Development.

The Type 1945 destroyer was designed in 1945, based upon the design of the Type 1936D and E destroyers, the plans for which were later accidentally destroyed by fire. They were designed during a time when Germany was prioritizing construction of submarines, with little to no effort going into her surface fleet, making the odds of the Type 1945 destroyers, or any other type of ship which was designed after 1942, being constructed, near zero. However, the "Konstruktionsamt" (Construction Department) continued to create designs for surface ships until the end of the war.  Before the design was even created, Germany was restricting the use of her surface fleet; after the sinking of the German battleship "Bismarck" on 27 May 1941, heavy restrictions were placed upon surface ship commanders' tactical freedom. Around the time the design was created, after the sinking of the German battleship "Tirpitz" on 12 November 1944, most of Germany's surface ships were being pulled back entirely, to serve only in the Baltic Sea. From the spring of 1945 to near the end of the war, the Kriegsmarine was almost entirely focused upon resupplying and supporting garrisons along the Baltic Coast. Later on, in May, the Kriegsmarine embarked upon the task of evacuating hundreds of thousands of civilians and soldiers from the east, ahead of the Soviet forces which were rapidly pushing westward.  The Type 1945 destroyers were designed to be able to defend against submarines, light naval forces, and aircraft, particularly torpedo bombers. Their design differed greatly from previous ones in that it utilized steam turbines, rather than diesel engines. Overall, their design gave them 12% higher engine performance despite having lighter machinery, and a more powerful main armament with a shorter hull. The project never made it past the drawing board, and no ship of the class was ever ordered or laid down.

Characteristics.

The ships of the Type 1945 destroyer class were to be long at the waterline and long o/a, have a beam of, a draught of, and displace at standard load, at full load, and at deep load. They were to have a complement of 350, and carry two motor pinnaces, one torpedo cutter and a motor dinghy.  They were to be armed with eight SK C/41 guns, placed in four twin turrets, with 1,440 rounds of ammunition, four L/76.5 guns, with 5,000 rounds of ammunition, twelve L/66.6 M-44 guns, with 24,000 rounds of ammunition, eight total torpedo tubes, placed in quadruple tubes on her deck, with 16 torpedoes, and 100 mines. They were to have high-angle (anti-aircraft) director ship gun fire-control systems, placed on their fore and aft, which were to be fitted with radio direction finders.  They were to be propelled by two three-bladed propellers, two sets of Wagner turbines, four Wagner-Deschimag boilers feeding high-pressure superheated steam (at and ), intended to give her, and a speed of,, or, depending on if they were at standard load, full load, or deep load, respectively. They were to carry of oil, to give her a range of at. The machinery was calculated to have a weight-power ratio of.

The Type 1945 destroyers were a planned class of destroyers, for the Kriegsmarine, whose design was based upon that of the Type 1936D and E destroyers. Their plan involved a return to steam boilers, which had been replaced by diesel engines in all ships designs after the Type 1942 destroyers. No ships were ever built, as the end of the war was rapidly approaching.

Der Zerstörer Typ 1945 war eine geplante Klasse von hochseetauglichen Zerstörern für die Kriegsmarine, die auf den nicht realisierten Entwürfen für die Zerstörer Typ 1936D und E basierte. Besonderes Merkmal der Klasse wäre die Rückkehr zu Dampfturbinen gewesen, nachdem die vorigen Entwürfe (wie zum Beispiel der Zerstörer Typ 1942) Dieselmotoren vorgesehen hatten. Wegen der zunehmenden Gefahr durch Luftangriffe lag ein Schwerpunkt des Entwurfes auf der Verbesserung der Luftabwehr. Als Hauptbewaffnung waren acht 12,8-cm-L/45-Kanonen in vier Doppeltürmen vorgesehen. Das Ende des Zweiten Weltkrieges verhinderte die Realisierung des Projektes; kein Zerstörer vom Typ 1945 wurde noch auf Kiel gelegt.


General remarks.

The group  operates on the upper half plane  by fractional linear transformations :  It can be extended to an operation on formula_9 by defining :  The Radon measure  defined on formula_4 is invariant under the operation of formula_14.  Let formula_5 be a discrete subgroup of formula_16. A fundamental domain for formula_5 is an open set formula_18, so that there exists a system of representatives formula_19 of formula_20 with  A fundamental domain for the modular group formula_22 is given by  (see Modular form).  A function formula_24 is called formula_5-invariant, if formula_26 holds for all formula_27 and all formula_28. For every measurable, formula_5-invariant function formula_30 the equation  holds. Here the measure formula_32 on the right side of the equation is the induced measure on the quotient formula_33

Classic Maass forms.

Definition of the hyperbolic Laplace operator.

The "hyperbolic Laplace operator" on formula_4 is defined as

Definition of a Maass form.

A "Maass form" for the group formula_37 is a complex-valued smooth function formula_38 on formula_4 satisfying  If  we call formula_38 Maass cusp form.

Relation between Maass forms and Dirichlet series.

Let formula_38 be a Maass form. Since  we have:  Therefore formula_38 has a Fourier expansion of the form  with coefficient functions formula_50  It is easy to show that formula_38 is Maass cusp form if and only if formula_52.  We can calculate the coefficient functions in a precise way. For this we need the Bessel function formula_53.  Definition: The Bessel function formula_53 is defined as  The integral converges locally uniformly absolutely for formula_56 in formula_57 and the inequality  holds for all formula_59.  Therefore, formula_60 decreases exponentially for formula_61. Furthermore, we have formula_62 for all formula_63.  Proof: We have  By the definition of the Fourier coefficients we get  for formula_73  Together it follows that  for formula_73  In (1) we used that the "n"th Fourier coefficient of formula_76 is formula_77 for the first summation term. In the second term we changed the order of integration and differentiation, which is allowed since f is smooth in y. We get a linear differential equation of second degree :  For formula_79 one can show, that for every solution formula_38 there exist unique coefficients formula_81 with the property formula_82  For formula_83 every solution formula_38 is of the form  for unique formula_86. Here formula_87 and formula_88 are Bessel functions.  The Bessel functions formula_89 grow exponentially, while the Bessel functions formula_53 decrease exponentially. Together with the polynomial growth condition 3) we get formula_91 (also formula_92) for a unique formula_93  Even and odd Maass forms: Let formula_94. Then "i" operates on all functions formula_95 by formula_96 and commutes with the hyperbolic Laplacian. A Maass form formula_38 is called even, if formula_98 and odd if formula_99. If f is a Maass form, then formula_100 is an even Maass form and formula_101 an odd Maass form and it holds that formula_102.

Theorem: The L-Function of a Maass form.

Let  be a Maass cusp form. We define the L-function of formula_38 as  Then the series formula_106 converges for formula_107 and we can continue it to a whole function on formula_108.  If formula_38 is even or odd we get  Here formula_111 if formula_38 is even and formula_113 if formula_38 is odd. Then formula_115 satisfies the functional equation

Example: The non-holomorphic Eisenstein-series E.

The non-holomorphic Eisenstein-series is defined for formula_28 and formula_57 as  A weak Maass form is defined similarly but with the third condition replaced by "The function formula_38 has at most linear exponential growth at cusps". Moreover, formula_38 is said to be harmonic if it is annihilated by the Laplacian operator.

Major results.

Let formula_38 be a weight 0 Maass cusp form. Its normalized Fourier coefficient at a prime "p" is bounded by "p" + "p". This theorem is due to Henry Kim and Peter Sarnak. It is an approximation toward Ramanujan-Petersson conjecture.

Higher dimensions.

Maass cusp forms can be regarded as automorphic forms on GL(2). It is natural to define Maass cusp forms on GL("n") as spherical automorphic forms on GL("n") over the rational number field. Their existence is proved by Miller, Mueller, etc.

Automorphic representations of the adele group.

The group formula_127.

Let formula_19 be a commutative ring with unit and let formula_129 be the group of formula_130 matrices with entries in formula_19 and invertible determinant. Let formula_132 be the ring of rational adeles, formula_133 the ring of the finite (rational) adeles and for a prime number formula_134 let formula_135 be the field of "p"-adic numbers. Furthermore, let formula_136 be the ring of the p-adic integers (see Adele ring). Define formula_137. Both formula_138 and formula_139 are locally compact unimodular groups if one equips them with the subspace topologies of formula_140 respectively formula_141. Then:  The right side is the restricted product, concerning the compact, open subgroups formula_143 of formula_138. Then formula_145 locally compact group, if we equip it with the restricted product topology.  The group formula_146 is isomorphic to  and is a locally compact group with the product topology, since formula_145 and formula_139 are both locally compact.  Let  The subgroup  is a maximal compact, open subgroup of formula_145 and can be thought of as a subgroup of formula_146, when we consider the embedding formula_154.  We define formula_155 as the center of formula_156, that means formula_155 is the group of all diagonal matrices of the form formula_158, where formula_159. We think of formula_155 as a subgroup of formula_146 since we can embed the group by formula_162.  The group formula_163 is embedded diagonally in formula_146, which is possible, since all four entries of a formula_165 can only have finite amount of prime divisors and therefore formula_166 for all but finitely many prime numbers formula_167.  Let formula_168 be the group of all formula_169 with formula_170. (see Adele Ring for a definition of the absolute value of an Idele). One can easily calculate, that formula_163 is a subgroup of formula_168.  With the one-to-one map formula_173 we can identify the groups formula_174 and formula_175 with each other.  The group formula_163 is dense in formula_145 and discrete in formula_146. The quotient formula_179 is not compact but has finite Haar-measure.  Therefore, formula_163 is a lattice of formula_181 similar to the classical case of the modular group and formula_14. By harmonic analysis one also gets that formula_168 is unimodular.

Adelisation of cuspforms.

We now want to embed the classical Maass cusp forms of weight 0 for the modular group into formula_184. This can be achieved with the "strong approximation theorem", which states that the map  is a formula_139-equivariant homeomorphism. So we get  and furthermore  Maass cuspforms of weight 0 for modular group can be embedded into  By the strong approximation theorem this space is unitary isomorphic to  which is a subspace of formula_191  In the same way one can embed the classical holomorphic cusp forms. With a small generalization of the approximation theorem, one can embed all Maass cusp forms (as well as the holomorphic cuspforms) of any weight for any congruence subgroup formula_5 in formula_193.  We call formula_193 the space of automorphic forms of the adele group.

Cusp forms of the adele group.

Let formula_19 be a Ring and let formula_196 be the group of all formula_197 where formula_198. This group is isomorphic to the additive group of "R".  We call a function formula_199 cusp form, if  holds for almost allformula_201. Let formula_202 (or just formula_203) be the vectorspace of these cusp forms. formula_204 is a closed subspace of formula_205 and it is invariant under the right regular representation of formula_206  One is again interested in a decomposition of formula_204 into irreducible closed subspaces.  We have the following theorem :  The space formula_204 decomposes in a direct sum of irreducible Hilbert-spaces with finite multiplicities formula_209 :  The calculation of these multiplicities formula_211 is one of the most important and most difficult problems in the theory of automorphic forms.

Cuspial representations of the adele group.

An irreducible representation formula_212 of the group formula_146 is called cuspidal, if it is isomorphic to a subrepresentation of formula_204 ist.  An irreducible representation formula_212 of the group formula_146 is called admissible if there exists a compact subgroup formula_217 of formula_218, so that formula_219 for all formula_220.  One can show, that every cuspidal representation is admissible.  The admissibility is needed to proof the so-called Tensorprodukt-Theorem anzuwenden, which says, that every irreducible, unitary and admissible representation of the group formula_146 is isomorphic to an infinite tensor product  The formula_223 are irreducible representations of the group formula_138. Almost all of them need to be umramified.  (A representation formula_223 of the group formula_138 formula_227 is called unramified, if the vector space  is not the zero space.)  A construction of an infinite tensor product can be found in Deitmar,C.7.

Automorphic L-functions.

Let formula_212 be an irreducible, admissible unitary representation of formula_146. By the tensor product theorem, formula_212 is of the form formula_232 (see cuspidal representations of the adele group)  Let formula_233 be a finite set of places containing formula_234 and all ramified places. One defines the global Hecke - function of formula_212 as  where formula_237 is a so-called local L-function of the local representation formula_223. A construction of local L-functions can be found in Deitmar C. 8.2.  If formula_212 is a cuspidal representation, the L-function formula_240 has a meromorphic continuation on formula_241 This is possible, since formula_240, satisfies certain functional equations.

In mathematics, Maass forms or Maass wave forms are studied in the theory of automorphic forms. Maass forms are complex-valued smooth functions of the upper half plane, which transform in a similar way under the operation of a discrete subgroup formula_1 of formula_2 as modular forms. They are Eigenforms of the hyperbolic Laplace Operator formula_3 defined on formula_4 and satisfy certain growth conditions at the cusps of a fundamental domain of formula_5. In contrast to the modular forms the Maass forms need not be holomorphic. They were studied first by Hans Maass in 1949.

Maaßsche Formen oder auch Maaßsche Wellenformen werden in der Theorie der automorphen Formen, einem Teilgebiet der Mathematik untersucht. Im klassischen Sinne sind Maaßsche Formen komplexwertige, glatte Funktionen der oberen Halbebene formula_1, die ein ähnliches Transformationsverhalten unter der Operation einer diskreten Untergruppe formula_2 von formula_3 auf der oberen Halbebene aufweisen, wie das der Modulformen. Sie sind Eigenformen des hyperbolischen Laplace-Operators formula_4 auf formula_1 und erfüllen gewisse Wachstumsbedingungen in den Spitzen eines Fundamentalbereichs von formula_2. Im Gegensatz zu den Modulformen müssen Maaßsche Formen nicht holomorph sein. Sie wurden als erstes von Hans Maaß im Jahre 1949 untersucht.


Overview.

The game is set on a fictional Mars colony - the so-called "Dark Colony" - in the year 2137. Humans have discovered a "remarkable energy source" by the name of Petra-7 on the red planet. Figuring they'd rather not choke on the atmosphere of Mars whilst mining Petra-7, the Humans begin terraforming the planet. At the start of the game the project has produced jungles and deserts habitable by people. All seems to be going well, until the Taar show up. The Taar are aliens from a scattered and dying race looking for a new homeworld, and Mars seems to be good fit. Before they can move in though, they seek to get rid of the humans.  The game consists of two campaigns where players can either play as the humans, commanding a colonization force from Pan Luma Industries (one of the Earth corporations along with Aerogen and Stratus who are in charge of the Mars project) whose goal is to defend against and defeat the alien threat, or as the Taar, where players have to defeat the human presence on Mars and claim it as their own.

Balance.

Both the human and alien armies have almost absolutely mirrored units that differ mostly in appearance. The few differences between races are that the range of the heavy assault units is bigger by 1 for humans in exchange for speed, the range of alien sniper units is bigger by 1, and alien defense turrets have less range and less damage. However, there are two aspects to the gameplay that can sway the tide of battle: effective use of artifacts and day/night cycle. "Dark Colony" is one of the first RTS to add day/night cycle as a tactical consideration, as the Taar see much better during night time and also deal a little more damage and Humans see much better during day time while dealing some more damage in daylight.

Dark Colony: The Council Wars.

Dark Colony: The Council Wars is an expansion pack to the 1997 video game Dark Colony, published in 1998.  New things players can find are crashed flying saucers, Taar fortress markings, and a revisit of Area 51, featuring rattlesnakes. Apart from that, familiar terrain types have a slightly different appearance, and new ambient sounds.  Gameplay involves eradicating humans as you play the alien Taar, or to destroy aliens as a human player.

Dark Colony is a real-time strategy video game developed by Alternative Reality Technologies and published by Strategic Simulations. The game was released for Microsoft Windows and Mac OS in September 1997.

Dark Colony ist ein Echtzeit-Strategiespiel des US-amerikanischen Spieleentwickler-Studios GameTek (in Europa Take 2 Interactive Software Europe zugehörig) aus dem Jahr 1997. Vertrieben wurde es von Acclaim Entertainment und Strategic Simulations, Inc.


History.

One story of the derivation of the common name: early naturalists collected specimens of birds and bats with shotguns. An enormous darting flyer high in the canopy was a tempting target. Firing a cloud of pellets at a white witch didn't necessarily bring it down, however, because the body is small relative to the wing area. The moth would sail along, an unkillable witch. The moth is of historical interest as the subject of a well known painting by the artist Maria Sibylla Merian. Merian was an insightful naturalist who advanced the 18th-century understanding of insect life cycles; however, her depiction of the white witch life cycle is inconsistent with the known biology.

Ecology, natural history.

Given the enormous geographic range of the adult, and observations that date back 300 years, it is striking that the immature life stages of this species have never been documented (notwithstanding the erroneous Merian painting). Long migratory flight is likely, given that the close relatives "Thysania zenobia" (the owl moth) and "Ascalapha odorata" (the black witch) are known for flights that reach far north of the host plant distributions. Based on the larval host plants recorded for the owl moth and black witch, the larval host plants for the white witch are probably also woody members of Fabaceae (subfamily Caesalpinioideae), possibly "Senna" and/or "Cassia".  White Witch Watch is a project led by the lepidopterist David L. Wagner at the University of Connecticut, seeking to identify the immature stages of the white witch. A key strategy: to obtain a gravid female and attempt rearing on likely hosts. The participants maintain a website, and an active citizen science project on iNaturalist.

Taxonomic status.

Conventionally "white witch" refers to two very similar species of "Thysania" listed in the GBIF database: "T. agrippina" and "T. pomponia" ("T. zenobia" is a third morphologically distinct species). However, a 2016 publication establishes a new species among the subset of moths previously identified as "T. agrippina". "Thysania winbrechiini" is differentiated from "T. agrippina" by morphological features and DNA evidence. "T. winbrechiini" is further categorized as containing two subspecies, and the authors also define a subspecies of "T. agrippina", "T. agrippina siriae". A note of caution: There is a concern among taxonomists about the pace at which limited data are being used to describe new species, by authors with a penchant to publish in obscure journals. That concern has been raised in the case of several hundred "Brechlin and Meister species", which are often nominated on the basis of DNA alone.

Thysania agrippina is a species of moth in the family Erebidae first described by Pieter Cramer in 1776. The most commonly accepted English name is white witch. Other common names include ghost moth, great grey witch and great owlet moth. "Thysania agrippina" is of interest as a competitor for title of "largest insect". This may be true by the measure of wingspan—a Brazilian specimen with a wingspan of almost appears to hold the record. The Atlas moth and Hercules moth, however, have greater wing areas. The white witch occurs from Uruguay to Mexico, and appears as a stray as far north as Texas in the U.S. Collection dates shows no discernible pattern with respect to location or season.

Thysania agrippina, zuweilen auch als Weiße Hexe bezeichnet, ist ein überwiegend in Mittel- und Südamerika vorkommender Schmetterling (Nachtfalter) aus der Familie der Eulenfalter (Noctuidae).


History.

Origins.

The earliest example of systematic writing is the Sumerian pictographic system found on clay tablets, which eventually developed around 3200 BC into a modified version called cuneiform which was impressed on wet clay with a sharpened reed. This form of writing eventually evolved into an ideographic system (where a sign represents an idea) and then to a syllabic system (where a sign represents a syllable). Developing around the same time, the Egyptian system of hieroglyphics also began as a pictographic script and evolved into a system of syllabic writing. Two cursive scripts were eventually created, hieratic, shortly after hieroglyphs were invented, and demotic (Egyptian) in the seventh century BC. Scribes wrote these scripts usually on papyrus, with ink on a reed pen.  The first known alphabetical system came from the Phoenicians, who developed a vowel-less system of 22 letters around the eleventh century BC. The Greeks eventually adapted the Phoenician alphabet around the eighth century BC. Adding vowels to the alphabet, dropping some consonants and altering the order, the Ancient Greeks developed a script which included only what we know of as capital Greek letters. The lowercase letters of Classical Greek were a later invention of the Middle Ages. The Phoenician alphabet also influenced the Hebrew and Aramaic scripts, which follow a vowel-less system. One Hebrew script was only used for religious literature and by a small community of Samaritans up until the sixth century BC. Aramaic was the official script of the Babylonian, Assyrian and Persian empires and ‘Square Hebrew’ (the script now used in Israel) developed from Aramaic around the third century AD.

Handwriting based on Latin script.

The Romans in Southern Italy eventually adopted the Greek alphabet as modified by the Etruscans to develop Latin writing. Like the Greeks, the Romans employed stone, metal, clay, and papyrus as writing surfaces. Handwriting styles which were used to produce manuscripts included square capitals, rustic capitals, uncials, and half-uncials. Square capitals were employed for more-formal texts based on stone inscriptional letters, while rustic capitals freer, compressed, and efficient. Uncials were rounded capitals (majuscules) that originally were developed by the Greeks in the third century BC, but became popular in Latin manuscripts by the fourth century AD. Roman cursive or informal handwriting started out as a derivative of the capital letters, though the tendency to write quickly and efficiently made the letters less precise. Half-uncials (minuscules) were lowercase letters, which eventually became the national hand of Ireland. Other combinations of half-uncial and cursive handwriting developed throughout Europe, including Visigothic, and Merovingian.  At the end of the eighth century, Charlemagne decreed that all writings in his empire were to be written in a standard handwriting, which came to be known as Carolingian minuscule. Alcuin of York was commissioned by Charlemagne to create this new handwriting, which he did in collaboration with other scribes and based on the tradition of other Roman handwriting. Carolingian minuscule was used to produce many of the manuscripts from monasteries until the eleventh century and most lower-case letters of today's European scripts derive from it.  Gothic or black-letter script, evolved from Carolingian, became the dominant handwriting from the twelfth century until the Italian Renaissance (1400–1600 AD). This script was not as clear as the Carolingian, but instead was narrower, darker, and denser. Because of this, the dot above the "i" was added in order to differentiate it from the similar pen strokes of the "n", "m", and "u". Also, the letter "u" was created as separate from the "v", which had previously been used for both sounds. Part of the reason for such compact handwriting was to save space, since parchment was expensive. Gothic script, being the writing style of scribes in Germany when Gutenberg invented movable type, became the model for the first type face. Another variation of Carolingian minuscule was created by the Italian humanists in the fifteenth century, called by them "littera antiqua" and now called humanist minuscule. This was a combination of Roman capitals and the rounded version of Carolingian minuscule. A cursive form eventually developed, and it became increasingly slanted due to the quickness with which it could be written. This manuscript handwriting, called cursive humanistic, became known as the typeface Italic used throughout Europe.  Copperplate engraving influenced handwriting as it allowed penmanship copybooks to be more widely printed. Copybooks first appeared in Italy around the sixteenth century; the earliest writing manuals were published by Sigismondo Fanti and Ludovico degli Arrighi. Other manuals were produced by Dutch and French writing masters later in the century, including Pierre Hamon. However, copybooks only became commonplace in England with the invention of copperplate engraving. Engraving could better produce the flourishes in handwritten script, which helped penmanship masters to produce beautiful examples for students. Some of these early penmanship manuals included those of Edward Cocker, John Seddon, and John Ayer. By the eighteenth century, schools were established to teach penmanship techniques from master penmen, especially in England and the United States. Penmanship became part of the curriculum in American schools by the early 1900s, rather than just reserved for specialty schools teaching adults penmanship as a professional skill. Several different penmanship methods have been developed and published, including Spencerian, Getty-Dubay, Barchowsky Fluent Handwriting, Icelandic (Italic), Zaner-Bloser, and D’Nealian methods among others used in American education.

Handwriting based on Chinese script.

Writing systems developed in East Asia include Chinese and Japanese writing systems. Chinese characters represent whole morphemes rather than individual sounds, and consequently are visually far more complex than European scripts; in some cases their pictographic origins are still visible. The earliest form of Chinese was written on bones and shells (called Jiaguwen) in the fourteenth century BC. Other writing surfaces used during this time included bronze, stone, jade, pottery, and clay, which became more popular after the twelfth century BC. Greater Seal script (Dazhuan) flourished during 1100 BC and 700 BC and appeared mainly in bronze vessels. Lesser Seal script (Xiaozhuan) is the precursor of modern complex Chinese script, which is more stylized than the Greater Seal.  Chinese handwriting is considered an art, more so than illuminated manuscripts in Western culture. Calligraphy is widely practiced in China, which employs scripts such as Kaishu (standard), Xingshu (semi-cursive), and Caoshu (cursive). Chinese calligraphy is meant to represent the artistic personality in a way western calligraphy cannot, and therefore penmanship is valued higher than in any other nation. Standard Script (Kaishu) is main traditional script used today.  Japanese writing evolved from Chinese script and Chinese characters, called kanji, or ideograms, were adopted to represent Japanese words and grammar. Kanji were simplified to create two other scripts, called hiragana and katakana. Hiragana is the more widely used script in Japan today, while katakana, meant for formal documents originally, is used similarly to italics in alphabetic scripts.

Teaching methods and history.

Books used in North America.

Platt Rogers Spencer is known as the "Father of American Penmanship". His writing system was first published in 1848, in his book "Spencer and Rice's System of Business and Ladies' Penmanship". The most popular Spencerian manual was "The Spencerian Key to Practical Penmanship", published by his sons in 1866. This "Spencerian Method" Ornamental Style was taught in American schools until the mid-1920s, and has seen a resurgence in recent years through charter schools and home schooling using revised Spencerian books and methods produced by former IAMPETH president Michael Sull (born 1946).  George A. Gaskell (1845–1886), a student of Spencer, authored two popular books on penmanship, "Gaskell's Complete Compendium of Elegant Writing" and "The Penman's Hand-Book" (1883). Louis Henry Hausam published the "New Education in Penmanship" in 1908, called "the greatest work of the kind ever published."  Many copybooks were produced in North America at the start of the 20th century, mostly for Business Style penmanship (a simplified form of Ornamental Style). These included those produced by A. N. Palmer, a student of Gaskell, who developed the Palmer Method, as reflected in his "Palmer's Guide to Business Writing", published in 1894. Also popular was Zaner-Bloser Script, introduced by Charles Paxton Zaner (15 February 1864 – 1 December 1918) and Elmer Ward Bloser (6 November 1865 – 1929) of the Zanerian Business College. The A. N. Palmer Company folded in the early 1980s.  Modern Styles include more than 200 published textbook curricula including: D'Nealian Script (a derivative of the Palmer Method which uses a slanted, serifed manuscript form followed by an entirely joined and looped cursive), Modern Zaner-Bloser which accounts for the majority of handwriting textbook sales in the US, A Beka, Schaffer, Peterson, Loops and Groups, McDougal, Steck Vaughn, and many others.  Italic Styles include Getty-Dubay (slightly slanted), Eager, Portland, Barchowsky, Queensland, etc.  Other copybook styles that are unique and do not fall into any previous categories are Smithhand, Handwriting without Tears, Ausgangsschrift, Bob Jones, etc. these may differ greatly from each other in a variety of ways. The first made video for correcting messy handwriting especially for people with ADHD and or dysgraphia was " Anyone Can Improve Their Own Handwriting" by learning specialist Jason Mark Alster MS.c.

Schools in East Asia.

By the nineteenth century, attention was increasingly given to developing quality penmanship in Eastern schools. Countries which had a writing system based on logographs and syllabaries placed particular emphasis on form and quality when learning. These countries, such as China and Japan, have pictophonetic characters which are difficult to learn. Chinese children start by learning the most fundamental characters first and building to the more esoteric ones. Often, children trace the different strokes in the air along with the teacher and eventually start to write them on paper.  In the twentieth and twenty-first centuries, there have been more efforts to simplify these systems and standardize handwriting. For example, in China in 1955, in order to respond to illiteracy among people, the government introduced a Romanized version of Chinese script, called Pinyin. However, by the 1960s, people rebelled against the infringement upon traditional Chinese by foreign influences. This writing reform did not help illiteracy among peasants. Japanese also has simplified the Chinese characters it uses into scripts called kana. However kanji are still used in preference over kana in many contexts, and a large part of children's schooling is learning kanji. Moreover, Japan has tried to hold on to handwriting as an art form while not compromising the more modern emphasis on speed and efficiency. In the early 1940s, handwriting was taught twice, once as calligraphy in the art section of school curricula, and then again as a functional skill in the language section. The practical function of penmanship in Japan did not start to be questioned until the end of the twentieth century; while typewriters proved more efficient than penmanship in the modern West, these technologies had a hard time transferring to Japan, since the thousands of characters involved in the language made typing unfeasible.

Motor control.

Handwriting requires the motor coordination of multiple joints in the hand, wrist, elbow, and shoulder to form letters and to arrange them on the page. Holding the pen and guiding it across paper depends mostly upon sensory information from skin, joints and muscles of the hand and this adjusts movement to changes in the friction between pen and paper. With practice and familiarity, handwriting becomes highly automated using motor programs stored in motor memory. Compared to other complex motor skills handwriting is far less dependent on a moment-to-moment visual guidance.  Research in individuals with complete peripheral deafferentation with and without vision of their writing hand finds increase of number of pen touches, increase in number of inversions in velocity, decrease of mean stroke frequency and longer writing movement duration. The changes show that cutaneous and proprioceptive feedback play a critical role in updating the motor memories and internal models that underlie handwriting. In contrast, sight provides only a secondary role in adjusting motor commands.

See also.

Types of writing  Studies of writing and penmanship  Penmanship-related professions  Other penmanship-related topics

Penmanship is the technique of writing with the hand using a writing instrument. Today, this is most commonly done with a pen, or pencil, but throughout history has included many different implements. The various generic and formal historical styles of writing are called "hands" while an individual's style of penmanship is referred to as "handwriting".

Manuelles Schreiben, fachsprachlich auch Chirografie, ist die Tätigkeit des Schreibens von Hand mit einem Schreibgerät, zum Beispiel einem Bleistift oder Kugelschreiber. Das Ergebnis wird, insbesondere bei handgeschriebenen Büchern und Briefen, ein Manuskript oder eine Handschrift genannt. Ebenfalls handelt es sich um eine Handschrift, wenn die individuelle, für einen Menschen typische Schrift beim manuellen Schreiben sowie im übertragenen Sinn etwas, das seine Arbeit charakterisiert, hervortritt.


Early life.

Born in Hattiesburg, Mississippi, Grisham was raised in Bay Minette, Alabama, and attended Baldwin County High School for his freshman year, where he played on the school's soccer team as a forward. His family relocated several times after his freshman year, and Grisham graduated from Orange Park High School in Orange Park, Florida. Grisham attended Wingate University for one year on a soccer scholarship and later transferred to the University of West Georgia, where he received his degree in communications. His first professional job in the television industry was with KTVO of Ottumwa, Iowa, where he worked for a year and a half. He was then a sportscaster for KOLD-TV Tucson for approximately five years before signing a two-year contract with WWE as an announcer, officially joining them on January 14, 2004.

Professional wrestling career.

World Wrestling Entertainment/WWE.

Voice of Heat, Byte This and Bottom Line (2004–2008).

Grisham debuted in WWE in 2004 as the voice of "Heat", doing play-by-play alongside Jonathan Coachman, Josh Mathews, and others for just over four years. He had co-hosted "Experience" with Ivory, but after her release from WWE, he hosted it alone until mid-2006, when Josh Mathews took over. Grisham also hosted WWE's premier web show, "Byte This!", which was canceled in 2006. In addition, he did backstage interviews for the Raw brand. In 2005 Grisham also began hosting Raw's catch-up program "Bottom Line" after Marc Loyd was released from the company, until September 2007.

ECW (2008–2009).

Grisham became the new play-by-play commentator for the ECW brand on the July 29, 2008 episode of "ECW on Syfy", replacing Mike Adamle, and was paired with Tazz, who was the color commentator until Matt Striker took over. Grisham and Striker won the 2008 Slammy Award for Announce Team of the Year.

SmackDown, NXT and departure (2009–2011).

On the April 7, 2009 episode of "ECW", Josh Mathews became the new play-by-play commentator for "ECW". Grisham was promoted to "Smackdown" play by play commentator, and debuted on April 10, 2009. On October 30, 2009, he was reunited with his ECW broadcasting partner Matt Striker, and on December 10, Grisham was replaced as SmackDown's play-by-play commentator by Josh Mathews; Grisham replaced Michael Cole on NXT as play-by-play commentator and joined with Mathews. After becoming the lead play-by-play announcer for NXT for five months, he left; Grisham's last WWE appearance was on the August 26, 2011, edition of Smackdown.

Sportscasting.

In 2007, Grisham was named the host for Fox Soccer Channel's Major League Soccer broadcasts, working alongside Christopher Sullivan for pre-game and post-game coverage of the network's Saturday night broadcasts until 2010, later picking up announcing duties for "WWE NXT".  On August 24, 2011, a day after serving as "NXT" play-by-play commentator for the final time, it was announced that Grisham would be joining ESPN.  On October 16, 2011, Grisham debuted as a co-anchor for ESPNEWS for the overnight hours of "Highlight Express", presenting live from 11p-2a ET and replayed until 7am ET. He was joined by Adnan Virk. He also did the morning sports updates for ABC's early morning program "America This Morning" and prepackaged reports for ABC O&O stations who do not have a morning sportscaster. He presented on ESPN again on October 18, co-presenting with Sara Walsh. He was named one of the official overnight anchors for ESPNEWS and alternated to present updates for the ABC stations and "America This Morning". On October 22, 2011, Grisham inadvertently caused some minor internet outrage when he referred to the loss suffered by Oklahoma at the hands of Texas Tech as the "Trail of Tears". Grisham apologized for the gaffe.  On November 10, 2011, Grisham replaced Jon Anik as the host of "MMA Live". On December 28, 2011, Todd made his "SportsCenter" debut, presenting "SportsCenter" from Bristol, Connecticut until 11:30pm, when ESPN's Los Angeles studios resume "SportsCenter".  Grisham left ESPN at the end of 2016.

Glory (2016-present).

Todd Grisham joined the Glory broadcast team as a backstage and post-fight interviewer at Glory 30. He became a play-by-play announcer for the organization at Superfight Series. He continued his role as play-by-play announcer for Superfight Series and the PPV.

Ultimate Fighting Championship (2017-present).

On January 3, 2017, it was announced that Grisham has been hired by UFC to work on the studio desk and in the play-by-play role for fights. His first assignment as the UFC’s play-by-play commentator was. During the finale of on July 7, 2017, Grisham mispronounced Kazushi Sakuraba’s name, who was in attendance. Since then, Grisham has not covered a UFC Event again. Grisham will work exclusively on Fox Sports 1, where he will serve as a studio host.

Todd Grisham (born January 9, 1976) is an American sports reporter employed by the UFC and Glory kickboxing. Prior to his departure from ESPN at the end of 2016, his duties for the network included being the in-studio host for "Friday Night Fights" as well as a "SportsCenter" anchor.

Todd Grisham (* 9. Januar 1976 in Hattiesburg, Mississippi) ist ein US-amerikanischer Sportjournalist, der derzeit für Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC) und Glory Kickboxing aktiv ist. Seine Karriere startete er bei World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). Danach war er bei der Fernsehsendung "Friday Night Fights" für den Sender ESPN aktiv.


History.

In ancient times, Domoni was the capital of the Nzwani sultans. According to archaeological finds the town was established in the 12th century. Domoni was already a flourishing centre for trade in the 15th century with Africa, Persia, Arab countries, and India. Archaeological artifacts were traded with Japan. Ibn Majid Ibn, a navigator who travelled in this area frequently and who had guided Vasco da Gama to India, confirmed this port as a major trading centre. It was ruled in the 16th century by many chiefs (known as Feni) who controlled different parts of the island. Until the end of the 18th century, it was the capital of the Anjouan sultanate. It is home to a significant "chirazienne" (Shirazi) population who are descents of Sunni aristocratic immigrants from Shiraz, Persia, between the 14th and 18th centuries.  Infighting among the chiefs of Anjouan resulted in their making an appeal to Europeans to broker a peace deal. Following this, Comoros initially became a French Protectorate in 1886, and in 1909, the French made it a part of their country. In 1975 the three islands formed a Republic of the Comoro Island. The first president of the Republic was Ahmed Abdallah, who hailed from Domoni and whose mausoleum is also located there. There were upheavals in the political dispensation in 1997 and again a rebellion in 2008 which was put down.  Mwenye Fani, who took the name Abdallah I when he became Sultan, transferred the capital from Domoni to Mutsamudu. Domoni is the birthplace of the first president of the Comorian Islands, Ahmed Abdallah, and of president Tadjidine ben Saïd Massonde. The third president was also resident of Domoni.

Geography and climate.

Domoni is located on the east coast of Anjouan, also known as the island of Nzwani. Domoni is one of the three major towns of the island; the other two are Bambao and Mutsamdu, the latter is the capital of the island, in the western Indian Ocean. It is connected by road to Domoni, about away. Ngadzale-Ahajo lies to the southwest and Limbe and Koni-Djojdo lie to the northwest. The Ajajo River flows into the sea to the south. The airport on the island is in the village of Quani, to the north of Mutsamdu. The population of the town is 15,351. Bambao is away to the north. The old town is divided into three neighbourhoods: Hari ya muji, Maweni and Momoni.  The weather data in relation to temperature and rainfall is for the period 2000 to 2012. The maximum and minimum average temperatures recorded are in December and in August respectively. The average annual rainfall recorded is with a maximum of in December and a minimum of in July.

Landmarks.

Oil slicks and trash has affected the aesthetic quality of the seafront area. Protective walls built as fortifications around the town were meant to prevent attacks by Malagasy pirates. A tower in the wall fortifications is in a state of ruin.  The first stone building in Domoni was built in the mid-13th century. The old houses built by Shirazis, who had migrated from Persia, are still seen in the town. The first mosques built were during the eleventh and twelfth centuries and reconstructed in the 13th century and enlarged substantially in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. One such mosque was the Mkiri wa Shirazi or the Shirazi Mosque. The mosques in the town are built in stone masonry over raised foundations. While most mosques have one mihrab oriented towards Mecca, the Shirazi Mosque is distinguished by having two mihrabs. The town's Friday mosque has the tallest minaret on the island, which is rectangular in shape.The middle section of the town, known as Hari ya Muzhi, was the centre of activity from the 16th century onwards. It is the zone where the main plaza, the Friday mosque and a large number of mansions of the town are located. The mausoleum of president Ahmed Abdallah Abderemane, who was assassinated in 1989 by a presidential guard, is white in colour and includes four tall minarets.  The town is known for its palaces and mansions of the 16th and 18th centuries, with a maze of houses with richly carved Swahili carved wooden doors. The doors in mansions have lintels in stone relief work. The stone buildings in the town often have a thatched roof over their terraces.

Culture.

The town is renowned for its high quality wooden carvings. Delicate embroidery is made by local craftsmen. A colourful sight seen in the town is of women dabbing sandalwood paste on each other's faces while sitting on the staircase of the houses. Domoni's culture is described in two works by academics from Kansas State University, "Marriage in Domoni" by Martin Ottenheimer and "Music of the Comoro Islands – Domoni" by Martin and Harriet Ottenheimer. Women create music by using coconut shells, gongs, and sticks, as well as playing the "tari" (frame drum); men play on different musical instruments such as the "fumba", "dori", and "msindio" (drums), along with the "gabus" (lute), "mzumara" (double reed), "nkayamba" (rattle), and "ndzedze" (box zither). Wedding ceremonies feature a performance, a type of bullfight, evidence of the historical presence of the Portuguese at Domoni.  The town has witnessed scenes of religious intolerance. Incidents of religious harassment of Christians in the premises of mosques in Domoni have been reported. In April 2001 leaders of the Christian community were questioned and threatened by Islamic religious groups. In one incident the father of a Christian leader had to pay a fine and the family live in exile from Domoni for a month.

Domoni (population 15,351) is the second largest city on the Comorian island of Anjouan in the Indian Ocean and is located on the east coast of the island. It was the capital of the island in the past while the present capital of Anjouan is Mutsamudu.

Domoni (arabische Schrift دوموني, seltener auch "Domoney") ist die zweitgrößte Stadt auf der Komoreninsel Anjouan im Indischen Ozean und liegt an der Ostküste der Insel. Bevor die Stadt Mutsamudu zur Inselhauptstadt wurde, war Domoni die Hauptstadt der Insel. Domoni liegt in der Gemeinde Domoni, die zur Präfektur Domoni gehört.


Plot.

In the midst of the Bosnian War, Kosta (Emir Kusturica), a milkman and falconer, delivers milk from the farm run by Milena, a milkmaid who takes care of her grandmother, and the front where the soldiers are engaged in a never ending war. Milena wants a bride for her brother and, after hearing about a woman of renowned beauty who caught the eye of an English general who subsequently killed his wife to be with her, only to be rejected when the bride testified against him, Milena and her friends smuggle the bride (Monica Bellucci) out of the refugee camp where she is staying to live on the farm until Milena's brother, Zaga, returns.  However Kosta and the bride fall in love with one another. As peace in the war is declared, Kosta allows himself to be roped into a double wedding where he will marry Milena while Zaga marries the bride, but during the wedding festivities the bride takes Kosta aside and the two nearly kiss only to be caught by Milena.  Before the weddings can happen a spy informs the English where the bride is staying. The English arrive and destroy the entire village murdering Zaga and Milena. Kosta is saved when a snake he has been feeding milk attacks him on the road long enough to delay his arrival in the camp. Kosta manages to find the bride, who has escaped the carnage by hiding in a well. She and Kosta go on a run across the country pursued by three Englishmen.  The chase eventually leads Kosta and the bride into a minefield. The bride is accidentally killed when she trips the wire on one of the mines. Kosta wants to commit suicide and join her, but he is stopped by a shepherd who tells him to stay alive so that the memory of their love will live on with him.  Fifteen years later Kosta is living his life as a pious monk. He dreams of being reunited with the bride in the afterlife. In the meantime however he daily drags rocks to the site of her death, filling in the mine field with rocks.

Release.

The movie was selected to compete for the Golden Lion at the 73rd Venice International Film Festival.  Kusturica won the Palme d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival twice for his "When Father Was Away on Business" and "Underground". He and producer Paula Vaccaro said they previewed "On the Milky Road" to Cannes organizer Thierry Frémaux and that there was interest in it debuting at the 2016 Cannes Film Festival. However, Vaccaro said this was unfeasible as the film was still in the editing process in May 2016. In making these comments, Vaccaro and Kusturica denied earlier reports that Kusturica claimed to have been barred from Cannes for making favorable comments about Russian President Vladimir Putin.

On the Milky Road (; ) is a 2016 film directed by Emir Kusturica, based on his segment in the anthology film "Words with Gods". "On the Milky Road" stars Kusturica and Monica Bellucci. It is a three-part narrative following selected critical periods in the life of a man and his country, from a time war, to when he falls in love and ends as a hermit monk.

On the Milky Road ist ein 2016 produzierter Film, der in einer dreigeteilten Geschichte in märchenhaft surrealer Weise von kritischen Perioden im Leben eines Mannes erzählt: Seine Zeit als glücklicher Milchmann im Bosnienkrieg, gefährliche Abenteuer sowie eine aufblühende Liebesgeschichte, und als Mönch, der die turbulente Vergangenheit reflektiert, die eigene sowohl wie die seines Landes. Emir Kusturica ist Regisseur und Hauptdarsteller (Kosta), die weibliche Hauptrolle (Braut) spielt Monica Bellucci. Der Film startete als Konkurrent um den Goldenen Löwen bei den internationalen Filmfestspielen von Venedig 2016.


History.

At the time of the arrival of the Europeans to the region in the 1820s, the area was inhabited by the Shoshone and various related tribes. The lushness of the Teton Basin provided prime area for the fur trade, attracting many other tribes to region, including the Nez Perce, Flathead and the Gros Ventre. At the time, the basin was part of the disputed Oregon Country. The resulting friction between the trading groups led to recurring skirmishes in the basin. In 1832, a trade rendezvous gone awry resulted in the Battle of Pierre's Hole between the Gros Ventre and a party of American trappers, led by William Sublette and aided by their Nez Perce and Flathead allies. In the brief but bloody battle at least twenty-six Gros Ventres were killed, including women and children, and perhaps a dozen whites and Flatheads. Sublette received severe injuries and returned east to the United States for medical care.  The most famous modern incident along the river occurred on June 5, 1976 when the earthen Teton Dam in Teton Canyon collapsed, killing 11 people in the valley below. The force of water due to the dam failure destroyed the lower part of the Teton River, washing away riparian zones and reducing the canyon walls. This seriously damaged the stream ecology, and the native cutthroat trout population has been endangered. The force of the water and excessive sediment also damaged stream habitat in the Snake River and some tributaries.

Watershed.

The Teton River watershed drains, in Idaho and in Wyoming. The river mainstem is formed near Victor in Teton County, Idaho, near the Wyoming state line, by the confluence of Warm Creek (Trail Creek watershed) and Drake Creek. It is joined by several additional creeks that descend from surrounding Teton, Big Hole, and Snake River mountain ranges. The majority of flows to the Teton River come from tributaries draining the western flank of the Tetons, including Trail, Fox, Teton, and South Leigh creeks. Trail Creek descends along Highway 22 from the Caribou-Targhee National Forest in Idaho, meeting the other creeks from the south. The river flows north in a slow meandering course through a broad flat valley called the Teton Basin (formerly known as "Pierre's Hole"), flanked by the Teton Range to the east and the Big Hole Mountains to the west. Much of the river's upper course in the Teton Basin is surrounded by extensive wetlands.  After emerging from the north end of the Teton Basin, the Teton River enters the nearly inaccessible Teton Canyon, approximately long, along the Teton-Fremont county line. There it is joined by Badger Creek and Bitch Creek from the east, then turns almost 90 degrees west, and is joined by Canyon Creek from the south. After passing through the failed Teton Dam site, north and east of Newdale, the Teton River bifurcates into two distributaries some four miles downstream, just north of Teton, one called the South Fork Teton River (also called the South Teton River) and the other called North Fork Teton River (also known as the Teton River). The South Teton River travels generally southwest until it joins Henry's Fork west of Rexburg at the southwest end of a large inland delta region on the Henry's Fork, essentially merging with the delta from the east as one of its channels. The Teton River itself (North Fork Teton) continues to travel west, where it joins the Henrys Fork at Warm Slough near Rexburg, approximately seven miles upstream of the confluence with the Snake River.

Ecology.

The upper watershed between Victor and Driggs are key targets for restoration by the Friends of Teton River as they harbor the best spawning habitat for Yellowstone cutthroat trout ("Oncorhynchus clarkii bouvieri"). An Idaho Fish and Game study reported a 95% decline in Yellowstone cutthroat trout (YCT) while non-native brook trout ("Salvenlinus fontinalis") and rainbow trout ("Oncorhynchus mykiss") populations increased by 300%. The Teton River is considered one of three remaining strongholds for YCT, which currently only survive in 27% of their former range in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem. Hybridization with nonnative rainbow trout has been the primary factor reducing YCT populations. Other factors include competition with nonnative brook trout and habitat degradation from water diversion, grazing, mining, timber harvest and development.

The Teton River is an tributary of the Henrys Fork of the Snake River in southeastern Idaho in the United States. It drains through the Teton Valley along the west side of the Teton Range along the Idaho-Wyoming border at the eastern end of the Snake River Plain. Its location along the western flank of the Tetons provides the river with more rainfall than many other rivers of the region.

Der Teton River ist ein 132 km langer linker Nebenfluss des Henrys Fork im Osten des US-Bundesstaates Idaho. Der Teton River entsteht am Westhang der Teton Range nahe Victor am Zusammenfluss seiner Quellbäche "Warm Creek" und "Drake Creek". Er fließt anfangs 40 Kilometer nach Norden, bevor er sich nach Westen wendet. Der Teton River schneidet sich dabei in das Hochland. 12 km ostsüdöstlich von St. Anthony wurde zwischen 1972 und 1975 am Teton River der Teton-Staudamm errichtet. Am 5. Juni 1976 kam es zu einem Dammbruch. Dabei wurde die stromabwärts gelegene Stadt Rexburg verwüstet. Der Damm wurde nicht mehr erneuert und dient heute als Gedenkstätte. Nördlich der Ortschaft Teton spaltet sich der Fluss in zwei Arme auf. Der nördliche Arm ("Teton River" oder "North Fork Teton River") fließt nördlich an Sugar City vorbei und mündet in den Henrys Fork. Der südliche Flussarm ("South Fork Teton River") verläuft entlang dem Nordrand der Stadt Rexburg und mündet ebenfalls in den Henrys Fork.


Background.

Cheikh Mokrani (Mohamed Amokrane) and his brother Boumezrag were sons of a family of high rank - the Ait Abbas dynasty (a branch of the Hafsids of Béjaïa), the "Amokrane", masters, since the sixteenth century of the Kalâa of Ait Abbas in the Bibans and of the Medjana region. In the 1830s, their father Ahmed El Mokrani (d. 1853), had chosen to ally himself with the French; it was he who had allowed the Iron Gates expedition in 1839 and he had become "khalifa" of the Medjana under the tutelage of the French authorities. This alliance had soon revealed itself to be subordination - a decree of 1845 abolished the "khalifalik" of Medjana so that when Mohamed succeeded his father, as the choice of the Arab Bureaux, his title was no more than “bachagha” (=chief commander). During the hardships of 1867, he gave his personal guarantee, at the request of the authorities, for important loans. In 1870, the creditors demanded to be repaid and the French authorities reneged on the loan on the pretext of the Franco-Prussian War, leaving Mohamed obliged to pawn his own possessions. The late 1860s were hard for the people of Algeria: between 1866 and 1868 they lived through drought, exceptionally cold winters, an epidemic of cholera and an earthquake. More than 10% of the kabyle population died during this period. On 12 June 1869, Marshall MacMahon, the Governor General, advised the French government that “the Kabyles will stay peaceful as long as they see no possibility of driving us out of their country.”  Under the French Second Republic, the country was governed by a Governor General and a large proportion was "military territory". There were tensions between the French colonists and the army; the former favouring the abolition of the military territory as being too protective of the native Algerians. Eventually, on 9 March 1870, the Corps législatif passed a law which would end the military regime in Algeria. When Napoleon III fell and the Third French Republic was proclaimed, the Algerian question fell under the remit of the new Justice Minister, Adolphe Crémieux, and not, as previously, under the Minister of War. At the same time, Algeria was experiencing a period of anarchy. The settlers, hostile to Napoleon III and strongly Republican, took advantage of the fall of the Second Empire to push forward their anti-military agenda. Real authority devolved to town councils and local defence committees, and their pressure resulted in the Crémieux Decrees.

Start of the revolt.

A number of origins have been suggested for the Mokrani revolt. There was a general dissatisfaction among Kabyle notables because of the steady erosion of their authority by the colonial authorities. At the same time, ordinary people were concerned about the imposition of civilian rule on 9 March, which they interpreted as imposing domination by the settlers, with encroachments on their land and loss of autonomy. The Cremieux Decree of 24 October 1870, which gave French nationality to Algerian Jews was probably another cause of the unrest. However some historians view this as doubtful, pointing out that this story only started to spread after the revolt was over. Indeed, this explanation of the revolt was particularly widespread among French antisemites. News of the insurrectionary Paris commune also played a part.  Several months before the start of the insurrections, kabyle village communities began electing village assemblies ("tijmaa'in") despite the colonial authorities having banned them from doing so. The first signs of actual revolt appeared in the mutiny of a squadron of the 3rd Regiment of Spahis in January 1871, who were refusing to be sent to metropolitan France, claiming that they were only required to serve in Algeria. This mutiny began in Moudjebeur, near Ksar Boukhari on 20 January, spread to Aïn Guettar (in the region of modern Khemissa, near Souk Ahras) on 23 January, and soon reached El Tarf and Bouhadjar.  The mutiny at Aïn Guettar involved the mass desertion of several hundred men and the killing of several officers. It took on a particular significance for the Rezgui family, whose members maintained that that France, recently defeated by the Prussians, was a spent force and that now was the time for a general uprising. The Hanenchas responded to this call, killing fourteen colonists in their territory; Souk Ahras was besieged from 26 to 28 January, before being relieved by a French column, who then put down the insurgency and condemned five men to death.  Mokrani submitted his resignation as bachagha in March 1871, but the army replied that only the civil government could now accept it. In reply, Mokrani wrote to General Augeraud, subdivisional commander at Sétif:

The revolt spreads.

The spahi mutiny was reignited after 16 March 1871, when Mokrani took charge of it. On 16 March, Mokrani led six thousand men in an assault on Bordj Bou Arreridj. On 8 April, French troops regained control of the Medjana plain. The same day, Si Aziz, son of Cheikh Ahaddad, head of the Rahmaniyya order, proclaimed a holy war in the market of Seddouk. Soon 150,000 Kabyles rose, as the revolt spread along the coast first, then into the mountains to the east of the Mitidja and as far as Constantine. It then spread to the Belezma mountains and linked with local insurrections all the way down to the Sahara desert. As they spread towards Algiers itself, the insurgents took Lakhdaria (Palestro), 60 km east of the capital, on 14 April. By April, 250 tribes had risen, or nearly a third of Algeria's population. One hundred thousand “mujahidin”, poorly armed and disorganised, were launching random raids and attacks.

French counterattack.

The military authorities brought in reinforcements for the Army of Africa; Admiral de Gueydon, who took over as Governor General on 29 March, replacing Special Commissioner Alexis Lambert, mobilised 22,000 soldiers. Advancing from Palestro towards Algiers, the rebels were stopped at Boudouaou (Alma) on 22 April 1871; on 5 May, Mohamed El Mokrani died fighting at Oued Soufflat, halfway between Lakhdaria (Palestro) and Bouira in an encounter with the troops of General Saussier.  On 25 April, the Governor General declared a state of siege. Twenty columns of French troops marched on Dellys and Draâ El Mizan. Cheikh Haddad and his sons were captured on 13 July after the battle of Icheriden. The revolt only faded after the capture of Boumezrag, Cheikh Mokrani’s brother, on 20 January 1872.

Repression.

During the fighting, around 100 European civilians died, along with an unknown number of Algerian civilians. After fighting ceased, more than 200 Kabyles were interned and others deported to Cayenne and New Caledonia, where they were known as Algerians of the Pacific. Boumezrag Mokrani was condemned to death by a court in Constantine on 27 March 1873.  The Kabylie region was subjected to a collective fine of 36 million francs, and 450,000 hectares of land were confiscated and given to new settlers, many of whom were refugees Alsace-Lorraine. especially in the region of Constantine. The repression and confiscations forced a number of Kabyles to leave the country.

The Mokrani Revolt, known locally as the, ("the French war"), which broke out on 16 March 1871, was the most important local uprising against French colonial power in Algeria since the conquest in 1830 : more than 250 tribes rose up, around a third of the population of the country. It was led by the Kabyles of the Biban mountains commanded by Cheikh Mokrani and his brother Boumezrag, as well as Cheikh El Haddad, head of the Rahmaniyya religious fraternity.

Die Mokrani-Revolte war ein Aufstand muslimischer Kabylen und Araber gegen die französische Kolonialherrschaft in Französisch-Algerien während des Deutsch-Französischen Kriegs. Der Aufstand wurde maßgeblich von der islamischen Bruderschaft der Rahmanija organisiert. Die Revolte begann 1871 und umfasste große Teile der Landbevölkerung der Kabylei und anderer Gebiete Algeriens. Die Revolte wurde bis 1872 von französischen Truppen niedergeschlagen.


Life and career.

Naonobu was born in Kyoto on the 6th day of the 10th month of the 12th year of Keichō (25 November 1607). He was the second son of the Kanō school painter Kanō Takanobu and the younger brother of Kanō Tan'yū, who was to continue the line and become one of the foremost painters of the school.  The Tokugawa shogunate invited Naonobu to the administrative capital Edo (modern Tokyo) in 1630, where he established himself at the Takekawa workshop affiliated with the Kanō school and became a, an exclusive position painting for the shogunate. He studied under his brother Tan'yū and a lesser known Kanō artist, Kanō Kō-i (d. 1625). The two completed a number of prominent commissions for the shogunate.  Naonobu's skills differed somewhat from Tan'yū's, particularly taking after his mentor Kanō Kō-i and delving into ink wash painting and his bold use of negative space. His work had a more Japanese feel deriving from nativist Yamato-e traditions. On gilt sliding doors and partitions he tended to suggest the form of the subject rather than delineate it. Works such as the "Fujimi saigyō-zu byōbu" screen show his interest in contrasts, depicted an enormous, barely-delineated Mount Fuji against a background of mostly negative space with a tiny seated figure gazing up at it.  In his personal life Naonobu had the nickname Shume (). He enjoyed trips to Kyoto and visiting the artist and aristocrat Kobori Masakazu. Naonobu went missing on the 7th day of the 4th month of the 3rd year of Keian (7 May 1650). He was said to have died of illness, though rumours circulated that he had drowned while fishing or had set off for China.

Kanō Naonobu (, 25 November 1607 – 7 May 1650) was a Japanese painter of the Kanō school of painting during the early Edo period. He was the younger brother of Kanō Tan'yū, with whom he completed a number of prominent commissions for the Tokugawa shogunate. His style differed somewhat from Tan'yū's in his bold use of negative space and his mastery of ink wash painting. Naonobu also used the art name Jitekisai ().

Kanō Naonobu (, Rufname Shume () oder Shumenosuke (); geb. 25. November 1607 in Kyōto; gest. 7. Mai 1650 in Edo) war ein japanischer Maler der Kanō-Schule in der frühen Edo-Zeit und Begründer des Kobikichō-Zweiges.


Early life.

Adebayo was born on July 18, 1997 in Newark, New Jersey to a Nigerian father and an African-American mother. As a child, he was given the nickname "Bam Bam" by his mother when, while watching "The Flintstones" at age one, he flipped over a coffee table in a manner similar to the show's character Bamm-Bamm Rubble. Adebayo is of African American and Yoruba descent.  Adebayo first attended Northside High School in Pinetown, North Carolina. As a junior, he averaged 32.2 points and 21 rebounds a game. During the summer, Adebayo joined his Amateur Athletic Union (AAU) team, Team Loaded NC, alongside fellow five-star 2016 recruit Dennis Smith Jr. He averaged 15.0 points and 10 rebounds per game on Adidas Uprising Circuit. Later that summer Adebayo competed at the NBPA Top 100 Camp and was named MVP at the 2015 Under Armour Elite 24 game. After his junior season he transferred to High Point Christian Academy in High Point, North Carolina. In his season debut, Adebayo scored 22 points and 17 rebounds in an 81–39 win over New Garden Friends School. On December 29, he posted 26 points and 14 rebounds in a 91–63 victory over De'Aaron Fox and Cypress Lakes High School. As a senior, Adebayo averaged 18.9 points per game, 13.0 rebounds per game, 1.4 blocks per game and 1.5 assist per game, and led the Cougars to a NCISAA state championship appearance. Adebayo was named 2016 North Carolina Mr. Basketball. In January 2016, Adebayo played in the 2016 McDonald's All-American Game and Jordan Brand Classic.  Adebayo was rated as a five-star recruit and considered one of the best high school prospects of the 2016 class. Adebayo was ranked as the No.5 overall recruit and No.2 power forward in the 2016 high school class.

College career.

On November 17, 2015, Adebayo committed to the University of Kentucky. He joined fellow freshmen Malik Monk, De'Aaron Fox, and Wenyen Gabriel. On December 7, 2016, Adebayo recorded 16 points and 7 rebounds in an 87–67 win against the Valparaiso Crusaders. On February 21, 2017, Adebayo scored 22 points and 15 rebounds to defeat the Missouri Tigers in a 72–62 Victory. As the number one seed entering the SEC Tournament, Kentucky would defeat the Georgia Bulldogs in the quarterfinals and beat Alabama in the semi-finals. On March 12, 2017, Adebayo grabbed 9 rebounds to help the Wildcats defeat Arkansas 82–65 and win the SEC Championship. On March 17, 2017, in the first round of the NCAA Tournament, Adebayo had 18 rebounds in a 79–70 victory against Northern Kentucky University. In the second round of the NCAA Tournament, Adebayo secured 10 rebounds to help Kentucky defeat Wichita State University. On March 24, 2017, Kentucky defeated the UCLA Bruins in the Sweet sixteen, Adebayo had 12 rebounds in the game. On March 26, 2017, Adebayo scored 13 points and 7 rebounds in a 75–73 loss in the Elite eight against the North Carolina Tar Heels. After losing in the Elite Eight in a heartbreaking fashion, he declared his entry into the 2017 NBA draft on April 5, 2017, with him signing an agent twenty days later. In 38 games for Kentucky in the 2016–17 season, Adebayo averaged 13.0 points, 8.0 rebounds, and 1.5 blocks per game.

Professional career.

Miami Heat (2017–present).

Rookie season (2017–18).

On June 22, 2017, Adebayo was selected with the 14th overall pick in the 2017 NBA draft by the Miami Heat. On July 1, Adebayo signed his rookie scale contract with the Heat, and joined the team for the 2017 NBA Summer League. In his rookie season, Adebayo appeared in 69 games for the Heat and averaged 6.9 points and 5.5 rebounds per game.

2018–19 season.

On December 7, 2018, Adebayo recorded 22 points and 10 rebounds in a 115–98 win over the Phoenix Suns. On December 28, Adebayo scored 18 points in a 118–94 victory against the Cleveland Cavaliers. Adebayo played all 82 games, averaging 8.9 points and 7.3 rebounds per game.

2019–20 season.

On December 10, 2019, Adebayo recorded his first career triple-double with a career-high 30 points, 11 rebounds and 11 assists in a 135–121 overtime win against the Atlanta Hawks. On December 14, Adebayo had his second career triple-double in a 122–118 overtime win over the Dallas Mavericks, scoring 18 points with 11 rebounds and 10 assists. On December 16, Adebayo was named Eastern Conference Player of the Week for the games played from December 9 to December 15, when averaged 20.0 points, 11.3 rebounds, 8.7 assists per game. On January 27, Adebayo recorded 20 points, 10 rebounds and 10 assists in a 113–92 win over the Orlando Magic. On January 30, Adebayo was named to his first NBA All-Star Game. On February 15, Adebayo won the NBA All-Star Weekend Skills Challenge competition.

National team career.

Adebayo was cut from the United States national team for the 2019 FIBA Basketball World Cup. He was subsequently named a finalist for the U.S. Olympic team in February 2020.

Edrice Femi "Bam" Adebayo (born July 18, 1997) is an American professional basketball player for the Miami Heat of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He played college basketball for the Kentucky Wildcats before he was taken 14th overall in the 2017 NBA draft by the Miami Heat.

Edrice Femi „Bam“ Adebayo (* 18. Juli 1997 in Newark, New Jersey) ist ein US-amerikanischer Basketballspieler nigerianischer Abstammung, der seit 2017 im Aufgebot der Miami Heat in der NBA steht. In der Spielzeit 2019/20 wurde er zum ersten Mal NBA-All-Star.


Highlights.

fish has "search as you type" automatic suggestions based on history and current directory. This is essentially like Bash's history search, but because it is always on instead of being a separate mode, the user gets continuous feedback while writing the command line, and can select suggestions with the arrow keys, or as in Bash, press for a tab completion instead. Tab-completion is feature-rich, expanding file paths (with wildcards and brace expansion), variables, and many command specific completions. Command-specific completions, including options with descriptions, can to some extent be generated from the commands' manpages.  Fish has few syntactic rules, preferring features as commands rather than syntax. This makes features discoverable in terms of commands with options and help texts. Functions can also carry a human readable description. A special "help" command gives access to all the fish documentation in the user's web browser.

Syntax.

The syntax resembles a POSIX compatible shell (such as Bash), but deviates in important ways where the creators believe the POSIX shell was badly designed. > set foo bar > echo $foo bar > set wd (pwd) > echo $wd  > set A 3 5 7 9 12 > set B $A[1 2] > echo $B 3 5 > echo $A[(seq 3)] 3 5 7 > set --erase A[$B] > echo $A 3 5 9  > for i in *.jpg > for i in *.jpg; convert $i (basename $i.jpg).png; end  > while read line

No implicit subshell.

Some language constructs, like pipelines, functions and loops, have been implemented using so called subshells in other shell languages. Subshells are simply child programs that run a few commands for the shell and then exit. Unfortunately, this implementation detail typically has the side effect that any state changes made in the subshell, such as variable assignments, do not propagate to the main shell, which may surprise the user. Fish never forks off so-called subshells; all builtins are always fully functional.  > cat *.txt | read line

Variable assignment example.

This Bash example does not do what it looks like: because the loop body is a subshell, the update to codice_1 is not persistent.  found=" cat /etc/fstab | while read dev mnt rest; do done Workaround:  found=" while read dev mnt rest; do done < /etc/fstab Fish does not need a workaround:  set found " cat /etc/fstab | while read dev mnt rest end

Helpful error messages.

Error messages in fish are designed to actually tell the user what went wrong and what can be done about it.  > foo=bar fish: Unknown command “foo=bar”. Did you mean “set VARIABLE VALUE”? For information on setting variable values, see the help section on the set command by typing “help set”.  > echo ${foo}bar fish: Did you mean {$VARIABLE}? The '$' character begins a variable name. A bracket, which directly followed a '$', is not allowed as a part of a variable name, and variable names may not be zero characters long. To learn more about variable expansion in fish, type “help expand-variable”.  > echo $(pwd) fish: Did you mean (COMMAND)? In fish, the '$' character is only used for accessing variables. To learn more about command substitution in fish, type “help expand-command-substitution”.

Universal variables.

Fish has a feature known as universal variables, which allow a user to permanently assign a value to a variable across all the user's running fish shells. The variable value is remembered across logouts and reboots, and updates are immediately propagated to all running shells.  > set --universal EDITOR emacs  > set --universal fish_color_cwd blue

Other features.

Version 2 adds:

The friendly interactive shell (fish) is a Unix shell that attempts to be more interactive and user-friendly than those with a longer history (i.e. most other Unix shells) or those formulated as function-compatible replacements for the aforementioned (e.g. zsh, the Falstad shell). The design goal of fish is to give the user a rich set of powerful features in a way that is easy to discover, remember, and use. fish is considered an "exotic shell", in that its syntax derives from neither the Bourne shell (ksh, Bash, zsh) nor the C shell (csh, tcsh). Also unlike previous shells, which disable certain features by default to save system resources, fish enables all features by default.

Auf unixoiden Betriebssystemen ist die Fish-Shell (für "friendly interactive shell") eine sogenannte exotische Konsole: Deren Syntax stammt weder von der Bourne-Shell (bash, ksh, zsh) noch von der C-Shell (csh, tcsh) ab. Interessant an der Fish-Shell ist, dass eine mächtige Autovervollständigung die Arbeit erleichtert; sie schlägt abhängig von früheren Eingaben und den aktuell gemounteten Laufwerken Befehle, Optionen und Verzeichnispfade vor, diese können mit Tabulator- und Pfeiltasten ausgewählt werden. Ebenso erleichtert Fish die Arbeit, indem es Hilfe-Texte anbietet und verständliche Fehlermeldungen zurückgibt. Viele nützliche Befehle und Optionen können so, in der Konsole selbst, durch den Benutzer entdeckt werden.


Preface.

Much of Mexico's volcanic and seismic activity stems from the movement of the North American plate against the Cocos and Pacific plates and it is one of the most active trenches in the world. Each year more than 90 tremors above magnitude 4.0 are recorded in this zone.  While not on or near any fault line like San Francisco or Los Angeles, Mexico City is vulnerable to earthquakes. The main reason for this is the surface geology of the area, especially the downtown area. The city was originally built on an island in the middle of Lake Texcoco, and Aztec rulers built dikes to prevent flooding while Spanish colonial rulers later drained the lakes in a massive hydraulic project (known as the "Desagüe") in response to major periodic flooding. The near surface geology of this area is classified into three sections: the old lake bed which is soft clay from volcanic ash with a high water content, a piedmont area, much of which is capped by 5 to 30 meters of lava less than 2,500 years old, and an old river delta area.  On the bed of the historic lake, the prevailing silt and volcanic clay sediments amplify seismic shaking. Damage to structures is worsened by soil liquefaction which causes the loss of foundation support and contributes

Earthquake.

The earthquake occurred in the Pacific Ocean, off the coast of the Mexican state of Michoacán, a distance of more than from the city, in the Cocos Plate subduction zone, specifically in a section of the fault line known as the Michoacán seismic gap. The Cocos Plate pushes against and slides under the North American Plate, primarily along the coasts of the states of Michoacán and Guerrero in Mexico. Volatile trenches along the Cocos plate generally have had seismic events 30 to 70 years before 1985. This subduction zone outside the Michoacán gap was the source of 42 earthquakes of magnitude 7.8 or stronger in the 20th century prior to the 1985 event. However, this particular section of the subduction zone had not had an event for a much longer time. Shockwaves from the earthquake hit the mouth of the Río Balsas on the coast at 7:17 am and hit Mexico City, away, two minutes later at 7:19 am. The 19 September quake was a multiple event with two epicenters and the second movement

Damage.

Most of the earthquake damage was to buildings. Two reasons are the resonance in the lakebed sediments and the long duration of the shaking. The buildings most damaged were from 6 to 15 stories in height. These buildings tended to resonate most with the energetic frequency band of the lakebed motions. One interesting characteristic was that many buildings had their upper floors collapse, leaving the lower floors relatively undamaged. In many damaged buildings, just one floor had collapsed. In some cases the damage was caused by the top of a lower, adjacent building banging against the walls and the supporting columns of its neighbor. Eventually, the columns gave way. In other cases, the first few floors of buildings were designed as parking garages, open lobbies or large shopping areas. These "soft" stories were particularly flexible and tended to collapse after prolonged shaking. Some types of foundations, particularly those involving piles driven into clay and held in place by friction, turned out to be weak. One nine-story building, for example, overturned. Its piles were pulled entirely out of the ground. A survey by the government of the damage done found that few buildings from one to five stories suffered serious damage; the same was true for buildings over fifteen stories. When the buildings were built seemed to have an effect as well. Before the 1957 earthquake, there were no building codes with respect to earthquake resistance. Some regulations were passed in that year and more in 1976 after another, stronger earthquake shook the city. However, none of these regulations had an event like 1985's in mind when passed. Most of the seriously damaged buildings were built between 1957 and 1976, when the city was starting to build upwards, in the six-to-fifteen floor range. In second place were buildings from before 1957, possibly because they were weakened by the earlier earthquakes. Structures built between 1976 and 1985 suffered the least damage.  At the time of the earthquake, Mexico City had one of the most stringent building codes, based on experience gained from earthquakes in 1957 and 1979. However, the codes were not designed for seismic activity of the intensity experienced in 1985. The event was one of the most intense ever recorded, and macroseismic waves arrived in the Valley of Mexico with unusually high energy content. Prior to the event, estimates about ground movement on the lakebed were generally accepted and a number of buildings were built on these estimates.  Several notable buildings were relatively untouched by the quake. One significant example is the Torre Latinoamericana. Despite being 44 stories tall, it survived the 1985 event almost undamaged. It was constructed with two hundred piles extending down over into the stable earth stratum.

Death toll.

To this day, the death toll has been in dispute. About 5,000 bodies were recovered from the debris and represent the total of legally certified deaths but does not include those who were missing and never recovered. Reports have numbered the dead anywhere from 5,000 to 30,000 (claimed by a number of citizens' groups) to 45,000 claimed by the National Seismological Service. However, the most commonly cited figures are around 10,000. While high as an absolute number, it compares to other earthquakes of similar strength in Asia and other parts of Latin America where death tolls have run between 66,000 and 242,000 for earthquakes of magnitude 7.8 or above. Part of the explanation for that was the

Response.

In the hours and days immediately after the first shock, there was an enormous response and solidarity among the city population of 18 million people. Ordinary citizens organized brigades to help with rescue efforts and to provide food, clothing and emotional support to the homeless.  Patients had to be moved from damaged hospitals, especially the National Medical Center. Many of these patients were very ill. 1,900 patients were successfully moved from here, without any deaths, in just four hours.  More than 4,000 people were rescued alive. 9,600 injured people received treatment, including 1,879 who needed hospitalization. Despite the loss of 5,000 hospital beds, there was never a shortage of facilities for the injured. Some of the reason for this was that those with postponable care were discharged, but mostly because the public and private facilities unified de facto during the crisis. There were also people rescued as late as ten days after the initial event.

Government.

The military was deployed to patrol streets to prevent looting after a curfew was imposed, as well as rescue, sanitary efforts and other, with 1,836 soldiers initially sent in and another 1,500 conscripts sent later. The federal government's first public response was President de la Madrid's declaration of a period of mourning for three days starting from 20 September 1985.  These earthquakes created many political difficulties for the then-ruling Partido Revolucionario Institucional (PRI) or Institutional Revolutionary Party. The crisis was severe enough to have tested the capabilities of wealthier countries, but the government from local PRI bosses to President de la Madrid himself exacerbated the problem aside from the lack of money. The Ministry of Foreign

Community.

On the other hand, the disaster created an opportunity for political opponents, especially at the grassroots level. Much of the community organizing focused on helping those left homeless by the earthquake. The three largest and most effective organizations were based in Tlatelolco and Colonia Roma. These consisted of families from the "Multifamiliar Juárez" housing project, which completely collapsed and the combined colonias (neighborhoods) of Centro, Morelos, Guerrero, Doctores, Obrera, Peralvillo, Asturias, Nicolás Bravo among others which housed the working and lower classes.

Foreign rescue help.

The Mexican government, thinking that it could handle the situation after the earthquake by themselves, initially refused any foreign aid. As an aftershock struck on September 20, the Mexican government then announced that it would be willing to accept help. Heavy machinery, medical supplies, and excavation

Political consequences.

At the time of the earthquake, Mexico was in its fourth year of a foreign debt crisis, and a contracting economy causing serious political problems for the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI). Much of the PRI's authoritarian nature was tolerated because the country had seen four decades of economic expansion of six percent or better. When this disappeared, the PRI's power base began to shrink. Its reputation was damaged further when the government seemed to be deliberately downplaying the number of earthquake victims. President de la Madrid made relatively few public appearances afterwards and during those he did, he received strong heckling, in contrast to the near-reverence that past

Legacy.

One preparation that was made for any future events was the alert system, Sistema de Alerta Sísmica (SAS), which sends early-warning messages electronically from sensors along the coastal subduction zone in Guerrero. It was expanded to a similar area on the coast of Oaxaca. An alarm is supposed to go off in Mexico City (similar to an air-raid siren) when an earthquake of 6.0 or higher is detected.  To better help deal with major disasters, the Civil Protection Committee was created. This committee organizes drills in cooperation with rescue workers, police, hospital staff and even metro personnel. Affiliated with the Civil Protection Committee is the "Brigada de Topos de Tlatelolco" (Mole Brigade of Tlatelolco). This group arose from youths who spontaneously volunteered to risk their lives crawling into collapsed buildings to look for survivors. Despite having no equipment, training or knowledge of rescue tactics, these youths were instrumental in saving a number of lives, including the babies rescued from the collapse of the Juárez Hospital. Shortly thereafter, these youths decided to formally band together in February 1986. These "topos" have developed into highly trained specialists in times of disaster, with branches in other parts of Mexico. They are now expertly trained and even have scent dogs to help them. They have gained international fame as they have helped in disasters in San Salvador, Taiwan, in the countries of the rim of the Indian Ocean after the tsunami there in 2004, and in the January 2010 Haiti earthquake.  Despite warnings and predictions, in 2005, an estimated 32 million people live in the high-risk lakebed area.  As of 2005, there are still two camps where approximately eighty families are still waiting for relocation from the earthquake.  Centuries-old structures have been reinforced across the city and new construction must comply with very strict codes. There are several instances of tall buildings in Mexico City incorporating earthquake-resistant engineering. A few notable examples are: the Torre Latinoamericana, one of the first buildings in Mexico City to do so, the Torre Ejecutiva Pemex, built before the 1985 earthquake, and the Torre Mayor, built in 2003.  Every 19 September, in all public buildings at Mexico City and all the nation the civil protection authorities conduct evacuation drills to evaluate the evacuation response in the case of an earthquake. On 19 September 2017, 32 years after the 1985 earthquake, Mexico City also faced another earthquake at around 13:14 CDT (18:14 UTC), nearly two hours after the earthquake drills took place.

The 1985 Mexico City earthquake struck in the early morning of 19 September at 07:17:50 (CST) with a moment magnitude of 8.0 and a maximal Mercalli intensity of IX ("Violent"). The event caused serious damage to the Greater Mexico City area and the deaths of at least 5,000 people. The sequence of events included a foreshock of magnitude 5.2 that occurred the prior May, the main shock on 19 September, and two large aftershocks. The first of these occurred on 20 September with a magnitude of 7.5 and the second occurred seven months later on 30 April 1986 with a magnitude of 7.0. They were located off the coast along the Middle America Trench, more than away, but the city suffered major damage due to its large magnitude and the ancient lake bed that Mexico City sits on. The event caused between three and four billion USD in damage as 412 buildings collapsed and another 3,124 were seriously damaged in the city.

Das Erdbeben von Mexiko-Stadt (auch "Erdbeben von Michoacán") vom 19. September 1985 war mit tausenden Toten das verheerendste Erdbeben in der Geschichte Mexikos. Zehntausende wurden verletzt, durch die Zerstörung und Beschädigung von tausenden Häusern wurden eine Viertelmillion Menschen obdachlos.


Club career.

Monaco.

Born in Tours, Diallo joined the youth academy of AS Monaco FC at the age of 15. On 28 March 2014, he signed his first professional contract with the club. Vice-president of the club, Vadim Vasilyev commented that Diallo "fits perfectly into our sports project. He has a lot of talent and we hope that he will continue to progress alongside the great players of AS Monaco". On 14 December, he made his first team debut, coming on as a substitute for Bernardo Silva in the extra time of a 1–0 league victory against Olympique Marseille.  In June 2015, Diallo was loaned out to Belgian club Zulte Waregem for the 2015–16 season. During his stint at the club, he was deployed at an attacking role, scoring three goals in 33 league matches. In December 2016, media reports emerged that Spanish club Real Betis was interested in signing him. Nevertheless, he made five league appearances during the 2016–17 season, with his side winning the league.

Mainz 05.

On 14 July 2017, Diallo moved to Bundesliga club 1. FSV Mainz 05, and signed a five-year contract. On 9 September, he scored his first goal for the club in a 3–1 league victory against Bayer 04 Leverkusen. In December, "Mirror.co.uk" reported that English club Arsenal was scouting him in a bid to replace the retiring Per Mertesacker. During the season, he was deployed at both back three and back four; and had an 80% pass success rate. He started in 27 league matches during the season.

Borussia Dortmund.

On 26 June 2018, Diallo joined Borussia Dortmund on a five-year deal for a fee of €28 million. In an interview, he said that Ousmane Dembélé advised him to join the club. On 15 September, he scored his first goal for the club in a 3–1 league victory against Eintracht Frankfurt.

Paris Saint-Germain.

On 16 July 2019, Diallo signed for Paris Saint-Germain until June 2024. The transfer fee of his deal to the French club was of €32 million.  On 3 August 2019, Diallo made his debut for Paris Saint-Germain in the Trophée des Champions, which ended as a 2–1 win for PSG over Rennes. He made his league debut against Nîmes, in a 3–0 home win on 11 August 2019. Diallo's Champions League debut came on 18 September 2019, in a 3–0 win against Real Madrid.  At the end of the 2019–20 season, Diallo received a Ligue 1 winners medal for his contributions that season, which was ended early (on 30 April 2020) due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

International career.

Diallo was born in France and is of Senegalese descent. He captained France's under-21s.

Personal life.

Diallo's younger brother, Ibrahima, is also a footballer.

Style of play.

Diallo plays as a central defender. Rouven Schröder (sporting director of 1. FSV Mainz) has said that Diallo is "strong in the air and shrewd in the challenge". Michael Zorc, the sporting director of Borussia Dortmund described Diallo as "a modern, strong central defender who is very intelligent. He can play a wider defensive role too or even be deployed in a defensive midfield role".

Honours.

Club.

Monaco  Paris Saint-Germain

Abdou-Lakhad Diallo (born 4 May 1996) is a French professional footballer who plays as a defender for Ligue 1 club Paris Saint-Germain.

Abdou-Lakhad Diallo (* 4. Mai 1996 in Tours) ist ein französischer Fußballspieler. Er steht bei Paris Saint-Germain unter Vertrag und ist französischer Nachwuchsnationalspieler.


Symbolic meaning.

Meant to ward off evil spirits, modern "komainu" statues usually are almost identical, but one has the mouth open, the other closed (however, exceptions exist, where both "komainu" have their mouth either open or closed.). The two forms are called and " or referred to collectively as "a-un".  This is a very common characteristic in religious statue pairs at both temples and shrines. The pattern is Buddhist in origin (see the article about the Niō, human-form guardians of Buddhist temples) and has a symbolic meaning: The open mouth is pronouncing the first letter of the Sanskrit alphabet, which is pronounced "a", while the closed one is uttering the last letter, which is pronounced "um", to represent the beginning and the end of all things. Together they form the sound Aum, a syllable sacred in several religions like Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism.

History.

"Komainu" strongly resemble Chinese guardian lions and in fact originate from Tang dynasty China. The Chinese guardian lions are believed to have been influenced by lion pelts and lion depictions introduced through trade from either the Middle East or India, countries where the lion existed and was a symbol of strength. During its transportation along the Silkroad, however, the symbol changed, acquiring a distinctive look. The first lion statue in India appears around the 3rd century BC on top of a column erected by King Ashoka. The tradition later arrived in China where it developed into the guardian lion that was later exported to Korea, Japan, and Okinawa.  During the Nara period (710–794), as in the rest of Asia, the pair always consisted of two lions. Used only indoors until the 14th century, they were made mainly of wood. During the Heian period (794–1185), for example, wooden or metal pairs were employed as weights and door-stops, while at the Imperial Palace they were used to support screens or folding screens.  During the early Heian period (ninth century), the tradition changed and the two statues started to be different and be called differently. One had its mouth open and was called because, as before, it resembled that animal. The other had its mouth closed, looked rather like a dog, was called "komainu", or "Goguryeo dog", and sometimes had a single horn on its head. Gradually the animals returned to be identical, but for their mouths, and ended up being called both "komainu".  Ubiquitous as they are now at shrines, "Komainu" have been used outdoors only since the 14th century. In Asia, the lion was popularly believed to have the power to repel evil, and for this reason it was habitually used to guard gates and doors. In Japan, too it ended up being installed at the entrance of shrines and temples next to the lion-dog. As a protection against exposure to Japan's rainy weather, the komainu started being carved in stone.  The, the stone animals that in Okinawa guard the gates or the roofs of houses, are close relatives of the "shishi" and the "komainu", objects whose origin, function and symbolic meaning they share. Their name itself is centuries old regional variant of.  Starting from the Edo period (1603–1868) other animals have been used instead of lions or dogs, among others wild boars, tigers, dragons and foxes.

Foxes at Inari shrines.

The most frequent variant of the "komainu" theme is the fox, guardian of shrines dedicated to "kami" Inari. There are about 30 thousand Inari shrines in Japan, and the entrance of each is guarded by a pair of fox statues. Often one, and sometimes both, has a sūtra roll, a key or a jewel in its mouth (sūtras are Buddhist texts, a fact which attests to the Buddhist origins of the Inari cult). The statues do not symbolize the animals' proverbial malice, but the magic powers they are believed to possess. Sometimes the guardians are painted, and in that case they are always white. White foxes are messengers of the "kami", who is sometimes himself believed to be, and portrayed as, a fox. Although visible genitals are rare, the left fox is believed to be male, the right one female.  Often the foxes wear red votive bibs (see photo left) similar to those worn by statues of other deities, for example Buddhist god Jizō, from which one expects some kind of favor in return. In this case however the bibs seem to be purely a rite, whose origins are unclear.

, often called lion-dogs in English, are statue pairs of lion-like creatures either guarding the entrance or the "honden", or inner shrine of many Japanese Shinto shrines or kept inside the inner shrine itself, where they are not visible to the public. The first type, born during the Edo period, is called, the second and much older type. They can sometimes be found also at Buddhist temples, nobility residences or even private homes.

Komainu (jap.,, dt. wörtlich „Goguryeo-Hund“, sinngemäß „koreanischer Hund“; auch ) sind meist steinerne Wächterfiguren in Löwengestalt, die vor oder in japanischen buddhistischen Tempeln und Shintō-Schreinen zur Abwehr böser Geister aufgestellt wurden.