History.

The breed began development in the 1980s when Judy Sugden, a breeder looking to find the difference between the mackerel markings in tabbies, noticed distinctive markings in one of her cats. These tiny spots occurring on the temples of the face (an area normally devoid of distinct pattern) proved genetically that the circular tiger face pattern could be possible in a domestic cat. After importing a tom from the streets of India with noticeable spotting breaking up the usual tabby lines on the top of the head, the quest to develop a toy-tiger began in earnest. About forty domestic cats from various countries were selected over several years as foundation stock, including Bengals, unpedigreed domestic short-haired cats with stripes, and at least one cat imported from India for its ear markings; each provided a specific desired trait or reinforcing ones already chosen (especially the striped appearance).  Judy Sugden was the daughter of Jean Mill (maiden name Jean Sugden). Jean Mill succeeded in creating the Domestic Bengal cat.  It has been said that all glitter in the Bengal cat, Egyptian Mau and Toyger breeds originates from cat that Jean Mill found in India: Millwood Tory of Delhi.  In 1993, TICA accepted the Toyger for Registration and in 2000 advanced them to the new breed exhibition classes, finally granting them full recognition as a championship cat in February 2007.

Breed standards.

The following is adapted from the 2008 TICA breed standard for the Toyger:

The toyger is a breed of domestic cat, the result of breeding domestic shorthaired tabbies (beginning in the 1980s) to make them resemble a "toy tiger", as its striped coat is reminiscent of the tiger's. The breed's creator, Judy Sugden, has stated that the breed was developed in order to inspire people to care about the conservation of tigers in the wild. It was recognized for "registration only" by The International Cat Association in the early 1990s, and advanced through all requirements to be accepted as a full championship breed in 2007. There are about 20 breeders in the United States and another 15 or so in the rest of the world,

Die Toyger ist eine Hauskatzenrasse, die einen kleinen Tiger (von "toy tiger", Spielzeug-Tiger) darstellen soll. Sie wird derzeit von der amerikanischen The International Cat Association (TICA) anerkannt.


History.

Founding of the business.

The Laird company was founded by William Laird, who had established the Birkenhead Iron Works in 1824. When he was joined by his son, John Laird in 1828, their first ship was an iron barge. John realised that the techniques of making boilers could be applied to making ships. The company soon became pre-eminent in the manufacture of iron ships and also made major advances in propulsion. In 1860, John Laird was joined in the business by his three sons, renaming it John Laird, Sons & Co. The sons continued the business after their father's death in 1874 as Laird Brothers.  Johnson Cammell & Co. was founded by Charles Cammell and Henry and Thomas Johnson: it made, amongst many other metal products, iron wheels and rails for Britain's railways and was based in Sheffield. In 1903 the businesses of Messrs. Cammell and Laird merged to create a company at the forefront of shipbuilding. The company also built a number of vehicles for the London Underground. An order was placed for 20 trailer cars and 20 control trailer cars in 1919, which were known as 1920 Stock, and were the first tube cars to be built with doors operated by compressed air. They ran with converted French motor cars, originally built in 1906. The doors were fitted with a sensitive edge, designed to re-open the door if someone became trapped in it, but the mechanism was too sensitive, and was removed after an initial trial period. The cars continued in operation until 1938, eight years after the motor cars were withdrawn, but following withdrawal, five cars became a mobile training school. Cammell Laird also built a number of Standard Stock vehicles for the Underground. They were one of five builders approached to build a sample car to a general specification, which were put into service in February 1923, and three of the builders subsequently built production runs. The company supplied 41 motor cars and 40 trailer cars in 1923, 25 control trailers in 1924, and a further 48 motor cars in 1925.  In 1927, they built 160 passenger coaches for use in India. To transport them, Cammell Laird asked Watsons of Gainsborough to build five dumb barges. The coaches were loaded onto the barges at Clifton, near Nottingham on the River Trent, and towed in pairs downriver by a twin-screwed tug named "Motorman", built by Henry Scarr of Hessle in 1925. They were taken to Hull for export. In 1929, the railway rolling stock business of Cammell Laird was spun off and merged to become Metropolitan-Cammell Carriage and Wagon Company Ltd.  Between 1829 and 1947, over 1,100 vessels of all kinds were launched from the Cammell Laird slipways into the River Mersey. Among the many famous ships made by the companies were the world's first steel ship, the "Ma Roberts", built in 1858 for Dr. Livingstone's Zambezi expedition, that was built in 1862 for the Confederate States of America, that holds the record fastest build time of any significant warship (nine months from her keel being laid till her launch), the first all-welded ship, the "Fullagar" built in 1920, Cunard's second, the aircraft carrier (1937) the battleship (1941) and the largest vessel to have been built for the Royal Navy up to that time, (1950).  In 1898, Cammell provided the half-inch armour plate used to fabricate the four Fowler Armoured Road Trains built during the Second Anglo-Boer War. The armoured road train was the first self-propelled, free-roaming, armoured military land vehicle ever built, predating the tanks of World War One by nearly two decades.

Post 1945 and 1993 closure.

The company was nationalised along with the rest of the British shipbuilding industry as British Shipbuilders in 1977. In 1986, it returned to the private sector as part of Barrow-in-Furness-based Vickers Shipbuilding and Engineering (VSEL). VSEL and Cammell Laird were the only British shipyards capable of producing nuclear submarines. In 1993, it completed HMS "Unicorn" (S43) – now. After the end of the "Upholder"-class submarine building programme in 1993, the owners of Cammell Laird, VSEL, announced the yard's closure. This was strongly opposed by the workforce through trade union campaigners including the GMB, led by communist firebrand official Barry Williams, a point noted in his obituary in the Liverpool Daily Post.

Re-establishment and ship repair.

Part of the shipyard site was leased by the Coastline Group as a ship repair facility. Coastline eventually bought part of the shipyard and adopted the Cammell Laird name, before floating on the London stock exchange in 1997 and acquiring dockyards at Teesside, Tyneside and Gibraltar.  After experiencing financial difficulties, partly due to the late withdrawal from a £50 million refit contract for the cruise ship cruise ship by Costa Crociere, the company was forced to enter receivership in April 2001, and the Birkenhead, Teesside and Tyneside shipyards owned by Cammell Laird shiprepair were acquired by the A&P Shiprepair Group in 2001. Cammell Laird Gibraltar, the Royal Dockyard facility in Gibraltar, was disposed of through a local management buyout.

Second rebirth as Cammell Laird Shiprepair.

A&P Group sold its Birkenhead subsidiary (A&P Birkenhead) to Northwestern Shiprepairers & Shipbuilders in 2005. Peel Holdings, owners of the Mersey Docks and Harbour Company and 50% owners of Northwestern Shiprepairers & Shipbuilders, purchased the Cammell Laird shipyard site and surrounding land in January 2007, to facilitate the proposed Wirral Waters development, although Northwestern Shiprepairers & Shipbuilders continue to maintain a long-term lease on the shipyard facilities, which will form an integral part of the regeneration scheme.  In 2007, it was announced that the occupiers of Cammell Laird Dock, Northwestern Shiprepairers & Shipbuilders, had acquired the rights to the Cammell Laird name. On 17 November 2008, Northwestern Shiprepairers & Shipbuilders officially renamed itself Cammell Laird Shiprepairers & Shipbuilders Limited, stating that recent economic success had made the time right, and that "Cammell Laird is an internationally recognised brand which carries tremendous goodwill when bidding for contracts."  In February 2008, it was announced that the company had won a £28m Ministry of Defence contract to overhaul the Royal Fleet Auxiliary ship.  In January 2010, it was announced that Lairds had received a £44m order for the flight decks of the Royal Navy's new aircraft carrier.  In May 2012, it was announced that complete shipbuilding was set to return to the yard with the awarding of preferred bidder status for two new car ferries for Dunoon-based operator, Western Ferries. Construction of and began in October 2012.  In April 2014, the government authorised procurement of a Royal Research Ship for the British Antarctic Survey, at an estimated cost of £200 million. Cammell Laird won the construction contract in 2015. The vessel, named is expected to enter service in 2019. It was announced in October 2017 that Cammell Laird had struck a 'teaming agreement' with BAE Systems to bid for Ministry of Defence contracts to build the Royal Navy's Type 31e frigates.  In 2018, Red Funnel chose the shipyard to construct a £10m cargo ferry,. Construction of the ferry began with a formal keel laying ceremony on 31 May and the vessel entered service a year later.  In October 2018 it was announced that the yard had won 'Lot 3' of an MOD contract to maintain the four new of tankers for the RFA in a deal worth an estimated £262m. A new contract worth £357m was also announced that would see Cammell Laird continue to maintain the nine RFA ships it currently supports.

Cammell Laird is a British shipbuilding company. The company came about following the merger of Laird Brothers of Birkenhead and Johnson Cammell & Co. of Sheffield at the turn of the twentieth century. The company also built railway rolling stock until 1929, when that side of the business was separated and became part of the Metropolitan-Cammell Carriage and Wagon Company.

Cammell, Laird & Company ist ein 1903 gegründetes britisches Schiffbauunternehmen in Birkenhead am Fluss Mersey. Die Werft lieferte im Jahre 1920 mit der "Fullagar" das weltweit erste vollständig geschweißte Seeschiff ab. Der aus den 1824 gegründeten "Birkenhead Iron Works" hervorgegangene Betrieb firmiert seit Ende 2008 unter dem Kürzel "Cammell Laird".


Club career.

Early years.

Mrdja scored a golden goal for Perth Glory in the final of the 2003–04 National Soccer League against Parramatta Power in the last match of the NSL.

Central Coast Mariners.

In December 2004, Mrdja signed with Central Coast Mariners to play in the newly formed A-League. In the Mariners first competitive fixture, an F3 Derby against the Newcastle Jets in qualification for the 2005 OFC Club Championship, Mrdja broke opposing defender Andrew Durante's leg with a tackle late in extra time. The incident subsequently gained prominence as a sparking point for the clubs' rivalry. On the field, Mrdja's early form for the Mariners was strong. In the club's next game against Adelaide United, Mrdja scored a hat-trick, sealing progress to the qualification final. He scored another hat-trick in a 2005 A-League Pre-Season Challenge Cup win over Queensland Roar.  However, soon after Mrdja suffered a knee injury causing him to miss the entire 2005–06 A-League season, eventually returning early in the 2006–07 season. His first goal in the A-League came from a direct free kick in a win over New Zealand Knights on 19 November 2006. Mrdja's knee injury continued to be an issue, and saw him miss much of the 2006–07 and 2007–08 seasons.

Melbourne Victory.

In February 2010, with the Mariners out of contention for the 2009–10 A-League finals, Mrdja was released by the Mariners and signed a short-term deal with Melbourne Victory to play in the final rounds of the A-League and in the 2010 AFC Champions League, as an injury replacement for Billy Celeski. At the same time, he signed a deal to play for the Mariners again in the 2010–11 season. The unusual nature of the move, despite being valid within the rules, created significant controversy, given its lateness in the season and the ban on direct loans between A-League clubs. The issue, and subsequent public controversy, prompted a review of the A-League's transfer rules by Football Federation Australia.  Mrdja made his debut for the Victory on 5 February 2010, coming on as a halftime substitute in a win over North Queensland Fury, in the second-last round of the 2009–10 A-League regular season. He scored his first goal for the club two weeks later, in a win in the first leg of the major semifinal against Sydney FC, before being sent off later in the match for elbowing Shannon Cole. Mrdja received a two-game suspension for the incident, which eventually saw him miss the 2010 A-League Grand Final.  Mrdja retired from professional football at the end of the 2010–11 season.

International career.

Mrdja was called up to the Australian national team for the first time in September 2007 for a friendly against Argentina, after an injury ruled out Scott McDonald and following Mrdja's good form in the A-League. In the game, at the Melbourne Cricket Ground, Mrdja made his debut as a substitute in the 82nd minute, coming on for Joshua Kennedy in a 1–0 defeat.

Nikola "Nik" Mrdja (born 30 November 1978) is an Australian former football player, who played as a striker. Born in Perth, Mrdja had a career spanning several National Soccer League (NSL) and A-League clubs from 1998 to 2011, as well as a brief spell in Sweden with AIK in 2004.

Nikola „Nik“ Mrdja (* 30. November 1978 in Perth) ist ein ehemaliger australischer Fußballspieler. Der Stürmer, der 2007 zu einem Länderspieleinsatz kam, gewann mit Perth Glory zwei australische Meistertitel in der National Soccer League und spielte in der Nachfolgeliga A-League von 2005 bis 2011 fast durchgehend für die Central Coast Mariners.


Career.

Fischer won most of her caps for Sweden as a defensive midfielder after her debut versus Norway in January 2001. Approaching a century of appearances, she was converted to a centre back by coach Pia Sundhage in 2013.  The change in position coincided with an upturn in goalscoring form for Fischer, who scored three times for hosts Sweden at UEFA Women's Euro 2013. Her performances in Sweden's run to the semi-finals prompted a contract offer from European Champions VfL Wolfsburg and Fischer agreed to move to Germany from 1 January 2014. In August 2013 the clubs reached a deal for "grateful" Fischer's immediate transfer. Fischer played the first competitive game for her new side in the Bundesliga 2013–14 season opener against Bayern Munich in front of a home crowd of 8,249 fans on 7 September 2013.

Matches and goals scored at World Cup & Olympic tournaments.

Nilla Fischer has represented Sweden in four World Cups (China 2007, Germany 2011, Canada 2015, France 2019) and three Olympic Games (Beijing 2008, London 2012, Rio 2016.) Her squad finished in third place in two of those World Cups (2011 and 2019), and won a Silver Medal in Rio.  Twice during Olympic play she scored her team's only goal of the match, securing wins against Argentina in 2008 and South Africa in 2016.  Her 35th minute goal against the USA on the final day of group play in the 2011 World Cup would prove to be the match winner. That result put Sweden atop their group, and is the only time the Americans have suffered defeat in the group stage of a World Cup.

Matches and goals scored at European Championship tournaments.

Nilla Fischer has appeared at three European Championship tournaments: Finland 2009, Sweden 2013, and Netherlands 2017.

Personal life.

In 2013 Fischer gave an interview to "QX" magazine in which she announced her intention to marry her partner Mariah-Michaela. They married in December 2013.

Åsa Nilla Maria Fischer (born 2 August 1984) is a Swedish footballer for Linköpings FC and the Swedish national team. She was previously the captain of LdB FC Malmö.

Nilla Fischer (* 2. August 1984 in Kristianstad) ist eine schwedische Fußballspielerin. Die Mittelfeldspielerin debütierte 2001 als 16-Jährige in der Nationalmannschaft. Sie war eine Zeit lang Kapitänin der Nationalmannschaft, u. a. bei den Olympischen Spielen in London.


Biography.

Rivera was born in Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain. He is most notable for his statements about his time as a Catholic priest and the inner workings of the Catholic Church. Most of these statements are fiercely disputed by the Catholic Church and others and Rivera was not able to provide compelling evidence in support of this statement. An exposé by Gary Metz in "Cornerstone" magazine as well as another one in "Christianity Today" questioned many of Rivera's statements about his life, alleging that he was a fraud. The two conflicting versions are summarized below.

Rivera's account.

According to Rivera, he was brought into a seminary in 1942 when he was 7. Two years later, as his mother was dying, she saw "ugly creatures" coming at her deathbed, and faced a "Christless eternity" because of her Catholic faith. When visiting his mother's grave, Rivera vowed to find answers to the truth. After education at an unnamed Catholic seminary, he was sent to destroy various Protestant organizations and discredit Protestant leaders, but Rivera says that he became disillusioned upon finding that the Vatican was behind Freemasonry and that its reverence of the Virgin Mary was contradicted by the Bible. In 1965, at an Ecumenical Conference in a Guatemalan stadium, he denounced the Catholic Church to an audience of 50,000 people. Rivera says that the Jesuits then sent him to a top-secret psychiatric hospital in Spain to make him embrace the Catholic faith—what Rivera referred to as "recanting his faith." Here he says that he was tortured and given poison until he nearly died, eventually being put into an iron lung because his lungs had broken down from the abuse. According to Rivera, he was "nearly at death" when he asked Jesus to forgive him and was miraculously healed. Rivera said that a senior Jesuit attempted to persuade Rivera to return to Catholicism, but instead was himself persuaded to give Rivera the passport and papers he needed to escape Spain. Afterwards, he flew to London and saved his sister María, a nun, after she nearly died in a convent of an unspecified illness or injury.

"Cornerstone"'s account.

According to the "Cornerstone" exposé, Rivera had a 'history of legal entanglements' including fraud, credit card theft, and writing bad checks. Warrants had been issued for his arrest in New Jersey and Florida, and he was wanted by the Spanish police for'swindles and cheats'. While in the U.S. in 1967, he said he was collecting money for a Spanish college, which never received this money. The details of his religious statements changed over time. For example, in 1964 he said that he had left the Catholic Church in July 1952. Rivera later put the date at March 20, 1967 - an almost 15-year discrepancy. Despite this second statement of conversion from Catholicism in March 1967, Rivera was still promoting Catholicism in a newspaper interview of August that same year. Although supposedly placed involuntarily in the sanatorium where he said he was nearly murdered in 1965 and held there for three months, he gave the date of his release as September 1967. This leaves a period of more than a year unaccounted for in Rivera's narrative.  The document exhibited by Rivera to prove his status as a Catholic priest was fraudulent. The Catholic Church says his statement of having been a Jesuit priest, or another statement that he was a bishop, are not true. He had only one sister in London. She was not a nun, and she did not live in a convent, so the statement that his sister the nun nearly died in a convent in London was a lie. In an employment form dated 1963, Rivera stated he was married to Carmen Lydia Torres, and the couple had two children in the U.S.. In his narrative, Rivera said that he was a priest living in Spain in 1963.  "Cornerstone" also questioned Rivera's statement to various degrees, including three doctorates (Th.D., D.D., and Ph.D.), reporting that his known chronology did not allow enough time to have completed these degrees. Rivera allegedly admitted that he had received these degrees from a non-accredited entity sometimes referred to as a diploma mill located in the state of Colorado.

Allegations against Catholicism.

Rivera said that the Jesuit order was responsible for the creation of communism, Islam, and Nazism, and causing the World Wars, recession, the Jonestown Massacre, and the assassinations of Abraham Lincoln and John F. Kennedy (a Catholic). Rivera further says that the Catholic Church wants to spread homosexuality and abortion (notwithstanding the church's stated opposition to homosexual acts and abortion) and that the Charismatic Movement is somehow a "front" for the Catholic Church. He further said, as have Protestant polemicists since Martin Luther's On the Babylonian Captivity of the Church, that the Popes are antichrists, and that the Catholic Church is the Whore of Babylon. He has also said that the Jesuits were the masterminds behind the Medieval Inquisition in the 13th century. The Jesuits were, in fact, founded in 1539.

Allegations about Catholicism and Islam.

Rivera also made several allegations about Islam, which he did not offer proof for. This includes allegations that Muhammad was manipulated by the Catholic Church to create Islam and destroy the Jews and other groups of Christians, and that Muhammad's first wife Khadijah bint Khuwaylid, was actually a Catholic nun in an Arabian monastery, who was told by a bishop to marry Muhammad and create Islam. Rivera also alleged that the Vatican staged an apparition at Fátima (named after Fatimah, daughter of Muhammad) to cultivate favor with Muslims. He further says that it also staged the 1981 assassination attempt on Pope John Paul II using a Muslim as the marksman "to guilt-induce the Muslim world, bringing them still closer to the Catholic faith!"

Presence in "Chick Tracts".

Six of Jack Chick's comics feature Rivera specifically: "Alberto", "Double Cross", "The Godfathers", "The Force", "Four Horsemen", and "The Prophet". He also wrote the introduction to Chick's republication of The Secret History of the Jesuits by Edmond Paris.

Death.

Rivera died in 1997 of colon cancer. His ministry was taken over by his widow, Nury Rivera. A popular conspiracy theory alleges that Rivera died due to food poisoning. According to cemetery records, he is buried in Section Moore (28) L-14 #3 at Rose Hill Cemetery in Tulsa, Oklahoma.

Alberto Magno Rivera Romero (September 19, 1935June 20, 1997) was an anti-Catholic religious activist who was the source of many of the conspiracy theories about the Vatican espoused by fundamentalist Christian author Jack Chick.

Alberto Magno Romero Rivera (* 19. September 1935 in Las Palmas de Gran Canaria; † 20. Juni 1997 in Broken Arrow, Oklahoma) war Aktivist gegen die Römisch-katholische Kirche und laut eigenen Angaben ein ehemaliger katholischer Priester und Jesuit. Er warf der katholischen Kirche vor, den Kommunismus, den Islam und den Nationalsozialismus geschaffen zu haben. Außerdem sei die katholische Kirche verantwortlich für die Weltkriege, Rezessionen, das Jonestown-Massaker sowie die Ermordungen Abraham Lincolns und John F. Kennedys.


Club career.

After one season in KIF Örebro's Damallsvenskan team, 18-year-old Dahlkvist signed for national champions Umeå IK in December 2005. She found the adjustment to a higher standard of football difficult and was close to quitting Umeå on several occasions during the first two seasons. After settling into the team Dahlkvist developed into one of Sweden's best central midfielders, winning three Damallsvenskan titles with the club.  Dahlkvist also played in Umeå's two UEFA Women's Cup final defeats in 2007 and 2008. She scored a penalty in the away leg of the 2008 final.  In autumn 2009 Dahlkvist decided to leave Umeå and received offers from leading Damallsvenkan clubs Kopparbergs/Göteborg FC and Linköpings FC. She accepted the offer from Göteborg. When Dahlkvist's contract expired in 2011, Göteborg wanted to keep her, but she was linked with a transfer to league champions Malmö. Instead she decided to join big spending Tyresö FF on a two-year contract.  Tyresö won the Damallsvenskan title for the first time in the 2012 season and Dahlkvist collected her fourth league winner's medal, in addition to three won with Umeå. Dahlkvist and Tyresö were upset in the final of the Svenska Cupen, by her former club Göteborg who won 2–1 after extra time. Dahlkvist started Tyresö's 4–3 defeat by Wolfsburg in the 2014 UEFA Women's Champions League Final. Her first-half collision with Wolfsburg's Lena Goeßling left the German playing with a bandaged facial injury.  Tyresö suffered a financial collapse in 2014 and withdrew from the 2014 Damallsvenskan season, expunging all their results and making all their players free agents. The Stockholm County Administrative Board published the players' salaries, showing Dahlkvist was one of the higher earners at SEK 39 000 per month.  Former club Umeå were not interested in re-signing Dahlkvist, claiming they already had better players than her. Dahlkvist told the "Expressen" newspaper that salary was of secondary importance and she was prepared to take a pay cut in order to join the right team. In July 2014 she agreed to join Norwegian Toppserien club Avaldsnes IL, who also made an unsuccessful attempt to sign her former Tyresö teammate Marta.  After the ending of the 2014 season Dahlkvist chose to leave Avaldsnes IL, returning to Sweden's Damallsvenskan and KIF Örebro, the club that she played for at the beginning of her senior career. After just half a season back at Örebro, Dahlkvist moved on again, joining compatriots Caroline Seger and Kosovare Asllani at Paris Saint-Germain Féminines of the French Division 1 Féminine.

International career.

Coach Thomas Dennerby gave Dahlkvist her senior Sweden debut on 12 February 2008, a 2–0 win over England in Cyprus. She attended the 2008 Beijing Olympics as one of the squad's reserve players and had been considered for the main squad when the more experienced midfielder Caroline Seger had a pre-tournament injury scare.  The following year, Dahlkvist was included in the main squad for UEFA Women's Euro 2009 in Finland. She started all three matches and performed well as Sweden topped their group, but was dropped to the substitutes' bench for the 3–1 quarter-final defeat by Norway, making way for Nilla Fischer.  In June 2011 Sweden included Dahlkvist in their squad for the 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup. She was a notable success at the tournament, scoring in three successive games: the only goal in Sweden's second group match against North Korea; putting the Swedes ahead from a penalty kick against the United States; and adding a goal in the 3–1 quarter-final win over Australia. Her three goals led all Swedish players in the tournament.  Sweden finished third after losing their semi-final to Japan in Frankfurt then beating France 2–1 in Sinsheim. Third place in the World Cup also ensured Sweden's qualification for the 2012 Olympic football tournament in England. Dennerby kept Dahlkvist in Sweden's squad for the games, where they lost to France in the quarter-finals. Dahlkvist's form had dipped since the previous year's World Cup.  During the build up to UEFA Women's Euro 2013 in Sweden, Dahlkvist recognised that new coach Pia Sundhage preferred Caroline Seger and Marie Hammarström as the national team's first choice central midfield pairing. Despite questionable fitness Dahlkvist was included in Sweden's squad for the 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup in Canada. Sundhage described the decision as "a gamble" and hoped Dahlkvist could rediscover the excellent form she had shown at the previous World Cup four years earlier. At the finals, Sweden drew all three of their group stage matches against Nigeria, United States, and Australia. They were eliminated in the round of 16 after losing 4-1 to Germany.  Dahlkvist remained with the squad for the 2016 Rio Olympics, where Sweden took home the Silver Medal. Though she did not score during the run of play, she was the final taker for Sweden in penalty shoot-outs in both the Quarter-Final match against the USA and the Semi-Final match against hosts Brazil. Her penalty kicks were successful in both contests.

Playing style.

Dahlkvist is a central midfield player whose main strength is her range of passing. UEFA.com wrote that Dahlkvist also reads the game well and takes responsibility during matches, a trait apparent even when she was a youngster. During the 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup, the "Dagens Nyheter" newspaper described the industrious Dahlkvist as a "tough workhorse in both defence and attack". She is seen as a player who thrives on the big occasion and won praise for calmly converting her 2011 World Cup penalty past the United States' celebrated goalkeeper Hope Solo, a feat she repeated in the Rio Olympics.

Personal life.

Dahlkvist identifies as a lesbian and came out publicly in 2008. She's married and has a daughter.

Lisa Karolina Viktoria Dahlkvist (born 6 February 1987) is a Swedish professional football midfielder who plays for Umeå IK and the Sweden national team. She previously played in the Swedish Damallsvenskan for Umeå IK, Kopparbergs/Göteborg FC, Tyresö FF, and KIF Örebro, in the Norwegian Toppserien for Avaldsnes IL and in the French Division 1 Féminine for Paris Saint-Germain.

Lisa Dahlkvist (* 6. Februar 1987 in Stockholm) ist eine schwedische Fußballspielerin. Die Mittelfeldspielerin, die mit Umeå IK drei Meistertitel gewann, debütierte 2008 in der schwedischen Nationalmannschaft. Sie ist die Tochter von Sven Dahlkvist, der zwischen 1979 und 1985 39-mal für die Schwedische Nationalmannschaft spielte und 1984 Fußballer des Jahres in Schweden wurde.


Overview.

Livestation aggregated international news channels online and offered them in a number of ways:  Livestation broadcast streams encoded in VC-1 format (Livestation is not currently using peer-to-peer). Playback controls were overlaid on top of the video stream. Unlike services such as Joost which offer video on demand channels, Livestation streams live broadcasts.  Livestation provided a website, mobile website and native applications for iOS, Android, Nokia and Blackberry handsets. Early models of Samsung TV were also supported. They also provided desktop software available for Windows, Mac (including PowerPC) and Linux. The cross-platform compatibility of the desktop software was facilitated by the Qt framework. Social networking features were later added that include the ability to chat with other viewers and also find out what others are watching through a user generated rating system. You could search and select the available channels either from the website, or from within the software.  In the first quarter of 2011 by 1047 percent, resulting in the first profitable quarter in its history.  Between mid-June and mid-July 2013, Livestation suffered a prolonged series of technical issues and was unavailable to some users.  In early 2015, Livestation re-branded their entire site changing what channels were offered and bringing in an interactive feature. Some stations on the app were not on the mainsite and vice versa.

Available channels.

Stations available until closure and former live TV news channels in the global offering (which comes with a default installation) included, as of 2016:  As of 2016, the Livestation site is closed.

Livestation was a platform for distributing live television and radio broadcasts over a data network. It was originally developed by Skinkers Ltd. and is now an independent company called Livestation Ltd. The service was originally based on peer-to-peer technology acquired from Microsoft Research. Between mid-June 2013 and mid-July Livestation was unavailable to some subscribers due to technical issues.

Livestation war eine Plattform, über die Fernseh- und Radio-Programme live über das Internet übertragen und empfangen werden konnten. Sie wurde von Skinkers Ltd. entwickelt und basierte auf einer Peer-to-Peer-Technologie von Microsoft Research. Die Nutzung setzte eine kostenlose Registrierung bei Livestation voraus.


Components.

CDEmu consists of:  The software is portable to other operating systems supported by GLib, with the exceptions of the kernel module and the clients which rely on d-bus communication.

History.

CDemu was originally designed by Robert Penz and Justus Schwartz as a patch for MPlayer that allowed mounting.CUE/.BIN files. After the patch was completed, they realized the simplicity, and wrote a module for Linux kernel.  Originally, CDemu was named Virtual CD, but this name had been previously trademarked, and the owners of the trademark requested that they not use the name.  As of June, 2007, development on CDemu 0.8 ceased and a rewrite was developed instead. Most of this work was done by Rok Mandeljc. This new version of CDemu took another approach to the emulation by doing as much as possible in userspace. As of June 2008 it is considered to be mostly stable.

Status.

As of version 2.0.0 CDemu supports the following image formats:  The emulator endeavors to follow the MMC-3 standard for SCSI optical drives as closely as possible, ensuring realistic and accurate emulation.  Optical media emulated by CDemu can be mounted within Linux.  CDemu has the support for CD subchannels, CD-Text, ISRC,MCN and ECC/EDC, DPM/RMPS. There is also some support for a limited number of encrypted and compressed image formats.  The developers are working on supporting as many major formats as they can, and they encourage users to submit patches to this end.

See also.

Alternative Linux programs that are available in the repositories of Debian, Ubuntu and Fedora Linux:

CDemu is a free and open-source virtual drive software, designed to emulate an optical drive and optical disc (including CD-ROMs and DVD-ROMs) on the Linux operating system.

CDemu ist ein freier CD-/DVD-/Blu-ray-Laufwerk-Emulator für Linux, womit Speicherabbilder (engl. „“) in virtuelle Laufwerke geladen werden können. Die Software wird unter der GNU General Public License veröffentlicht.


Geography.

Aubignas is located some 10 km west by north-west of Montelimar, 6 km north-west of Le Teil and 16 km south of Privas. Access to the commune is by Route nationale N102 from Le Teil in the south-east which passes through the south of the commune forming part of the southern border and continues west to Saint-Jean-le-Centenier. Access to the village in the centre of the commune is by the Champagnet road which goes north from the N102. Apart from the village there is the hamlet of Pignatelle in the south The commune is forested in the north with farmland in the south.  The Frayol rises in the north of the commune and flows south-east gathering many tributaries and continuing to join the Rhone at Le Teil. The Ruisseau des Avents forms the eastern border of the commune as it flows south to join the Frayol as it leaves the commune. The Ruisseau de l'Eguille rises in the north-west of the commune and flows south to join the Escoutay at Alba-la-Romaine.

Administration.

List of Successive Mayors

Demography.

In 2010 the commune had 418 inhabitants. The evolution of the number of inhabitants is known from the population censuses conducted in the commune since 1793. From the 21st century, a census of communes with fewer than 10,000 inhabitants is held every five years, unlike larger towns that have a sample survey every year.

Distribution of Age Groups.

The population of the town is relatively old. The ratio of persons above the age of 60 years (22%) is higher than the national average (21.6%) but lower than the departmental average (26.8%). As for national and departmental allocations, the male population of the town is less than the female population (49% against 48.4% nationally and 48.2% at the departmental level).  Percentage Distribution of Age Groups in Aubignas and Ardèche Department in 2010  Sources:

Culture and heritage.

Civil heritage.

The commune has many houses and farmhouses that are registered as historical monuments:

Religious heritage.

The commune has a church and some structures that are registered as historical monuments:  The Church contains many items that are registered as historical objects:

Aubignas is a commune in the Ardèche department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region of southern France. The inhabitants of the commune are known as "Aubignassiens" or "Aubignassiennes".

Aubignas ist eine französische Gemeinde mit Einwohnern (Stand ) im Département Ardèche in der Region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes. Die Bewohner werden "Aubignassiens" und "Aubignassiennes" genannt.


History.

The event was formed in 1984 by Raquel Giscafré as the Ginny of San Diego. Prior to this there had been two previous women's tennis tournaments in San Diego: a Virginia Slims event in 1971 and the Wells Fargo Open, which ran from 1979 to 1982. Giscafre's former doubles partner, Jane Stratton, attained co-ownership of the tournament from 1986 until the event's cessation. The tournament has had various principal sponsors throughout its history, and has been played under the headings of the Great American Bank Classic, the Mazda Classic and the Toshiba Classic. The tournament was known for its strong player fields, location in the hills and atmosphere.  Although the tournament achieved Tier-I status only in 2004, it became a draw to the heavyweights in women's tennis since its inception in the 1980s, being a crucial warm-up tournament leading to the US Open. Past champions of the tournament include former world number ones Steffi Graf, Jennifer Capriati, Lindsay Davenport, Venus Williams, Martina Hingis, Justine Henin, and Maria Sharapova. Six players won the tournament more than once, four of them consecutively. Graf holds the record for most wins (4); Venus Williams holds the record for most consecutive titles (3).  The tournament was suspended after the 2007 edition. On September 7, 2009, the Sony Ericsson WTA Tour announced the return of professional women's tennis to San Diego in 2010, under the sponsorship of Mercury Insurance. The Mercury Insurance Open was renamed the Southern California Open starting in 2013.  In 2014, the event was relocated to Tokyo, Japan.  The tournament became the Carlsbad Classic in 2015, hosted by the Park Hyatt Aviara Resort in Carlsbad, California, from November 23–29. As a WTA 125K Series event, the Carlsbad Classic featured a 32-player singles main draw, an 8-player qualifying draw, and an 8-team doubles draw with $125,000 in prize money. It was the first WTA tournament held during Thanksgiving week.  Sponsor history:

The Southern California Open was a WTA 125K series affiliated professional women's tennis tournament held at the La Costa Resort and Spa in Carlsbad, California.

Das WTA San Diego (offiziell: Mercury Insurance Open) ist ein Damen-Tennisturnier der WTA Tour, das im San Diego County, Kalifornien, ausgetragen wurde. Von 2011 bis 2013 war der Veranstaltungsort das "La Costa Resort and Spa" in der Stadt Carlsbad.


History.

The Little House was built some time around 1600 by, a canon of the diocese of Constance and descendant of Jakob Fugger the Rich. In 1604, he became the Prince-Bishop of Constance, though he continued to reside at the Little House until his death in 1626. So did succeeding Prince-Bishops, giving the residence its name ("Fürstenhäusle"), until the Prince-Bishopric was secularized in 1803 and absorbed into the Electorate of Baden. After secularization, the Little House stood empty.  Over two centuries after Prince-Bishop Fugger's death, in 1797, the poet Annette von Droste-Hülshoff was born. She began to find literary success at a young age, but was weighed down with familial obligations, and frequently ill. To find solace, the poet frequently spent time in Meersburg with her sister and her husband, Joseph von Laßberg, at Meersburg Castle. From 1841 especially, Droste-Hülshoff spent most of her time in Meersburg, where, in November 1843, the Little House went to auction. Droste-Hülshoff, desiring a private residence for herself in later years, participated with little competition. Thus, the purchase came out to 400 Reichsthaler, a sum supplied by her own revenue and Laßberg's annuity. The poet was very fond of her purchase and wrote glowingly of it in letters to friends and family. However, she had never resided there by the time she died in 1848, aged 51.  Droste-Hülshoff's descendants transformed the Little House into a museum dedicated to their forebear and her works in 1923. also added a new wing and moved the entrance.  In 1947, Heinrich von Bothmer-Schwegerhoff, another descendant of Droste-Hülshoff, and his American wife,, moved into the Little House. Bothmer operated the museum until her death in 1996 and even endowed a literary prize for women poets, the Droste Literary Award for Poetry, in 1957.

Grounds and architecture.

When Annette von Droste-Hülshoff was residing at the Little House, it consisted of a state room and a kitchen on the ground floor, which housed a staircase into a common room and bedrooms for herself and a maid. Droste-Hülshoff described the state room as a "glass case" having an oriel with a canapé, heated with a tile stove. Memorabilia from the poet's time, such as photographs and coins, are also found here. In the alcove nearby is located Droste-Hülshoff's collection of jewels. The upstairs room the poet described as a "swallow's nest", decorated now with copies of Droste-Hülshoff's manuscripts, miniature portraits, and family photographs. Also on display here are valuable textiles and books, such as first-edition copies of works by herself, Goethe, and Levin Schücking. During her ownership of the Little House, Droste-Hülshoff had it repainted.  The portion of the Little House that existed when Annette von Droste-Hülshoff purchased the house is arranged as she described it. Within that portion is a museum dedicated to Droste-Hülshoff's life work. It contains artifacts such as silhouettes Droste-Hülshoff made, locks of her hair, and letters and writing instruments of hers.  The wing added by Carl von Droste-Hülshoff is now the visitor's center.

The Little House, also called the Prince's House ("Fürstenhäusle"), is a historic house and museum located in Meersburg, Germany, overlooking Lake Constance. It was the residence of the poet Annette von Droste-Hülshoff, to whom the museum is dedicated.

Das Fürstenhäusle ist ein historisches Gebäude und Museum zur Erinnerung an Annette von Droste-Hülshoff in Meersburg. Es befindet sich wenige Schritte vom Meersburger Obertor oberhalb in einem Weinberg.


Initial and enduring popularity.

"Whispering" was most famously recorded by Paul Whiteman and his Ambassador Orchestra on August 23, 1920, for the Victor Talking Machine Company. Whiteman — Denver-born, ex-navy, and self-acclaimed "King of Jazz" — flourished in popularity from a series of hits beginning in 1920 with his release of "Whispering", an eleven-week U.S. No. 1 hit, which stayed 20 weeks in the charts and sold in excess of two million copies.Whiteman never referred to himself as "King of Jazz" but was billed as such by managers and record producers much as Benny Goodman later would be called the "King of Swing". Both Whiteman and Goodman openly acknowledged their debt to the earlier African-American musicians and each employed Black Americans as composers, arrangers and in Goodman's case being one of the first to have a mixed stage band. In 2020, Whiteman's rendition was selected by the Library of Congress for preservation in the National Recording Registry for being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".  The song charted twice in the nineteen-sixties. In 1963, Irish singers the Bachelors had a hit with their version which went to the Top 20 in the UK. In 1964, after recording their hit "Deep Purple", American brother and sister singers Nino Tempo and April Stevens had a new hit with "Whispering". This version went to number eleven on the Hot 100 and number four on the Easy Listening chart.  According to Allmusic, there have been over 700 versions of the song. As of 2010, on the online music site, there were 161 listed albums or singles containing the song "Whispering". As of 2014, "TJD Online", the online version of "The Jazz Discography", listed 225 recording sessions, beginning with Ray Miller and his Black and White Melody Boys, who recorded it on about July 16, 1920, Okeh 4167-A. Also, as of 2014, "TJD Online" listed 281 recording sessions of Dizzy Gillespie's composition, "Groovin' High", a contrafact variation of "Whispering".

Compositional structure.

"Whispering", originally scored in E major, is in time. It has a 12-bar intro, the last 4 of which is an optional vamp — then a 16-bar A-theme is followed by a 32-bar repeated chorus. The 32 bars is essentially a 16-bar B-theme played twice — or 4 times with the repeat.  Dizzy's 1945 composition, "Groovin' High", is a contrafact of "Whispering". Following a standard practice in jazz, Diz front-ran the static V chords with ii chords (a "static chord" is a chord that doesn't change), setting up a series of ii–V progressions, which creates more structure for improvising. The ii chord has similar properties to a iv chord (as in the iv–V progression of church harmony). Because "Groovin' High" was a contrafact, performers, publishers, and record companies did not have to pay royalties to the original composers. Moreover, the contrafacted rendition followed a unified bebop convention — a series of ii–V chord changes with a ii–V–I turnaround — for jazz artists.

"Whispering" is a popular song. "Whispering" was first published in 1920 by Sherman, Clay & Co., of San Francisco. The initial 1920 copyright and first publishing attributes the lyrics to Malvin Schonberger and the music to John Schonberger.

Whispering ist der Titel eines Songs der Tin-Pan-Alley-Autoren Richard Coburn, Vincent Rose und Malvin Schonberger (Text) sowie John Schonberger (Komposition). Seine Interpretation durch das "Paul Whiteman Orchestra", veröffentlicht im September 1920, war weltweit der erste Millionenseller der Pop-Musikbranche.


Olympische Sommerspiele 1996/Teilnehmer (Deutschland)

Archery.

In Germany's sixth archery competition, the German women's team won the silver medal. Germany's highest placing individual was Barbara Mensing, who advanced to the quarterfinal before being defeated. No Germany men competed in Atlanta.  Women's Individual Competition:  Women's Team Competition:

Athletics.

Men's 100 metres  Men's 800 metres  Men's 1,500 metres  Men's 5,000 metres  Men's 10,000 metres  Men's 3,000 metres Steeplechase  Men's 110m Hurdles  Men's 4 × 100 m Relay  Men's 4 × 400 m Relay  Men's Marathon  Men's 20 km Walk  Men's 50 km Walk  Men's Long Jump  Men's High Jump  Men's triple jump  Men's Pole Vault  Men's Shot Put  Men's Decathlon  Men's Discus Throw  Men's Hammer Throw  Men's Javelin Throw <br> Women's 100 metres  Women's 200 metres  Women's 400 metres  Women's 800 metres  Women's 1,500 metres  Women's 5,000 metres  Women's 10,000 metres  Women's Marathon  Women's 10 km Walk  Women's 100m Hurdles  Women's 400m Hurdles  Women's 4 × 100 m Relay  Women's 4 × 400 m Relay  Women's Javelin Throw  Women's High Jump  Women's Discus Throw  Women's Shot Put  Women's Heptathlon

Badminton.

Men's Competition  Women's Competition

Canoeing.

Men's Flatwater Competition  Women's Flatwater Competition  Men's Slalom Competition  Women's Slalom Competition

Cycling.

Road Competition.

Men's Individual Time Trial  Women's Individual Road Race

Track Competition.

Men's Points Race

Mountain Bike.

Men's Cross Country  Women's Cross Country

Diving.

Men's 3m Springboard  Women's 3m Springboard  Women's 10m Platform

Equestrian.

Dressage  Jumping  Eventing

Fencing.

15 fencers, 9 men and 6 women, represented Germany in 1996.

Gymnastics.

Artistic Gymnastics.

Men's Competition  Women's Competition  Head Coach: Paul Lissek  Men's Competition

Hockey.

Women's Team Competition.

Women's Competition

Rowing.

Men's competition  Women's competition

Sailing.

Men's Competition  Women's Competition

Shooting.

Rifle  Pistol  Running Target  Trap and Skeet

Swimming.

Men's Competition.

Men's 50 m Freestyle  Men's 100 m Freestyle  Men's 200 m Freestyle  Men's 400 m Freestyle  Men's 1500 m Freestyle  Men's 100 m Backstroke  Men's 200 m Backstroke  Men's 100 m Breaststroke  Men's 100 m Butterfly  Men's 200 m Butterfly  Men's 200 m Individual Medley  Men's 4 × 100 m Freestyle Relay  Men's 4 × 200 m Freestyle Relay  Men's 4 × 100 m Medley Relay

Women's Competition.

Women's 50 m Freestyle  Women's 100 m Freestyle  Women's 200 m Freestyle  Women's 400 m Freestyle  Women's 800 m Freestyle  Women's 100 m Backstroke  Women's 200 m Backstroke  Women's 100 m Breaststroke  Women's 200 m Breaststroke  Women's 100 m Butterfly  Women's 200 m Butterfly  Women's 200 m Individual Medley  Women's 400 m Individual Medley  Women's 4 × 100 m Freestyle Relay  Women's 4 × 200 m Freestyle Relay  Women's 4 × 100 m Medley Relay

Table tennis.

Men's Competition  Women's Competition

Tennis.

Men's Singles Competition  Men's Doubles Competition  Women's Singles Competition

Weightlifting.

Men's Light-Heavyweight (— 83 kg)  Men's Heavyweight (108 kg)

Wrestling.

Greco-Roman  Freestyle

Germany competed at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, United States. 465 competitors, 278 men and 187 women, took part in 234 events in 26 sports.

Deutschland nahm bei den Olympischen Sommerspielen 1996 in der US-amerikanischen Metropole Atlanta mit 465 Sportlern, 187 Frauen und 278 Männern, in 234 Wettbewerben in 26 Sportarten teil.


Manuscript tradition.

The earliest mention of the work is by Epiphanius of Salamis, who believed it to be truly Apostolic. He found it in use among the Audiani, Syrian heretics. The few extracts Epiphanius gives do not quite tally with our present text, but he is notoriously inexact in his quotations. At the end of the fourth century the "Didascalia" was used as the basis of the first six books of the "Apostolic Constitutions". At the end of the 4th century it is quoted in the Pseudo-Chrysostom's "Opus Imperfectum in Matthaeum". But the "Didascalia" never had a great vogue, and it was superseded by the Apostolic Constitutions.  The "Didascalia Apostolorum", whose lost original was in Greek, was first published in 1854 in Syriac by Paul de Lagarde. In 1900 Edmund Hauler published the Verona Palimpsest which includes a Latin translation of the Didascalia, perhaps of the fourth century, more than half of which has perished. In 1906 Franz Xaver von Funk published the texts, printed side by side, of both the "Didascalia" and the "Apostolic Constitutions", in order to show the similarities. A short fragment of chapter 15 has been found in Greek, and in 1996 another probable fragment in Coptic.

Contents.

The Latin title "Didascalia Apostolorum" means "Teaching of the Apostles", and the full title given in Syriac is: ""Didascalia, that is, the teaching of the twelve Apostles and the holy disciples of our Lord"". The text never touches upon dogma but concerns itself entirely with practice. In comparison with the "Didache", the "Didascalia" moved the main focus from the moral issues to liturgical practice and church organization.  The content can be so summarized:  The church officials are bishops, deacons, priests, widows (and orphans); deaconesses are also added, in one place rectors, and once subdeacons (these last may have been interpolated). The preface to the English translation states, "The most salient feature of the Didascalia is its exaltation of the authority of the Bishops ; yet there is no mention of the Bishops of Rome as superior over other Bishops." Celibacy is preferred for bishops but not required for that office, while even the combing of hair (as well as long hair) is forbidden for men in general, lest they attract women. Especially noticeable is the treatment which bishops are ordered to give to penitents. Even great sinners, on repentance, are to be received with kindness, no sins are excepted. The canonical penance is to be of two to seven weeks. However, if a converted man "of the Jews or of the heathen" returned again to the sect in which he came from, then he was not to be received a second time into the church, but were to be regarded as unconverted. (Didascalia 20:16) The heresies mentioned are those of Simon Magus and Cleobius (this name is given also by Hegesippus), with Gnostics and Ebionites. Against these, Christians must believe in the Trinity, the Scriptures and the Resurrection. The original Law of Moses (specifically the Ten Commandments) is to be observed, along with all the regulations given prior to the incident of the Golden Calf (Exo. 32). But the "Second Law," the regulations given after the incident of the Golden Calf, were given to the Jews on account of the hardness of their hearts (Did. 26). In addition, the Sabbath rest is given a symbolic content, and the Christians are admonished to instead treat every day as belonging to the Lord, but not to keep the rest literally.  The Old Testament is frequently quoted, and often at great length. The Gospel is cited by name, usually that of Matthew, the other evangelists less often, and that of John least of all. The Acts of the Apostles and nearly all the Epistles are freely employed, including the Epistle to the Hebrews, but the Apocalypse is not cited. None of these could be named. Besides the "Didache", the "Didascalia" utilizes also other ancient Christian documents as the Acts of Paul and the Gospel of Peter.

Translation into English.

Margaret Dunlop Gibson was the first person to translate the work into English in 1903. It was published by C. J. Clay & Sons in Cambridge. R. Hugh Connolly translated the work into English in 1929. It was published by Clarendon Press, Oxford. It included an extensive introduction by Connolly. In the same year of 1929, G. Homer also did a translation, also in Oxford.

Didascalia Apostolorum, or just Didascalia, is a Christian treatise which belongs to the genre of the Church Orders. It presents itself as being written by the Twelve Apostles at the time of the Council of Jerusalem; however, scholars agree that it was actually a composition of the 3rd century, perhaps around 230 AD.

Die Didaskalia Apostolorum () ist eine frühchristliche Gemeindeordnung, die in der ersten Hälfte des 3. Jahrhunderts in Syrien entstand. Sie wurde ursprünglich in Griechisch verfasst, erhalten sind allerdings nur eine vollständige Version in der altsyrischen Sprache (daher oft auch "Syrische Didaskalia" genannt), einer Form des Aramäischen, und eine lückenhafte lateinische Übersetzung. Anscheinend von der Didache beeinflusst, fand sie später Verbreitung als Teil der Apostolischen Konstitutionen. Nach deren Aufkommen finden sich von der Didaskalia keine weiteren Spuren mehr.


Taxonomy.

Juvenile specimens of this species from Moa Island in Torres Strait have been described as a separate species, "Pteropus banakrisi". This supposed species was known as the "Torresian flying fox" or "Moa Island fruit bat".

Description.

The black flying fox has short, black hair with a contrasting reddish-brown mantle, and a mean forearm length of 164 mm (6.46 in) and a mean weight of 710 g (1.57 lb). It is one of the largest bat species in the world, and has a wingspan of more than 1 m.

Distribution.

Black flying foxes are native to Australia (New South Wales, Queensland, Northern Territory and Western Australia), Papua New Guinea (Western Province) and Indonesia (West Papua, Sulawesi, Sumba, and Savu).

Roosting habits.

During the day, individuals reside in large roosts (colonies or 'camps') consisting of hundreds to tens of thousands of individuals. They sometimes share their roosts with the grey-headed flying fox ("Pteropus poliocephalus"), the spectacled flying fox ("P. conspicillatus"), and/or the little red flying fox ("P. scapulatus"). They roost in mangroves, paperbark swamps, patches of rainforest and bamboo forests, and very rarely in caves or underneath overhangs.

Reproduction.

Black flying foxes breed once a year. A single young is born and carried by its mother for the first month of life, after which it is left behind in the roost when the mother is out foraging at night.

Diet.

Black flying foxes eat pollen and nectar from native eucalyptus, lilypillies, paperbark, and turpentine trees. When native foods are scarce, particularly during drought, the bats may take introduced or commercial fruits, such as mangos and apples. This species had been known to travel up to a night in search of food. In residential areas, the species has adapted to eating introduced cocos palm trees as a substitute for scarcer native species - and now accounts for around 30% of the animals' food source. However, the high acidity of the palm fruits can prove toxic and may lead to death.

Conservation.

The black flying fox is not listed as threatened on the IUCN Red List; nevertheless, the species is exposed to several threats, including loss of foraging and roosting habitat, and mass die-offs caused by extreme temperature events. When present in urban environments, black flying foxes are sometimes perceived as a nuisance. Because their roosting and foraging habits bring the species into conflict with humans, it suffers from direct killing of animals in orchards and harassment and destruction of roosts. In Indonesia, this species is frequently consumed as bushmeat, with concerns that the population loss might not be sustainable.

As a disease vector.

Negative public perception of the species has intensified with the discovery of three recently emerged zoonotic viruses that are potentially fatal to humans: Australian bat lyssavirus, Hendra virus, and Menangle virus. However, only the Australian bat lyssavirus is known from two isolated cases to be directly transmissible from bats to humans.

Wildlife rescue.

Flying foxes often come to the attention of Australian wildlife care and rescue organisations, such as Wildcare Australia, Orphan Native Animal Rear and Release Association Incorporated, Wildlife Carers Darling Downs, Bat Care, Bat Rescue, Tweed Valley Wildlife Carers, and WIRES when reported as injured, sick, orphaned or abandoned. A very high proportion of adult flying fox injuries are caused by entanglement in barbed wire fences or loose, improperly erected fruit tree netting, both of which can result in very serious injuries and a slow, agonizing death for the animal if not rescued quickly.

The black flying fox or black fruit bat ("Pteropus alecto") is a bat in the family Pteropodidae. It is among the largest bats in the world, but is considerably smaller than the largest species in its genus, "Pteropus". The black flying fox is native to Australia, Papua New Guinea, and Indonesia. It is not a threatened species.

Der Schwarze Flughund ("Pteropus alecto") ist eine Flughundart aus der Gattung "Pteropus" innerhalb der Familie der Eigentlichen Flughunde (Pteropodidae). Er ist in Südostasien und Australien verbreitet.


Appellations.

Wine Country is generally regarded as the combined counties of Napa, Sonoma, Mendocino, Lake, and Solano. These counties contain the following American Viticultural Areas (AVAs):  The six-county North Coast AVA overlaps with the Wine Country as defined here. In addition, the names of the counties themselves are legal for use as appellation names.

History.

The earliest prehistory of the Wine Country involves habitation by several Native American tribes from approximately 8000 BC. The principal tribes living in this region included the Pomo, Coast Miwok, Wappo and Patwin, whose early peoples practiced certain forms of agriculture, but probably not involving the cultivation of grapes. During the Mexican Colonial period and after, European settlers brought in more intensive agriculture to the Wine Country, including growing grapes and wine production. Some of the historical events that led to the establishment of California as a state transpired in the Wine Country. In particular, the town of Sonoma, is known as the birthplace of American California. Agoston Haraszthy is credited with being one of the forefathers of the California wine industry in Sonoma by his planting of grapes in the lower Arroyo Seco Creek watershed of Sonoma County.  In 2017, many portions of California's Wine Country were heavily devastated by wildfires, including the October 2017 Northern California wildfires.

Ecology.

A diversity of aquatic and terrestrial organisms populate the Wine Country and its riparian zones. Winter-run Chinook salmon ("Oncorhynchus tsawytscha"), Delta smelt ("Hypomesus transpacificus") and steelhead ("Oncorhynchus mykiss") are the most prominent fishes. Researchers have studied anadromous fish-movements extensively in Sonoma Creek and in the Napa River as well as in the Laguna de Santa Rosa - not only in the mainstems, but in many of the tributaries. These investigations have demonstrated a historical decline in spawning and habitat value for these species, primarily due to sedimentation and secondarily to removal of riparian vegetation since the 19th century.  A variety of salamanders, snakes and frogs are also present in the Wine Country. The federally listed as threatened California red-legged frog is present in the northern reach draining the south slopes of Annadel State Park. Several endangered species (mostly associated with the Napa Sonoma Marsh) present include Ridgway's rail ("Rallus obsoletus"), California black rail ("Laterallus jamaicensis"), California brown pelican ("Pelicanus occudentalis"), California freshwater shrimp ("Syncaris pacifica"), salt marsh harvest mouse ("Reithrodontomys raviventris" ), Suisun shrew ("Sorex ornatus sinuosus"), Sacramento splittail ("Pogonichtys macrolepidotus"). The above are endangered species with the exception of the splittail, steelhead and black rail, which are federally designated as threatened.  Upland ecosystems drained include mixed California oak woodland, chaparral and savannah woodland. In these upland reaches one finds plentiful black-tailed deer, coyote, skunk, raccoon, opossum, wild turkey, turkey vulture, red-tailed hawk and occasionally bobcat and mountain lion. Prominent higher elevation trees include: Coast live oak, Garry oak, Pacific madrone, California buckeye, Douglas fir, whereas valley oak is prevalent on the Wine Country valley floors.

Tourism.

The Wine Country has undergone a boom in tourism. In 1975 there were only 25 Napa Valley wineries; today there are well over 800 wineries in Napa and Sonoma Counties. Tourists come to the region not only for wine tasting, but also for hiking, bicycling, hot air ballooning, and historic sites, as well as the extensive culinary choices.  Numerous notable chefs and restaurateurs are present in the Wine Country, including Thomas Keller, John Ash, and Sondra Bernstein. Besides the obvious winery attractions, the Wine Country is known for the Sonoma County coastline along the Pacific Ocean, the Russian River valley, redwoods, hot spring baths, petrified forests and other natural areas.  The Wine Country tourism boom has its downside, exemplified by traffic congestion on State Route 29, particularly on summer weekends, when the number of tourists often exceeds the carrying capacity of the road. The Napa Valley is also experiencing pressures for increased urbanization and roadway upgrading. There have also been issues related to regulating home sharing. After a boom in residents renting rooms in private homes, the city government of Napa was forced to require any Napa Airbnb properties to register.

Wine Country is the region of California, in the northern Bay Area, known worldwide as a premier wine-growing region. The region is famed for its wineries, its cuisine, Michelin star restaurants, boutique hotels, luxury resorts, historic architecture, and culture. Viticulture and wine-making have been practiced in the region since the Spanish missionaries from Mission San Francisco Solano established the first vineyards in 1812.

Wine Country ist eine Weinbauregion in Nordkalifornien. Sie liegt nördlich von San Francisco und besteht aus über 400, überwiegend in Sonoma County und Napa County angesiedelten Weingütern. Zu den bekanntesten Weinbaugebieten der Region gehören Napa Valley, Sonoma Valley, Dry Creek Valley, Alexander Valley und Russian River Valley.


History.

The castle site has been occupied and fortified since at least the Roman era. The important trade road over the Septimer Pass runs through the Val Bregaglia. At Bondo the valley narrows leaving a narrow passage between the Maira river and a large rocky outcropping, making the castle site an ideal location for a customs station and fortification. The Romans built a guard station and village named "Murus" according to the 3rd century "Itinerarium Antonini". The foundations of several buildings as well as one building's hypocaust and two small votive altars have been excavated from the Roman settlement.  After the fall of the Western Roman Empire the Castelmur next appears in 842 as "castellum ad Bergalliam". At that time it was owned by the Emperor and held by Constantius of Sargans. It included the "porta bergalliae" a customs and toll station located nearby. In 960 Emperor Otto I granted the castle and right to collect tolls to the Bishop of Chur to help secure this important alpine trade route. In 988 Emperor Otto III confirmed his grandfather's grant to the Bishop and specifically mentioned both the castle and the nearby Nossa Donna Church. The current tower was probably built around 1200.  Over the following centuries the Bishop of Chur and the town of Chiavenna quarreled over Castelmur and in 1121 or 1122 the town captured the castle. However, Pope Callixtus II intervened and forced Chiavenna to return the castle to Chur. In 1190 the Bishop granted the castle to Albertus de Castello Muro or Castelmur. His descendants ruled over the castle until 1264 when Albertus Popus Castelmur stole cattle from the nobles of Chiavenna and Piuro, led to an invasion and the castle being conquered in 1268. These nobles held the Castelmur for four years before returning it to the Castelmurs in 1272. Around 1340 the Bishop reclaimed the castle and then mortgaged it to the Planta family for 200 Marks. To discourage the Planta family from trying to completely annex the lucrative castle and tolls, in 1410 the Bishop mortgaged it to Jacob Perutt von Castelmur for 150 Gulden. Twenty years later the Bishop used a loan from the Salis family to buy out the mortgage and give it to them. In 1490, for the last time, the Bishop gave the castle to Michel Pfannholz. However, he abandoned it in 1538 and left the castle to fall into ruin.  The castle ruins were repaired and cleaned in the 19th century by Baron Giovanni de Castelmur. In addition to the castle, he repaired and rededicated the nearby church of S. Maria (Nossa Donna). The church's bell tower is a Romanesque construction, but much of the church itself, including the nave are from this 19th century renovation. The church was first mentioned in 988.

Castle site.

The original fortification was a wall or "letzi" that straddled the valley between the Maira river and the castle hill. This wall, which was up to thick, had a gate that could be blocked by logs if needed. The remains of this wall are north-west of the main tower. In the 12th century a square tower with a ring wall were built on top of the steep outcrop. This tower allowed a noble family to take up residence and changed Castelmur from a toll collecting station into a regional administrative center. The five story square tower was on a side with walls on the lowest story. Much of this tower is still visible. The castle church was built below the castle hill south of the main tower. At some point, a second tower was added on a tall hill south of the main tower. This building measured about, though very little of it still remain.

Castelmur Castle is a castle in the village of Bondo in the municipality of Bregaglia of the Canton of Graubünden in Switzerland. It is a Swiss heritage site of national significance. The fortifications at Castelmur may be, after the Three Castles of Bellinzona, the most important example of medieval valley fortifications in modern Switzerland.

Die Burg und Talsperre von Castelmur ist die Ruine einer Höhenburg und einer Talsperre auf einem natürlichen Felsriegel in der Gemeinde Bregaglia im Bergell im schweizerischen Kanton Graubünden.


Location.

Camp 22 was located in Hoeryong county, North Hamgyong province, in northeast North Korea, near the border with China. It was situated in a large valley with many side valleys, surrounded by high mountains. The southwest gate of the camp was located around northeast of downtown Hoeryong, while the main gate was located around southeast of Kaishantun in China's Jilin province. The western boundary of the camp runs parallel to, and at a distance of from, the Tumen River, which forms the border with China. The camp was not included in maps until recently and the North Korean government denied its existence.

History.

The camp was founded around 1965 in Haengyong-ri and expanded into the areas of Chungbong-ri and Sawul-ri in the 1980s and 1990s. The number of prisoners increased sharply in the 1990s, when three other prison camps in North Hamgyong province were closed and the prisoners were transferred to Camp 22. "Kwan-li-so No. 11 (Kyongsong)" was closed in 1989, "Kwan-li-so No. 12 (Onsong)" was closed in 1992 and "Kwan-li-so No. 13 (Changpyong)" in 1992.

Description.

Camp 22 was around in area. It was surrounded by an inner 3300 volt electric fence and an outer barbed wire fence, with traps and hidden nails between the two fences. The camp was controlled by roughly 1,000 guards and 500–600 administrative agents. The guards were equipped with automatic rifles, hand grenades and trained dogs.  In the 1990s there were an estimated 50,000 prisoners in the camp. Prisoners were mostly people who criticized the government, people deemed politically unreliable (such as South Korean prisoners of war, Christians, returnees from Japan) or purged senior party members. Based on the guilt-by-association principle (Korean: 연좌제, "yeonjwaje") they are often imprisoned together with the whole family including children and the elderly, and including any children born in the camp. All prisoners were detained until they died; they were never released.  The camp was divided into several prison labour colonies: There was an execution site in Sugol Valley, at the edge of the camp.

Conditions in the camp.

Former guard Ahn Myong-chol describes the conditions in the camp as harsh and life-threatening. He recalls the shock he felt upon his first arrival at the camp, where he likened the prisoners to walking skeletons, dwarfs, and cripples in rags. Ahn estimates that about 30% of the prisoners had deformities, such as torn off ears, smashed eyes, crooked noses, and faces covered with cuts and scars resulting from beatings and other mistreatment. Around 2,000 prisoners, he says, had missing limbs, but even prisoners who needed crutches to walk were still forced to work.  Prisoners received of corn per meal (two times a day), with almost no vegetables and no meat. The only meat in their diets was from rats, snakes, frogs or even insects that they caught. Ahn estimated that 1,500–2,000 people died of malnutrition there every year, mostly children. Despite these deaths, the inmate population remained constant, suggesting that around 1,500–2,000 new inmates arrived each year.  Children received only very basic education. From the age of 6 onward they were work assigned, such as picking vegetables, peeling corn or drying rice, but received very little food — only in all per day. Consequently many children died before the age of ten years. Elderly prisoners had the same work requirements as other adults. Seriously ill prisoners were quarantined, abandoned, and left to die.  Single prisoners lived in bunkhouses with 100 people in one room. As a reward for good work, families were often allowed to live together in a single room inside of a small house, without running water. Houses were in poor condition; walls were made from mud and typically had many cracks. All prisoners were allowed access only to dirty and crowded communal toilets.  Prisoners had to do hard physical labor in agriculture, mining and inside factories from 5:00 a.m. to 8:00 p.m. (7:00 p.m. in winter), followed by ideological re-education and self-criticism sessions. New Year’s Day was the only holiday for prisoners. The mines were not equipped with safety measures and, according to Ahn, prisoners were consequently killed almost every day. Prisoners could use only primitive tools such as shovels and picks, and were forced to work to exhaustion. If a fire occurred or a tunnel collapsed, prisoners were simply abandoned inside and left to die. Kwon Hyuk, a former security officer in Camp 22, reported that corpses were loaded into cargo coaches together with the coal, to be burnt in a melting furnace. The coal was delivered to the Chongjin power plant as well as to Chongjin and Kimchaek steel mills, while the food was delivered to the State Security Agency or sold in Pyongyang and other parts of the country.

Human rights violations.

Ahn explained how the camp guards are taught that prisoners are factionalists and class enemies that have to be destroyed like weeds down to their roots. They are instructed to regard the prisoners as slaves and not treat them as human beings. Based on this the guards may at any time kill any prisoner who does not obey their orders. Kwon reported that as a security officer he could decide whether or not to kill a prisoner if he or she violated a rule. He admitted that once he ordered the execution of 31 people from five families in a collective punishment, because one member of a family tried to escape.  In the 1980s, public executions took place approximately once a week according to Kwon. However Ahn reported that in the 1990s they were replaced by secret executions, as the security guards feared riots from the assembled crowd. Kwon was required to visit the secret execution site a number of times; there, he saw disfigured and crushed bodies.  In case of serious violations of camp rules, the prisoners are subjected to a process of investigation, which produced human rights violations, such as reduced meals, torture, beating and sexual harassment. In addition, there is a detention center; many prisoners die in detention and even more leave the detention building crippled.  Ahn and Kwon reported about the following torture methods used in Haengyong-ri: Prisoners are beaten every day, if, for example, they do not bow quickly or deeply enough before the guards, if they do not work hard enough, or do not obey quickly enough. It is a frequent practice for guards to use prisoners as martial arts targets. Rape and sexual violence are very common in the camp, as female prisoners know they may be easily killed if they resist the demands of the security officers.  Ahn reported about hundreds of prisoners each year being taken away for several “major construction projects”, such as secret tunnels, military bases or nuclear facilities in remote areas. None of these prisoners ever returned to the camp. Ahn is convinced that they were secretly killed after finishing the construction work to keep the secrecy of these projects.

Human experimentation.

Kwon reported about human experimentation carried out in Haengyong-ri. He described a sealed glass chamber, wide, long and high, where he witnessed a family with two children dying from being test subjects for an asphyxiant gas. Ahn explained how inexperienced medical officers of Chungbong-ri hospital practiced their surgery techniques on prisoners. He heard numerous accounts of unnecessary operations and medical flaws, killing or permanently crippling prisoners.

Reports on mass starvation and closure.

Satellite images from late 2012 showed the detention centre and some of the guard towers being razed, but all other structures appeared operational. It was reported that 27,000 prisoners died of starvation within a short time and the surviving 3,000 prisoners were relocated to Hwasong concentration camp between March and June 2012. It was further reported that the camp was shut down in June, security guards removed traces of detention facilities until August and then miners from Kungsim mine and farmers from Saebyol and Undok were moved into the area. According to another report the authorities decided to close the camp to cover its tracks after a defection.

Hoeryong concentration camp (or Haengyong concentration camp) was a prison camp in North Korea that was reported to have been closed in 2012. The official name was Kwalliso (penal labour colony) No. 22. The camp was a maximum security area, completely isolated from the outside world.

Das Konzentrationslager Haengyŏng (auch Haengyong) ist ein Sammellager für politische Gefangene in Nordkorea. Die Häftlinge müssen lebenslange Zwangsarbeit verrichten. Es besteht Sippenhaft bis in die dritte Generation.


Etymology.

The Chinchorro culture is named after Chinchorro Beach (Spanish: "Playa Chinchorro"), near Arica, Chile, where the first mummies were discovered.

Geography.

The culture was spread across the arid coastal regions of the Atacama Desert from Ilo, southern Peru, to Antofagasta in northern Chile. But the cultural core of the Chinchorro seems to be the Chilean Arica-Camarones region, which stretches between the coastal towns of Arica and Caleta Camarones to the south. There are many archaeological sites around Arica, and around Caleta Camarones.

Description.

The Chinchorro were expert fishermen. They developed an extensive and sophisticated fishing tool assemblage. The people had efficient fishing gear, such as fishing hooks made of shells and cactuses, and stone weights for nets made of mesh fabrics. They became skilled weavers of baskets and mats.  While most Chinchorro sites are located on the coast, some are also found inland and in the nearby highlands. Their lifestyle was predominantly supported by fish, shellfish and sea mammals. There are some large coastal middens that have been excavated. Analysis of the hair and human bones from the mummies indicates that about 90 percent of their diet existed of maritime food sources, with the remaining 10 percent of their food from terrestrial animals and plants.  The Chinchorro type site is located in Arica, Chile; it was discovered by German archaeologist Max Uhle in the early 20th century.  Many very early archaeological sites have been discovered along this coast. In Peru, Quebrada Tacahuay and Quebrada Jaguay have been studied by archaeologists. Further south, there are also the Ring site, and the Quebrada Los Burros. These mostly date to late Pleistocene and early Holocene epochs (ca. 11,000–9000 BC). Inland in Chile, there are also the sites of Achas, and Las Conchas, Chile.  Quebrada Jaguay is the northernmost of these sites, and also the oldest, dated to 11,000 BC. Quebrada Tacahuay, further south, is somewhat younger. Some scholars argue that Chinchorro culture developed from these earlier settlements, although the details are still being investigated. The site of Achas is where the earliest Chinchorro mummy (the Acha man) has been found.  The well known site of Monte Verde, which is also near the Chilean coastline, must also be mentioned in this context. Recently, Monte Verde has been re-dated to as early as 18,500 BP (16,500 B.C.).

Chinchorro mummies.

The Chinchorro mummies go back to 9,000 years Before Present, or 7,000 BC. The Chinchorro mummies were much older than those of the ancient Egyptians. Some of their DNA was recovered. The culture lasted for several thousand years, evolving and adapting over the period. The end of the Chinchorro culture is set around 3500 BP.  Dr. Bernardo Arriaza is a Chilean physical anthropologist who contributed much to our current knowledge about the Chinchorro. In 1984, he published a study in the journal Chungara, his first work on the Chinchorro culture. Later, in 1994, Arriaza published a classification of the Chinchorro mummies, the typology that today is widely used by the scientific and general community. In 1995 he wrote an important article for National Geographic Magazine on the Chinchorro mummies, which was translated into several languages helping to promote the ancient mummies at international level. His book ""Beyond Death: The Chinchorro Mummies of Ancient Chile"" was published by the Smithsonian Institution Press in Washington, D.C. This work was later translated into Spanish by Marlene Onate (University of Nevada, Las Vegas) and published in Chile by the Universidad de Chile together with the Editorial Universitaria Press.

Early tattoo.

A Chinchorro male mummy bears the earliest tattoo found in the Americas. He has a mustache-like dotted line tattooed above his upper lip; the tattoo dates to c. 2300 BC.

Later developments.

The Azapa Phase of local cultural development (4,000‐2,500 BP) was a transitional period between the end of the Chinchorro Phase and the start of the Alto Ramírez Phase. These developments took place in the Azapa Valley near the coast. Around 4,000 BP, the people of the Azapa Valley saw some cultural changes brought by immigrants from the Altiplano. These influences led to the adoption of agriculture c. 3,000 BP, as well as the introduction of ceramics. These later groups no longer mummified their dead.  The influence of the early Andean cultures in northern Chile has been studied by several archaeologists. Especially the influence from the Wankarani culture, and the early Pukara culture from the Lake Titicaca area may be relevant here. During a transitional phase, the Chinchorros may have coexisted with an emergent Andean Tradition along the coast.

The Chinchorro culture of South America was a preceramic culture that lasted from 9,000 to 3,500 years BP (7,000 to 1,500 BCE). The people forming the Chinchorro culture were sedentary fishermen inhabiting the Pacific coastal region of current northern Chile and southern Peru. Presence of fresh water in the arid region on the coast facilitated human settlement in this area. The Chinchorro were famous for their detailed mummification and funerary practices. The area of the Chinchorro culture started to receive influences from the Andean Plateau around 4,000 BP, which led to the adoption of agriculture. Much later, it came under the influence of the Tiwanaku Empire.

Chinchorro ist der Name für einen südamerikanischen Kulturkomplex, dessen Träger ein Jäger- und Sammlervolk war. Die Chinchorros lebten im Norden Chiles und Süden Perus um die Wasserlöcher der Wüste Atacama, sowie an der Küste des Pazifiks und ernährten sich hauptsächlich vom Fischfang. Bekannt wurden sie durch ihre aufwendig präparierten Kindermumien, ansonsten weiß man wenig über sie.