Parliament Hall.

The oldest part of Parliament House is Parliament Hall, which the Town Council of Edinburgh, at its expense, had built as a permanent home for the Parliament of Scotland, and as such is the oldest extant purpose-built parliamentary building in the British Isles. It was completed in 1641 to the design of James Murray. The main interior feature is the elaborate oak trussed flat roof supported on carved stone corbels. Often described as a hammerbeam roof, it is a false hammerbeam, necessitated by the flat roof design. The internal ornamentation is provided by downward thrusting radial struts. The roof of the former Tron Kirk further down the High Street is similar in style but, because of the pitch of the roof, is a true hammerbeam.  After the Act of Union 1707, the Parliament of Scotland was adjourned, and the building ceased to be used for its original function. The Hall was used for the sitting of courts, but in recent times has been subject to restoration work and now remains open as a meeting place for lawyers.  Beneath Parliament Hall lies the Laigh Hall, of similar plan form but considerably less height.

Artwork in Parliament Hall.

The right-hand example of the two smaller fireplaces has carved scenes from The Merchant of Venice.  Statues on the north wall include: The 1st Viscount Melville by Sir Francis Chantrey (1818); The 2nd Viscount Melville by Sir Francis Chantrey (1824); Lord Cockburn by William Brodie (1863).  On the east wall: Duncan Forbes by Roubiliac (1752); Lord Jeffrey by Sir John Steell (1855); Lord President Boyle by Sir John Steell (1860); Lord President Blair by Sir Francis Chantrey (1815).  On the west wall: Sir Walter Scott by John Greenshields (1835); Henry Erskine by Peter Turnerelli (1811); and various busts by William Brodie and Sir John Steell.  There are multiple paintings by Sir Henry Raeburn: George Joseph Bell; Sir William Nairne, Lord Dunsinane; William Craig, Lord Craig; Matthew Ross; and Lord Abercromby of Tullibody. Paintings by John Watson Gordon include Lord Robertson, Alexander Wood, General Boyle and Erskine Douglas Sandford. Other works include Sir Thomas Hope by George Jameson, Lord Mansfield by David Martin, George Deas, Lord Deas by John Graham Gilbert, Sir Ilay Campbell by John Partridge, John Inglis, Lord Glencorse by George Reid. and Duncan McNeill by John Phillip.  In a corridor beyond the south door of the hall stand figures of "Justice" and "Mercy" by Alexander Mylne (1637) which formerly stood over the main entrance on Parliament Square.

Courts.

Even while the old Parliament was still in existence, parts of the buildings were used for legal cases, and afterwards this became the main function of the building. The building is now used to house the College of Justice and other connected functions. In modern times, the building is chiefly used by the Court of Session, which hears civil cases, whilst most of the work of the High Court of Justiciary, which hears criminal cases, takes place in a dedicated building on the other side of the Royal Mile which formerly housed Edinburgh's Sheriff Court.

Libraries.

The Advocates' Library was founded in 1682, and is currently located in a William Henry Playfair-designed building to the west of the south end of Parliament Hall. It remains a heavily used legal resource. As well as collecting legal works, it was also a deposit library, and in 1925 the non-legal books in their collection were given to the new National Library of Scotland, which is located next to the library, on George IV Bridge.  To the west of the north end of Parliament Hall is The Signet Library. It is a private library, funded by members of The Society of Writers to Her Majesty's Signet, who are generally practising solicitors. Construction began in 1810 to a design by Robert Reid, and it presents a classical front to Parliament Square. This façade wraps around Parliament House as well, and replaced the existing Scottish baronial façade.

Parliament House in Edinburgh, Scotland is a complex of several buildings housing the Supreme Courts of Scotland. The original building was home to the pre-Union Parliament of Scotland from 1639 to 1707. It is located in the Old Town, just off the High Street section of the Royal Mile, beside St Giles Cathedral.

Das Parliament House in Edinburgh ist ein Gerichtsgebäude in Schottland. Es ist heute der Sitz der Obersten Gerichte Schottlands, des College of Justice, des Court of Session (das höchste Zivilgericht) und des obersten Strafgericht Schottlands, des High Court of Justiciary. Es befindet sich in der Altstadt Edinburghs, direkt an der Royal Mile neben der St Giles’ Cathedral. Das Parlamentsgebäude des neu gegründeten Schottischen Parlaments steht dagegen seit 2004 in Holyrood, einem Stadtteil von Edinburgh, direkt gegenüber von Holyrood Palace, der offiziellen Residenz der Königin in Schottland.


History.

The early baju kurung was longer and looser. It was popularised in the late 19th century by Sultan Abu Bakar of Johor.  It has been reported that the baju kurung has "not only survived, but prospered" in modern Malaysia, pointing to its popularity during the Islamisation of Malaysia in the 1970s and 1980s.

Features.

Although baju kurung is the generic name of the attire for both males and females, in Malaysia, the female dress is referred to as "baju kurung" while the male dress is referred to as "baju melayu".  Two versions of the costume are popular. One is the baju kurung teluk belanga and the other is the baju kurung cekak musang. The main difference between these two fashion styles is the style of cut at the neck, where the teluk belanga style has no collar and the neckline is stitched in the style known as tulang belut ("eel's spines or bones"). The baju kurung teluk belanga originated, as its name implies, from Teluk Belanga, in the island of Singapore, which was previously the capital of the state of Johor. On the other hand, the cekak musang style has a standing collar with holes for five buttons including two buttons for the collar.

Baju melayu for men.

The cekak musang shirt also normally has three pockets – two at the bottom, and one at the upper left breast. The teluk belanga shirt normally has only two pockets both at the bottom. The baju melayu is a loosely fitting shirt with long sleeves, worn with long pants with a sampin which is wrapped around the middle of the body from the stomach to the knee and sometimes lower. This sampin is usually a three-quarter length or full sarong-style cloth made of kain songket, tenun pahang diraja or other woven materials with traditional patterns.

Baju kurung for women.

A baju kurung is a loose-fitting full length dress, consisting of a skirt and a blouse. The skirt is made from a long cloth with foldings on one side; the blouse is collarless, has long sleeves, and extends to between the hips and knees. It is sometimes made of silk, imported from Japan, South Korea, China, Taiwan, Turkey or India, or from the Malaysian states of Terengganu or Kelantan. The modern baju kurung commonly uses lively colours and geometric patterns.  Traditionalists prefer fabric from peninsular Malaysia's eastern states of Terengganu and Kelantan, where the culture of batik and other hand-designed fabrics is still strong.  A woman will often wear a baju kurung with a headscarf (a "tudung") in the more conservative states in northern Malaysia.

Cultural significance.

The baju kurung is also worn by female non-Malays (including Malaysia's ethnic Chinese, Indian and Native Bornean minorities). This can be partially due to the baju kurung being one of the approved styles of dress for female civil servants and one of the approved styles of uniform for female school students. However, its peak sales occur in the month of Ramadan on the Muslim calendar, mostly due to the upcoming "Hari Raya Aidilfitri" (malay for Eid al-Fitr) after Ramadan ends which is celebrated by Muslims worldwide.

The baju kurung (Jawi: باجو كوروڠ) is a traditional Malay costume which loosely translated as "enclosed dress". This type of costume is the national dress of Malaysia.

Die Baju Kurung (Jawi: ) ist ein traditionelles malaiisches Kostüm, das als „geschlossenes Kleid“ übersetzt wird. Diese Art von Kostüm ist die Nationaltracht Malaysias.


Company overview.

Infocom founders Marc Blank and Michael Berlyn, formed "Blank, Berlyn and Co." in 1993. Blank, Berlyn and Co. originally developed games and productivity apps for the Apple Newton but soon expanded to pursue the PC and console games market. During the expansion the company changed its name to "Eidetic" and Christopher Reese was recruited.  Eidetic's first console game was "Bubsy 3D", released in 1996 for the PlayStation. The game was Eidetic's first experience developing a 3D game and the studio found it difficult transitioning to 3D development. Eidetic had eight employees when developing "Bubsy 3D". The game was a critical and commercial flop.  In late 1997, a producer from Sony's 989 Studios approached Eidetic with a one-page synopsis for an action espionage thriller that would be a response to the successful "GoldenEye 007". The synopsis was entitled "Syphon Filter" which had no meaning and it contained no story and characters, but included ideas for the setting and gameplay mechanics. Sony trusted Eidetic with the project despite "Bubsy 3D"s poor reception because the team had experience with developing for the PlayStation and an engine that could run the game. For the development of "Syphon Filter", Eidetic recruited five more employees.  The development of "Syphon Filter" was difficult because Eidetic had no experience making a stealth action game. Moreover, co-founder Michael Berlyn was so morally offended by the game that he left the company during its development. Due to missing deadlines and making changes to the game's structure, story and mechanics, "Syphon Filter" was almost cancelled several times. Writer and director John Garvin joined Eidetic after the first prototype of "Syphon Filter" was created. Despite the difficulties, 989 Studios producer Connie Booth had great faith in the project. "Syphon Filter" was released on February 17, 1999, and sold over one million units in its first year after release, surpassing the expectations of Sony and Eidetic. The studio was purchased by Sony Computer Entertainment in 2000 after the release of "Syphon Filter 2" and went on to develop four more games in the "Syphon Filter" series under the new name of Bend Studio.  In 2007 after the release of "", Bend Studio wanted to develop games for a different franchise and decided to develop a "Resistance" game for the PlayStation Portable due to similarities between "Resistance" and "Syphon Filter". Bend made a demo for the game and showed it to Sony Worldwide Studios producers and original "Resistance" developer Insomniac Games and were approved to begin development of "".  After the release of "Resistance: Retribution" in 2009, Bend dedicated nine employees to a new project entitled "" for the PlayStation Vita. When Bend first visited Naughty Dog to discuss the project, several of their ideas for the game were rejected. Eventually Naughty Dog was impressed with Bend's vision for the game and it was approved. Bend worked closely with Naughty Dog on the game and were allowed to use all assets from "" and "". "Golden Abyss" was released as a launch title for the PlayStation Vita in Japan on December 17, 2011, and in the United States on February 14, 2012.  The company released "Days Gone" for the PlayStation 4 on April 26, 2019, the company's first console game since 2004.

SIE Bend Studio (formerly Blank, Berlyn and Co. and Eidetic) is an American first-party video game developer founded in Bend, Oregon in 1993. They were acquired by Sony Computer Entertainment in 2000 and are best known for developing the "Syphon Filter" series and "Days Gone".

Sony Interactive Entertainment Bend Studio ist ein amerikanisches Spieleentwicklungsunternehmen und Tochtergesellschaft des japanischen Konsolenherstellers Sony Interactive Entertainment. Das Studio wurde unter dem Namen Blank, Berlyn and Co. gegründet und firmierte zwischen 1993 und 2000 unter dem Namen Eidetic.


Construction.

The cistern was constructed under a palace, often identified as the Palace of Antiochos in the 5th century. The reservoir has a surface area of 3640 m, storing 40,000 m of water. The cistern is composed of a large hypostyle chamber supported by vaults. The 224 columns, each 14 to 15 meters tall, are made of marble from nearby Marmara Island. Each column is a superposition of two columns, joined by a marble ring. The floor of the cistern was later reinforced, so that only the upper column and a short sleeve of the lower column are thus visible. The original height can be seen in an excavated pond with four columns in the middle of the cistern. Most of the columns, and also the caps, are engraved with a Greek mason's mark.

Restoration.

The cistern was restored by Justinian I in the 6th century, after the palace was completely destroyed in a fire in 475. After the conquest of the city by the Ottomans in 1453, the cistern fell into disuse, and was forgotten until rediscovered during the construction of Fazli Pasha's palace on the same site in the 17th century.

1001 columns.

The name Binbirdirek translates from Turkish as "1001 Columns" although the true number is only 224. The difference is due to the Turkish expression, "binbir" (i.e. 1001), being a turn of phrase that is often used to express something that is numerous and varied. An example of this is the expression ""binbir" zahmetle", which literally translates to "with a thousand and one toils", meaning "with many difficulties". As such, the cistern's name is intended to be evocative rather than descriptive.

The Cistern of Philoxenos (), or Binbirdirek Cistern, is a man-made subterranean reservoir in Istanbul, situated between the Forum of Constantine and the Hippodrome of Constantinople in the Sultanahmet district. It has been restored and is now visited as a tourist attraction. The entrance is located at İmran Öktem Sokak 4. Binbirdirek Cistern is the second largest cistern in Istanbul after the Basilica Cistern.

Die Philoxenos-Zisterne () oder Binbirdirek-Zisterne (, dt. "1001-Säulen-Zisterne") ist eine geschlossene Zisterne aus der Zeit des byzantinischen Konstantinopels. Sie ist nach der Cisterna Basilica die zweitgrößte gedeckte Zisterne der Stadt.


Family background.

Paget was the eldest son of the 4th Marquess by his father's second wife, Blanche Mary Boyd. However, rumours persisted that his biological father was the French actor Benoît-Constant Coquelin, a rumour that gained some currency when, according to some sources, after the death of his mother in 1877, when he was two years old, Paget reportedly was raised by Coquelin's sister-in-law in Paris until he was eight. That story seems to have been a confusion of facts. The sister-in-law, née Edith Marion Boyd, was the fourth marquess's aunt, one of his mother's sisters, and she did not wed Coquelin's brother Gustave until 1891. His stepmother from 1880 was an American, Mary "Minna" Livingston King, the widow of the Hon. Henry Wodehouse.  He attended Eton College, later receiving private tuition, and was commissioned as a Lieutenant in the 2nd Volunteer Battalion of the Royal Welsh Fusiliers. On 20 January 1898 he married his cousin Lilian Florence Maud Chetwynd (1876–1962). Upon the death of his father on 13 October 1898, he inherited his title and the family estates with about 30,000 acres (120 km2) in Staffordshire, Dorset, Anglesey and Derbyshire, providing an annual income of £110,000 (equivalent to £ per year in ).

Lifestyle.

Paget swiftly acquired a reputation for a lavish and spendthrift manner of living. He used his money to buy jewellery and furs, and to throw extravagant parties and flamboyant theatrical performances. He renamed the family's country seat Plas Newydd as "Anglesey Castle" and converted the chapel there into a 150-seat theatre, named the Gaiety Theatre. Here he took the lead role, opulently costumed, in productions ranging from pantomime and comedy to performances of Oscar Wilde's "An Ideal Husband" and Shakespeare's "Henry V". Early performances from around 1899 were mostly variety performances of song and dance numbers, sketches and "tableaux vivants" in front of an invited audience of notable local people. In 1901, the Gaiety Theatre was refurbished and fitted out with electric stage lighting and re-opened as a public entertainment venue.  For three years Paget took his theatre company on tour around Britain and Europe. His wife disapproved of his lifestyle and obtained a "decree nisi" of divorce on 7 November 1900; the marriage was later annulled due to nonconsummation, according to Lady Anglesey's grandson by her second marriage, the historian Christopher Simon Sykes. The breakdown of his marriage effectively gave Paget more freedom to enjoy his self-indulgent lifestyle. By this stage he had already begun to mortgage his estates to raise money.

Theft.

On 10 September 1901, Paget attended the London premiere of Arthur Conan Doyle's stage adaptation of "Sherlock Holmes" at the Lyceum Theatre, London. At the time, Paget was living in the Walsingham House Hotel in London. Paget's French valet Julian Gault took the opportunity of his employer's absence at the theatre to steal jewellery to the value of £50,000. Distraught at the theft, Paget enlisted the help of Conan Doyle to find the stolen jewels. Gault, who was later arrested at Dover, testified in court that he had been instructed to steal the jewels by a French woman of his acquaintance called Mathilde (who had taken the jewels to France and was never found). Although Gault's testimony was believed to be true, he pleaded guilty at the Old Bailey on 22 October and was sentenced to five years' imprisonment.

Sexuality.

Paget's outrageous and flamboyant lifestyle, his taste for cross-dressing, and the breakdown of his marriage, have led many to assume that he was gay. Writing in 1970, the homosexual reformer H. Montgomery Hyde characterised him as "[t]he most notorious aristocratic homosexual at this period". One journalist wrote, “I am driven to the conclusion from much that I have seen that there are men who ought to have been born women, and women who ought to have been born men... Bearing the form of a man, he yet had all the tastes, something even of the appearance, of not only a woman, but, if the phrase be permissible, a very effeminate woman.” Norena Shopland wrote that "there is little doubt that Henry must be included in the history of gender identity."  There is no evidence for or against his having had any lovers of either sex: performance historian Viv Gardner believes rather that he was "a classic narcissist: the only person he could love and make love to was himself, because, for whatever reason, he was 'unlovable'". The deliberate destruction by his family of those of his papers that might have settled this matter has left any assessment speculative.  However, according to Christopher Sykes, he did not have sexual relations with his wife, who initially left him after just six weeks. Sykes has reported: "The closest the marriage ever came to consummation was that he would make her pose naked covered top to bottom in jewels and she had to sleep wearing the jewels."

Financial trouble and death.

By 1904, despite his inheritance and income, Paget had accumulated debts of £544,000 (£ in ) and on 11 June was declared bankrupt. His lavish wardrobe, particularly his dressing gowns from Charvet, and jewels were sold to pay creditors, the jewels alone realising £80,000.  In 1905, Paget died in Monte Carlo following a long illness, with his ex-wife by his side, and his remains were returned to St Edwen's Church, Llanedwen, for burial. "The Times" reported that despite all that was known of him, he remained much liked by the people of Bangor, who were sorry to hear of his death. In 1909, Lilian, Marchioness of Anglesey, married John Francis Grey Gilliat (a banker) by whom she had three children.  The title passed to his cousin Charles Henry Alexander Paget, who destroyed all the papers of the 5th Marquess and converted the Gaiety Theatre back into a chapel. It was at least in part owing to the debts left by the 5th Marquess that the family's principal English estate at Beaudesert, Staffordshire, had to be broken up and sold in the 1930s. The Paget family moved into Plas Newydd at their permanent residence.

Legacy.

Plas Newydd remained in the possession of the Paget family until 1976, when it was gifted to the National Trust. Today the house and gardens are open to the public, and the house contains an art collection which includes a number of photographs of the 5th Marquess in theatrical costume.  In March 2020, a diamond tiara worn by Paget that had been held back from the 1904 sale of Paget's effects was put up for auction by the Paget family at the 2020 European Fine Art Fair in Maastricht. The tiara was worn by Marjorie Paget, Marchioness of Anglesey at the Coronation of King George VI in 1937.  Paget's style has often been compared to that of the flamboyant rock star Freddie Mercury.<ref name="B24/7"></ref>  In 2017 the actor and composer Seiriol Davies wrote and performed in "How To Win Against History", a musical based on Paget's life. The award-winning show was performed at the 2017 Edinburgh Festival Fringe before a tour of Wales and England. In 2019 the show had its Irish premiere at the Dublin Theatre Festival.

Henry Cyril Paget, 5th Marquess of Anglesey (16 June 1875 – 14 March 1905), styled Lord Paget until 1880 and Earl of Uxbridge between 1880 and 1898, and nicknamed "Toppy", was a British peer who was notable during his short life for squandering his inheritance on a lavish social life and accumulating massive debts. Regarded as the "black sheep" of the family, he was dubbed "the dancing marquess" and for his Butterfly Dancing, taken from Loie Fuller, where a voluminous robe of transparent white silk would be waved like wings.

Henry Cyril Paget, 5. Marquess of Anglesey (* 16. Juni 1875 in Paris; † 14. März 1905 in Monte-Carlo), bis 1880 unter dem Höflichkeitstitel "Lord Paget" bekannt, zwischen 1880 und 1898 als "Earl of Uxbridge", war ein britischer Adliger und galt bereits zu Lebzeiten als eines der exzentrischsten Mitglieder des britischen Hochadels.


Character.

Lucy is the most sensitive and faithful out of all her siblings; which is why she is written as seeing Aslan across the gorge in "Prince Caspian" and her brothers and sister written as cynical and less inclined to go on blind faith. As a young child in "The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe" in a strange house without her mother about, she is also extremely vulnerable and is looking for security, wonder and something to believe in. She is teased mercilessly by Edmund about Narnia, being accused of playing "childish games". Once she "knows" he also has visited the land in the wardrobe and he "still" maintains that they were only playing a game, her anguish knows no bounds, as her faith in humanity and the security of her own beliefs about her siblings are now also under threat.  Lucy loves animals, and befriends many creatures, and is devastated in "Prince Caspian" to discover that not only has Narnia been invaded by the Telmarines; but that they have suppressed the many creatures and divine and semi-divine beings that made Narnia the extraordinary place it was. Her heartfelt night-time roam through the woods, craving to see the tree spirits dance and share in their communion with nature and life once again is one of the very deep moments of love, hope and disappointment that we share with Lucy in her spiritual journey. Lucy also never stops believing in Narnia and is full of courage because of her faith; and is thus more adventurous than her sister Susan. Lucy has a great desire to help others, which is symbolized by the healing cordial that was given to her by Father Christmas for others in need and only with sparing use. The lesson from Aslan on the battlefield in "The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe" is to use this power impartially and not dwell on the needs of those she loves most.

" The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe".

Lucy's siblings, Peter, Susan and Edmund, do not believe her about Narnia at first, but later they all find their way to Narnia.  Lucy is the first of the Pevensies to enter Narnia through a magical wardrobe in the Professor's old house, into Narnia in the One Hundred Year Winter, under the rule of the White Witch, the evil self-proclaimed Queen of Narnia. There she meets Mr. Tumnus the Faun and, then later, the Beavers. However, her brother Edmund had also slipped into Narnia on the second occasion Lucy had entered, and encountered the White Witch while she was visiting Mr. Tumnus. Edmund, who had already jeered at Lucy about her "magical" country, continued to be spiteful towards Lucy by denying that either of them had been in Narnia. When the children all enter Narnia, Edmund slips away from the house of the Beavers and defects to the White Witch.  While travelling with Peter, Susan and Mr. and Mrs. Beaver to the Stone Table, they meet Father Christmas, who gives them gifts. Lucy is given a vial with magical cordial that can heal almost any injury, and a small dagger with which to defend herself "a great need". Edmund, meanwhile, had tried to betray the Beavers and joined the White Witch; he had first met her and been seduced by promises of power after first entering the wardrobe when trying to follow Lucy on her second entry to Narnia.  She and her companions arrive at Aslan's camp, and later that night, she and Susan comfort Aslan as he walks to his death – although they don't know of his fate at the time. Both girls also witness his sacrifice. While their brothers are going to war, Lucy and her sister see Aslan come back to life and help him wake the creatures in the White Witch's castle, which the White Witch had turned to stone. They meet with their brothers at the end of the battle.  At Cair Paravel, she is crowned as Her Majesty Queen Lucy by Aslan to the throne as co-ruler of Narnia, this marking the fulfilling of the ancient prophecy and the end of the White Witch's reign. During her reign, she is named Queen Lucy the Valiant. She and her siblings make a Golden Age in Narnia.  Years later, while hunting the White Stag through Lantern Waste, she and her siblings notice the lantern where she met Mr. Tumnus. The Pevensies return through the wardrobe into England, where no time has passed and they are children again.

"The Horse and His Boy".

The events in "The Horse and His Boy" take place after the siblings are crowned, and before they return to England, in "The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe", and Queen Lucy is a young woman who rides to the aid of Archenland. She is described by Prince Corin as being more like a tomboy, unlike her sister, Queen Susan, who is a "proper lady". She helps King Lune to welcome Aravis to Anvard and helps to get Aravis's room and clothes ready.

"Prince Caspian".

Lucy (who is now 9) travels to Narnia again with her three siblings in "Prince Caspian". In that book, Lucy is the only one to see Aslan at first, and she has a terrible time convincing her brothers and sister as well as Trumpkin the dwarf that he had returned, echoing her trials early in the first book. However, Edmund believes her and backs her up, due to her being right about Narnia itself existing. Aslan tells her to try again and says that she must follow him alone if they refuse to come with her. Lucy comments that Aslan has grown larger, but really she is the one that has grown.

"The Voyage of the Dawn Treader".

While Susan travels with Mr. and Mrs. Pevensie to America and Peter studies with Professor Digory Kirke, Lucy (age 11), Edmund and their cousin Eustace are drawn into Narnia through a magical painting in " The Voyage of the" Dawn Treader. This is very much Lucy's book, written largely from her point of view. However, in the end, Aslan firmly tells her and Edmund that they have become, like Susan and Peter, too old to further experience the wonders of Narnia.

"The Last Battle".

In "The Last Battle", she plays a minor part as she returns to Narnia again with her brothers, High King Peter and King Edmund, along with Eustace Scrubb, Jill Pole, Polly Plummer, and Digory Kirke. There, she witnesses the destruction of Narnia and lives in the new Narnia created by Aslan. In the new Narnia, all the people and animals who lived in the previous Narnia during its existence return and join together. Lucy also meets her old friend Mr. Tumnus the Faun again, and Aslan tells her about a railway accident that occurs in England in which she, her brothers, her parents, Polly, Digory, Eustace and Jill die. She and Digory, Polly, Peter, Edmund, Eustace and Jill stay in Aslan's homeland for eternity, however, Susan remains living on Earth, her final fate undetermined.

Other appearances.

Although reviews of "The Oz/Wonderland Chronicles" issue 0 indicated that Alice, Wendy Darling and Dorothy Gale shared their dorm with Susan Pevensie, a recent review of the now-released issue 1 indicates many fans are believing this is actually meant to be Lucy and not Susan.  She is spoofed in the 2007 film "Epic Movie", played by Jayma Mays.

Lucy Pevensie is a fictional character in C. S. Lewis's "The Chronicles of Narnia" series. She is the youngest of the four Pevensie children, and the first to find the Wardrobe entrance to Narnia in "The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe". Of all the Pevensie children, Lucy is the closest to Aslan. Also, of all the humans who have visited Narnia, Lucy is perhaps the one that believes in Narnia the most. She is ultimately crowned Queen Lucy the Valiant, co-ruler of Narnia along with her two brothers and her sister. Lucy is the central character of the four siblings in the novels. Lucy is a principal character in three of the seven books ("The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe", "Prince Caspian", and "The Voyage of the Dawn Treader"), and a minor character in two others ("The Horse and His Boy" and "The Last Battle").

Lucy Pevensie (* 1932 in England; † 1949) ist ein fiktiver Charakter aus der Buchreihe "Die Chroniken von Narnia" von C. S. Lewis. Sie kommt in drei Büchern als Hauptfigur und in zwei Büchern als Nebenfigur vor.


Plot.

On VE Day in 1945, as peace is declared across Europe and London is celebrating, Princesses Elizabeth and Margaret are allowed to join the celebrations, against the Queen's wishes. The King, impressed by Elizabeth's pleading, asks her to report back on the people's feelings towards him and his midnight speech on the radio.  Each girl, incognito, is chaperoned by an army officer with an itinerary to be back at Buckingham Palace by 1 a.m. Soon realising the Queen's planned itinerary does not fulfil their expectations of fun and meeting the ordinary people, Margaret is the first to slip away from her escort, followed by Elizabeth.  The princesses are separated on two different buses. Margaret is befriended by a naval officer seeking to take advantage of what he believes is just an ordinary girl, and Elizabeth by an airman who is absent without leave.  Margaret is led by her naval officer into a world of nightclubs, gambling, spiked drinks and brothels. Elizabeth and her airman have their own adventures trying to catch up with Margaret, which take them far beyond the 1 a.m. deadline into the early hours of the following morning.

Cast.

The character of Pryce is credited as a Lieutenant, but is shown as, and referred to as, Captain Pryce throughout the film.

Relation to actual events.

The two officer escorts and the airman in the screenplay were fictional creations. In reality, the princesses in an organised group of 16 went out at 10 p.m. to mingle with revellers, and returned to Buckingham Palace at 1 a.m.

Release.

"A Royal Night Out" was released in the United Kingdom on 8 May 2015 and on DVD on 7 September 2015. The film was released in the United States on 4 December 2015, and released on DVD on 3 May 2016.

Critical reception.

On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a 73% average rating, based on 71 reviews, with an average rating of 5.8/10. The site's consensus states: "Undeniably slight yet thoroughly charming, "A Royal Night Out" uses a fascinating historical footnote as a springboard into a fun dramedy diversion." Metacritic reports a 59 out of 100 rating, based on 16 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".

A Royal Night Out is a 2015 British romantic comedy-drama film directed by Julian Jarrold and written by Trevor de Silva and Kevin Hood. The film stars Sarah Gadon as the teenaged Princess Elizabeth, who, with younger sister Princess Margaret (Bel Powley), ventures out of Buckingham Palace to enjoy the VE Day celebrations.

A Royal Night – Ein königliches Vergnügen (Originaltitel: "A Royal Night Out") ist eine britische Filmkomödie des Regisseurs Julian Jarrold aus dem Jahr 2015. Das Drehbuch schrieben Trevor de Silva und Kevin Hood. Sarah Gadon spielt in dem Film die junge Prinzessin Elisabeth, die mit ihrer Schwester Prinzessin Margaret (Bel Powley) den Buckingham Palace verlässt, um an den Feierlichkeiten für den VE-Day teilzunehmen.


Performing career.

After Jordan's performances on "Norway's Got Talent" went viral online, she was featured in "People", "Time", "The Mirror", and other news outlets around the world. She also realized a personal ambition by performing for Malala Yousafzai in the 2014 Nobel Peace Prize Concert.  In September 2014, she performed "Fly Me to the Moon" on the US television show "The View", bringing her wider fame in the United States. She also performed on several TV2 programs in Norway over the next few years, including multiple appearances on "Allsang på Grensen" ("Singalong at the Border", referring to the border fortress of Fredriksten where outdoor concerts are held) and on TV4 in Sweden.  Jordan had a small guest role in the last episode of the 2014 season of the Netflix series "Lilyhammer", playing a girl who sings in a bar.  In April 2016, she performed "Fly Me to the Moon" on the first season of the noncompetitive children's talent show "Little Big Shots". A year later she performed "What a Difference a Day Makes" on the UK version of the show.  In December 2016, she performed on "Alan Walker is Heading Home", a live concert broadcast in Bergen, Norway, where she sang Walker's songs "Sing Me to Sleep" and "Faded".  On 27 June 2018, Jordan performed "Fly Me to the Moon" for Quincy Jones in The O2 Arena in London, as part of his 85th birthday celebration.  In 2019, Jordan performed for former president Barack Obama at the Brilliant Minds conference in Stockholm.  In 2020, she competed in the second season of "". Her first appearance on the show, singing an original arrangement of Queen's "Bohemian Rhapsody", received a "golden buzzer" from judge Heidi Klum (meaning that Jordan would pass directly into the finals). As with her "Norway's Got Talent" audition six years earlier, the video of Jordan's performance began to go viral, and garnered praise from Queen's official Twitter account. Shortly afterwards, the video was taken down from the show's official YouTube channel and Jordan released a studio version of the same arrangement under her own copyright. Jordan's second performance (in the finals), a similarly reworked "Goodbye Yellow Brick Road", was also well received, but she did not make the top 5.

Other work.

In 2014, Jordan created her own YouTube channel to which she has posted TV appearances, official music videos, and live concert performances. She created a second YouTube channel in 2017, to present performances of cover songs. Several of her most popular videos have surpassed one million views.  Jordan's recording debut, the three-song EP "My Christmas", was released in December 2014. The six-song "Angelina Jordan – The EP" was released on November 27, 2017. A full album of recordings with Staff Band of the Norwegian Armed Forces (Forsvarets Stabsmusikkorps) was released on 15 June 2018.  In 2015, Jordan published the book "Mellom to hjerter" ("Between Two Hearts"), illustrated by her grandmother, Iranian artist Mery Zamani. The book tells the story of her meeting a poor motherless girl in Asia who has no shoes. After a long conversation in which they discuss their dreams in life, she gives the girl her shoes and the girl promises to pray for Jordan to fulfill her dream to become a successful singer. According to Jordan the book is based on a real incident which she cites as the reason for always performing barefoot.

Personal life.

Jordan has lived for extended periods in both Oslo and Los Angeles. She has a younger sister who was featured in one of her music videos. Her father is Swedish. Her Norwegian mother, Sara Astar (born in 1984), is the daughter of Iranian artist Mery Zamani (born in 1961) and a Japanese father.  She attended the Oslo Waldorf School and participated in the Oslo School of Music and Performing Art after-school program, where she received vocal training. In addition to singing, Jordan plays the piano, violin, guitar, and flute, and also paints.

Angelina Jordan (born Angelina Jordan Astar on 10 January 2006) is a Norwegian child singer whose audition for the 2014 season of "Norway's Got Talent" at the age of seven, singing "Gloomy Sunday" in the style of Billie Holiday, became a viral video online, and led to worldwide press coverage. She went on to win the competition (at eight) with her performance of George Gershwin's "Summertime". Since then she has worked to raise millions of dollars on behalf of environmental causes and children's charities around the world. She always performs barefoot, after befriending a young shoeless girl while traveling when she was six years old. Jordan wrote a book about the experience and became the youngest published author in Norway.

Angelina Jordan Astar (* 10. Januar 2006) ist eine norwegische Sängerin. 2014 gewann sie im Alter von acht Jahren "Norske Talenter," Norwegens Version der Casting-Show Got Talent, bei der sie klassische Jazz-Standards wie "Gloomy Sunday" und Summertime sang.


Early life.

Albertson was born in Reykjavík, but his father left the family before he was a year old. Yvonne, his mother, married three more times. He was educated in Iceland, Denmark and England before studying commercial art in Copenhagen.  In 1947, while living in Copenhagen, Albertson listened by chance to a Bessie Smith recording on radio; it led to an abiding interest in jazz and blues music. "We found magic in such names as Kid Ory, King Oliver, Johnny Dodds, Bessie Smith and Ma Rainey", he wrote on his "Stomp Off" blog in 2010. On his home tape machine, Albertson recorded visiting British New Orleans revivalists Ken Colyer, Chris Barber and Lonnie Donegan in 1953. These recordings were subsequently released on the Danish Storyville Records and British Tempo Records labels.

Career.

In 1957, after two years as a disc jockey for Armed Forces Radio at Keflavík Air Base, in Iceland, Albertson migrated to the United States, initially working for radio stations in Philadelphia. At WCAU (a CBS affiliate) and WHAT-FM, a 24-hour jazz station, he conducted interviews, including one with Lester Young, one of only two extant with the tenor saxophonist. He was naturalised as an American citizen in 1963.  In 1960–61 he was employed by Riverside Records' Bill Grauer as a producer. In this capacity, he arranged and recorded the last sessions of blues singer Ida Cox (whom he brought out of retirement) and boogie woogie pianist Meade Lux Lewis, and supervised the label's 'Living Legends' series of location recordings. The initial albums in this series were made in New Orleans and featured such early jazz musicians as pianist Sweet Emma Barrett, clarinetist Louis Cottrell, Jr., trumpeters Percy Humphrey and Kid Thomas, blues duo Billie and De de Pierce, and trombonist Jim Robinson. He continued the series in Chicago, with performances by Lil Armstrong, Alberta Hunter, Little Brother Montgomery, and Earl Hines.  Albertson subsequently worked as producer for Prestige Records, supervising sessions by, among others, guitarist/singer Lonnie Johnson, whom he had pulled from obscurity while working in Philadelphia. He also founded his own production company, supervising sessions with Howard McGhee, Roy Eldridge, Bud Freeman, Ray Bryant, and Elmer Snowden.  In the mid-sixties, he worked at NYC radio station WNEW, leaving there for Pacifica Radio's NY station WBAI, where he eventually became General Manager. In 1967, Albertson worked for the BBC in London, advising them on how to adapt their radio programs for sale in North America.  In 1971, Albertson co-produced and hosted "The Jazz Set", a weekly television program that was aired from coast to coast by Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) Public television and featured such guests as Charles Mingus, Bill Evans, Randy Weston, Jimmy Heath, and Ray Bryant.  At this time, he was also producing reissues for Columbia Records, including the complete Bessie Smith LP sets. His work on these albums won Albertson 1971 two Grammy awards (one in the Best Album Notes category for "The World's Greatest Blues Singer" and a Grammy Trustees Award), a Billboard Trendsetter Award and the Montreux Jazz Festival's Grand Prix du Disque.  His standard work, "Bessie", a biography of Bessie Smith, first appeared in 1972, with a revised and expanded version published by Yale University Press in 2003. The revised biography was inducted into the Blues Foundation's Blues Hall of Fame in the "Classic of Blues Literature Hall of Fame" category in May 2012. In 2015, HBO premiered a biopic, "Bessie", starring Queen Latifah in the title role, but Albertson's book was not credited as its basis.  Albertson has written TV documentaries, including "The Story of Jazz" and "My Castle's Rocking" (a bio-documentary on Alberta Hunter), as well as articles and reviews for various publications, including "Saturday Review" and "Down Beat". He was a contributing editor for "Stereo Review" magazine for twenty-eight years.  Albertson was found dead in his Manhattan apartment on April 24, 2019.

Christiern Gunnar Albertson (October 18, 1931 – April 24, 2019) was a New York City-based jazz journalist, writer and record producer.

Christiern Gunnar „Chris“ Albertson (* 18. Oktober 1931 in Reykjavík; † 24. April 2019 in Manhattan, New York City) war ein US-amerikanischer Musikjournalist, Jazz- und Blues-Autor und Musikproduzent isländischer Herkunft.


Early life.

Esson started playing football at the age of 10 for Halswell United. Playing for Burnside High School, Esson became the team captain and played at Secondary School tournaments, getting selected to be part of South Island Secondary Schoolgirls squad and the Mainland's U-14 and U-16 squads.

Club career.

Esson went to Texas Tech in 2011, becoming Tech's first-ever international football play in the schools history. Esson became Tech's all-time leader in career shut-outs, career goals against and set school records for single season and consecutive shut-outs. Esson also broke the Big 12 Conference record for single season shut-outs with 15 in 2013. Esson ended her time in goal at Tech, winning 41 of their 62 games, including six draws.  In 2014, Nayler was captain of Mainland Pride as they won the National Women's League, the top-flight women's football tournament of New Zealand.

International career.

Esson was a member of the New Zealand U-17 side at the 2008 held in New Zealand, playing all three of three of New Zealand's group games. She was also part of the New Zealand U-20 teams for the 2008 and 2010 Women's World Cups but didn't make an appearance on the field.  Esson made her senior debut for the senior New Zealand team, the Football Ferns, against Thailand. Coming on as a sub in the 80th minute in their 5–0 win.  In April 2019, Esson was named to the final 23-player squad for the 2019 FIFA Women's World Cup.

Personal life.

Esson completed her degree in wind, energy and industrial engineering while she was playing football at Texas Tech.

Victoria Esson (born 6 March 1991) is a New Zealand association football goalkeeper, currently playing for Avaldsnes and represents New Zealand at international level.

Victoria Lucy Esson (* 6. März 1991 in Christchurch) ist eine neuseeländische Fußballtorhüterin und derzeitige „Nummer 2“ im Tor der neuseeländischen Nationalmannschaft der Frauen. Sie spielt seit 2019 bei Avaldsnes IL in der Toppserien.


Summary.

The series features the return of characters from the original "Wacky Races" program, including Dick Dastardly, Muttley, Penelope Pitstop, Peter Perfect and the Gruesome Twosome. Several new characters were introduced as well, including I. Q. Ickly, Brick Crashman, P. T. Barnstorm, and Pandora Pitstop.  While the reboot stays true to the original series, it also focuses on the Racers' personal lives; storylines are added and there usually is no actual winner or loser at the end of each race. There is also meta-humor and fourth wall breaking.

Broadcast.

"Wacky Races" has premiered internationally in 2017. The first episode was released on Boomerang's SVOD service in the United States on August 14, 2017. The other 11 episodes were released on August 31, 2017.  The series was first shown on television in the United States on the Boomerang channel, with the episode "Under the Rainbow" airing on Boomerang as a preview on February 22, 2018, and the series officially premiering on the Boomerang channel on May 21, 2018, alongside another show from Boomerang's SVOD service, "Dorothy and the Wizard of Oz".  The series aired as a repeat on Cartoon Network on August 13, 2018.

International broadcast.

The series premiered on Boomerang in Sub-Saharan Africa in October 2017. "Wacky Races" premiered on Boomerang in Australia on August 14, 2017. The series premiered in India on Pogo on August 27, 2017. The series premiered in the United Kingdom and Ireland on Boomerang on November 1, 2017. The series also premiered in Brazil on Boomerang and in Canada on Teletoon on November 6, 2017. The series premiered in Japan on Boomerang on February 4, 2018. The series premiered in Spain on Boing on July 30, 2018.

Home video.

"Start Your Engines!", a DVD release containing the first 10 episodes of the series, was released on April 24, 2018.

Wacky Races is an American children's animated television series created by Rebecca Himot and Tramm Wigzell. It is a reboot of the 1968-70 Hanna-Barbera animated series of the same name. The show debuted in 2017 on Boomerang's video on demand service in the United States. "Wacky Races" was picked up for a second season.

Wacky Races - Autorennen Total ist eine US-amerikanische Neuauflage der Serie aus dem Jahr 1968. Die Serie wird seit 2017 von Warner Bros. Animation und Hanna-Barbera produziert und umfasst aktuell 65 Episoden in 2 Staffeln.


Loft Jazz.

Braufman graduated from Boston’s Berklee College of Music where he met Cooper-Moore (then Gene Ashton) and other musicians who moved to New York City in 1973 and occupied a vacant building at 501 Canal Street in lower Manhattan. The building, where the total rent came to $140 for four floors, became a hub for musicians to practice and perform and its occupants played a seminal role in New York City's early-seventies loft jazz scene. In 1974, Village Voice jazz critic Gary Giddins wrote a review of Braufman’s performance called "Taking Chances At 501 Canal," stating “The fact is, these are the musicians who are taking the chances today and their gifts and commitment ought to be attended.”

Valley of Search.

In 1975, Braufman's debut album "Valley of Search" was released on the India Navigation record label. The album was recorded live in the performance space at 501 Canal Street by Bob Cummins, the owner of India Navigation and was the label’s second release. Cooper-Moore (who made his recorded debut on the album), Cecil McBee, David Lee and Ralph Williams performed as Braufman's band.  In the decades to follow, the out-of-print album became sought after by record collectors around the world and, on June 29, 2018, a remastered version of "Valley of Search" was reissued on vinyl and digital formats. The reissue is a project of Braufman and his nephew, Nabil Ayers. The New York Times featured the album's closing track, "Destiny" and news of the reissue in a notable new songs roundup and Bandcamp named it among "essential releases." DownBeat awarded the album 4.5 stars calling it "ripe for rediscovery" and "chance-taking, jaw-dropping music"

Alan Michael.

After "Valley of Search", Braufman spent much of the seventies and eighties touring as a saxophonist with Carla Bley, The Psychedelic Furs and Philip Glass. Braufman later dropped his last name and began to record and perform as Alan Michael.  In 1988, Alan Michael released the album "Lost In Asia" on the Passport Jazz label. The album included performances by Bill Frisell and Sid McGinnis as well as a cover of the Psychedelic Furs song "Sister Europe. In 1995, Alan Michael released the album "As Daylight Fades", on which Omar Hakim played drums.

Recent Work.

He currently lives in Salt Lake City, UT where he performs regularly. In 2016, the Alan Michael Band was nominated for Best Jazz Artist by the Salt Lake City Weekly.  To celebrate the reissue, Braufman performed music from "Valley of Search" in a string of New York shows in August 2018  In September 2019, Alan Braufman and Cooper-Moore performed at the Basilica Soundscape Festival in Hudson, NY, and announced plans to record a new album together, with a full band, to be released in 2020.

Alan Michael Braufman (performing as Alan Michael); born May 22, 1951 in Brooklyn, NY), is an American jazz musician, saxophonist, flutist and composer.

Alan Michael Braufman (* 22. Mai 1951 in Brooklyn) ist ein amerikanischer Jazzmusiker (Alt- und Sopransaxophon, Flöte, Komposition), der auch als Alan Michael auftritt.


Description.

The prosoma often has a broad bright median band, which is plain. The legs are yellowish grey or brown with dark spots. The opisthosoma is very variably coloured, brown or yellowish brown, mostly spotted with bright median band and often with a dark cardiac mark that reaches the second pair of sigillae, and with dark chevrons. The male often more intensely patterned, although sometimes males may be plain dark brown. The body length of a male is 3.5-6.5 mm, that of females 4-8.5 mm.

Biology.

"Philodromus aureolus" hunts by relying on camouflage, stealth and speed to hunt prey. The males are bright green, the females lighterer in colour and it is thought that they can change colour to match their background, as is the case some other members of the "Philodromus" group. They sit and wait on the leaves of bushes and trees to catch any prey that comes into reach. They can also move very rapidly to chase prey down too. This speed can also be used to escape danger. The female uses silk to draw leaves together to form shelters to protect the sacs containing the eggs.  "Philodromus aureolus" probably over-winters among the leaf litter that accumulates in various woodland situations. The adults of both sexes occur mainly in early to mid-summer.

Habitat.

"Philodromus aureolus" is usually found in sunny places on herbs, bushes and trees. This spider is found in broad-leaved, mixed and coniferised woods, thickets, hedgerows and scrub. It often enters houses and is often encountered on walls. Although occasionally found on older trees, "P. aureolus" is more often found on younger trees, both broad-leaved and coniferous.

Distribution.

"Philodromus aureolus" is widespread in western and central Europe, including Ireland. The species is widespread in most of Britain but is more localised in the west and north. However the true distribution is probably obscured by the complex taxonomy of the "Philodromus aureolus" group.

Taxonomic status.

The separation of species and their identification in the "aureolus" group of the genus "Philodromus" within the family Philodromidae has always been difficult. In early faunal works many more taxa were named than were acknowledged 50 years later. This "lumping" probably came about because of the intraspecific variation in pattern and colours, the overall similarity of the genital organs and their sympatric occurrence. For example, material identified by Eugène Simon as a single species of this complex, was recently shown to be not less than four separate species. In northern and central Europe this difficult taxonomy and the complexity of the group mean that cryptic species may remain undetected. "Philodromus aureolus", "Philodromus buxi", "Philodromus cespitum", "Philodromus collinus", "Philodromus longipalpis" and "Philodromus praedatus" have all been named as species within this complex that occur in Europe, with other species in the Mediterranean region.

Philodromus aureolus, the wandering crab spider, is a mainly European running crab spider of the family Philodromidae. The taxonomy of the species group named after "Philodromus aureolus" is in a state of flux and a number of new species have recently been recognised.

Der Goldgelbe Flachstrecker ("Philodromus aureolus") ist eine Webspinne aus der Familie der Laufspinnen (Philodromidae) und die häufigste Art dieser Familie.


Life.

Guadalupe Ortiz de Landázuri Fernández de Heredia was born in Madrid on 12 December 1916 as the fourth of four children (and the only daughter) to Manuel Ortiz de Landázuri, a military officer, and Eulogia Fernández-Heredia. Her three elder siblings were Manuel, Eduardo, and Francisco, who died in childhood. Her brother Eduardo (who became a doctor and college professor) and his wife (the two married in 1941) have both been named as Servants of God.  Her father's career in the armed forces meant the Ortiz de Landázuris moved from place to place each time he was sent on a new assignment. The Ortiz de Landázuri's moved to Tétouan in Morocco in 1927 after her father was sent there for further work. In 1932, they returned to Spain and lived in Madrid where her father was named Lieutenant Colonel), and Guadalupe finished high school at the Instituto Miguel de Cervantes. In June 1933, she enrolled in the Universidad Central de Madrid in chemical science and was just one of five women in a class of 70 students. Ortiz de Landázuri eventually pursued a doctorate since she wanted to teach chemistry at the university level.  Crisis struck the nation with the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War in the mid-1930s. When her father was taken prisoner and condemned to execution, Ortiz de Landázuri accompanied her brother, Eduardo, and their mother to bid a final farewell, just hours before his death. It was after this, in 1937, that she relocated with Eduardo and their mother to Valladolid where her elder brother Manuel resided; she remained there until the civil war ended, just a few months before the outbreak of World War II.  She returned to Madrid in 1939 where she began her career as a teacher. One day at Mass in 1944, she felt something that she interpreted as being a sign from God. Ortiz de Landázuri returned home to consult with a friend and expressed a desire to speak with a priest. That friend gave her the phone number of a well-known priest Josemaría Escrivá and Ortiz de Landázuri met Escrivá for the first time on 25 January 1944. Shortly following this, Ortiz de Landázuri went on a spiritual retreat and on 19 March she sent a letter to Escrivá asking to be admitted to Opus Dei.  On 5 March 1951 - at Escrivá's invitation - she moved to Mexico to spread the message of Opus Dei. While there, Ortiz de Landázuri enrolled in a doctoral program in chemical sciences so she could continue what she had already started in Spain. In its capital she set up a student residence for university women, creating an environment conducive to serious study, healthy diversion, and friendship. She also helped establish the Montefalco School and other social projects aimed at improving opportunities for the local people. For example, together with a doctor friend, she created a mobile medical clinic that allowed them to go from house to house in poorer neighborhoods, providing both free medicine and medical tests.  Ortiz de Landázuri relocated to Rome in 1956 in order to work with Escrivá in the governance of Opus Dei. Not long after her arrival, she noted pain in her chest which turned out to be a serious heart condition, and she returned to Madrid for an operation. After partially recovering, she continued with her academic work, now in Spain. During this time, she began a research project on insulating refracting materials from rice husks; she won the prize Juan de la Cierva for this project and finally completed and defended her doctoral thesis on 8 July 1965. She also worked at the Ramiro de Maeztu Institute and then at the Women's School for Industrial Sciences where she took on a leadership position that she held for the next decade. From 1968, she also took part in the planning and establishment of the Center of Studies and Research of Domestic Sciences.  In 1975, the doctors said it would be best for them to operate again, despite there being some risks. Ortiz de Landázuri left her Madrid home to check into the Clínica Universidad de Navarra where she was operated on 1 July. Though the surgery was successful, she developed a sudden failure in respiration which caused her death on 16 July at 6:30am; her mother died in the same clinic the next week on 23 July. Ortiz de Landázuri's remains were buried in Pamplona where she had died but were later transferred to Madrid on 5 October 2018.

Beatification.

In 2001 the Opus Dei prelate Javier Echevarría Rodríguez started the steps needed to launch the beatification process. The forum for the diocesan process for the cause was transferred on 30 March 2001 from the Pamplona-Tudela diocese to the Madrid archdiocese at which point the Congregation for the Causes of Saints on 3 November issued the "nihil obstat" (no objections) edit to begin the cause and to title her as a Servant of God. Cardinal Antonio María Rouco Varela opened the diocesan process on 18 November and later closed it on 18 March 2005. From 2002 to 2003 there were 66 sessions held with 32 witnesses from Madrid being called to provide evidence and interrogatories while another week-long session in mid-2003 in Mexico saw 22 witnesses giving evidence in support of Ortiz de Landázuri's virtues in 37 sessions. The C.C.S. later received all the documents gathered during that process in 2005 (3008 pages in seven compiled volumes) and validated the process later on 17 February 2006. The postulation later compiled and submitted the Positio dossier to the C.C.S. in 2009 for evaluation.  Theologians provided a positive vote to the cause on 7 June 2016 after having assessed the Positio's contents while the C.C.S. also provided their assent to the cause at their meeting held on 2 May 2017. Pope Francis titled Ortiz de Landázuri as Venerable on 4 May after determining that she had lived a model Christian life of heroic virtue.  Ortiz de Landázuri's beatification depended upon the confirmation of a singular miracle attributed to her intercession; it had to be a healing that science could not be able to explain. There was such a case that was reported in Barcelona and which a diocesan process that Cardinal Lluís Martínez Sistach presided over from 25 May 2007 until 16 January 2008 investigated. The C.C.S. validated this process on 24 October 2008 and a medical panel of experts later confirmed that the healing in question was indeed miraculous at their meeting held on 5 October 2017. The medical board also examined the diagnostic process of the ailment and the healing in just a few hours without treatment. The experts declared the occurrences not explicable from a scientific perspective. The postulation later drafted a Positio for the miracle which was submitted to the C.C.S. on 2 January 2018 before the theologians also issued their assent to the miracle on 1 March. The theologians determined the relationship between the healing and the invocation of Landázuri. The C.C.S. also confirmed the case on 5 June determining that it should be acknowledged as a miracle and passed to the pope for his approval. Pope Francis approved a decree recognizing this miracle on 8 June which allowed for Landázuri to be beatified. The beatification was held in Madrid at the Palacio Vistalegre on 18 May 2019.  Landázuri was the first lay member and the first female member of Opus Dei to be beatified.  The current postulator for this cause is Fr. Antonio Rodríguez de Rivera.

Beatification miracle.

The miracle that led to Ortiz de Landázuri's beatification was the healing from basocellular carcinoma on the night of 28–29 November 2002 of Antonio Jesús Sedano Madrid from Barcelona.

Guadalupe Ortiz de Landázuri Fernández de Heredia (12 December 1916 – 16 July 1975) was a Spanish Roman Catholic professor and a member of the Opus Dei personal prelature. She was one of the first women to join Opus Dei, after meeting the founder Josemaría Escrivá in 1944. She helped start Opus Dei in Mexico and also collaborated directly with Escrivá in Rome. A serious heart condition eventually claimed her life in 1975.

Die selige Guadalupe Ortiz de Landázuri Fernández de Heredia (* 12. Dezember 1916; † 16. Juli 1975) war eine spanische römisch-katholische Professorin und Mitglied der Personalprälatur Opus Dei. Sie war eine der ersten Frauen, die dem Opus Dei beitraten, nachdem sie dessen Gründer Josemaría Escrivá 1944 begegnet war. Sie half bei der Verbreitung des Opus Dei in Mexiko und arbeitete mit Escriva in Rom zusammen. Ein schwerer Herzanfall beendete ihr Leben 1975.


Overview.

There were two major winters in 1974–1980 and 1987–1993 and several smaller episodes, including the following:

Early episodes.

Machine translation and the ALPAC report of 1966.

During the Cold War, the US government was particularly interested in the automatic, instant translation of Russian documents and scientific reports. The government aggressively supported efforts at machine translation starting in 1954. At the outset, the researchers were optimistic. Noam Chomsky's new work in grammar was streamlining the translation process and there were "many predictions of imminent 'breakthroughs'". However, researchers had underestimated the profound difficulty of word-sense disambiguation. In order to translate a sentence, a machine needed to have some idea what the sentence was about, otherwise it made mistakes. An apocryphal example is "the spirit is willing but the flesh is weak." Translated back and forth with Russian, it became "the vodka is good but the meat is rotten." Similarly, "out of sight, out of mind" became "blind idiot". Later researchers would call this the commonsense knowledge problem.  By 1964, the National Research Council had become concerned about the lack of progress and formed the Automatic Language Processing Advisory Committee (ALPAC) to look into the problem. They concluded, in a famous 1966 report, that machine translation was more expensive, less accurate and slower than human translation. After spending some 20 million dollars, the NRC ended all support. Careers were destroyed and research ended.  Machine translation is still an open research problem in the 21st century, which has been met with some success (Google Translate, Yahoo Babel Fish).

The abandonment of connectionism in 1969.

Some of the earliest work in AI used networks or circuits of connected units to simulate intelligent behavior. Examples of this kind of work, called "connectionism", include Walter Pitts and Warren McCullough's first description of a neural network for logic and Marvin Minsky's work on the SNARC system. In the late 1950s, most of these approaches were abandoned when researchers began to explore "symbolic" reasoning as the essence of intelligence, following the success of programs like the Logic Theorist and the General Problem Solver.  However, one type of connectionist work continued: the study of perceptrons, invented by Frank Rosenblatt, who kept the field alive with his salesmanship and the sheer force of his personality. He optimistically predicted that the perceptron "may eventually be able to learn, make decisions, and translate languages". Mainstream research into perceptrons came to an abrupt end in 1969, when Marvin Minsky and Seymour Papert published the book "Perceptrons", which was perceived as outlining the limits of what perceptrons could do.  Connectionist approaches were abandoned for the next decade or so. While important work, such as Paul Werbos' discovery of backpropagation, continued in a limited way, major funding for connectionist projects was difficult to find in the 1970s and early 1980s. The "winter" of connectionist research came to an end in the middle 1980s, when the work of John Hopfield, David Rumelhart and others revived large scale interest in neural networks. Rosenblatt did not live to see this, however, as he died in a boating accident shortly after "Perceptrons" was published.

The setbacks of 1974.

The Lighthill report.

In 1973, professor Sir James Lighthill was asked by the UK Parliament to evaluate the state of AI research in the United Kingdom. His report, now called the Lighthill report, criticized the utter failure of AI to achieve its "grandiose objectives." He concluded that nothing being done in AI couldn't be done in other sciences. He specifically mentioned the problem of "combinatorial explosion" or "intractability", which implied that many of AI's most successful algorithms would grind to a halt on real world problems and were only suitable for solving "toy" versions.  The report was contested in a debate broadcast in the BBC "Controversy" series in 1973. The debate "The general purpose robot is a mirage" from the Royal Institution was Lighthill versus the team of Donald Michie, John McCarthy and Richard Gregory. McCarthy later wrote that "the combinatorial explosion problem has been recognized in AI from the beginning".  The report led to the complete dismantling of AI research in England. AI research continued in only a few universities (Edinburgh, Essex and Sussex). This "created a bow-wave effect that led to funding cuts across Europe", writes James Hendler. Research would not revive on a large scale until 1983, when Alvey (a research project of the British Government) began to fund AI again from a war chest of £350 million in response to the Japanese Fifth Generation Project (see below). Alvey had a number of UK-only requirements which did not sit well internationally, especially with US partners, and lost Phase 2 funding.

DARPA's early 1970s funding cuts.

During the 1960s, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (then known as "ARPA", now known as "DARPA") provided millions of dollars for AI research with almost no strings attached. DARPA's director in those years, J. C. R. Licklider believed in "funding people, not projects" and allowed AI's leaders (such as Marvin Minsky, John McCarthy, Herbert A. Simon or Allen Newell) to spend it almost any way they liked.  This attitude changed after the passage of Mansfield Amendment in 1969, which required DARPA to fund "mission-oriented direct research, rather than basic undirected research". Pure undirected research of the kind that had gone on in the 1960s would no longer be funded by DARPA. Researchers now had to show that their work would soon produce some useful military technology. AI research proposals were held to a very high standard. The situation was not helped when the Lighthill report and DARPA's own study (the American Study Group) suggested that most AI research was unlikely to produce anything truly useful in the foreseeable future. DARPA's money was directed at specific projects with identifiable goals, such as autonomous tanks and battle management systems. By 1974, funding for AI projects was hard to find.  AI researcher Hans Moravec blamed the crisis on the unrealistic predictions of his colleagues: "Many researchers were caught up in a web of increasing exaggeration. Their initial promises to DARPA had been much too optimistic. Of course, what they delivered stopped considerably short of that. But they felt they couldn't in their next proposal promise less than in the first one, so they promised more." The result, Moravec claims, is that some of the staff at DARPA had lost patience with AI research. "It was literally phrased at DARPA that'some of these people were going to be taught a lesson having their two-million-dollar-a-year contracts cut to almost nothing!'" Moravec told Daniel Crevier.  While the autonomous tank project was a failure, the battle management system (the Dynamic Analysis and Replanning Tool) proved to be enormously successful, saving billions in the first Gulf War, repaying all of DARPAs investment in AI and justifying DARPA's pragmatic policy.

The SUR debacle.

DARPA was deeply disappointed with researchers working on the Speech Understanding Research program at Carnegie Mellon University. DARPA had hoped for, and felt it had been promised, a system that could respond to voice commands from a pilot. The SUR team had developed a system which could recognize spoken English, but "only if the words were spoken in a particular order". DARPA felt it had been duped and, in 1974, they cancelled a three million dollar a year grant.  Many years later, several successful commercial speech recognition systems would use the technology developed by the Carnegie Mellon team (such as hidden Markov models) and the market for speech recognition systems would reach $4 billion by 2001.

The setbacks of the late 1980s and early 1990s.

The 1987 collapse of the LISP machine market.

In the 1980s, a form of AI program called an "expert system" was adopted by corporations around the world. The first commercial expert system was XCON, developed at Carnegie Mellon for Digital Equipment Corporation, and it was an enormous success: it was estimated to have saved the company 40 million dollars over just six years of operation. Corporations around the world began to develop and deploy expert systems and by 1985 they were spending over a billion dollars on AI, most of it to in-house AI departments. An industry grew up to support them, including software companies like Teknowledge and Intellicorp (KEE), and hardware companies like Symbolics and LISP Machines Inc. who built specialized computers, called LISP machines, that were optimized to process the programming language LISP, the preferred language for AI.  In 1987, three years after Minsky and Schank's prediction, the market for specialized AI hardware collapsed. Workstations by companies like Sun Microsystems offered a powerful alternative to LISP machines and companies like Lucid offered a LISP environment for this new class of workstations. The performance of these general workstations became an increasingly difficult challenge for LISP Machines. Companies like Lucid and Franz LISP offered increasingly powerful versions of LISP. For example, benchmarks were published showing workstations maintaining a performance advantage over LISP machines. Later desktop computers built by Apple and IBM would also offer a simpler and more popular architecture to run LISP applications on. By 1987, some of them had become as powerful as the more expensive LISP machines. The desktop computers had rule-based engines such as CLIPS available. These alternatives left consumers with no reason to buy an expensive machine specialized for running LISP. An entire industry worth half a billion dollars was replaced in a single year.  Commercially, many LISP companies failed, like Symbolics, LISP Machines Inc., Lucid Inc., etc. Other companies, like Texas Instruments and Xerox, abandoned the field. However, a number of customer companies (that is, companies using systems written in LISP and developed on LISP machine platforms) continued to maintain systems. In some cases, this maintenance involved the assumption of the resulting support work.

Slowdown in deployment of expert systems.

By the early 1990s, the earliest successful expert systems, such as XCON, proved too expensive to maintain. They were difficult to update, they could not learn, they were "brittle" (i.e., they could make grotesque mistakes when given unusual inputs), and they fell prey to problems (such as the qualification problem) that had been identified years earlier in research in nonmonotonic logic. Expert systems proved useful, but only in a few special contexts. Another problem dealt with the computational hardness of truth maintenance efforts for general knowledge. KEE used an assumption-based approach (see NASA, TEXSYS) supporting multiple-world scenarios that was difficult to understand and apply.  The few remaining expert system shell companies were eventually forced to downsize and search for new markets and software paradigms, like case-based reasoning or universal database access. The maturation of Common Lisp saved many systems such as ICAD which found application in knowledge-based engineering. Other systems, such as Intellicorp's KEE, moved from LISP to a C++ (variant) on the PC and helped establish object-oriented technology (including providing major support for the development of UML (see UML Partners).

The end of the Fifth Generation project.

In 1981, the Japanese Ministry of International Trade and Industry set aside $850 million for the Fifth Generation computer project. Their objectives were to write programs and build machines that could carry on conversations, translate languages, interpret pictures, and reason like human beings. By 1991, the impressive list of goals penned in 1981 had not been met. Indeed, some of them had not been met in 2001, or 2011. As with other AI projects, expectations had run much higher than what was actually possible.

Strategic Computing Initiative cutbacks.

In 1983, in response to the fifth generation project, DARPA again began to fund AI research through the Strategic Computing Initiative. As originally proposed the project would begin with practical, achievable goals, which even included artificial general intelligence as long term objective. The program was under the direction of the Information Processing Technology Office (IPTO) and was also directed at supercomputing and microelectronics. By 1985 it had spent $100 million and 92 projects were underway at 60 institutions, half in industry, half in universities and government labs. AI research was generously funded by the SCI.  Jack Schwarz, who ascended to the leadership of IPTO in 1987, dismissed expert systems as "clever programming" and cut funding to AI "deeply and brutally", "eviscerating" SCI. Schwarz felt that DARPA should focus its funding only on those technologies which showed the most promise, in his words, DARPA should "surf", rather than "dog paddle", and he felt strongly AI was "not" "the next wave". Insiders in the program cited problems in communication, organization and integration. A few projects survived the funding cuts, including pilot's assistant and an autonomous land vehicle (which were never delivered) and the DART battle management system, which (as noted above) was successful.

Developments post-AI winter.

A survey of reports from the early 2000s suggests that AI's reputation was still less than stellar:  Many researchers in AI in the mid 2000s deliberately called their work by other names, such as informatics, machine learning, analytics, knowledge-based systems, business rules management, cognitive systems, intelligent systems, intelligent agents or computational intelligence, to indicate that their work emphasizes particular tools or is directed at a particular sub-problem. Although this may be partly because they consider their field to be fundamentally different from AI, it is also true that the new names help to procure funding by avoiding the stigma of false promises attached to the name "artificial intelligence".

AI integration.

In the late 1990s and early 21st century, AI technology became widely used as elements of larger systems, but the field is rarely credited for these successes. In 2006, Nick Bostrom explained that "a lot of cutting edge AI has filtered into general applications, often without being called AI because once something becomes useful enough and common enough it's not labeled AI anymore." Rodney Brooks stated around the same time that "there's this stupid myth out there that AI has failed, but AI is around you every second of the day."  Technologies developed by AI researchers have achieved commercial success in a number of domains, such as machine translation, data mining, industrial robotics, logistics, speech recognition, banking software, medical diagnosis, and Google's search engine.  Fuzzy logic controllers have been developed for automatic gearboxes in automobiles (the 2006 Audi TT, VW Touareg and VW Caravell feature the DSP transmission which utilizes fuzzy logic, a number of Škoda variants (Škoda Fabia) also currently include a fuzzy logic-based controller). Camera sensors widely utilize fuzzy logic to enable focus.  Heuristic search and data analytics are both technologies that have developed from the evolutionary computing and machine learning subdivision of the AI research community. Again, these techniques have been applied to a wide range of real world problems with considerable commercial success.  Data analytics technology utilizing algorithms for the automated formation of classifiers that were developed in the supervised machine learning community in the 1990s (for example, TDIDT, Support Vector Machines, Neural Nets, IBL) are now used pervasively by companies for marketing survey targeting and discovery of trends and features in data sets.

AI funding.

Researchers and economists frequently judged the status of an AI winter by reviewing which AI projects were being funded, how much and by whom. Trends in funding are often set by major funding agencies in the developed world. Currently, DARPA and a civilian funding program called EU-FP7 provide much of the funding for AI research in the US and European Union.  As of 2007, DARPA was soliciting AI research proposals under a number of programs including The Grand Challenge Program, Cognitive Technology Threat Warning System (CT2WS), ""Human Assisted Neural Devices (SN07-43)"", ""Autonomous Real-Time Ground Ubiquitous Surveillance-Imaging System (ARGUS-IS")" and ""Urban Reasoning and Geospatial Exploitation Technology (URGENT)""  Perhaps best known is DARPA's Grand Challenge Program which has developed fully automated road vehicles that can successfully navigate real world terrain in a fully autonomous fashion.  DARPA has also supported programs on the Semantic Web with a great deal of emphasis on intelligent management of content and automated understanding. However James Hendler, the manager of the DARPA program at the time, expressed some disappointment with the government's ability to create rapid change, and moved to working with the World Wide Web Consortium to transition the technologies to the private sector.  The EU-FP7 funding program provides financial support to researchers within the European Union. In 2007–2008, it was funding AI research under the Cognitive Systems: Interaction and Robotics Programme (€193m), the Digital Libraries and Content Programme (€203m) and the FET programme (€185m).

Current "AI spring".

A marked increase in AI funding, development, deployment, and commercial use has led to the idea of the AI winter being long over. Concerns are occasionally raised that a new AI winter could be triggered by overly ambitious or unrealistic promises by prominent AI scientists or overpromising on the part of commercial vendors.

Underlying causes behind AI winters.

Several explanations have been put forth for the cause of AI winters in general. As AI progressed from government-funded applications to commercial ones, new dynamics came into play. While "hype" is the most commonly cited cause, the explanations are not necessarily mutually exclusive.

Hype.

The AI winters can be partly understood as a sequence of over-inflated expectations and subsequent crash seen in stock-markets and exemplified by the railway mania and dotcom bubble. In a common pattern in development of new technology (known as hype cycle), an event, typically a technological breakthrough, creates publicity which feeds on itself to create a "peak of inflated expectations" followed by a "trough of disillusionment". Since scientific and technological progress can't keep pace with the publicity-fueled increase in expectations among investors and other stakeholders, a crash must follow. AI technology seems to be no exception to this rule.

Institutional factors.

Another factor is AI's place in the organisation of universities. Research on AI often takes the form of interdisciplinary research. AI is therefore prone to the same problems other types of interdisciplinary research face. Funding is channeled through the established departments and during budget cuts, there will be a tendency to shield the "core contents" of each department, at the expense of interdisciplinary and less traditional research projects.

Economic factors.

Downturns in a country's national economy cause budget cuts in universities. The "core contents" tendency worsen the effect on AI research and investors in the market are likely to put their money into less risky ventures during a crisis. Together this may amplify an economic downturn into an AI winter. It is worth noting that the Lighthill report came at a time of economic crisis in the UK, when universities had to make cuts and the question was only which programs should go.

Insufficient computing capability.

Early in the computing history the potential for neural networks was understood but it has never been realized. Fairly simple networks require significant computing capacity even by today's standards.

Empty pipeline.

It is common to see the relationship between basic research and technology as a pipeline. Advances in basic research give birth to advances in applied research, which in turn leads to new commercial applications. From this it is often argued that a lack of basic research will lead to a drop in marketable technology some years down the line. This view was advanced by James Hendler in 2008, when he claimed that the fall of expert systems in the late '80s was not due to an inherent and unavoidable brittleness of expert systems, but to funding cuts in basic research in the 1970s. These expert systems advanced in the 1980s through applied research and product development, but, by the end of the decade, the pipeline had run dry and expert systems were unable to produce improvements that could have overcome this brittleness and secured further funding.

Failure to adapt.

The fall of the LISP machine market and the failure of the fifth generation computers were cases of expensive advanced products being overtaken by simpler and cheaper alternatives. This fits the definition of a low-end disruptive technology, with the LISP machine makers being marginalized. Expert systems were carried over to the new desktop computers by for instance CLIPS, so the fall of the LISP machine market and the fall of expert systems are strictly speaking two separate events. Still, the failure to adapt to such a change in the outside computing milieu is cited as one reason for the 1980s AI winter.

Arguments and debates on past and future of AI.

Several philosophers, cognitive scientists and computer scientists have speculated on where AI might have failed and what lies in its future. Hubert Dreyfus highlighted flawed assumptions of AI research in the past and, as early as 1966, correctly predicted that the first wave of AI research would fail to fulfill the very public promises it was making. Other critics like Noam Chomsky have argued that AI is headed in the wrong direction, in part because of its heavy reliance on statistical techniques. Chomsky's comments fit into a larger debate with Peter Norvig, centered around the role of statistical methods in AI. The exchange between the two started with comments made by Chomsky at a symposium at MIT to which Norvig wrote a response.

In the history of artificial intelligence, an AI winter is a period of reduced funding and interest in artificial intelligence research. The term was coined by analogy to the idea of a nuclear winter. The field has experienced several hype cycles, followed by disappointment and criticism, followed by funding cuts, followed by renewed interest years or decades later.

In der Geschichte der künstlichen Intelligenz werden Phasen als KI-Winter bezeichnet, in denen öffentliche und private Forschungsförderung, Start-up-Finanzierung und Investitionen in die Künstliche Intelligenz (KI) stark zurückgehen. Dies geht einher mit einem geringen Fortschritt des Fachs, jedenfalls gegenüber den vorher erweckten (überzogenen) Erwartungen. Insofern ist der KI-Winter ein Beispiel für das „Tal der Enttäuschungen“ im Hype-Zyklus. Hohe mediale Aufmerksamkeit in Kombination mit oftmals vagen und wenig trennscharfen Definitionen von Künstliche Intelligenz kann können als potenzielle Ursache von den oftmals kursierenden überzogenen Erwartungen an KI-Technologien betrachtet werden.