ski racer athlete of the year award at Snow Sports New Zealand awards.  On 26 October 2019, Robinson won her first Alpine World Cup race in giant slalom on the Rettenbach glacier in Sölden, Austria. She defeated reigning World Champion Mikaela Shiffrin by 0.06 seconds. This is the first World Cup victory in any discipline for a New Zealander since Claudia Riegler in 1997, and the first-ever women's World Cup giant slalom victory for a skier from New Zealand. She also became the youngest woman from any nation to win the Sölden World Cup race. It was later revealed that she won this race while suffering from bone bruising to the knee following a training crash in the lead up. On 7 November 2019 Robinson announced that this injury would prevent her from starting the next giant slalom World Cup race in Killington, Vermont but she recovered faster than expected and started the event, crashing in the opening run. Robinson won her second career World Cup giant slalom race in Kransjska Gora, Slovenia beating Petra Vlhova by 0.34 seconds on 15 February 2020. She is the first teenager since Mateja Svet in the 1987/1988 season to win multiple giant slaloms in a single World Cup season. On 18 February Robinson became the joint world number one ranked skier in women's Giant Slalom alongside Federica Brignone, Mikaela Shiffrin and Petra Vlhova. She is the first New Zealander to achieve this feat in any discipline. Robinson finished fourth in Super G at the FIS Junior World Ski Championships held at Narvik, Norway.  Robinson won the Sky Sport Emerging Talent Award at the 2019 Halberg Awards. For the second year in a row Robinson was named the Mercy Hospital Junior Sports Woman of the Year at the 2020 ASB Otago Sports Awards ahead of snowboarder Zoi Sadowski-Synnott.

Alice Robinson (born 1 December 2001) is a New Zealand alpine ski racer. At age 16, she competed in the women's giant slalom at the 2018 Winter Olympics.

Alice Robinson (* 1. Dezember 2001 in Sydney, Australien) ist eine neuseeländische Skirennläuferin. Die mehrfache neuseeländische Meisterin startet überwiegend in den technischen Disziplinen Riesenslalom und Slalom. 2019 gewann sie im Riesenslalom als erste Neuseeländerin einen Titel bei Juniorenweltmeisterschaften.


Overview.

Spectrum analysis, also referred to as frequency domain analysis or spectral density estimation, is the technical process of decomposing a complex signal into simpler parts. As described above, many physical processes are best described as a sum of many individual frequency components. Any process that quantifies the various amounts (e.g. amplitudes, powers, intensities) versus frequency (or phase) can be called spectrum analysis.  Spectrum analysis can be performed on the entire signal. Alternatively, a signal can be broken into short segments (sometimes called "frames"), and spectrum analysis may be applied to these individual segments. Periodic functions (such as formula_1) are particularly well-suited for this sub-division. General mathematical techniques for analyzing non-periodic functions fall into the category of Fourier analysis.  The Fourier transform of a function produces a frequency spectrum which contains all of the information about the original signal, but in a different form. This means that the original function can be completely reconstructed ("synthesized") by an inverse Fourier transform. For perfect reconstruction, the spectrum analyzer must preserve both the amplitude and phase of each frequency component. These two pieces of information can be represented as a 2-dimensional vector, as a complex number, or as magnitude (amplitude) and phase in polar coordinates (i.e., as a phasor). A common technique in signal processing is to consider the squared amplitude, or power; in this case the resulting plot is referred to as a power spectrum.  Because of reversibility, the Fourier transform is called a "representation" of the function, in terms of frequency instead of time; thus, it is a frequency domain representation. Linear operations that could be performed in the time domain have counterparts that can often be performed more easily in the frequency domain. Frequency analysis also simplifies the understanding and interpretation of the effects of various time-domain operations, both linear and non-linear. For instance, only non-linear or time-variant operations can create new frequencies in the frequency spectrum.  In practice, nearly all software and electronic devices that generate frequency spectra utilize a discrete Fourier transform (DFT), which operates on samples of the signal, and which provides a mathematical approximation to the full integral solution. The DFT is almost invariably implemented by an efficient algorithm called "fast Fourier transform" (FFT). The squared-magnitude components of a DFT are a type of power spectrum called periodogram, which is widely used for examining the frequency characteristics of noise-free functions such as filter impulse responses and window functions. But the periodogram does not provide processing-gain when applied to noiselike signals or even sinusoids at low signal-to-noise ratios. In other words, the variance of its spectral estimate at a given frequency does not decrease as the number of samples used in the computation increases. This can be mitigated by averaging over time (Welch's method) or over frequency (smoothing). Welch's method is widely used for spectral density estimation (SDE). However, periodogram-based techniques introduce small biases that are unacceptable in some applications. So other alternatives are presented in the next section.

Techniques.

Many other techniques for spectral estimation have been developed to mitigate the disadvantages of the basic periodogram. These techniques can generally be divided into "non-parametric" and "parametric" methods. The non-parametric approaches explicitly estimate the covariance or the spectrum of the process without assuming that the process has any particular structure. Some of the most common estimators in use for basic applications (e.g. Welch's method) are non-parametric estimators closely related to the periodogram. By contrast, the parametric approaches assume that the underlying stationary stochastic process has a certain structure that can be described using a small number of parameters (for example, using an auto-regressive or moving average model). In these approaches, the task is to estimate the parameters of the model that describes the stochastic process.  Following is a partial list of non-parametric spectral density estimation techniques:  Below is a partial list of parametric techniques:

Parametric estimation.

In parametric spectral estimation, one assumes that the signal is modeled by a stationary process which has a spectral density function (SDF) formula_2 that is a function of the frequency formula_3 and formula_4 parameters formula_5. The estimation problem then becomes one of estimating these parameters.  The most common form of parametric SDF estimate uses as a model an autoregressive model formula_6 of order formula_4. A signal sequence formula_8 obeying a zero mean formula_6 process satisfies the equation  where the formula_11 are fixed coefficients and formula_12 is a white noise process with zero mean and "innovation variance" formula_13. The SDF for this process is  with formula_15 the sampling time interval and formula_16 the Nyquist frequency.  There are a number of approaches to estimating the parameters formula_17 of the formula_6 process and thus the spectral density:  Alternative parametric methods include fitting to a moving average model (MA) and to a full autoregressive moving average model (ARMA).

Frequency estimation.

Frequency estimation is the process of estimating the complex frequency components of a signal in the presence of noise given assumptions about the number of the components. This contrasts with the general methods above, which do not make prior assumptions about the components.

Finite number of tones.

A typical model for a signal formula_21 consists of a sum of formula_4 complex exponentials in the presence of white noise, formula_23 The power spectral density of formula_21 is composed of formula_4 impulse functions in addition to the spectral density function due to noise.  The most common methods for frequency estimation involve identifying the noise subspace to extract these components. These methods are based on eigen decomposition of the autocorrelation matrix into a signal subspace and a noise subspace. After these subspaces are identified, a frequency estimation function is used to find the component frequencies from the noise subspace. The most popular methods of noise subspace based frequency estimation are Pisarenko's method, the multiple signal classification (MUSIC) method, the eigenvector method, and the minimum norm method.

Single tone.

If one only wants to estimate the single loudest frequency, one can use a pitch detection algorithm. If the dominant frequency changes over time, then the problem becomes the estimation of the instantaneous frequency as defined in the time–frequency representation. Methods for instantaneous frequency estimation include those based on the Wigner-Ville distribution and higher order ambiguity functions.  If one wants to know "all" the (possibly complex) frequency components of a received signal (including transmitted signal and noise), one uses a discrete Fourier transform or some other Fourier-related transform.

Example calculation.

Suppose formula_31, from formula_32 to formula_33 is a time series (discrete time) with zero mean. Suppose that it is a sum of a finite number of periodic components (all frequencies are positive):  The variance of formula_31 is, for a zero-mean function as above, given by  If these data were samples taken from an electrical signal, this would be its average power (power is energy per unit time, so it is analogous to variance if energy is analogous to the amplitude squared).  Now, for simplicity, suppose the signal extends infinitely in time, so we pass to the limit as formula_37 If the average power is bounded, which is almost always the case in reality, then the following limit exists and is the variance of the data.  Again, for simplicity, we will pass to continuous time, and assume that the signal extends infinitely in time in both directions. Then these two formulas become  and  The root mean square of formula_41 is formula_42, so the variance of formula_43 is formula_44 Hence, the contribution to the average power of formula_45 coming from the component with frequency formula_46 is formula_47 All these contributions add up to the average power of formula_48  Then the power as a function of frequency is formula_49 and its statistical cumulative distribution function formula_50 will be  formula_52 is a step function, monotonically non-decreasing. Its jumps occur at the frequencies of the periodic components of formula_53, and the value of each jump is the power or variance of that component.  The variance is the covariance of the data with itself. If we now consider the same data but with a lag of formula_54, we can take the covariance of formula_45 with formula_56, and define this to be the autocorrelation function formula_57 of the signal (or data) formula_53:  If it exists, it is an even function of formula_60 If the average power is bounded, then formula_57 exists everywhere, is finite, and is bounded by formula_62 which is the average power or variance of the data.  It can be shown that formula_57 can be decomposed into periodic components with the same periods as formula_53:  This is in fact the spectral decomposition of formula_57 over the different frequencies, and is related to the distribution of power of formula_53 over the frequencies: the amplitude of a frequency component of formula_57 is its contribution to the average power of the signal.  The power spectrum of this example is not continuous, and therefore does not have a derivative, and therefore this signal does not have a power spectral density function. In general, the power spectrum will usually be the sum of two parts: a line spectrum such as in this example, which is not continuous and does not have a density function, and a residue, which is absolutely continuous and does have a density function.

In statistical signal processing, the goal of spectral density estimation (SDE) is to estimate the spectral density (also known as the power spectral density) of a random signal from a sequence of time samples of the signal. Intuitively speaking, the spectral density characterizes the frequency content of the signal. One purpose of estimating the spectral density is to detect any periodicities in the data, by observing peaks at the frequencies corresponding to these periodicities.

Die Spektraldichte eines stationären stochastischen Prozesses erlaubt tiefe Einblicke in die Struktur des Prozesses, insbesondere wenn es sich um Erkenntnisse über Periodizitäten handelt. Es ist also sehr wichtig, dass aus gegebenen Daten, z. B. einer konkreten Zeitreihe, die Spektraldichte gut geschätzt werden kann. Grundlage der meisten Schätzer ist das Periodogramm, das auf Arthur Schuster 1898 zurückgeht.


History.

The area to become known as Kennett Square was originally inhabited by the Lenape Native Americans. Once colonized, the town was named Kennet Square, with the name "Kennet", England, and "Square" coming from the original land grant from William Penn of one square mile. General Sir William Howe marched through Kennett to the Battle of Brandywine during the American Revolution. It was also known as an important part of the Underground Railroad, which helped slaves escaping to the North for freedom. Many of its prominent citizens helped slaves escape on the Underground Railroad. In 1853, a group asked for Kennett Square to be incorporated, and by 1855 it held elections.  Kennett Square's founder is credited with introducing mushroom growing to the area. He grew carnations, a popular local commodity around 1885, and wanted to make use of the wasted space under the elevated beds. He imported spawn from Europe and started experimenting with mushroom cultivation.  Kennett Square is the subject and setting of the novel "The Story of Kennett", written by 19th-century American author Bayard Taylor, who lived nearby at Cedarcroft.

Geography.

Kennett Square is located at (39.844104, −75.710654).  According to the United States Census Bureau, the borough has a total area of, all of it land other than two small lakes.

Demographics.

At the 2010 census, the borough was 42.8% non-Hispanic White, 7.2% Black or African American, 0.4% Native American, 0.8% Asian, and 3.3% were two or more races. 48.8% of the population were of Hispanic or Latino ancestry.  As of the census of 2010, there were 6,072 people, 1,868 households, and 1,242 families residing in the borough. The population density was 4,679.2 people per square mile (1,801.7/km2). There were 1,967 housing units at an average density of 1,745.5 per square mile (672.1/km2). The racial makeup of the borough was 73.58% White, 10.26% African American, 0.09% Native American, 1.63% Asian, 12.48% from other races, and 1.95% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 27.88% of the population.  There were 1,868 households, out of which 30.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 48.2% were married couples living together, 11.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.5% were non-families. Of all households 28.2% were made up of individuals, and 11.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.77 and the average family size was 3.39.  In the borough the population was spread out, with 24.8% under the age of 18, 10.2% from 18 to 24, 31.0% from 25 to 44, 20.1% from 45 to 64, and 13.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.8 males.  The median income for a household in the borough was $46,523, and the median income for a family was $54,948. Males had a median income of $35,978 versus $27,246 for females. The per capita income for the borough was $22,292. About 7.5% of families and 9.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 11.9% of those under age 18 and 10.4% of those age 65 or over.

Government.

The borough is governed by the Council-Manager form of government. There are seven Council Members and a mayor who are elected by the citizens. The Borough Manager is an employee of the Borough, hired by the Council. The present interim Borough manager is Joseph Scalise.

Events.

The Kennett Mushroom Festival is held annually in early September. The festival has been highlighted on Food TV. Annual parades are held on Memorial Day, Halloween, and before the Christmas holidays. Kennett Square celebrates Cinco de Mayo, which is organized by Casa Guanajuato, and other local companies. A free summer concert series is held on Wednesday evenings at the beautiful (over 100 acre) Anson B Nixon park. In mid-May, the famous Kennett Run occurs that ends at the Park pavilion. The Kennett Brewfest is held each Fall, featuring unlimited tastings of select brewers pouring different, rare, exclusive, limited, or seasonal beers. The local art galleries, studios, and independent boutiques participate in First Friday Art Strolls each month, presented by Historic Kennett Square. During temperate months there is an outdoor farmers market at the Genesis Walkway on State St. every Friday afternoon. These are but a few of the events for families and visitors throughout the year.

Education.

Kennett Square schools are all part of the Kennett Consolidated School District. This grouping of districts was the first consolidation of schools in the history of Pennsylvania. Students enrolled in kindergarten attend the Mary D. Lang Kindergarten Center. Grades 1 through 5 attend either Greenwood Elementary, Bancroft Elementary or New Garden Elementary. For grades 6 through 8, all students attend Kennett Middle School. For grades 9 through 12, students then attend Kennett High School.  Some homes, north of the US Route 1 by-pass, just north of Kennett Square but not in the Kennett Square borough limits, are assigned to the Unionville-Chadds Ford School District. Unionville High school, the only one in the Unionville-Chadds Ford School District, is located on Unionville Road (Pennsylvania State Route 82) approximately 2 miles north of the Borough of Kennett Square.  In 2012 the Catholic grade school St. Patrick closed.

Media.

Kennett Square has three newspapers which cover local news, The Chester County Press (website), covering portions of the county, the Kennett Paper, (website), covering Kennett Square and environs, and the Daily Local News, a daily, covering the entire county. There are also two print magazines, Fig Kennett (figkennett.com) and Kennett Square Today (website).

Kennett Square is a borough in Chester County, Pennsylvania, United States. It is known as the Mushroom Capital of the World because mushroom farming in the region produces over 500 million pounds of mushrooms a year, totaling half of the United States mushroom crop. To celebrate this heritage, Kennett Square has an annual Mushroom Festival, where the town shuts down to have a parade, tour mushroom farms, and buy and sell food and other goods. Kennett Square is a suburb of Philadelphia, about 30 miles from Center City. It is also home to the corporate headquarters of Genesis HealthCare which administers elderly care facilities. The local high school is Kennett High School. Its population was 6,072 at the 2010 census.

Kennett Square ist eine selbstverwaltete Stadt in Chester County, Pennsylvania. Beim United States Census 2010 hatte sie 6072 Einwohner. Kennett Square gilt als Pilz-Hauptstadt der Welt, da in der Region täglich über eine Million Pfund Speisepilze produziert werden.


Playing career.

Growing up in Burnaby, B.C., Nonis played junior hockey with the Burnaby Bluehawks of the BCJHL in 1982–83. He then began collegiate hockey in the NCAA at the University of Maine, playing 153 games from 1984 through 1988. Nonis spent his final two years for the Bears as team captain, leading Maine to back-to-back NCAA championship tournaments. After completing his Bachelor of Arts degree in 1988, Nonis played a year of professional hockey for Aalborg (AaB) in the Danish Hockey League. In 1989, he returned to the University of Maine as an assistant coach for one season.

Executive career.

Nonis replaced Brian Burke as the Vancouver Canucks' general manager in 2004. At 37 years old, he was the youngest general manager in team history. Prior to being GM for the Canucks, he spent six years working closely with Burke as senior vice-president and director of hockey operations for the franchise. In three seasons as general manager, his most significant transaction was trading for superstar goaltender Roberto Luongo from the Florida Panthers at the conclusion of his first season as GM.  Upon the completion of the 2007–08 season, the Canucks missed the playoffs for the second time in three seasons; subsequently, on April 14, 2008, Nonis was relieved of his duties as general manager of the Canucks.  Two months later, on June 21, 2008, Nonis was hired as senior advisor of hockey operations for the Anaheim Ducks, reuniting with longtime boss Brian Burke, who had been General Manager of the Ducks since 2005.  On December 4, 2008, Nonis accepted the position of senior vice-president and director of hockey operations of the Toronto Maple Leafs. Nonis accepted the post and it marked the third time he served under Brian Burke. On May 10, 2010 he signed an extension to keep his position through the 2011-12 season.  On January 9, 2013, Nonis was named general manager of the Toronto Maple Leafs after Burke was relieved of his duties. Under Nonis, the Maple Leafs made the 2013 playoffs for the first time since 2004. However, after two disappointing seasons, Nonis was relieved of his duties on April 12, 2015, one day after the 2014-15 regular season ended, along with head coach Peter Horachek, assistant coaches Steve Spott and Chris Denis, and goaltending coach Rick St. Croix.  On July 3, 2015, the Anaheim Ducks announced they had hired Nonis as a special assignment scout and a consultant to the team's general manager, Bob Murray.

Family.

David is married to Susan, with whom he has one son, Nicholas. He has two brothers and a sister and is also a second cousin of sportscaster Darren Dreger of TSN.

David M. Nonis (born May 25, 1966) is a Canadian former ice hockey defenceman. He is a special assignment scout for the Anaheim Ducks of the National Hockey League (NHL) and serves as a consultant to the team's general manager, Bob Murray.

David „Dave“ Nonis (* 25. Mai 1966 in Burnaby, British Columbia) ist ein ehemaliger kanadischer Eishockeyspieler und derzeitiger -funktionär. Seine aktive Karriere endete bereits nach vier Jahren an der University of Maine und einer Spielzeit in Dänemark, sodass er anschließend vor allem als General Manager der Vancouver Canucks (2004–2008) und der Toronto Maple Leafs (2013–2015) aus der National Hockey League bekannt wurde. Seit Juli 2015 fungiert er als Berater bei den Anaheim Ducks aus der NHL.


Biography.

Early and education.

Jehangir Karamat was born on 20 February 1941 in Karachi, Sindh in India, into a Kakazai Pashtun family who initially hailed from Montgomery in Punjab (now Sahiwal, Punjab).  His father, Karamat Ahmad, was an officer in the Indian Civil Service with the Indian government who would later embarked his career as a bureaucrat in the Government of Pakistan after the partition of India in 1947.  After educating and graduating from the St. Patrick's High School in Karachi in 1958, Karamat joined the Pakistan Army when accepting at the Pakistan Military Academy (PMA) in Kakul in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa. His mother moved with him in Kakul to overlook his education, and passed out with a class of 24th PMA Long Course, standing as a top-ranking cadet at Kakul when he conferred with the Sword of Honor in 1961.  In 1961, Karamat gained commissioned as 2nd-Lt in the 13th Lancers of the Corps of Armoured.  In 1969, Capt. Karamat was directed to attend the Command and Staff College in Quetta where he was noted for his intellect and competence at every level of courses he took as required in the curriculum. In 1971, Capt. Karamat graduated and qualified as the psc.  After the third war with India in 1971, Major Karamat was among the one the last military officers who were sent to the United States to study at the U.S. Army's Command and General Staff College at Fort Leavenworth in Kansas.  Upon his graduation from the U.S. Army's Command and General Staff College, Major Karamat was then directed to attend the National Defence University where he graduated and gained the MSc in the International Relations in 1976–77. In 1976, Karamat completed his MSc in International Relations from there; and following his return, Karamat completed his master's programme at the National Defence University. In 1978–80, Major Karamat attained the MSc in War studies where his master's thesis argued and enlightened on the failure of performance of armed forces in third war with India 1971.

During the Indo-Pakistani wars.

In 1963, Lt. Karamat was posted in his Armoured Corps to initially commanding a formation of main battle tanks. In 1965, Lt. Karamat commanded an infantry platoon during the second war with India in the Akhnur Sector in the Indian-administered Kashmir. Lt. Karamat's platoon was the first unit that had penetrated into the enemy territory, which encouraged backup military companies to move forward into the enemy territory. In this war performance, the 13th Lancers had suffered death of fourteen soldiers, including three officers, while twenty eight were wounded. For this action, the 13th Lancers was awarded the battle honour, "Dewa— Chumb and Jaurian of 1965", and was also awarded the title of "The Spearhead Regiment".  He progressed well in the army, eventually promoted to Captain in 1966; and elevated as Major in 1971. In 1971, Major Karamat commanded the company of the Aromoured Corps on the Western Front of the third war with India, defending the territories of Punjab, Pakistan against the approaching Indian Army.  During this time, Maj. Karamat was the commanding officer in the 15th Lancers attached to the Baloch Regiment, alongside with the 13th Lancers that was fighting in the Shakargarh area of Sialkot Sector, which is now known as Battle of Barapind. The regiment was awarded battle honour of "Bara Pind 1971".

Staff and war appointments.

In 1979–80, Lt-Col. Karamat was posted as an instructor at the Armed Forces War College (afwc) of the National Defence University (NDU), instructing on courses War studies. In 1981–83, Col. Karamat was moved at the Air War College, and did not take participation in the Soviet intervention in Afghanistan during his teaching assignments beforing promoting as one-star rank army general in the Pakistan Army.  In 1983–88, Brig. Karamat was appointed officer commanding of the Pakistan Armed Forces–Middle East Command, consisting of the joint armed branches in the Saudi Arabia. Initially stationed to cover the area of responsibility of Tabuk and Khamis Mushait in Saudi Arabia, Brig. Karamat Pakistan Armed Forces–Arab Contingent during the height of the Iran–Iraq War, protecting the territorial sovereignty of the Saudi Arabia. In 1988, Brig. Karamat returned from his combat duty, promoting to the two-star rank assignment at the Army GHQ. From 1988–1991, Major-General Karamat served as the DGl of the Directorate-General of the Military Operations (DGMO), where he was credited with playing a crucial role in advancing the fighting capabilities of the Pakistan Army while he planned numerous military exercises for Pakistan Army, and reviewed the contingency operations in Kargil sector.  In 1991, Maj-Gen. Karamat was appointed as Director-General of the Pakistan Army Rangers in Sindh but this appointment was short-lived when he was promoted to the three-star rank in 1992.  In 1992, Lieutenant-General Karamat was appointed as field command of the II Strike Corps, stationed in Multan, which he commanded until 1994. In 1994, Lt-Gen. Karamat was eventually elevated as the Chief of General Staff (CGS) at the Army GHQ under then-chief of army staff General Abdul Waheed Kakar. From 1993–96, Karamat continued to serve as honorary Colonel Commandant, and then Colonel-in-Chief—both ceremonial posts—of the Armoured Corps from 1996–98.  In 1995, Lt-Gen. Karamat rose to public prominence when he had the Military Intelligence (MI) to infiltrate within the Pakistan Army to apprehend the rogue culprits for attempting a coup d'état. Acting under orders from the General Karamat, DGMI Major-General Ali Kuli Khan monitored the activities of Major-General Zaheerul Islam Abbasi who himself was posted at the Army GHQ. The MI tapped the conversations and tracked down the culprits behind the coup. Upon revelation, Lieutenant-General Karamat forwarded the case and facilitated the high-ranking joint JAG court hearings at the specified military courts, and convened many proceedings while the hearings were heard by the military judges led by a Vice-Admiral. His actions were widely perceived in the country, and for his efforts, General Karamat was conferred with national honours in public conventions and state gatherings.

Chief of Army Staff.

After approving the retirement papers of General Kakar, Lieutenant-General Karamat was appointed the Chief of Army Staff by Prime Minister Benazir who approved the paperwork for this appointment on 18 December 1995. Per Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto's approval, President Farooq Leghari confirmed the promotion of Lieutenant-General Karamat to the four-star rank and was appointed as the Chief of Army Staff when General Kakar was due to retire on 12 January 1996.  At the time of his promotion, he was the senior most general at that time, and therefore at promotion to four-star general, he superseded no one. At the time of his promotion, there were four senior generals in the race to replace Kakar as Chief of Army Staff: Lieutenant-General Jehangir Karamat, chief of general staff (CGS); Lieutenant-General Nasir Akhtar, quartermaster general (QMG); Lieutenant-General Muhammad Tariq, inspector-general training and evaluation (IGT&E) at the GHQ; and Lieutenant-General Javed Ashraf Qazi, commander XXX Corps stationed in Gujranwala. As Chief of Army Staff, General Karamat tried to work with the Prime minister and President at once, but soon came to understand that the misconducts of politicians and bureaucrats would eventually lead to the dismissal of Benazir Bhutto's final government.  General Karamat reached to then-Speaker of the National Assembly Yousaf Raza Gillani and "leaked" an intelligence information and tried convincing Benazir Bhutto and President Leghari to resolve their issues, and emphasised on focused on good governance. At one point, General Karamat wrote:

Chairman of Joint Chiefs.

In 1997, Chairman joint chiefs Air Chief Marshal Farooq Feroze Khan was due retirement. On immediate basis, Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif appeared in news channels to confirmed General Karamat as the new Chairman joint chiefs. The appointment was met no resistance in the military, and General Karamat appointed as Chairman joint chiefs; he supersedes no one.  General Karamat drove Pakistan Armed Forces to focus on more professional duties rather than playing politics. Karamat worked on integrating Pakistan's military on a common platform, and had his staff worked on inter-services coordination in the battlefield. Karamat strengthened the joint work coordination and joint logistics of the military at the war time situations, resolving many issues that would hampered the performances of the inter-services in the war or peacetime situations.  As an aftermath of India's nuclear tests in 1998, General Karamat acted as principal military adviser to the government, aiding the Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif on military platform. At the telephonic meeting with the Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif, President Bill Clinton offered lucrative aid to Pakistan for not testing its devices; Prime Minister Sharif's response was inconclusive. President Bill Clinton described the meeting with the Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif to Strobe Talbott: "You can almost hear the guy [Sharif] wringing his hands and sweating."  With requests made by Strobe Talbott CENTCOM commander, General Anthony Zinni and US Chairman Joint chiefs General Henry Shelton, met with General Karamat to withdraw the decision to conduct nuclear test. Zinni'e meeting with Karamat was described by Strobe Talbott as less contentious. General Karamat and General Zinni were able to draw "soldier–to–soldier" bond. General Karamat made it clear that the final decision would be carried out by the civilian government. At the NSC cabinet meeting, the Pakistani government, military, scientific, and civilian officials were participating in a debate, broadening, and complicating the decision-making process. Although, General Karamat debated towards presenting the national security and military point of view, the final decision was left on Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif's say.  After the decision was made, General Karamat was notified of Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif's decision and asked the military to be stand-by orders. After providing the joint military logistics, the nuclear tests were eventually carried out on 28 May 1998, as Chagai-I, and on 30 May 1998 as codename: Chagai-II. As dawn broke over the Chagai mountains, Pakistan became the world's seventh nuclear power.

Removal from Chairman joint chiefs.

As the nuclear tests were conducted, there was a strong feelings in the military all together that any concession to India on Kashmir policy and other related issues would lead to a decline in the prestige and standing of the armed forces. After the failure to pass the fifteenth amendment to the Constitution, there were concerns raised by Benazir Bhutto and the Pakistan Peoples Party on Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif's absolute control over the politics, national security, and foreign policy.  On 6 October 1998, General Karamat who lectured at the Naval War College in Karachi on the civic-military relations and presented the idea on reestablishing the official National Security Council (NSC) where military could have representation in the country's politics. General Karamat openly spoke on the role of the internal intelligences, such as FIA and IB, carrying out vendettas-like operations against political opponents and insecurity-driven and expedient policies while Pakistan capsized, at the behest of the politicians. Prime Minister Sharif and his cabinet members perceived this idea as Chairman joint chiefs's interference in national politics, therefore Sharif forced to resign Karamat when he criticised Pakistan's political leadership and advocated a National Security Council that would give the military a constitutional role in running the country, similar to Turkey's. In 1998, Prime Minister Sharif decided to relieve General Karamat from the chairmanship of joint chiefs, eventually having him tender his resignation at the Prime Minister's Secretariat.  The relief of the famous and famed general by the popular politician led to a storm of public controversy. Many influential ministers and advisers in Prime Minister Sharif's circle saw this decision as "ill-considered" and "blunder" made by the Prime Minister. At the military, Admiral Fasih Bokhari (Chief of Naval Staff at that time) criticized General Karamat for resigning but Karamat defended his actions as "right thing" to do as he lost the confidence of a constitutionally and popularly elected Prime Minister.  As General Karamat received a full guard of honour retirement in a colorful ceremony as Chairman joint chiefs and chief of army staff, Prime Minister Sharif's mandate plummeted and his popularity waned as the majority of the public disapproved of the decision to relieve Karamat. Prime Minister Sharif's further suffered with wide public disapproval after appointing much-junior General Pervez Musharraf at the both capacity, overruling the Admiral Bokhari's turn as the Chairman joint chiefs. In 1999, Musharraf's unilateral initiation of the Kargil war against India nearly pushed Pakistan and India to the brink of an all-out war between the two Nuclear states. Eventually, in the same year, Musharraf staged a successful coup d'état and overthrew Prime Minister Sharif.  Upon winning the general elections in 2013, Prime Minister Sharif did exactly what General Karamat had called for; first reestablishing the NSC with military gaining representation in the country's politics; and further making more reforms in intelligence community.

Academic career.

Before elevating to four-star assignments, General Karamat was the full tenured professor of the Political science at the National Defense University and held the chair of military science at the Armed Forces War College. Among his notable students included Pervez Musharraf, Ali Kuli Khan, Fasih Bokhari and Abdul Aziz Mirza who studied under his guidance. Karamat had significance influence on Bokhari and Musharraf's philosophy and critical thinking.  In 2000, Karamat accepted the professorship of War studies at the CISAC Institute of the Stanford University in Stanford, California, United States. In addition, he was selected as a scholar and awarded research associateship on civil military relations at the Brookings Institution based in Washington, D.C., United States. In 2001, Karamat joined the United Nations (UN) and was a part of the area study on Afghanistan. Thereafter, Karamat joined the influential Islamabad Policy Research Institute (IPRI) as the chairman of the board of governors.

Ambassador to the United States.

In 2004, Karamat was first mentioned and named for the appointment as the Pakistan Ambassador to the United States. His nomination came after the outgoing Pakistan Ambassador, Ashraf Jehangir Qazi, termed was due expired. On 23 September 2004, Pakistan Ambassador Qazi was appointed by then-Secretary General of the United Nations, Kofi Annan, as Special Representative of the Secretary-General for the United Nations Assistance Mission in Iraq. On 10 December 2004, Karamat presented his credentials to President George W. Bush.  On 23 March 2006, Pakistani news media reported that Ambassador Karamat was to be replaced by retired Major General Mahmud Ali Durrani. The reports further stated Ambassador Karamat, who took his post on a two-year contract, would be returning home after only a year and a half. These speculations were confirmed by the Foreign Office (FO) and noted that "Karamat will not be in the reception line at the Chaklala Airbase to welcome President George Bush.  While his stint as Pakistan Ambassador, Karamat made the pro-democracy statements at the different Pakistani American gatherings, while passing critics to President Musharraf's style of running the civilian government. In private, Karamat confided in Washington based U.S. journalist that "General Musharraf had made up this story to create wedge between Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif and him to get him fired in 1998."

Founding think tank.

After his ambassadorship, General Karamat founded a socio-political policy and analysis institute, "Spearhead Research", which focuses on social, economic, military and political issues concerning Pakistan and Afghanistan. General Karamat is the director and contributor to the Spearhead Research Institute.

General Jehangir Karamat (Urdu: جہانگیر کرامت; born 20 February 1941), best known as JK, is a retired four-star rank army general, diplomat, public intellectual, and a former professor of political science at the National Defense University. Appointed first to be served as the Chief of Army Staff of the Pakistan Army in 1996, he was elevated as the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee in 1997 until 1998.

Jehangir Karamat (auch kurz JK; * 20. Februar 1941 in Karatschi) ist ein pakistanischer pensionierter Vier-Sterne-Armeegeneral, Diplomat und ehemaliger Professor für Politikwissenschaft an der National Defense University.


Career.

Early career.

Born in Tribeni, West Bengal, Das graduated from the Tata Football Academy in 2012 and signed with Pailan Arrows, the All India Football Federation's development team in the I-League on 24 October 2012. He made his professional debut for the club four days later on 28 October 2012 against Salgaocar. He came on as a halftime substitute for Pritam Kotal and earned a yellow card in the 72nd minute as Pailan Arrows drew the match 0–0. Das then scored the first goal of his career on 18 November 2012 against Prayag United. His 84th-minute goal managed to equalize the score at 1–1 but four minutes later Lalkamal Bhowmick found the winner for Prayag United and saw Pailan Arrows fall 2–1. The next match saw Das on the scoresheet again, this time against Sporting Goa. His 54th-minute strike was the only goal in a 1–0 victory for Pailan Arrows.

Dempo.

After the 2012–13 season, Pailan Arrows disbanded and on 26 October 2013 it was announced that Das, along with Arrows teammates Alwyn George, Holicharan Narzary, and Pronay Halder, would sign with three-time I-League champions, Dempo. Dempo were also coached at the time by former Pailan Arrows head coach Arthur Papas. Das made his debut for the club on 1 November 2013 in the eighth round of the I-League against Mohun Bagan. Das started the match and played the whole ninety minutes as the match ended in a 0–0 draw.  After suffering from a knee injury during the 2014 Indian Super League with Goa, Das missed the entire 2014–15 I-League season as Dempo were relegated from the first division league.

Goa (loans).

On 23 July 2014, Das was part of the 2014 ISL Inaugural Domestic Draft in which he was selected by Goa, who were allowed to exclusively sign Dempo players. He made his debut for the team on 15 October 2014 against Chennaiyin. He started and played the full match as Goa lost 2–1. He continued to play as a regular for Goa as a left-back and formed a good partnership on the left side of the pitch with left winger Mandar Rao Desai. At the end of the season Das, along with teammates Rao Desai and Romeo Fernandes, were praised by Goa marquee player Robert Pires. The former France and Arsenal midfielder said that he was "really impressed with players like Romeo Fernandes, Mandar Rao Dessai, Narayan Das who have a great future". However, before the season ended, Das suffered a knee injury during Goa's semi-final match against Atlético de Kolkata. Goa head coach, Zico, blamed the artificial turf at the Salt Lake Stadium for Das's injury.  Despite missing the entire 2014–15 season due to injury, Das was retained by Goa for the 2015 season.

East Bengal.

On 19 June 2015 it was revealed that Das, along with Dempo teammates Pronay Halder and Prabir Das, requested to be released by the Goan club in order to sign for other I-League clubs, after Dempo were relegated to the I-League 2nd Division. A few days later it was reported that the club had agreed to allow the players a release from their hefty contracts but that Dempo would also demand a transfer fee for the players. After the 2015 ISL season, it was announced that Das had signed with East Bengal on 13 January 2016. During the 2015–16 season with the club, coming back from injury, Das found himself as second choice left back behind club captain Robert Lalthlamuana.

Pune City.

On 12 July 2016 it was announced that Das had signed with Pune City of the Indian Super League along with Augustin Fernandes. He made his debut for the club on 3 October 2015 against Mumbai City. He started the match and played the full 90 as Pune City lost 1–0.

International.

Das was first called up to the India set up at the under-19 level during the 2012 AFC U-19 Championship qualifiers. He made his debut for the side on 1 November 2011 against Turkmenistan. He started and played the full match as India won 3–1. Das was then called up to the under-23 side for the 2013 AFC U-22 Championship qualifiers. He made his debut for the side on 23 June 2012 against Lebanon. He started the match as India won 5–2.  On 19 November 2013 Das made his debut for the India senior side against Nepal. He started the match as India won 2–0. He scored his first goal for India on 3 September 2016 in a friendly against Puerto Rico. His 17th-minute goal was the equalizer for India who then went on to win the match 4–1.

Narayan Das (born 25 September 1993) is an Indian professional footballer who plays as a left back for Odisha in the Indian Super League and India national football team.

Narayan Das (* 25. September 1993 in Tribeni) ist ein indischer Fußballspieler, der vor allem in der Abwehr zum Einsatz kommt. Er steht derzeit beim Indian-Super-League-Club Delhi Dynamos FC aus der Stadt Neu-Delhi im Unionsterritorium Delhi unter Vertrag. Als indischer Nationalspieler gehörte er bei der Fußball-Südasienmeisterschaft dem Siegerteam bei der 2015er-Auflage an.


Taxonomy.

This plant was named after British botanist Gordon Douglas Rowley who specialized in Cactaceae and succulents.  According to NCBI, "Senecio rowleyanus" is a synonym of "Curio rowleyanus". However, IPNI and the Catalogue of Life 2000 maintain "S. rowleyanus" as an accepted name.

Description.

"Curio rowleyanus" receives its common name from specialized leaves which are the size and shape of small peas (about inch diameter).Its trailing stems can grow 2–3 feet (60–90 cm). There is a small tip on at the distal point of each leaf and a thin band of dark green tissue on the side known as a "window" (see below). It blooms during the summer and, like all asterids, it has a compound flower. The trumpet shaped flower forms clusters (about inch diameter) of small white flowers with colorful stamens. The flower will last about a month and is said to smell like cinnamon and other spices.

Leaf morphology.

The odd shape of the leaves is an adaptation to arid environments and allows for the storage of water while exposing a minimum amount of surface area per volume to the dry desert air. This greatly reduces water loss due to evaporation relative to the typical dorsi-ventrally flattened leaves of most angiosperms. Although its spherical leaf morphology contributes to minimizing water loss, it also dramatically reduces the area available for the absorption of light and could be potentially detrimental to the plant's rate of photosynthetic carbon assimilation.  An adaptation that may help compensate for this reduction in light interception is a narrow, translucent, crescent-shaped band of tissue on the adaxial side of the lamina. This specialized structure is known as an "epidermal window" and it allows light to enter and irradiate the interior of the leaf, effectively increasing the area of leaf tissue available for photosynthesis. This is a trait shared with "Curio radicans (string of bananas)", a close relative of "Curio rowleyanus". A similar morphology is observed in species of the genus "Fenestraria" as well as the species "Haworthia cooperi" and "Frithia pulchra", which grow underground and only expose their leaf tips to absorb light radiation.

Cultivation.

"Curio rowleyanus" is commonly cultivated as an ornamental plant. It is typically displayed in hanging baskets with the leaves cascading over the edge of the container. It can be grown indoors or outdoors (above freezing temperature) and is considered to be low maintenance.  Like most succulents, it requires very infrequent watering (about once a month), a few hours of direct sunlight and is not affected by humidity. Good soil drainage is essential to prevent root rot, so sandy soil is recommended. This plant can be propagated easily by cutting or pinching off 4 inches of healthy stem tip and lightly covering them with moist potting mix. The roots will quickly develop from where the leaves are attached to the stem.

Toxicity.

The vegetation of "C. rowleyanus" is somewhat poisonous and should not be consumed. In humans the string of pearls plant is rated as toxicity classes 2 and 4 by the University of California, Davis. Class 2 is defined by minor toxicity; ingestion of string of pearls may cause minor illnesses such as vomiting or diarrhea. Class 4 is defined by dermatitis; contact with the plant's sap may cause skin irritation or rash. Likewise, if consumed by animals it can cause vomiting, diarrhea, drooling, skin irritation or lethargy.

Curio rowleyanus, syn. Senecio rowleyanus, is a flowering plant in the daisy family Asteraceae. It is a creeping, perennial, succulent vine native to the drier parts of southwest Africa. In its natural environment its stems trail on the ground, rooting where they touch and forming dense mats. It often avoids direct sunlight by growing in the shade of other plants and rocks. It is commonly known as string-of-pearls or string-of-beads.

Senecio rowleyanus, auch bekannt als Erbsenpflanze, Erbsen am Band oder Perlenschnur, ist eine Pflanzenart aus der Gattung Greiskräuter (Senecio) innerhalb der Familie der Korbblütler (Asteraceae). Sie wird als Zierpflanze verwendet.


Architecture.

Felgo is based on the Qt (software) cross-platform development framework that provides abstraction layers for timers, threads, storage, networking and UI rendering on different platforms. Applications built with Qt include VLC Media Player, Skype and Autodesk Maya – all of them make use of the GUI module which allows the creation of native-looking applications with a single source code base.  Felgo uses Qt as its core and offers components and plugins on top of it, which further simplify the development of apps and games.

Engine Features.

Qt Creator IDE.

The Qt Creator IDE supports editing QML and JavaScript code with context-sensitive help, code completion of Felgo components, navigation between components and more.  It includes a QML debugger and profiler for debugging custom components and JavaScript functions. It can inspect and change property values and QML code at runtime and is able to measure the time of element creation and binding evaluations.

Declarative Language Features.

Felgo apps and games are written in JavaScript and QML, a declarative language that features property bindings, state machines or fluid animations of any property.

Resolution & Aspect Ratio Independence.

Felgo is built to handle all possible aspect ratios and resolutions of modern mobile devices. Developers create their game for a logical scene using a content scaling approach.

Native Dialogs and Functionality.

Felgo apps and games provide a native look and feel on all platforms. Felgo has abstracted components for displaying native input dialogs and alert boxes without the need of a single native code line.

Felgo Game Network.

The Felgo Game Network is a mobile-backend-as-a-service or MBaas. It allows players to compare high scores and achievements, as well as syncing their data across devices. This is a free service for players and doesn't require registration of any kind. The Felgo Game Network can be implemented in less than 50 lines of code.

Third Party Plugins.

Felgo apps and games support a number of 3rd party plugins. These plugins can be used by developers to monetize their applications, to gather analytics on user behavior or to engage users. The following plugins are currently supported by Felgo:

Supported platforms.

Felgo supports the following platforms.

Felgo (previously V-Play Engine until February 2019) is a cross-platform development tool, based on the Qt framework. It can be used to create mobile apps or games. Felgo apps and games are supported on iOS, Android, Windows Phone, embedded devices and desktop devices. Felgo developers use QML, JavaScript and C++ to create mobile apps and games.

Felgo (bis Februar 2019 V-Play Engine) ist ein plattformübergreifendes Entwicklungstool, das auf dem Framework Qt basiert. Felgo kann zur Erstellung von mobilen Apps und Spielen verwendet werden, die auf iOS, Android und Windows Phone sowie Embedded Devices und Desktop-Plattformen ausgeführt werden können. Die verwendeten Programmiersprachen sind QML, JavaScript und optional C++ sowie native plattformabhängige Programmiersprachen.


Playing career.

Stanley played as a youth with the Waterloo Wolves in the AHMMPL, before he was selected in the first round, 12th overall in the 2014 OHL Priority draft by the Windsor Spitfires. On May 9, 2014, Stanley committed to the Spitfires of the OHL to play under Bob Boughner. Stanley has also been involved with IIHF tournaments and development camps.  On December 7, 2016, Stanley was signed to a three-year, entry-level contract with the Winnipeg Jets.  During the 2016–17 season, Stanley injured his knee in January and did not return to the lineup until April. On May 28, 2017, Stanley won the Memorial Cup Championship with the Windsor Spitfires.  On August 8, 2017, Stanley was traded to the Kitchener Rangers. Despite his trade, Stanley was awarded the Scott Miller Extra Mile Award by the Spitfires at the end of the season.  Due to his success, Stanley was invited to the Winnipeg Jets training camp before the 2017–18 NHL season, however, he failed to make the roster and was sent back to the OHL. During the 2017–18 OHL season, Stanley received a two game suspension for head-checking Akil Thomas during a game against the Niagara IceDogs. The Jets assigned Stanley to the Manitoba Moose after the Rangers were eliminated from the 2018 OHL playoffs.  After attending the Jets 2018 training camp, Stanley was reassigned to the Manitoba Moose to begin his first professional season.

International play.

Stanley played for Team Canada in the 2016 IIHF World U18 Championships. Stanley was invited to Canada's 2018 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships training camp but was cut before the final roster was announced.

Personal life.

Stanley is a cousin to Michael Latta, a former NHL player for the Washington Capitals.

Logan Stanley (born May 26, 1998) is a Canadian ice hockey defenceman who is currently with the Manitoba Moose of the American Hockey League (AHL) as a prospect to the Winnipeg Jets of the National Hockey League (NHL). Stanley was drafted 18th overall in the 2016 NHL Entry Draft by the Jets. He most recently played for the Kitchener Rangers of the Ontario Hockey League (OHL). Stanley was born in Kitchener, Ontario, but grew up in Waterloo, Ontario.

Logan Stanley (* 26. Mai 1998 in Kitchener, Ontario) ist ein kanadischer Eishockeyspieler. Der Verteidiger steht seit Dezember 2016 bei den Winnipeg Jets in der National Hockey League unter Vertrag und kommt seit Oktober 2018 für deren Farmteam, die Manitoba Moose, in der American Hockey League zum Einsatz.


Background and release.

After releasing two English-language studio albums, "Unison" (1990) and "Celine Dion" (1992), recording Academy Award and Grammy Award-winning song, "Beauty and the Beast", and achieving three top ten entries on the "Billboard" Hot 100 ("Where Does My Heart Beat Now", "Beauty and the Beast" and "If You Asked Me To"), Dion started working on her third English-language album, entitled "The Colour of My Love". In September 1993, she performed two concerts at the Capitole de Québec in Quebec City, Canada, which were recorded to be later broadcast on television. Dion performed brand new, unheard songs from the upcoming album "The Colour of My Love", including: "Refuse to Dance", "Everybody's Talkin' My Baby Down", "The Colour of My Love", "The Power of Love", "Misled", "Think Twice" and "Only One Road". The show entitled later "The Colour of My Love Concert" was issued as a home video in 1995. "The Colour of My Love" was released in November 1993 in North America, December 1993 in Japan, February 1994 in Europe and in March 1994 in Australia.  In the album's liner notes, Dion for the first time publicly revealed her relationship with her manager, René Angélil. During the album's launch event at Montreal's Metropolis, she announced they are engaged to be married,.

Content.

"The Colour of My Love" was released with fourteen songs in the United States and fifteen tracks, including "Just Walk Away", elsewhere. The album was produced mainly by David Foster, Ric Wake, Guy Roche, Walter Afanasieff and Christopher Neil. Diane Warren wrote four songs for "The Colour of My Love", including: "Next Plane Out", "Real Emotion", "No Living Without Loving You" and "Lovin' Proof". The album features duet with Clive Griffin on "When I Fall in Love", taken from the "Sleepless in Seattle" soundtrack and a cover version of Jennifer Rush's 1985 track, "The Power of Love". In October 1995, "The Colour of My Love" was re-released in Japan, including new song, "To Love You More", written and produced by David Foster.

Singles.

After "When I Fall in Love", which originally appeared on the "Sleepless in Seattle" soundtrack, "The Power of Love" was issued as the first proper single from "The Colour of My Love". The song was very successful, reaching number one in the United States, Canada and Australia, and peaking inside top ten in various countries, including the United Kingdom and France. "The Power of Love" has sold over 1.1 million copies in the United States and was certified Platinum in 1994. The next song, "Misled", became a top ten single in Canada and also reached number one on the Hot Dance Club Songs in the United States. Another success came with the release of "Think Twice", a single which topped the charts in the United Kingdom, Ireland, Belgium, Denmark, Norway, Sweden and the Netherlands, and reached top ten in Australia, Spain and Switzerland. "Think Twice" has sold over 1.3 million copies in the United Kingdom and was certified Platinum in 1995 (eligible for two-times Platinum). The next single, "Only One Road" peaked inside top ten in the United Kingdom, Spain and Ireland. In 1995, "Next Plane Out" was released in Australia and "Just Walk Away" was issued as a promotional single in Spain. In October 1995, "The Colour of My Love" was re-released in Japan, including new song, "To Love You More", which was released as a single at the same time. "To Love You More" reached number one on the Oricon Singles Chart and has sold 1.5 million copies in Japan. It was certified Million by the RIAJ.

Promotion.

Dion promoted "The Colour of My Love" in North America on various television programmes in late 1993 and early 1994. Additionally, her "The Colour of My Love Concert" aired in December 1993 in Canada and in February 1994 in the United States. Dion also embarked on The Colour of My Love Tour and performed concerts in the United States in February 1994, and in Canada through May 1994. After the success of "Think Twice" outside North America, she also started promoting the album in 1995 in Europe, including the United Kingdom. One of the most important performances, after releasing the album include: "The Power of Love" at the Juno Awards of 1994 and American Music Awards of 1995, "Think Twice" at the Edison Awards in 1994 and World Music Awards in 1995, and "The Colour of My Love" at the Juno Awards of 1995. Dion also performed three songs form "The Colour of My Love" on "Top of the Pops" in the United Kingdom: "The Power of Love" (1994), "Think Twice" (1995) and "Only One Road" (1995).

Critical reception.

Upon release, the album received mixed reviews from music critics, with positive attention given to Dion's vocals. Stephen Thomas Erlewine from AllMusic gave it three out of five stars and wrote that the album follows the same pattern as Dion's eponymous breakthrough, and while the songs are not quite as consistent this time around, the record is nevertheless quite successful, thanks to the careful production, professional songwriting (highlighted by "When I Fall in Love", "The Power of Love", and "Think Twice") and Dion's powerhouse performances. Brad Webber from "Chicago Tribune" gave the album two out of four stars. He felt that "sickly sweet, by-the-books standards" like "The Power of Love" belie Dion's talent: "forcefully resonant and multiflavored vocals". He criticized "crooked roots" of a Janet Jackson impersonation ("Misled" and "Think Twice"), formulaic duo ballad ("When I Fall in Love") and added that with Dion's attempt at soul, you can categorize her as "fairly shallow, sort of a female Michael Bolton". However Webber praised an "exotic thrill" in "Refuse to Dance", which "throws a little variety in the mix". According to "Billboard", "The Colour of My Love" is a "big-league affair" that should push Dion to "new realms of pop stardom". Dion is more mature and shows off her vocal prowess on probable smashes as "The Power of Love", "Misled" and "Only One Road". According to Larry Flick from "Billboard", although "The Colour of My Love" is full of the "grand pop balldery", it also has more rhythmic depth than Dion previous projects, including jack-swinging "Misled" and the "haunting but spine-crawling" "Refuse to Dance".

Commercial performance.

In Canada, "The Colour of My Love" entered the "RPM" Albums Chart at number five and moved to the top in the fifth week. It stayed at number one for twelve consecutive weeks and spent eighty weeks on the chart in total. In December 1994, the album was certified Diamond by the CRIA for selling one million copies. It became the second best-selling album of the year 1994 in Canada, after Ace of Base's "The Sign". In November 1996, "Billboard" wrote that the sales of "The Colour of My Love" have reached 1.5 million units in Canada. The album also topped the Quebec chart for twenty weeks. In the United States, "The Colour of My Love" debuted at number eighty-eight, selling 16,000 copies. In March 1994, it peaked at number four on the "Billboard" 200 and spent 149 weeks on the chart. The album has sold 4.6 million copies according to Nielsen SoundScan and was certified six-times Platinum by the RIAA in November 1999 for shipping six million copies in the United States.  In the United Kingdom, it debuted at number ten in March 1994. Thanks to the success of "Think Twice", the album reached number one on the UK Albums Chart in January 1995 and spent seven weeks at the top. For five consecutive weeks, "Think Twice" and "The Colour of My Love " stood simultaneously on top of the UK charts, an achievement not replicated since 1965 and the heyday of The Beatles. In December 1995, the album was certified five-times Platinum by the BPI for selling 1.5 million copies. It also became the third best-selling album of 1995 in the United Kingdom, after "Robson & Jerome"'s eponymous album and Oasis's "(What's the Story) Morning Glory?". In November 2006, the Official Charts Company released a list of the 100 best-selling albums of all time in the United Kingdom. Dion made the list with three albums, including "The Colour of My Love " at number seventy-seven with sales of 1,816,915 units (eligible for six-times Platinum certification). "The Colour of My Love" was also very successful in other European countries. It went to number one in Ireland, Norway, Belgium Flanders and Denmark, and reached top ten in France, Spain, Switzerland, Sweden, Finland, Portugal and the Netherlands. The album was certified Multi-Platinum, Platinum and Gold in various European countries. In 1996, IFPI certified it four-times Platinum for selling four million copies in Europe.  In Japan, the album originally peaked at number sixty-five in February 1994. It was certified Gold and has sold 200,000 units. Due to the success of "To Love You More" "The Colour of My Love" was re-issued with this song in October 1995 and reached number seven on the Oricon Albums Chart in November 1995. This re-release has sold 650,000 copies in 1995. While charting on the Oricon Albums Chart in 1995 and 1996, the re-issue of "The Colour of My Love" has sold 813,450 units. In January 1996, it was certified three-times Platinum by RIAJ and later that year, "The Colour of My Love" became Dion's first million-selling album in Japan, with the summed numbers of the original version and the re-release. In Australia, the album debuted at number nine in March 1994. Again, thanks to the success of "Think Twice", it topped the ARIA Chart in mid-1995 for eight weeks, achieving the longest run at number one for that year. It also became the second best-selling album of 1995 in Australia, after Tina Arena's "Don't Ask". In March 1996, "The Colour of My Love" was certified eight-times Platinum by the ARIA for shipments of 560,000 copies. "The Colour of My Love" became one of the best-selling albums by Dion, with sales of twenty million copies worldwide.

Industry awards.

"The Colour of My Love" won two Juno Awards of 1995 for Album of the Year and Best Selling Album (Foreign or Domestic). It also won the IRMA Award for Best International Female Artist Album in 1996 and was nominated for the Edison Award in 1995 in category Best Album. Songs from "The Colour of My Love" also received various nominations and awards around the world. "Think Twice" won the Ivor Novello Award for Best Song Musically and Lyrically, and "To Love You More" won the Japan Gold Disc Award in category International Single Grand Prix. "When I Fall in Love" won the Grammy Award for Best Instrumental Arrangement Accompanying Vocal(s) and was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals. It also won two ASCAP Pop Awards in category Most Performed Songs and was nominated for the MTV Movie Award as Best Song from a Movie.  "The Power of Love" was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance, American Music Award for Favorite Pop/Rock Single, Juno Award for Single of the Year, and two Billboard Music Awards in category Hot 100 Single of the Year and Adult Contemporary Single of the Year. "The Power of Love" also won the ASCAP Pop Award as one of the Most Performed Songs and "Misled" won the BMI Pop Award in the same named category. Thanks to "The Colour of My Love" and its singles, Dion also won World Music Awards for Best Selling Canadian Female Artist of the Year and Best Selling Canadian Artist of the Year, Juno Award for Female Vocalist of the Year, and Félix Awards for Artist of the Year Achieving the Most Success Outside Quebec and Artist of the Year Achieving the Most Success in a Language Other Than French. Dion was also nominated for her first Brit Award in category Best International Female, and received nominations for other Billboard Music Awards and Juno Awards. "The Colour of My Love Concert" was also nominated for the Gemini Awards in 1995.

The Colour of My Love is the third English-language studio album by Canadian singer Celine Dion. It was released by Columbia Records/550 Music on 9 November 1993. The songs were produced mainly by David Foster, Ric Wake, Guy Roche, Walter Afanasieff and Christopher Neil, and four of them were written by Diane Warren. The album features cover versions of "The Power of Love" and "When I Fall in Love".

The Colour of My Love ist das dritte englischsprachige Studioalbum der kanadischen Sängerin Céline Dion. Es wurde am 9. November 1993 über das Label Columbia Records veröffentlicht.


Plot.

In 1965 Los Angeles, Lucy Cullins and her mother go to see a Santa Claus at a shopping mall, who happens to be the real one. Santa is nearing the end of his 200-year reign as St. Nick, and needs to find a replacement.  His search involves his hat and an elf assistant named Ralph (Taylor Negron). Nick puts the hat on every kid. If the hat glows, it means that person has the real Christmas spirit. When Lucy sits on his lap, he puts the hat on her and it glows brightly, proving she would make a perfect Santa Claus replacement. Unfortunately, after leaving the mall, Lucy receives news that her father had been killed, devastating her.  In 2001, Lucy seems to have forgotten about the Christmas spirit due to losing her father, and focuses more on her job than her family. Meanwhile, it is Nick's last Christmas as Santa, and he must find Lucy again. He locates her where she works as a network executive for the "Shop-A-Lot" Channel.  Lucy's boss (Brian Stokes Mitchell) wants a big sales boost for the holiday. He comes up with the idea of hiring someone dressed as Santa Claus to advertise Christmas memorabilia. Lucy holds many auditions with no luck. After nearly giving up hope, she sees Nick, who is jolly and obviously loves the season. Lucy hires him.  In Nick's first few days at work, calls come in big numbers and the network sells more Christmas stuff than any other shopping network. After congratulations and a salary raise, Nick couldn't be happier. He walks around the once-unpleasant community and begins to see the Christmas spirit for which he long hoped.  After a few days on the job, Nick cultures a close friendship with Lucy. He begins to tell her about his reign and his choosing her as a successor. He says if he doesn't find a successor, a giant flood will engulf the world, adding that that was the reason for the Noah's Ark story. Lucy finds it ridiculous and tries to stay away from him.  One night, Nick goes to her house and tells her truthfully about his search. He tells her to close her eyes. When she opens them, she finds herself with Nick at the North Pole. Unbelievably still unconvinced, Lucy demands Nick send her home. Nick does so, and she wakes up thinking the North Pole had been a dream. She sees Nick on the couch and starts to tell him about the dream. Nick interrupts her to tell her it wasn't, and begs her again to put on the Santa hat and become Santa Claus. She still says no.  Nick makes his final broadcast on Christmas Eve. In his closing statement, he says to never give up on Christmas spirit, and wishes everyone good luck. Lucy ponders why he says "good luck." After receiving a big thanks from the staff, Nick begins to head back to the North Pole without a successor and preparing for the flood with the elves. Before he leaves Los Angeles, he leaves the hat on Lucy's dresser, with a note that says it's never too late.  When Lucy gets a ride back home from her boss, she begins to believe what Nick said about Christmas, and her role as Santa. Realizing her boss just wants money and could own Christmas, Lucy tells him to pull over, saying that no one owns Christmas. At home, she sees Nick has gone. She finds the hat and the note. Curious, she puts the hat on and it glows brightly. She realizes that she really is Santa.  Back at the North Pole, they're preparing for the worst. Suddenly, one of the elves sees through a snow globe Lucy celebrating that she's Santa. Once Ralph hears about it, he and Nick go to pick up Lucy. Lucy runs out of her apartment and finds Ralph and Santa in the cab. She goes inside and transforms into Santa. Once she has her Santa suit, Nick doesn't have his. For the first couple of houses, Nick helps Lucy go down the chimney and deliver the toys. Before they continue, Lucy tells Ralph to stop the sled and go to a church, where her niece is performing in the choir. When she arrives, she catches her niece's solo, and congratulates her, her brother, and her mom. Seeing her Santa suit, they seem puzzled. Suddenly, it starts to snow in LA. With surprised faces, people run outside, and see the sleigh. Lucy's family begins to realize she is Santa. After Lucy says goodbye to everyone and her family, she, Nick, and Ralph go up and away into the Christmas night.

Call Me Claus is an American television comedy film movie starring Whoopi Goldberg and Nigel Hawthorne (in his final performance). The movie involves Santa Claus (Hawthorne) who needs a replacement Santa after serving his 200-year reign. He decides on Lucy Cullins (Whoopi Goldberg), an eccentric, grouchy shopping network executive, who hires him to promote Christmas decorations and presents on the network. The movie made its premiere on TNT on December 2, 2001, and has also been aired on Lifetime, Freeform and The Hallmark Channel.

Nenn’ mich einfach Nikolaus (Originaltitel: "Call Me Claus") ist ein US-amerikanischer weihnachtlicher Fernsehfilm von Peter Werner aus dem Jahr 2001 mit Whoopi Goldberg und Nigel Hawthorne in den Hauptrollen.


Plot.

Astronomer Aldovin, while studying the sky with his telescope, sees the beautiful Yala on the planet Mars and falls in love with her. With a radiotelegraph he asks her to marry him. Her father, the Martian astronomer Fur replies that he will consent only if Aldovino is able to fly to the moon where he will be waiting for him in exactly one year. The undertaking seems impossible, but the lover knows no obstacles and, having built a spacecraft, he launches into the space pushed out of a canon and arrives just in time for the appointment.

Cast.

Enrico Novelli () as Adolvin

Production and analysis.

Franco Novelli is best known for his work as writer and illustrator. In 1908, he wrote "The Moon Colony" (). Two years later, he directed for "Un matrimonio interplanetario", the first Italian science-fiction film for which he designed himself the lunar sets based on his illustrations for "The Moon Colony" and which is inspired both by that book and by George Méliès' 1902 film "A Trip to the Moon".  Simone Brioni and Daniele Comberiati note that the film "introduces the recurrent theme of an expedition to another planet represented through a romantic encounter, showing how female aliens were more docile and available than their terrestrial counterparts."  Denis Lotti consider that the film anticipates elements of the Futurist manifesto. He notes that "Yambo attended the Futurist circle from the outset, creating a bridge between the children's fiction of the early 20th century and the revolutionary Futurist movement."

A Marriage in the Moon () is a 1910 Italian short silent comedy film directed by Enrico de’ Conti Novelli da Bertinoro, better known as Enrico Novelli or under his pseudonym ). This is the oldest surviving Italian science-fiction film.

Un matrimonio interplanetario (Italienisch: "Eine interplanetarische Hochzeit") ist ein italienischer Science-Fiction-Film von 1910. Weitere Aufführungstitel sind "Un marriage interplanétaire" (Frankreich) und "Marriage in the Moon" (Großbritannien).


Royal Navy service.

She was built by John I. Thornycroft & Company at Woolston and launched 25 November 1916. "Radiant" served with the 10th Destroyer Flotilla of Harwich Force from April 1917 until February 1919. During the night of 23 December 1917, while escorting of a convoy off the coast of Holland, she came to the rescue of the Harwich Force destroyers, and after the destroyers ran into a German minefield. "Torrent" struck a mine, and when attempting a rescue, "Surprise" and "Tornado" also hit mines, resulting in the three destroyers being lost. "Radiant" picked up all survivors that could be found. This accounted for twelve officers and sailors, with the losses of 252 officers and men from the three destroyers.  After the First World War, she was briefly assigned to the 4th Destroyer Flotilla of the Home Fleet before paying off and being laid up in reserve as part of the Nore Command until sold.

Thai Navy service.

She was sold back to Thornycroft on 21 June 1920, who then sold her on to the Royal Thai Navy in September 1920. She was renamed "Phra Ruang". It is believed that in order to finance her acquisition King Rama VI and other senior figures donated personally to the finance fund, making this the first publication donation of money to procure a warship in Thailand. The Royal Prince Admiral Abhakara Kiartivongse went to England to negotiate the purchase personally and command the ship during its subsequent voyage from England to Thailand.  On 29 January 1943, the submarine launched three torpedoes at a destroyer believed to be "Phra Ruang" and watched each run true to the target. However, all proved to be duds.  Because of her continued service in the Thai Navy, the destroyer was the last survivor of the Royal Navy's First World War destroyers. She was used as a training ship toward the end of her career, removed from the effective list in 1957, and stricken in 1959.

HMS "Radiant" was a which fought in the First World War as part of the Royal Navy before being transferred to the Royal Thai Navy, in which she served until well after the Second World War.

Die HMS "Radiant" war ein Zerstörer der R-Klasse der Royal Navy. Sie war der zweite von fünf "Specials" der Werft Thornycroft in Woolston bei Southampton (Thornycroft R-Klasse). Die Bauwerft erwarb den Zerstörer nach Kriegsende zurück und verkaufte ihn im Sommer 1920 an die Thailändische Marine, die das Schiff bis zum Herbst 1920 in die neue Heimat überführte. Der Zerstörer diente in den folgenden Jahren meist als Schulschiff unter seinem neuen Namen Phra Ruang. Erst im Sommer 1957 wurde der Zerstörer, als letzter Zerstörer der am Ersten Weltkrieg teilgenommen hatte, ausgesondert.