Action.

The opera is about the seizure of power by the Seleucid king Demetrius II Nicator after his return from exile. The action takes place in Seleucia. The roles in the opera are:  The following plot summary is based on the 1734 libretto used in the Brunswick version by Antonio Caldara.

Act 1.

Private room: Cleonice has ruled Syria since her father Alexander died in battle: her people expect her to choose a husband who will become the new king. Her councillor Olinto offers himself, but she rejects him as she loves the shepherd Alceste who has also been missing since the battle. Barsene advises her that even if he is still alive she cannot marry him as there are many more deserving suitors. Mitrane arrives and warns that the people are close to starting an uprising. Mitrane loves Barsene, who rejects him as she is secretly also in love with Alceste. Fenicio tells Mitrane that Prince Demetrio, son of the previous king Demetrio, is still alive, although thought to be dead, and is none other than his foster son Alceste. External help is needed to place him on the throne, and Fenicio’s plan is to marry him to Cleonice. Unfortunately Alceste cannot be found and Cleonice has to choose another husband.  Magnificent hall with a throne: Cleonice enters, and still has not made up her mind. Fenicio advises her to give herself another three months to think about it. They are interrupted by Mitranes, who reports the arrival of Alceste. Alceste now recounts where he has been: After Alexander lost the battle, almost his entire army was destroyed. He himself survived badly wounded and drifted in the water until he was rescued by a fisherman who took good care of him.  Olinto presses for a new king to be chosen, and tries to prevent Alceste from joining them, as he is a mere shepherd. Cleonice responds by appointing him general and keeper of the grand seal. Before Cleonice announces her choice, she extracts an oath from those present that they will accept their choice. Since Olinto refuses, Cleonice declares that she wants to give up her crown and leaves without announcing her choice. Mitrane, the nobles and the people also leave the room. Fenicio, Olinto and Alceste remain. Fenicio blames his son. Olinto is disappointed that he doesn't support him, but Fenicio doesn't think he would be a good king. Olinto recognizes a dangerous rival in Alceste despite his poor background.  Inner garden of the royal palace: Fenicio reports to Cleonice and Barsene that the council has refused to accept Cleonice's abdication. Everyone agrees to let her choose her spouse completely freely. Cleonice is not sure however, fearing both to risk putting a shepherd on the throne and losing Alceste if she does not. Alceste arrives and assures her of his love. Concerned that she has placed her personal feelings before her duty, Cleonice dismisses him. When Alceste asks Barsene why Cleonice's behavior has changed, she advises him to find another mistress.

Act 2.

A gallery leading to the Queen’s chamber: Olinto denies Alceste access to Cleonice and Mitrane confirms that the order comes from Cleonice herself. Alceste leaves disappointed. Olinto still hopes for the throne. Mitrane, however, advises him against it. After Olinto leaves, Cleonice and Barsene arrive. Cleonice writes a farewell letter to Alceste. Fenicio comes and asks Cleonice for pity on Alceste, who only wants to see her again once and then die. She tears up the letter and wants to let Alceste come. However Olinto has already ordered Alceste in Cleonice’s name to leave the city, and he has left. Cleonice orders the guard to have Alceste found and brought back. Olinto asks Barsene if she still loves him. She answers mockingly that he has already given up on her. She herself also saved her love for someone else. Olinto is determined not to be dissuaded from his goal.  One of the queen’s rooms: Alceste has returned and Cleonice explains her rejection - they must part for the good of the people. They say their farewells. After Alceste leaves, Barsene and Fenicio arrive. Barsene praises Cleonice, but Fenicio blames her. Cleonice leaves and Fenicio accuses Barsene of pursuing her own plans, suspecting that she loves Alceste herself. Barsene admits it. Fenicio realizes that everything is against his plans.

Act 3.

Outer court of the palace: Olinto is excited about the forthcoming departure of Alcests. In vain, Fenicio asks that he delay. Cleonice confesses to Alceste that she would rather give up the crown and live in a hut than lose him. She then asks him to follow her to the palace, where she will announce her choice of husband. Olinto, believing Cleonice has chosen Alceste, decides to take revenge.  Fenicio’s room in the palace: Fenicio is concerned about the success of his plan to help Alcestis/Demetrio to power. Mitrane assures him that the ships of his allies are already in sight and Alceste's true identity can soon be revealed. Fenicio instructs Mitrane to secretly gather their troops. Then Olinto brings the news that Cleonice has chosen her husband but it is not Alceste. Alceste and two servants bring Fenicio a cloak, crown, and scepter - Cleonice has chosen Fenicio and is waiting for him in the temple for the ceremony. Despite their age difference, Alceste thinks it is a wise choice. Fenicio sends Olinto to the temple to announce his arrival. After he leaves, Fenicio reveals to Alceste that he is Demetrio, the true heir of Syria. Barsene hopes that Alceste will now turn to her and confesses her love to him. However, Alceste's thoughts are elsewhere. Barsene gives up her hope of winning him.  Temple of the Sun: Cleonice and Fenicio enter the temple with their retinue and the two servants, still carrying the mantle, crown and scepter. Fenicio assures Cleonice that Alceste is Syria's true heir. Alceste and Mitrane arrive. Cleonice now asks Alceste to ascend his ancestors' throne. He will only do so with her at his side. Barsene arrives and reports of unrest in the city. A hundred ships have landed and Olinto has spread a rumor that Fenicio is planning a trick to seize power.  Olinto comes with an emissary from the ships and brings a sealed letter from the older Demetrio, written shortly before his death. It clearly names Alceste as his son - Fenicio has raised him under an assumed name. Olinto finally recognizes Alceste as king and regrets his previous ambitions. Alceste and Cleonice ascend the throne. At the end of the opera, the chorus praises the couple's virtue, honor and love.

Background.

The historical model for Alceste/Demetrio was Demetrius II Nicator whose history was recounted in the eleventh book of Appian’s "Rhomaika", in the 32nd volume of the "Bibliotheca" by Diodorus Siculus and in Justin’s extract from volumes 35 and 36 of Pompeius Trogus’ "Historiae Philippicae". The young Demetrius was exiled to Crete by his father Demetrius I Soter to avoid the usurper Alexander Balas. Later, with the help of Greek mercenaries he was able to return and regain his throne.  The action in Metastasios drama had an antecedent in Pierre Corneilles comédie héroïque "Dom Sanche d’Aragon" (1649). "Demetrio" was his first work written for the court in Vienna and the 1731 performance was a great success with music by Antonio Caldara. In 1732 the castrato Antonio Bernacchi played the role of Alceste in two versions, one by Johann Adolph Hasse in Venice (with Faustina Bordoni as Cleonice) and the other by in Milan (where Antonia Negri sang Cleonice). The role of Alceste was later played by other famous castrati including Carestini, Farinelli, Senesino und Venanzio Rauzzini.

Settings to music.

The following composers have composed operas using this libretto:

Demetrio is an opera libretto in three acts by Pietro Metastasio. It was first performed to music composed by Antonio Caldara on 4 November 1731 during celebrations of the name day of the Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI in Vienna. Different composers later used it when composing operas named "Alceste", "Cleonice" and "Demetrio, rè della Siria". With over fifty settings it was one of Metastasio’s most popular works.

Demetrio ist ein Opern-Libretto in drei Akten von Pietro Metastasio. Erstmals aufgeführt wurde es in der Vertonung von Antonio Caldara am 4. November 1731 zur Feier des Namenstags Kaiser Karls VI. in Wien. Dieses Libretto wurde auch unter den Namen "Alceste", "Cleonice" oder "Demetrio, rè della Siria" vertont. Mit über fünfzig Ausführungen gehört es zu den beliebtesten Werken Metastasios.


Early life.

McNally was born and raised in the Pound Loney area of west Belfast and was the first person from Belfast and the first Irish boxer to win an Olympic medal.  In 1953, John McNally won a bronze medal at the European championships, and won the Golden Gloves Championships representing Europe against the US in Chicago. McNally, within the space of a year, beat three American Golden Gloves champions and was awarded an honorary pair of Golden Gloves in recognition of this achievement. In 1953, he was made the official bantamweight champion of Germany in recognition of his feat of having defeated that country's three former bantamweight champions in the space of a year.

1952 Olympic results.

Below are the results of John McNally, a bantamweight boxer from Ireland, who competed at the 1952 Helsinki Olympics:

Pro career.

In 1954 McNally turned professional but his pro career did not reach the heights of his amateur days. He fought only 25 times and finished with a record of 14 wins, 9 defeats and 2 draws.

Honours.

On 25 October 2007 John McNally was recognised by the Sports Council of Northern Ireland for his contribution to Irish sport at a gala event held at Stormont in Belfast.

Boxing Hall of Fame.

On 4 January 2008 John McNally was inducted into the Irish Boxing Hall of Fame by RTÉ's Jimmy Magee at an awards night held in the National Stadium in Dublin. A biography of McNally's life and career has been published by Appletree Press.

John McNally (born 3 November 1932) is a retired Irish boxer who won a silver medal at the 1952 Summer Olympics in the bantamweight division. In the final McNally lost a split decision to Pentti Hämäläinen of Finland.

John McNally (* 3. November 1932 in Belfast, Nord-Irland) ist ein irischer Boxer. Er gewann bei den Olympischen Sommerspielen 1952 in Helsinki eine Silbermedaille im Bantamgewicht.


History.

The club has its roots in Cambridge in 1855, where fellows at Trinity College began to discuss ghosts and psychic phenomena. Launched officially in London in 1862, it counted Charles Dickens and Sir Arthur Conan Doyle among its members. One of the club's earliest investigations was of the Davenport brothers and their "spirit cabinet" hoax, the club challenging the Davenports' claim of contacting the dead.  The group continued to undertake practical investigations of spiritualist phenomena, a topic then in vogue, meeting to discuss ghostly subjects. The Ghost Club dissolved in the 1870s following the death of Dickens.

1882 revitalisation.

The club was revived on All Saints Day 1882 by the medium Stainton Moses and Alaric Alfred Watts. initially claiming to be the original founders, without acknowledging its origins. In 1882, the Society for Psychical Research (SPR), with whom there was an initial overlap, was founded at a similar time.  While the SPR was a body devoted to scientific study, the Ghost Club remained a selective and secretive organization of convinced believers for whom psychic phenomena were an established fact. Stainton Moses resigned from the vice presidency of the SPR in 1886 and thereafter devoted himself to the Ghost Club. Membership was small (82 members over 54 years) and women were not allowed but during this period it attracted some of the most original and controversial minds in psychical research. These included Sir William Crookes Sir Oliver Lodge, Nandor Fodor and Sir Arthur Conan Doyle.  The archives of the Club reveal that the names of members, both living and dead, were solemnly recited each November 2. Each individual, living or dead, was recognized a member of the Club. On more than one occasion deceased members were believed to have made their presence felt.  Also involved were the poet W. B. Yeats (joined 1911) and Frederick Bligh Bond (joined 1925), who became infamous with his investigations into spiritualism at Glastonbury. Bligh Bond later left the country and became active in the American Society for Psychical Research. He was ordained into the Old Catholic Church and rejoined the Ghost Club on his return to Britain in 1935.  The Principal of Jesus College, Cambridge, Arthur Grey fictionalized the Ghost Club in 1919 as "The Everlasting Club" in a ghost story that many still believe to be true.

Early 20th century.

The 20th century's move from séance room investigation to laboratory-based research meant the Ghost Club fell out of touch with contemporary psychic research. Harry Price, famous for his investigation into Borley Rectory, joined as a member in 1927 as did psychologist Nandor Fodor who represented the changing approach to psychical research taking place. With attendance falling, the club closed in 1936 after 485 meetings. The Ghost Club records were deposited in the British Museum under the proviso that they would remain closed until 1962 out of respect for confidentiality.  Within 18 months, Price relaunched the Ghost Club as a society dining event where psychic researchers and mediums delivered after-dinner talks. Price decided to admit women to the club, also specifying that it was not a spiritualist church or association but a group of skeptics that gathered to discuss paranormal topics. Members in this period included, Sir Julian Huxley, Algernon Blackwood, Sir Osbert Sitwell and Lord Amwell.  Following Price's death in 1948, the club was again relaunched by members of the committee, Philip Paul and Peter Underwood. From 1962 Underwood served as President; many accounts of club activities are found in his books.  In the early 1960s two young men, Theodore Cary and Patrick Hewitt, brought the club back to national prominence, when they established a chapter in Harrison Township, Michigan.  Tom Perrott joined the club in 1967 and served as Chairman from 1971 to 1993.  In 1993, the club underwent a period of internal disruption, during which Underwood left to become Life President of another society he had revived called "The Ghost Club Society".  The Ghost Club later expanded its remit to include the study of UFOs, dowsing, cryptozoology and similar topics.

Recent history.

In 1998, Perrott resigned as chairman (although he remained active in club affairs), and barrister Alan Murdie was elected as his successor. Murdie has written a number of ghost books including "Haunted Brighton" and regularly writes for "Fortean Times". In 2005 he was succeeded by Kathy Gearing, the club's first female chairperson. Gearing announced her resignation in the club's Summer 2009 newsletter.  The club continues to meet monthly at the Victory Services Club near Marble Arch, in London. Several investigations are performed in England every year. In recent times, investigations have been organised in Scotland by the club's Scottish Area Investigation Coordinator.

Bibliography.

The club has been mentioned in numerous books, the most notable being "No Common Task" (1983), "This Haunted Isle" (1984), "The Ghosthunters Almanac" (1993) and "Nights in Haunted Houses" (1994), all by Peter Underwood, "Some Unseen Power" (1985) by Philip Paul, "The Encyclopedia of Ghosts and Spirits" (1992) by Rosemary Ellen Guiley, "Will Storr Versus the Supernatural" (2006) by Will Storr, "The Guide to Mysterious Glasgow" (2009) by Geoff Holder, "Ghost Hunting: a Survivor's Guide" (2010) by John Fraser and "A Brief Guide to Ghost Hunting" (2013) by Dr Leo Ruickbie.

The Ghost Club is a paranormal investigation and research organization, founded in London in 1862. It is widely believed to be the oldest such organization in the world. Since 1862 it has primarily investigated ghosts and hauntings.

Der Ghost Club ist eine 1862 in London gegründete Organisation, deren Zweck die Geisterjagd und Erforschung paranormaler Phänomene wie Gespenster- und Spukerscheinungen ist.


Appearance and taxonomy.

The Prevost's squirrel is a medium-sized squirrel, but one of the larger species in its range, although clearly surpassed by the giant squirrels and giant flying squirrels. The head-and-body of the Prevost's squirrel typically is long and the tail length is about the same; it weighs. Individuals from small islands tend to be smaller in size than those from medium-small islands, but on large islands this pattern is reversed.  In general, the subspecies of the Prevost's squirrel have been described based on their colour patterns. While there are significant geographical variations, there are also some individual variations within each region. The underparts are always reddish-orange to rich rufous. The typical form, including the subspecies of the Thai-Malay Peninsula ("C. p. prevostii" and others), is among the most colourful mammals in the world with its black upperparts and tail, reddish-orange underparts, whitish thighs and flanks, and grey to grey-white cheeks. Some subspecies from elsewhere are quite similar, like the grey-cheeked "C. p. rafflesii" of southern Sumatra and black-cheeked "C. p. melanops" of eastern Sumatra, as well as those from southwestern Borneo. Several others differ noticeably, especially in northern, central and eastern Borneo where some have grey or olivaceous-greyish thighs, orange cheeks, grizzled or olivaceous-greyish upperparts, or a greyish or greyish-banded tail. Four subspecies are uniquely dark and bicoloured: "C. p. caedis" from Banggi and nearby islands, "C. p. piceus" from northern Sumatra, "C. p. pluto" from northeastern Borneo and "C. p. rufonigra" from Labuan are black above, including tail, thighs and cheeks, and rich rufous below (no whitish to thighs, flanks or cheeks).  As many as 44 subspecies have been named for the Prevost's squirrel, but recent authorities have generally recognized far less. For example, in 2005 "Mammal Species of the World" only recognized 6, listing the rest as synonyms of these subspecies or as undefined synonyms (synonyms of the species but not associated with any subspecies). In 2012, 32 subspecies were recognized in "Squirrels of the World". The situation is particularly complex in Borneo. There has been no recent detailed taxonomic review and it remains unclear how many subspecies should be recognized.

Behavior.

The Prevost's squirrel is active during the day and mostly stays in trees, only occasionally moving on the ground. The 1–3 young are born after a gestation that lasts around seven weeks. The nest is made of sticks, bark and grass.

Feeding.

This squirrel eats fruits, nuts, seeds, buds, flowers, insects and bird eggs. They have been observed feeding on durians such as "Durio graveolens". These squirrels carry the fruits far from the tree and drop the seeds when finished with their meal. This seed distribution away from the parent plant increases survival for the fruiting plant species.

Prevost's squirrel or Asian tri-colored squirrel ("Callosciurus prevostii") is a colourful species of rodent in the family Sciuridae. It is found in forests in the Thai-Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo and nearby smaller islands, with an introduced population in northern Sulawesi. Although the Prevost's squirrel is declining is some regions because of habitat loss and hunting, the species is not considered threatened since it generally remains common and widespread. It can live in somewhat disturbed habitats and often visits plantations or gardens. It mostly feeds on plant material, especially fruits, but also takes insects.

Das Prevost-Hörnchen ("Callosciurus prevostii") ist eine Hörnchenart aus der Gattung der Echten Schönhörnchen ("Callosciurus"). Sie kommt in Südostasien im Süden Thailands und auf der malaiischen Halbinsel sowie auf Java, Sumatra und zahlreichen umliegenden Inseln vor.


Summary.

The song's three verses each presents a different "pig", the identities of which remain a subject of speculation because only the third verse clearly identifies its subject as being morality campaigner Mary Whitehouse, who is described as a "house proud town mouse" who has to "keep it all on the inside." In 1992, on the Westwood One radio special "Pink Floyd : The 25th Anniversary Special", Roger Waters told Jim Ladd that the "Whitehouse" mentioned had nothing to do with the home of the U.S. President, the White House, after Ladd told Waters he interpreted the last verse as an attack on Gerald Ford, who was US president at the time the song was recorded.  Halfway through the song, David Gilmour uses a Heil talk box on the guitar solo to mimic the sound of pigs. This is the first use of a talk box by Pink Floyd. Gilmour also plays a fretless bass guitar, with a pick, doing two short, syncopated bass solos—one before the first verse, another before the third. When the final verse ends and a guitar solo emerges, the bass line moves into a driving eighth note rhythm, sliding up and down the E minor scale in octaves, beneath the chords of E minor and C major seventh. Roger Waters, usually the band's bassist, played a rhythm guitar track on the song instead.  Although it was not made available for commercial purchase, promotional copies were released in Brazil, albeit in an edited form of only four minutes and five seconds in length. In some cassette tape versions of the album, this song was divided into two parts after the first verse, fading out on side one and fading back in on side two, in order to minimize the total length of tape.

Live versions.

The normal length of the song performed live was roughly 17 minutes (some would top out at 20 minutes), compared with the album length of 11 minutes and 28 seconds. Live renditions basically followed the album version with a few notable differences: an extra guitar solo was played after the second verse, the talk-box solo on guitar was substituted with a Minimoog solo and to the coda were added a quiet Hammond-led section and a crescendo reprise of the guitar solo with aggressive drumming. Waters, who sang on both the studio and live versions of "Pigs (Three Different Ones)", also added his signature screams throughout live performances of this song during the 1977 tour.  While playing on the 1977 tour, Waters shouted a different number for each concert. This purportedly had the purpose of identifying bootleg recordings. Also, Snowy White would play bass guitar while Roger played rhythm electric guitar with his black with white pickguard Fender Stratocaster.  When this song was performed in Montreal on 6 July 1977, a disruptive fan angered Waters by throwing a beer bottle onto the stage. While the band played toward the climax of the song's jam section, Waters called the fan onto the stage through the microphone, then spat in his face after pretending to help him up. This concert, of which bootleg recordings exist, has been cited as a catalyst for Pink Floyd's next album, "The Wall".  In 1987, on tour to promote his solo album "Radio K.A.O.S.", Waters performed a shortened version of the song, featuring only the first two verses and shorter guitar solos between them as part of an extended Pink Floyd medley.  The song remained in Waters' setlist for his 2017 Us + Them Tour, once again being played in its entirety and with the anti-Trump images ("Fuck Trump" was changed to "Trump Is a Pig" on later dates). Waters plays Gilmour's original bass parts rather than rhythm guitar. While the response to the anti-Trump images has been mostly positive, some fans at his shows have booed or even walked out during the song over their anger at the anti-Trump images and political message. Waters responded to the anti-Trump critics saying "I find it slightly surprising that anybody could have been listening to my songs for 50 years without understanding" and said to those critics if they didn't like what he was doing "go see Katy Perry or watch the Kardashians. I don't care." Waters also said that, due to his anti-Trump images, he lost sponsors such as American Express who refused to have their company associated with his shows.

Personnel.

Recording dates: April and May 1976 at the band's own Britannia Row Studios, Islington, London.

References.

Notes Footnotes Bibliography

"Pigs (Three Different Ones)" is a song from Pink Floyd's 1977 album "Animals". In the album's three parts, "Dogs", "Pigs" and "Sheep", pigs represent the people whom Roger Waters considers to be at the top of the social ladder, the ones with wealth and power; they also manipulate the rest of society and encourage them to be viciously competitive and cut-throat, so the pigs can remain powerful.

Pigs (Three Different Ones) ist ein Lied der britischen Rockband Pink Floyd. Es erschien 1977 auf dem Konzeptalbum "Animals". Der Song wurde im April und Mai 1976 in den Britannia Row Studios, Islington, London aufgenommen. Das Studio gehörte der Band und die Arbeiten zu "Animals" ergaben die erste Produktion darin.


Plot.

A documentary crew follows four vampire roommates—Viago, Vladislav, Deacon, and Petyr— who share a flat in the Wellington suburb of Te Aro. All of the vampires possess supernatural powers, including levitation and the ability to transform into animals. Viago is a 379-year-old dandy from the 18th century, who originally traveled to New Zealand in the 1910s in search of the love of his life Katherine; Vladislav is an 862-year-old known as "Vladislav the Poker", who is haunted by memories of his nemesis "the Beast"; and Deacon is a 183-year-old former peddler and the "young rebel" of the group who was bitten by Petyr—a reclusive, 8,000-year-old vampire who behaves like a feral animal.  Each night, Viago, Vladislav, and Deacon take the bus into town and prowl the streets of Wellington for people to kill. Deacon's human familiar, Jackie, runs errands for the vampires and cleans up the gore left behind by their feeding. A married mother, Jackie hopes to attain immortality—but is frustrated that Deacon will not turn her into a vampire as promised. Deacon requests that Jackie bring virgins to the flat so that the vampires can feed on them. She lures a woman who insulted her in primary school and Nick, her ex-boyfriend from childhood, to the flat. Though neither are actually virgins, the woman is killed, and Nick is attacked by Petyr. Nick survives the attack and becomes a vampire.  Two months later, the vampires accept Nick into their group and bond with his human friend Stu—a computer analyst who introduces them to modern technology such as the Internet and cameras. Viago uses the Internet to find Katherine, who is now a 96-year-old widow living in a rest home in Wellington, and also briefly reconnects with his old servant Philip. Despite being able to get his new friends into popular bars and clubs, Nick struggles to adapt to life as a vampire. Nick is also held in contempt by Deacon, who resents Nick's newfound popularity and his careless revealing of his vampirism to strangers he meets. One of these strangers, a vampire hunter, breaks into the flat basement during the day and kills Petyr by exposing him to sunlight.  The vampires are furious when they discover Nick has indirectly caused Petyr's death, and Deacon tries to kill Nick before being interrupted by a police welfare check. The police, whom Viago hypnotises, warn the vampires about numerous fire hazards inside the flat. Once the police leave, Nick is banished from the flat by the remaining vampires, though Stu is permitted to come as he pleases.  Several months later, the vampires receive an invitation to the annual Unholy Masquerade, hosted for the local undead population of vampires, zombies, and witches. Vladislav refuses to attend after learning that "the Beast" will be the guest of honor. When Viago and Deacon arrive at the ball, they find in attendance Nick, Stu and Jackie, the latter of whom has been turned into a vampire by Nick. "The Beast" is revealed to be Vladislav's ex-girlfriend Pauline, and when Stu and the camera crew are discovered to be living humans, the party guests threaten to kill and feed on them. Vladislav arrives and fights with Pauline's new boyfriend Julian. Stu impales Julian, and the vampires and camera crew escape the ball with him, only to encounter a rival pack of werewolves who transform under the full moon. One cameraman is disemboweled by a werewolf, and Stu is viciously mauled. Believing Stu to be dead, the vampires run away and grieve for him.  After a few days, Nick returns to the flat with Stu and the werewolves. Stu reveals that he survived the attack and transformed to a werewolf that night. With Stu's urging, the pack is allowed to visit the flat and reconciles with the vampires—and Nick's banishment is rescinded. Viago also reconnects with Katherine, whom he turns into a vampire and rekindles his romance with. Scenes during the credits reveal that Vladislav has gotten back together with Pauline and Jackie has made her husband her familiar. A post-credits scene shows Deacon attempting to hypnotise the audience to forget the events of the film.

Production.

The film is based on a 2005 short film—"What We Do In The Shadows: Interviews With Some Vampires"—written and directed by Waititi and Clement, and starring Jonny Brugh, Cori Gonzalez-Macuer and Stu Rutherford in their roles of Deacon, Nick and Stu respectively. The feature film adaptation was shot in Wellington in September 2012, and was Waititi's first feature since "Boy".  Stu Rutherford, an IT technician and high school friend of Waititi's in real life, was initially told he would only have a bit part in the film so he would act more natural when filming. He did not realise his role was so important until the film's premiere.  According to Waititi and Clement their favourite vampire films were "The Lost Boys", "Bram Stoker's Dracula" and "Interview with the Vampire". All of those movies are heavily quoted or referenced in the film, along with many other genre films such as "Blade", "Twilight" and "Buffy The Vampire Slayer".

Music.

The score for the film was composed by Plan 9. The film's opening credits feature the song "You're Dead" by Norma Tanega, after Clement and Waititi were introduced to the song by film editor Tom Eagles. The film's trailer and ending feature the song "Lastochka" by the Russian rock band Leningrad.

Release.

The film was released in a limited release on 13 February 2015 in New York City and Los Angeles, followed by a screening in San Francisco, Irvine, Philadelphia, Boston, Seattle, and Washington, D.C. The film received a regional release in the U.S. in March 2015, by Unison Films, The Orchard, and Paramount Pictures in association with Funny or Die and Paladin Pictures.  The film was heavily pirated. After the shutting down of a piracy website based in Mount Wellington, Auckland, the website revealed that, at 277,000 downloads, "What We Do in the Shadows" was one of its most heavily pirated films.

Critical response.

On Rotten Tomatoes the film holds an approval rating of 96% based on 179 reviews, with an average rating of 7.85/10. The site's critical consensus reads: "Smarter, fresher, and funnier than a modern vampire movie has any right to be, "What We Do in the Shadows" is bloody good fun." On Metacritic the film has a weighted average score of 76 out of 100, based on 33 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".  Fearnet called the film "a great vampire comedy". Film School Rejects wrote a predominantly positive review, commenting that some of the film's broader moments fell flat but compared it favorably to similar mockumentaries such as "Best in Show". The film was warmly received by UK newspapers, with "The Guardian"s film critic Peter Bradshaw describing it as "the best comedy of the year", while "The Telegraph"s Tim Robey found it "desperately funny". "Film International", in a positive review, commended the film for noting, with a double of Count Orlok locked in the vampires' basement, that the true vampire film tradition is repressed by the current craze. "Variety" was more critical, writing that "Some genre fans who prefer the silly to the satiric may bite, but the anemic pic isn't remotely weird or witty enough for cult immortality."  However Mark Kermode gave the film a negative review, until a couple years later, when, on the BFI Player, Kermode chose this film on his BFI Player choice's film and gave a positive review.

Box office.

"What We Do in the Shadows" grossed US$2 million in New Zealand and $3.4 million in the US.

Home media.

"What We Do in the Shadows" was released on DVD and Blu-ray on 26 November 2014 by Weltkino Filmverleih.

Proposed sequel.

A sequel to the film, focused on the werewolves depicted in "What We Do in the Shadows", was in development, but stopped due to some unresolved production issues. Originally rumoured to be titled "What We Do in the Moonlight", the working title was later announced as "We're Wolves".  In May 2019, Waititi said “'"We're Wolves"' is the film that Jemaine and I keep pretending that we’re making. Every couple of years we say, we’re making this new film called "'We're Wolves"' which follows the werewolves from the film,” said Waititi. “I feel bad to even mention it now because we keep saying it, [but] it’s like a dad saying, ‘Yeah, I’ll be home for Christmas.’ I suppose we’re just two dads out on the road enjoying our lives and going, ‘We’re not coming home for Christmas.’ We'll send a postcard. It's not like we don't want to come home for Christmas. We would like nothing more but we have a lot of shit going on. When are you going to die? Do you have a deadline before your death? I guarantee it before then. Five years, ten years? It took us seven years to write the [first] film, so you do the math. That was a sad thing to say."

Short films.

In 2005, Waititi and Clement wrote and directed a short film titled "What We Do in the Shadows: Interviews with Some Vampires", which was a precursor to the feature-length film. The short stars Jonny Brugh, Cori Gonzalez-Macuer and Stu Rutherford in their roles of Deacon, Nick and Stu respectively.  In June 2014, Waititi, in conjunction with Discover New Zealand, produced a promotional short film titled "Vampire's Guide to Vellington", in which he reprises his role as Viago von Blitzenberg.

Television spin-offs.

"Wellington Paranormal".

In September 2016, it was revealed that Waititi and Clement were planning a procedural comedy series based on the police officers, O'Leary and Minogue, who had minor roles in the film, titled "Wellington Paranormal". The series producers granted Waititi and Clement $1 million to produce six 30-minute episodes for the series, which aired on TVNZ 2 from 11 July 2018. The character Nick from the film also appeared in the episode "A Normal Night". New Zealand On Air announced that a second series with thirteen episodes would air in 2019.

"What We Do in the Shadows".

An American version of the film was developed as a television series. A pilot was ordered by FX, which featured Kayvan Novak, Matt Berry, Natasia Demetriou, and Harvey Guillén. Executive producers of the show include Clement, Waititi, Scott Rudin, Paul Simms, Garrett Basch, and Eli Bush. On 3 May 2018, FX picked up the Waititi-directed pilot, with an order of ten 30-minute episodes which premiered on 27 March 2019. In May 2019, FX renewed the series for a 10-episode second season that debuted in 2020. In May of 2020, FX announced that they have renewed the series for a third season. The show was grown in its audience over double since the initial series take-off, with average viewing tolling to about 3.2 million.

What We Do in the Shadows is a 2014 New Zealand mockumentary horror comedy film written and directed by Jemaine Clement and Taika Waititi and the first installment in the "What We Do in the Shadows" franchise. The film also stars Clement and Waititi, along with Jonathan Brugh, Ben Fransham, Cori Gonzalez-Macuer, Stu Rutherford, and Jackie van Beek. The film's plot concerns several vampires who live together in a flat in Wellington.

5 Zimmer Küche Sarg (Originaltitel: "What We Do in the Shadows") ist eine neuseeländische Horrorkomödie, geschrieben von Jemaine Clement und Taika Waititi, die sowohl die Regie als auch selbst Rollen im Film übernahmen. Die Premiere erfolgte am 19. Januar 2014 auf dem Sundance Film Festival in den USA. In Deutschland wurde der Film erstmals am 12. Februar 2014 auf den Internationalen Filmfestspielen Berlin gezeigt.


Mill community.

Harnessing power from the abundant water sources of the Moodus and Salmon rivers, the little hamlet became the center of twine production in Connecticut. The twine was primarily used for fishnets, and was sold on both coasts and the Great Lakes.  In 1832, the Neptune Mill was constructed beside a dam just North of the Salmon River Cove. The Card Company, as it was then known also made stocking yarn and carpet warp. New cord wrapping machines filled these mills and twine was produced on a massive scale. Over the years, the Neptune Mill expanded until it reached its 100x100 ft dimensions. Three stories tall, it was a massive edifice, architecturally resembling a church with its steeple and bell that would call workers into the factory each morning.  In 1862, Emory Johnson built the Triton Mill at the northern end of the Millpond; tenements and worker housing soon cropped up in the ensuing years, and Johnsonville was born. The Neptune Mill also came into Johnson's possession in 1867. The Triton Mill was destroyed in a fire in 1924.  One of the jewels of Johnsonville is the Emory Johnson homestead. Built in 1846, the four-bedroom house has three fireplaces, pillared porches, a formal garden and original Victorian-era details.

Tourist attraction.

In 1965, Raymond Schmitt, the controversial owner of AGC Corporation, an aerospace equipment manufacturer, bought the Neptune Mill from the Johnson family. He also purchased other vintage buildings and had them moved to Johnsonville, including a Victorian stable and chapel, which hosted weddings.  Nostalgic for the bygone modes of transit of the 19th century, Schmitt brought a sternwheeler to Johnsonville in 1966. For many years, the boat was reported to be "The American" from the Freedomland U.S.A. theme park (1960-1964) in New York City. This has proven to be an error. Research by Freedomland historians discovered that the boat was the twin sternwheeler from Freedomland known as "The Canadian." Connecticut newspaper articles include pictures of "The Canadian" on the millpond. Schmitt bought it at auction and had it towed up the Connecticut River and then carried by truck to Moodus, where it would sit in the Johnson Millpond for more than thirty years. In 1972, the Neptune Mill was struck by lightning and burned to the ground.  In 1993, Billy Joel filmed part of his "River of Dreams" music video at the village.

Ghost town.

In 1994, Schmitt got into a disagreement with local zoning officials and shut down the attraction, putting the property up for sale. Schmitt died in 1998, and his estate started selling off many of the antiques and other pieces of the property, including some of the buildings. Some suggest that the ghost of Schmitt roams the grounds of Johnsonville.  A hotel developer, MJABC LLC, bought the 64-acre property in 2001. In 2004, MJABC filed plans for a mixed-use development on the site that included 133 upscale, single-family houses and townhouses, all built in Victorian style and with an age restriction for owners, and for keeping and restoring most of the original dozen or so buildings. That proposal fell apart, however, because the housing component was deemed too high-density. MJABC LLC still owns the property and continues to pay taxes on it. As of April 2013, Chozick Realty, Inc. of Hartford had listed the village for just under $3 million.  The village, which has now fallen into disrepair, was featured in an episode of the National Geographic TV series "Abandoned". The village went up for sale at an online auction on 28 October 2014. The winning bid was 1.9 million USD on October 30, 2014, but the deal fell through. In July 7, 2017, the Philippine-based independent Christian organization, Iglesia ni Cristo bought the village for $1.85 million dollars.

Johnsonville Village, once a thriving mill community, then a Victorian Era tourist attraction, was an abandoned ghost town in East Haddam, Connecticut, United States. On July 7, 2017, the property was acquired by the Iglesia ni Cristo (Church of Christ), an independent, nontrinitarian Christian denomination based in the Philippines.

Johnsonville Village ist ein Teil der Gemeinde East Haddam im amerikanischen Bundesstaat Connecticut. Ursprünglich war es ein Industriestandort mit Arbeiterwohnungen und wurde später zur Geisterstadt. Weltweit wurde darüber berichtet als das gesamte Gelände 2014 im Internet versteigert wurde.


Discovery.

The comet was discovered on June 14, 1770, in the constellation Sagittarius by Messier, who had just completed an observation of Jupiter and was examining several nebulae. At this time it was very faint, but his observations over the course of the next few days showed that it rapidly grew in size, its coma reaching 27 arcminutes across by June 24: by this time it was of magnitude +2. The comet was also noted by several other astronomers.  The comet was observed in Japan. Surviving records identify it as an astronomical and historical phenomenon.  It was observed in the Hejaz in Safar 1184 AH (June 1770), where some believed it to be the comet predicted by the poet al-Fasi, portending future events.

Close approach to Earth.

On July 1, 1770, the comet passed 0.015 astronomical units from Earth, or approximately 6 times the radius of the Moon's orbit. Charles Messier measured the coma as 2° 23' across, around four times the apparent angular size of the Moon. An English astronomer at the time noted the comet crossing over 42° of sky in 24 hours; he described the nucleus as being as large as Jupiter, "surrounded with a coma of silver light, the brightest part of which was as large as the moon's orb".  Messier was the last astronomer to observe the comet as it moved away from the Sun, on October 3, 1770.

Orbit.

Scientists at the time largely believed that comets originated outside the solar system, and therefore initial attempts to model the comet's orbit assumed a parabolic trajectory, which indicated a perihelion date (the date of the closest approach to the Sun) of August 9–10. When it turned out that the parabolic solution was not a good fit to the comet's orbit, Anders Johan Lexell suggested that the comet followed an elliptical orbit. His calculations, made over a period of several years, gave a perihelion of August 13–14 and an orbital period of 5.58 years. Lexell also noted that, despite this short-period orbit, by far the shortest known at the time, the comet was unlikely to have been seen previously because its orbit had been radically altered in 1767 by the gravitational forces of Jupiter. It is, therefore, the earliest identified Jupiter family comet (as well as the first known near-Earth object).  The comet was never seen again. Lexell, after conducting further work in cooperation with Pierre-Simon Laplace, argued that a subsequent interaction with Jupiter in 1779 had further perturbed its orbit, either placing it too far from Earth to be seen or perhaps ejecting it from the Solar System altogether. The comet likely no longer approaches any closer to the Sun than Jupiter's orbit.  Although Comet Lexell was never seen again, it remained interesting to astronomers. The Paris Academy of Sciences offered a prize for an investigation into the orbit of the comet. Johann Karl Burckhardt won in 1801, and confirmed the calculations of Lexell. He calculated that the 1779 close approach to Jupiter drastically altered its orbit and left it with a perihelion of 3.33 AU. In the 1840s, Urbain Le Verrier carried out further work on the comet's orbit and demonstrated that despite potentially approaching Jupiter as close as three and a half radii from the planet's centre the comet could never have become a satellite of Jupiter. He showed that after the second encounter with Jupiter many different trajectories were possible, given the uncertainties of the observations, and the comet could even have been ejected from the Solar System. This foreshadowed the modern scientific idea of chaos.  Lexell's work on the orbit of the comet is considered to be the beginning of modern understanding of orbit determination.

2018 recalculation.

In a 2018 paper, "Quan-Zhi Ye et al." used recorded observations of the comet to recalculate the orbit, finding Le Verrier's 1844 calculations to be highly accurate. They simulated the orbit forwards to the year 2000, finding that 98% of possible orbits remained orbiting the Sun, 85% with a perihelion nearer than the asteroid belt, and 40% crossing Earth's orbit. The numbers remain consistent even when including non-gravitational parameters caused by pressures from a comet's jets.  Based on its apparent brightness in 1770, they estimate the comet to be between 4 and 50 kilometers in diameter, most likely less than 30. Additionally, based on a lack of meteor showers, they suggest that the comet may have ceased major activity before 1800 AD.

Identification.

The aforementioned 2018 paper also attempted to identify if any discovered object may be a remnant of Lexell's comet. With an assumed size of >4 kilometers, it is highly unlikely that this comet would remain in the inner solar system and be undiscovered. Most new asteroids discovered even in the asteroid belt (as of 2018) are only 1–4 kilometers across. If Lexell's comet remains in the inner Solar System, it would most likely be an unidentified asteroid. The paper identified 4 potential asteroids which could be related: (99.2% chance), (74% chance), (0.2% chance), and (~0% chance). The Longitude of perihelion of these asteroids are 2.32°, 6.22°, 356.98°, and 351.62°, respectively. For comparison, the longitude of perihelion of Lexell's comet was 359.48 ± 0.24°.  They find that is very likely to be a remnant of Lexell's comet, although due to a number of close approaches with Jupiter as well as uncertain non-gravitational parameters, a definite link cannot be made.

D/1770 L1, popularly known as Lexell's Comet after its orbit computer Anders Johan Lexell, was a comet discovered by astronomer Charles Messier in June 1770. It is notable for having passed closer to Earth than any other comet in recorded history, approaching to a distance of only. The comet has not been seen since 1770 and is considered a lost comet.

D/1770 L1 (Lexell) war ein Komet, der im Jahr 1770 mit dem bloßen Auge gesehen werden konnte. Er war von allen Kometen in historischer Zeit derjenige, der der Erde am nächsten kam.


Early years.

Sculthorpe was born on 22 September 1977 in Burnley, Lancashire, England. He grew up in Oldham, and was educated at Watersheddings Primary School and then Counthill School. He played junior rugby league for Waterhead. He started his professional career with Warrington, making his début in 1995.  In 1996, he was named in the inaugural Super League Dream Team, and in the post season he went on the 1996 Great Britain Lions tour of Oceania.  Sculthorpe moved to St. Helens in 1997 for £375,000, at the time a record transfer fee for a forward (based on increases in average earnings, this would be approximately £516,500 in 2013).  In the 1997 post season, Sculthorpe was selected to play for Great Britain at loose forward in all three matches of the Super League Test series against Australia.

St Helens.

Sculthorpe played for St Helens as a in their 1999 Super League Grand Final victory over Bradford Bulls. Having won the 1999 Championship, St. Helens contested in the 2000 World Club Challenge against National Rugby League Premiers Melbourne Storm, with Sculthorpe playing as a loose forward in the loss. He also played for St Helens at loose forward and kicked a drop goal in their 2000 Super League Grand Final victory over Wigan. As Super League V champions, St Helens played against 2000 NRL Premiers Brisbane Broncos in the 2001 World Club Challenge. Sculthorpe played at loose forward, scoring a try and kicking a drop goal in Saints' victory.  In 2001 Sculthorpe was named man-of-the-match for Great Britain in the first test match against Australia. He was named as Man of Steel in 2001 and 2002, becoming the first player to retain the award. He was Saints’ sole representative in the 2002 Super League Dream Team, a feat he repeated in 2004. Sculthorpe played for St Helens at stand-off in their 2002 Super League Grand Final victory against Bradford. Having won Super League VI, St Helens contested the 2003 World Club Challenge against 2002 NRL Premiers Sydney Roosters. Sculthorpe played at loose forward in Saints' 38-0 loss.  Sculthorpe was named St Helens captain in 2004, and led the team to victory over Wigan in the 2004 Challenge Cup Final at the Millennium Stadium, Cardiff. That year he also joined a select band of players to have scored 100 tries and 100 goals in Super League. Sculthorpe was selected as vice-captain of the Great Britain team to compete in the end of season 2004 Rugby League Tri-Nations tournament. In the final against Australia he played at loose forward in the Lions' 44-4 loss.  In 2005 Sculthorpe scored his 1,000th point for Saints.He was named as Great Britain captain in 2005, although injury ruled out for the most of 2005's Super League X and prevented him from leading the side in the 2005 Tri-Nations tournament.  As one of the stars of the world game, Sculthorpe secured a lucrative sponsorship deal as the face of Gillette, which at the time was the most lucrative sponsorship deal made by any rugby league player worldwide. In March 2006, Sculthorpe signed a deal with Random House to publish his autobiography, "Man of Steel", which was published in August 2007. Sculthorpe captained St Helens as a in their 2006 Challenge Cup Final victory against Huddersfield. However his time as Great Britain captain was less successful, as he only ever captained the side for 18 minutes. This came in the one off test game at Knowsley Road in 2006 between Great Britain and New Zealand, in which he was forced off after injuring his knee. Sculthorpe returned from the injury and was named man-of-the-match in St. Helens' win over Brisbane Broncos in the 2007 World Club Challenge. In September 2007 he signed a new 12-month contract with St Helens which saw him celebrate his testimonial season at the club.  Sculthorpe's final game for St. Helens was in the 2008 Challenge Cup Final, where he injured his shoulder in the opening minutes. After being injury hit in 2008's Super League XIII with only a handful of games played, St. Helens announced they would release Sculthorpe at the end of the season. He was touted as a potential signing for Salford, or joining up with brother Danny at Wakefield Trinity in time for the 2009 Super League season. However, Sculthorpe announced his retirement from the game on 19 September 2008.  He was awarded the honour of MBE in the 2013 New Year's Honours List, for "services to Rugby League and to charity".

Paul Sculthorpe MBE (born 22 September 1977) is an English former professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1990s and 2000s. A Great Britain international representative or, he began his career at Warrington before joining St Helens, with whom he won a total of four Grand Finals, four Challenge Cups and two World Club Challenges, as well as becoming the first (and currently only) player to win the Man of Steel Award on two consecutive occasions. He is the older brother of former player Danny Sculthorpe.

Paul Sculthorpe MBE (* 22. September 1977) ist ein ehemaliger englischer Rugby-League-Spieler. Während seiner Karriere gewann er mit St Helens viermal die Super League, dreimal den Challenge Cup und zweimal die World Club Challenge. Sein Bruder Danny Sculthorpe ist ebenfalls Rugby-League-Spieler.


Background.

"Listen" is David Guetta's first studio album in three years since the release of the commercially successful "Nothing but the Beat" (2011), which sold 3 million copies worldwide. According to Guetta, "Listen" is his most personal album yet, reflecting his divorce from his wife of 22 years, Cathy Guetta: "Until today I was doing lots of songs about happiness and love and sexiness and just having a party – it was basically my life, you know? And lately, my personal life has been a little more difficult, so it reflects also on the album, on the things that we're talking about, on the type of chords. I've never done this, because even for me it was all about making the people dance." Guetta also said he wanted to reinvent himself with the album, steering away from the urban and dance sound he became famous for with "One Love" (2009): "When you're a little bit at the top of the game, what is left except being afraid to go down? I never want to feel like this, so I thought that the best way to avoid it was to kind of start from scratch again. Until today I was always starting with the beat and then writing the song on it. This time I was starting with piano, voice and guitar, then producing around the song. I've really changed everything, like the way I was working, the people I was working with – everything." During an interview with "Billboard", Guetta said he has moved away from the current EDM and house sound on his previous two internationally released albums "One Love" and "Nothing but the Beat" with "Listen", by adding elements of other music such as classical music, acoustic music, and piano ballads: "I miss soul and emotion. A lot of EDM lately is based on production tricks that make it sound huge. I think it's not enough. These songs can be played by a classical orchestra, a rock band, or a funk band, and they would be great. It's not like, 'Oh wow, if you don't have this huge distorted kick, there's nothing else.'"

Critical reception.

"Listen" received generally mixed reviews from music critics. At Metacritic, which assigns an average rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album received an average score of 51, based on 9 reviews, which indicates mixed or average reviews. In a mixed review, Megan Buerger of Billboard criticized the album for following the same formula throughout the whole album, however praising Guetta's songwriting on the album. In another mixed review, David Jeffries of AllMusic praised a majority of the tracks included on the album, but criticized Guetta for "seeming like a featured artist on his own album."  In a negative review of the album, Blue Sullivan of Slant Magazine criticized the tracks for being overly repetitive, and the overuse of autotune on the album. In another negative review of the album, Killian Fox of The Guardian criticized the album for not differing from the formula of any of his other albums, and for Guetta playing it safe by sticking in his comfort zone. In a mixed review of the album, Michaelangelo Matos of the Rolling Stone called the songwriting on the album bland, along with criticizing some of the featured artists on the album such as Sam Martin for delivering weak vocal performances. Despite the complaints, he praised the club friendliness of the songs on the album.

Commercial performance.

"Listen" debuted at number 8 on the UK Albums Chart, selling 24,385 copies in its first week. In the United States, the album debuted at number 22 on the "Billboard" 200, with first-week sales of 25,000 copies. "Listen" also debuted at number one on the Dance/Electronic Albums chart. After 24 weeks on the "Billboard" 200, Listen had a big rise, jumping from number 30 to number 4, selling 43,000 units (29,000 in pure album sales), making it Guetta's highest-charting album in the United States. The album topped "Billboard" Top Dance/Electronic Albums for 5 non-consecutive weeks. "Listen" was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), for combined album sales, on-demand audio, video streams, track sales equivalent of 500,000.

Listen is the sixth studio album by French DJ and record producer David Guetta. It was released on 21 November 2014. It features collaborations with artists from the R&B, hip hop, alternative rock and pop worlds such as Sam Martin, Emeli Sandé, The Script, Nicki Minaj, John Legend, Nico & Vinz, Ryan Tedder (the lead singer of pop rock band OneRepublic), Sia, Magic!, Bebe Rexha, South African male choral group Ladysmith Black Mambazo, Ms. Dynamite, Elliphant, Birdy, Jaymes Young, Sonny Wilson, Vassy, and Skylar Grey. It also features additional production from Guetta's frequent collaborator Giorgio Tuinfort, Avicii, Afrojack, Nicky Romero, Showtek, and Stadiumx among others, with additional writing credits from Austin Bisnow, Jason Evigan, Julie Frost, and The-Dream among others.

Listen ist das sechste Studioalbum des französischen DJs David Guetta. Es wurde am 21. November 2014 veröffentlicht und erreichte in zahlreichen Ländern hohe Chartplatzierungen. Gastauftritte auf dem Album hatten unter anderem die Musiker The Script, Nicki Minaj, Alicia Keys und Showtek. Bereits vor der Veröffentlichungen konnten die Vorab-Singles "Lovers on the Sun" und "Dangerous" hoch in die Charts einsteigen.


Early life and education.

Danny Porush, the son of a doctor, was raised in a Jewish family in Lawrence, Nassau County, New York. Porush graduated from Lawrence Woodmere Academy. He attended Dickinson College and Boston University but did not graduate. According to "New York" magazine, Porush then "bounced from job to job, working for, and starting up, a variety of small businesses."

Career.

Stratton Oakmont.

In the late 1980s, Porush helped Jordan Belfort found Stratton Oakmont, a Long Island, New York "over-the-counter" (OTC) brokerage house in which Belfort was chairman and Porush was president. Stratton Oakmont specialized in selling "penny stocks" and underwriting initial public offerings for small companies, including for Steve Madden (a childhood friend of Porush), Master Glazier's Karate International Inc., Dualstar Technologies, Select Media Communications, United Leisure Corporation and Questron Technology. In 1994, Porush took over as chairman and CEO of Stratton after Belfort was barred from the industry.  Beginning in 1989, Stratton Oakmont became the subject of numerous disciplinary actions by the National Association of Securities Dealers (NASD) and Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). It was determined that Stratton Oakmont was involved in pump and dump stock fraud that involved artificially inflating the price of stocks through false and misleading positive statements, in order to sell cheaply purchased stock at a higher price. Once the operators of the scheme "dumped" their overvalued shares, the price fell and investors lost their money. In December 1996, the NASD permanently expelled Stratton Oakmont and barred Porush as well as fined him $250,000. The NASD rejected Porush's claim that he was only "a figurehead," citing him as the salesperson with the largest individual allocation. In their decision to bar Porush and his head trader, Steven P. Sanders, the NASD wrote that "[they] continue to deny responsibility and exhibit no remorse for [their] misconduct, and, but for the bar, would continue to pose an on-going risk to the investing public."  Following a federal indictment, Porush and Belfort pleaded guilty to 10 counts of securities fraud and money laundering in 1999. In an exchange for reduced sentences, Porush and Belfort cooperated with the federal investigations of their colleagues. Porush was "convicted of insider trading, perjury, conspiracy and money laundering and ordered to pay $200 million in restitution." He was sentenced to four years in prison and Belfort was sentenced to two years. Porush was released on probation in 2004 after serving 39 months.  In 2013, the story of Stratton Oakmont as told by Jordan Belfort in his 2007 memoir was made into Martin Scorsese's "The Wolf of Wall Street". In the film, Jonah Hill portrays a character named Donnie Azoff, loosely based on Porush. Porush has stated that many of the movie's incidents are fictional. The character's name was changed during movie development after Porush threatened to sue Paramount Pictures if he was depicted.

Medical supplies.

Following his release from prison in 2004, Porush became involved with a Boca Raton, Florida-based medical supply and medical equipment company which, according to "Forbes" magazine, has operated under the names Med-Care Diabetic & Medical Supplies, Christian Diabetics and the Christian Healthcare Network. The Med-Care company was the subject of a congressional hearing on Medicare fraud in April 2013. In May 2014, Porush's involvement with Med-Care was cited as reason for a portion of the federal "Stop Scams Act of 2014" which would require Medicare providers to disclose their ownership interests. According to Med-Care's attorney, the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services had been informed and had previously reviewed, and approved, Porush's role with the company.  In 2014, Porush and five other personnel of the Med-Care company were named in a whistleblower lawsuit alleging fraudulent Medicare claims. The case was initially dismissed in federal court for lack of specific proof. However, the lawsuit was refiled and was accepted for federal court when the initial whistleblower was joined by two more former Med-Care employees alleging the company of defrauding the federal government. The lawsuit alleged that telemarketers, under the guidance of Porush, made unsolicited calls to citizens and used high-pressure sales tactics to push them to accept medical supplies they may not want nor need. On January 14, 2015, Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) agents, Florida fraud department, and local police "raided the offices of Med-Care Diabetic & Medical Supplies" in Boca Raton and removed boxes of files. On January 16, 2015, the attorneys for Med-Care filed a motion in court to disqualify the whilstleblowers' attorneys for professional conflict of interest.

Personal life.

In 1986, Porush married his cousin, Nancy, and they had three children together. They divorced in 2000.  Porush married his second wife, Lisa Krause, with whom he had one child and four step-children. They live in Boca Raton, Florida.  In 2006, Porush was sued by his first wife for failure to pay child support. Porush said that he owned no assets and that everything belonged to his second wife.

Daniel Mark Porush (born February 1957) is an American businessman and former stock broker who ran a "pump and dump" stock fraud scheme in the 1990s. In 1999, he was convicted of securities fraud and money laundering at the Stratton Oakmont brokerage, for which he served 39 months in prison. The character of Donnie Azoff portrayed by Jonah Hill in the 2013 film "The Wolf of Wall Street" was loosely based on Porush, although Porush described the portrayal as inaccurate. After prison, Porush became involved with a Florida-based medical supply company, Med-Care, which was the subject of federal investigations.

Daniel Mark Porush (* Februar 1957 in Lawrence, New York) ist ein amerikanischer Unternehmer und Börsenmakler. Bekannt wurde er vor allem durch seine Beteiligung am Unternehmen Stratton Oakmont. Zusammen mit seinem Freund und Geschäftspartner Jordan Belfort gründete er im Jahr 1988 das Unternehmen, das im Jahr 1997 aus der National Association of Securities Dealers wegen Betrugs ausgeschlossen und im Jahr darauf von der United States Securities and Exchange Commission geschlossen wurde.


Early life.

Schulman was born in New York City. He has an older brother Ariel who is an actor and filmmaker. They are of German Jewish, Russian Jewish, Polish Jewish, and Romanian Jewish descent.  Schulman started taking pictures and became involved with photography after having studied dance for five years. He attended Sarah Lawrence College, studying Photography and Dance from 2004 to 2006. Schulman has admitted that he was expelled from Sarah Lawrence College after punching a female student.

Career.

At age 19, he and his brother Ariel started a film and photography production company. In 2004, Schulman started photographing dance as he became involved with the contemporary ballet community in New York City. He is a founding member of the Young Leadership Committee for the youth organization, Leave Out Violence.  In 2010, Schulman became the subject of the documentary "Catfish", filmed by Ariel and business partner Henry Joost, in which Schulman met and fell in love with a woman he met online. The premise followed Schulman on the journey of falling in love with a woman he meets on the Internet, but later finds out that she may not be exactly who she claimed to be.  In 2012, Schulman became the host and executive producer of the follow up show "" for MTV, with his filmmaking partner Max Joseph, where he introduces couples in real life who have fallen for each other online but have yet to meet.  Schulman has written a book, "In Real Life: Love, Lies & Identity in the Digital Age" (2014). In it, he gives both personal history and observations gleaned from his work on "Catfish".  In 2018, Schulman was suspended from his show following an accusation of sexual misconduct. Soon after, upon an investigation, the report of sexual misconduct was found to be "not credible" and the suspension was lifted. He appeared in 2018 film "Nobody's Fool" playing himself together with Max.

Personal life.

Schulman became engaged to Laura Perlongo on May 26, 2016. Laura gave birth to their daughter, Cleo James, on October 21, 2016. On July 22, 2017, Schulman and Perlongo were wed. On January 9, 2019, Laura gave birth to the couple's second child, Beau Bobby Bruce.

Yaniv "Nev" Schulman (born September 26, 1984) is an American TV host and producer. He is best known for the 2010 documentary film "Catfish" and the follow up TV series "" on MTV of which he is the host and executive producer.

Yaniv „Nev“ Louis Schulman (* 26. September 1984 in New York City, New York) ist ein US-amerikanischer Produzent, Schauspieler, Fotograf und Autor. Bekanntheit erlangte er durch die Dokumentation "Catfish" sowie der dazugehörigen Serie "Catfish – Verliebte im Netz".


Amateur career.

Corley was an amateur standout, and won the National Golden Gloves Light Welterweight Championship in 1995.

Professional career.

Corley began boxing professionally on May 17, 1996, knocking out Aaron Smith in the first round.

WBO light welterweight champion.

He would not lose a match until 1999, against Daniel Lujan. Later that year in his 22nd bout with a record of 21 wins 1 defeat (11KO) he faced Ener Julio for the USBA light welterweight title, he won via a 12-round split decision. He later defeated Ener Julio again to defend his WBO light welterweight belt (which he would later lose to future undisputed welterweight champion Zab Judah).

Inactive period and return.

He took 2002 off from boxing to recover from the murder of his brother. He returned to the ring on January 4, 2003.  In 2006 he fought Junior Witter for the vacant WBC light welterweight championship, losing a wide decision in a very tactical bout.

Later career.

After many consecutive losses, Corley took on Damian Fuller in 2010 and improved his record to 37-13-1 (21 KO's) with a 4th-round TKO.  On August 28, 2010 he lost to Marcos Maidana by unanimous decision in a fight in which was disputed, for the WBA light welterweight title.  On November 14, 2010 he lost to Serhiy Fedchenko by unanimous decision in a fight in which was also disputed, for the vacant WBO European light welterweight title. On January 21, 2012 he won the vacant NABF light welterweight title when he defeated Gabriel Bracero by unanimous decision.  He then earned a TKO victory over Paul McCloskey on May 5, 2012.  On September 27, 2013 Demarcus Corley lost against Selçuk Aydın by corner stoppage at the end of round 4.

DeMarcus Deon Corley (born June 3, 1974) is an American professional boxer. A veteran of the sport for more than two decades, he held the WBO junior welterweight title from 2001 to 2003, and has fought as a gatekeeper against many of boxing's biggest names.

Demarcus Deon Corley, besser bekannt als DeMarcus Corley (* 3. Juni 1974 in Washington, D.C.) ist ein US-amerikanischer Profiboxer und ehemaliger Weltmeister der WBO im Halbweltergewicht.


Early life.

Bailey was born in Birmingham, Alabama and relocated with her family to the Pensacola, Florida area at age two. At age 12, Bailey joined a New York City modeling company in the summer. Bailey graduated from Gulf Breeze High School of Gulf Breeze, Florida in 2001 and attended Marymount Manhattan College in New York City.

Career.

Bailey is a former Junior Olympic gymnast.  In 1999, Bailey at age 17 made her on-screen debut on "The Sopranos" episode "Boca" as character Deena Hauser. While attending Marymount Manhattan, Bailey got her first television presenting job on the Nickelodeon children's show "U-Pick Live" in 2002 and would continue on the show until 2005 and she and her co-host Brent Popolizio formed a fictional band in the show called The Pickles, the name is from the Pickle Family characters in the animated series "Rugrats". Bailey hosted an episode of "Slime Time Live" on Nickelodeon in 2003. In 2004, Bailey co-hosted a children-oriented Super Bowl XXXVIII pre-game show on Nickelodeon.  In her first role as a regular character in a fictional TV series, Bailey played Skylar Stevens on the CBS series "Jericho" from 2006 to 2008. In 2008, Bailey appeared in the music video of "Goodnight Goodnight" by Maroon 5. After "Jericho" was cancelled, Bailey worked as a cocktail waitress and babysitter between acting jobs. Bailey said that the work made her more appreciative of her acting opportunities.  Bailey returned to screen acting in a fifth season episode of "Ghost Whisperer" in 2010. On January 11, 2011, Bailey joined Kevin Pereira (who left the show on May 31, 2012) as the new co-host of "Attack of the Show!" and remained on the show until its final episode on January 23, 2013.

Candace Kaye Bailey (born May 20, 1982) is an American actress and television personality best known as a co-host of the former television program "Attack of the Show!" on G4.

Candace Bailey (* 20. Mai 1982 in Birmingham, Alabama) ist eine US-amerikanische Schauspielerin. Ihren ersten Auftritt hatte sie in dem Fernsehserie Die Sopranos als Deena Hauser. Außerdem spielte sie in der apokalyptischen CBS-Fernsehserie "Jericho – Der Anschlag" die Rolle der Skylar Stevens.


History and popularity.

The invention of the daguerreotype in 1839 made portraiture much more commonplace, as many of those who were unable to afford the commission of a painted portrait could afford to sit for a photography session. This cheaper and quicker method also provided the middle class with a means for memorializing dead loved ones.  Post-mortem photography was very common in the nineteenth century when "death occurred in the home and was quite an ordinary part of life." As photography was a new medium, it is plausible that "many daguerreotype post-mortem portraits, especially those of infants and young children, were probably the only photographs ever made of the sitters. The long exposure time made deceased subjects easy to photograph.'" (The problem of long exposure times also led to the phenomenon of hidden mother photography, where the mother was hidden in-frame to calm a young child and keep them still.) According to Mary Warner Marien, "post-mortem photography flourished in photography's early decades, among clients who preferred to capture an image of a deceased loved one rather than have no photograph at all."  These photographs served as keepsakes to remember the deceased. The later invention of the carte de visite, which allowed multiple prints to be made from a single negative, meant that copies of the image could be mailed to relatives. Approaching the 20th century, cameras became more accessible and more people began to be able to take photographs for themselves.  In America, post-mortem photography became an increasingly private practice by the mid-to-late nineteenth century, with discussion moving out of trade journals and public discussion. The now more private practice was studied by anthropologist Jay Ruby who was able to find limited information after the turn of the century, but noted a resurgence in the so-called "mourning tableaux" - where the living were photographed surrounding the coffin of the deceased, sometimes with the deceased visible - in America in the 1930s. He was also able to find examples of death photography as a private practice in America his own time - the 1960s. Barbara Norfleet investigated further and discovered the practice of post-mortem photography continued in America right up until World War II "at least among rural and urban working-and middle-class families [in ethnic minorities]." Her conclusion centred on the work of African-American portrait photographer James Van Der Zee in Harlem from 1917-1940s, whose "Harlem Book of the Dead" is a collection post-mortem portraits of other African Americans in Harlem over the course of his career.  In Britain, Audrey Linkman found a similar continuation of post-mortem photography in the inter-war years, indicating the practice was not limited to the Victorian Era in Britain, though she said little about wider Europe. She also was a strong supporter of Barbara Norfleet's research into the ethnic minorities and middle-classes of America, insisting that post-mortem photography remained popular among these groups for far longer than the upper classes who had previously been studied.  Post-mortem photography as early as the 1970s was taken up by artists, and continues today. Audrey Linkman, Christopher Townsend and Lauren Summersgill have all researched this particular area of study. Artists include Jeffrey Silverthorne, Hans Danuser, Hannah Wilke, Nick Wapping, British photographer Sue Fox, Nan Golden, and Andres Serrano's series "The Morgue." Summersgill argues that artists in America in the 1990s used post-mortem photography to fight against the increasing medicalisation of death.  Personal post-mortem photography is considered to be largely private, with the exception of the public circulation of stillborn children in the charity website "Now I Lay Me Down to Sleep" and the controversial rise of funeral selfies on phones.

Evolving style.

Jay Ruby’s analysis of various styles in post-mortem photography – particularly the poses of the deceased – argued that key poses reflected cultural attitudes toward death. Ruby argued for the dominance of the ‘Last Sleep’ pose in the first forty years of post-mortem portraiture. In the ‘Last Sleep’ the deceased’s eyes are closed and they lay as though in repose, which Ruby argued reflected the American desire to associate death with sleep.  Another popular arrangement was to have the deceased presented seated in a chair or arranged in a portrait to mimic life because these photographs would serve as their last social presence. In the Victorian era it was not uncommon to photograph deceased young children or newborns in the arms of their mother. The inclusion of the mother, it has been argued, encourages one to see through the mother's eyes: "The desire to see through the mother’s eyes, and even identify with such pain would have been more potent at the time, when the daguerreotype would be shown to friends and family who might have known the child and certainly knew the family."  While some images (especially tintypes and ambrotypes) have a rosy tint added to the cheeks of the corpse, it is untrue that metal stands and other devices were used to pose the dead as though they were living. The use by photographers of a stand or arm rest (sometimes referred to as a Brady stand), which aided living persons to remain still long enough for the camera's lengthy exposure time, has given rise to this myth. While 19th-century people may have wished their loved ones to look their best in a memorial photograph, evidence of a metal stand should be understood as proof that the subject was a living person.  Later photographic examples show the subject in a coffin. Some very late examples show the deceased in a coffin with a large group of funeral attendees; this type of photograph was especially popular in Europe and less common in the United States.  As noted above, post-mortem photography is still practised and is common in America among women who experienced stillbirth; commemorated on websites such as "Now I Lay Me Down To Sleep". This style of mother holding child was also common in the Victorian era when death of infants was common. Photographs, especially depicting persons who were considered to be very holy lying in their coffins, are still circulated among faithful Eastern Catholic, Eastern Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox Christians.

In other cultures.

Iceland.

It is believed that the post-mortem photography died out in the Nordic countries around 1940. When examining Iceland's culture surrounding death, it is concluded that the nation held death as an important and significant companion. Throughout much of the nineteenth century, the country's infant mortality rate was higher than the rest of European countries. Consequently, death was a public topic that was considerably seen through Icelanders' religious lenses. There are many that believe Iceland's attitudes about post-mortem photography can be drawn out from its earlier attitudes about death. In the early 1900s, it wasn't uncommon to read a local newspaper's obituary section and find detailed information regarding an individual's death, including instances where suicide occurred. How post-mortem photography began in Iceland remains uncertain, but these photographs can be traced to the late nineteenth century.

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.

Post-mortem photography was particularly popular in Victorian Britain. From 1860-1910, these Post-mortem portraits were much like American portraits in style, focusing on the deceased either displayed as asleep or with the family; often these images were placed in family albums. The study has often been mixed with American traditions, because the two are so similar.

India.

In India, people believe that if their deceased loved one is burned in Varanasi at the "burning ghats”, or funeral pyres " their soul will be transported to heaven and escape the cycle of rebirth" That being said, Varanasi is the only city in India that has pyres burning 24 hours a day, seven days a week. Where an average of 300 bodies are burned per day. Death photographers come to Varanasi daily to take photos of the recently deceased for their family and loved ones earning roughly " between 1,500 and 2,500 rupees (~$24-$40) per day". "The pictures are serve as a memory for the family, but they're also used to prove to the bank that the family member is dead" says Indra Kumar Jha, one of India's many post-mortem photographers.

Post-mortem photography (also known as memorial portraiture or a mourning portrait) is the practice of photographing the recently deceased. Various cultures use and have used this practice, though the best-studied area of post-mortem photography is that of Europe and America. There can be considerable dispute as to whether individual early photographs actually show a dead person or not, often sharpened by commercial considerations.

Totenfotografie oder Post-mortem-Fotografie bezeichnet das Ablichten von Verstorbenen und das dabei entstehende Lichtbild des Toten. Totenfotografien nahmen im Totenkult des Abendlandes im späten 19. Jahrhundert eine bedeutende Rolle ein.


Design & development.

The Swift (an acronym for 'Swept Wing with Inboard Flap Trim') was originally conceived as a rigid hang glider with sailplane-like performance. It was designed in a collaboration between Bright Star Gliders and Ilan Kroo, a professor at Stanford University, along with a group of Stanford graduate students. The Swift's configuration as a foot-launched sailplane with rigid wings is shared by a very small number of gliders.  The swept wing has control surfaces along the entire trailing edge: flaps occupy the inner 42%, and elevons take up 58% of the outer span. The Swift has no vertical stabilizer and so faces the need for directional stability in yaw. This is addressed by winglets and the models with an enclosed cockpit also have conventional fuselage stabilising surfaces that contribute to yaw stability. The winglets on the 1990 prototype were fixed surfaces, so the pilot effected turns using the elevons.  The original Swift is now out of production, having been replaced by a refined version called the Swift'Lite. This new model has winglets that, like those on the Rutan Long-EZ, are rudders when used singly, and air-brakes when used together. In addition, compared to its predecessor, the Swift'Lite is claimed to be: 20% lighter, with lighter and more responsive controls, a lower stall speed, an improved glide ratio of 27:1, better pilot visibility and comfort, and simplified assembly procedure.

Model range.

A variety of different "fuselage pods" have been fitted beneath the wings to create a range of aircraft, as follows: The various fuselage frames are interchangeable and any can be added to the same basic wing. Swift gliders with engines have Arplast EcoProp folding propellers, which feather for soaring when then engine is turned off. Powered Swift gliders are not foot-launched, having instead two main wheels in tandem layout, and small wing-tip castors.

The Aériane Swift is a lightweight (48 kg) foot-launched tailless sailplane whose rigid wings have a span of 40 feet.

Das Gleitflugzeug Aériane SWIFT ("Swept Wing with Inboard Flap Trim") wurde ursprünglich als starrer Hängegleiter entworfen, das deren Flugleistungen jedoch deutlich übertreffen sollte. Der Entwurf basierte auf einer Zusammenarbeit zwischen Bright Star Gliders, Ilan Kroo, einem Professor der Stanford University sowie einer Gruppe von Studenten.


Life.

Edelinck was born in Antwerp, where he received his early training under the engravers Gaspar Huybrechts (1619–1684) and Cornelius Galle the Younger. He went to Paris in 1666, where he worked with his fellow Fleming Nicolas Pitau the elder. To improve himself further he subsequently studied under François de Poilly, Robert Nanteuil, and Philippe de Champaigne. These masters likewise had soon done all they could to help him onwards, and Edelinck ultimately took the first rank among line engravers.  His excellence was generally acknowledged; and having become known to Louis XIV he was appointed, on the recommendation of Le Brun, teacher at the academy established at the Gobelins manufactory for the training of workers in tapestry. He was also entrusted with the execution of several important works. In 1677 he won admission to the Académie royale de peinture et de sculpture (Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture) with his "Portrait of Philippe de Champaigne", engraved after a self-portrait.

Work.

The work of this great engraver constitutes an epoch in the art. His prints number more than four hundred. Edelinck stands above and apart from his predecessors and contemporaries in that he excelled, not in some one respect, but in all respects, that while one engraver attained excellence in correct form, and another in rendering light and shade, and others in giving color to their prints and the texture of surfaces, he, as supreme master of the burin, possessed and displayed all these separate qualities, in so complete a harmony that the eye is not attracted by any one of them in particular, but rests in the satisfying whole.  Edelinck was especially good as an engraver of portraits, and executed prints of many of the most eminent persons of his time. Among these are those of Le Brun, Rigaud, Champaigne, Nanteuil, La Fontaine, Colbert, John Dryden, Descartes, Jean-Baptiste Lully, etc. He died at Paris in 1707. His younger brother Jean, and his son Nicholas, were also engravers.

Works.

Among his most famous works are:

Gérard Edelinck (20 October 1640 (baptized) – 2 April 1707) was a copper-plate engraver and print publisher of Flemish origin, who worked in Paris from 1666 and became a naturalized French citizen in 1675.

Gérard Edelinck (* 20. Oktober 1640 in Antwerpen; † 2. April 1707 in Paris) war ein französischer Kupferstecher flämischer Herkunft.


Definition.

A Postnikov system of a path-connected space formula_2 is an inverse system of spaces with a sequence of maps formula_5 compatible with the inverse system such that  (1) formula_5 induces an isomorphism formula_7 for every formula_8  (2) formula_9 for formula_10  There is an additional technical condition which some authors include as an additional axiom:  (3) Each map formula_11 is a fibration, and so the fiber formula_12 is an Eilenberg–Maclane space, formula_13.  Note that the first two conditions imply formula_14 is also a formula_15-space; more generally, if formula_16 is formula_17-connected, then formula_18 is a formula_13-space and all formula_20 for formula_21 are contractible.

Existence.

Postnikov systems exist on connected CW complexes and there is a weak homotopy-equivalence between formula_2 and formula_23 showing formula_2 is a CW approximation of formula_23. They can be constructed on a CW complex by iteratively killing off homotopy groups. If we have a map formula_26 representing a homotopy class formula_27, we can take the pushout along the boundary map formula_28, killing off the homotopy class. For formula_29 this process can be repeated for all formula_30, giving a space which has vanishing homotopy groups formula_31. Using the fact that formula_32can be constructed from formula_18 by killing off all homotopy maps formula_34, we get a map formula_35.

Homotopy groups of spheres.

One application of the Postnikov tower is the computation of homotopy groups of spheres. For formula_36 we can use the Hurewicz theorem to show each formula_37 is contractible for formula_21 since the theorem implies the lower homotopy groups are trivial. Recall there is a spectral sequence for any Serre fibration, such as the fibration formula_39  We can then form a homological spectral sequence with formula_40-termsformula_41.And the first non-trivial map to formula_42formula_43equivalently written asformula_44If it's easy to compute formula_45 and formula_46, then we can get information about what this map looks like. In particular, if it's an isomorphism, we get a computation of formula_42.

Whitehead tower.

Given a CW complex formula_2 there is a dual construction to the Postnikov tower called the Whitehead tower. Instead of killing off all higher homotopy groups, the Whitehead tower iteratively kills off lower homotopy groups. This is given by a tower of CW complexesformula_49where  (1) The lower homotopy groups are zero, so formula_9 for formula_51  (2) The induced map formula_52 is an isomorphism for formula_10  (3) The maps formula_11 are fibrations with fiber formula_55

Implications.

Notice formula_56 is the universal cover of formula_2 since it is a covering space with a simply connected cover. Furthermore each formula_58 is the universal formula_59-connected cover of formula_2.

Construction.

The spaces formula_61 in the Whitehead tower are constructed inductively. If we construct a formula_62 by killing off the higher homotopy groups in formula_61, we get an embedding formula_64. If we letformula_65for some fixed base point formula_66, then the induced map formula_67 is a fiber bundle with fiber homeomorphic toformula_68so we have a Serre fibrationformula_69Using the long exact sequence in homotopy theory, we have formula_70 for formula_71, formula_72 for formula_73, and finally, there is an exact sequenceformula_74where if the middle morphism is an isomorphism, the other two groups are zero. This can be checked by looking at the inclusion formula_64and noting the Eilenberg-Maclane space has a cellular decompositionformula_76soformula_77giving the desired result.

Whitehead tower and string theory.

In Spin geometry the formula_78 group is constructed as the universal cover of the Special orthogonal group formula_79, so formula_80 is a fibration, giving the first term in the Whitehead tower. There are physically relevant interpretations for the higher parts in this tower, which can be read as where formula_82 is the formula_83-connected cover of formula_79, and formula_85 is the formula_86-connected cover.

In homotopy theory, a branch of algebraic topology, a Postnikov system (or Postnikov tower) is a way of decomposing a topological space's homotopy groups using an inverse system of topological spaces whose homotopy type at degree formula_1 agree's with the truncated homotopy type of the original space formula_2. Postnikov systems were introduced by, and named after, Mikhail Postnikov.

Ein Postnikow-Turm oder Postnikow-System ist im mathematischen Teilgebiet der algebraischen Topologie eine Methode, einen gegebenen topologischen Raum in Eilenberg-MacLane-Räume zu zerlegen, was zum Beispiel die Berechnung seiner Homologiegruppen mittels Spektralsequenzen ermöglicht.


Early life.

Bashir was born in Pakistan, and moved to Yorkshire aged eight to live with his father who was a mill worker in Bradford. He is a member of the British Ahmedi Pakistani community. Bashir attended Thornton Grammar School before attending the University of Bradford to study chemical engineering.

Professional career.

Bashir is a restaurateur who, prior to becoming politically active, ran two establishments in Bradford and Manchester.

Political career.

After fifteen years as a member of the Conservative Party, Bashir joined UKIP in 2012 and was placed second on the party's list of candidates for the Yorkshire and the Humber region at the 2014 European Parliament election. UKIP topped the regional poll with 31% of the vote, winning three seats, and Bashir was thus elected as one of six MEPs for the region. He was the party's spokesman on communities and on small and medium-sized businesses until his defection to the Conservatives in January 2015.  Bashir is a member of the European Parliament's Foreign Affairs, Employment and Industry committees. He is also a member of the inter-parliamentary delegations for Bosnia and Herzegovina and Afghanistan.  Bashir is the chairman of the ECR Group's working group on SMEs and also Conservative parliamentary delegation spokesman on SMEs.  On 20 February 2016, Bashir announced that he would be supporting the campaign to leave the European Union in the forthcoming EU membership referendum.  As of May 2017, Bashir ranked 720 out of 751 MEPs for his participation in roll call votes in the European Parliament. Bashir met with Conservative leader and Prime Minister David Cameron on 23 January 2015 to discuss moving back to the party, and made the move official the following day. Cameron stated that he was "absolutely delighted that Bashir had decided to leave Ukip and join the Conservative Party". He also stated that Bashir had an "inspiring story", and that "it's another sign that in this great country of ours you can come to Britain without very much and you can be a member of the European parliament, an MP, sit in the cabinet".  Following his defection to the Conservatives, UKIP alleged that Bashir had failed to attend a meeting on 20 January 2015, three days prior to his defection, to discuss their concerns, pending an investigation, into what they described as "a number of extremely serious issues... which include unanswered financial and employment questions" and that "UKIP MEP Mike Hookem had passed on evidence of Mr Bashir's alleged wrongdoing to West Yorkshire police." More specifically, they alleged interference in a UKIP Keighley candidate selection, immigration offences in his restaurants and financial irregularities with regard to expenses incurred by his European parliamentary political group at the time, the Europe of Freedom and Direct Democracy. Bashir described the allegations as "absurd and made-up".  Bashir was defended by Conservative MEP Daniel Hannan and by then-Conservative Party Chairman Grant Shapps, both of whom criticised the allegations by UKIP.  Bashir's lawyers wrote to Nigel Farage in April 2015, inviting him to withdraw the claims made about Bashir or face a libel action. As of April 2016, neither such withdrawal nor any libel action had taken place.

2019 Conservative candidacy.

Bashir was selected as the Conservative Party candidate in Leeds North East, but he was then suspended from the party on 20 November 2019 because of comments he had made in 2014. Bashir remained on the ballot paper as the Conservative Party candidate and finished second.  The comments in question were originally while he was a UKIP MEP. During a debate on 11 September 2014 in the European Parliament, Bashir had described British Jews travelling to Israel and returning as "brainwashed extremists". These comments were widely perceived as anti-Israel and as potentially antisemitic and, when resurfacing (from a Jewish Chronicle exclusive) on 18 November, were condemned by the Board of Deputies on the same day. Bashir apologised for the comments he made. A subsequent enquiry by the Conservative party chairman suspended Amjad Bashir permanently from the Conservative party

Awards and nominations.

In January 2015, Bashir was nominated for the Politician of the Year award at the British Muslim Awards.

Amjad Mahmood Bashir (; born 17 September 1952) is a British politician who served as a Member of the European Parliament for the Yorkshire and the Humber region between 2014 and 2019. He was elected in 2014 for the UK Independence Party (UKIP) and defected to the Conservative Party on 24 January 2015.

Amjad Bashir (* 17. September 1952 in Jhelam, Gujrat, Punjab) ist ein britischer Politiker. Bashir, der als selbständiger Restaurantbetreiber in Bradford und Manchester tätig ist und zuvor schon Mitglied der Labour Party und der Respect Party gewesen war, wurde 2014 für die UK Independence Party als Abgeordneter in das Europäische Parlament gewählt. Dort ist er Mitglied im Unterausschuss Menschenrechte. Am 24. Januar 2015 beschloss die UKIP den Ausschluss Bashirs aus Partei und Fraktion wegen Verwicklung in finanzielle Unregelmäßigkeiten; noch am selben Tag verkündete dieser seinen Übertritt zur Conservative Party.