Statement of the theorem.

A free group may be defined from a group presentation consisting of a set of generators with no relations. That is, every element is a product of some sequence of generators and their inverses, but these elements do not obey any equations except those trivially following from = 1. The elements of a free group may be described as all possible reduced words, those strings of generators and their inverses in which no generator is adjacent to its own inverse. Two reduced words may be multiplied by concatenating them and then removing any generator-inverse pairs that result from the concatenation.  The Nielsen–Schreier theorem states that if "H" is a subgroup of a free group "G", then "H" is itself isomorphic to a free group. That is, there exists a set "S" of elements which generate "H", with no nontrivial relations among the elements of "S".  The Nielsen–Schreier formula, or Schreier index formula, quantifies the result in the case where the subgroup has finite index: if "G" is a free group of rank "n" (free on "n" generators), and "H" is a subgroup of finite index ["G" : "H"] = "e", then "H" is free of rank formula_1.

Example.

Let "G" be the free group with two generators formula_2, and let "H" be the subgroup consisting of all reduced words of even length (products of an even number of letters formula_3). Then "H" is generated by its six elements formula_4 A factorization of any reduced word in "H" into these generators and their inverses may be constructed simply by taking consecutive pairs of letters in the reduced word. However, this is not a free presentation of "H" because the last three generators can be written in terms of the first three as formula_5. Rather, "H" is generated as a free group by the three elements formula_6which have no relations among them; or instead by several other triples of the six generators. Further, "G" is free on "n" = 2 generators, "H" has index "e" = ["G" : "H"] = 2 in "G", and "H" is free on 1 + "e"("n"–1) = 3 generators. The Nielsen–Schreier theorem states that like "H", every subgroup of a free group can be generated as a free group, and if the index of "H" is finite, its rank is given by the index formula.

Proof.

A short and intuitive proof of the Nielsen–Schreier theorem uses the algebraic topology of fundamental groups and covering spaces. A free group "G" on a set of generators is the fundamental group of a bouquet of circles, a topological graph "X" with a single vertex and with a loop-edge for each generator. Any subgroup "H" of the fundamental group is itself the fundamental group of a connected covering space "Y" → "X." The space "Y" is a (possibly infinite) topological graph, the Schreier coset graph having one vertex for each coset in "G/H". In any connected topological graph, it is possible to shrink the edges of a spanning tree of the graph, producing a bouquet of circles that has the same fundamental group "H". Since "H" is the fundamental group of a bouquet of circles, it is itself free.  Simplicial homology allows the computation of the rank of "H", which is equal to "h"("Y"), the first Betti number of the covering space, the number of independent cycles. For "G" free of rank "n", the graph "X" has "n" edges and 1 vertex; assuming "H" has finite index ["G" : "H"] = "e", the covering graph "Y" has "en" edges and "e" vertices. The first Betti number of a graph is equal to the number of edges, minus the number of vertices, plus the number of connected components; hence the rank of "H" is:  formula_7  This proof is due to ; the original proof by Schreier forms the Schreier graph in a different way as a quotient of the Cayley graph of modulo the action of.  According to Schreier's subgroup lemma, a set of generators for a free presentation of may be constructed from cycles in the covering graph formed by concatenating a spanning tree path from a base point (the coset of the identity) to one of the cosets, a single non-tree edge, and an inverse spanning tree path from the other endpoint of the edge back to the base point.

Axiomatic foundations.

Although several different proofs of the Nielsen–Schreier theorem are known, they all depend on the axiom of choice. In the proof based on fundamental groups of bouquets, for instance, the axiom of choice appears in the guise of the statement that every connected graph has a spanning tree. The use of this axiom is necessary, as there exist models of Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory in which the axiom of choice and the Nielsen–Schreier theorem are both false. The Nielsen–Schreier theorem in turn implies a weaker version of the axiom of choice, for finite sets.

History.

The Nielsen–Schreier theorem is a non-abelian analogue of an older result of Richard Dedekind, that every subgroup of a free abelian group is free abelian.  The topological proof based on fundamental groups of bouquets of circles is due to. Another topological proof, based on the Bass–Serre theory of group actions on trees, was published by.

In group theory, a branch of mathematics, the Nielsen–Schreier theorem states that every subgroup of a free group is itself free. It is named after Jakob Nielsen and Otto Schreier.

Der Satz von Nielsen-Schreier ist ein grundlegendes Ergebnis der kombinatorischen Gruppentheorie, eines Teilgebiets der Mathematik, das sich mit diskreten (zumeist unendlichen) Gruppen beschäftigt. Der Satz besagt, dass in einer freien Gruppe jede Untergruppe frei ist. Neben dieser qualitativen Aussage stellt die quantitative Fassung eine Beziehung her zwischen dem Index und dem Rang einer Untergruppe. Dies hat die überraschende Konsequenz, dass eine freie Gruppe vom Rang formula_1 Untergruppen von jedem beliebigen Rang formula_2 und sogar von (abzählbar) unendlichem Rang hat.


Geography.

The Shebenik-Jabllanicë National Park is located in the north of the Lake Ohrid along the border between Albania and North Macedonia in the eastern part of the country. It lies mostly between latitudes 41° and 10° N and longitudes 20° and 30° E. The park comprises in Elbasan County, forming an important section of the Southern European Green Belt because of being home to extremely valuable natural habitats, flora and fauna of international importance. The closest significant towns to the park are Librazhd and Prrenjas.  The park has a diverse and complex geologic history. The national park encompasses most of the connected mountain massifs of Shebenik and Jabllanicë. The area shows a record of deposition that spans from the middle part of the triassic and jurassic period. Formed during the variscan orogeny, the mountains are predominantly formed by ultramafic and metamorphic rocks. Nonetheless, calcareous rocks are among the most common types of rock and often found in the south and southeastern sections of Shebenik.  The bedrock of the park stretches above the forest belt, primarily made of carbon and karst, and dates from the formation of the mountain chain. The area is considerably dominated by mountains which were formed into their present shapes by the huge glaciers of the last ice age. Evidence of glacial action is found throughout the park visible in the form of u-shaped valleys, cirques and several bodies of water. Since the end of the ice ages, sediments deposited themselves on the bedrock, which explains why that region even today has extraordinary fertility. Under the Köppen climate classification, the park experiences mostly a moderately warm and rainy continental climate under strong influences of the mediterranean climate. The climate is influenced by altitude with lower temperatures generally found at higher elevations. Mean annual precipitation ranges between and depending on geographic region and prevailing climate type inside the park.

Biodiversity.

Ecosystems.

The national park features contrasting and diverse ecosystems, determined mainly by topography, climate, hydrology and geology. Those factors vary as altitude increases and so create a variety of environments, where different plants grow together in communities, which in turn provide favorable habitats for a wide range of wildlife.  The montane ecosystem of the park offers a great diversity of landforms, together with an admirable plant and animal life, featuring meandering rivers, glacial lakes and vast meadows are surrounded by high mountains. The park has 14 glaciers and is dominated by mountainous terrain, which were carved into their present shapes by the glaciers of the last ice age, that were later filled by melt water and rain. They vary considerably in their size, shape and most notably in depth. They possess habitat for a restricted range of floral and faunal life, including shrubs, herbs, grasses, perennial and flowering plants.  The forest ecosystem make up large areas of the national park and extends to higher elevations and particularly along valleys, streams and rivers. These areas provide important habitat for susceptible species of birds and other animals. The national park possess coniferous, mixed, and deciduous forests, some of which quite ancient because of their inaccessibility. The forests of deciduous, principally of european beech, are in particular present in the entire territory of the national park. In these forests, conifer trees such as the european silver fir, bosnian and macedonian pine are also to be found but beech is generally more abundant.

Fauna.

The fauna of the national park is varied and largely typical of the ecosystems of Southern Europe. The national park serves as an important ecological corridor for numerous species of animals that are present in the park and considered as endangered in both Albania and the Balkan Peninsula. The status of most species in the national park is unknown, due to incomplete or unavailable information.  There are approximately 30 mammal species found within the territory of the national park. Maybe the most iconic mammal of the national park is the critically endangered and extremely rare balkan lynx. On 21 April 2011, the Protection and Preservation of Natural Environment of Albania research team got the first photo of an alive balkan lynx living within the boundaries of the park. The red fox and gray wolf can be observed often around the park, alongside brown bears, although bears are less frequent. Another study has indicated that the red and roe deer, another very rare mammals in the country, also live in the park. It contains a variety of suitable habitats that support great populations of the least weasel, beech marten, stoat and the european badger as well. Though rarely seen, bats are fascinating creatures and represented with 18 species. The pastures, woodlands and scrublands are an important sanctuary of the greater horseshoe, lesser horseshoe and mediterranean horseshoe bat.  The national park is home to more than 88 different species of birds associated to the presence of characteristic species of both european and mediterranean. Diverse birds range across different habitats, while the proximity of trees, especially beech and pines, affords them good nesting opportunities. The golden eagle is found in areas with rocky terrain and mountains, while short-toed snake eagle is found wherever there are large bodies of water. The peregrine falcon is both a resident and a visitor of the national park, and nests notably on cliffs and rocks.  There are 10 species of amphibians and 15 species of reptiles to be found in the national park. Some rare and endemic species includes the hermann's tortoise, blue-throated keeled lizard, smooth snake, black whipsnake and dice snake.

Flora.

In terms of phytogeographically, the park falls within the dinaric alpine mixed forests and balkan mixed forests terrestrial ecoregions of the palearctic temperate broadleaf and mixed forest. The flora of the park is of particular interest with many endemic species, exhibiting a variety of plants and habitats such as forests, shrubs, meadows and pastures. The dense forests, often clinging to steep valley sides and mountain slopes, comprise mostly beech, oak and occasionally silver fir, but also pines such as bosnian and macedonian pine. A large variety of shrubs, often dominated by manna ash, common hazel and cade juniper, make up a rich understory of the forest floor.

References.

The Shebenik-Jabllanicë National Park () is a national park in eastern Albania adjacent to the border with North Macedonia. It encompasses and is specifically marked by a mountainous landscape supplied with glacial lakes, valleys, dense coniferous and deciduous forests and alpine meadows and pastures. Elevations in the park vary from 300 metres to over 2,200 metres above the Adriatic at the peak of Shebenik and Jabllanica, hence the name. It dwells a number of endangered species that are fast becoming rare in Southern Europe, including the brown bear, gray wolf and balkan lynx. The abundance in wildlife can in part be explained by the variety of vegetation types and remote location.

Der Nationalpark Shebenik-Jablanica () ist ein Nationalpark in Ostalbanien. Seine Fläche beträgt über 339 Quadratkilometer. Er umfasst die Bergketten Jablanica und Shebenik an der nordmazedonischen Grenze nördlich des Ohridsees.


Early life and education.

Beslan Butba was born on 7 February 1960 in the village of Chlou in the Ochamchira District of the Abkhazian ASSR. In 1983 he graduated from the Institute for Engineering and Construction in Moscow.  In 2009, Butba obtained his Candidate of Sciences degree in Moscow, and in March 2011, his Doctor of Sciences degree in Tula at the Russian Interdisciplinary Centre for Ergonomic Research and Development.

Business career.

After graduation in 1983, Butba began working for the Repair and Construction Department No. 1 of Moscow. Three years later he became head of the department. Butba first entered business when in 1989 he founded a cooperation in Moscow. He returned to Abkhazia in 1990 where he also started to do business. In 2005 he became head of the Business Club Sukhum. In 2007 he founded Abaza TV, Abkhazia's first private Television channel, which started broadcasting at 19:30 on 26 June 2007. Butba also owns the newspaper Ekho Abkhazii.

Political career.

Member of Parliament (2002 – 2007).

Beslan Butba was a member of the People's Assembly of Abkhazia from 2002 until 2007, and he headed the Committee for Interparliamentary Relations. In 2007, he failed to be re-elected. He then founded and became Chairman of the Party of the Economic Development of Abkhazia, which held its first congress on 26 September 2007.

2009 Presidential election.

On 23 October 2009 Butba was nominated by his party for the December 2009 presidential election, running together with former Interior Minister Almasbei Kchach as Vice Presidential candidate. The pair came in fourth place with 8.25% of the vote share.

Member of Parliament (2012 – 2014).

In 2012, Besla Butba was again elected to Parliament for constituency no. 26 in his native Chlou, in a by-election organised after the sudden death of newly elected deputy Temur Logua. He was nominated by an initiative group on 12 June. In the first round on 22 July 2012, Butba won a plurality of 920 votes out of 2040. In the second round on 5 August, Butba defeated Beslan Tarba by winning 1125 out of 2193 votes.  On 1 February 2013, Butba was appointed Special Representative of the President for cooperation with the countries of South and Middle America.

Prime Minister (2014 – 2015).

Following the 2014 Abkhazian political crisis and the resignation of President Alexander Ankvab and several other officials, including Vice Premier Beslan Eshba, Butba was appointed as acting Vice Premier on 13 June. Accordingly, Butba's membership of Parliament was terminated on 18 June.  During the election to succeed Ankvab as President, Butba campaigned with opposition leader Raul Khajimba as his Prime Ministerial candidate. Khajimba won a narrow first-round victory and Butba was appointed as Prime Minister on 29 September.  In November 2014, Butba, driving his car without security guards, was attacked and beaten by two drunken men, who were later detained and brought to police for questioning. Butba was briefly hospitalized in a Sukhumi hospital and treated for concussion.  There were rumors of Butba's resignation almost since the beginning of his term, explained variously by a power struggle between Butba and Khajimba and by Butba's supposed bad performance as Prime Minister. Butba was finally dismissed by President Khajimba on 16 March 2015, and temporarily replaced by First Vice Premier Shamil Adzynba. In a press conference afterwards, Butba said that he had made Khajimba aware of his intention to resign. He claimed that the Presidential Administration had taken over many of the responsibilities of the Prime Minister, creating a'second government'.

Plenipotentary Representative of the President (since 2015).

On 21 April 2015, Butba was appointed Plenipotentary Representative of the President of Abkhazia for Trade and Economic Cooperation with Foreign Countries, with the rank of Vice Premier.  In the night of 8 April 2016, Butba's car was burned down in front of his house. Butba was in Moscow at the time but his family was at home.

Beslan Butba (, ) (born February 7, 1960) is a businessman and a former Prime Minister of Abkhazia. He owns Abkhazia's only private television station Abaza TV and is the chairman of the Party of the Economic Development of Abkhazia. Butba was an unsuccessful candidate in the December 2009 presidential election.

Beslan Butba (/Beslan Bytuba, /Beslan Butba; * 7. Februar 1960 in Tschlou, Rajon Otschamtschire, Abchasische ASSR, Georgische SSR, Sowjetunion) ist ein abchasischer Bau- und Medienunternehmer sowie Politiker.


History.

The song and drama society "Estonia" was founded in 1870. This was the beginning of what has become the current-day Estonian National Opera ().  Play-acting was taken up in 1871, although theatre as a tradition did not really come into being until 1895, when the society began to direct song plays, folk plays and comedies, usually with singing and dancing. By the start of the 20th century more serious drama was being staged.  In 1906, the society became the basis for the professional theatre called "Estonia" founded by the directors and actors Paul Pinna and Theodor Altermann. This remained tied to the "Estonia" society and the Estonian Theatre "Estonia" Limited Liability Company, founded in 1908, until 1940, at which time they were disbanded under the Soviet rule in Estonia as part of "the bourgeois remnant" and the theatre was nationalized.  The opera company is also known as the Estonia Theatre after the building it occupies in downtown Tallinn. This was built as a national effort under the leadership of the "Estonia" society in 1913 and was opened to the public on 24 August of the same year.  The opera house itself was bombed by Soviet air raids on 9 March 1944. It was reopened after the war in 1947. Estonian painters Richard Sagrits, Elmar Kits and Evald Okas painted the ceiling in tempera in the style of Socialist Realism.  Plays were staged in "Estonia" until 1949 when the drama troupe was disbanded, after which "Estonia" continued purely as a musical theatre. The company celebrated its centenary in 2006. The celebration was carried out in a newly renovated opera house.  Directors  Chief conductors

Estonian National Opera ("Rahvusooper Estonia") is the national opera company of Estonia. The company is based at the Estonia Theatre in Tallinn. The theatre has had several names throughout its existence. The latest one being "The Estonian National Opera", which was adopted in 1998. The company produces a lively and varied season which includes operas, ballets and operettas/musicals with over 500 people currently working at the Estonian National Opera.

Die Nationaloper Estonia (estnisch "Rahvusooper Estonia") ist eine der wichtigsten Kulturinstitutionen Estlands. Ihr Stammsitz, das Opern- und Konzerthaus Estonia, liegt im Zentrum der Hauptstadt Tallinn.


Early life.

Cameron was born in Pretoria. His father was imprisoned for car theft and his mother did not have the means to support him. He therefore spent much of his childhood in an orphanage in Queenstown. His elder sister was killed when Cameron was nine.  Cameron won a scholarship to attend Pretoria Boys High School, one of South Africa's best state schools, and reinvented himself, he says, "in the guise of a clever schoolboy". Thereafter he went to Stellenbosch University, studying Latin and classics. Here he stayed at Wilgenhof Mens Residence. After this he attended Oxford University as a Rhodes Scholar. There he switched to law and earned a BA in Jurisprudence and the Bachelor of Civil Law, winning the Vinerian Scholarship. When he returned to South Africa he completed an LLB at the University of South Africa and was its best law graduate.  Cameron's early career combined academia and legal practice. In 1982, while working as a senior lecturer at the University of the Witwatersrand, he famously wrote a scathing critique of the late Chief Justice L. C. Steyn, then a darling of the apartheid establishment. And, in 1987, Cameron argued that three senior South African judges, including its former Chief Justice, Pierre Rabie, ought to resign to preserve the legitimacy of the judiciary. Cameron practised at the Johannesburg Bar from 1983 to 1994. From 1986 he was a human rights lawyer at Wits's Centre for Applied Legal Studies, where in 1989 he was awarded a personal professorship in law. Cameron's practice included labour and employment law; defence of African National Congress fighters charged with treason; conscientious and religious objection; land tenure and forced removals; and gay and lesbian equality. In 1992 he became a co-author (with Tony Honoré, one of his mentors at Oxford) of "Honoré's South African Law of Trusts". Cameron took silk in 1994.

Judicial career.

High Court.

In October 1994, President Nelson Mandela appointed Cameron as an acting judge of the High Court to chair a commission of inquiry into illegal arms sales by Armscor, operating as the sales arm of the SANDF, to Yemen. Cameron's report was described as a "hard-hitting" critique of Armscor's conduct, but was quickly eclipsed by myriad other allegations about the South African government's illegal arms trades.  Cameron was appointed permanently to the Witwatersrand Local Division in 1995. His best-known judgment in this capacity is "Holomisa v Argus Newspapers Ltd", where Bantu Holomisa had brought a defamation suit against "The Star" for alleging that he had been "directly involved" in the infiltration into South Africa of an Azanian People's Liberation Army "hit squad" aimed at "killing whites". Cameron's judgment was described as a "most rigorous exposition" of the Constitution's application to private disputes and a "landmark" defence of free speech. Others, while acknowledging the judgment had departed importantly from apartheid-era law, said it should have gone further in protecting journalists. Cameron's position was substantially confirmed, in subsequent cases, by the Supreme Court of Appeal.

Supreme Court of Appeal.

In 1999, Cameron was given an acting stint on the Constitutional Court, during which he partook in its seminal judgments in and "Grootboom" and wrote the "Liquor Bill" judgment on provincial legislative powers — the first, and still the only, case to be referred to the Court by the President of South Africa under section 79 of the Constitution. The Judicial Service Commission had recommended that Cameron be permanently appointed, but Sandile Ngcobo was ultimately preferred due to the late intercession of Thabo Mbeki, then Deputy President, who felt the appointee should be black. Cameron has said there is "no doubt" this was the correct decision.  Cameron was instead appointed to the Supreme Court of Appeal (at the same time as Mahomed Navsa and Robert Nugent), which he served for eight years. There he wrote leading judgments on legal causation, hearsay evidence, public contracts and contempt of court. In "Minister of Finance v Gore", Cameron co-authored a judgment with Fritz Brand that held the state could be delictually liable for causing pure economic loss by fraud.

Constitutional Court.

On 31 December 2008 President Kgalema Motlanthe appointed Cameron to the Constitutional Court, taking effect from 1 January 2009. He is considered a crucial member of the Court's progressive wing. He has been described as a "jurist of the highest order", "the greatest legal mind of his generation" and "in a league of his own".  Cameron's judgment in "Glenister v President", co-authored with Deputy Chief Justice Dikgang Moseneke, struck down amendments to the National Prosecuting Act and South African Police Service Act on the basis that they failed to create an "adequately independent" anti-corruption unit. This was praised as an "imaginative" and "brilliant" judgment by commentators and means South Africa must have an independent corruption-fighting agency notwithstanding the ruling ANC's controversial disbanding of the Scorpions.  Also well-known are Cameron's judgments on defamation law and free speech:  Cameron retired on 20 August 2019, the 25th anniversary of his appointment to the bench.

Activism.

Gay rights.

Cameron has been openly gay since the early 1980s. He addressed the crowd in the first pride parade in South Africa held in Johannesburg on 13 October 1990. Thereafter he oversaw the gay and lesbian movement's submissions to the drafters of the South African Constitution and was instrumental in securing the inclusion of an express prohibition on discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation. He is one of 29 signatories to the Yogyakarta Principles. He also was a founding member of the Society for Homosexuals on Campus, a student organization at the University of the Witwatersrand, which later became known as Activate Wits.  1995 saw the publication of "Defiant Desire: Gay and Lesbian Lives in South Africa", "a celebration of the lives of gay men and lesbians in South Africa" which Cameron co-edited with Mark Gevisser.

HIV/AIDS.

From 1988 Cameron advised the National Union of Mineworkers on HIV/AIDS, and helped draft and negotiate the industry's first comprehensive AIDS agreement with the Chamber of Mines. While at the Centre for Applied Legal Studies, he drafted the Charter of Rights on AIDS and HIV, co-founded the AIDS Consortium (a national affiliation of non-governmental organizations working in AIDS), which he chaired for its first three years, and founded and was the first director of the AIDS Law Project.  Cameron had himself contracted HIV in the 1980s and became extremely ill with AIDS when working as a High Court judge. His salary allowed him to afford anti-retroviral treatment, which saved his life. Cameron's realisation that he owed his life to his relative wealth caused him to become a prominent HIV/AIDS activist in post-apartheid South Africa, urging its government to provide treatment to all. He has strongly criticised President Thabo Mbeki's AIDS-denialist policies. Cameron was the first, and remains the only, senior South African official to state publicly that he is living with HIV/AIDS.  His prize-winning first book, "Witness to AIDS", is about his struggle with the illness. It has been published in South Africa, the UK, the US and in translation in Germany and in China.

Decriminalization of sex work.

Cameron has been a staunch supporter of the full decriminalization of sex work. His advocacy and activism has sought to link criminalization, discrimination and stigma, and more recently how these link to Sustainable Development Goal 16. In 2008, at the 17th International AIDS Conference held in Mexico, Cameron called for a sustained and vocal campaign against HIV criminalization. At the 21st International Aids Conference, held in 2016 in Durban, South Africa, Cameron expanded on the call for decriminalization of HIV, stating "[t]he biggest problem is stigma. Stigma, stigma, stigma, stigma. Stigma remains a barrier to prevention, it remains a barrier to behavior change, it remains a barrier to people accessing treatment." During the same speech, Cameron invited any sex workers present to join him on stage and indicated that sex work is "one of the most dangerous and despised occupations, and one that deserves our support and our respect and our love." He further stated "Sex workers are perhaps the most reviled group in human history - indispensable to a portion of mostly heterosexual males in society, but despised, marginalized, persecuted, beaten up and imprisoned. Sex workers work. Their work is work with dignity."  In July 2019, at a UNAIDS Press Conference, Cameron linked activism against criminalization, discrimination and stigma, to achieving Sustainable Development Goal 16 where he stated "Almost all countries have some form of criminal prohibition on sex work. [...] criminalization has severe consequences taking people outside of areas of protection. It declares [the criminalized group's] actions or identity illegitimate, and increases stigma. It excludes them from protections that our judicial, social and economic systems may provide. UNAIDS data indicates that criminalized groups often experience high rates of violence. If you suffer criminal violence and you yourself are criminalized, in most cases you simply cannot go to the police."

Awards.

Cameron's awards include the Nelson Mandela Award for Health and Human Rights (2000); Stellenbosch University's Alumnus Award; Transnet's HIV/AIDS Champions Award; and the San Francisco AIDS Foundation Excellence in Leadership Award. In 2008 he served as a member of the Jury of the Red Ribbon Award, a partnership of the UNAIDS Family. He is the 2009–2010 winner of the Brudner Prize from Yale University, awarded annually to an accomplished scholar or activist whose work has made significant contributions to the understanding of LGBT issues or furthered the tolerance of LGBT people. In 2019, Cameron was awarded the Asijiki Awward for Service and Humanity from the Asijiki Coalition, which advocates for the decriminalization of sex work in South Africa.  In 2002 the Bar of England and Wales honoured him with a Special Award for his contribution to international jurisprudence and human rights. He is an honorary fellow of the Institute of Advanced Legal Studies, London, and Keble College, Oxford; and was a visiting fellow of All Souls College, Oxford in 2003–04, researching "Aspects of the AIDS Epidemic, examining in particular the denialist stance supported by SA President Mbeki". In 2009 Cameron was appointed as an Honorary Master of the Bench of the Honourable Society of the Middle Temple. He has five honorary doctorates.  Cameron was, until 2015, the general secretary of the Rhodes Scholarships in Southern Africa and is a patron of the Oxford University Commonwealth Law Journal. Between 1998 and 2008, Cameron chaired the Council of the University of the Witwatersrand. He is the patron of the Guild Cottage Children's Home, the Soweto HIV/AIDS Counselors' Association and Community AIDS Response. In January 2020 he became the Chancellor of Stellenbosch University.

Media.

Cameron's critical role in the battle for access to antiretroviral treatment in Africa and other parts of the global south is portrayed in the award-winning documentary "Fire in the Blood".

Edwin Cameron (born 15 February 1953 in Pretoria) is a former judge who served as a Justice of the Constitutional Court of South Africa. He is well known for his HIV/AIDS and gay-rights activism and was hailed by Nelson Mandela as "one of South Africa's new heroes".

Edwin Cameron (* 15. Februar 1953 in Pretoria) ist ein südafrikanischer Jurist, Richter am Verfassungsgericht der Republik Südafrika und AIDS-Aktivist.


Timeline.

Inception.

The Bloodhound project was announced on 23 October 2008 at the London Science Museum by Lord Drayson – then Minister of Science in the UK's Department for Innovation, Universities and Skills – who first suggested the project in 2006 to land speed record holders Richard Noble and Andy Green, a pilot and Wing Commander serving in the RAF. The two men, between them, have held the land speed record since 1983.  In 1983, Noble, a self-described engineer and adventurer reached 633 mph (1,019 km/h) driving a turbojet-powered car named Thrust2 across the Nevada desert. In 1997, he headed the project to build ThrustSSC, which was driven by Green at, thereby breaking the sound barrier, a first for a land vehicle (in compliance with Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile rules). Green is also Bloodhound LSR's driver.  The Bloodhound project was named for the Bristol Bloodhound surface-to-air missile, a project that Bloodhound Chief Aerodynamicist Ron Ayers had previously worked on.  The project was at first based in the former Maritime Heritage Centre on the Bristol harbourside, next to Brunel's. In 2013 the project relocated to a larger site in Avonmouth. The head offices of the project moved to Didcot, Oxfordshire in late 2015.

2017 tests.

Runway testing of up to took place on 26, 28 and 30 October 2017 at Newquay Airport, Cornwall.

2018 change of ownership.

In May 2018, the team announced plans for high speed testing at in May 2019, and then a run in 2020. However, the company backing the project, Bloodhound Programme Ltd, went into administration in late 2018 leaving a funding gap of £25 million, which put the venture's future into question. The project was "axed" in December 2018, with plans to sell off the remaining assets. Later that month, Yorkshire entrepreneur Ian Warhurst stepped in to rescue the project by buying the assets and intellectual property, including the car, for an undisclosed sum.

2019 tests.

In March 2019, it was announced that Warhurst had formed a new company called Grafton LSR Ltd. to manage the project, which became the car's legal owner. The company said in a statement that Warhurst was trying to save the project with new sponsors and partners.  The name of the new team became 'Bloodhound LSR' (for Land Speed Record). The car and the project's headquarters moved to SGS Berkeley Green University Technical College in Berkeley, Gloucestershire near Gloucester.  High speed testing of the car took place at the Hakskeen Pan in October and November 2019. Test runs driven by Green began on 25 October, using only a Rolls-Royce Eurojet EJ200 engine, with an expectation of reaching. The car achieved on 6 November 2019, and a final top speed of on 16 November, making it the eighth vehicle to attain a land speed of over 600 mph.

Design.

Car.

The car was designed by Bloodhound's Chief Aerodynamicist Ron Ayers and Chief Engineer Mark Chapman, along with aerodynamicists from Swansea University.  Bloodhound LSR is designed to accelerate from 0 to in 38 seconds and decelerate using airbrakes at around 800 mph, a parachute at a maximum deployment speed of around and disc brakes below. The force on the driver during acceleration would be -2.5 g (two-and-a-half times his body weight) and up to 3 g during deceleration.

Aerodynamics.

The aerodynamics of Bloodhound have been carefully calculated to make sure the car is safe and stable, particularly because it will encounter a shockwave when it reaches the speed of sound.  The College of Engineering at Swansea University has been heavily involved in the aerodynamic shape of the vehicle from the start. Dr Ben Evans and his team used Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) technology designed by Professor Oubay Hassan and Professor Ken Morgan to provide an understanding of the aerodynamic characteristics of the proposed shape, at all speeds, including predicting the likely vertical, lateral and drag forces on the vehicle and its pitch and yaw stability. This technology, originally developed for the aerospace industry, was validated for a land-going vehicle during the design of ThrustSSC.

Propulsion.

Three prototype Eurojet EJ200 jet engines developed for the Eurofighter and bound for a museum were loaned to the project. The car will use one EJ200 to provide around half the thrust and power the car to. A custom monopropellant rocket designed by Nammo will be used to add extra thrust for the world land speed record runs. For the runs, the monopropellant rocket will be replaced with a hybrid rocket from Nammo. A third engine, a Jaguar supercharged V-8 is used as an auxiliary power unit to drive the oxidiser pump for the rocket, although this will be replaced by an electric motor.Initially Bloodhound SSC was going to use a custom hybrid rocket motor being designed by Daniel Jubb. The rocket was successfully tested at Newquay Airport in 2012. However, constraints on cost, time and test facilities led to a decision to instead use a rocket designed by Norwegian company Nammo.  At first the plan was that the car would use a Nammo hybrid rocket or cluster of rockets, to be fuelled by solid hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene and liquid high-test peroxide oxidiser. This plan was revised in 2017 and the car will use a monopropellant rocket for the land speed record runs.  For the car to achieve, the monopropellant rocket would need to produce around 40 kN (8992 lbf) of thrust and the EJ200 jet engine 90 kN (20,232 lbf) in reheat.

Wheels.

For low-speed testing at Cornwall Airport Newquay in 2017, the car was fitted with four runway wheels based on those of an English Electric Lightning fighter jet with refurbished original tyres. These were replaced for the high-speed test runs in the desert in South Africa in 2019 by four diameter wheels weighing, forged from an aircraft-grade aluminium zinc alloy. These were designed to spin at up to 10,200 rpm and resist centrifugal forces of up to at the rim.

Construction.

The car was built at sites in Bristol and Avonmouth. A full-scale model was unveiled at the 2010 Farnborough International Airshow, when it was announced that Hampson Industries would begin to build the rear chassis section of the car in the first quarter of 2011 and that a deal for the manufacture of the front of the car was due. The car was largely completed by October 2017 when full reheat static testing was undertaken with the jet engine at Cornwall Airport Newquay followed by low speed test runs.  Further construction was carried out before the project went into administration and the car was then completed at Berkeley before high speed testing.

Testing locations.

Early in the project, Swansea University's School of the Environment and Society was enlisted to help determine a new test site for the record runs because the test site for the ThrustSSC record attempt had become unsuitable. The venue chosen for high speed testing and for the land speed record runs was Hakskeen Pan in the Mier area of the Northern Cape, South Africa, on a track measuring long. The local community cleared 16,500 tonnes of stones by hand from an area measuring 22 million square metres to create space for 20 tracks each 10 metres wide as the car cannot run twice on the same strip of desert.  Low speed runway testing of over occurred on 26, 28 and 30 October 2017 at Cornwall Airport Newquay.  High speed testing at Hakskeen Pan began in October 2019. The car achieved on its final run on 16 November 2019.

Education and STEM outreach.

The Bloodhound Project had an education component designed to inspire future generations to take up careers in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) by showcasing these subjects and interacting with young people and students. Bloodhound-related education activities are provided by Bloodhound Education Ltd, a standalone registered charity. The charity's Bloodhound Education Centre has also moved to SGS Berkeley Green UTC.

Bloodhound LSR, formerly Bloodhound SSC, is a British land vehicle designed to travel at supersonic speeds with the intention of setting a new world land speed record. The arrow-shaped car, under development since 2008, is powered by a jet engine and will be fitted with an additional rocket engine. The initial focus is to exceed the current speed record of in 2020 or 2021, with the vehicle believed to be able to achieve speeds up to.

Bloodhound LSR (kurz für "Bloodhound Land Speed Record" ‚Bluthund-Landgeschwindigkeitsrekord‘), vormals Bloodhound SSC ("Bloodhound Super Sonic Car" ‚Bluthund-Überschallauto‘) ist ein britisches Hochgesschwindigkeitsfahrzeug, gebaut, zur Erzielung eines neuen Landgeschwindigkeitsrekords von mindestens. Der Rekord soll mit dem vierrädrigen Hochgeschwindigkeitsfahrzeug mit kombiniertem Raketen- und Turbinenantrieb, ugs. Raketenauto, dem auf der Hakskeen Pan in der Kalahari-Wüste in Südafrika aufgestellt werden. Nach der Insolvenz der Projektgruppe im Dezember 2018 wurde das Fahrzeug und somit auch das komplette Projekt vom Unternehmer Ian Warhurst aufgekauft.


Origin and secretarial uses.

The word originated in ancient Rome, for a slave at his master's personal service "within hand's reach", performing any command; later it was specifically applied to an intimately trusted servant (often a freedman) acting as a personal secretary (amanuensis is what he does, not what he is).  In the Bible, the Apostle Paul is shown as the author of the Book of Romans. However, at the end of the book, Tertius of Iconium describes himself as the scribe who wrote the letter.  A similar semantic evolution occurred at the French royal court, where the "secrétaire de la main du roi", originally a lowly clerk specializing in producing, at royal command, the Sovereign's signature on more documents than he cared to put his pen to, developed into the "secrétaires d'état", the first permanent portfolio ministers, to which the British Secretaries of State would be the counterpart.

Academic uses.

It is also used in a specific sense in some academic contexts, for instance when an injured or disabled person is helped by an amanuensis at a written examination. A notable case in classical music was that of Eric Fenby, who assisted the blind composer Frederick Delius in writing down the notes that Delius dictated.  In the Netherlands it refers to a (technically schooled) physics, chemistry or biology laboratory assistant responsible for preparing and assisting with or conducting laboratory demonstrations and maintaining the instruments. When employed as such in a school environment s/he will have the title of "TOA" ("technisch-onderwijsassistent", i.e. Technical Teaching Assistant).  In Norway, "amanuensis" is an academic rank of a lecturer with a doctorate. "Førsteamanuensis" (Norwegian for "first amanuensis") is the equivalent of associate professor.  In Sweden, "amanuens" is used to denote roughly a teaching assistant at university who either continues with his own scientific work, or who works as an administrative assistant at the department where he or she studies. The title can also be used for a civil servant at archives or museums.  In Finland, "amanuenssi" is an administrative employee of a university or a research institution. In universities, amanuenses can be involved with student guidance counseling, organising course activities etc. In Finnish universities' schools of medicine, the title of "amanuenssi" is reserved for students working under guidance and supervision in hospitals, a mandatory part of medical studies.  The term is also used to describe one who assists an organist during a performance, by drawing and retiring stops, and by turning pages, although the more common term is "registrant."

Modern religious uses.

Amanuensis is also used in New Thought and mystical religious movements — such as Church Universal and Triumphant — to describe the role of a person receiving dictation from one of the Ascended Masters. For example, Mark L. Prophet — religious leader and founder of the Summit Lighthouse (1958) — claims to have written down the words of AM El Morya (also embodied as Thomas More) as received through dictation. ("Dictation" is claimed to be a form of direct communication from a non-incarnate Master to a guru or leader with the capacity to receive such messages). In doing so, Prophet would have served as El Morya's amanuensis.

Job titles.

Certain employers use the term for (generally unskilled) manual labourers at the bottom of the hierarchy, for example as factotum. During the 19th and early 20th century, an amanuensis was the job title for male secretaries who were employed by the railroad or ship to be available for travelers who required services en route.  The title is also used for officer positions in some collegiate debate and literary societies, including the Philodemic Society of Georgetown University. The Amanuensis records the official proceedings of these societies.  A similar term, "handlanger", exists in German and Dutch (nowadays in Germany its negative connotation of an unscrupulous, low person acting as criminal assistant prevails whereas the original use of this term for an unskilled and possibly also illiterate person assisting, in the literal sense of "lending a hand" at construction works has become rather rare). The term, "handlanger", is also used in Afrikaans, but mostly without the criminal undertones; "handlanger" typically refers to an aide, helper or handyman.

An amanuensis () is a person employed to write or type what another dictates or to copy what has been written by another, and also refers to a person who signs a document on behalf of another under the latter's authority. The term is often used interchangeably with "secretary" or "scribe".

Amanuensis (Plural: Amanuenses) ist eine veraltete Bezeichnung für einen Sekretär oder Schreibgehilfen eines Gelehrten. Der Begriff ist lateinischen Ursprungs und kann wörtlich als „Handarbeiter“ oder „Handlanger“ übersetzt werden.


Biography.

Anna Tatangelo was born in Sora to a family of producers of traditional bagel sorana. Since 1994, age 7, she began to take part in several shows in provincial and regional contests, collecting numerous placements, such as in 1999, where she placed second with "Minifestival della canzone" of Viterbo, which she won a year later. In 2001 she participated in the concert "La nota d'oro di Blera", won the traveling "Bravissimi in tour" stop in Sora and also won the national final of Cassano. Again, she won second place in the final of the competition "Una voce per... " and another victory to" Castelliri in Musica. " In August of that year, at age 14, she was selected by Rai for "Girofestival" where she presented her first novel titled, "Where is the Courage". For the same song she shot her first music video and also signed her first record deal (with the CSB Italy – Casalba). She perfected her style at the Music Academy of Sora, where she played for the youth choir in concert. In September of that year she participated and won the Academy's Song of Sanremo with the song Angelo of Syria: with this victory comes right in the cast of the youth category of the Sanremo Music Festival in 2002.

"Attimo per attimo".

In 2002, Tatangelo became the youngest person at 15 years old to win the Sanremo Music Festival's Newcomer's Award. Pippo Baudo chooses as co-host transmission "Sanremo Top", along with Silvia Mezzanotte, with the winner Matia Bazar. In the same year a duet with Gigi D'Alessio in "Un nuovo bacio", reaching ninth place among the best-selling singles. In July, she took part at the XVII World Youth Day, playing Amazing Grace with Tiziano Ferro, Raf, and Antonella Ruggiero in Piazza San Pietro. In 2003 Tatangelo at Sanremo Music Festival returns, this time in the Big, paired with Federico Stragà, with the song "Volere volare", signed by Claudioeg Bungaro and Claudio Passavanti. Summer Run preceded by the single comes out in August 2003 his first album, entitled Attimo per attimo produced by Fio Zanotti, the piece that gives the title track is a song originally written by the same Zanotti for Mia Martini, who died before to run it. From the album, as well as Corri, it extracts the same Attimo per attimo and L'amore più grande che c'è. In 2004 she was chosen by Disney to sing with Gigi D'Alessio in Il mondo è mio, the soundtrack of the animated film "Aladdin". In the same year, as well as working with several concerts of his first official tour, established a collaboration with the Video Italia channel: she was entrusted with the band for the afternoon Playlist Italy introduce such interviews, and live video programs requested by viewers of Live Italy. Tatangelo collaborates with Video Italia for two years.

"Ragazza di periferia".

In 2005, at eighteen, she participated for the third time at the Sanremo Music Festival with "Ragazza di periferia", a song written by Gigi D'Alessio with Vincenzo D'Agostino and Adriano Pennino. The song will be classified third in the category Women and weeks after the position reaches number 16 in the ranking of best-selling singles in Italy. By participating in the Festival will also quit the singer's second album, also titled "Ragazza di periferia". Two songs on the album (Dimmi dimmi e Quando dua si lasciano) are included in the soundtrack of the movie "Troppo belli". In July, after graduating from high school, Tatangelo starts on Tour in 2005, which includes several dates throughout Italy. When two are left is the new single. On 23 September the same year she participates in an O'scià and Italian pop music festival conceived by Claudio Baglioni and, during the same month, is the third single from the album, Qualcosa di te. In December, the host of the tour to Australia by Gigi D'Alessio. In 2006 Tatangelo her debut on records in Brazil and South America and get flattering criticism from European and French in particular. For the fourth time in five years, participated in the 56th Sanremo Music Festival with "Essere una donna", a song composed by Mogol and Gigi D'Alessio. During the course of the event on the evening of duets, performing a reworked version of the song, accompanied by Alberto Radius and Ricky Portera. The song won in the category Women and this statement allows her to participate in the final vote, where it ranks third. The song reached the fourth position in the FIMI. With the fourth participation in the Festival also comes a reissue of the album Ragazza di periferia, to which is added to the song San Remo and the brand "Colpo di fulmine", becoming one of the catchphrases of the summer 2006. The album was certified platinum with 150.000 copies sold. In summer, toured Italy with the summer tour and is awarded to the first in Venice Music Awards for Female Revelation 2006. In September, participating for the second consecutive year, the Festival O' scià.

"Mai dire mai".

Preceded by the single "Averti qui" arrives on 2 November, after a wait of two years, the third album titled "Mai dire mai", which represents the Tatangelo his debut as a writer: his people are the texts of the already mentioned here and Averti qui e Lo so che finirà, the album, which also sees the contribution of Gaetano Curreri of the Stadio, along with author Saverio Grandi Cosa ne sai, reached the sixth position of the FIMI and in November for a week also enters the Billboard European Hot 100, a prestigious list of 100 best-selling albums in Europe, the eightieth position, in addition to this unique Italian album of Eros Ramazzotti e 2. Between October and November of that year, Tatangelo was a guest in the American tour of Gigi D'Alessio. The second single from the album, from 23 November, I know it will end, accompanied by a video shot in San Francisco during the American tour under the direction of Gaetano Morbioli. The song, with over 18,000 downloads and reaches a gold record. The year 2008 saw its fifth participation in the Sanremo Festival, where it ranks second with the song My friend, dedicated to a gay friend of the singer, who has been criticized by some negative associations of homosexuals. The song reaches the second position in the ranking of best-selling singles and was certified platinum. Anna, duet with Michael Bolton and the same is inserted in the repackaging of the duet Mai dire mai, published on 29 February, who has since passed 130,000 copies and also reached platinum status. In March, begins his first theater tour throughout Italy, which received huge acclaim, and 17 May on the summer tour dates with more than fifty throughout Italy and one in Switzerland (Zurich), in September. On 30 May, extracts the new single "mai dire mai".

"Nel mondo delle donne".

On 7 November 2008 the new single "Profumo di mamma", the song anticipates the release of the new disc, which occurred on 28 November, titled in the world of women, a concept album entirely focused on the female. The album after only one month is certified platinum with over 100,000 copies sold. From 30 January enters the second single chosen radio airplay for the album, Rose broken song of protest against the abuse of women. With this single, the artist joins the association "Doppia difesa" of Michelle Hunziker and Giulia Bongiorno, and on 5 February, on the cover of TV Smiles and Songs with the same Hunziker, says it will donate the proceeds arising from the above download the song foundation. In June 2009, contributes to the mega-concert at the San Siro stadium in Milan in favor of victims of the L'Aquila earthquake of 2009. The charity initiative called Friends for Abruzzo is the brainchild of Laura Pausini and involves other female singers of Italian music. While giving his adherence Anna Tatangelo can not attend the event, however, on 21 June for health reasons. On 27 November 2009 he released QPGA, album Claudio Baglioni in which the song "Due universi" is sung in duet with Tatangelo and Gigi D'Alessio.

Reality TV.

In 2010 the singer participates in as a judge, the fourth edition of X Factor: Anna Tatangelo is entrusted with the Women 16/24, driving with the help of Adriano Pennino as a vocal coach. On 10 December 2010, with Valeria Marini and Gigi D'Alessio, publishes the compilation 3 x Te, project whose proceeds are intended to be donated to the associations Noi come voi, Doppia difesa and Amri In 2011 Anna Tatangelo is participating for the sixth time in Sanremo Music Festival with a song of which he is co-author, Bastardo, a rock ballad, with which it to the finals and is ranked ninth. The performances of the song are the most-watched by viewers of the 2011 according to Auditel (with 17.088 million contacts in one evening at onset). In conjunction with participation in the festival the singer is published 16 February 2011, the fifth album titled Project B. The album contains 12 previously unreleased songs and a re-interpretation of "Mamma", the song by Cesare Andrea Bixio chosen by the artist for the evening's special festival for the 150 anniversary of the unification of Italy. Among the authors of the songs on the album appear that Mario Biondi and signature Se e L'aria che respiro, the latter a duet sung by Tatangelo and published on 1 April as the second single, and Renato Zero, who wrote the song dedicated to the artist, Anna. On 22 March the Mondadori publishes the autobiography of Anna Tatangelo "Ragazza di periferia, La mia piccola favola". In May of that year he took part in the Wind Music Awards and the tour begins. Senses comes out on 24 June, the third single from Progetto B, accompanied by a video directed by Cosimo Alemà previewed on the site of ANSA and published by 27 June. In 2012, Tatangelo was teamed with Stefano Di Filippo in the eighth season of "Ballando con le Stelle" (the Italian version of "Dancing with the Stars"), broadcast on Rai Uno and hosted by Milly Carlucci with Paolo Belli. They placed third overall in the competition and won a standing ovation from judges and the public. Won boogie woogie Award, which goes annually to the couple who ran the ball better. Take part in Dancing with you where he won the team battle in Bobo Vieri team and ranks second in the Champions League.  On 15 June 2012 Anna performed at the studios' Interlomas "of Mexico City as a guest in the concert Gigi D'Alessio singing "Un nuovo bacio" and "Lo so che finirà" in Spanish. In September 2012, Anna flew to Egypt for a photoshoot and a TV transmission on travel and she was judge of Miss Italy on 9 and 10 September.

Anna Tatangelo (born 9 January 1987) is an Italian pop singer. At the age of 15, she became the youngest person to win the Newcomer's Award at the prestigious Sanremo Music Festival singing contest. Her repertoire consists mainly of pop music with slight influences of neo-melodic in some of the songs composed for her by singer Gigi D'Alessio, but also in the fifth fusion albums Progetto B. She faced several social issues and current affairs, such as the empowerment of women, homophobia, anorexia and violence against women. Since 2007 she also wrote some songs. She participated in the Sanremo Music Festival six times in ten years, winning in 2002 with the song "Doppiamente fragile" and getting on the podium three more times: in 2005, when it was ranked third in the category "Women" with "Ragazza di periferia", in 2006, when it was ranked in third place overall and first in the category women with "Essere una donna" and in 2008, when, with the song "Il mio amico" has reached the second position. The last was in 2011 with the song "Bastardo".

Anna Tatangelo (* 9. Januar 1987 in Sora, Provinz Frosinone) ist eine italienische Popsängerin. Sie debütierte 2002 und ist vor allem durch ihre zahlreichen Teilnahmen am Sanremo-Festival bekannt. Neben ihrer musikalischen Karriere ist sie auch gelegentlich als Fernsehmoderatorin tätig.


Early life.

Arvid Dean Kramer was born in Fulda, Minnesota. He played basketball for Augustana College.

Professional career.

Kramer was drafted by the Utah Jazz in the 3rd round (1st pick, 45th overall) of the 1979 NBA draft in his senior year. After the draft, the Jazz made a 2-for-1 trade involving Bernard King, which left no room for Kramer on their roster, so they waived him. He played about a half season in the CBA before being signed to a 10-day contract by the Denver Nuggets on February 28, 1980. He was good enough to later get signed for the remainder of the season.  He only played eight games with the Nuggets in 1979–80. He was left unprotected and selected by the Dallas Mavericks in the 1980 NBA Expansion Draft. The Mavericks had more contracts than roster spots, so Kramer accepted a contract to play for a team in Italy before the 1980 season. He never played in another NBA game and had a long career in Europe, where he played in various leagues in Italy, France and Germany. He retired as a player in 1996 and worked as a general manager for the Telekom Baskets Bonn in Bonn, Germany from 1996 to 2004.  The expansion Miami Heat of the NBA made him the first overall pick in the 1988 expansion draft at the age of 31. The Dallas Mavericks wanted to make sure that their players Uwe Blab, Steve Alford or Bill Wennington, who were left unprotected, would not be selected, so they offered the Miami Heat the rights to Arvid Kramer and their first choice (No. 20) in the college draft (which later would turn out to become Kevin Edwards). He never played for the Heat.

Personal life.

As of 2004, Kramer lives in Encinitas, California, where he is Director and Head Coach of the youth basketball organization MAVS Basketball Club.

Arvid Kramer (born October 3, 1956) is a retired American basketball player, mostly known for being the first overall pick by the Miami Heat of the National Basketball Association (NBA) in the 1988 expansion draft at the age of 31, and furthermore being the only player to be selected in two expansion drafts and never playing for the teams that drafted him. He is tall and and played at the center position during most of his basketball career.

Arvid Kramer (* 2. Oktober 1956 in Fulda, Minnesota) ist ein ehemaliger US-amerikanischer Basketballspieler und Sportmanager, der seit 1993 auch die deutsche Staatsbürgerschaft besitzt.


Early life and education.

Sikhanyiso Dlamini was educated in Britain at a mixed private school, St Edmund's College, Ware, in Hertfordshire, where she was in Challoner House. She continued to study drama at Biola University in California. In 2012, Princess Sikhanyiso graduated from the University of Sydney with a master's degree in digital communication. While in Australia, she resided in Glebe with her palace-appointed aide, Yemma Sholo. She is the first child of Inkhosikati LaMbikiza and has more than two hundred blood-related uncles and aunts through her grandfather, King Sobhuza II, who had seventy wives and two hundred and one children. She is also one of his one thousand grandchildren in the Royal Swazi House of Dlamini.  She is the first-born of thirty children born to King Mswati III, her mother being Mswati III's young love, Inkhosikati LaMbikiza (Sibonelo Mngomezulu). She has two hundred aunts and uncles, not including their spouses.  In 2001, Mswati III instituted the "umchwasho"—a traditional chastity rite—in Swaziland as a means of combating the AIDS epidemic. The princess became a focus of controversy because while she was staying abroad, she was not bound by the strictures of the "umchwasho". While studying abroad, Princess Sikhanyiso developed a reputation for ignoring or rebelling against her native country's traditions. Sikhanyiso wears Western-style jeans and miniskirts, something women in Swaziland are banned from doing.

Controversies.

On 14 December 2003, a report appeared in the "Times of Swaziland" claiming that Princess Sikhanyiso had gone on a trip to the US and Britain, and that the Swazi government had spent close to E1 million (US$100,000) on her trip. The Prime Minister's office subsequently issued a press statement denying these claims.  At the end of the ban in 2005, Princess Sikhanyiso, then seventeen years old, celebrated with a party involving loud music and alcohol at the Queen mother's residence. As punishment for the princess's disrespect of the royal residence, during which Mswati announced his engagement to a new wife-to-be, an official overseeing traditional affairs beat Princess Sikhanyiso with a stick.  The following year, the Princess criticized the institution of polygamy in Eswatini, saying, "Polygamy brings all advantages in a relationship to men, and this to me is unfair and evil." The Princess was subsequently "gagged" by the Royal Palace and the press was not allowed to contact her.  She was featured in a 2007 documentary titled "Without the King" about the monarchy in Eswatini, the disparity between the royals' wealth and the widespread poverty of their subjects, and Eswatini's HIV/AIDS crisis.  In late September 2013 she had a three-hour-long Twitter conversation with a proscribed Swazi organisation, the People's United Democratic Movement. Afterwards her Twitter account was deleted without explanation.

Achievements.

The King supported the Princess with her launch of the Imbali Foundation in April 2014. The foundation focuses on the health, education, and spirituality of Imbali YemaSwati (the regiment of Swazi maidens headed by the Inkhosatana or Chief Maiden). The Princess runs the beauty pageant Miss Swaziland Tourism. The Swaziland Deaf Association requested her patronage for Miss Deaf Africa and received the government's support.  The Princess is an aspiring actress and rapper and is commonly known as "Pashu" in Eswatini. During her brief stay in Malaysia for an internship program at Limkokwing University, she recorded a single titled "Hail Your Majesty" in honour of her father, The King. The debut of the tribute song received a standing ovation at Limkokwing during the conferment of an honorary doctorate to King Mswati III on 4 July 2013.  The Princess is a member of the board of directors of MTN Swaziland, a multinational mobile telecommunications company. She has appointed a businessman from Malaysia, the director of MyStartBiz Sdn Bhd, Muhammad Qadeer, as her Special Envoy for Investment Promotion in the Kingdom of Swaziland.

Princess Sikhanyiso Dlamini (; born 1 September 1987) is a Swazi princess and politician. She is the eldest daughter of King Mswati III of Eswatini, and is the country's current Minister of Information and Communication Technology.

Sikhanyiso Dlamini (* 1. September 1987 in Mbabane), Prinzessin von Swasiland, genannt "Pashu", ist die älteste Tochter von König Mswati III. Sie ist das erstgeborene von über 20 Kindern des Königs; ihre Mutter ist eine von Mswatis 15 Frauen.


Details.

Introduced in 1935 and for many years at the forefront of alloy steel tubing technology, 531 cycle tubing has been superseded by more complex alloys and heat-treatment/cold-forming cycles as Reynolds continues to compete with other manufacturers of steel for the bicycle industry.  531 tubing became the tubing-of-choice for most framebuilders at least partly because of the huge range of butting, diameters and thicknesses of tubes along with different stays and fork blades available - helped by the willingness of Reynolds to make special tubes for certain manufacturers. Reynolds also made up complete'sets' of tubing for different cycling applications - for example 531c (Competition), 531st (Special Tourist), 531ATB (All Terrain Bike) and so-on. This flexibility made 531 still competitive even after the introduction of more advanced alloys. The widespread use of TIG and MIG welding in cycle manufacture became a problem as 531 reacted poorly to the higher temperatures produced and 531 has been gradually phased out as a result.  The most common like-for-like replacements for 531 are Reynolds 520 and 525 - a Chrome-Molybdenum tubing with very similar characteristics, but in addition to brazing, can also be welded. The 520 tubing can often be seen on modern "fixie" bikes (urban "track" type bike frames), while the 525 with its thicker-walled seat stays is more for cyclo-cross and touring framesets.  The approximate alloying composition of 531 tubing is 1.5% Mn, 0.25% Mo, 0.35% C, and is similar to the old British BS970 En 16/18 steel (EN 16 is similar to grade BS970 605M36). Its mechanical properties and response to heat treatment are broadly similar to the AISI 4130 standard alloy steel, also used for bicycle frames, motorcycles, as well as aviation and motor-sport. This material was used to form the front subframes on the Jaguar E-Type of the 1960s.  Reynolds 531 is now only available by special order. The nearest available stock material is BS4t45 to Bs5T100 in accordance with BS6S100 conditions. (T45) Reynolds has superseded this tube set with a number of innovations such as Reynolds 753 and the more current 853. Reynolds also produces stainless steel tube sets for bicycle frame building - these are 925 and 953.

Reynolds 531 (pronounced 'five-three-one') is a brand name, registered to Reynolds Technology of Birmingham in the United Kingdom, for a manganese–molybdenum, medium-carbon steel tubing that was used in many quality applications, including race car chassis, aircraft components and, most famously, bicycle frame tubing. It is one of a number of tubing types developed by Reynolds.

Reynolds 531 ist der Markenname für Stahlrohre der Firma Reynolds Technology Ltd. in Birmingham, England, die für verschiedene Fahrwerkskonstruktionen Verwendung fanden. Die Rohre sind aus Stahl mit mittlerem Kohlenstoffanteil, der mit Mangan und Molybdän legiert ist. Die Bezeichnung wird zurückgeführt auf den ursprünglichen Anteil der Legierungselemente (5:3:1).


Early life and education in Estonia.

Karl Ristikivi was one of the first Estonian writers to create a comprehensive panorama of his country's urbanization. Once in Swedish exile, he also wrote the first Estonian surrealist novel, a work that is strongly influenced by existentialist philosophy. He orchestrated an impressive cycle of seventeen novels plus other books into a polyphonic unity with a time scale that embraces European history over two millennia. His invention and use of a complicated system of myths and symbols could be compared to the approach of the school of semiotic writers. Humanism, Christian religion, and traditional ethics are, however, the chief legacy of his works.  Ristikivi was born on 16 October 1912 in Varbla in western Estonia to an unmarried maidservant, Liisu Ristikivi, and was baptized Karp Ristikivi in the Russian Orthodox congregation to which his mother belonged. He spent his childhood on various farms where his mother found employment. In 1920 he entered a village school and suffered humiliation because of his illegitimacy and his frail physique.  He obtained some knowledge of literature and history by reading old German books that he found in the attic of a local manor house; although he did not know the language at first, he enjoyed looking at the pictures and asked grown-ups about the meaning of the texts. In the process he shaped his own imaginary world of medieval knights and Christian ideals.  His interest in history and talent for learning languages made Ristikivi an academic success at the village school. In 1927 a rich relative offered him an opportunity to continue his studies, and Ristikivi attended the Tallinn Commercial School and the Tallinn College; he graduated from the latter institution in 1932. The reminiscences of older residents of the city sparked Ristikivi's interest in the first period of urbanization in Estonia at the end of the nineteenth century.  Ristikivi began his literary career writing stories for family magazines, and in the 1930s he published a series of children's books with animal characters: "The Flying World" ("Lendav maailm", 1935), "The Blue Butterfly" ("Sinine liblikas", 1936), "Pals" ("Semud", 1936), and "Chums" ("Sellid", 1938). The money he received for these works enabled him to enroll in the department of geography in the faculty of mathematics and natural sciences of the University of Tartu in 1936, where he chose sociology as his main subject.  While at the university he was active in the left-wing Estonian Students' Society Veljesto. Ristikivi graduated Tartu University "cum laude" in 1941.

Later life in Swedish exile.

Much of this section is based on the only longer book dealing with Karl Ristikivi's life, i.e. Nirk, op. cit.  The Nazi-German occupation of Estonia in 1941 formed a watershed in Karl Ristikivi's life. Ristikivi was mobilised into the German army. As the German occupation weakened, Estonians began to worry what would happen if the Russians returned. For instance, those who had been in the German army - would they get sent to Siberia? Or worse? Ristikivi ended up working in the Estonian Bureau in Helsinki, capital of neighbouring Finland. But at some point during 1944, Ristikivi decided to cross over to neutral Sweden, quite legally as he even obtained a visa. But he would never see Estonia again. He would live for the rest of his life, a further 33 years, in the Stockholm area and Uppsala.  Ristikivi began writing articles for the exile Estonian press in Sweden. But in the end, to make ends meet, he started work at a health insurance office. This meant that all his writing from then onwards would have to be done in his spare time. The first two novels he wrote in exile were those of the Unfinished Trilogy. These were still about Estonia, but by the early 1950s, Ristikivi must have undergone some kind of crisis. He did not complete the trilogy but instead started work on what has become his most famous novel "The Night of Souls" ("Hingede öö"; 1953; synopsis below).  Around the time that Ristikivi was writing his historical novel about Saint Catherine of Siena ("The Bridal Veil" op. cit.), he was interviewed by Vello Salo for Vatican Radio about his previous work. But he appears not to have been a very public figure, devoting much of his spare time to writing his novels and other works, and mostly mixing with other exile Estonians in his social life. Nevertheless, Ristikivi travelled quite a lot, often to southern Europe to look at some of the settings for his later novels.  Apart from writing the other novels described in the synopses section below, Ristikivi continued to write many reviews and critical essays, mostly about Estonian literature, for the exile Estonian press and helped his friend Bernard Kangro, also a poet and novelist to run the publishing house Estonian Writers' Co-operative, housed in a suburb of Lund in southern Sweden, and which published exile Estonian literature.  Apart from two translations of his early novels into Finnish, a couple of his short-stories in Swedish, and a few recent Russian translations of his key novels, Karl Ristikívi remains untranslated into any other language.  Karl Ristikivi is estimated to have died on 19 July 1977 in his flat on Östervägen, Solna, near Stockholm, Sweden. His body was found a little while later and he is assumed to have died instantly of a brain haemorrhage. He was buried in Stockholm a few days later. A monument to Karl Ristikivi was unveiled at his birthplace in Estonia to commemorate what would have been his 75th birthday in 1987.

The trilogies, novels, and short-stories – synopses and descriptions.

A large part of what is written in this section is drawn from Neithal (op. cit.) and occasionally Nirk (op. cit.) There are simply no English-language sources or, for that matter, Swedish-language ones, although Ristikivi spent that last 33 years of his life living in Sweden.  The Tallinn Trilogy - "Fire and Iron" ("Tuli ja raud"; 1938); "The Abode of a Righteous Man" / "In a Strange House" ("Õige mehe koda" / "Võõras majas"; 1940); "The Herb Garden" ("Rohtaed"; 1942)  In 1938 Ristikivi published his first novel, "Fire and Iron". It and his next two novels treat the urbanization process as it affected three representative classes of Estonians — workers, merchants, and intellectuals — and comprise what is termed his Tallinn trilogy.  "Fire and Iron" begins in the 1880s with Jüri Säävel giving up farming and moving to Tallinn, thereby becoming a member of the first urban proletariat in Estonia. He witnesses the revolution of 1905, World War I, the Estonian declaration of independence in 1918, and the subsequent War of Independence. Throughout his life he retains his ideals of hard work, honesty, and charity. One of his sons dies in an accident; the other son, continuing the family tradition of moving to places of economic opportunity, seeks his fortune by immigrating to the United States. Säävel sends his orphaned grandson to the newly founded Tallinn Technical University, thereby establishing a pattern of progress: Säävel is a foundry worker, his late son was a train engineer, and the grandson gets a degree in engineering.  A reverse pattern is also apparent, however: the grandson divorces his wife, leaving her with a baby son. Säävel dies without forgiving his grandson, but the rest of the family continues living together to bring up the child.  "Fire and Iron" was the literary event of the year and won first prize in the fiction competition of the publishing house Loodus. The award money enabled Ristikivi to continue his studies; even more important to the young novelist was a public letter of praise from Anton Hansen Tammsaare, the "living classic" of Estonian literature. Tammsaare's words of encouragement suggest that the older writer was aware of Ristikivi's debt to Tammsaare's epic novel cycle "Truth and Justice" ("Tõde ja õigus", 1926-1933). Other influences on Ristikivi's Tallinn trilogy were the novels of Charles Dickens, John Galsworthy, and Thomas Mann and — oddly — the 1933 Hollywood movie "Cavalcade".  In June 1940 the Soviet Union annexed Estonia. One of the consequences of the Communist occupation was that when the next novel in Ristikivi's trilogy was published in December, its title was changed by the authorities from the author's "The Abode of a Righteous Man" to "In a Strange House" because the original title was thought to be too biblical.  In "In a Strange House" Jakob Kadarik, an orphan, is brought up in the household of a rich German merchant who owns a department store in a choice location in Tallinn. Jakob is ashamed of his peasant origin and obsessed with getting ahead. To reward his doggedly faithful service, humility, and business acumen, the merchant gives Jacob the hand of one of his daughters, who would otherwise remain an old maid. Another daughter, however, will get a much bigger dowry, so Jakob engages in an intrigue whereby he gets the other sister to marry him. Decades later, life in the Kadarik household is outwardly splendid: Estonia is an independent republic; Estonians have replaced Baltic Germans in business and society; and Jacob now owns the department store. Real happiness eludes Jakob, however. His wife has not forgiven him for the greedy and fraudulent maneuver that led to their union and has never loved him. Then the business fails. After the wife dies, the children find her diary, which reveals the ugly truth about her marriage; as a result, they become estranged from their father. Jakob's store burns down; he is suspected of having set the fire to collect the insurance; and one of his sons commits suicide.  The protagonist of the third novel "The Herb Garden", Juulius Kilimit, is the son of a village schoolmaster, lives in something of an aestheticist fantasy world of his own. He flees in his mind to an folkloric idyll, taking his urge towards freedom from German and Greek classics. But his god is not to be found in the groves of Arcadia, but in the landscape of Estonia, where he seeks his roots. While the Estonian literature of the time often portrayed the intellectual with some ridicule, Ristikivi picks his ideals from a symbolic herb garden. The younger generation try to undermine such feelings. The author allows romantic and positive values to prevail, as the novel had been planned before the Soviet and Nazi invasions of his homeland.  The Unfinished Trilogy - "All That Ever Was" ("Kõik, mis kunagi oli"; 1946); "Nothing Happened" ("Ei juhtunud midagi"; 1947)  Also sketched out while Ristikivi was still living in Estonia were the two novels of the Unfinished Trilogy, which appeared in Swedish exile in 1946 and 1947, respectively. These are the last novels that Ristikivi wrote that are set in and examine Estonia.  The first of the two novels, "All That Ever Was" is, not surprisingly under the circumstances, a nostalgic view of Estonia, full of Sundays and the blossom of fruit trees in spring. It is the swan song of the old clergyman August Tammik as death approaches.  But the backdrop to the second novel, "Nothing Happened", is the grim reality of the Soviet occupation of Estonia and the establishment there of Soviet military bases, the mass exodus of the Baltic-Germans, the title is ironic, as a lot happened during that time, events that would shape the destiny of Estonia for the next half century.  The Night of Souls ("Hingede öö"; 1953)  This novel is regarded as Ristikivi's masterpiece. It is a novel dealing with the very personal alienation and existential crisis experienced by a foreigner in a strange land. Ristikivi himself was now in exile in Sweden with no hope of ever returning to Estonia. The space in which the novel moves is a building in central Stockholm which the protagonist enters on New Year's Eve, hoping to flee the noisy drunken crowds on the streets, but also to attend a concert. But he ends up wandering up and down this labyrinthine house, meeting people, having desultory conversations, and never fully fitting in or getting into close contact with anyone. The epigrams at the beginning of chapters are taken from, for instance, John Bunyan, Walt Whitman, T.S. Eliot, Edgar Allan Poe, Christian Morgenstern, Lewis Carroll, A.E. Housman, Oscar Wilde, and the Finnish poet Uuno Kailas, which is a hint at what Ristikivi was reading at the time. The second half of the novel, entitled "The Seven Witnesses" begins with a strange waiting room scene where the protagonist appears to be in limbo between two countries, unable to proceed, unable to return. This is followed by a dreamlike court scene which is similar to the one that the old academic, Dr Isak Borg, experiences in the Ingmar Bergman film "Wild Strawberries" (1957). Each witness represents one of the Seven Deadly Sins. Between these two sections is a letter to a certain Mrs Agnes Rohumaa, which brings the reader down to earth, out of the dreams for a while. The novel ends on a relatively optimistic note. The protagonist is hardly reborn, but a number of matters have become clearer.  Ristikivi has documented some of the impulses that led to this novel. The first germ of an idea occurred when he was walking home alone one New Year's Eve through the almost empty streets of Uppsala, Sweden, in the mid-1940s. He then conceived of a short-story (which was never written) where a young man enters a completely unknown building, and it is not the people in there that are embarrassed at the fact that he is a stranger, but the young man himself. This idea gelled when Ristikivi celebrated the New Year at the Stockholm Concert Hall some years later. There are also musical and literary references in Ristikivi's description of the genesis of this novel such as Beethoven's 7th Symphony, Gide's "Counterfeiters", and T.S. Eliot's "Cocktail Party". But Ristikivi claims he had, at the time, not yet read Kafka.  The Chronicle Trilogy - "The Burning Flag" ("Põlev lipp"; 1961); "The Last Bastion" ("Viimne linn"; 1962); "The Horsemen of Death" ("Surma ratsanikud"; 1963)  Ristikivi changed his style completely for this trilogy whose novels are set during the period of the Crusades between 1266 and 1311. Where the previous novel was an intimate account, these three are written in a somewhat impersonal chronicle style.  "The Burning Flag" describes the life of the young German count Konrad von Hohenstaufen and his attempts to regain control of the Kingdom of Sicily which had once been ruled by his forebears, but his forces suffer defeat and he is killed.  "The Last Bastion" describes the attempts by Christians to take Acre (also known as Akka or Akkon), and the dramatic events, full of sacrifice, that took place in the Palestine of 1291.  In "The Horsemen of Death" the Crusades as such have just finished but the Occident still launches raids including the exploits of the notorious Catalan Company, i.e. the Knights of Death, who enjoyed victories in Asia Minor in 1302 and 1311.  The Isle of Miracles ("Imede saar"; 1964)  This short novel forms an interlude in Ristikivi's production. It is an allegory, based in part on the works of famous utopian authors such as Thomas More and Tommaso Campanella, and especially the Platonic idea of a good society. The utopia is an archipelago called Allotria, which has features of our modern Western society. Mankind has here become a victim of its own freedom. The book is therefore an anti-utopian work. Allotria is pitted against the Heliodorian realm that is the remains of a former tyranny and is hidden within the crater of a volcano. This is an aggressive nation and Allotria, a welfare state, ignores its threatening behaviour. The book is thus an allegorical examination of how democracies and totalitarian countries interact. How egotistical can democracies be, or should perhaps they be led by idealists who demand a certain degree of national sacrifice? The allegory is written in the form of a voyage in 1348 to Allotria. It is altogether lighter in tone than the previous historical trilogy.  The Biographical Trilogy - "The Bridal Veil" ("Mõrsjalinik"; 1965); "The Song of Joy" ("Rõõmulaul"; 1966); "The Apprentice to Sorcery" ("Nõiduse õpilane"; 1967)  "The Bridal Veil" is the story of Catarina Benincasa (1347-1380) better known as Saint Catherine of Siena. Ristikivi steers clear of the central mystical part of her life, instead focusing on her via dolorosa to achieve sainthood in this life. As a woman and an idealist in a rough man's world, she is often treated with suspicion. She hopes to conquer the evils of this world by moral means. The novel describes her personal struggle, but also the political ones in 14th century Italy. Each chapter is divided into two parts. The first part is more like a chronicle, the second is the personal view of someone who knew Catherine. Christian ideals and existential problems are dealt with in this novel.  The second novel of this trilogy, "The Song of Joy" tells the story of the mediaeval Welsh bard and composer David and asks the question whether the evils of this world can be countered by music. The title alludes to "Ode to Joy" i.e. Schiller and Beethoven. But David's music appears not to improve this world in any way, because as he grows more accomplished, the world around him grows more evil. A key theme is the road of any person through life, and to what extent it is possible for this world to be improved by the acts of individuals. It is also about turning the other cheek.  "The Apprentice to Sorcery", the third novel, is about the mediaeval thinker and physician Johannes Faber, a scientist in the spirit of Faust. He finds himself caught between the exigencies of science and church dogma. The action of the novel takes place during the last three days of Johannes Faber's life while he tell the Domican priest Anselm everything about his life as he awaits being burnt at the stake. This novel is an elegy, but intellectual joy shines through.  The Gates of Sigtuna ("Sigtuna väravad"; 1968) (short prose)  This book consists of ten short-stories with titles such as "The Philosopher Who Did Not Learn How to Keep Silent", "Creator of One's Own Joy", "Don Juan and the Virgin Johanna". Ristikivi is again examining moral paradoxes and dilemmas. The Don Juan story is where he meets Joan of Arc, perhaps in heaven, and they have their dialogue.  The Last Trilogy - "Noble Hearts or Two Friends in Florence" ("Õilsad südamed ehk kaks sõpra Firenzes"; 1970); "Dragon's Teeth" ("Lohe hambad"; 1970); "A Double Game" ("Kahekordne mäng"; 1972)  As the critic Reet Neithal puts it (op. cit.) Ristikivi both develops and sums up his oeuvre in this, his last, trilogy.  The first novel, "Noble Hearts or Two Friends in Florence" has a rather complex structure and is set in the London of the 1960s in the theatre world where a play set in Cromwellian England in the 1640s is being staged. This play in turn describes the life and death of Savonarola in Florence in 1398. Ristikivi uses this book to examine the politics of his day by way of analogy. history repeats itself. Friendships are hollow, and people are scheming all the time. There are also short scenes from the play that Ristikivi has himself made up. The narrator even makes a little topical joke on page 10 of this novel, when referring to the author of the play, Richard Cliff, that "a certain Mr Cliff Richard" may have borrowed his pseudonym from him.  The second novel, "Dragon's Teeth" is set in the Spain and Low Countries of the 16th century, as well as describing the life of a Catalan refugee in Paris in 1949, Joaquim Barrera, whose son Pablo is translating and commenting on his father's trilogy. The structure is therefore a novel within a novel. In the trilogy, there are two main characters, the idealist Ruy Pons de Granollers is described in the light of political goals and pointless sacrifice, and a more down to earth Fleming, Jan Bleis. This is to an extent a metanovel about the philosophy of history from a pessimistic point of view.  The third novel, "A Double Game" is once again an examination of history and morality, but in the form of a murder mystery. Some of the detective work has to be done by the reader.  A Rome Diary ("Rooma päevik"; 1976)  Ristikivi's last book is set in the 18th century Rome, among the ruins and historical buildings. It was published one year before the author's death. As critic Reet Neithal describes the book as: "[Ristikivi's] swan song, a finely textured and poetic travelogue that does not so much describe the travel venues -- the famous monuments of Rome - as the mood of the protagonist and his actions as a result of these. This subtle spiritual diary is one of the author's most personal works". The protagonist (i.e. author of the diary) is called Kaspar von Schmerzburg ("Schmerz" being the German for pain). He walks among the ruins of what was once a huge empire - i.e. the Roman one. He walks in the catacombs and tunnels, and thus sees what is hidden as well as well as easily viewed from the street. Ristikivi shows his more melancholy and pessimistic side.

Bibliography.

Biographies and reference works about Karl Ristikivi (in Estonian).

There are, as yet, no book-length reference works or longer articles about the life and works of Karl Ristikivi in any other language but Estonian. These are what are available:

Karl Ristikivi (; in Pärnumaa, Saulepi Parish, Lääne County (now Kilgi, Varbla Parish, Pärnu County) – 19 July 1977 in Solna, Stockholm) was an Estonian writer. He is among the best Estonian writers for his historical novels.

Karl Ristikivi (* in Uue-Varbla, damals Gemeinde Saulepi, Kirchspiel Varbla, Livland, heute Landgemeinde Varbla, Kreis Pärnu, Estland; † 19. Juli 1977 in Stockholm, Schweden) war ein estnischer Schriftsteller.


Biography.

At the age of 13, Reed began working as an office boy, and at 19 a bank clerk. At the outbreak of the First World War he enlisted in the British Army. He transferred to the Royal Flying Corps, gaining a single kill in aerial combat and severely burning his face in a flying accident ("Insanity Fair", 1938). Around 1921 he began working as a telephonist and clerk for "The Times". At the age of 30, he became a sub-editor. In 1927 he became assistant correspondent in Berlin, later transferring to Vienna as chief central European correspondent. He went on to report from various European centres including Warsaw, Moscow, Prague, Athens, Sofia, Bucharest and Budapest.  According to Reed, he resigned his job in protest against the appeasement of Hitler after the Munich Agreement of 1938. In "Somewhere South of Suez: a further survey of the grand design of the Twentieth Century" (1949), Reed wrote that his resignation came in response to press censorship which prevented him from fully reporting "the facts about Hitler and National Socialism." He believed that by becoming a "journalist without a newspaper," he would be free to write as he chose.  His 1938 book "Insanity Fair" analysing the situation in pre-war Europe brought him worldwide fame. His next few books were also bestsellers.  Reed spent the duration of the Second World War in England; in 1948, he moved to Durban, South Africa. In his 1951 book "Far and Wide" he wrote: "During the Second World War I noticed that the figures of Jewish losses, in places where war made verification impossible, were being irresponsibly inflated, and said so in a book. The process continued until the war's end when the figure of six millions was produced... No proof can be given". Reed was subsequently virtually banned by establishment publishers and booksellers, and his previous titles were often removed from library shelves.  His career as a published author effectively over, Reed nevertheless spent several years, including in New York and Montreal, working on his magnum opus "The Controversy Of Zion". Despite some initial discussions with a publisher, the manuscript was never submitted. In the 1960s Reed was outspoken in his opposition to the decolonization of Africa. In his "The Battle for Rhodesia" (1966) he explicitly compared decolonization to the above-mentioned appeasement of Hitler; he strongly supported Ian Smith's unilateral declaration of independence from the United Kingdom, arguing that Smith's Rhodesia had to be defended as "the last bulwark against the Third World War", just as Czechoslovakia should have been defended against Hitler in 1938.  Reed died in Durban in 1976. Two years later "The Controversy of Zion" was finally brought to print, the manuscript having lain on top of a wardrobe in Reed's home for over two decades.

Criticism.

Richard Thurlow noted that Reed was one of the first antisemitic writers to deny Hitler's extermination of the Jews. In a review of Reed's "Lest We Regret" written in 1943, George Orwell compared Reed, with his unheeded early warnings about the Nazis, to the Greek mythological figure Cassandra. Orwell noted Reed dismissed the Nazis' persecution of German Jews, and even the pogroms, as just "propaganda." Reed cited a story in the Daily Herald about Germans in football clothes playing football with 500 Jewish babies in a football stadium near Kiev "bouncing and kicking them around the arena." This story had also been dismissed in the New Statesman as "complete fabrication" and "nonsense." Orwell summed-up Reed's book as: ""the dominant notes being back to the land, more emigration, down with the Reds and—above all—down with the Jews."" Orwell warned that Reed had an ""easy journalistic style"", stating he was a ""persuasive writer"" through which he was ""capable of doing a lot of harm among the large public for which he caters."" Orwell compared Reed's outlook to that of the anti-Hitlerian Nazi dissident Otto Strasser and the British fascist leader Oswald Mosley.

Douglas Lancelot Reed (11 March 1895 – 26 August 1976) was a British journalist, playwright, novelist and author of a number of books of political analysis. His book "Insanity Fair" (1938) was one of the most influential in publicising the state of Europe and the megalomania of Adolf Hitler before the Second World War. By the time of his death, Reed had been largely forgotten except for various remarks about Jews. Thus, when "The Times" ran his obituary, it condemned Reed as a "virulent anti-Semite," although Reed himself claimed that he drew a distinction between opposition to Zionism and antisemitism. Reed believed in a long-term Zionist conspiracy to impose a world government on an enslaved humanity. He was also staunchly anti-Communist, and once wrote that National Socialism was a "stooge or stalking horse " meant to further the aims of the "Communist Empire."

Douglas Lancelot Reed (* 11. März 1895 in London; † 26. August 1976 in Durban) war ein britischer Journalist, Schriftsteller und Publizist. Während der 1930er Jahre war er Mitteleuropakorrespondent der Zeitung The Times und profilierte sich als scharfer Kritiker Adolf Hitlers und der Appeasement-Politik. Gleichzeitig vertrat er einen zunehmend radikalen Antisemitismus und befürwortete einen Nationalen Sozialismus, wie ihn Otto Strasser repräsentierte. Nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg entwickelte Reed Verschwörungstheorien, nach denen Hitler ein Agent des Zionismus gewesen sei. Er war einer der ersten Holocaustleugner und als erklärter Gegner Hitlers ein wichtiger Bezugspunkt rechtsextremistischer Kreise nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg.


Habitat.

The fish is characteristic of vertical rock walls in the middle and upper rocky intertidal community along the exposed coasts of Pacific coast of South America, ranging from southern Peru to southern Chile. Its niche is unique, with no known parallel development in other rocky intertidal communities. The most likely determinants of the distribution of "Sicyases sanguineus" are areas where vertical rocky shorelines encounter ocean swells and ample benthic prey.  "Sicyases sanguineus" attaches by means of a large disc formed of the fused and highly modified pelvic fins, bearing small and flattened dermal papillae. The combination of suction by disc and adhesion by papillae secure the clingfish to the rock.

Behavior.

When young, "S. sanguineus" is gregarious and often congregates on walls. They are alert and can detect moving objects over distances from. However, adults are quiescent and cluster on exposed rocks often well above water level. Among the many places where they can be seen are the boulder fields in Pozo Toyo and Antofagasta Bay, Chile.

Feeding.

"Sicyases sanguineus" is omnivorous, feeding on a wide range of algae (brown, green and red) and many types of invertebrates (especially molluscs such as chitons, marine snails, limpets and mussels, and barnacles, but also crabs, isopods, amphipods, insect larvae and sea urchins). They only take relatively small animals. For example, they have been observed living in apparent peace with large chitons and limpets, whereas the small individuals are eaten by this clingfish.  As known from some other clingfish, "Sicyases sanguineus" has relatively large, protruding front teeth on the upper jaw. The front teeth on the lower jaw are shorter and more chisel-like. When feeding on algae, they scrape the teeth along the rock surface, leaving distinctive marks.  Other methods are used when feeding on molluscs like limpets. The most common way for the fish to connect itself to a flat smooth surface with its ventral sucker. It then repeatedly swings its head in a small arc, raking its teeth downward in strokes. A second mode in which "Sicyases sanguineus" feed on them is to insert its teeth on the limpet's shell and then twist. This produces a characteristic break into the shell posteriorly and anteriorly.

Sicyases sanguineus is a species of amphibious marine clingfish in the family Gobiesocidae. It lives in the Southeast Pacific along the entire coast of Chile and southern Peru.

Sicyases sanguineus, ein Schildfisch (Familie Gobiesocidae, Unterfamilie Gobiesocinae; vgl. "Gobiesox marmoratus"), ist in seiner Heimat, der Pazifikküste Südamerikas, etwa so geläufig wie an Europas Küsten der Seehase ("Cyclopterus lumpus"). In Chile wird er "pejesapo" („Krötenfisch“) genannt. Der Fisch spielte schon in der präinkaischen Kultur eine gewisse Rolle als leicht zu erntendes Subsistenz-Handelsgut (Proteinquelle) von der Küste bis ins Andenhochland. Der Gattungsname "Sicyases" ist ein latinisiertes Kunstwort aus dem altgriech. Aoristpartizip σικυάσας, von σικυάζειν „schröpfen“ – also „einer, der zu schröpfen pflegt“, Schröpfer – sowohl hinsichtlich der Körperform als offenbar auch der Zähne (als Schnepper) – worauf sich ebenso, pleonastisch, "sanguineus" („Blut-“) bezieht.