History.

The Grand Orient of Italy was founded in 1805, during the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy; the viceroy Eugene of Beauharnais was instrumental in its establishment.  Past Grand Masters have included:  Freemasonry was suppressed by Mussolini in 1925, being restarted after the Second World War.

Regularity.

Recognition by the United Grand Lodge of England (UGLE) is a key factor in maintaining the status of a Regular Masonic jurisdiction. The Grand Orient of Italy was once a significant player within international Freemasonry, and in 1972 it was recognised as regular by the UGLE. However, this recognition was withdrawn in 1993, due to accusations of corruption and Mafia involvement. Today the Regular Grand Lodge of Italy is the only Italian Grand Lodge recognized by the UGLE, or the other home constitutions of Ireland and Scotland. However, the Grand Orient is fully recognised by a large majority of the other regular masonic jurisdictions, both in Europe and worldwide.  This situation is highly unusual, in that most regular authorities recognise the Grand Orient, but its status is complicated by the lack of recognition from the three most senior jurisdictions, which normally give a lead in terms of international recognition. To further complicate the situation, the United Grand Lodge of England has publicly stated that the Grand Orient of Italy is regular in both origins and practices, but that it must remain unrecognised due to the issues surrounding alleged corruption.  Propaganda Due, the lodge that investigative journalists have identified as being implicated in the murder of Roberto Calvi, was originally chartered by the Grand Orient, although the Grand Orient revoked its charter in 1974.

List of Grand Masters.

Prior to Gustavo Raffi's grand mastership two terms of five years was the maximum tenure for a grand master. This, however was changed during Raffi's time, and his three-term grand mastership which began in 1999 ended in 2014.

The Grand Orient of Italy (GOI) () is an Italian masonic grand lodge founded in 1805; the viceroy Eugene of Beauharnais was instrumental in its establishment. It was based at the Palazzo Giustiniani, Rome, Italy from 1901 until 1985 and is now located at the. Its current Grand Master is Italian journalist Stefano Bisi.

Der Grande Oriente d’Italia (GOI) ist der größte italienische Dachverband (Großloge) von Freimaurerlogen. Er entstand in der heutigen Form am 20. Dezember 1859 in Turin durch die Vereinigung älterer freimaurerischer Großlogen. Die Erste dieser Großlogen bildete sich 1804 in Neapel unter der Bezeichnung "Grand Orient de la division militaire du Royaume d’Italie", der sich bereits 1805 mit dem Grand Orient von Mailand zusammenschloss. Der Dachverband versteht sich als "Ordine Massonico".


History.

The route was opened on 15 October 1847 by the Cologne-Minden Railway Company (CME) as the last part of its trunk line, extending the line previously completed from Deutz (near Cologne) to Düsseldorf, Duisburg, Dortmund and Hamm. It connected with the Royal Hanoverian State Railways’ Hanover–Minden line, which was opened the same day. The CME's line was originally laid with two tracks, although some sections were put into operation before the second track was finished. Because of its importance for Prussia’s east–west transport and for international transport at the beginning of the 20th century, the line was made a four-track line. Many crossings were replaced with underpasses, and railway stations were rebuilt in order to provide space for the route.  Operationally, the line is run as two separate two track routes, the one having the VzG number 1700, being built and maintained for passenger services and allowing speeds up to 200 km/h, whilst the route with the VzG number of 2990 is used mainly for freight and has a maximum speed of 120 km/h. Between Ahlen until shortly east of Gütersloh route 2990 uses the two southernmost tracks, whilst 1700 comprise the northernmost pair; west of Ahlen and east of Gütersloh route 1700 uses the southernmost pair of tracks. The lines were electrified in the mid-1960s.

High-speed test track.

The first Federal Transport Infrastructure Plan (1973) identified the Dortmund–Hannover–Brunswick line as one of eight railway development projects. Already in the same year a 28 km long section of track between Gütersloh and Neubeckum was made available for high-speed trials for speeds up to 250 km/h. Locomotive 103 118 with special gear ratios achieved a maximum speed of 252.9 km/h in September 1973. Vehicles were also built to test catenary for high-speed operations. The minimum curve radius was 3,300 metres and maximum cant was 120 mm. Experiments were carried out on different types of track (including slab track), catenary and turnouts.

Upgrading for high-speed.

In 1980, it became one of the first lines in Germany upgraded for high speeds lines when a 58.0 kilometre long section between Hamm and Brackwede (near Bielefeld) was upgraded for scheduled services at 200 km/h.  In mid-1985, a test train hauled by locomotive103 003 with special gear ratios between Brackwede and Neubeckum reached a speed of 283 km/h, a rail speed record in Germany. On 26 November 1985, at 11:29, an InterCityExperimental train fully occupied with passengers on the line between Gutersloh and Hamm reached a speed of 317 km/h. This was a new German record for rail vehicles and a world record for rail vehicles using three-phase power.

Bridges.

Schildesche viaduct.

A remarkable bridge on the trunk line is the viaduct in the Bielefeld suburb of Schildesche. The original viaduct was completed in 1847 was double track with 28 spans and in 1917 a largely identical viaduct was built next to it. During World War II it was badly damaged on 14 March 1945 by a Grand Slam bomb dropped by an Avro Lancaster of No. 617 Squadron RAF, after 54 attacks by smaller bombs failed to destroy it. After the war, one line was reopened with a temporary steel strut for freight traffic, while passenger trains used a winding bypass built as a diversionary route prior to the bombing, known as the "rubber railway". In 1965 the viaduct was reopened, the two-track viaduct for the “passenger route” having been repaired with concrete spans replacing the destroyed masonry spans, and the other using a provisional steel-frame construction built from old Wehrmacht pioneer materials. In 1983, the “freight route” viaduct was fully repaired, featuring the same concrete architecture used for the passenger route’s bridge.

Weser bridge.

The Weser bridge in Rehme (Bad Oeynhausen) a suburb was destroyed by an air raid on 23 March 1945. The bridge was rebuilt after the war with only two tracks, creating a two-track bottleneck between Bad Oeynhausen station and the Neesen yard (in Porta Westfalica). This situation ended only with the construction of a new Weser bridge in December 1984.

Services.

There is an hourly Intercity-Express trains service on line 10 from Berlin, via Hannover to Hamm, where trains are split (or are combined, in the reverse direction). Services continue to Dortmund, Essen, Duisburg, Köln Messe/Deutz and Cologne/Bonn Airport or Hagen, Wuppertal and Cologne (some continue to Koblenz and Trier). Other InterCity and ICE trains also run. Regional-Express trains run on line RE6 (Rhein-Weser-Express, Minden–Cologne/Bonn Airport) every hour and other services operate on sections of the route.

The Hamm–Minden Railway is an important and historically significant railway in Germany. It is completely quadruple track. It is a major axis for long distance passenger and freight trains between the Ruhr and the north and east of Germany. It is the part of the trunk line built by the Cologne-Minden Railway Company (German, old spelling: "Cöln-Mindener Eisenbahn-Gesellschaft", "CME") from Köln Deutz to Minden. It was opened in 1847 and has been modernized and developed several times since then.

Die Bahnstrecke Hamm–Minden ist eine der wichtigsten und am meisten befahrenen Eisenbahnstrecken in Deutschland. Sie ist die Hauptachse des Schienenpersonenfern-, Nah- und Güterverkehrs zwischen dem Ruhrgebiet und dem Osten Deutschlands.


History.

16th century.

Bayard's Cove Fort was built in the early 16th century to protect the coastal town of Dartmouth in Devon. In the medieval period, the town's harbour, located in the estuary of the River Dart, was an important trading and fishing port, able to hold up to 600 vessels; it continued to prosper in the 15th century on the proceeds of the wool trade. Fears of a French invasion, combined with the hope of retaining a valuable royal subsidy, led the town to develop Dartmouth Castle, on the west side of the estuary, into an artillery fort after 1486, with another fortification, Kingswear, being constructed the east side from 1491 onwards.  It is uncertain precisely when Bayard's Cove Fort was built: historians suggest that it was either started in 1509–10 at the beginning of Henry VIII's reign, following a royal instruction to the water bailiff of Dartmouth, or in 1529 by the town in response to fears of a French and Spanish attack. The fort was certainly complete by 1537; Thomas Howard, the Earl of Surrey, may have been referring to it in 1522, when he reported the "blockhouse of stone" in Dartmouth, guarding a well defended harbour, and the antiquarian John Leland described it two decades later as forming "a fair bulwark made of late".  The fort was positioned at one end of a new quay built along the harbour, near the entrance to the estuary, and was intended to engage any hostile ships that evaded the guns of Dartmouth and Kingswear castles. It probably originally took the form of a circular tower, similar to the gun tower at Dartmouth Castle. In 1575, the fort was leased by the town to Thomas Carne, a shipwright, subject to it being returned to the town authorities if necessary for the defence of the town. During the 1598 Spanish invasion scare, the town authorities took over control of the fort in accordance with the agreement.

17th century.

At the outbreak of the English Civil War in 1642 between the supporters of Charles I and those of Parliament, Dartmouth initially sided with Parliament. In 1643, Prince Maurice besieged and took the town, whose defences proved vulnerable to a landward attack. In January 1646, Sir Thomas Fairfax led a Parliamentary army to retake Dartmouth, seizing Bayard's Cove Fort and the five iron artillery guns stationed there by the Royalists to protect the estuary.  During the Interregnum, a governor, Sir John Fowell, was appointed by Parliament to run the defences of Dartmouth and to prevent smuggling. An order was given in 1650 for Bayard's Cove Fort to be repaired and brought back into full service. Charles II was restored to the throne in 1660 and initially granted the Dartmouth defences to the control of town once again. By 1662, however, the fortifications in Dartmouth were garrisoned by a royal force of 23 men and overseen by Sir John, who continued in his post as captain and governor until 1677.

18th–21st centuries.

In the 18th century, the fort was used for storage and fell into decline, until tourists began to come to Dartmouth in the second half of the 19th century and it was restored. During the Second World War, it was briefly used as a machine-gun post. In the 21st century, it is managed by English Heritage and open to visitors, protected under UK law as a Grade I listed building.

Architecture.

The fort comprises a stone blockhouse, probably built in at least two phases, with the original, circular design altered at a later date to form a more irregular shape. The exterior of the blockhouse is approximately, the interior, with a limestone rubble wall enclosing an area cut out of the cliff face behind it. The exterior eastern wall is now thick and high. Eleven gunports for heavy artillery surround the ground floor close to sea level, similar in design to those at Dartmouth Castle, as well as nearby Little Dennis Fort and St Catherine's Castle. It would originally have had a wall-walk and parapet to protect musketeers. One of the gunports has been converted to form an entrance, and another has been blocked off. The original lean-to accommodation for the garrison lay on the west hand side of the fortification but this, and the internal modifications from its later use as a storage facility, have since been destroyed.

Bayard's Cove Fort, also known historically as Berescove or Bearscore Castle, is an English 16th-century artillery blockhouse, built to defend the harbour entrance at Dartmouth in Devon. Constructed in the early part of the century, it had eleven gunports for heavy artillery and was intended to engage enemy vessels that broke past the external defences of the Dartmouth and Kingswear castles. It remained armed during the English Civil War, but was neglected in the 18th century and used for storage. The fort was restored in the late 19th century and is now managed by English Heritage and open to visitors.

Bayard’s Cove Fort ist eine kleine Artillerie-Festung aus der Tudor-Zeit in Dartmouth in der englischen Grafschaft Devon. Es wurde 1510 von der Dartmouth Corporation, der Vereinigung der Dartmouther Kaufleute, direkt am Dart River erbaut und bot dem an der Mündung des Flusses in den Ärmelkanal gelegenen Hafen Schutz gegen Eindringlinge von See.


History.

Rudyard Kipling was an English writer who was born in India and lived in the US from 1892 to 1896, before returning to the United Kingdom.  His poem "The White Man's Burden: The United States and the Philippine Islands" was first published in "The Times" (London) on 4 February 1899, and in "The New York Sun" on 5 February. On 7 February 1899, during senatorial debate to decide if the US should retain control of the Philippine Islands and the ten million Filipinos conquered from the Spanish Empire, Senator Benjamin Tillman read aloud the first, the fourth, and the fifth stanzas of Kipling's eight-stanza poem as arguments against ratification of the "Treaty of Peace between the United States of America and the Kingdom of Spain" (Treaty of Paris, 10 December 1898); and that the US should formally renounce claim of authority over the Philippine Islands. To that effect, Senator Tillman addressed the matter to President William McKinley:  He quotes, inter alia, stanzas 1, 4, and 5 of "The White Man's Burden", noting:  Senator Tillman's eloquence was unpersuasive, and the US Congress ratified the Treaty of Paris on 11 February 1899, which ended the Spanish–American War. After paying a post-war indemnification of twenty million dollars to the Kingdom of Spain, on 11 April 1899, the US established geopolitical hegemony upon islands and peoples in two oceans and in two hemispheres: the Philippine Islands and Guam in the Pacific Ocean, Cuba and Puerto Rico in the Atlantic Ocean.

Interpretation.

The imperialist interpretation of "The White Man's Burden" (1899) proposes that the "white race" is morally obliged to rule the "non-white" peoples of planet Earth, and to encourage their progress (economic, social, and cultural) through settler colonialism, which is based upon the Roman Catholic and Protestant missionaries displacing the natives' religions:  Kipling positively represents colonial imperialism as the moral burden of the white race, who are divinely destined to civilise the brutish, non-white Other who inhabits the barbarous parts of the world; to wit, the seventh and eighth lines of the first stanza misrepresent the Filipinos as "new-caught, sullen peoples, half-devil and half-child." Despite the chauvinistic nationalism that supported Western imperialism in the 19th century, public moral opposition to Kipling's racialist misrepresentation of the colonial exploitation of labour in "The White Man's Burden" produced the satirical essay "To the Person Sitting in Darkness" (1901), by Mark Twain, which catalogues the Western military atrocities of revenge committed against the Chinese people for their anti-colonial Boxer Rebellion (1899–1901) against abusive European businessmen and Christian missionaries.  Politically, Kipling proffered the poem to New York governor Theodore Roosevelt (1899–1900) to help him persuade anti-imperialist Americans to accept the territorial annexation of the Philippine Islands to the United States. In September 1898, Kipling's literary reputation in the U.S. allowed his promotion of American empire to governor Roosevelt:  As Victorian imperial poetry, "The White Man's Burden" thematically corresponds to Kipling's belief that the British Empire was the Englishman's "Divine Burden to reign God's Empire on Earth"; and celebrates British colonialism as a mission of civilisation that eventually would benefit the colonised natives. Roosevelt sent the poem to senator Henry Cabot Lodge, a firm believer in Western imperialism himself, for his review, and they agreed that it made "good sense from the expansion standpoint." Since the late nineteenth century, "The White Man's Burden" has served the arguments and counterarguments of supporters and the opponents of imperialism and white supremacy.

Responses.

In the early 20th century, in addition to "To the Person Sitting in Darkness" (1901), Mark Twain's factual satire of the civilizing mission proposed, justified, and defended in "The White Man's Burden'" (1899), it was Kipling's jingoism that provoked contemporary poetic parodies that expressed anti-imperialist moral outrage, by critically addressing the white-supremacy racism that is basic to colonial empire; among the literary responses to Kipling are: "The Brown Man's Burden" (February 1899), by the British politician Henry Labouchère; "The Black Man's Burden: A Response to Kipling" (April 1899), by the clergyman H. T. Johnson; and the poem "Take up the Black Man's Burden", by the American educator J. Dallas Bowser.  In the U.S., a Black Man's Burden Association demonstrated to Americans how the colonial mistreatment of Filipino brown people in their Philippine homeland was a cultural extension of the institutional racism of the Jim Crow laws (1863–1965) for the legal mistreatment of black Americans in their U.S. homeland. The very positive popular response to Kipling's jingoism for an American Empire to annex the Philippines as a colony impelled the growth of the American Anti-Imperialist League in their opposition to making colonial subjects of the Filipinos.  In "The Poor Man's Burden" (1899), Dr. Howard S. Taylor addresses the negative psycho-social effects of the imperialist ethos upon the working-class people of an empire. In the social perspective of "The Real White Man's Burden" (1902), the reformer Ernest Crosby addresses the moral degradation (coarsening of affect) consequent to the practice of imperialism; and in "The Black Man's Burden" (1903), the British journalist E. D. Morel reported the Belgian imperial atrocities in the Congo Free State, which was an African personal property of King Leopold II of Belgium.  In the historical survey of "" (1920), E. D. Morel's critique of imperial-colony power relations identifies an established cultural hegemony that determines the weight of the black man's burden and the weight of the white man's burden in their building a colonial empire. The philosophic perspective of "The Black Man's Burden [A Reply to Rudyard Kipling]" (1920), by the social critic Hubert Harrison, describes moral degradation as a consequence of being a colonized coloured man and of being a white colonizer. Moreover, since the late 20th-century contexts of post-imperial decolonisation and of the developing world, the phrase "The white man's burden" communicates the false good-intentions of Western neo-colonialism for the non-white world: civilisation by colonial domination.

The White Man's Burden: The United States and the Philippine Islands (1899), by Rudyard Kipling, is a poem about the Philippine–American War (1899–1902), which exhorts the United States to assume colonial control of the Filipino people and their country.

The White Man’s Burden (dt.: „Die Bürde des Weißen Mannes“) ist ein Gedicht von Rudyard Kipling. Er verfasste es unter dem Eindruck der US-amerikanischen Eroberung der Philippinen und anderer ehemaliger spanischer Kolonien. Das Gedicht gilt als eines der wesentlichen Zeugnisse des Imperialismus; sein Titel wurde sprichwörtlich.


Biography.

Voloshyn was born on March 17, 1874 in Kelechyn in Carpathian Ruthenia, in the Máramaros County of the Kingdom of Hungary. He studied at Uzhhorod School of Theology and at Budapest University. He became a Greek Catholic priest, from 1924 a Papal chamberer. He was professor of mathematics at Uzhhorod Teacher Institute from 1900 to 1917. In 1918, he became head of the Subcarpathian National Council, which in 1919 asked Czechoslovakia to confederate Carpathian Ruthenia into Czechoslovakia. This was realised in Autumn 1919. In 1925, he was voted as MP in Houses of Parliament in Prague (as a leader of Ruthenian National Christian Party).  On 26 October 1938, president Hácha named Voloshyn to the head of the government of Subcarpathian Autonomous Region. Following the breakup of Czechoslovakia in March 1939, he tried to proclaim the Carpatho-Ukraine independence and became president of Carpatho-Ukraine for a few hours (March 15, 1939) with the help of the rest of the Czechoslovak army and made to the Kingdom of Romania a proposal for unification, but he was refused and one day later the region was occupied and annexed by the Hungarians. On March 19, 1939, Voloshyn under the protection of last Czechoslovak troops retreated to the Romanian border, which was Czechoslovakia's ally.  Voloshyn then fled to Prague, where he lived during the war as a professor of the Ukrainian Free University. In October and November 1944, the Soviet Red Army took the whole of Carpathian Ruthenia, and incorporated it into the Ukrainian SSR. The government of Czechoslovakia later agreed, on June 29 1945, to cede the territory. The population of Carpathian Ruthenia became Soviet citizens. When Soviet troops took Prague in May 1945, Avgustyn Voloshyn was arrested by the NKVD and taken to Moscow. He died in 19 July 1945 in Moscow's Butyrka prison.  In 2002, by the decree of the then Ukrainian president Leonid Kuchma, Avhustyn Voloshyn was awarded the title of Hero of Ukraine and given the Order of State posthumously.

Rev. Avgustyn Ivanovych Voloshyn (,, 17 March 1874 – 19 July 1945) was a Carpatho-Ukrainian politician, teacher, essayist, priest of the Mukacheve eparchy in Czechoslovakia of the Greek Catholic Church. He was president of the independent Carpatho-Ukraine, which existed for one day on March 15, 1939.

Awgustyn Iwanowitsch Woloschyn (, ; * 17. März 1874 in Kelecsény, Rajon Mischhirja; † 19. Juli 1945 in Moskau) war ein karpatenukrainischer Politiker, Lehrer und Schriftsteller. Er war 1939 für wenige Tage Präsident der unabhängigen Karpato-Ukraine.


Biography and writing career.

Garrett is best known for the Lord Darcy books — the novel "Too Many Magicians" and two short story collections — set in an alternate world where a joint Anglo-French empire still led by a Plantagenet dynasty has survived into the twentieth century and where magic works and has been scientifically codified. The Darcy books are rich in jokes, puns, and references (particularly to works of detective and spy fiction: Lord Darcy is himself partially modelled on Sherlock Holmes), elements that often appear in the shorter works about the detective. Michael Kurland wrote two additional Lord Darcy novels.  Garrett wrote under a variety of pseudonyms including: David Gordon, John Gordon, Darrel T. Langart (an anagram of his name), Alexander Blade, Richard Greer, Ivar Jorgensen, Clyde Mitchell, Leonard G. Spencer, S. M. Tenneshaw, Gerald Vance. He was also a founding member of the Society for Creative Anachronism, as "Randall of Hightower" (a pun on "garret"). The short novel "Brain Twister", written by Garrett in conjunction with author Laurence Janifer (using the joint pseudonym Mark Phillips) was nominated for the Hugo Award for Best Novel in 1960.  An inveterate punster (defining a pun as "the odor given off by a decaying mind"), he was a favorite guest at science fiction conventions and friend to many fans, especially in Southern California. According to various anecdotes in a tribute volume, Garrett was cherished by his friends, who often repeated anecdotes of his behavior, but horrified many women, to whom he routinely introduced himself with obscene propositions. He introduced himself to Marion Zimmer Bradley with the Latin sentence "Coito ergo sum,"(sic) which she didn't understand until it was explained to her some time later as an obscenity, and at another time to a pregnant Anne McCaffrey with "sly innuendoes" which horrified her. Philip José Farmer recounted an anecdote where Garrett was punched by his then-wife for having a pair of someone else's lace underpants in his pocket, and later ran naked through a hotel after being caught having sex with another woman in the wrong room. Frank Herbert said "You could follow his movements around this creative Anachronists' picnic by the squeals of the women whose bottoms he had just pinched." Isaac Asimov referred to Garrett's offending Judith Merril enough that she emptied an ashtray over his and Garrett's heads.  Garrett suffered an attack of encephalitis in the summer of 1979; he spent the last 8 years of his life in a coma. He was married to fellow author Vicki Ann Heydron who, while Garrett was comatose, largely wrote the "Gandalara Cycle" fantasy series credited to both spouses.  In 1999, Randall Garrett won the Sidewise Award for Alternate History Special Achievement Award for the Lord Darcy series. He was also ordained in the Old Catholic Church. Glen Cook's private detective character Garrett P.I. is named in honor of Garrett.

Bibliography.

Gandalara Cycle.

By Garrett and his wife Vicki Ann Heydron; written by Heydron from a draft of the first volume and an outline of the series by Garrett.

Nidorian series.

With Robert Silverberg, as Robert Randall.

Psi-Power series.

With Laurence M. Janifer, as Mark Phillips.

Short stories.

Poem series.

Parodies Tossed.

"Parodies Tossed" was a feature of Columbia Publications' "Science Fiction Stories" and "Future Science Fiction".

Poems.

The collection "Takeoff Too" included a poem, which the editor titled "The Egyptian Diamond", which was erroneously credited to Garrett. It was actually written by Jack Bennett and originally published under the title "Ben Ali the Egyptian". Parts of "Ben Ali the Egyptian" "were" quoted in Garrett's short story "The Foreign Hand Tie."

Gordon Randall Phillip David Garrett (December 16, 1927 – December 31, 1987) was an American science fiction and fantasy author. He was a contributor to "Astounding" and other science fiction magazines of the 1950s and 1960s. He instructed Robert Silverberg in the techniques of selling large quantities of action-adventure science fiction, and collaborated with him on two novels about men from Earth disrupting a peaceful agrarian civilization on an alien planet.

Randall Garrett (* 16. Dezember 1927 in Lexington (Missouri); † 31. Dezember 1987 in Waco; eigentlich "Gordon Randall Phillip David Garrett") war ein US-amerikanischer Science-Fiction- und Fantasy-Autor.


Club career.

Bolton Wanderers.

Hunt made his professional debut as a substitute for Colin Hendry in the First Division match against Sheffield United on the final day of the 2000–01 regular season, shortly before Bolton Wanderers won promotion to the Premier League via the play-offs. He had to wait some time for further first-team opportunities, only playing in two FA Cup ties (against Sunderland in January 2003) before making his breakthrough at the start of the 2003–04 season when he became a key part of the defence and a first-team regular for Bolton. His Premier League debut came in the 4–0 defeat at Manchester United on 16 August 2003. He made over a century of appearances for the club, scoring once, against Liverpool in February 2004. His form earned him a four-year contract at Bolton, taking him until the end of the 2010–11 season, which he signed on 30 August 2007.

Birmingham City loan.

The departure of Sam Allardyce to Newcastle United and his eventual replacement by Gary Megson saw Hunt fall out of favour at the Reebok Stadium and he joined Championship club Birmingham City on an emergency one-month loan deal as cover for the injured Stuart Parnaby and Stephen Kelly on 3 November 2008. He made his debut the same day, in a 1–0 defeat to Coventry City at St Andrew's. The loan was extended for a further month, but on 30 December, a 24-hour recall clause in the loan agreement was invoked and the player returned to Bolton.

Derby County loan.

Despite being recalled Hunt played no further role for Bolton in the ensuing year and was again loaned out to a Championship club, this time Derby County, on 7 January 2010 as competition for the club's sole available rightback, Paul Connolly. Initially a month's loan, it was extended until the end of the season.

Bristol City.

On 30 July 2010, Hunt signed a two-year deal with Championship club Bristol City. He made his debut in a 3–0 loss to Millwall. Hunt made seven appearances in the first two months of the season, and an eighth in a 3–1 loss against Leeds United on 13 November, but that was his last for the club. Under Steve Coppell, Hunt was put in the first team which gave Hunt his debut for the club until Coppell's unexpected resignation over his lack of passion for the job. Under Coppell's assistant manager Keith Millen, Hunt was given more playing time until Hunt fell out favour with Millen. Things came to a head when Hunt replaced an injured Louis Carey in a game against Leeds. At the time City were drawing 1–1 in a hard-fought game but went on to lose 3–1. Millen favoured Carey and Jordan Spence at right back until he was sacked. At the start of the 2011–12 season, Millen was keen to offload him but received no offers for the player. On 31 January 2012, Hunt's contract was terminated.

Preston North End.

A few days later, Hunt signed a short-term deal with Preston North End as a free agent. He played regularly over the next few months, and was released when his contract expired.

Rotherham United.

Hunt signed for Rotherham United on 22 May 2012. A hamstring tear during a pre-season friendly delayed his competitive debut, he played just a few matches before falling out of favour, and he joined Accrington Stanley on loan in January 2013.

Accrington Stanley.

On his third appearance, Hunt collided with Plymouth Argyle's Ronan Murray, lost consciousness, and was taken to hospital after ten minutes of treatment on the pitch. Once his recovery was well on the way, the loan was extended to the end of the season.  He signed for Stanley on a two-year deal in June 2013 after Rotherham released him from his contract.  Hunt chose to leave Stanley at the end of his contract.

Mansfield Town.

In June 2015 he signed for Mansfield Town.

Leyton Orient.

In the January 2016 transfer window, Hunt joined Leyton Orient until the end of the season with an option for a further year. He scored his first goal for Orient in a 3–0 win at Colchester United on 12 November 2016.

Notts County.

On 1 August 2017, Hunt signed for Notts County. He was released at the end of the season.

Crewe Alexandra.

On 31 July 2018, Hunt joined Crewe Alexandra on a one-year deal after a successful trial, making his first team debut on 4 August 2018, coming on as a 29th minute substitute for George Ray in a 6–0 win over Morecambe. He signed a new one-year deal in May 2019. On 12 October 2019, he scored his first Crewe goal (and fourth professional goal) in a 4-2 Crewe win at Carlisle United. His release by Crewe was announced on 10 June 2020.

International career.

Hunt won ten England U21 caps, the first in February 2004 against the Netherlands.

Nicholas Brett Hunt (born 3 September 1983) is an English professional footballer who played most recently as a right back for Crewe Alexandra. He made 127 Premier League appearances for Bolton Wanderers and more than 250 in the Football League for a variety of clubs, and represented England at under-21 level.

Nicholas Brett „Nicky“ Hunt (* 3. September 1983 in Westhoughton bei Bolton) ist ein englischer Fußballspieler, der für Leyton Orient spielt.


Career.

Best known for his defense, the 6'3" Robertson played for ten years after being selected by the San Antonio Spurs with the seventh pick in the 1984 NBA draft out of Crowder Junior College and the University of Arkansas. After five seasons with the Spurs, He finished out his career with the Milwaukee Bucks, the Detroit Pistons and the Toronto Raptors. He also was a member of the 1984 U.S. Olympic gold-medal team.  In 1986, Robertson became the inaugural winner of the NBA Most Improved Player Award. This also marked the first of four National Basketball Association All-Star Game appearances for the guard (the others coming in 1987, 1988, and 1991). He also won the NBA Defensive Player of the Year Award in 1986, and led the league in steals in 1986, 1987 and 1991. Robertson still holds the top career steals-per-game average in the NBA, with 2.71 per contest over 779 career games.  Robertson thrice led the league in steals. In 1985–86 he averaged a league-leading 3.7 steals per game, a major factor in his earning the Defensive Player of the Year honor and being selected second-team All-NBA, one of only seven players in Spurs' history to have been selected first, second or third-team All-NBA. He was a four-time All-Star.  Robertson led the Spurs in steals four of the five seasons he was with the club, three times averaging more than three per game. Though he played only five seasons in San Antonio, he ranks third in club history in total steals, with 1,129. During his San Antonio days, he also recorded a steal in a then-NBA-record 105 consecutive games; Chris Paul surpassed it by recording a steal in 108 consecutive games from 2007 to 2008.  A multi-dimensional player, Robertson is one of only four NBA players to record a quadruple-double (double digits in four statistical categories in a single game) when he registered 20 points, 11 rebounds, 10 assists, and 10 steals while playing for the Spurs against the Phoenix Suns on. He is also the only non-center to record a quadruple-double, and the only player to do so with steals as the fourth category (the other three were with blocks).  During the 1993–94 season, the Detroit Pistons traded Robertson to the Denver Nuggets in exchange for Mark Macon and Marcus Liberty. However, he never saw any playing time for the Nuggets due to pre-existing back injuries.  Robertson scored the first points in Toronto Raptors' history. Ed Pinckney won the franchise's opening tip-off against the New Jersey Nets, Robertson hit a three-pointer, and the Raptors were ahead 3–0.

Personal life.

Robertson is the father of Tyrell Johnson, 2008 NFL 2nd round draft choice of the Minnesota Vikings. He is also the father of Elgin Cook, a basketball player for the Santa Cruz Warriors. His brother, Ken Robertson, played basketball for Cleveland State University.

Legal problems.

Robertson has had a history of off-court problems, during and after his career. In August 1997, he pleaded no contest to four misdemeanor charges of abusing a former girlfriend and was sentenced to one year in prison. He also spent a month in jail during the 1990 NBA off-season on domestic assault charges against his then-wife. Robertson was arrested again in San Antonio in January 2007, on a variety of charges, several related to domestic violence.  On February 26, 2010, Robertson was arrested for the alleged sexual assault of a child, trafficking an underage child for purposes of sex and forcing a sexual performance by a child. Authorities claim that Robertson was part of a ring that kidnapped a 14-year-old girl from San Antonio, forced her to have sex with clients and to dance at a Corpus Christi strip club in 2009. The girl escaped her alleged captors, prompting an investigation. It was determined that the entire story was made up. There is still no explanation on why the accuser made this story up. Robertson was found not guilty of all charges on November 30, 2015.

Alvin Cyrrale Robertson (born July 22, 1962) is an American retired basketball player who played in the National Basketball Association (NBA) from 1984 to 1993, and for one final season in 1995–96. Robertson holds the record for the most steals per game played, averaging 2.71 steals per game for his career. He is the only guard in NBA history to have recorded a quadruple-double.

Alvin Cyrrale Robertson (* 22. Juli 1962 in Barberton, Ohio) ist ein ehemaliger US-amerikanischer Basketballspieler. Er spielte von 1984 bis 1996 in der National Basketball Association (NBA) und wurde 1984 als Mitglied der US-amerikanischen Nationalmannschaft Olympiasieger.


Naval career.

Born in 1890 in Hamburg, Ruckteschell joined the German navy in 1908. In 1916, with the rank of "Oberleutnant zur See", he transferred to the U-boat arm. He served as Watch Officer on and, before being given his own command in July 1917, first of, then in March 1918, of. He earned a reputation as an overly aggressive commander, which caused him to be placed on a black-list of officers the Allied powers considered to have breached the laws of war. After the end of World War I, he left Germany returning in the early 1930s.  Ruckteschell was recalled to duty in the Kriegsmarine in 1939 and given command of an auxiliary minelayer. He next took command of the and sailed her into the Atlantic Ocean on 6 May 1940, commencing a five-month cruise that would sink or capture ten enemy merchant ships. When he brought "Widder" into port at Brest, he refused the Naval Command's order to take the ship to Hamburg, because the passage through British controlled was too risky. Instead, he assumed command of the commerce raider for her first cruise (9 March 1942 to 1 March 1943), during which he captured or sank fifteen ships. Von Ruckteschell was relieved when he arrived in Japan at his own request for health reasons.  Ruckteschell was one of the more successful raider captains. The success of a commerce raider is measure by both the tonnage destroyed and the time spent at large. Ruckteschell accounted for (second only to Ernst-Felix Krüder of "Pinguin") and stayed at large for 538 days, (second only to Bernhard Rogge of "Atlantis" ); however, Ruckteschell accomplished this over two voyages. Of the 13 voyages by 10 raiders, "Michel" and "Widder" claimed 15 ships of, and 10 ships of (4th and 6th highest), and stayed at large for 358, and 180 days ( 4th and 9th longest).

War crimes trial.

Ruckteschell was the subject of one of the first war crimes investigations undertaken by the British Admiralty. It was alleged that on several occasions Ruckteschell had continued firing on merchant vessels after they had surrendered. This contravened the laws of naval warfare, the Admiralty requested that Ruckteschell and his crew members be detained for interrogation. Ruckteschell spent the last years of the war on the staff of the German naval attaché in Japan. He was eventually located in an internment camp near Kobe and was sent back to Germany for trial.  The British charges submitted to the United Nations War Crimes Commission claimed "at least one clear case of mass murder and several equally clear cases of the sinking of vessels whose crew were on the vessels when they were fired on, and were not picked up subsequently when on boats, rafts and in the water."

Trial.

The trial was held in Hamburg between 5 and 21 May 1946. Ruckteschell chose as his defence counsel Dr. Otto Zippel, who had earlier represented Karl-Heinz Moehle. Zippel tried to define the limitations of international law, called Vizeadmiral Bernhard Rogge as an expert witness, and questioned the testimony of the British sailors. In closing, he asserted that "the law has recognized that in matters of sea even clever people are more liable to commit an error than in other walks of life".  The British military court convicted Ruckteschell on three of the four charges - Charges 1, 2, and 3 were upheld, while Charge 4 was rejected - and sentenced him to 10 years imprisonment. Three years were later remitted from his sentence on 30 August 1947, when he was acquitted of one more of the charges.  The trial raised serious concerns about further war crimes trials involving naval affairs, since only one junior naval officer had sat as a judge during the trial, and army officers could not be expected to have a good knowledge of naval warfare. Zippel stated during the appeal that "a court composed of experienced sea officers would have arrived at a different judgment in the case". Royal Navy officers acknowledged that there was a real chance of a miscarriage of justice and the naval authorities actually discouraged further naval-related war crimes trials because of the difficulty of finding suitable naval officers to take part in them. Ruckteschell's trial was the last held under the Royal Warrant on behalf of the Royal Navy.  Ruckteschell died in the Hamburg-Fuhlsbüttel prison on 24 June 1948, shortly after he had been informed that he was going to be released due to his deteriorating heart condition.

Hellmuth von Ruckteschell (22 March 1890 − 24 September 1948) was a German naval officer during World War II; he was one of the most successful merchant raider commanders of Nazi Germany, serving as the captain of the commerce raiders "Widder" and "Michel". After the war Ruckteschell was convicted of war crimes and died in prison.

Hellmuth Max von Ruckteschell (* 28. März 1890 in Hamburg-Eilbek; † 24. September 1948 in Hamburg-Fuhlsbüttel) war ein deutscher Marineoffizier. Im Ersten Weltkrieg befehligte er mehrere U-Boote und im Zweiten Weltkrieg zwei deutsche Hilfskreuzer.


History.

The group traces its origins to the launch in 1896 of the mid-market national newspaper the "Daily Mail" by Harold Harmsworth, 1st Viscount Rothermere, and his elder brother, Alfred Harmsworth, 1st Viscount Northcliffe. It was incorporated in 1922 and its shares were first listed on the London Stock Exchange in 1932. Harmsworth, who had been elevated to the peerage as Lord Rothermere, was editorially sympathetic to Oswald Mosley and the British Union of Fascists and he wrote an article, "Hurrah for the Blackshirts", in January 1934. Referring to Adolf Hitler's proposed invasion of Czechoslovakia, Rothermere, again writing in the "Daily Mail", said in 1938 that "Czechs were of no concern to Englishmen".  Harold Harmsworth's son, Esmond Cecil Harmsworth, 2nd Viscount Rothermere, took operational control of the organization in 1932 and complete control in 1940, when his father died.  Vere Harmsworth, 3rd Viscount Rothermere became the Chairman of Associated Newspapers in 1970. After the death of his father in 1978, he also became chairman of parent Daily Mail and General Trust plc.  After almost 100 years in Fleet Street, the company left its original premises of New Carmelite House in Fleet Street in 1988 to move to Northcliffe House in Kensington.  On 14 December 2017, the board of commercial real-estate data firm Xceligent Inc., which is owned by Daily Mail and General Trust, filed for chapter 7 liquidation.

Divisions.

RMS.

Risk Management Solutions (RMS), which targets the global property and casualty reinsurance industry, producing risk analysis models, services, expertise and data solutions for use in the quantification and management of catastrophic risk, is involved in catastrophe risk modelling, and is a subsidiary of the DMGT group.

DMG information.

DMG information aims to invest in high-growth businesses offering information to niche markets. DMG Information is headquartered in the US, with its main office in Stamford, Connecticut and other offices in California and Massachusetts. Foremost amongst these are Landmark Information Group, Genscape and Environmental Data Resources. In 2006 DMG Information bought Genscape, a US company that supplies information on the energy market. Genscape is a provider of real-time energy generation and transmission information to the energy trading markets in North America and Europe. dmg Information also owns Xceligent, Trepp, Hobsons and SearchFlow. DMG Information has also invested in Skymetweather.com (India), Real Capital Analytics (USA), Sanborn (USA), Point X (Great Britain), Propstack (India), Liases Foras (India), Funcent (China), dmg events (Britain), ARC, iprof (India).

DMG Events (formerly DMG World Media).

DMG Events was founded in 1989 and is active in more than 60 countries. Headquartered in Dubai, it is currently active in North America, the Middle East, North Africa, Europe, Asia, and Australia, employing over 370 staff. Events ran by dmg events include ADIPEC, Global Petroleum Show, Gastech, The Big 5, Index and The Hotel Show.

Euromoney Institutional Investor.

Euromoney Institutional Investor plc is one of Europe's largest business and financial magazine publishers. The company, 49% owned by DMGT, was founded in 1969. The company owns close to a hundred international specialist magazines in finance, energy, aviation, pharmaceuticals and law. Euromoney trains international bankers and securities specialists around the world, runs international conferences, and is very strong in electronic publishing. With offices worldwide, its shares are listed in London and Luxembourg. Euromoney has invested in businesses such as MetalBulletin, BCA Research and Ned Davis Research Group.

DMG Media.

DMG Media is the media subsidiary of DMGT and publishes the following titles:  The "London Evening Standard" was owned by DMGT until it was sold to Alexander Lebedev in January 2009. In October 2009 it was made a free newspaper. DMGT still maintains a 25% share.  DMG Media's consumer brand portfolio also included the recruitment and job search engines Evenbase, Jobsite and Jobrapido. DMGT announced the sale of its digital recruitment businesses in May 2014.

Joint ventures and associates.

DMGT holds stakes in a number of businesses, some as minority investments as well as joint ventures and associates.

Head office.

The head office is located in Northcliffe House in Kensington, London Borough of Kensington and Chelsea. In addition to housing the DMGT head office, the building also houses the offices of "The Independent" series, "Daily Mail", "Mail on Sunday", "Evening Standard", "Metro" and "Metro.co.uk".

Daily Mail and General Trust plc (DMGT) is a British media company, the owner of The "Daily Mail" and several other titles. The company manages a multinational portfolio of companies, with total revenues of almost £2 billion. The company operates in over forty countries through its subsidiaries RMS, DMG Information, DMG Events, Euromoney Institutional Investor and DMG Media. It is listed on the London Stock Exchange. Jonathan Harmsworth, 4th Viscount Rothermere, is the chairman and controlling shareholder of the company. The head office is located in Northcliffe House in Kensington, London.

Daily Mail and General Trust plc (kurz DMGT) ist eines der größten Medienunternehmen im Vereinigten Königreich. Die Gruppe hält Beteiligungen an zahlreichen Tageszeitungen, Fernseh- und Rundfunksendern vor allem in Großbritannien, aber auch weltweit. Sie ist an der Londoner Börse notiert. Seit März 2007 ist sie im FTSE 100 Index gelistet, zuvor war sie im FTSE 250, bis Juni 2006 im FTSE 100, ISIN GB0009458117. Hauptsitz ist London. Im Geschäftsjahr 2007/2008 beschäftigte das Unternehmen 17.424 Mitarbeiter.


History.

Ownership.

In 1880 Canterbury Cricket and Athletics Sports Co. Ltd was established. In 1882, Edward Stevens and Arthur Ollivier initiated the purchase of a parcel of swampy farmland (the actual cricket ground was in low-lying area and basically sitting on a large pool of saturated land) which became Lancaster Park, and Lancaster was the name of the farmer and previous landlord. For Stevens, this was a transaction through his company, Harman and Stevens, on behalf of the owner, Benjamin Lancaster. Canterbury Cricket and Athletics Sports purchased 10 acres 3 rods 30 perches (4.426 hectares) for £2,841 at £260 per acre (NZ$ 1284.95/hectare). In 1904 Canterbury cricket would become the sole owner of the ground. Then in 1911 the Canterbury Rugby Union became co-owners with the Canterbury Cricket Association over the ground. An Act of Parliament in November 1919 vested title to Lancaster Park in the Crown, and established the Victory Park Board to take responsibility for its management.  JADE Stadium Limited was established in December 1998 to manage the existing facilities on behalf of the Victory Park Board and the Christchurch City Council. A five-member board of directors, drawn from Christchurch's business community and the Christchurch City Council, governed the company.

Official opening.

In 1881 the first cricket match to be played on the ground was scheduled for the opening on 8 October, but it was cancelled because of rain. An athletics meeting became the first event held on the ground, on 15 October.

Financial difficulty.

In 1912 a "Floral Fete", a festival, was held to raise funds to clear the debt of £2,000 in order to prevent the ground being cut up into building sites.  The financial difficulty the ground faced was so great that during New Zealand's involvement in World War I in 1915 the main oval at Lancaster Park was ploughed up and was used as a potato field in an attempt to raise more revenue.

Expansion.

The embankment was expanded in 1957, increasing the capacity to 33,000. Two new stands were opened in 1965 further increasing the capacity to 38,500. In 1995 the Hadlee Stand opened in tribute to the successful cricketing family which came from Canterbury. The Hadlee stand was the first stand to be demolished due to earthquake damage. In 2000 saw the demolition of the embankment and No. 4 stand and the opening of the DB Draught stand (renamed the Tui stand in 2006) and the Paul Kelly Motor Company Stand (West Stand). Both stands sustained severe slump damage during the earthquake in 2011. Although deemed repairable it is unlikely they will be as the cost would be too expensive.  As part of a $60 million redevelopment for the 2011 Rugby World Cup, the Eastern Stands (No. 1, 2 and 3 stands) were demolished and replaced with the new Deans Stand. The Stand was designed to reflect the newly completed Western Stand. The total capacity was 38,500 and was to be raised to nearly 45,000 with temporary seating for the 2011 Rugby World Cup, in what would have made it the second largest stadium in New Zealand after Eden Park.

Deans Stand.

On Tuesday, 22 April 2008 a press release was issued announcing that the new East Stand, built to replace stands demolished in 2007, as part of a redevelopment of the Ground, was to be named the Deans Stand when it was officially opened in January 2010. The Deans Stand has a seating capacity of 13,000. The stand was severely damaged in the earthquake when the piles it stood on were violently forced up and then down in a wave motion. It is slated for demolition.  The Deans name has been a part of rugby at the stadium for more than a century. Bob Deans was an All Black and also captained the Canterbury rugby team, Bruce and Robbie Deans were both All Blacks and members of the Canterbury team with Robbie also coaching the Crusaders, Bob's brother Colin played rugby at the ground, Bruce & Robbie's father Tony played cricket on the ground, and in the sixth generation of the family Milly Deans is a member of the Canterbury women's rugby team. The name Deans is also the family name of the first successful settlers in the city with brothers John and William Deans building their house in 1843.

Earthquake damage.

The stadium was closed because of the severe damage sustained during the February 2011 Christchurch earthquake. The first of its stands, the "Hadlee Stand", has been demolished. Seven 2011 Rugby World Cup matches scheduled for the stadium in September were moved to other venues. Demolition of the rest of the stadium is expected to start in December 2017 and take approximately one year. Demolition of the stadium was largely completed by September 2019. There is a rebuilding proposal to move the ground to within Christchurch's Four Avenues inner city boundary. In the meantime, games would be played in the site of Rugby League Park.

Naming.

Formerly known as Lancaster Park, the stadium was renamed Jade Stadium in 1998, after the naming rights were sold to Jade Software Corporation Limited. In 2007, the naming rights were sold to AMI Insurance Limited and the stadium was renamed AMI Stadium. The park on which the stadium stands has always been called Lancaster Park, so the formal name for the venue was "AMI Stadium at Lancaster Park".

Davis Cup (tennis).

The 1911 Davis Cup was played at Lancaster Park, where Australasia as the defending champion was challenged by the United States. Rain delayed the beginning of the games scheduled for 29 December 1911, and the 1911 Davis Cup event was held between 1 and 3 January 1912. Australian Norman Brookes beat Beals Wright in the opening match. Rodney Heath increased the lead for Australasia by beating William Larned. Australasia retained the Davis Cup through a win in the doubles, with Brookes and Alf Dunlop being successful over Wright and Maurice E. McLoughlin. The fourth match was defaulted by Wright, and Larned stepped aside to give the younger McLoughlin the opportunity to play Brookes. McLoughlin led 2 sets to 1, but Brookes came back and won the match, and gave Australasia a clean 5–0 victory.

Rugby union.

The venue hosted 48 All Blacks test matches from 1913 to 2010.

2011 Rugby World Cup.

The Stadium was scheduled to host five pool matches and two quarter finals at the 2011 Rugby World Cup and would be referred to as Stadium Christchurch owing to the IRB's advertising rules at venues for the Rugby World Cup.  Owing to damage suffered from the earthquake that hit Christchurch and surrounding areas on 22 February 2011, Christchurch lost its rights to host the seven world cup games as the city was too damaged to host.

Super Rugby.

AMI Stadium was home to the Crusaders Super Rugby franchise. They have hosted four Super 12/Super 14 finals in 2002, 2005, 2006 and in 2008. Due to damage AMI Stadium sustained in the 2011 Christchurch earthquake, the Crusaders moved to Rugby League Park in Addington, renamed Christchurch AMI STADIUM to be used as their home ground for the foreseeable future. The ground has been rebuilt to 18,600pax. Despite AMI claiming massive expenses, they still were able to buy naming rights to Crusaders temporary stadium. It has been known as AMI Stadium ever since the Crusaders started playing there.

NPC/ITM Cup.

The stadium was home to the Canterbury team in the ITM Cup (formerly the National Provincial Championship, or NPC and Air New Zealand Cup), who have been very successful in this competition, winning the SIX most recent competitions (2008–2013). The team moved to Rugby Park for the 2011 season but is expected to join their fellow Crusaders franchise at the new AMI STADIUM, the former League ground in Addington for the 2012 season.

Ranfurly Shield.

Canterbury have a proud Ranfurly Shield history. One of their most memorable moments was when they successfully retained the Ranfurly Shield against Waikato in 1954 with a last minute try. The conversion was never taken as the crowd rushed the field before the game could be completed.

Cricket.

Cricket has long been played at Lancaster Park, which was built as a cricket ground. It staged the first Test in New Zealand on 10 January 1930, which was also the first Test played by New Zealand, in the 1929–30 series against England. Day/night cricket was made possible after the lighting towers were added in 1996—the first in a major New Zealand stadium. These were first put to use in 1997 when New Zealand played England in front of a crowd of 25,000. It was the ground where Richard Hadlee picked up the most 5-wicket hauls in New Zealand, his second century (151* against Sri Lanka) and his 400th Test wicket. In its final Test match, held in 2006, Nathan Astle scored 222 against England in a losing effort. Brendan McCullum scored the fastest Twenty20 century against Australia at Lancaster Park, and a one-day-match fundraiser for Boxing Day Tsunami relief was held there in 2005, New Zealand against a World XI.  Because of the February 2011 Christchurch earthquake, and the liquefaction of the ground, One Day Internationals could not be played in the city until the upgrade of the Hagley Oval in preparation for the 2015 ICC Cricket World Cup as this was the only ground that had the capacity to host them. First-class matches have been moved to Rangiora Recreation Ground and Hagley Oval in Christchurch.

Rugby league.

Lancaster Park has hosted matches for a number of clubs from the Australasian National Rugby League competition. The Wests Tigers and Sydney Roosters, who are both based in Sydney, have hosted matches at the ground. The 2011 ANZAC rugby league Test match was originally scheduled to be played at the stadium but was moved to the Robina Stadium on Australia's Gold Coast because of the damages from the 2011 Canterbury earthquake.

Rugby league test matches.

Lancaster Park has hosted three New Zealand rugby league internationals since 1920.

Soccer.

Lancaster Park hosted an A-League match between Wellington Phoenix and Adelaide United on 30 January 2010. The match attracted 19,276 which was, at the time, a record home league attendance for the Wellington team, prompting suggestions Christchurch may be able to sustain an A-League team of its own.  In the next A-League season the stadium was used again, for the same opponents encounter on 5 December 2010. A 14,108 crowd was the season-best record for Phoenix.

Concerts.

Lancaster Park has hosted a number of concerts including U2 (1989 & 1993), Tina Turner (1993 & 1997), Dire Straits (1986 & 1991), Billy Joel (1987), Meat Loaf (2004), Roger Waters (2007), Bon Jovi (2008) and Pearl Jam (2009).

Religious events.

In 1954 Lancaster Park held a Roman Catholic prayer rally. This drew a large attendance. Pope John Paul II also held a public mass on the oval in 1986, attracting 28,000 people.

Lancaster Park, previously known as Jade Stadium and AMI Stadium, was a sports stadium in Waltham, a suburb of Christchurch in New Zealand. The stadium was closed due to damage sustained in the February 2011 earthquake and had since been demolished.

Der Lancaster Park war ein Stadion im Stadtteil Waltham der neuseeländischen Stadt Christchurch. Es bot Platz für 43.000 Zuschauer und war Austragungsort zahlreicher Sportarten wie Rugby Union, Rugby League, Cricket, Fußball und Leichtathletik. Die Hauptnutzer der Anlage waren die Rugby-Union-Mannschaften der Crusaders und der Canterbury Rugby Football Union.


Common applications.

As a power source.

The V-2 rocket used hydrogen peroxide decomposed by a liquid sodium permanganate catalyst solution as a gas generator. This was used to drive a turbopump to pressurize the main LOX-ethanol propellants. In the Saturn V F-1 and Space Shuttle main engine, some of the main propellant was burned to drive the turbopump (see gas-generator cycle and staged combustion cycle). The gas generator in these designs uses a highly fuel-rich mix to keep flame temperatures relatively low.  The Space Shuttle auxiliary power unit and the F-16 emergency power unit (EPU) use hydrazine as a fuel. The gas drives a turbine which drives hydraulic pumps. In the F-16 EPU it also drives an electrical generator.  Gas generators have also been used to power torpedoes. For example, the US Navy Mark 16 torpedo was powered by hydrogen peroxide. A concentrated solution of hydrogen peroxide is known as high test peroxide and decomposes to produce oxygen and water (steam).  Hydrazine decomposes to nitrogen and hydrogen. The reaction is strongly exothermic and produces high volume of hot gas from small volume of liquid.  Many solid rocket propellant compositions can be used as gas generators.

Inflation and fire suppression.

Many automobile airbags use sodium azide for inflation (). A small pyrotechnic charge triggers its decomposition, producing nitrogen gas, which inflates the airbag in around 30 milliseconds. A typical airbag in the US might contain 130 grams of sodium azide.  Similar gas generators are used for fire suppression.  Sodium azide decomposes exothermically to sodium and nitrogen. The resulting sodium is hazardous, so other materials are added, e.g. potassium nitrate and silica, to convert it to a silicate glass.

Oxygen generation.

A chemical oxygen generator delivers breathable oxygen at a controlled rate over a prolonged period. Sodium, potassium, and lithium chlorates and perchlorates are used.

Generation of fuel gas.

A device that converts coke or other carbonaceous material into producer gas may be used as a source of fuel gas for industrial use. Portable gas generators of this type were used during World War II to power vehicles as a way of alleviating petrol shortages.

A gas generator is a device for generating gas. A gas generator may create gas by a chemical reaction or from a solid or liquid source, when storing a pressurized gas is undesirable or impractical.

Ein Gasgenerator, aus dem Englischen: "gas generator", ist eine technische Anlage zum Vergasen von Brennstoffen. Zum Vergasen fester Brennstoffe wie Steinkohle, Braunkohle, Koks verwendet man industriell einen geschlossenen Schachtofen. Durch Einleiten von Luft oder Sauerstoff, eventuell im Gemisch mit Wasserdampf, wird der Brennstoff hauptsächlich zu Generatorgas mit hohem Kohlenmonoxidanteil oder Wassergas mit hohem Wasserstoffanteil umgesetzt.


History.

Mercury City Tower was jointly developed by the American architect Frank Williams and the Russian engineering team Mosproject-2 under the leadership of architect Mikhail Posokhin. After the death of Williams in 2010, the Russians were able to convince Dutch architect Erick van Egeraat to succeed him and thus finish Williams' work.  Construction of Mercury City Tower began in 2006. The project was estimated to be completed by 2009, but developers Mercury Development and Liedel Investments Limited preferred to slow down the project in order to not bring the building to the housing market during the Great Recession. By 21 April 2009, Mercury City Tower had just finished foundation work: finishing earthworks and five underground floors, and was ready for construction over ground. The estimated completion date was then pushed to 2010.  On 1 November 2012, the Mercury City Tower topped out at, overtaking the Moscow Tower of the neighboring City of Capitals complex as the tallest building of Russia and The Shard in London as tallest building of Europe. It also became the world's tallest building built of reinforced concrete.  Construction was finished in 2013.  On the summer of 2014, the South Tower of the neighboring OKO complex surpassed the Mercury City Tower as the tallest building in Russia and Europe as well as the tallest building built of reinforced concrete.  Construction was conducted with the help of a US$300 million loan from Sberbank, which created the ground for speculation about the possible transition of the building into ownership of the bank in 2015-2016. The loan was restructured in 2016. The whole cost of the project was estimated by business publications to range between US$650 million and US$1 billion.

Design.

Overview.

The Mercury City Tower's distinctive copper-colored cladding makes the building stand out among its neighboring skyscrapers in the MIBC as well as the entirety of Moscow. The building was originally designed to be surfaced in reflective silver glass in order to mirror the buildings surrounding it, but this eventually was replaced by an equally reflective bronze-tinted glass. This gives the building a constant orange glow that makes it appear as it is embracing itself with the sunlight on the horizon. This was according to Egeraat in an interview with Arch.ru introduced by Egeraat's Russian colleagues. A media facede made of 2 million LEDs was installed on the exterior of the 67th and 68th floors of the building. Thus, the Mercury City Tower has the tallest media facade in Europe.  The Mercury City Tower also has a unique setback shape, in which the building steps back twice along its northwestern facade, creating a tapering effect that extends the building's height in conjunction with the vertical skeletal striping that show its corners. Each setback has a slanted roof that supports the illusion of added height. For greater reliability, two independent reinforced concrete skeletons were provided to make the Mercury City Tower resistant against a 6.0 magnitude earthquake. This as a result gives the building a futuristic and high-tech look, fitting it in the Structural Expressionist architectural style.  After Williams' death on 25 February 2010, his successor Egeraat stated it would be improper to make significant changes to the tower and focused on improving the upper levels of the building, elaborating a functional solution for the skyscraper, and developing interiors of public spaces.

Environmental.

The building is claimed by architect Frank Williams as the first environmentally friendly building in Russia, since it was designed to collect melting snow water, as well as provide 70% of the workplaces with access to daylight. The building also features a smart “energy cycle” system that regulates energy usage, ambient temperatures, and hot water distribution throughout the development.

Features.

Mercury City Tower is a mixed-use building, featuring offices, apartments, retail, restaurants, a fitness center, conference rooms, and parking spaces. The apartments are located on the topmost floors of the building, and was designed to merge units, adding to the tower’s overall space efficiency.  The building has a total of 29 elevators, in which two of them are high-speed elevators travelling at a maximum speed of 7 m/s. Out of the 29 elevators, 20 are passenger elevators and 9 are service elevators. 10 of the passenger elevators operate with the TWIN system.

Mercury City Tower () is a supertall skyscraper located on plot 14 in the Moscow International Business Center (MIBC) in Moscow, Russia. Occupying a total area of, the mixed-use building houses offices, apartments, a fitness center, and retail stores.

Der Mercury City Tower () ist ein Wolkenkratzer in der russischen Hauptstadt Moskau und Teil des neuen Geschäftsviertels Moskau City. Der Grundstein für den Turm wurde 2006 gelegt. Mit einer Höhe von 339 Metern ist der Mercury City Tower sowohl der zweithöchste Wolkenkratzer Europas als auch ganz Russlands. In dem 75 Stockwerke zählenden Hochhaus gibt es bis zur 40. Etage Büro- und Geschäftsräume, darüber Luxuswohnungen.


Early life.

Martin Farquar was the eldest son of Dr. Martin Tupper (1780–1844), a medical man highly esteemed in his day, who came from an old Guernsey family, by his wife Ellin Devis Marris (d. 1847), only child of Robert Marris (1749–1827), a landscape painter (by his wife Frances, daughter of the artist Arthur Devis).  Martin Tupper received his early education at Charterhouse. In due course he was transferred to Christ Church, Oxford, where he took his degree of B.A. in 1832, of M.A. in 1835 and of DCL in 1847. At Christ Church, as a member of the Aristotle Class, he was a fellow student with many distinguished men, including the Marquess of Dalhousie, the Earl of Elgin, William Ewart Gladstone and Francis Hastings Doyle.  Having taken his degree of M.A., Tupper became a student at Lincoln's Inn and was called to the Bar in the Michaelmas Term, 1835. However, he did not ever practice as a barrister. In the same year he married his first cousin once-removed Isabella Devis, daughter of Arthur William Devis, by whom he was to have four sons and four daughters. About the same period Tupper's literary career commenced. He contributed to the periodicals of the day, but his first important essay in literature was a small volume entitled "Sacra Poesis".  Albury History Society lists publications, sound recordings including a biographical talk by Tupper's grandson (invented fountain pen, safety horseshoe, instant tea, bulletproof tunic, steam driven paddle boat; predicted air travel, pioneered foundation of Liberia for freed slaves, formed Volunteer Corps, proposed tunnel to Isle of Wight, insisted first Morse code message through transatlantic cable was religious; moved to Crystal Palace shortly before death) and references to Tupper's life.

Poetry and other writings.

In 1837 the first series of "Proverbial Philosophy" appeared, long series of didactic moralising composed in a lawyer's chambers in Old Square, Lincoln's Inn, during part of the previous year. Tupper had been encouraged to publish by Henry Stebbing. A typical example is: "Well-timed silence hath more eloquence than speech". His work met at first with moderate success in Britain, while in the United States it was almost a total failure. It slowly picked up steam, however. Over the next thirty years, by 1867, it passed through forty large editions in Britain, while nearly a million copies were sold in the United States. His blank verse is essentially prose cut up into suitable lengths; but "Proverbial Philosophy" contained apt and striking expressions and appealed to a large section of the public.  In 1839, Tupper published "A Modern Pyramid to commemorate a Septuagint of Worthies", being sonnets and essays on seventy famous men and women; in 1841 "An Author's Mind" containing skeletons of thirty unpublished books; in 1844, "The Crock of Gold", "The Twins", and "Heart" tales illustrative of social vices, and which passed through numerous editions; in 1847, "Probabilities, an Aid to Faith", giving a new view of Christian evidences; "A Thousand Lines", "Hactenus", "Geraldine", "Lyrics", "Ballads for the Times", "Things to Come," "A Dirge for Wellington", "Church Ballads", "White Slavery Ballads", "American Ballads", "Rifle Ballads", "King Alfred", a patriotic play; "King Alfred's poems", translated from Anglo-Saxon into corresponding English metres. In 1856, "Paterfamilia's Diary of Everybody's Tour", "The Rides and Reveries of Æsop Smith", and "Stephan Langton" a biographical novel, which sought, with much graphic painting, to delineate England in the time of King John. He also published "Cithara, a collection of Lyrics"; "Three Hundred Sonnets", "A Phrophetic Ode" and many other fugitive pieces, both verse and prose which appeared in various newspapers and magazines. In 1886, he published "My Life as an Author".  In 1845 Tupper was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society. He received the gold medal for science and literature from the King of Prussia.  A genial, warm-hearted man, Tupper's humane instincts prompted him to espouse many reforming movements; he was an early supporter of the Student Volunteer Movement, and did much to promote good relations between Britain and America. He tried to encourage African literature and was also a mechanical inventor in a small way. Critic Kwame Anthony Appiah, however, has used a quote from Martin Tupper's ballad "The Anglo-Saxon Race" 1850 as an example of the predominant understanding of "race" in the nineteenth century. Tupper's ballad appeared in the journal The Anglo-Saxon containing the lines: "Break forth and spread over every place/The world is a world for the Anglo Saxon race!"  At the end of his life he vanished into obscurity, despite the words on his gravestone in Albury churchyard: "Although he is dead, he will speak."

Legacy.

In literature and music.

Tupper was recently quoted with some prominence in the biographical movie, "The Life of Charles Spurgeon" (2011) In the scene, Spurgeon reads from Tupper's "Proverbial Philosophy" on marriage and passes the book to his future wife (Susannah Thompson), to read the following quotation from the book:  Seek a good wife of thy God, for she is the best gift of his providence; Yet ask not in bold confidence that which he hath not promised.  Thou knowest not his good-will :—be thy prayer then submissive thereunto; And leave thy petition to his mercy, assured that he will deal well with thee.  If thou art to have a wife of thy youth, she is now living on the earth ; Therefore think of her, and pray for her; yea, though thou hast not seen her.""  Sir William Schwenk Gilbert alludes to Tupper in "Bab Ballads". In the poem "Ferdinando and Elvira, or, The Gentle Pieman", Gilbert describes how two lovers are trying to find out who has been putting mottos into "paper crackers" (a sort of 19th Century "fortune cookie"). Gilbert builds up to the following lines, eventually coming up with a spoof of Tupper's own style from "Proverbial Philosophy":  The three other references are also recognisable (the "Bab Ballad" was from 1869 or so). They are Henry Wadsworth Longfellow and Lord Tennyson (both still read and remembered), and "Poet" John Close, a well-meaning scribbler of the mid-Victorian period who wrote hackwork to honour local events (some samples are in the classic volume of bad verse, "The Stuffed Owl", as is a good sample of Tupper's own work).  Tupper was one of the worthies mentioned in the "Heavy Dragoon" song in Gilbert's libretto for the Savoy Opera "Patience" (1881)::"Tupper and Tennyson, Daniel Defoe"  In Anthony Trollope's "The Eustace Diamonds" (1871), Lucy Morris attempts to read "Tupper's great poem" out of boredom when she's first at Lady Linlithgow's house.  Karl Marx likens the "bourgeois" economic theories of Jeremy Bentham to Tupper's poetry. In "Das Kapital" (1867-1883), Marx writes: "Bentham is among the philosophers what Tupper is among poets. Both could only have been manufactured in England." In March 1865, Marx filled in a page in the Confession book of his daughter Jenny; under "Aversion" he writes: "Martin Tupper, violet powder".  Edmund Clerihew Bentley wrote flippantly: "Martin Tupper / Sang for his supper. / Though the supper wasn't nice, / It was cheap at the price."  G.K. Chesterton mentions him in "The Man Who Was Thursday: A Nightmare" (1908).

In video games.

In the video game, "" (2011), Alice retrieves a memory of her mother stating, "Whoever said 'There is no book so bad, but something good may be found in it' never read Martin Farquar Tupper's "Proverbial Philosophy"."

Popular Song.

John Rogers Thomas wrote a song using "All's for the Best" as the lyrics.

Martin Farquhar Tupper (17 July 1810 in London – November 1889 in Albury, Surrey) was an English writer, and poet, and the author of "Proverbial Philosophy".

Martin Farquhar Tupper (* 17. Juli 1810 in London; † November 1889 in Albury, Surrey) war ein englischer Autor und Poet.


Company history.

In the 1950s, Monark had a successful record in off-road motorcycle competitions. In 1954 they entered 8 bikes in the International Six Days Trial, a form of off-road motorcycle Olympics. All 8 Monark riders finished with Gold Medals. In 1959, Monark's Sten Lundin won the 500cc motocross world championship. When Monark stopped racing, Lundin re-badged his Monark motorcycle as a Lito and recaptured the world championship in 1961.<ref name="1960 Monark/Lito"></ref> He dropped to third place in the world championship in 1962, finished second to Rolf Tibblin in the 1963 world championship and, third in the 1964 world championship.  In 1961, Monark merged with Nymanbolagen, Uppsala, Sweden into Monark-Crescentbolagen or MCB. Monark is today part of Cycleurope, belonging to Grimaldi Industri AB. Monark is also a brand of Brazilian bicycles, related to the original Swedish Monark AB.  The Cykelfabriken should not be confused with the Monark-Silver King, Inc., Chicago, IL, a manufacturer of classic bicycles from 1934 to 1957, (formerly the Monark Battery Company). Nor should it be confused with the Monarch Cycle Manufacturing Company, 1892-1899, Chicago, New York, San Francisco, Toronto, founded by John William Kiser.

Models (bicycles and scooters).

Electric bicycle.

Monark produces the Elcykel, an electric bicycle, built of aluminum with the same engine system including Posten AB uses. It utilizes a 10 Ah Lithium battery for long running time and fast recharge and is equipped with a Navgenerator, approved locks and immobilizers elimination part.

Transporter.

The Transporter is a Unisex steel work bike which is equipped with a heavy-duty front carrier and a robust kickstand. The rims are made of stainless steel and reinforced spokes They are available as Shimano Single or 3-speeds. They only come in black.

Truck.

The Truck is workbike, popular in Denmark, It is a steel framed work bike with a front carrier and generator lightning. It is available as a single or three speed and only comes in Black.

Military bike.

The military bike is a new version of the Swedish military bicycle, it is available in a men ́s or women ́s model. The rims are made of stainless steel with reinforced spokes. The bicycles are equipped with lock and generator lighting. They are only available in red or green and come as single or 3-speeds.

Specialized bikes.

Monark produces the following Specialized bikes:

Scooters.

Monark produces the following scooters:

Monark, also known as Cykelfabriken Monark AB and Monark AB, is a Swedish bicycle, moped and motorcycle manufacturer, established in Varberg, Sweden 1908 by the industrialist Birger Svensson. As of 2016, Monark is valued at 11.5 billion kr.

Monark, auch "Cykelfabriken Monark AB", ist eine schwedische Firma, die besonders durch ihre Produktion von Fahrrädern, Leichtkrafträdern und Motorrädern Bekanntheit erlangte.


Early life and education.

Van Noten was born into a family of garment makers and traders: his father owned a menswear shop and his grandfather was a tailor. He graduated from the Antwerp Academy in 1980.

Career.

Van Noten freelanced for a variety of local designers before launching a menswear line in 1986. That year, he presented his first menswear collection in London as part of "The Antwerp Six" collective. That led to a small order from Barneys New York. Louis, Boston, was one of the first to bring Dries to USA, carrying his collection and selling it in Boston. He currently creates four collections a year (men's and women's, both for summer and winter).  In 2005, "The New York Times" described him as "one of fashion's most cerebral designers". His style is said to be "eccentric", and fell out of favor during the long period of minimalistic fashion in the early 1990s, only to make a comeback towards the mid-2000s, culminating with Van Noten's winning of the International Award of the Council of Fashion Designers of America in 2008.  In 2008, Van Noten dressed actress Cate Blanchett for the Academy Awards, and has continued to dress her for other red carpet events since then. Other notable customers include Queen Mathilde of Belgium, and actress Maggie Gyllenhaal. In 2018, the third episode of television show "Killing Eve" notably featured one of his items, known eponymously as the Dries van Noten suit.  The brand does not offer haute couture; all of its designs are ready to wear and available at retail: "I'm a little naive but I don't like the idea of showing things that you don't sell in a store", said Van Noten in a recent interview. His work is said to be characterized by use of prints, colors, original fabrics and layering. He does not advertise.  Van Noten's brand has shops in multiple locations worldwide. The first, opening in Antwerp in 1989, was "Het Modepaleis". Shop openings in Hong Kong and Tokyo followed. In early 2007, a shop was opened in Paris, decorated with antiques collected by Van Noten and his partner Patrick Vangheluwe, followed ten months later by a shop in Singapore. The brand is said to be carried in some 400 fashion shops around the world.  As the brand is a private company, not much is known about its financial affairs, although it claims to have annual sales of some 30 million euro. In 2018, it was acquired by family-owned Spanish fragrance and fashion firm Puig; van Noten himself remains a minority shareholder.

Legacy.

The Musée des Arts Décoratifs in Paris mounted an exhibition in 2014 devoted to Van Noten's designs and their influences, which later traveled to Antwerp. The show included 180 Van Noten pieces and 100 more paintings, garments and clips from outside collections.

Personal life.

Van Noten and his partner Patrick Vangheluwe work and live in Antwerp. The couple resides in a house situated on a nearly seven-acre plot of land outside of the city.

Dries, Baron Van Noten (born 12 May 1958 in Antwerp) is a Belgian fashion designer and an eponymous fashion brand, which he co-founded with CEO and business partner Christine Mathys.

Dries Van Noten (* 12. Mai 1958 in Antwerpen) ist ein belgischer Modedesigner. Das von ihm 1986 gegründete Modeunternehmen trägt seinen Namen.


Biography.

Early life.

Doyle was born in Omaha, Nebraska, the son of Mary Ruth (née Fitzgerald) and Lewis Raymond Doyle, an attorney. He graduated from Campion High School in Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin in 1947.  His maternal grandfather, John Fitzgerald, was a prominent railroad builder and banker in Nebraska. His younger sister, Mary (1931–1995), was a stage actress, who died from lung cancer aged 63.

Career.

Doyle is best remembered for his role as detective John Bosley on the television series "Charlie's Angels", one of only two actors (the other being original angel Jaclyn Smith) to appear in all 110 episodes of the series (1976–1981).  Doyle made a number of appearances as a guest on the game show "Match Game" from 1977 to 1982. He appeared on one week of "Password Plus" in 1980, three weeks of "Super Password", and on "Tattletales" with his wife Anne in 1982.  He lent his distinctive raspy voice to the character Grandpa Lou Pickles on the Nickelodeon animated series "Rugrats" from 1991 until his death. Joe Alaskey then assumed the role of Grandpa Lou.  Doyle was also a stage actor. He played Orgon in the 1964 premiere of Richard Wilbur's translation of "Tartuffe" at the Fred Miller Theater in Milwaukee. His sister Mary played the maid, Dorine, in the same production. His New York stage credits include "Beg, Borrow or Steal", "Something About a Soldier", "Here's Love", "I Was Dancing", and a revival of "South Pacific".

Personal life.

Doyle was married twice. In 1956 he married his first wife, Rachael, with whom he had a daughter, Leah (born 1961). Rachael died in 1968 after falling from a staircase. The next year, while on a vacation trip to the South Pacific, Doyle met Anne Nathan, a singer-dancer, and they married a short time later.

Death.

Doyle died in Los Angeles, California, of a heart attack on February 26, 1997, at age 67, and was cremated.

David Fitzgerald Doyle (December 1, 1929 – February 26, 1997) was an American actor. He was best known for his portrayal of John Bosley on the 1970s TV series "Charlie's Angels". Along with Jaclyn Smith, he was one of the only actors to appear in every episode of the show.

David Fitzgerald Doyle (* 1. Dezember 1929 in Omaha, Nebraska, USA; † 26. Februar 1997 in Los Angeles, Kalifornien) war ein US-amerikanischer Schauspieler.


Neoplatonism.

"Theurgy" means "divine-working". The first recorded use of the term is found in the mid-second-century neo-Platonist work the "Chaldean Oracles" (Fragment 153 des Places (Paris, 1971): 'For the theourgoí do not fall under the fate-governed herd'). The source of Western theurgy can be found in the philosophy of late Neoplatonists, especially Iamblichus. In late Neoplatonism, the spiritual Universe is regarded as a series of emanations from the One. From the One emanated the Divine Mind (Nous) and in turn from the Divine Mind emanated the World Soul (Psyche). Neoplatonists insisted that the One is absolutely transcendent and in the emanations nothing of the higher was lost or transmitted to the lower, which remained unchanged by the lower emanations.  Although the Neoplatonists are considered polytheists, they embraced a form of monism.  For Plotinus, and Iamblichus' teachers Anatolius and Porphyry, the emanations are as follows:  Plotinus urged contemplations for those who wished to perform theurgy, the goal of which was to reunite with the Divine (called henosis). Therefore, his school resembles a school of meditation or contemplation. Iamblichus, a student of Porphyry (who himself was a student of Plotinus) taught a more ritualized method of theurgy that involved invocation and religious, as well as magical, ritual. Iamblichus believed theurgy was an imitation of the gods, and in his major work, "On the Mysteries of the Egyptians, Chaldeans, and Assyrians", he described theurgic observance as "ritualized cosmogony" that endowed embodied souls with the divine responsibility of creating and preserving the cosmos.  Iamblichus' analysis was that the transcendent cannot be grasped with mental contemplation because the transcendent is supra-rational. Theurgy is a series of rituals and operations aimed at recovering the transcendent essence by retracing the divine'signatures' through the layers of being. Education is important for comprehending the scheme of things as presented by Aristotle, Plato and Pythagoras. The theurgist works 'like with like': at the material level, with physical symbols; at the higher level, with mental and purely spiritual practices. Starting with correspondences of the divine in matter, the theurgist eventually reaches the level where the soul's inner divinity unites with The Divine.

Emperor Julian.

The Emperor Julian (332-363) embraced Neoplatonic philosophy and worked to replace Christianity with a version of Neoplatonic paganism. Because of his untimely death and the hold mainstream Christianity had over the empire at the time, this was ultimately unsuccessful, but he did produce several works of philosophy and theology, including a popular hymn to the sun. In his theology, Helios, the sun, was the ideal example of the perfection of the gods and light, a symbol of divine emanation. He also held the mother goddess Cybele in high esteem.  Julian favored ritual theurgy, with an emphasis on sacrifice and prayer. He was heavily influenced by Iamblichus' ideas.

Esoteric Christianity.

Esoteric Christianity accepts theurgy as a tradition that could greatly benefit a person. The main feat of Esoteric Christianity is to learn the mysteries of God (see Raziel) and to rise to higher consciousness in the understanding of God's relationship to individual consciousness. Theurgy, in the esoteric tradition, uses this knowledge to heighten one's own spiritual nature. In Esoteric Christianity, theurgy usually is the practice of trying to gain the knowledge and conversation of one's higher self, or Inner God, to teach one spiritual truths and wisdom from God that one could not learn from man (see alchemy, Kabbalah, and Theosophy). Some branches of Esoteric Christianity hold that if an Esoteric Christian, Rosicrucian or Theosophist practices it, he or she could potentially rise to the degree of Magus or Adept after a certain level of spiritual attainment. In a traditional and magical sense, theurgy is seen as the opposite of Goetia, even though many argue that they overlap. Some organizations, such as the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn, claim to teach a type of theurgy that would help one ascend spiritually as well as understand the true nature of the self and its relation to the Divine and the Universe. The Golden Dawn has a somewhat significant historical following and influence; while it is held that many theurgists are usually solitary practitioners and seek the divine light alone through ritual and inner spiritual and psychological equilibration. Theurgy in this hermetic sense stresses the need for the individual to separate and analyze the individual components that constitute everyday consciousness and reunite them in a way that changes one's personal awareness into a state that understands and partakes in spiritual grace.

Judaism.

Following a pattern very similar to the Neoplatonists, the Medieval Jewish mystical tradition of Kabbalah developed the concept that the Universe is regarded as a series of emanations from the Godhead, namely, the 10 sefirot. It is said that God created the world using the sephirot, pouring Divinity into creation through these "vessels," which also have personality traits. The highest sefirah, Keter "Crown", holds the most divine light and is the least accessible to humanity. The lowest sefirah, Malkuth, is still higher than matter itself, so the parallel with Neoplatonism is not complete, but Malkuth is considered that aspect of God that can be perceived in the material world. It is also known as the Shekhinah.  For the Kabbalist, God is a single oneness, not separate "gods". The teaching avoids polytheism by insisting that the sephirot are not to be prayed to, but rather, to be meditated on and experienced as manifestations of how God acts in the world. They are envisioned as arranged in three columns, in a pattern called the Tree of Life. By meditating on the sephirot and praying for their unification, Kabbalists seek the theurgic goal of healing a shattered world.  For Kabbalists, the sefirot are as follows: Keter "Crown, Source"; Chokhmah "Wisdom"; Binah "Understanding"; Chesed "Loving-kindness"; Gevurah "Strength"; Tiferet "Beauty"; Netzach "Endurance"; Hod "Glory"; Yesod "Foundation"; and Malkuth "Kingdom, Sovereignty".

Theurgy (; from, "theourgía") describes the practice of rituals, sometimes seen as magical in nature, performed with the intention of invoking the action or evoking the presence of one or more deities, especially with the goal of achieving henosis (uniting with the divine) and perfecting oneself.

Theurgie (griechisch θεουργία "theourgía" „Gotteswerk“) ist eine antike Bezeichnung für religiöse Riten und Praktiken, die es ermöglichen sollten, mit göttlichen Wesen in Verbindung zu treten und von ihnen Hilfe zu erlangen. Der Ausübende wird „Theurg“ genannt. Nach der gängigen Auffassung der antiken Theurgen wurde nicht versucht, die erwünschte Reaktion der Götter mit magischen Mitteln zu erzwingen, sondern es ging um ein Zusammenwirken von Gott und Mensch, bei dem sich der Theurg göttlichem Einfluss öffnete.


TR5.

Standard equipment included front disc brakes, independent rear suspension, rack and pinion steering and a four speed gearbox. Optional extras included overdrive and wire wheels. In 1968 the basic price of the TR5 in the UK was £1,260 including taxes, with wire wheels being another £38, overdrive £60 and a tonneau cover another £13.  The TR5 was available with the "Surrey Top" hard top, a weather protection system with rigid rear section including the rear window and removable fabric section over the driver and passenger's heads.  A curious feature of the TR5/Lucas petrol injection system was the very frequent occurrence of an intermittent power failure when the fuel tank was no more than a quarter full. In order to provide fresh fuel at the distributor, free from overheating/soak, unused fuel was returned to the tank where it entered very close to the high pressure fuel pump. When the fuel level fell below critical (about 3 gallons), sloshing would cause the pump to pick up a slightly aerated mixture which was sent to the fuel distributor. Unused fuel (still aerated) then passed back to the tank and was discharged close to the pump, a proportion of it being picked up and recycled to the distributor. As this cycle was repeated, gradually the volume of air in the pumped fuel reached a level where it began to affect the running of the engine. Adding as little as one gallon to the tank seemed to cure the problem. The similarly engineered contemporary saloon overcame this problem with a petrol tank specially designed for the fuel injected model. This incorporated an anti-slosh cup to ensure that the fuel outlet remained covered with fuel when the tank level was low.

Specifications.

"Taken from the UK sales brochure."

Performance.

The fuel-injected engine could propel the TR5 from 0– in 6.5 seconds, reaching a top speed of. Road tests at the time reported slightly different performance figures:  The TR5 engine was carried forward to the TR6.

Production.

The TR5 was produced in small numbers when compared with the later TR6, with just 2,947 units produced; the first car was assembled on 29 August 1967 and the last on 19 September 1968. Of these, 1,161 were destined for the UK market, the remainder were left hand drive and were exported to France, Belgium and Germany amongst other countries. In the first quarter of 2011 there were approximately 410 licensed and 74 SORN TR5s registered with the DVLA.

TR250.

The Triumph TR250 was built during the same period for the North American market. Price pressures and tighter emission regulations resulted in twin Zenith-Stromberg carburettors being fitted instead of the TR5's Lucas fuel injection system. Otherwise it is nearly identical.  The TR250's engine delivered 111 bhp (81 kW), 39 bhp less than the TR5; acceleration took 10.6 seconds. The TR250 was also available with the Surrey Top system.  In 1968, the TR250 sold in North America for approximately $3,395, with wire wheels a $118 option, overdrive $175, and air conditioning $395.

Specifications.

Engine:  Turning circle: 10.1 m (33 ft)  Capacities: Performance:

Production.

A total of 8,484 TR250s were built for the U.S market. Approximately 600 remain worldwide today, and many can now be found outside the United States, primarily in Europe.

The Triumph TR5 is a sports car built by the Triumph Motor Company in Coventry, England, between August 1967 and September 1968.

Der Triumph TR5 war ein von Juli 1967 bis September 1968 produzierter Roadster des britischen Autoherstellers Triumph aus Coventry. Von ihm wurden in 15 Monaten 2947 Fahrzeuge gebaut.


History.

Only a little over one year after the opening of the Danube Valley line from Regensburg to Ingolstadt the Royal Bavarian State Railways opened a four kilometre long "Vizinalbahn" (light branch line) on 20 December 1875 that ran from Sinzing station into the valley of the Schwarze Laber. It ended at the village of Alling, that just 35 years later – before the start of the First World War – numbered 116 inhabitants. It belonged to the rural district of Viehhausen with a population of about 800, that lay about three kilometres from the station and belonged to the Stadtamhof district office.  The numbers of railway passengers were accordingly low - three daily pairs of trains being sufficient, all of which ran to and from Regensburg Hauptbahnhof. But even by 1914 there were additional trains on Sundays and holidays for tourist traffic to the Upper Palatine Jura ("Oberpfälzer Jura"). During the course of the years - interrupted by various setbacks – the number of train pairs to Alling rose to nine in 1950, albeit several only went to Sinzing. Thereafter they declined again because buses were introduced running directly to Viehhausen. ON 1 March 1967 passenger services by rail ended.  Much more important for the small line was goods traffic. After all even before 1914 Alling had a filter cloth and paper factory as well as a sawmill. In addition a 600mm gauge mine railway transported brown coal until 1959 that was delivered to Viehhausen. Goods traffic continued to operate until the end of 1985.

The Sinzing–Alling railway in the Upper Palatine district of Regensburg was one of the shortest branch lines in Bavaria, southern Germany.

Die Bahnstrecke Sinzing–Alling war eine Nebenbahn in Bayern. Sie verlief im oberpfälzischen Landkreis Regensburg von Sinzing nach Alling. Die Strecke wurde auf Betreiben der Fabrikbesitzer im Laabertal gebaut.