History.

In 1803, Didymus C. Kinney and wife Phebe (Hartwell) purchased land and built a cabin in the southwest corner of the township, which has since been turned into a museum. The following year, a migration of Quaker settlers began.  The town was separated from the town of Hamburg in 1850 and was first named "Ellicott", after Joseph Ellicott, an agent of the Holland Land Company. Within months, the name was changed to the town of "East Hamburgh". Around 1934, the town was renamed "Orchard Park" after its principal settlement.  In the early 1900s, a large fire burned down most of the central part of the village of Orchard Park around South Buffalo Street.  The Buffalo, Rochester and Pittsburgh Railroad Station and the Johnson-Jolls Complex are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Geography.

Orchard Park is located at (42.7622, -78.7414). The village of Orchard Park is southeast of downtown Buffalo.  According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of, of which is land and, or 0.21%, is water.

Major routes.

U.S. Route 219 passes through the west part of the town and forms junctions with U.S. Route 20A (Quaker Street) and NY 179 (Milestrip Road).  U.S. Route 20 (Southwestern Boulevard) passes through the north part of the town and forms a junction with NY 277 and NY 240 (Orchard Park Road).

Demographics.

As of the census of 2010, there were 28,272 people, 11,553 households, and 7,656 families residing in the town. The population density was 717.7 people per square mile (277.1/km2). There were 10,644 housing units at an average density of 276.4 per square mile (106.7/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 97.9% White, 0.5% Black or African American, 0.2% Native American, 0.9% Asian, <0.1% Pacific Islander, 0.2% from other races, and 0.6% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.0% of the population.  There were 10,277 households out of which 33.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 64.3% were married couples living together, 7.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 25.5% were non-families. 22.1% of all households were made up of individuals and 10.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.62 and the average family size was 3.09.  In the town, the population was spread out with 25.2% under the age of 18, 5.7% from 18 to 24, 25.6% from 25 to 44, 26.8% from 45 to 64, and 16.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.7 males.  The median income for a household in the town was $151,227, and the median income for a family was $112,906. About 1.1% of families and 2.4% of the population were below the poverty line.

Government.

The town of Orchard Park has a supervisor-council form of government. Elected at large positions are Supervisor, Council Member, Clerk, Highway Superintendent and Town Justice. Other appointed positions are Town Attorney and Deputy Attorney, Engineer, Assessor, Building Inspector, Recreation and Youth Services Director and Chief of Police.

Education.

The Orchard Park Central School District operates four K-5 elementary schools (Eggert, Ellicott, South Davis, and Windom), Orchard Park Middle School, and Orchard Park High School. The mascot for the Orchard Park's athletic teams is a Quaker.  Bryant & Stratton College is in Orchard Park. Erie Community College (ECC) is at the western town line.  Orchard Park also has a number of private, Catholic schools, including Nativity and St. John Vianney. Our Lady of the Sacred Heart (pre-k through 8), closed in 2014 after exhaustive research conducted by the Diocese of Buffalo on demographics, finances and educational relevance.

Culture.

Art.

The annual Orchard Park Festival of the Arts, an outdoor art and craft show, is held each year on the third weekend of September, on the campus of Orchard Park Middle School. It is sponsored by the Orchard Park Chamber of Commerce. It was organized as the Quaker Arts Festival in the 1960s by Orchard Parkers John Coleman of The Suburban Press and Chet Seymour of the Orchard Park Presbyterian Church, and was originally held on the grounds of the Orchard Park Presbyterian Church. It was run by the Orchard Park Jaycees from 1963 to 2017.

Music.

Since 1985, under the direction of the Orchard Park Council of the Arts, local businesses and the town of Orchard Park sponsor free outdoor musical entertainment throughout the summer at the pavilion bandstand on the grounds of the middle school.  Organized in 1949, the Orchard Park Symphony Orchestra, composed of more than 70 volunteer musicians, performs four regular concerts each year in the high school auditorium.  The Orchard Park Chorale was founded in 1975 under the sponsorship of the Adult Education Program of the Orchard Park School District. Its more than fifty singers perform regularly at the Orchard Park Presbyterian Church.

Food.

Orchard Park is home to Taffy's Hot Dog Stand at the corner of U.S. Route 20 and NY Rtes 240 & 277. Ted's Hot Dogs is located about 1/8 of a mile north. Big Tree Inn, Homegrown Bistro, Buffalo's Best Grill, Byrd House, Dove, Duff's, Eckl's, Mangia Ristorante, O'Neill's Stadium Inn, OP Social and Zebbs are other restaurants in town. The town is also home of the 3000th Tim Hortons restaurant location as well as Spot Coffee and Panera. Additional Orchard Park restaurants include Mighty Taco, a Buffalo-area chain restaurant, Charlie the Butcher, located adjacent to a Noco gas station, and the pizzerias Cappelli's, Leo's, Pappacino's, Pino's and Ricotta's (two locations). National chains include and are not limited to Red Robin, Denny's, McDonald's and Wendy's.

Orchard Park is a town in Erie County, New York, United States, and a suburb southeast of Buffalo. As of the 2010 census the population was 29,054. This represents an increase of 5.13% from the 2000 census figure. The town contains a village also named Orchard Park. Orchard Park is one of the "Southtowns" of Erie County and is best known as the site of New Era Field, home of the National Football League's Buffalo Bills.

Orchard Park ist eine Stadt im Erie County im US-Bundesstaat New York und ein Vorort im Südosten von Buffalo. Laut der letzten Volkszählung im Jahr 2010 hatte Orchard Park 29.054 Einwohner, die letzte Schätzung von 2016 geht von mittlerweile 29.629 Einwohnern aus. Innerhalb der Stadtgrenzen gibt es auch ein gleichnamiges Dorf. Orchard Park ist eines der sogenannten „Southtowns“ des Erie County.


Access.

Kananaskis Country can be accessed by four main highways that run into or through the area: Highway 40, a segment of the Bighorn Highway and also known as Kananaskis Trail; Highway 66, a highway originating near Bragg Creek known as Elbow Falls Trail; Highway 68, a gravel highway originating from the Trans-Canada Highway (Highway 1) known as Sibbald Creek Trail; and Highway 546, west of Turner Valley.

Recreation and tourism.

Kananaskis Country is noted for recreation and tourism. Recreation facilities in Kananaskis include several campgrounds, a golf course, a hotel, a holiday ranch, two alpine ski areas (Nakiska, which hosted alpine skiing and freestyle moguls skiing during the 1988 Winter Olympics and Fortress Mountain Resort and a competitive cross-country ski area, the Canmore Nordic Centre) that the public can use. The Canmore Nordic Centre was the venue for cross-country skiing events during the 1988 Winter Olympics. Most of the development is within Peter Lougheed Provincial Park and along the highway 40 corridor that parallels the Kananaskis River. Kananaskis has many kilometres of hiking, cross-country ski, and horse trails. Other activities popular in Kananaskis include mountain biking, scrambling, climbing, backpacking, hunting, and fishing.

Parks.

Several parks and campgrounds and one ecological reserve are located within Kananaskis. These include:  Special areas within Kananaskis Country that are not formally designated as parks or ecological reserves include the Bow Corridor Area, the Elbow River Valley Area, Evan-Thomas Provincial Recreation Area, the Highwood/Cataract Areas, Sentinel Provincial Recreation Area, Stoney Creek Provincial Recreation Area, Strawberry Provincial Recreation Area and the Sibbald Area (Sibbald Lake Provincial Recreation Area, Sibbald Meadows Pond Provincial Recreation Area).

Administration.

On a provincial level, Kananaskis Country has been administered since 1945 as Improvement District No. 5 (Kananaskis). It was established by the Municipal Affairs branch of the Alberta Government for multiple uses including timber harvesting, gas and oil extraction, cattle grazing, recreation and tourism. All activities are planned and facilities are developed with watershed protection as a priority.  Not all areas of Kananaskis Country are covered by the same measure of protection. Areas within Kananaskis Country include Provincial Parks, Provincial Recreation Areas, Wildland Provincial Parks, Ecological Reserves and Crown land. All of the aforementioned categories are governed by differing laws.  A management plan approved in March 2003 by the Kananaskis Country restricts further development in the Spray Valley Provincial Park area, in order to preserve the ecological integrity. Restrictions were imposed on off-road vehicles, snowmobiles, horseback riding and biking, however a site in the Spray Valley is considered for the construction of a small lodge.

Special facilities.

A University of Calgary ecological and environmental research station is located nearby, at Barrier Lake. A "Tim Horton Children's Foundation" summer camp is also located in the area. Easter Seals Camp Horizon is located within Kananaskis along Highway 66. William Watson Lodge, a facility for people with disabilities, seniors, and their families is located in Peter Lougheed Provincial Park.

28th G8 Summit in Canada.

On June 26 and June 27, 2002, the area hosted the 28th G8 Summit. This annual "Group of 8" Summit was held in Kananaskis Village at the Kananaskis Resort (also called the "Delta Lodge at Kananaskis"). This was the second time Canada used a lodge venue for the G8 Summit, after its inaugural 7th G7 Summit at Montebello, Quebec in 1981. So far, it is the only G8 Summit to be held in western Canada. The 2002 conference pumped some $300-million into the Kananaskis and Alberta economy; however, security cost taxpayers in excess of $200-million.

Climate.

Kananaskis experiences a subarctic climate (Köppen climate classification "Dfc").

Kananaskis Country is a park system situated to the west of Calgary, Alberta, Canada, in the foothills and front ranges of the Canadian Rockies. The area is named for the Kananaskis River, which was named by John Palliser in 1858 after a Cree acquaintance.

Als Kananaskis Country wird ein Parksystem in Südwesten der der kanadischen Provinz Alberta bezeichnet. Es liegt westlich von Calgary im Vorland der kanadischen Rocky Mountains sowie in diesen und reicht nach Osten bis zur Grenze von British Columbia bzw. zur kontinentalen Wasserscheide.


Club career.

Early career.

Goss was born in Wegberg and grew up in Germany before moving to England at the age of eight. He joined the Exeter City youth system aged eight. In July 2012, he joined the Manchester United academy for an initial fee of £100,000, after impressing while on trial in a youth tournament in the Netherlands. In July 2015, he was included in the Manchester United first-team squad for a pre-season tour of the United States, and made an appearance against Paris Saint-Germain at Soldier Field on 29 July 2015. He was included in a match day squad for an official match for the first time on 21 November 2015, remaining on the substitutes bench as Manchester United won 2–1 against Watford at Vicarage Road in the Premier League.

Queens Park Rangers.

On 28 January 2017, having never made a senior appearance for Manchester United, Goss joined Queens Park Rangers on a three-and-a-half-year contract for a fee of £500,000. He made his professional debut on 1 February 2017, coming off the substitutes bench in a Championship game against Newcastle United at St James' Park which finished 2–2.  Goss moved on loan to Scottish Premiership club Rangers in January 2018, for the rest of the season. He made his competitive debut for the club on 24 January, in a 2–0 home win against Aberdeen, in which he was one of four debutants for the club. He scored his first goal for Rangers in a 2–1 loss against Hibernian on 3 February. Manager Graeme Murty said that he wanted to sign Goss on a permanent basis, which angered QPR manager Ian Holloway.  Having played one match for QPR in the EFL Cup in September 2018, on 31 January 2019, Goss returned to Scotland's top flight to join St Johnstone on loan until the end of the 2018–19 season. He played seven games for the team from Perth, starting on 3 February when they lost 2–0 at home to leaders Celtic.

Shrewsbury Town.

On 16 August 2019, Goss joined League One side Shrewsbury Town for an undisclosed fee. He made his debut for the club the following day, starting in a 0–0 draw at home to Rochdale. In his second appearance for the club, a 2–3 away win at Accrington Stanley on 20 August, Goss was awarded the man of the match award.

International career.

Goss is of Northern Irish descent through his grandparents, and in 2018 the manager of their national team, Michael O'Neill, sought to call him up to the team.

Sean Richard Goss (born 1 October 1995) is a German-born English professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for League One club Shrewsbury Town.

Sean Richard Goss (* 1. Oktober 1995 in Wegberg) ist ein englischer Fußballspieler, der bei den Queens Park Rangers unter Vertrag steht.


Family.

Margaret (b. about 1320), was the daughter of Thomas of Brotherton and Alice de Halys (d. in or before 1330). Her paternal grandparents were King Edward I and Margaret of France (1279?–1318), daughter of King Philippe III of France (d.1285). Her maternal grandparents were Sir Roger de Halys of Hales Hall in Loddon, Roughton, Norfolk by his wife Alice. She had a brother and sister:

Life.

In 1335 she was married to John Segrave, 4th Baron Segrave, and proceeded to have four children - two sons and two daughters - by him. In 1350, she sought a divorce on the ground that they had been contracted in marriage (in other words betrothed) before she was of marriageable age, and that she had never consented to cohabit with him. She made known her intention of traveling to the continent in order to plead personally with the Pope for a divorce. King Edward III prohibited her from leaving England, but she set off incognito anyway, having taken care to obtain a safe conduct from the King of France.  The following year (1351) Edward III charged her with having crossed the English Channel in contravention of his prohibition. The inquisition, regarding this incident, shows that Margaret unlawfully crossed the Channel and met with a servant of her future husband, Sir Walter de Mauny, who broke his lantern with his foot so she could pass unnoticed and acted as her guardian during her sojourn in France. This incident and the involvement of her future husband's retainer may indicate the real motivation for Margaret seeking a divorce.  The divorce case was ultimately heard by the Pope's auditor, the Dean of St. Hilary's at Poitiers. However, Margaret's first husband died in 1353, before the divorce could be finalized. Shortly thereafter, and just before 30 May 1354, she married Sir Walter de Mauny without the King's licence. They were married 18 years, and had three children before he died at London on 8 or 13 January 1372.  On 29 September 1397, Margaret was created Duchess of Norfolk for life. She died 24 March 1399, and was buried in the choir of Grey Friars in the City of London.  The executors of her will are reported to be John Sileby & Walter fitz Piers, who in 1399 were reported to be attempting to recover money due to her estate.

Residence.

She was most likely born at Framlingham Castle in Suffolk, England while her father Thomas de Brotherton was the 1st Earl of Norfolk. The castle had been given to her father by her uncle, King Edward II before her birth and so it was her childhood home. She inherited the castle herself on her father's death

Marriages and issue.

Margaret married firstly, about 1335, John Segrave, 4th Baron Segrave, by whom she had two sons and two daughters:  Shortly before 30 May 1354, Margaret married secondly, and without the King's licence, Sir Walter Mauny, by whom she had a son and two daughters:

Distinction.

As her brother had died without issue, she succeeded to the earldom of Norfolk and the office of Earl Marshal at her father's death in 1338. To date, she is the only woman to have held the latter office.

Fictional representations.

Margaret is a character in Georgette Heyer's last novel "My Lord John", where she is portrayed sympathetically as a kindly though outwardly formidable old lady. She is saddened by the death of so many of her children and grandchildren, in particular the death by drowning of her infant son Thomas Mauny. In her last years she is shown as being gravely concerned for the future of England, due to the misrule of her cousin King Richard II.

Margaret of Norfolk or Margaret of Brotherton, in her own right Countess of Norfolk (sometimes surnamed as "Margaret Marshal"; –24 March 1399), was the daughter and eventual sole heir of Thomas of Brotherton, eldest son of King Edward I of England, by his second marriage. In 1338, she succeeded to the earldom of Norfolk and the office of Earl Marshal.

Margaret Brotherton, Duchess of Norfolk (auch "Margaret Marshal") (* um 1320; † 24. März 1399) war eine englische Magnatin. Als erste Engländerin wurde sie aus eigenem Recht zur Duchess erhoben. Sie war ein gutes Beispiel, wie eine Witwe, die ihren Mann um lange Zeit überlebte, aufgrund des Erbrechts das Schicksal ihrer Verwandten beeinflussen konnte.


Internationale Filmfestspiele von Cannes 2018

Juries.

Independent juries.

International Critics' Week  L'Œil d'or

Official selection.

In competition.

The following films were selected to compete for the Palme d'Or:

Un Certain Regard.

The following films were selected to compete in the "Un Certain Regard" section:

Out of competition.

The following films were selected to be screened out of competition:

Special screenings.

The following films were selected be shown in the special screenings section:

Cannes Classics.

The full line-up for the Cannes Classics section was announced on 23 April 2018.  Restorations Documentaries

Cinéma de la Plage.

The Cinéma de la Plage is a part of the Official Selection of the festival. The outdoors screenings at the beach cinema of Cannes are open to the public.

Parallel sections.

International Critics' Week.

The following films were selected for the International Critics' Week section:

Directors' Fortnight.

The following films were selected to be screened in the Directors' Fortnight section:

In the news.

Netflix films.

A ban on Netflix films in competition, which came about after the streaming giant refused to show them in French cinemas, has meant the issues of streaming and distribution have also been hot topics. The issue prompted Juror Ava DuVernay, who made "13th" for Netflix, to make a plea for "flexibility of thought".  In March and April 2018, weeks before general delegate Thierry Frémaux was set to unveil the official selection, reports suggested streaming service Netflix was to pull its already-selected films from premiering at the festival in retaliation for the barring of Netflix films from competing. They were still allowed to premiere in other sections, and many reportedly opted for an Out of Competition berth. The films affected were Alfonso Cuarón's "Roma", Morgan Neville's "They'll Love Me When I'm Dead", Orson Welles' final film "The Other Side of the Wind", Paul Greengrass' "Norway", and Jeremy Saulnier's "Hold the Dark".  Ultimately, Netflix pulled all of their films from selection. Notably, in the press conference announcement, Frémaux commented that he wanted "The Other Side of the Wind" and had planned to screen it as a special screening with the Welles-related documentary "They'll Love Me When I'm Dead". He also noted that he had selected "Roma" for competition.

Lars von Trier.

Danish film director Lars von Trier returned to Cannes with his film "The House That Jack Built", after he was declared ""persona non grata"" at the 2011 festival.

Gender equality.

The chair of the jury Cate Blanchett has called for gender parity at the Cannes Film Festival, calling it "almost a gladiatorial sport". However, she concedes that there has been improvements and the change "won't happen overnight".  During the festival, 82 female film professionals, led by Jury president Cate Blanchett and veteran director Agnès Varda, took part to a demonstration on the red carpet, demanding more equality between men and women in the film industry, notably the end of the pay gap.  The festival launched a sexual harassment hotline in partnership with France’s Ministry of Gender Equality where victims of harassment and abuse could receive support and guidance by calling a dedicated number.

Awards.

Official awards.

In Competition  Un Certain Regard  Cinéfondation  Golden Camera

Independent awards.

FIPRESCI Prizes  Ecumenical Prize  International Critics' Week  Directors' Fortnight  L'Œil d'or  Queer Palm  Palm Dog  Prix François Chalais  Vulcan Award of the Technical Artist  Cannes Soundtrack Award  Trophée Chopard

The 71st annual Cannes Film Festival was held from 8 to 19 May 2018. Australian actress Cate Blanchett acted as President of the Jury. The Japanese film "Shoplifters", directed by Hirokazu Kore-eda, won the Palme d'Or.

Die 71. Internationalen Filmfestspiele von Cannes fanden vom 8. bis 19. Mai 2018 statt. Sie standen zum fünften Mal unter der Leitung von Präsident Pierre Lescure, während Thierry Frémaux als Generaldelegierter für die künstlerische Leitung verantwortlich war.


Playing career.

University of Minnesota Duluth Bulldogs.

Maciver was not drafted by an NHL franchise and instead took the university route in order to reach the NHL. The defenceman played four seasons with the University of Minnesota Duluth, where he was a two-time All American and a finalist for the Hobey Baker Award, awarded to the NCAA's top player, for the 1985-86 season. While playing at the University of Minnesota - Duluth, Maciver earned a communications degree and signed as a free agent with the NHL's New York Rangers upon graduation.

Professional hockey.

New York Rangers (1986-1988).

Maciver signed as a free agent with the New York Rangers of the National Hockey League on September 8, 1986. Maciver began the 1986-87 with New York, as he made the club after a strong training camp and pre-season. On October 9, 1986, Maciver played in his first career NHL game, recording an assist on a powerplay goal scored by Lucien Deblois in a 5-3 loss to the New Jersey Devils. Maciver would play in four games with the Rangers during the season, earning an assist, as he spent a majority of the 1986-87 season with the Rangers American Hockey League affiliate, the New Haven Nighthawks. In 71 games with New Haven, Maciver scored six goals and 36 points. In seven post-season games with the Nighthawks, Maciver was held to no points.  Maciver split the 1987-88 season between New York and their International Hockey League affiliate, the Colorado Rangers. With Colorado during the 1987-88 season, Maciver scored six goals and 26 points in 27 games. Maciver was called up to New York in December, and in his first three games in the NHL, he earned three assists. On December 29, 1987, Maciver scored his first career NHL goal, scoring against Kelly Hrudey of the New York Islanders in a 3-3 tie. On February 7, 1988, Maciver scored his first career multi-point game in the NHL, as he had a goal and two assists in a 6-3 win over the Pittsburgh Penguins. Overall, in 37 games with New York, Maciver scored nine goals and 24 points.  Maciver began the 1988-89 in the NHL with the Rangers. On November 26, 1988, Maciver earned two assists in a 6-4 win over the New York Islanders. In 26 games with New York, Maciver scored no goals and had 10 assists.  On December 26, 1988, the Rangers traded Maciver, Brian Lawton, and Don Maloney to the Hartford Whalers for Carey Wilson and the Whalers fifth round draft pick in the 1990 NHL Entry Draft.

Hartford Whalers (1988-1989).

Following his trade from the New York Rangers, Maciver made his Hartford Whalers debut on December 26, 1988, as he had no points in a 4-3 loss to the Pittsburgh Penguins. In his next game with Hartford two nights later on December 28, Maciver scored his first goal with his new club, scoring against Mario Gosselin of the Quebec Nordiques, and added two assists for his second career three point NHL game, in a 4-4 tie against the Nordiques. In 37 games with the Whalers, Maciver scored one goal and 23 points, helping the club reach the post-season. On April 9, 1989, Maciver appeared in his first career playoff game, as he was held to no points in a 4-3 loss to the Montreal Canadiens.  Maciver began the 1989-90 with the Whalers American Hockey League affiliate, the Binghamton Whalers. In two games with Binghamton, Maciver had no points.  On October 10, 1989, Maciver was traded to the Edmonton Oilers for Jim Ennis.

Edmonton Oilers (1989-1992).

Maciver played the majority of the 1989-90 season with the Edmonton Oilers American Hockey League affiliate, the Cape Breton Oilers. In 68 games with Cape Breton, Maciver scored 13 goals and 50 points, as he was the highest scoring defenseman on the team. In six post-season games with Cape Breton, Maciver earned seven assists. Maciver appeared in one game with Edmonton during the 1989-90 season. He made his only NHL appearance on October 28, 1989, earning no points in a 6-3 win over the Quebec Nordiques.  Maciver began the 1990-91 season with Cape Breton. In 56 games in the AHL, Maciver scored 13 goals and 59 points before being recalled to Edmonton in February. On February 24, 1991, Maciver earned his first points with the Oilers, as he had two assists in a 6-3 win over the Quebec Nordiques. ON March 24, 1991, Maciver scored his first goal with Edmonton against Kelly Hrudey of the Los Angeles Kings in a 4-3 loss. In 21 games with Edmonton, Maciver scored two goals and seven points. On April 4, 1991, Maciver appeared in his first post-season game with the Oilers, as he had no points in a 3-1 win over the Calgary Flames. In the seventh game of the series against the Flames, Maciver earned an assist for his first career playoff point, as Edmonton defeated Calgary 5-4 to win the series. In 18 playoff games, Maciver earned four assists.  Maciver played the entire 1991-92 in the NHL. On February 2, 1992, Maciver tied his career high with points in a game, as he scored a goal and two assists, earning three points, in a 8-2 win over the Quebec Nordiques. Less than a month later, on March 1, 1992, Maciver repeated this feat, as he scored a goal and two assists in a 4-2 win over the Winnipeg Jets. In 57 games, Maciver scored six goals and 40 points, helping the club reach the post-season. On May 3, 1992, Maciver scored his first career NHL playoff goal, as he scored against Kirk McLean of the Vancouver Canucks in a 4-3 victory. In 13 playoff games, Maciver scored a goal and three points.  On October 4, 1992, Maciver was claimed by the Ottawa Senators off of waivers.

Ottawa Senators (1992-1995).

Maciver joined the newly formed expansion team, the Ottawa Senators, for the 1992-93 season. In his first game with the Senators on October 8, 1992, Maciver earned two assists, as the Senators defeated the Montreal Canadiens 5-3. Two nights later, in his second game with the club, Maciver had two more assists, in a 9-2 loss to the Quebec Nordiques. Maciver scored his first goal as a member of the Senators on October 20, 1992, scoring against Felix Potvin of the Toronto Maple Leafs in a 5-3 loss. On February 17, 1993, Maciver scored the first multi-goal game of his NHL career, as he scored twice against Ron Hextall of the Quebec Nordiques in a 6-4 loss. In 80 games with Ottawa, Maciver scored 17 goals and 63 points, setting career highs in goals and points, while leading the Senators in team scoring.  Maciver returned to the Senators for the 1993-94 season. In his first game of the season on October 6, 1993, Maciver scored a goal and two points in a 5-5 against the Quebec Nordiques. On November 3, 1993, Maciver set a new personal high for points in a game, as he scored a goal and three assists, earning four points, in a 7-5 over the Edmonton Oilers. Eight days later, on November 11, Maciver earned three assists in a 5-4 loss to the Florida Panthers. Injuries slowed Maciver down during the season, as he played in 53 games, scoring three goals and 23 points.  In 1994-95, Maciver began the season with the Senators. In 28 games with Ottawa, Maciver scored four goals and 11 points.  On April 7, 1995, the Senators traded Maciver and Troy Murray to the Pittsburgh Penguins for Martin Straka.

Pittsburgh Penguins (1995).

Maciver finished the 1994-95 season with the Pittsburgh Penguins. In his first game with the Penguins on April 8, 1995, Maciver had no points in a 2-1 loss to the Montreal Canadiens. In his next game with Pittsburgh on April 10, Maciver recorded his first points with the Penguins, two assists, in a 4-3 over his former club, the Ottawa Senators. In 13 games with Pittsburgh, Maciver earned nine assists. On May 6, 1995, Maciver played in his first post-season game with the Penguins, earning an assist in a 5-4 loss to the Washington Capitals. In game seven of the series against the Capitals, played on May 18, Maciver scored his first career playoff goal with the Penguins, scoring the game winning goal against Jim Carey in a 3-0 Penguins victory, as Pittsburgh defeated the Capitals in seven games. In 12 post-season games, Maciver scored a goal and five points.  Maciver began the 1995-96 season with the Penguins. On November 4, 1995, Maciver had three assists in a 7-4 win over the Philadelphia Flyers. On November 21, 1995, Maciver scored his first regular season goal with the Penguins, as he scored against Mike Richter of the New York Rangers in a 9-4 loss. In 32 games with the Penguins, Maciver scored two goals and 23 points.  On December 28, 1995, Maciver was traded to the Winnipeg Jets for Neil Wilkinson.

Winnipeg Jets/Phoenix Coyotes (1995-1998).

Maciver finished the 1995-96 with the Winnipeg Jets. He played in his first game with the Jets on December 28, 1995, scoring an assist in a 4-3 loss to the Chicago Blackhawks. On January 5, 1996, Maciver scored his first goal as a member of the Jets, scoring against Darcy Wakaluk of the Dallas Stars in a 5-4 loss. In 37 games played with the Jets, Maciver scored five goals and 30 points, helping the club reach the post-season. On April 17, 1996, Maciver played in his first playoff game with Winnipeg, earning no points in a 4-1 loss to the Detroit Red Wings. On April 28, 1996, Maciver scored his first playoff goal with the Jets, scoring against Mike Vernon of the Red Wings in a 4-1 loss. The loss eliminated the Jets from the post-season, and Maciver scored the last goal in Winnipeg Jets history, as the club relocated to Phoenix, Arizona during the off-season.  Maciver moved with the franchise and was a member of the Phoenix Coyotes in the 1996-97 season. On October 5, 1996, Maciver appeared in the Coyotes first game, earning no points in a 1-0 loss to the Hartford Whalers. Two nights later, on October 7, Maciver scored his first goal with Phoenix, scoring against Bill Ranford of the Boston Bruins, in a 5-2 win. Maciver suffered through an injury plagued season, playing in only 32 games with Phoenix, scoring four goals and 13 points.  Maciver returned to the Coyotes for the 1997-98 season. Maciver scored a goal in the Coyotes season opener on October 1, 1997, as Phoenix defeated the Chicago Blackhawks 6-2. Injuries limited Maciver to 41 games during the regular season, as he scored two goals and eight points. On April 22, 1998, Maciver appeared in his first playoff game with Phoenix, as he had no points in a 6-3 loss to the Detroit Red Wings. Two nights later, Maciver earned his first playoff point with Phoenix, an assist, in a 7-4 victory over the Red Wings. In six post-season games, Maciver earned an assist.  Following the season, Maciver became a free agent.

Houston Aeros (1998-1999).

Maciver signed with the Houston Aeros of the International Hockey League for the 1998-99 season. In 49 games with the Aeros, Maciver scored six goals and 31 points, helping the team reach the post-season. Maciver played in 10 playoff games, earning five assists, as the Aeros won the Turner Cup.  Following the season, Maciver announced his retirement from hockey.

Post-playing career.

Springfield Falcons (2000-2003).

Maciver joined the Springfield Falcons, the Phoenix Coyotes and New York Islanders American Hockey League affiliate, as an assistant coach for the 2000-01 season, working under head coach Marc Potvin. The Falcons struggled to a 29-37-8-6 record during the season, earning 72 points, and finishing in last place in the New England Division.  Maciver returned to the Falcons for the 2001-02, as the team was now the Coyotes and Tampa Bay Lightning affiliate. The Falcons improved to a 35-41-2-2 record, earning 74 points, however, the Falcons finished in last place in the North Division.  In 2002-03, the Falcons named Marty McSorley as head coach. Maciver remained with the club as an assistant coach. Springfield saw a slight improvement, as the club finished the season with a 34-38-7-1 record, earning 76 points, and reaching the Eastern Conference qualifier. In the qualifying series, Springfield upset the Hartford Wolf Pack, winning both games, to advance to the post-season. In the first round of the playoffs, the Falcons lost to the Hamilton Bulldogs three games to one.  Following the season, Maciver left the Falcons as he was promoted to the National Hockey League as an assistant coach with the Boston Bruins.

Boston Bruins (2003-2006).

Maciver joined the Boston Bruins in the 2003-04 as an assistant coach to head coach Mike Sullivan. The Bruins had a very successful season in 2003-04, as the club finished the regular season with a 41-19-15-7 record, earning 104 points, to finish in first place in the Northeast Division. In the post-season, the Bruins were upset by the Montreal Canadiens in the first round of the playoffs.  Maciver remained with the Bruins during the 2004-05 NHL lockout season.  When hockey resumed in 2005-06, Maciver returned to Boston as an assistant coach under Mike Sullivan. The Bruins struggled during the season, finishing a disappointing 29-37-16 record, earning 74 points, and failing the make the post-season. Following the season, Sullivan and his coaching staff were relieved of their duties.

Chicago Blackhawks (2006-pres).

In 2006, Maciver was hired by the NHL's Chicago Blackhawks to serve as the club's director of player development, and was promoted to director of player personnel in 2011. After Marc Bergevin left the club to become the general manager of the Montreal Canadiens for the 2012-13 season, Maciver was promoted to assistant general manager.

Norman Steven Maciver (born September 1, 1964) is a Canadian professional ice hockey executive and former player. He is currently an assistant general manager for the Chicago Blackhawks of the National Hockey League (NHL). As a player, he played defence for six teams in the NHL during a thirteen-year professional career.

Norman „Norm“ Maciver (* 8. September 1964 in Thunder Bay, Ontario) ist ein ehemaliger kanadischer Eishockeyspieler und -trainer sowie derzeitiger -funktionär. Der Verteidiger absolvierte über 500 Spiele für insgesamt sieben Teams in der National Hockey League. Seit der Saison 2012/13 fungiert er als Assistent von General Manager Stan Bowman bei den Chicago Blackhawks.


The ideal FDA.

For any input voltages the ideal FDA has infinite open-loop gain, infinite bandwidth, infinite input impedances resulting in zero input currents, infinite slew rate, zero output impedance and zero noise.  In the ideal FDA, the difference of the output voltages is equal the difference between the input voltages multiplied by the gain. The common mode voltage of the output voltages is not dependent of the input voltage. In many cases, the common mode voltage can be directly set by a third voltage input.  A real FDA can only approximate this ideal, and the actual parameters are subject to drift over time and with changes in temperature, input conditions, etc. Modern integrated FET or MOSFET FDAs approximate more closely to these ideals than bipolar ICs where large signals must be handled at room temperature over a limited bandwidth; input impedance, in particular, is much higher, although the bipolar FDA usually exhibit superior (i.e., lower) input offset drift and noise characteristics.  Where the limitations of real devices can be ignored, an FDA can be viewed as a Black Box with gain; circuit function and parameters are determined by feedback, usually negative. An FDA as implemented in practice is moderately complex integrated circuit.

DC behavior.

Open-loop gain is defined as the amplification from input to output without any feedback applied. For most practical calculations, the open-loop gain is assumed to be infinite; in reality it is obviously not. Typical devices exhibit open-loop DC gain ranging from 100,000 to over 1 million; this is sufficiently large for circuit gain to be determined almost entirely by the amount of negative feedback used. Op-amps have performance limits that the designer must keep in mind and sometimes work around. In particular, instability is possible in a DC amplifier if AC aspects are neglected.

AC behavior.

The FDA gain calculated at DC does not apply at higher frequencies. To a first approximation, the gain of a typical FDA is inversely proportional to frequency. This means that an FDA is characterized by its gain-bandwidth product. For example, an FDA with a gain bandwidth product of 1 MHz would have a gain of 5 at 200 kHz, and a gain of 1 at 1 MHz. This low-pass characteristic is introduced deliberately, because it tends to stabilize the circuit by introducing a dominant pole. This is known as frequency compensation.  A typical low cost general purpose FDA will have a gain-bandwidth product of a few megahertz. Specialty and high speed FDAs can achieve gain-bandwidth products of hundreds of megahertz. Some FDAs are even capable of gain-bandwidth products greater than a gigahertz.

A fully differential amplifier (FDA) is a DC-coupled high-gain electronic voltage amplifier with differential inputs and differential outputs. In its ordinary usage, the output of the FDA is controlled by two feedback paths which, because of the amplifier's high gain, almost completely determine the output voltage for any given input.

Ein vollsymmetrischer Operationsverstärker (, kurz "FDA") ist eine Variante eines Operationsverstärkers, bei dem Eingang und Ausgang differenziell ausgeführt sind. Wie ein normaler Operationsverstärker hat er eine sehr hohe Verstärkung und ist für die Verwendung einer externen Gegenkopplung ausgelegt. Durch die beiden Ausgänge ergeben sich dabei normalerweise zwei Gegenkopplungspfade.


Features and management.

The monument is named "Bears Ears" for a pair of buttes that rise to elevations over and, more than above Utah state routes 95 and 261. Capped by Wingate Sandstone, the buttes and surroundings have long been held as sacred or significant by a number of the region's Native American tribes. Ancestral Puebloan cliff dwellings dated to more than 3,500 years ago have been discovered in the region, just some of the estimated 100,000 archaeological sites protected within the monument. The Comb Ridge monocline traverses the eastern portion of the monument's Shash Jáa unit. Of the 1.35 million acres of the original monument designation, the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) oversees 1.06 million acres and the U.S. Forest Service (USFS) manages 289,000 acres. Of the 201,876 acres of the current monument designation, the BLM oversees approximately 169,289 acres and the USFS manages 32,587 acres. The vast majority of the land within the national monument is federal land, though the State of Utah owns about 109,100 acres within the original monument's boundaries, while 12,600 acres are privately owned. These state-owned and privately owned lands are not part of the national monument, and will not be unless they are acquired in voluntary sales to the federal government. The designation of the monument does not affect the rights of landowners in or adjacent to the monument's boundaries to access or use their property.  The monument is co-managed by the BLM and the USFS (the Monticello Unit of the Manti-La Sal National Forest), along with a coalition of five local Native American tribes—Navajo, Hopi, Ute Mountain Ute, Ute Indian Tribe of the Uintah and Ouray Reservation, and the Pueblo of Zuni—all of which have ancestral ties to the region. The northern part of the monument borders Canyonlands National Park, while parts of the original monument also bordered Glen Canyon National Recreation Area and surrounded Natural Bridges National Monument.  Some cultural special management areas remain within the reduced monument boundaries including the Newspaper Rock Petroglyph Panel and the Butler Wash Archaeological District National Register site, while other such areas are no longer within monument boundaries including the Quail rock art panel, Big Westwater Ruin, the Sand Island Petroglyph Panel, and all but the last few miles of the Hole-in-the-Rock Trail.  Robert S. McPherson, who is known for his books on Navajos and the Four Corners, described depictions of lightning, arrowheads, wind, snakes, and bears in the rock formations.

Pre-history and history.

There are over 100,000 archaeological sites protected within the monument. The buttes and surroundings have long been held as sacred or significant by a number of the region's Native American tribes. In their proposal to have Bears Ears designated as a national monument, the Bears Ears Intertribal Coalition (BEITC) described the 1.9 million acres on the southeastern Utah canyonlands Colorado Plateau as ancestral land. The Southern Utah Wilderness Alliance (SUWA) described the Bears Ears as "the most significant unprotected cultural landscape in the U.S."  As early as 13,000 years ago, Clovis people, who are considered to be the ancestors of most of the indigenous cultures of the Americas, hunted in Cedar Mesa, most of which is now included in the Bears Ears National Monument. Their tools, including the "Clovis points", have been found there. One of the oldest known archaeological sites with Clovis tools in Utah is Lime Ridge Clovis Site. Following the Clovis people—at least 2,500 years ago—Ancestral Puebloans began to occupy the Bears Ears area. They left behind "baskets, pottery, and weapons". These are the ancestors of the Hopi and Zuni people who "moved from foraging to farming about 3,500 years ago". Archaeological sites of prehistoric American southwestern culture dating 3,000 to 2,000 ago, contained a large number of baskets used for storage of corn and for burial. The pre-Ancestral Puebloans culture became known as the Basketmaker culture. The next period the Pueblo I Period began about AD 500, followed by Pueblo II and III. The "complex cultural history" of these early farmers is visible in the remains of "single family dwellings, granaries, kivas, towers, and large villages and roads linking them together".  Along Comb Ridge ()—a one-mile wide and 80-mile long "dramatic geologic fold" with some of the best-preserved cliff dwellings—Ancestral Puebloans lived in the "alcoves and grew corn" from about AD 900 to 1350. They relied heavily on domesticated corn, beans, and squash and a domesticated breed of turkey ("Meleagris gallopavo"). In the Pueblo II period, they "construct[ed] reservoirs, checkdams, and farming terraces in an effort to capture and conserve water for agricultural use." By c. 1250 the San Juan home of the Ancient Puebloans was "one of the most populous parts of North America."  Between the "mid-1200s and 1285" "nearly 30,000 people disappeared" from the San Juan region and resettled in the Rio Grande area of New Mexico and Arizona. They suddenly walked away from their home, leaving behind cooking pots and baskets. A 2015 article in "Nature" called it "one of the greatest vanishing acts documented in human history" in which the San Juan region "became almost instantly a ghost land." A "monster drought" destabilized the region in the 1200s, and Mesa Verde became overcrowded. When a second drought hit in the late 1200s, the mass exodus began.  Archaeologists and the Hopi "trace Hopi ancestry to the Ancestral Pueblo people, whom the Hopi call "Hisatsinom" meaning "our ancestors". "The Hopi had always considered the land occupied by their ancestors to be theirs: bounded by the junction of the San Juan and Colorado rivers in the north, the Arizona-New Mexico state line in the east, the Mogollon and Zuni rim on the south and the San Francisco peaks to the west." The Zunis, who are descendants of both the Ancestral Pueblo and Mogollon inhabited the deserts of Utah, New Mexico, Arizona, and southern Colorado "for a very long time". They "started irrigated cultivation of corn" 3000 years ago. They have been in their "present location for up to 4,000 years". In the early 16th century Native American ancestral lands, now called Four Corners, was claimed by Spain as part of New Spain.  In 1848 the land was purchased from Mexico as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. In the 1860s the Navajos were forced to leave their ancestral lands in what became known as the long walk to Fort Sumner. However, many Utah Navajos were able to stay in southern Utah by hiding in canyons. The history of these Navajo "differs somewhat from that of other Navajos due to years of their interactions with Utes and Paiutes as well as Mormon and non-Mormon settlers, ranchers, and traders".  In the 1880s John N. Macomb and Ferdinand Vandeveer Hayden published maps and descriptions of the ridge. In 1880, 230 Mormon pioneers—the San Juan Mission expedition—followed the -Hole in the Rock Trail" down "Cedar Mesa to reach Bluff, Utah where they established the first Mormon settlement in Bluff in southeastern Utah. In 1906 President Theodore Roosevelt signed into law the Antiquities Act of 1906 which gave presidents the power "to create national monuments — a kind of second-tier national park—when federal land contains objects that are threatened by outside forces or which are especially deserving of emergency protection." in "recognition of the enduring power and dignity emanating from the earliest societies on this continent." According to a 2017 article in "The Atlantic", the "act was explicitly passed to shield sites of historical or indigenous importance from pot hunting, in which Americans would loot artifacts from archaeological sites or abandoned dwellings and then sell them on the illicit market." Bears Ears has been looted and vandalized over a number of decades.  In the 1930s, the area that is now Bears Ears National Monument, was included in an unsuccessful proposal to establish an Escalante National Monument of.  In 1943, western historian and novelist David Lavender (1910–2003) described the area in his book "One Man's West" as "a million and a quarter acres of staggering desolation between the San Juan and Colorado rivers, a vast triangle of land that even today is not completely mapped."  One of the early catalysts for securing Bears Ears status as monument was the June 10, 2009 joint raid called Operation Cerberus Action conducted by FBI and U.S. Bureau of Land Management (BLM) agents—"the nation’s largest investigation of archaeological and cultural artifact thefts"— in Blanding, a small town on Bears Ears eastern boundary.  In March 2009, President Obama signed former Utah Senator Rob Bennett’s Washington County Lands Bill, "many counties throughout Utah requested inclusion in the next bill" Senator Bennett invited Native people in San Juan County, Utah to engage in discussions on public land management of Bears Ears. San Juan County includes parts of Canyonlands National Park, Glen Canyon National Recreation Area, Hovenweep National Monument, Manti-La Sal National Forest and all of Natural Bridges National Monument, Rainbow Bridge National Monument and Bears Ears National Monument. The "ancestral lands of Bears Ears lie outside reservation boundaries" but "hold special historical and spiritual significance for regional Native people". The Utah Tribal Leaders Association began regular discussions on land-use negotiations to "advance Native American interests on public lands". In 2010, the Utah Diné Bikéyah (UDB) began working on a draft to be sent to "elected officials who were compiling a land-use bill". The UDB draft was endorsed by "all seven Chapter Houses in Utah." "Dine", which means "people", is the name Navajo people traditionally and historically use to refer to themselves. In 2010 Bennett became one of the most prominent targets of the Tea Party movement, on the grounds that he was insufficiently conservative. Mitt Romney strongly endorsed Bennett but he was denied a place on the primary ballot by the 2010 Utah State Republican Convention. With Senator Bennett forced out of office, the draft was not submitted.  In 2011 the UDB "engage[d] politically" representing Utah Navajos in the "early stages of the Public Lands Initiative process (PLI)". They published a book entitled "Diné Bikéyah" which compiled interviews with local elders and traditionalists that they had collected since 2010.  In 2012 the Utah Diné Bikéyah (UDB)—Navajoland—officially formed as an organization. The UDB spent 2012 in meetings with the Navajo Nation, the largest reservation in the United States, extending into the states of Utah, Arizona and New Mexico and covering over. The Navajo Nation and San Juan County signed a Memorandum of Understanding to "identify conservation areas, set aside wilderness, propose mineral zones, and pursue economic development opportunities."  In 2013, Utah Representative Rob Bishop announced the establishment of the Utah Public Lands Initiative (UPLI). In a report prepared by Bishop, Jason Chaffetz, and Chris Stewart, the Utah Public Lands Initiative was described as a "locally driven initiative" to bring resolution to some of the "most challenging land disputes in the State of Utah". The initiative is "rooted in the belief that conservation and economic development can coexist to make Utah a better place to live, work, and visit". SUWA participated in negotiations with Bishop and Chaffetz and their team "to try and find a compromise that would provide lasting protection for Utah’s... public lands".  In 2014, the National Trust for Historic Preservation—in partnership with the All Pueblo Council of Governors, Friends of Cedar Mesa, Crow Canyon Archaeological Center, the Conservation Lands Foundation, and others—added Bears Ears to its National Treasures program. In 2016, the National Trust included Bears Ears on its annual America's Most Endangered Places list. In July 2015, representatives from the Hopi, Navajo, Ute Mountain Ute, Pueblo of Zuni, and Ute Indian Tribe formed the "historic" Bears Ears Inter-Tribal Coalition (BEITC). Professor Charley Wilkinson from the University of Colorado, who had a "long history of working on the Colorado Plateau", began working with BEITC on a "pro bono basis as senior advisor" soon after its formation. Wilkinson had drafted the 1996 presidential proclamation creating the Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument. In October 2015, the BEITC submitted a proposal to President Barack Obama, seeking the designation of as a national monument which would include Cedar Mesa, Indian Creek, White Canyon, Abajo Mountains, Comb Ridge, Valley of the Gods, and the confluence of the San Juan and Colorado Rivers. The Southern Utah Wilderness Alliance described how a "historic coalition of Native American Tribes" requested for the Bears Ears National Monument designation to "provide them with co-management authority to protect their ancestral homelands".  On July 13, 2016 Utah Representative Rob Bishop unveiled a draft legislation entitled "Utah Public Lands Initiative Act" (UPLI), a bill to "provide greater conservation, recreation, economic development and local management of Federal lands in Utah, and for other purposes". Bishop's UPLI draft bill provided protections for through several smaller wilderness areas and two national conservation areas. According to a December 29, 2016 "The New York Times" article, Bishop, who is among those most critical of the Antiquities Act, opposes the designation of the Bears Ears National Monument. He supports repealing or shrinking the designation. Following the release of the draft, the BEITC pulled out of discussions citing that it was inadequate and a scaled-down version of their original plan. The Southern Utah Wilderness Alliance called Bishop's July 2016 UPLI the "worst piece of wilderness legislation that’s been introduced in Congress since passage of the 1964 Wilderness Act." In 2016, the SUWA stated that the UPLI "promote[d] fossil fuel development, motorized recreation, and control of public resources by the State of Utah, and include[d] unprecedented provisions that would limit federal land managers’ ability to manage public lands for the protection of natural and cultural resources".  The Bears Ears Inter-Tribal Coalition (BEITC) was not represented at the July 27, 2016 Senate field hearings on the potential impacts of large-scale monument designations.  Davis Filfred, Council Delegate for the Navajo Nation Council, rejected the recommendation made by Interior Secretary Ryan Zinke's on June 12, 2017 to shrink Bears Ears National Monument boundaries.

Looting and vandalism.

Bears Ears has been regularly looted and vandalized for many years. In 2009, FBI and Bureau of Land Management (BLM) agents raided 16 homes in Blanding, following a two-year federal investigation and the indictment of 24 people for stealing, receiving or trying to sell Native American artifacts from the hundreds of archaeological sites in the area. This incident became an "early flashpoint in the struggle over control of public lands in the western United States." Included among those arrested were a mathematics teacher, a brother of the county sheriff, and a prominent physician and his wife. Three people committed suicide following the raid. From May 2014 to April 2015, there were reports of more than a dozen cases of "serious looting," ranging from "small-scale theft to ancestral remains being tossed around when graves are plundered."  A group of volunteers called Friends of Cedar Mesa, who patrol the Bears Ears area and report incidents to the BLM, "tracked seven major incidents of looting in the Bears Ears area" in the first half of 2016, including an attempt to cut a "rock-art panel of a humanlike figure" from a cliff using a rock saw.  There are legal trails for off-road vehicle use. However, over the years "irresponsible off-road vehicle use" has damaged "both the natural landscape" and archaeological sites.  On May 2, 2016 the Bureau of Land Management and "Tread Lightly!" launched their "Respect and Protect Campaign" in response to educate the public on protection of petroglyphs, pictograms, dinosaur bones and tracks, among many of the other fragile features in Bears Ears.

Designation under President Obama.

On December 28, 2016, President Obama proclaimed the Bears Ears National Monument, including the eponymous buttes and the surrounding landscapes, using his authority under the Antiquities Act to create national monuments by proclamation.  The intertribal coalition proposed the inclusion of several areas that did not make it into the final monument designation; these included the Abajo Mountains (also called the Blue Mountains); the lower reach of Allen Canyon; Black Mesa; a "large, arcing strip of land" next to the Glen Canyon National Recreation Area, surrounding Mancos Mesa; Raplee Anticline, and "most of Lime Ridge between Mexican Hat and Comb Ridge." The omission of these areas from the boundaries of the monument represented a "significant" concession to those who opposed the monument's designation.

Reactions.

The monument is in San Juan County—a county of 8,000-square-miles with a sparse population of 16,895. The federal government owns about 60% of the land in the county, and "Native Americans, the grandchildren of white settlers, corporations, environmentalists, the federal government" "jockey[..] to control it and its history". The monument's year 2016 territory makes up about 30% of the county's area. In a May 2017 interview in "The New York Times" 52-year-old James Adakai, "whose Navajo ancestors lived and hunted here for generations" described how, "We fought, we won the century-year-old fight: the monument. And now we're up for another fight.... And everybody is against us. The Utah congressional delegation, the governor, the State Legislature, the county. They have a different plan". Phil Lyman, whose great-grandfather arrived in Bears Ears in 1879, criticized the designation as a "land grab", "equating the monument designation to grand theft". Lyman was concerned the Monument designation would "lock him and his neighbors out of their own backyards".  "The Salt Lake Tribune" reported that reactions to the monument's designation ranged "from scathing to celebratory" within the state. The designation was praised by the Bears Ears Inter-Tribal Coalition (BEITC) of Native Americans and environmentalists who had led the campaign to protect the land. Navajo Nation President Russell Begaye wrote that the president's decision will "protect this land as a national monument for future generations of Navajo people and for all Americans", while collaborative land management provisions "strengthened the relationship between our Navajo and American nations." Arizona state Representative Eric Descheenie, a member of the Navajo Nation, said "At the end of the day, there's only a certain place in this entire world, on earth, where we as indigenous peoples belong. And to be able to secure that, you can't put any money value on it." The establishment of the monument was also praised by the Mormon Environmental Stewardship Alliance.  Republican leaders reacted to the designation of the monument with disappointment. Some researchers and observers said that it was possible that president-elect Donald Trump or other Republicans might make an attempt to withdraw the designation and abolish the monument, though there is no clear legal mechanism for the president to do so unilaterally. Utah's Republican governor, Gary Herbert, said that he was "more than disappointed" and "deeply disturbed" by President Obama's unilateral decision. Congressman Jason Chaffetz reacted similarly. Utah Attorney General Sean Reyes, also a Republican, stated that "By significantly restricting access to a large portion of public lands in Utah, the President weakens land management capabilities and fails to protect those the Antiquities Act intended to benefit", and announced that he planned a lawsuit regarding the issue. A lawsuit against the FBI and BLM for its "heavy-handed and overzealous" looting raid in 2009, was rejected in February 2017 but "remains a point of contention for people in [Blanding], many of whom are also frustrated by the creation of the nearby Bears Ears National Monument." Utah politicians, including Senator Mike Lee (R), as well as ranchers and business groups, strongly opposed the monument.

Monument reduced in size by President Trump.

Rescind proposition.

In February 2017, Utah Governor Herbert signed a resolution passed by the Utah State Legislature asking President Donald Trump to rescind the designation of Bears Ears as a national monument. There is uncertainty about the authority for a president to completely rescind a monument designated under the Antiquities Act, as it has never been done before.  In response, the outdoor clothing company Patagonia announced that it would not be attending the Outdoor Retailer Market in Salt Lake City in 2017 or subsequent years due to the Utah government's opposition to Bears Ears. Patagonia urged other retailers to join it in moving to a state that "values our industry and promotes public land conservation." On February 16, the Outdoor Retailer Market announced that, after talking to the governor, it would no longer schedule its annual trade show in Utah (as it has done for 20 years) due to the Utah government's opposition to Bears Ears National Monument. The Outdoor Retailer show has 50,000 visitors and generates $45 million in local spending annually.  After the pullout from Utah, Colorado attempted to become the host of upcoming Outdoor Retailer shows. The organization Colorado Conservation put advertisements in Utah papers stating, "We have stronger beer. We have taller peaks. We have higher recreation. But most of all we love our public lands." Since 2018, Denver has been the host of both the winter and summer Outdoor Retailer shows.  On February 21, 2017, the Southern Utah Wilderness Alliance announced that it would begin a statewide television advertisement campaign to build support for Bears Ears National Monument.

Federal review.

On April 26, 2017, the President Trump directed the Interior Department to review 27 monuments of at least 100,000 acres in size through Executive Order 13792. The order directed the department to consider the Antiquities Act "requirement that reservations of land not exceed 'the smallest area compatible with the proper care and management of the objects to be protected.'"  On June 10, 2017, Zinke issued an interim report as requested in the Executive Order. He proposed a scaling back of the Bears Ears National Monument. On August 24, 2017, Zinke delivered a final report to Trump. The report calls for the reduction of Bears Ears, Cascade–Siskiyou, Gold Butte, Grand Staircase-Escalante, Pacific Remote Islands Marine, and Rose Atoll Marine.

Reduction.

On December 4, 2017, President Donald Trump ordered an 85 percent (about 1.3 million acres) reduction in the size of the monument. The boundaries were redrawn with two noncontiguous units named Indian Creek and Shash Jáa; the latter unit includes the Bears Ears buttes. Trump also reduced the size of Utah's Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument by nearly 47 percent on the same day.  The monument's reduction was seen as a victory for Republican officials and energy companies with mining leases for fossil fuel and uranium deposits, and a defeat for environmentalists and Native American tribes. Internal documents of the Interior Department obtained by "The New York Times" include the state of Utah's interest in potential mining revenue on state trust lands within the original monument. Any such revenue would benefit the state's public school system. About a month before Interior Secretary Ryan Zinke began his review of national monuments, Senator Orrin Hatch’s office sent a map with reduced monument boundaries to Interior Department officials. Those proposed new boundaries were mostly incorporated into the actual reduction.  More than 300 uranium mining claims are located inside the original monument boundaries, with the large majority of those claims being located outside the reduced boundaries. Energy Fuels, a Canadian uranium producer which operates the only uranium mine and mill near the monument's original boundaries via their US subsidiary Energy Fuels Resources, holds about one third of those claims. The company, along with other mining firms, had lobbied hard for the reduction.

Bill proposing two monuments.

On December 4, 2017, Utah Congressman John Curtis, along with fellow Utah representatives Rob Bishop, Chris Stewart and Mia Love, introduced a bill that would codify the Trump administration's reduction of Bears Ears National Monument by creating two new national monuments in the remaining areas defined by the president. The monuments would be named Shash Jáa National Monument and Indian Creek National Monument. Shash Jáa would be managed by a council of seven members, including four from Native American tribes, while Indian Creek would be managed by a council of five with just one Native American member.  On January 9, 2018, members of the Tribes of the Bears Ears Inter-Tribal Coalition testified against the bill with Shaun Chapoose, a member of the Ute Indian Tribe and Utah Business Committee, stating "Congressman Bishop’s [committee chairman] contempt for the United States government-to-government relationship with Indian tribes and the legislative process in his own Committee was on full display during the hearing." The bill would have effectively negated any legal challenges to the reduction. The bill died in committee.

Legal challenges to the reduction.

Three separate federal lawsuits were filed by December 7, 2017 challenging the reduction of Bears Ears National Monument. The plaintiffs include five Native American tribes, a private corporation, conservation groups, and several non-profit organizations and NGOs. The groups have argued that the reduction is not authorized by law.  The three federal lawsuits are:  Sixteen national monuments were reduced in 18 separate acts by previous presidents, but not by any president since 1963. The largest previous reduction by acreage was President Woodrow Wilson's 1915 removal of from the Mount Olympus National Monument established by Theodore Roosevelt in 1909. The largest reduction by percentage was Navajo National Monument by 90% (from about 3715 acres to 360 acres) by President William Howard Taft in 1912 after he established it three years prior.

Bears Ears National Monument is a United States national monument located in San Juan County in southeastern Utah, established by President Barack Obama by presidential proclamation on December 28, 2016. The monument's original size was, which was controversially reduced 85% by President Donald Trump on December 4, 2017. The monument protects the public land surrounding the Bears Ears—a pair of buttes—and the Indian Creek corridor rock climbing area. The Native American names for the buttes have the same meaning in each of the languages represented in the region. The names are listed in the presidential proclamation as ""Hoon’Naqvut", "Shash Jáa" [sic], "Kwiyagatu Nukavachi", "Ansh An Lashokdiwe""—all four mean "Bears Ears".

Das Bears Ears National Monument ist ein US-amerikanisches National Monument im San Juan County im Südosten Utahs. Es wurde durch Präsident Barack Obama durch eine Presidential Proclamation am 28. Dezember 2016 mit einer Flächengröße von 1.351.849 Acres (547.074 ha) ausgewiesen. Die "Presidential Proclamation" nennt auch den Gebietsnamen in den Sprachen der örtlichen Indianerstämme „"Hoon’Naqvut", "Shash Jáa", "Kwiyagatu Nukavachi", "Ansh An Lashokdiwe"“. Das National Monument umfasst Landflächen im Eigentum der US-Regierung um die Tafelberge "Bears Ears" und den "Indian Creek Canyon". Das "Bears Ears National Monument" wird gemeinsam vom Bureau of Land Management und vom United States Forest Service und den fünf örtlichen Stämmen Navajo Nation, Hopi, Ute Mountain Tribe, Indian Tribe of the Uintah and Ouray Reservation und Zuñi betreut. Bereits vor der Ausweisung als "National Monument" waren Teile als Wilderness Area ausgewiesen.


Life and career.

Urbanski was born in Somerville, New Jersey. He is a business/producing partner of actor Gary Oldman.  Urbanski's film producing credits include "The Contender", which received two Academy Award Nominations and starred Gary Oldman, Jeff Bridges, Joan Allen, Christian Slater, and Sam Elliott.  In 1997 Urbanski received his first British Academy Award for Outstanding British Film of The Year for "Nil By Mouth", written and directed by Gary Oldman, and for which Oldman received the Best Original Screenplay British Academy Award. The film received a total of four nominations for the 1997 BAFTAs. For 1997's Cannes Film Festival, "Nil By Mouth" was selected to inaugurate the Main Competition and received the 1997 Cannes Film Festival Award for actress Kathy Burke. In 1998 the film received six nominations for the British Independent Film Awards, and won three awards.  During the 1980s, Urbanski and/or his companies were among the most active theatrical producers on Broadway and in London.  In 2010, as an actor he was featured in David Fincher and Aaron Sorkin's Academy Award winning motion picture "The Social Network", playing the role of Larry Summers, for which he received personal acclaim and shared the Hollywood Ensemble Acting Award from the Hollywood Film Festival, and also the Ensemble Acting Award from the Palm Springs International Film Festival, shared with Jesse Eisenberg, Andrew Garfield, and Justin Timberlake.  In 2010/11 he executive produced the film version of John le Carré's "Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy", which stars Gary Oldman as master spy George Smiley, and also features Colin Firth, Tom Hardy, Benedict Cumberbatch, John Hurt and Kathy Burke, and was directed by Tomas Alfredson. "Tinker, Tailor, Soldier, Spy" received eleven 2012 British Academy Award nominations, including Best Picture, Best Actor, and Best Director; the film also received three Oscar Nominations for the 2012 Academy Awards. In 2012, "Tinker" became the second Urbanski film to win the British Academy Award for Outstanding British Film of the Year.  Urbanski was executive producer of the film "Criminal", released in late 2015. It was directed by Ariel Vromen and stars Kevin Costner, Gary Oldman, and Tommy Lee Jones. In 2016 Urbanski was executive producer of "Hitman's Bodyguard", which stars Samuel L. Jackson and Ryan Reynolds, as well as "Hunter Killer", which stars Gerard Butler.  Urbanski produced "Darkest Hour" (2017), which stars Gary Oldman as Winston Churchill, and was written by Anthony McCarten and directed by Joe Wright. Oldman won the Oscar for Best Actor for his portrayal of Churchill and thanked Urbanski during his speech. The film received 6 Academy Award Nominations, and won 2, including Best Actor, and Best Makeup for Kazu Tsuji, who also thanked Urbanski in his speech. The film had a total of 72 major nominations, and won 23 according to the List of accolades received by Darkest Hour (film).  In 2018, Urbanski, executive produced Steven Soderbergh's The Laundromat, which stars Gary Oldman and Meryl Streep.  The 2018 Cannes Film Festival invited Urbanski and Oldman to host a sold out public conversation as a highlight of the festival, entitled "In Conversation With".  In 2019 Urbanski exec produced Nicholas Jarecki's Dreamland, which stars Gary Oldman and Armie Hammer.  Also in 2019, fulfilling a long held dream, he joined with Ceán Chaffin to produce David Fincher's MANK, which revolves around "Citizen Kane" and screenwriter Herman J. Mankiewicz and will star Gary Oldman in the title role.

Personal life.

Urbanski is married to television producer Diane Wilk ("The Nanny") and they live in Beverly Hills in a home once lived in by Olivia DeHavilland, John Huston, Laurence Olivier, Vivien Leigh, and Dorothy Parker and also in Palm Springs in White Gables, the old Joseph Cotten estate. He is Catholic.

Douglas Urbanski is an American film producer and occasional film actor. He is an Academy Award nominated, as well as a BAFTA Award (with two further nominations) winning film producer.

Douglas Urbanski (* 17. Februar 1957 in Somerville, New Jersey) ist ein US-amerikanischer Film- und Theaterproduzent, der auch gelegentlich als Schauspieler und Radiomoderator in Erscheinung tritt. Urbanski ist der langjährige Manager von Gary Oldman und produzierte zahlreiche Filme, in denen dieser auftrat. Er ist Betreiber der Talentmanagementagentur "Douglas Management Group, Ltd."


Career.

He qualified for the main tour for the 2008–09 season by beating Adam Duffy 6–3 in the 2008 English Pro Ticket Tour Play-offs. In his début season, he reached the last 64 of the Royal London Watches Grand Prix, beating Lewis Roberts 5–2 and Barry Pinches 5–4 before losing 2–5 to Jimmy Michie; in the China Open, Lee beat Matthew Selt and Paul Davies before losing at the same stage to Gerard Greene. Having earned £5,000 in prize money, Lee finished the season ranked 83rd and was relegated from the main tour.  As an amateur, Lee competed in the Players Tour Championship series between 2010 and 2016, without any success. He entered Q-School in 2018 in an attempt to win back a place on the main tour; in Event 1, he lost in the last 32, 0–4 to Thor Chuan Leong. He progressed one round further in Event 2, being eliminated 1–4 by Lu Ning in the last 16. At the final event, he beat Kuldesh Johal 4–2 in the quarter-finals to regain his professional status after a hiatus of nine years.  Lee lost the Last 64 2018 World Open 1–5 to Neil Robertson and lost the Last 128 2018 Paul Hunter Classic 3–4 to English Amateur player Reggie Edwards.

Personal life.

Lee was born in the United Kingdom, to parents who were emigrated from Hong Kong to the UK in 1975. His father was a Hong Kong policeman. He was educated at John Cleveland College and De Montfort University.

Andy Lee (born 27 November 1980), also known as Lee Chun Wai, is an English and Hong Kong professional snooker player.

Andy Lee (* 27. November 1980), chinesischer Name Lee Chun Wai (), ist ein Hongkong-chinesischer Snookerspieler. Geboren wurde er in Großbritannien. Da seine Eltern aber aus Hongkong eingewandert waren, trat er später unter der Flagge der autonomen chinesischen Region an. 2008/09 spielte er eine Saison als Profi auf der Snooker Main Tour.


Plot.

Sheriff Fred (Paul Birch) and lawyer Tom (William Pullen) conspire to have dance hall girl Kate (Abbe Lane) entertain the hired hands of the O'Mara ranch whilst the Sheriff and the lawyer rustle the O'Mara's stock. Tom shoots both the father and his teenage son to leave no witnesses.  Surviving son Clay (Audie Murphy), a railroad surveyor in Denver, is informed of their deaths and comes back to his home where the identity of the murderers is unknown. Clay is talked out of revenge by the town Reverend (Denver Pyle) but Clay makes his own enquiries to the sheriff and Tom. When Clay asks the sheriff if he can become his deputy in order to make an investigation, the sheriff at first refuses. Tom advises the sheriff that it would be a good idea with Clay sent on a false trail to arrest notorious gunslinger Whitey Kinkaid (Dan Duryea) in the town of Diablo. Kinkaid has no connection with the murders, but the corrupt pair plan that Kinkaid will kill the pesky Clay.  To everyone's surprise Clay out-draws Kinkaid, arrests him, thwarts Kinkaid's escape attempts and successfully fights off an ambush from three men. Kinkaid, who spends his life by idling about, is bemused by the unstoppable Clay and watches him go after the real killers. At first he does this for amusement, but gradually he realizes that the moral attitude of the much younger Clay is like a valuable lesson in living a worthwhile life. It is amusing to see how he accepts him finally as an exemplar. Kinkaid's identification goes so far as to sacrifice himself to save the younger hero's life in several gunfights, all in accordance with the fact, that he said that if ever he feels he's become "like a human being", he will shoot (meaning here, sacrifice) himself.

Ride Clear of Diablo is a 1954 American Technicolor Western film directed by Jesse Hibbs starring Audie Murphy, Dan Duryea, Susan Cabot and Abbe Lane. made for Universal Pictures. Cabot and Murphy had appeared in two films together previously.

Ritt mit dem Teufel (Originaltitel: "Ride Clear of Diablo") ist ein Western des Regisseurs Jesse Hibbs aus dem Jahr 1954. Der Film hatte seine Filmpremiere am 10. Februar 1954 in den USA. Die Ausstrahlung in Deutschland fand am 7. April 1954 statt.


Names.

The official company name is SHIFT GmbH.

Model names.

The names of models start with the string "SHIFT" in upper case letter.  Except for the SHIFTmu this is followed by the length of the display diagonal rounded to full inches. After that

OS name.

The OS is named either SHIFT-OS or ShiftOS.

History.

SHIFT is developing smartphones since 2014. In the beginning Carsten and his brother Samuel Waldeck realized the project SHIFT7 through German crowdfunding platform Startnext. The brothers started Shift GmbH, a company with limited liability by German law. Further Shiftphones were launched with model series SHIFT4 and SHIFT5 in 2015. The project grew into a small company with 15 employees in Germany, which collaborated with the Chinese production coordinator company "Vstar and Weihuaxin" in Shenzhen. Since 2018 the company employs 10 workers in an own manufacturing facility in Hangzhou.

Characteristics.

Sustainability.

Shiftphones are built in a modular manner to allow the customer to change parts and repair the device without voiding warranty. Videos support the user in repairing their device, explaining how to open it and how to change certain modules.

Cycle economy.

Customers have the upgrade option, to upgrade their device to a different model.

Workers' care.

Shift employees in China don't work more than 50 hours a week when it is common for people to work up to 90. Compared to the average Chinese worker in production business, staff is provided with insurances.

Critics and controversies about conflict minerals.

In 2016 c't described the Shift5 as a typical cheap smartphone. Besides, the journal argued that there was no evidence that coltan is not used in Shiftphones and thus criticized the transparency of SHIFT. SHIFT and further secondary sources claim that coltan is not in use for their manufacturing. However, according to c't, the SHIFT partner company "Vstar and Weihuaxin" did not provide information about conflict-free material used in Shiftphone. Unlike Shiftphone, Fairphone provides detailed audit reports about component suppliers through a Chinese agency, and also facilitates detailed information on problems and compromises in the supply-chain.  Coltan is used to make components for mobile phones and other electronic devices. A huge part of the ore is from mines in the DRC (Democratic Republic of Congo). "Much mining has been done in small artisanal mining operations, sometimes known as Artisanal and Small-Scale Mining (ASM). These small-scale mines are unregulated, with high levels of child labor and workplace injury." Approximately around 50,000 children, some just seven years old, work in Congo's coltan mines. Workers hardly have any protection and often work underground in self-made shafts.  Recent reports paint a clear picture: articles by many magazines were able to capture the statements of Carsten Waldeck and prove their credibility accordingly.  For example, "golem.de" reported in detail on the company and its efforts in terms of sustainability and fairness in June 2018.  The "ProSieben" magazine "Galileo" tests the newly published smartphone "Shift6m" and illuminates, in the form of video recordings, the production conditions of the in-house manufactory located in China in June 2018.  "N-tv" describes the initial efforts for fairness and sustainability as well as the history of the Shiftphone, in September 2018.  In August of 2018 the ecology portal "Utopia.de" no longer reports any lack of transparency in regards to Shift's Chinese hardware manufacturing process.  In the issue 15/2018 the computer magazine "c't" shows a more positive approach on the topic of German smartphone manufacturer Shift, although the report itself turns out to be rather short in comparison to other European hardware providers.

Shiftphone is a modular, easy to repair smartphone created by the company SHIFT in Germany. The company emphasizes fair trade and ecology similar to Fairphone. Instead of tantalum capacitors made from coltan, ceramic capacitors are used for their manufacturing. So far, nine model series were released. The most recent release was the Shift6m in May 2018. The upcoming device will be the Shift6mq and the Shiftmu.

Das Shiftphone ist eine im Jahr 2014 eingeführte Smartphone-Modellreihe der deutschen "Shift GmbH." Shiftphones sind modulare Smartphones, die unter weitestgehend fairen sowie nachhaltigen Bedingungen produziert werden. Damit ist das Shiftphone das erste faire Telefon aus Deutschland. Das modulare Konzept ermöglicht dem Endverbraucher eine einfache Reparierbarkeit der Geräte und den Austausch einzelner Module. Bisher sind zehn Modelle erschienen. Die letzten Veröffentlichungen waren das Shift6m im Mai 2018 und das Shift5me im Februar 2019. Angekündigt sind (Stand Juni 2020) das Shift6mq, das Shiftmu sowie das Tablop SHIFT13mi.


Description of the Portrait of John.

The Evangelist John is shown in a fully frontal pose. He holds a book or tablet of some kind, with his hand over it and his heart. This could be a reference to his position as the scribe of one of the Gospels. He has blond hair and blue eyes, and his robes are in shades of rich blue and red. The robes flow around him, forming interlaced, almost geometric shapes, echoing those around the border. There is a border surrounding the portrait. In this case, John's halo, a marker of his holy status, breaks the frame created by the border. The border is relatively sparse above and below the Evangelist, however on the left and the right elaborate designs have been created within the border. Interlaced line work fills squares in all four corners, two panels on the left and the right feature interlocking animal shapes, elongated and interlaced to the point of being nearly unrecognizable. Both of these patterns call to mind the style of metalwork also popular in this period. The colors are faded, but the richness of this image is evident by the use of gold and the immense attention to detail, making this one of the leading examples of illuminated manuscript art from this period.

Early Irish Manuscript Project.

Trinity College, Dublin has recently launched a major initiative, called the Early Irish Manuscripts Project, to conserve, research, and digitize the manuscripts in their collection. These manuscripts include the Book of Mulling, Book of Dimma, Garland of Howth, and Codex Usserianus Primus. This project has encouraged new research on these manuscripts, as well as greater access to them, as they are available online. The goal of the Early Irish Manuscript Project is to encourage and facilitate new research on the manuscripts in the collection of Trinity College Dublin.  Non-destructive pigment analysis was used in the research.

The Book of Mulling or less commonly, Book of Moling (Dublin, Trinity College Library MS 60 (A. I. 15)), is an Irish pocket Gospel Book from the late 8th century. The text collection includes the four Gospels, a liturgical service which includes the "Apostles' Creed", and in the colophon, a supposed plan of St. Moling's monastery enclosed by two concentric circles.

Das Book of Mulling ist ein kleinformatiges Evangeliar, das in der Bibliothek des Trinity College in Dublin, Irland, aufbewahrt wird und dort die Signatur IE TCD MS 60 hat. Es handelt sich um ein Hauptwerk der insularen Buchmalerei aus der zweiten Hälfte des 8. Jahrhunderts. Die Pergamentblätter der Handschrift sind heute voneinander getrennt. Sie haben die Abmessungen 165 mm × 120 mm.


Being autonomous as a weapon.

Being "autonomous" has different meanings in different fields of study. In engineering it may refer to the machine's ability to operate without human involvement. In philosophy it may refer to an individual being morally independent. In political science it may refer to an area's capability of self-governing. In terms of military weapon development, the identification of a weapon as autonomous is not as clear as in other areas. The specific standard entailed in the concept of being autonomous can vary hugely between different scholars, nations and organizations.  Various people have many definitions of what constitutes a lethal autonomous weapon. Heather Roff, a writer for Case Western Reserve University School of Law, describes autonomous weapon systems as "armed weapons systems, capable of learning and adapting their 'functioning in response to changing circumstances in the environment in which [they are] deployed,' as well as capable of making firing decisions on their own." This definition of autonomous weapon systems is a fairly high threshold compared to the definitions of scholars such as Peter Asaro and Mark Gubrud's definitions seen below.  Scholars such as Peter Asaro and Mark Gubrud are trying to set the threshold lower and judge more weapon systems as autonomous. They believe that any weapon system that is capable of releasing a lethal force without the operation, decision, or confirmation of a human supervisor can be deemed autonomous. According to Gubrud, a weapon system operating partially or wholly without human intervention is considered autonomous. He argues that a weapon system does not need to be able to make decisions completely by itself in order to be called autonomous. Instead, it should be treated as autonomous as long as it actively involves in one or multiple parts of the "preparation process", from finding the target to finally firing.  Other organizations, however, are setting the standard of autonomous weapon system in a higher position. The Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom) defines autonomous weapon systems as "systems that are capable of understanding higher level intent and direction. From this understanding and its perception of its environment, such a system is able to take appropriate action to bring about a desired state. It is capable of deciding a course of action, from a number of alternatives, without depending on human oversight and control - such human engagement with the system may still be present, though. While the overall activity of an autonomous unmanned aircraft will be predictable, individual actions may not be."  As a result, the composition of a treaty between states requires a commonly accepted labeling of what exactly constitutes an autonomous weapon.

Automatic defensive systems.

The oldest automatically-triggered lethal weapon is the land mine, used since at least the 1600s, and naval mines, used since at least the 1700s. Anti-personnel mines are banned in many countries by the 1997 Ottawa Treaty, not including the United States, Russia, and much of Asia and the Middle East.  Some current examples of LAWs are automated "hardkill" active protection systems, such as a radar-guided CIWS systems used to defend ships that have been in use since the 1970s (e.g., the US Phalanx CIWS). Such systems can autonomously identify "and attack" oncoming missiles, rockets, artillery fire, aircraft and surface vessels according to criteria set by the human operator. Similar systems exist for tanks, such as the Russian Arena, the Israeli Trophy, and the German AMAP-ADS. Several types of stationary sentry guns, which can fire at humans and vehicles, are used in South Korea and Israel. Many missile defense systems, such as Iron Dome, also have autonomous targeting capabilities. Automatic turrets installed on military vehicles are called remote weapon stations.  The main reason for not having a "human in the loop" in these systems is the need for rapid response. They have generally been used to protect personnel and installations against incoming projectiles.

Autonomous offensive systems.

Systems with a higher degree of autonomy would include drones or unmanned combat aerial vehicles, e.g.: "The unarmed BAE Systems Taranis jet-propelled combat drone prototype may lead to a Future Combat Air System that can autonomously search, identify, and locate enemies but can only engage with a target when authorized by mission command. It can also defend itself against enemy aircraft" (Heyns 2013, §45). The Northrop Grumman X-47B drone can take off and land on aircraft carriers (demonstrated in 2014); it is set to be developed into an Unmanned Carrier-Launched Airborne Surveillance and Strike (UCLASS) system.  According to "The Economist", as technology advances, future applications of unmanned undersea vehicles might include mine clearance, mine-laying, anti-submarine sensor networking in contested waters, patrolling with active sonar, resupplying manned submarines, and becoming low-cost missile platforms. In 2018 the U.S. Nuclear Posture Review alleged that Russia is developing a "new intercontinental, nuclear-armed, nuclear-powered, undersea autonomous torpedo" named "Status 6".  Russian Federation is actively developing artificially intelligent missiles, drones, unmanned vehicles, military robots and medic robots.  Israeli Minister Ayoob Kara stated in 2017 that Israel is developing military robots, including ones as small as flies  In October 2018, Zeng Yi, a senior executive at Chinese Defense Firm Norinco, gave a speech in which he said that “In future battlegrounds, there will be no people fighting,” and that the use of lethal autonomous weapons in warfare is "inevitable." In 2019, US Defense Secretary Mark Esper lashed out at China for selling drones capable of taking life with no human oversight.  British Army deployed new unmanned vehicles and military robots in 2019.  US Navy is developing "ghost" fleets of unmanned ships.

Ethical and legal issues.

Standard used in US policy.

Current US policy states: "Autonomous... weapons systems shall be designed to allow commanders and operators to exercise appropriate levels of human judgment over the use of force." However, the policy requires that autonomous weapon systems that kill people or use kinetic force, selecting and engaging targets without further human intervention, be certified as compliant with "appropriate levels" and other standards, not that such weapon systems cannot meet these standards and are therefore forbidden. "Semi-autonomous" hunter-killers that autonomously identify and attack targets do not even require certification. Deputy Defense Secretary Robert Work said in 2016 that the Defense Department would "not delegate lethal authority to a machine to make a decision", but might need to reconsider this since "authoritarian regimes" may do so. In October 2016 President Barack Obama stated that early in his career he was wary of a future in which a US president making use of drone warfare could "carry on perpetual wars all over the world, and a lot of them covert, without any accountability or democratic debate". In the US, security-related AI has fallen under the purview of the National Security Commission on Artificial Intelligence since 2018. On October 31, 2019, the Unites States Department of Defense's Defense Innovation Board published the draft of a report outlining five principles for weaponized AI and making 12 recommendations for the ethical use of artificial intelligence by the Department of Defense that would ensure a human operator would always be able to look into the 'black box' and understand the kill-chain process. A major concern is how the report will be implemented.

Possible violations of ethics and international acts.

Stuart Russell, professor of computer science from University of California, Berkeley stated the concern he has with LAWS is that his view is that it is unethical and inhumane. The main issue with this system is it is hard to distinguish between combatants and non-combatants.  There is concern by some (e.g., Sharkey 2012) about whether LAWs would violate International Humanitarian Law, especially the principle of distinction, which requires the ability to discriminate combatants from non-combatants, and the principle of proportionality, which requires that damage to civilians is proportional to the military aim. This concern is often invoked as a reason to ban "killer robots" altogether - but it is doubtful that this concern can be an argument against LAWs that do not violate International Humanitarian Law.  LAWs are said by some to blur the boundaries of who is responsible for a particular killing, but Thomas Simpson and Vincent Müller argue that they may make it easier to record who gave which command.

Campaigns on banning LAWs.

The possibility of LAWs has generated significant debate, especially about the risk of "killer robots" roaming the earth - in the near or far future. The group Campaign to Stop Killer Robots formed in 2013. In July 2015, over 1,000 experts in artificial intelligence signed a letter warning of the threat of an artificial intelligence arms race and calling for a ban on autonomous weapons. The letter was presented in Buenos Aires at the 24th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI-15) and was co-signed by Stephen Hawking, Elon Musk, Steve Wozniak, Noam Chomsky, Skype co-founder Jaan Tallinn and Google DeepMind co-founder Demis Hassabis, among others.  According to PAX fully automated weapons (FAWs) will lower the threshold of going to war as soldiers are removed from the battlefield and the public is distanced from experiencing war, giving politicians and other decision-makers more space in deciding when and how to go to war. They warn that once deployed, FAWs will make democratic control of war more difficult - something that author of "Kill Decision" - a novel on the topic - and IT specialist Daniel Suarez also warned about: according to him it might recentralize power into very few hands by requiring very few people to go to war.  There are websites protesting the development of LAWs by presenting a possible future that scares the viewers if such researches on applying artificial intelligence on designation of weapons continues. On these websites, news about ethical and legal issues are constantly updated for visitors to recap with recent news about international meetings and research articles concerning LAWs.  The Holy See has called for the international community to ban the use of LAWS on several occasions. In November of 2018, Archbishop Ivan Jurkovic, the permanent observer of the Holy See to the United Nations, stated that “In order to prevent an arms race and the increase of inequalities and instability, it is an imperative duty to act promptly: now is the time to prevent LAWS from becoming the reality of tomorrow’s warfare.” The Church worries that these weapons systems have the capability to irreversibly alter the nature of warfare, create detachment from human agency and put in question the humanity of societies. , the majority of governments represented at a UN meeting to discuss the matter favoured a ban on LAWS. A minority of governments, including those of Australia, Israel, Russia, the UK, and the US, opposed a ban.

No Ban, But Regulation.

A third approach focuses on regulating the use of autonomous weapon systems in lieu of a ban. Military AI arms control will likely require the institutionalization of new international norms embodied in effective technical specifications combined with active monitoring and informal ('Track II') diplomacy by communities of experts, together with a legal and political verification process.

Lethal autonomous weapons (LAWs) are a type of autonomous military robot that can independently search for and engage targets based on programmed constraints and descriptions. LAWs are also called lethal autonomous weapon systems (LAWS), lethal autonomous robots (LAR), autonomous weapon systems (AWS), robotic weapons, killer robots or slaughterbots. LAWs may operate in the air, on land, on water, under water, or in space. The autonomy of current systems was restricted in the sense that a human gives the final command to attack - though there are exceptions with certain "defensive" systems.

Lethal autonomous weapons, kurz LAWs (deutsch: "Tödliche autonome Waffen") sind Waffensysteme, die entwickelt wurden, um militärische Ziele (Personen, Anlagen) ohne weitere menschliche Einwirkung auszuwählen und anzugreifen. Sie können in der Luft, an Land, zu Wasser, unter Wasser oder im Weltraum betrieben werden. Diese Waffensysteme können selbstständig Daten analysieren, sich frei in ihrem Einsatzgebiet bewegen und die ihnen zur Verfügung stehenden Waffen wie z. B. Maschinengewehre, Kanonen oder Raketen steuern. Erst durch Fortschritte auf dem Gebiet der künstlichen Intelligenz in den letzten Jahren wurde die Entwicklung solcher autonom agierender Systeme ermöglicht. Diese Roboter können entweder an bestimmten Stellen fest montiert sein, wie zum Beispiel auf Kriegsschiffen, entlang von Grenzen oder in der Nähe schützenswerter militärischer oder ziviler Einrichtungen. Oder sie können sich selbständig auf unterschiedlichste Arten fortbewegen.