Background.

In 1991, MCA Records Canada released Morissette's debut studio album "Alanis", which went Platinum in Canada. Her second album "Now Is the Time" sold a little more than half the copies of her first album. With her two-album deal complete, Morissette was left without a recording contract. In 1993, Morissette's publisher Leeds Levy at MCA Music Publishing introduced her to manager Scott Welch. Welch told HitQuarters he was impressed by her "spectacular voice", her character and her lyrics. At the time she was still living with her parents in Ottawa. Together they decided it would be best for her career to move to Toronto and start writing with other people.  After graduating from high school, Morissette made the move. Her publisher funded part of her development and when she met producer and songwriter Glen Ballard, he believed in her talent enough to let her use his studio. The two wrote and recorded Morissette's first internationally released album, "Jagged Little Pill", and by the spring of 1995, she had signed a deal with Maverick Records. According to Welch, every label they approached passed on Morissette apart from Maverick.

Recording.

Morissette co-wrote the album solely with Glen Ballard, who also produced the album. The demo recording sessions started in 1994 at Ballard's home studio and included only Morissette and the producer, who recorded the songs as they were being written. Ballard provided the rough tracks, playing the guitars, keyboards, and programming drum machines, and Morissette played harmonica. The duo sought to write and record one song a day, in twelve- or sixteen-hour shifts, with minimal overdubbing later. All of Morissette's singing on the album respects that rule, each recorded in one or two takes. The tracks that were redone later in a professional studio used the original demo vocals.  Ballard met Morissette in 1994 when his publishing company matched them up. According to Ballard, the connection was "instant", and within 30 minutes of meeting each other they had begun experimenting with different sounds in Ballard's home studio in San Fernando Valley, California. Ballard also declared to "Rolling Stone" that, "I just connected with her as a person, and, almost parenthetically, it was like 'Wow, you're 19?' She was so intelligent and ready to take a chance on doing something that might have no commercial application. Although there was some question about what she wanted to do musically, she knew what she didn't want to do, which was anything that wasn't authentic and from her heart." The first track the pair wrote was "The Bottom Line", which was not included on the album's initial release, but was included on the album's 2015 re-release. The song was written in one hour, immediately after they met.  The album's most successful single "Ironic" was the third track to be written for the album. In an interview with Christopher Walsh of "Billboard", Ballard explained how he and Morissette met, and how "Ironic" was written. He commented: "I'm telling you, within 15 minutes we were at it — just writing. 'Ironic' was the third song we wrote. Oh God, we were just having fun. I thought 'I don't know what this is — what genre it is — who knows? It's just good."  The lead single, "You Oughta Know", has guitar by Dave Navarro and bass by Flea of Red Hot Chili Peppers. The song was written with a different instrumentation; the pair were then asked to re-write the music – something Navarro described as being "A lot like a remix... The structure of the song was in place but there were no guide tracks, we just had the vocal to work from. It was just a good time and we basically jammed until we found something we were both happy with. Alanis was happy too."  The first song to be shown to A&R and record company people was "Perfect", with a simple arrangement containing only Morissette's vocals and Ballard's acoustic guitar. In December of 1994, before Morissette penned a deal with Maverick Records, the duo took the demos to a studio and began working on full band arrangements for 5 songs: You Oughta Know, Right Through You, Forgiven, Wake Up and Mary Jane. Los Angeles engineer Chris Fogel engineered the sessions.

Content.

"Jagged Little Pill" departed from Morissette's previous releases – "Alanis" and "Now Is the Time" – that predominantly featured dance-pop. The album is seen as a landmark in alternative rock. Most of the lyrics were written by Morissette and Glen Ballard.  The album opens with "All I Really Want". It features harmonica, swirly guitars and canned drums, and is in a grunge-pop vein. The lyrics talk about "intellectual intercourse" and a mental connection with another angry, frustrated, frightened, uncomfortable soul.  "You Oughta Know" features themes of "raw anger and frank portrayal of female sexuality".  "Perfect" is a pristine ballad that talks about "pushy" parents.  "Hand in My Pocket" is a cataloging of contradictions set over fuzzy guitar and a '90s drum machine. It portrays a lighter side to Morissette, with lyrics that touch upon themes of her self-effacing and hopeful side.  "Right Through You" is a grunge song with angry lyrics about sleazy record bosses who prey on female artists who they want to "Wine dine and sixty-nine" rather than actually supporting their musical careers.  "Forgiven" draws on Morissette's Catholic upbringing. "I was told," she recalled, "that if I wasn't a virgin when I was a teenager, I must be a real whore. I believed that if I had sex I would be damned in hell forever."  "You Learn" is a mid-tempo self-help rock song, with Morissette giving out advice; "Ditch the fear, open your heart, speak your mind, and when the going gets tough, walk around the house naked."  "Head Over Feet" is a ballad that contains guitar and drum box backing, with plainspoken vocals. The lyrics talk about Morissette being a "handful", and that she's not the type to get emotional.  "Mary Jane" is built over a ballad's tense and ringing electric guitar, and sees Morissette trying to reassure a friend who's having a rough time, or possibly smoking marijuana ("Mary Jane" is another name for the drug).  "Ironic" is a pop rock song, set in the time signature of common time, composed in a moderate tempo of eighty-two beats per minute. The song's usage of the word "ironic" attracted media attention for an improper application of the term: according to Jon Pareles of "The New York Times", the song gives a distinct "unironic" sense in its implications. According to the "Oxford English Dictionary" "irony" is "a figure of speech in which the intended meaning is the opposite of that expressed by the words used". Thus, lyrics such as "It's like rain on your wedding day" and "A traffic jam when you're already late" are not ironic.  "Not the Doctor" features gnarly guitars, acoustic strumming and a languid drum loop, with needle-sharp lyrics.  The closing "Wake Up" takes the shape of a cry for help to an apathetic world.

Release and promotion.

Maverick Records released "Jagged Little Pill" internationally in 1995. The album was expected only to sell enough for Morissette to make a follow-up, but the situation changed quickly when KROQ-FM, an influential Los Angeles modern rock radio station, began playing "You Oughta Know", the album's lead single. The song instantly garnered attention for its scathing, explicit lyrics, and a subsequent music video went into heavy rotation on MTV and MuchMusic.  After the success of "You Oughta Know", the album's other hit singles helped send "Jagged Little Pill" to the top of the charts. "All I Really Want" and "Hand in My Pocket" followed, but the fourth US single, "Ironic", became Morissette's biggest hit. "You Learn" and "Head over Feet", the fifth and sixth singles, respectively, kept the album in the top twenty on the "Billboard" 200 for more than a year.  Due to the success of the album, Morissette toured worldwide for a total of 18 months. A VHS and DVD was released, under the title "Jagged Little Pill, Live", that also received positive reviews from music critics as well. The tour travelled to Australia, New Zealand, Germany, the United Kingdom, South America, Asia, the United States and her native Canada. It had won a Grammy Award for Best Long Form Music Video.  In 2005, Morissette released an acoustic version of the album, "Jagged Little Pill Acoustic", on the tenth anniversary of the original album's release. This album was originally sold through Starbucks' Hear Music brand in an exclusive six-week deal that ended on July 26, 2005. For the duration of this partnership, music retailer HMV boycotted the sale of Morissette's entire catalogue in Canada. The album was released on June 15, 2005, ten years to the day after the original United States release. The artwork of the acoustic version is similar to the original version, but is sepia-tinted instead. On October 30, 2015, "Jagged Little Pill" was reissued by Rhino Records and Warner Music Group to mark its 20th anniversary. A two-disc deluxe edition contains a newly remastered version of the album, appended with ten demo recordings, two of which were previously released on the "Joining You" single in 1999. A limited four-disc collector's edition also adds 2005's "Acoustic" album and a full live concert recorded in London at Subterranea on September 28, 1995. As with the "Acoustic" release, this edition also updated the cover artwork; this time presented in white and gold and labeled as "Jagged Little Pill • Collector's Edition".

Critical reception.

"Jagged Little Pill" received generally positive reviews from music critics. "Los Angeles Times" writer Steve Hochman found that few artists explored "extreme emotional games" as "strikingly" as Morissette, whom he viewed as "a fresh talent—somewhere between, say, Sinéad O'Connor and Liz Phair—who's determined to let her feelings out, whether with a snarl or a smile." Anne Ayers of "USA Today" said that Morissette "compels with mature, assured songcraft and pointed writing", while "Philadelphia Inquirer" critic Tom Moon described her as "wise beyond her years, determined to expose the hypocrisy she encounters at every turn." "The Village Voice"s Robert Christgau wrote that Morissette is "happy to help 15 million girls of many ages stick a basic feminist truth in our faces: privileged phonies have identity problems too. Not to mention man problems." In a retrospective review, Stephen Thomas Erlewine from AllMusic highlighted the intensely personal nature of the album's lyrics and found it "remarkable" that the album "struck a sympathetic chord with millions of listeners, because it's so doggedly, determinedly insular." Erlewine concludes, "As slick as the music is, the lyrics are unvarnished and Morissette unflinchingly explores emotions so common, most people would be ashamed to articulate them."  Other critics were less favorable. David Browne of "Entertainment Weekly" gave it a middling review, stating that the album "is [a hard] swallow. What sounds arresting on a single grows wearing over a full album. Producer-co-songwriter Glen Ballard's arrangements are clunky mixtures of alternative mood music and hammy arena rock, and the 21-year-old Morissette tends to wildly oversing every other line." Greg Kot of the "Chicago Tribune" wrote that Morissette "strives for catharsis but often merely sounds histrionic".  When listing the album at 45 on the "100 Best Albums of the Nineties", "Rolling Stone" commented: ""Jagged Little Pill" is like a Nineties version of Carole King's "Tapestry": a woman using her plain soft-rock voice to sift through the emotional wreckage of her youth, with enough heart and songcraft to make countless listeners feel the earth move".

Commercial performance.

"Jagged Little Pill" is one of the most successful albums of the 1990s. In the US, "Jagged Little Pill" debuted at No. 117 on the "Billboard" 200 and peaked at No. 1 in October 1995, almost three months after it was released. It was the first album to reach both 12 million (in February 1997) and 13 million (in August 1998) in sales in the US since 1991, when Nielsen SoundScan started tracking music sales. It was certified 16× Platinum for shipments of 16 million copies. Morissette held the record by the youngest artist to be certified diamond in the US, until she was beaten by Britney Spears with her debut album "...Baby One More Time". On the week ending June 21, 2015, the album sold 5,000, bringing the sales to just over 15 million, making the album one of only three albums to have sold at least 15 million copies in the United States since Nielsen Music began tracking data in 1991. and a further 350,000 units through BMG Music Club. The album also peaked at number one on the Canadian Albums Chart, selling over two million copies, being certified 2× Diamond.  "Jagged Little Pill" was very successful worldwide. In Oceania, the album debuted at number 46 in Australia, and rose to peak at number one, staying there for 10 consecutive weeks. It was certified 14× Platinum, selling over 980,000 copies there. The album debuted at number 46 in New Zealand, then rose to number one, staying there for 11 non-consecutive weeks. The album had been certified 14× Platinum, selling over 200,000 copies.  In Europe, the album peaked at number six on the French Albums Chart, staying in the charts for 37 weeks. It was certified Platinum in that country. In Italy "Jagged Little Pill" has shipped half a million copies. The album debuted at number 76 in the United Kingdom and later reached number one, staying in the charts for a total of 221 weeks. The album was certified 10× Platinum, shipping over 3 million copies. Overall, the album sold 33 million copies worldwide, becoming one of the most successful albums in music history. One of the best selling albums worldwide, in 1996 it was the best selling worldwide with 18.7 million copies sold with 500,000 or more copies sold during more than 15 non-consecutive weeks., it has sold 33 million copies worldwide.

Impact and legacy.

The album received numerous awards and accolades. Morissette and the album won six Juno Awards in 1996, including the Album of the Year, Single of the Year for "You Oughta Know", Female Vocalist of the Year, Songwriter of the Year and Best Rock Album. At the 1996 Grammy Awards, she won Best Female Rock Vocal Performance, Best Rock Song (both for "You Oughta Know"), Best Rock Album and Album of the Year. "Ironic" was nominated for two 1997 Grammy Awards—Record of the Year and Best Music Video, Short Form—and won Single of the Year at the 1997 Juno Awards, where Morissette also won Songwriter of the Year and the International Achievement Award. The video "Jagged Little Pill, Live", which was co-directed by Morissette and chronicled the bulk of her tour, won a 1998 Grammy Award for Best Music Video, Long Form.  In 2000 it was voted number 51 in Colin Larkin's "All Time Top 1000 Albums". In October 2002, "Rolling Stone" ranked it number 31 on its "Women In Rock – The 50 Essential Albums" list, and in 2003 the magazine ranked it number 327 on its list of "The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time". The album was included in the book "1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die". The album also appears on the National Association of Recording Merchandisers' "Definitive 200" list at number 26. The album ranked at number 50 on "Rolling Stone"s 2012 list of "Women Who Rock: The 50 Greatest Albums of All Time". The album was included on "Billboard"s "Best Selling Pop album of the 1990s", where it was placed at number one. The album peaked at number one on the US "Billboard" 200, making Morissette the first Canadian woman to top the chart.  Morissette's success with "Jagged Little Pill" (1995) was credited with leading to the introduction of female singers such as Shakira, Tracy Bonham, Meredith Brooks, and in the early 2000s, Pink, Michelle Branch, and fellow Canadian Avril Lavigne. American singer Katy Perry cites "Jagged Little Pill" as a significant musical inspiration, and opted to work with Morissette's frequent collaborator Ballard as a result. Perry stated, ""Jagged Little Pill" was the most perfect female record ever made. There's a song for anyone on that record; I relate to all those songs. They're still so timeless."  In 2018, the album won the Polaris Heritage Prize Audience Award in the 1986–1995 category.

Stage adaptation.

In November 2013, it was revealed that a musical adaption of Alanis Morissette 1995 album "Jagged Little Pill" was being adapted for the stage with Tom Kitt attached to arrange the orchestrations. In May 2017, it was announced that the stage adaption would receive its world premiere in May 2018, 23 years after the album was released.  "Jagged Little Pill" is scheduled to begin performances on May 5, 2018, at the Loeb Drama Center, within the American Repertory Theater in Cambridge, Massachusetts, for a limited run to July 15, 2018. Notable casting for the show included Elizabeth Stanley as Mary Jane, Derek Klena as Nick, Lauren Patten as Jo, Sean Allan Krill as Steve and Celia Gooding as Frankie. The show has a book by Diablo Cody, with direction by Diane Paulus, choreography by Sidi Larbi Cherkaoui, set design by Riccardo Hernandez, costume design by Emily Rebholz, lighting design by Justin Townsend, and video design by Finn Ross. Music and lyrics are by Alanis Morissette and Glen Ballard, with musical direction by Bryan Perri, sound design by Jonathan Deans and orchestration by Tom Kitt.

Track listing.

Note: You Oughta Know" / "Your House (a cappella)" only appears on the CD release and does not appear on the original 1995 vinyl release.

Personnel.

The following people contributed to "Jagged Little Pill":  Musicians Production

Jagged Little Pill is the third studio album, and international debut, by Canadian singer Alanis Morissette, released on June 13, 1995, through Maverick. It was her first album to be released worldwide as her first two albums were released only in Canada. The album was a stylistic departure from her first two albums, which featured a new jack swing and dance-pop musical style. Morissette began work on the album after moving from her hometown, Ottawa, to Toronto; she made little progress until she traveled to Los Angeles, where she met producer Glen Ballard. Morissette and Ballard had an instant connection and began co-writing and experimenting with sounds.

Jagged Little Pill ist das im 13. Juni 1995 veröffentlichte dritte Studioalbum von Alanis Morissette. Es wurde bis 2008 weltweit etwa 33 Millionen Mal verkauft. Der Rolling Stone listete es auf Platz 327 seiner 500 Titel umfassenden Bestenliste. In vielen Ländern erreichte es Platinstatus, in den USA 16 Mal Platin (Diamantstatus), in Großbritannien zehnmal, in Australien 15 Mal Platin, in Deutschland Doppelplatin. Anfang 1996 erhielt Alanis Morissette für das Album die Grammy Awards für das Album des Jahres und das beste Rockalbum.


Career.

Cannes.

Forschelet started his career at Cannes on 1998, debuting for the team on 17 February 2001 in a Ligue 2 match against Montpellier. He played in other 6 matches in that season when the club was relegated to Championnat National. Playing at the 3rd tier of French football, Forschelet caught the attention of English club Bolton Wanderers and signed for the Premier League team on February 2002.

Bolton Wanderers.

Forschelet never managed to get first team football at Bolton Wanderers after facing competition with players like Kevin Nolan, Per Frandsen, Iván Campo and Jay-Jay Okocha. Playing only for the reserve team during the whole 2002-03 season, the Tahitian left the club on loan for the whole 2003-04 season.

Neuchâtel Xamax.

Arriving at Neuchâtel Xamax on loan, Forschelet managed to break into the first team with 24 appearances and 6 goals at Axpo Super League being used as right-midfielder and even as an attacking midfield. Upon his return, he was released from Bolton Wanderers and signed for French club FC Istres. Having limited play time due to injuries, Forschelet grabbed only two Ligue 1 appearances against Nantes and Lille before being released and returning to Neuchâtel Xamax where injuries once again hit the Tahitian midfielder who played the 90 minutes in only one of his 11 appearances.

Charleroi.

Forschelet was transferred to Belgian Charleroi on 2005, after the club has finished 5th on 2004-05 Belgian First Division. He played 14 times for the Zèbres, scoring once.

Assyriska.

On January 2007, Forschelet moved to Assyriska, which was recently relegated to Division 1, the 3rd tier of Swedish football, winning the competition the same year. However, his contract was not renewed after the club's promotion.

AFC Tubize.

Forschelet signed on mid-2008 for AFC Tubize to play at the Belgian First Division. Forschelet appearance 16 times during AFC Tubize's first and only season at the top flight but could not avoid relegation. The Tahitian midfielder was released after the end of his contract.

Non-professional football.

Forschelet had unsuccessful trials with Swedish clubs Åtvidabergs FF and Ljungskile SK before signing with Belgian low tier Cité Sport.

Gérald Forschelet (born 19 September 1981 in Papeete, Tahiti) is a Tahitian-French professional football player who plays as defensive midfielder.

Gérald Forschelet (* 19. September 1981 in Papeete, Tahiti, Französisch-Polynesien) ist ein tahitisch-französischer Fußballspieler auf der Position eines Mittelfeldspielers. Nach Stationen in England, Frankreich, der Schweiz und Schweden spielte er zuletzt im belgischen Amateurbereich.


Early life.

Eliza Doolittle was born in Westminster, London in 1988. She comes from a family with a successful and varied musical background. Her father is John Caird, a stage director and writer of plays, musicals and operas who is also an Honorary Associate Director of the Royal Shakespeare Company; his father was the theologian and principal of Mansfield College, Oxford, G. B. Caird. Her mother is musical theatre actress and model artist Frances Ruffelle, who won a Tony Award for her role of Éponine in the English-language version of "Les Misérables". Doolittle is the granddaughter of Sylvia Young, founder of the eponymous theatre school. She has eight siblings. Her parents separated when she was four years old.  Doolittle grew up in Highgate and attended Channing School For Girls, Bedales School, and Westminster Kingsway College. She was used to being around stages and seeing her mother singing and had always wanted to become a recording artist. She chose the stage name of "Eliza Doolittle", the "Pygmalion" and "My Fair Lady" character, because it was her nickname as a child.  Eliza had a brief career on stage playing Young Cosette in "Les Misérables" in London's West End in 1996–1997. Her parents had met and began their relationship during the original production when her father was the co-director and her mother played Eponine. Eliza went on to play the lead role in Lucy Simon's Tony Award-winning musical version of "The Secret Garden" in 2001, when The Royal Shakespeare Company premiered the show in London.

Musical career.

Career beginnings.

Before entering the charts, Eliza Doolittle toured the UK with her band. Her first release was an EP featuring the tracks ""Rollerblades"", ""Moneybox"", ""Police Car"" and ""Go Home"", which came out on 29 November 2009. Tracks from the EP were remixed by Plastic Little ("Rollerblades"), Sam Young and Jamie xx from The xx ("Money Box"). The EP received radio plays from Rob Da Bank, Nick Grimshaw,<ref name="Nick Grimshaw 4/11/2009"></ref> Fearne Cotton and Jo Whiley.  She recorded a song called 'Running For Life' which featured on the soundtrack of the cult British film AdULTHOOD in 2008. Later that year, she performed at Glastonbury on the Pussy Parlour stage, her first festival performance.

2010–2013: "Eliza Doolittle".

In early 2010 she took part in musician Shane MacGowan's charity single "I Put a Spell on You", in aid of the 2010 Haiti earthquake. Her debut single "Skinny Genes" was released on 12 April 2010, reaching #22 in the UK Singles Chart. She told BBC's Steve Lamacq the song is "a funny scenario if you didn’t like someone, if they were really annoying, but you had a good time under the sheets." Doolittle's second release is titled "Pack Up" and was released on 5 July 2010, reaching #5 on the Official UK Singles Chart on 11 July 2010.  In March 2011 she performed at the South by Southwest festival in Austin, Texas as well at Coachella in California. In April 2011, Doolittle was touring the UK. On 19 April 2011, Doolittle's self-titled album was released in the United States almost one year from the U.K date.  In 2013 Doolittle collaborated with Disclosure on the track "You & Me" from their debut album, "Settle". Early that year, she began recording new material for her second album. In an interview with "Elle" magazine in April 2013, she stated "I'm definitely showing more of myself than I ever have before. I feel like on my last album, I hadn't experienced very much of anything really, and it's been three years or more since then and I have felt and seen things I hadn't before, and I know things I didn't know before. In a way I have answers to questions, but then those answers open up a thousand other questions. I guess I've gone through things that so many people go through at the age I am. I've written almost every day about my every thought and emotion and the album is made up of the songs that mean the most to me".

2013–present: "In Your Hands" and "A Real Romantic".

On 7 June 2013 she premiered a new single called "Big When I Was Little", which was released in July 2013. It subsequently joined BBC Radio 1's playlist, and features on her second studio album. On 17 June 2013 the video for the single premiered on her YouTube channel.  Eliza and UK garage artist Wookie wrote a song called 'The Hype' in 2013. Wookie also contributed a remix to her 'In Your Hands' album for her track 'Walking on Water'.  She also featured on 'YNSP' a track from hip hop artist Vic Mensa's INNANETAPE mixtape produced by DJ Dahi.  She had a cameo role as a nightclub singer in "The Great Train Robbery", a drama series on BBC One in December 2013.  In 2014, Eliza was invited by Burt Bacharach to sing with him at Henley Festival in the Summer of 2014. She said "I’ve wanted to sing one of his songs since I first heard his music and to be able to do it with him in his show gives me a feeling I can't even describe!"  On 12 December 2018 her most recent album "A Real Romantic" was released.

Tour.

Doolittle toured as the opening act for Gary Barlow's Since I Saw You Last Tour in 2014.

Eliza Sophie Caird (born 15 April 1988), better known by her stage name Eliza (formerly Eliza Doolittle), is an English singer and songwriter from Westminster, London. After performing her music in live venues around London from the age of 15, Eliza signed to Parlophone in 2008.

Eliza Doolittle (* 15. April 1988 in Westminster, London; eigentlich "Eliza Sophie Caird") ist eine britische Singer-Songwriterin und ehemalige Kinderdarstellerin. Ihr Künstlername bezieht sich auf die Figur des armen Blumenmädchens aus dem Musical "My Fair Lady".


Global Engine Alliance.

The Global Engine Alliance was a joint venture between Chrysler, Mitsubishi Motors, and the Hyundai Motor Company for developing a line of shared 4-cylinder engines. The initial design of the engine block and cylinder head was handled by Hyundai. However, each manufacturer configured their variants of the initial design differently based on their needs. In 2009, Chrysler bought out Mitsubishi and Hyundai's stake in the joint-venture; however, each company retained rights to build the engines.

Technical details.

Theta.

The first version of the Theta Engine had two variants, the 2.0L and the 2.4L.  2.0L (G4KA)  The 2.0L version is an inline 4-cylinder engine that carries a bore and stroke of 86 mm and a 10.5:1 compression ratio; the engine makes at 6,000 rpm and of torque at 4,000 rpm. It uses a timing chain instead of belt, and the engine dry weight is.  2.4L (G4KC)  The 2.4L version is an inline 4-cylinder engine that carries a bore of 88.0 mm, stroke of 97.0 mm and a 11.3:1 compression ratio; the engine makes at 5,800 rpm and of torque at 4,250 rpm.

Theta II.

The second generation Theta engine comes in two sizes, the 2.0L (G4KD) and 2.4L (G4KE)  The engine features hollow stainless-steel dual overhead camshafts (DOHC) with powder-metal cam lobes, pent-roof combustion chambers and shimless bucket tappets in the cylinder head. BorgWarner Morse TEC supplies the complete timing system which uses the company's proprietary silent timing chains. Continuously variable valve timing (CVVT) works on the intake side.  The aluminum alloy engine block, which is formed using a high-pressure die-cast method, has a unique Metaldyne-supplied cassette-type balance shaft module with a two-stage oil pump built-in. In the lower-end, the block is reinforced by a ladder frame. Other notable features include fracture-split sinter-forged connecting rods manufactured by Sinteron and a stainless-steel exhaust manifold.  Theta's EMS (engine management system) software is EMS-II from Siemens VDO and the 32-bit PCM (Powertrain Control Module) calculates the amount of intake air by utilizing a contamination-proof hot-film type MAF (mass air flow) sensor.  The MPI version of the 2.0L Theta engine has a 10.5:1 compression ratio, and it produces at 6,200 rpm and of torque at 4,600 rpm and is available in the Middle East.  The MPI version of the 2.4L Theta engine has a 10.3:1 compression ratio, and it produces at 6,000 rpm and of torque at 4,000 rpm and is available in the Middle East and Europe.

Theta II Turbo.

The Theta engine is turbocharged and was used in the Sonata, Genesis Coupe, i30N and the Genesis G70. The turbo used is a Mitsubishi TD04 model.  The 2.0L MPI turbo in the 2009-2012 Genesis coupe turbo, it produced @ 6,000 rpm on 87 octane (AKI) gasoline, and on 93 AKI. Torque remains the same at @ 2000 rpm. In the 2013-2014 model,the engines got upgraded, the new 2.0T now produces 274 hp (204 kW; 278 PS) and 275 lb·ft (373 N·m) torque due to a bigger turbo. The Theta block used is very similar to the Mitsubishi Evolution X 4B11T, as core components like pistons and rods are said to move freely between them, however, the two engines are not identical. The 4B11T is a semi-closed deck block with larger oil and coolant passages, where as the Theta is an open deck block.  The 2.0L GDI turbo in (2011-2014 Sonata) develops and of torque. The fuel economy is rated at 22mpg (10.7L / 100KM) in the city and 34mpg (6.92L / 100KM) on the highway. It comes exclusively with a 6-speed automatic transmission.  The 2.0L GDI turbo in 2019 Hyundai Veloster N and i30 N develops and of torque. The fuel economy is rated at 22 mpg (10.7L / 100KM) in the city and 28 mpg (8.4L / 100KM) on the highway. It comes exclusively with a 6-speed manual transmission.  The 2.0L GDI turbo in the Genesis G70 and Kia Stinger develops and of torque. The fuel economy is rated at 22 mpg (10.7L / 100KM) in the city and 30 mpg (7.84L / 100KM) on the highway. It comes with a 6-speed manual transmission in the entry level "Sport" trim, while all other trims come with a 8-speed automatic transmission.

Engine recall.

Hyundai and Kia vehicles equipped with Theta II engines were recalled, due to the fact that those engines were, and continue to be, the subject of an investigation by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). Safety regulators are investigating if Hyundai and Kia did enough in a timely manner with regards to the recalls of nearly 1.7 million vehicles with Theta engines, which were prone to an abnormal amount of noise and seizing.  In September 2015, Hyundai recalled about 470,000 model year 2011-2012 Sonatas equipped with 2-liter and 2.4-liter Theta II engines. At the time, Hyundai told NHTSA that manufacturing problems left metallic debris around the engine crankshaft, causing problems with oil flow. The pieces of metal interfere with the oil flow through the connecting rod bearings and damage the connecting rods. The automaker blamed the problem on a mechanical "deburring" process used to remove metallic machining debris from the crankshaft.  By April 2017, Hyundai expanded the 2015 recall by including another 572,000 vehicles with Theta II engines, including 2013-2014 Hyundai Sonata and Santa Fe Sport vehicles. Hyundai told safety regulators the same metal debris problem caused the expanded recall. Near that same time, Kia told NHTSA about a recall of more than 618,000 model year 2011-2014 Kia Optima, 2012-2014 Sorento and 2011-2013 Sportage vehicles because the Theta engine bearings wore out too early and caused the engines to seize. Kia said it didn't recall the vehicles in 2015 when Hyundai first recalled its cars because the Theta II engines in the Kia vehicles were built on a different production line and had different problems than Hyundai. In addition to customers complaining about the Theta II engines, a Korean whistleblower who worked for Hyundai as an engineer let NHTSA know what he knew.  Owners started suing after the automaker refused to pay the thousands of dollars to repair or replace the engines, with one lawsuit from 2015 alleging a dealer wanted $4,500 to do the work. Kia was also served papers over a class-action lawsuit in 2016 filed by owners of vehicles equipped with Theta engines. NHTSA says it took action to "investigate both the timeliness and scope of Hyundai's Theta II engine recalls, and Hyundai's compliance with reporting requirements."  In Canada in 2019 Hyundai announced a recall for most vehicles using the affected engines, however a class action lawsuit was filed in 2018 as a result of failures of this engine used in Canadian Forte models and lack of manufacturer support against Hyundai Canada.  Based on information from Hyundai Motor company (korea), this recall Not applicable in ASIA PACIFIC market.

Crate engines.

On 2013-11-05, Hyundai announced the creation of a new factory crate engine program at the 2013 SEMA Show in Las Vegas, which initially included a 2.0-liter, turbocharged four-cylinder engine. The crate engine program began in December 2013.

The Hyundai Theta is a gasoline four-cylinder automobile engine family. The third all-aluminum engine of Hyundai Motor Company debuted in the fourth-generation Hyundai Sonata sedan (codenamed NF), which was unveiled in August 2004 in South Korea. Hyundai Motor Manufacturing Alabama (HMMA) built a Theta II engine shop on the grounds of their Montgomery, Alabama automobile factory.

Theta ist der Name einer Baureihe von Vierzylinder-Ottomotoren mit zwei oben liegenden Nockenwellen und vier Ventilen pro Zylinder. Die Motoren werden in Asan (Südkorea), sowie ab Theta II auch in Montgomery (Alabama), Shandong (China) und Hwaseong (Südkorea), dem Entwicklungsort der Theta-Reihe gebaut.


Participating clubs.

All ten Super League teams and fifteen Challenge League clubs (FC Vaduz are from Liechtenstein and thus play in the 2010–11 Liechtenstein Cup) entered this year's competition, as well as 13 teams from 1. Liga and 26 teams from lower leagues. Teams from 1. Liga and below had to qualify through separate qualifying rounds within their leagues. Teams in bold are still active in the competition.

Round 1.

Teams from Super League and Challenge League were seeded in this round. In a match, the home advantage was granted to the team from the lower league, if applicable.  The games were played on 18, 19 and 22 September 2010.

Round 2.

The winners of Round 1 played in this round. Teams from Super League were seeded, the home advantage was granted to the team from the lower league, if applicable.  The games were played on 15, 16 and 17 October 2010.

Round 3.

The winners of Round 2 played in this round, the home advantage was granted to the team from the lower league, if applicable.  The games were played on 20–21 November 2010.

Quarter-finals.

The winners of Round 3 played in this round. The games were played on 2 and 3 March 2011.

Semi-finals.

The winners of the quarter-finals played this round. The games were played on 25 and 28 April 2011.

Final.

The final was played on 29 May 2011 between the two semi-final winners and took place at St. Jakob-Park in Basel.

The 2010–11 Swiss Cup was the 86th season of Switzerland's annual football cup competition. It began on 18 September 2010 with the first games of Round 1 and ended on 29 May 2011 with the Final. The winners, FC Sion, claimed their 12th cup overall and will qualify for the play-off round of the UEFA Europa League.

Der 86. Schweizer Cup fand vom 18. September 2010 bis zum 29. Mai 2011 statt. Titelverteidiger war der FC Basel, der in den Viertelfinals am unterklassigen FC Biel-Bienne scheiterte. Cupsieger wurde der FC Sion.


Residential Orthodox see.

Chariopolis is first mentioned with the presence of Theophylact, Bishop of Chariopolis (ἐπίσκοπος Χαριουπόλεως), at the Second Council of Nicaea in 787, and of Bishop Kosmas at the Fourth Council of Constantinople in 879.  However, it only appears in the "Notitiae Episcopatuum" of the Patriarchate of Constantinople in the early 10th century, as a suffragan the metropolitan see of Heraclea.  In the 11th century, a bishop Michael is known through his seal; from the decoration it appears that he may have previously been a member of the clergy of the Hagia Sophia in Constantinople. In 1305 or 1306, an unnamed bishop of Chariopolis attended a synod called by Patriarch Athanasius I of Constantinople to condemn John Drimys. In 1347, the subordination of the bishopric of Chariopolis, which apparently had been vacant since the start of the Byzantine civil war of 1341–1347, to Heraclea was formally renewed by imperial "prostagma". In 1351, the local bishop, whose name is not recorded, participated in a synod against Barlaam of Calabria under Patriarch Callistus I of Constantinople.  Chariopolis was conquered by the Ottoman prince Süleyman Pasha sometime between 1354 and 1362. As a result of the Ottoman conquest, by the end of the 14th century, the bishopric became a titular see, and vanishes completely in the 15th century.

Titular Catholic see.

The Roman Catholic Church established "Chariopolis" (until 1925 "Cariopolis", in ), as an episcopal titular see in the early 18th century, and still lists it as a titular see. The see has had eight incumbents:

Titular Orthodox see.

Since the 19th century, the title of Bishop of Chariopolis has been assigned to vicar bishops of the Patriarchate of Constantinople:

Chariopolis or Charioupolis (), modern Hayrabolu in European Turkey, was a residential bishopric of the Patriarchate of Constantinople during the Byzantine Empire (8th–14th centuries). Only a few of its bishops are known. After the Ottoman conquest in the 1350s, it became a titular see and disappeared entirely in the 15th century.

Chariopolis (ital.: "Cariopoli") ist ein Titularbistum der römisch-katholischen Kirche. Es geht zurück auf einen untergegangenen Bischofssitz in der gleichnamigen antiken Stadt, die in der römischen Provinz Europa lag. Der Bischofssitz war der Kirchenprovinz Herakleia Perinthos zugeordnet.


History.

Akio Morita and Masaru Ibuka, then operating under the business name Tokyo Tsushin Kogyo, had been working on plans to introduce a transistor radio to the market since 1953. When the TR-55 was released in Japan in August 1955, it was the first transistor radio marketed in that country. The TR-55 featured the Sony name, but the company did not officially change its name to Sony until January 1958.  In the fall of 1955, Morita met with a representative of the Bulova watch company in New York City. Bulova agreed to order 10,000 units on the condition they carry the Bulova name. Morita declined the deal. Sony later signed a deal with New York importer Adolph Gross to distribute an improved and slightly more compact model, and in March 1957, the Sony TR-63 transistor radio would become Sony's first product sold in the US. The TR-63 would not fit in existing shirt front pockets, so the company issued shirts with expanded pockets to salesmen so they could claim the product was "the world's first pocket sized transistor radio".

Technical specifications.

Powered by four AA batteries, the TR-55 used a superheterodyne circuit incorporating two AF stages and covered the medium wave broadcast band. The TR-55 used the following transistors:  The TR-55's five transistors were designed in house by Sony, the technology having been licensed from Bell Labs. This made Sony the first company to produce commercial transistor radios from the ground up. American company Regency had launched their Regency TR-1 transistor radio earlier in 1954, but bought the transistors from Texas Instruments. Printed circuit boards were used, which was unusual for the time.

Physical specifications.

The speaker grille was made from punched aluminum, and its design was reportedly inspired by Lincoln Motor Company automobiles of the era. Although it was not as compact as originally intended, the relatively small size of the TR-55 was a novelty, and attracted the attention of Japanese consumers.

The TR-55, released in 1955, was Sony's first transistor radio, and the first to be made in Japan. The use of transistors allowed the device to be much smaller than earlier vacuum tube radios.

Das Sony TR-55 ist der Name eines Transistorradios der Firma Sony (damals noch unter dem Namen, TTK). Es wurde im Jahr 1955 veröffentlicht und war das erste kommerziell erhältliche Transistorradio der Firma Sony sowie das erste in Japan hergestellte.


Early life.

Selahattin Demirtaş was born in a Zaza-speaking family in Elazığ in 1973 where he completed both his primary and secondary education. He cites his experience at the funeral of politician Vedat Aydın as a political awakening:  I became a different person. My life's course changed... although I didn't fully understand the reason behind the events, now I knew: we were Kurds, and since this wasn't an identity I would toss away, this was also my problem."  Upon graduation from secondary school, he took the university entrance exam and started his college education in Dokuz Eylül University in the Department of Maritime Commerce and Management, where he would face political problems that would force him to leave school without finishing his degree. He returned to Diyarbakır and retook the university entrance exam, after which he enrolled at Ankara University Law Faculty. After college, Demirtaş worked as a freelance lawyer for a time before becoming a member of the executive committee of the Diyarbakır branch of the Human Rights Association (IHD). The IHD Chair at the time was Osman Baydemir who was elected as the mayor of Diyarbakır at the following local election, when Demirtaş replaced him as the chair of the Diyarbakır IHD. During his term as chair, the association focused heavily on the increasing unsolved political murders in Turkey.

Political career.

Demirtaş started his political career as a member of the Democratic Society Party (DTP) in 2007 at which time he stood as one of the 'Thousand Hope Candidates' for the DTP and several other democratic organizations in Turkey. He was elected to the 23rd Parliament and became the Parliamentary Chief Officer for the party at the age of 34.  The DTP was closed down by a Supreme Court order in 2009 and the DTP MPs moved to the Peace and Democracy Party (BDP). The BDP held its first congress in 2010 and elected Selahattin Demirtaş and Gültan Kışanak as its new co-chairs. Demirtaş contested the 2011 elections as part of the joint 'Labor, Democracy and Freedom' list endorsed by the BDP and 18 different democratic political organizations, this time from Hakkari. He was re-elected to the 24th parliament.  Demirtaş was the co-chair of BDP during the period when the peace process and negotiations kick-started in Turkey. In 2014 Demirtaş and Figen Yüksekdağ were elected as the co-chairs of the Peoples' Democratic Party (HDP) – a new initiative originating from a three-year-old coalition of the BDP and various different political parties and organization under the auspices of the Peoples' Democratic Congress (HDK) - for the 2014 presidential elections of Turkey, being one of three candidates and hoping to attract left-wing voters. He came third with 9.77% of the vote.  Demirtaş was co-leader along with Figen Yüksekdağ during the June 2015 Turkish general election, the party's first campaign in a general election. The HDP came in fourth place with 13.12% of the vote and 80 out of 550 seats. Celebrating the victory, he stated: "From now on, the HDP is Turkey's party. HDP is Turkey, Turkey is HDP." Demirtaş was officially announced as the candidate of the People's Democratic Party (HDP) on May 4, 2018 for the presidential election, after members of the party had hinted at his candidacy weeks in advance. Party leader Pervin Buldan declared that Demirtaş, the jailed former co-chair of the HDP, would be leading a five-party "Kurdish alliance" into the general election. He received 8.4% of the votes.

Legal prosecution and detention.

On November 4, 2016, Demirtaş was arrested along with Figen Yüksekdağ and other HDP MPs, accused of spreading propaganda for militants fighting the Turkish state. Demirtaş stated he is not a "manager, member, spokesperson, or sympathiser" of the armed PKK group.  The criminal indictment against Demirtaş alleges he instructions to the pro-PKK groups and provoked them during the 6–8 October events, which resulting the death of 53 people. President Recep Tayyip Erdogan blamed him for joining provocation and said that all Kurdish people are the citizens of Republic of Turkey, and no one can attempt to build a state for them. This is at odds with Demirtas statements, who repeatedly stated opposition to both PKK and TSK violences, calling killed Turkey soldiers " the children of this country, our children", and declaring ""No one has anything to win from a civil war in Turkey. Just look at Syria and Iraq.”"  On January 18, 2017, Turkish prosecutors announced they were seeking a 142-year prison sentence for Demirtaş.  On September 7, 2018 he was sentenced to 4 years and 8 months for a speech he had made at a Newroz celebration on the 20 March 2013.  On November 20, 2018 the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) ruled Demirtaş should be released from preliminary detention, and ordered Turkey to pay him 25'000 Euros. On November 30, 2018 a court in Turkey ruled he shall remain detained despite the ECHR ruling to release him. According to the verdict, the ruling of the ECHR was not definitive and not binding. The sentence he received the 7 September 2018 was upheld on December 4, 2018 by an appeal court. On the 31 December 2018 the lawyers of Demirtaş appealed the sentence at the Constitutional Court. According to the New York Times, more than hundred charges have been brought against Demirtaş.

Detention.

Since 4 November 2016 he is detained in the prison in the F-Type prison Edirne, a border town near Greece and Bulgaria, far away from Diyarbakır in South-Eastern Turkey, where his family lives at.  His wife visits him once a week.

Personal life.

Demirtaş is married to Başak Demirtaş and is the father of two girls, Delal and Dılda.  Demirtaş has faced threats due to his political activity and on November 22, 2015 he survived an assassination attempt.

Publications.

In detention, he wrote a book titled "Seher" containing short stories. The Turkish edition has reportedly sold more than 200,000 copies. The rights for the book in English was bought by Sarah Jessica Parker who published it under the title " Dawn: Stories". It was released on April 23, 2019, under Parker's imprint SJP for Hogarth Press. He has also wrote the book "Devran" in prison. In 2020 the book "Leylan" was published and Demirtaş acknowledged he would prefer a career in literature than the one in politics.

Selahattin Demirtaş (; born 10 April 1973) is a Turkish politician of Zaza Kurdish descent, member of the parliament of Turkey since 2007. He was co-leader of the left-wing pro-Kurdish Peoples' Democratic Party (HDP), serving alongside Figen Yüksekdağ from 2014 to 2018. He has been imprisoned since November 2016.

Selahattin Demirtaş (* 10. April 1973 in Palu) ist ein türkischer Politiker und ehemaliger Co-Vorsitzender der Halkların Demokratik Partisi (HDP). Bei der Präsidentschaftswahl 2014 trat er als einer von drei Kandidaten gegen Erdoğan an. Im November 2016 wurde er verhaftet, seitdem sitzt er in Edirne in einem Typ-F-Gefängnis in U-Haft.


History.

Early history.

Midland Bank was founded by Charles Geach, its first manager in Union Street, Birmingham, England, in August 1836. Geach had formerly worked at the Bank of England; he secured the business support and capital backing of leading merchants and manufacturers in Birmingham.  In the 1830s and 1840s, Midland offered discounted bills of exchange for customers. By the 1850s, the bank's customers included railways, iron founders and engineering concerns, utilities and municipal corporations.  Midland acquired Stourbridge Old Bank in 1851 and Nichols, Baker and Crane of Bewdley in 1862.

Acquisitions and development in its first 50 years.

From the 1880s, it expanded its customer base by opening new branches and acquiring other banks. In 1891 it acquired the Central Bank of London (which gave Midland a seat in the London Clearing House), in 1898 it bought the City Bank (which provided a London head office) and, in 1914, it acquired the Birmingham Banking Company.  By 1918, with deposits of £335 million, it ranked as the largest bank in the world. Edward Hopkinson Holden led the bank at this time first as Managing Director from 1898 to 1908 and then as Chairman and Managing Director from 1908 until his death in 1919. He oversaw more than twenty bank amalgamations between 1891 and 1918, and opened new branches throughout England and Wales.  Holden also expanded overseas; it was the first British bank to set up a foreign exchange department and, by 1919, it was acting as London bank to some 650 correspondent banks throughout the world. From 1907, these correspondents included The Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation.  After the First World War, the leading British banks entered an agreement with the government that they would not attempt further amalgamations without Treasury approval. As a result, Midland turned its attention to expanding its branch network, adding new banking services, mechanising its systems (from 1928) and advertising its activities.

Post war recovery and international alliances.

Midland responded to the ending of credit restrictions in 1958, by extending its branch network and by introducing a series of innovative services, including personal loans (1958), personal cheque accounts (1958) and cheque cards (1966). In 1958, it acquired Forward Trust, which became a leader in installment finance, leasing and factoring services.  In 1967, Midland acquired a share in Montagu Trust, the owner of Samuel Montagu & Co., and thereby became the first British clearing bank to own a London merchant bank. Samuel Montagu, with its own history dating back to 1853, became a wholly owned subsidiary in 1974, and is now part of HSBC's private banking business.  Through the acquisition of Samuel Montagu & Co, Midland also gained a majority share in Guyerzeller Bank AG (now HSBC Guyerzeller Bank) in Switzerland. Further diversification followed in 1972, when Midland was the leading member of the consortium that acquired the Thomas Cook travel business. After becoming sole owner in 1977, Midland sold its interest in 1992. In 1974, Midland began to open branches or representative offices in overseas countries and to acquire other international banks. The largest of these was the purchase of a majority share in Crocker National of California, United States: this was not a success and Midland was forced to take full ownership in 1985 so that it could sell it to Wells Fargo the following year.  In 1980, Midland acquired a controlling interest in Trinkaus & Burkhardt KGaA, a private bank in Germany with a long history of its own, today HSBC Trinkaus.  In 1984, in a bid to grab market share Midland scrapped current account charges. It was so successful that all other banks in the United Kingdom had to quickly follow and offer the same or risk losing their customers. The country has had free banking ever since.

Midland joins the HSBC Group.

The Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation acquired a 14.9% equity interest in Midland Bank in 1987, and a strong working relationship developed. In October 1989, First Direct was established and was at the forefront of telephone banking, with person to person service available twenty four hours a day, 365 days a year.  In June 1992, HSBC Holdings plc acquired full ownership of Midland Bank. At the time, it was one of the largest acquisitions in banking history, and gave HSBC a major foothold in Europe, which it needed to complement its existing business in Asia and the Americas, when it had to move its Hong Kong based headquarters to London on 1 January 1993, accepting primary banking supervision by the Bank of England.  Midland Bank was renamed HSBC Bank in June 1999, as part of the adoption of the HSBC brand throughout the Group.  The last head office of the Midland Bank, opposite the Bank of England in Poultry and Princes Street, was sold in October 2006 to a tycoon from Russia, with HSBC vacating the banking hall on the ground floor and huge underground deposit vaults in 2007. The ground floor is now used in the Channel 4 game show "The Bank Job". The architect John Alfred Gotch designed the building, with assistance from Sir Edwin Lutyens.  Built between 1921 and 1939, and symbol of the 1930s pride of the biggest bank in the world, the building is currently (2015) under development as a hotel.  HSBC UK swift code (all offices in the United Kingdom) being "MIDLGB22" reflects its past as the Midland Bank.

Branding.

The Midland Bank was famous for its golden griffin logo, surrounded by golden coins originally introduced in 1965 on a black, then later blue background, and for its slogan "the listening bank," written by the advertising executive Rod Allen. Advertisements for the bank appeared in the popular computer game "Theme Park".  The Midland Bank still traded as Midland Bank, but using the HSBC logo from 1997, and was finally rebranded as HSBC Bank in June 1999, as part of the adoption of the HSBC brand throughout the group. However, a dormant subsidiary, Midland Bank (Branch Nominees) Limited, continues to be registered at Companies House.

Midland Bank Plc was one of the Big Four banking groups in the United Kingdom for most of the 20th century. It is now part of HSBC. The bank was founded as the Birmingham and Midland Bank in Union Street, Birmingham, England in August 1836. It expanded in the Midlands, absorbing many local banks, and merged with the Central Bank of London Ltd. in 1891, becoming the London City and Midland Bank.

Die Midland Bank Plc war eine der größten Bankgruppen Großbritanniens im 20. Jahrhundert. Heute ist sie Teil der HSBC Gruppe. Sie wurde unter dem Namen "Birmingham und Midland Bank" im August 1836 in Birmingham gegründet. Sie expandierte zunächst in den Midlands, indem sie verschiedene lokale Banken übernahm. 1891 fusionierte sie mit der "Central Bank of London Ltd" und wurde zur "London City and Midland Bank". Nach einer Phase der landesweiten Expansion inklusive der Übernahme von verschiedenen kleinen Banken wurde 1923 schließlich der Name "Midland Bank Ltd" angenommen. Um 1934 war sie schließlich die größte Diskontbank der Welt. Sie war im London Stock Exchange notiert und Teil des FTSE 100 Index. 1992 erfolgte die Übernahme durch die HSBC Holdings plc.


Career.

After finishing high school, he started on the Music program at the "Toneheim Folkehøyskole" near by Hamar, followed by studies on the Jazz program at Trondheim Musikkonsevatorium.  Born in 1979 Eick has marvellous range of achievements to show for himself: in 2007 he won the International Jazz Talent, awarded to him by the International Jazz Festivals Organization situated in New York. He then won the Statoil Scholarship in 2009, undoubtedly the largest scholarship in Norway, as he was heading for the release of his second album on one of the worlds most influential jazz record labels, ECM.  In the meantime Eick keeps himself busy participating on several albums playing either trumpet, double bass, vibraphone, piano, guitar, or in his own words “anything needed.” Some of his collaborators have been, among a vast amount of others, Trondheim Jazz Orchestra and Chick Corea, Iro Haarla, Manu Katché and Jacob Young. Eick is also a member of the Norwegian genre-defying group Jaga Jazzist, a group with which he has performed for many years. In the summer of 2006 he toured with Jan Gunnar Hoff Group and Mike Stern and in October/November on European tour with Thomas Dybdahl.  Eicks band is currently a five-piece, featuring two drummers, bass, piano and Eick himself. The lineup changes invariably as all the participating musicians are amongst Norways finest, but for the most part the band consists of Andreas Ulvo (piano), Torstein Lofthus and Gard Nilssen (drums), and Audun Erlien (bass). The music is composed by Eick and pays tribute to both the truly unique Scandinavian soundscape, as well as the lyricism and melancholy of the Canadian trumpeter Kenny Wheeler.  In 2013 Eick appeared at the North Sea Jazz Festival within his own Quintet including Andreas Ulvo (piano, Fender Rhodes, keyboards, electronics), Audun Erlien (bass), Andreas Bye & Kenneth Kapstad (drums).

Awards.

Mathias Eick was awarded “The International Jazz Award for New Talent 2007”. He received a prize of $20,000 US on 13 January 2007 during the IAJE 34th Annual International Conference in New York City where he also performed. The annual prize was founded by IAJE in cooperation with the International Jazz Festivals Organization (IJFO). He was awarded the 2014 DNB price at Kongsberg Jazzfestival (300,000 NOK).

Mathias Eick (born 26 June 1979) is a Norwegian jazz musician, and the brother of the jazz musicians Johannes Eick and Trude Eick. He is mainly known from his releases on the jazz label ECM Records. His main instrument is the trumpet, but he also plays upright bass, vibraphone, piano and guitar. He has performed with several well-known music groups and musicians, e.g. Jaga Jazzist, Manu Katché, and the Trondheim Jazz Orchestra together with Chick Corea and Pat Metheny. Besides this he is also known for his collaboration with Norwegian singer-songwriter Thomas Dybdahl, and recordings with the Norwegian bands Turboneger, DumDum Boys, Motorpsycho, D'Sound and Bigbang.

Mathias Eick (* 26. Juni 1979 in Eidsfoss, Vestfold) ist ein norwegischer Multiinstrumentalist im Bereich des Jazz und der Rockmusik.


History.

At 18.30 on Friday, 14 November 1924, station EAJ-1 Radio Barcelona, the first Spanish radio station to receive an official licence from the government of General Miguel Primo de Rivera, began regular broadcasting. Seven months later, on 17 June 1925, Unión Radio – a company which had the backing of the leading manufacturers of electrical and broadcasting equipment in Spain, Germany, and the United States – opened station EAJ-7 Radio Madrid, and when, on 10 November 1926, this same company also took over the ownership of Radio Barcelona the foundations were in place for the formation of Spain's first national radio network. By 1927 Unión Radio was operating not only Radio Madrid and Radio Barcelona, but also EAJ-5 Radio Sevilla, EAJ-9 Radio Bilbao, and EAJ-22 Radio Salamanca, enabling all of these stations to broadcast simultaneous, i.e. networked, programming for most of their time on air, with Radio Madrid as the chief production centre.  Through the remaining years of the monarchy (until 1930), and during the Second Spanish Republic (1931–39), Unión Radio continued to be Spain's only nationwide radio network. Unión Radio created Spain's first national radio news programme "La Palabra" ("The Word"), broadcast several times daily. However, from 1939 until 1977, under the dictatorship of General Francisco Franco and the initial part of the transition to democracy, the network was forbidden from carrying any national news programming other than the compulsory twice-daily relays of the official news bulletins prepared by the government-controlled "Radio Nacional de España".  On 25 September 1940, ownership of Unión Radio was transferred to the newly constituted "Sociedad Española de Radiodifusión" ("Spanish Broadcasting Company"), and the network renamed itself Cadena SER. In 1975, 25% of the shares in the network were compulsorily acquired by the Spanish state, and in 1984 most of the remaining shares were purchased by the PRISA media conglomerate. The nationalized shares were subsequently sold back to the private sector (in effect, to PRISA) under the premiership of Felipe González in 1992.  The network played a significant role in the period of transition to democracy following the death of Franco and in the years leading up to and immediately following the adoption of the Spanish Constitution of 1978, notably in its coverage of the attempted coup of 23 February 1981. Cadena SER also played a vital journalistic role with its reporting of the events and circumstances of the 2004 Madrid train bombings.

Politics.

Cadena SER, along with other media in the PRISA group, is considered to be close to Spain's centre-left political party, the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE). There have been many disputes with the other main privately owned radio network in Spain, the right-wing Cadena COPE, which is owned by the Catholic Church.

Sports.

Cadena SER is also the leader in radio sports coverage. The network covers every match in La Liga, in the UEFA Champions League games whenever a Spanish team is playing, and matches involving the Spanish national football team.

Notable programmes.

Notable programmes on Cadena SER include "Hoy por hoy", broadcasting news and current affairs in the morning, which was first aired on 22 September 1986; "El Larguero" (the late nightly sports programme, on air since 1989); "Hablar por hablar", a talk show first broadcast in 1989 for Radio Barcelona; "El Mundo Today" for comedy, and "Carrusel Deportivo" for sports, Spain's oldest, and still remaining, radio programme dating to 1952.

La Cadena SER (the SER Network) is Spain's premier radio network in terms of both seniority (it was created in 1924) and audience share (it had a regular listenership in 2018 of 4,139,000). The acronym SER stands for "Sociedad Española de Radiodifusión" (Spanish Broadcasting Company).

Cadena SER ist der größte und zugleich älteste Radiosender in Spanien. Er geht an seinem Sitz in Madrid auf das gegen Ende 1924 gegründete "Unión Radio" zurück. Nach dem spanischen Bürgerkrieg erhielt der Sender den Namen Sociedad Española de Radiodifusión (Spanische Rundfunkgesellschaft), kurz SER. 2009 wurde Cadena SER regelmäßig von rund 4,8 Millionen Menschen gehört. Der Sender ist mehrheitlich im Aktienbesitz des Medienkonzerns PRISA, zu dem auch die größte spanische Tageszeitung El País sowie weitere Radio- und Fernsehsender wie Canal+ gehören.


History.

Foundation and early years.

The club was founded in 2003 and entered the Port Moresby First Division, the second level of football in the country's capital. The side finished top of the regular season table, but were beaten to promotion by Sunset FC, who defeated them 3–1 on penalties. The following year, the side went on to win the league, defeating Bavaroko 3–1 in the Grand Final. After their promotion, the club competed in the 2005 Port Moresby Premier League alongside nine other teams. The side finished third in the table and third in the knockout stage, narrowly missing out on the final after a defeat to PS Rutz on 11 September 2005.

National Soccer League debut and domination.

In 2006, the side once again finished third in the Port Moresby Premier League. Having finished the regular season in third place, they lost 2–0 to Rapatona on 1 October 2006 in their semi-final match.  Under the name of PRK Souths United, the side finished top of the inaugural 2006 National Soccer League, defeating Madang Flying Fox 5–1 on the final day of the season to snatch the league lead away from TL Blue Kumuls after their defeat to Gelle Hills. The club then defeated Gelle Hills 2–0 in the Grand Final. Kema Jack scored both goals and picked up the Golden Boot as the top scorer throughout the whole NSL season. However, the club failed to qualify for the 2007 OFC Champions League after being defeated by University Inter FC in the Overall Final, losing 4–2 over two legs.  As Hekari Souths United, the club were favoured to retain their title in the 2007–08 season, having obtained the services of Solomon Island internationals Abraham Iniga and Jack Samani. The club carried good form into the season, having won the Port Moresby Premier League for the first time in September, topping the league table by 7 points and then exacting an element of revenge on University Inter by defeating them 2–1 in the Grand Final. The club then finished top of the NSL regular season table too, and won the Grand Final 3–2 against Gelle Hills, with all three goals coming from Kema Jack. This meant they qualified for the 2008–09 OFC Champions League Preliminary Round, where they were granted automatic entry to the finals after both their opponents pulled out. In Group B, they finished second behind Koloale of the Solomon Islands, narrowly missing out on a place in the final.  In what would prove to be their last season in the Port Moresby Premier League, the side finished top of the regular season table and progressed to the Grand Final against newly-promoted MacLaren FC, only to have the matched abandoned on 80 minutes, with Hekari trailing 0–1, due to a pitch invasion. The title was eventually handed to MacLaren.

OFC Champions League Title and Club World Cup.

Hekari once again qualified for the continental competition after being crowned champions of the 2008–09 National Soccer League. The team finished top of the regular season table, but the Grand Final, set to be played against Rapatona FC, was postponed twice before being cancelled entirely, with the title being awarded to Hekari by virtue of a higher league position.  In October 2009, the club began to take part in the 2009–10 OFC Champions League, changing their name simply to Hekari United, and entering Group B alongside Lautoka of Fiji, Tafea from Vanuatu and Marist from the Solomon Islands. Despite picking up just one point from their first two games, the club topped the group after four consecutive victories saw them finish ahead of Lautoka by a point. In the two-legged final, Hekari faced two-time winners Waitakere United, and the first leg in Port Moresby saw the Papua New Guinea side win 3–0, with goals coming from Kema Jack (2) and Solomon Islander Alick Maemae. In the return leg in New Zealand, on 2 May 2010, Hekari were able to maintain their aggregate lead, losing 2–1 on the day but winning 4–2 on aggregate and qualifying for the 2010 FIFA Club World Cup in Abu Dhabi, UAE.  Meanwhile, the side won their fourth straight domestic title, topping the regular season table during the 2009–10 National Soccer League and defeating Gigira Laitepo Morobe FC 5–0 in the Grand Final on 24 April 2010.  Ahead of the Club World Cup in December 2010, the side recruited Fijian international Osea Vakatalesau and veteran Solomon Islands striker Henry Fa'arodo to bolster their prospects at the competition. However, their FIFA competition debut was short-lived, as they lost 3–0 to hosts Al Wahda in the opening match of the competition.

Eight league titles.

Hekari's defence of the OFC Champions League was unsuccessful in the following season's continental competition. Hekari were placed in Group A alongside Koloale and Lautoka, two sides they had played in previous editions, as well as Vanuatuan champions Amicale, but finished bottom of the group after winning just one of their six matches.  On 2 April 2011, the side picked up their fifth domestic title, defeating Eastern Stars 4–0 in the Grand Final, having gone through the season unbeaten.  They once again represented Oceania at the 2011–12 OFC Champions League, and provided a much sterner test, once again facing Amicale and Koloale and finishing ahead of both sides in the group, but were eliminated on 3 March 2012 after a late goal from Auckland City's Alex Feneridis salvaged a draw for their New Zealand opponents. On 15 April 2012, the side won their sixth league title with a 3–0 victory over Eastern Stars, with goals from Taniela Waqa, Kema Jack and Wira Wama.  Due to the delayed start of the 2013 National Soccer League and the new format of the 2012–13 OFC Champions League, the club were faced with a punishing schedule from February 2 through to 1 June 2013, with the club being required to play 22 games over the four-month period – 14 regular-season domestic matches, six Champions League Group Stage games, and two domestic playoff matches, including the Grand Final. Despite the OFC format change allowing both the group winners and the runners-up to progress to the knockout-stages, Hekari were unable to capitalise, winning just one game and finishing with 4 points. However, their results domestic remained unaffected, and they clinched their seventh league title with victory over FC Port Moresby, winning 3–0.  Their continental form continued to deteriorate during the 2013–14 OFC Champions League, which underwent another format change. All their group matches took place at Govind Park, home stadium of Ba, in April 2014, and Hekari finished bottom of the group, drawing two of their games and losing the third. Domestically, they reached another Grand Final, which was against Lae FC. Hekari led 3–0 until several Lae FC fans outside the arena fence started throwing stones at the Hekari United players, with Hekari goalkeeper Godfrey Baniau being hit several times. Due to their better regular season record, Hekari were awarded their eighth title shortly afterwards.

Decline and split from NSL.

The 2015 National Soccer League began in January 2015, and Hekari flew to Fiji for the 2014–15 OFC Champions League top of the domestic table. However, the club were drawn into a group with Kiwi side Team Wellington, and a 2–0 defeat to the New Zealand club meant they finished second in Group C, again missing out on the knockout stages. They returned to domestic action and topped the regular season table, and were drawn to face Madang FC in the Championship Playoff Semi-Finals on 16 May 2015. However, in what was described as the 'upset of the decade', Madang came away with a 3–2 victory, ending Hekari's eight-year reign at the top of Papua New Guinean football.  Despite the defeat, Hekari qualified for the 2016 OFC Champions League thanks to finishing top of the regular season table. For the first time, two clubs from Papua New Guinea were invited to the competition, with Lae City Dwellers joining United as winners of the Grand Final. This was not before the domestic season, though, which saw Hekari come through two league stages undefeated, topping both the Southern Conference and the Championship Playoff tables in a new-look season. However, despite having beaten their Grand Final opponents, Lae City Dwellers, 5–0 in the playoff the previous week, Hekari slipped to a 2–0 defeat, handing the Dwellers a second consecutive title. In the OFC Champions League, Hekari scored big wins against AS Lössi of New Caledonia (5–1) and Suva of Fiji (3–0), but were unable to overcome New Zealanders Team Wellington for the second consecutive season, going down 4–0 and being eliminated from the competition at the group stage. However, the side did pick up the Fair Play Award at the end of the tournament.  Following several months of build-up to the delayed PNGFA presidential election, on 30 November 2016, club chairman and presidential candidate John Kapi Natto was suspended from the PNGFA for 'non-compliance to the FIFA electoral code.' This left the door open for incumbent David Chung to win re-election on 28 December 2016, and the following day Kapi Natto announced that Hekari, and 11 other associations across the country, would be pulling out of the PNGFA-organised National Soccer League, as well as the 2017 OFC Champions League.

First National Premier League Title.

From April 2017, Hekari, alongside 11 other clubs, took part in the newly-formed National Premier League. Hekari were drawn in the Southern Conference and topped the table, qualifying for the playoffs. After thrashing newcomers Jessa Nawaeb FC 11–0 in the semi-final, Hekari took on Papaka FC in the Grand Final and won 4–0, thanks in part to a hat-trick from striker Tommy Semmy.  In the 2018 edition of the National Premier League, Hekari were drawn in the Southern Conference but were unable to top the group, finishing second and, as a result, failing to qualify for the final. Hekari progressed to the third-place playoff, where they defeated Markham FC 5–1.

Return to NSL.

Following the dissolution of the FFPNG in October 2018 and the merging into the PNGFA, chairman John Kapi Natto declared that Hekari will 'obviously' make a comeback ahead of the 2019 season. Ahead of the new season, the club brought Solomon Islands coach Jerry Allen – the manager who had taken them to the Club World Cup in 2010 – back to the club.  The club was officially announced as rejoining the National Soccer League in January 2019. They were drawn into the Southern Conference, and topped the conference with ease, winning all 14 of their matches and conceding just 12 goals. In the quarter-finals of the playoffs, they defeated West Tribe from the Islands Conference 2–0 with goals from Tutizama Tanito and Kolu Kepo. They faced fellow conference rivals Eastern Stars in a two-legged semi-final, which they came through 4–1 on aggregate, setting up a final against reigning four-time champions Toti City. In their first meeting since the 2016 final, Hekari were defeated 5–4 on penalties after the scores remained 0–0 after extra time. The following day, it was confirmed that the club, alongside Toti, had qualified for the 2019–20 OFC Champions League.

Current squad.

Squad for 2020 OFC Champions League

Hekari United, formerly known as POM Souths, Souths United, PRK Souths United and Hekari Souths United, is a semi-professional association football club formed in 2003, based in Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea.

(PRK) Hekari United FC ist ein Fußballklub aus der papua-neuguineischen Hauptstadt Port Moresby. Bekannt wurde er vor allem durch den Gewinn der OFC Champions League 2010, als er sich im Finale gegen den neuseeländischen Favoriten Waitakere United durchsetzte.


Kappa II MPi.

Main improvement is adding VVT (Variable valve timing) to the engine.  The 1.0 L (998 cc)-litre three-cylinder engine makes at 6,200 rpm and of torque at 3,500 rpm.  Hyundai engineers have taken the existing 4-cylinder Kappa engine and added VTVT (Variable Timing and Valve Train), which now makes at 6,000 rpm and of torque at 4,000 rpm.  The 1.4 L (1,353 cc)-liter Dual-CVVT engine makes at 6,000 rpm and of torque at 4,000 rpm.

Kappa II GDi.

The 1.0 L (998 cc)-litre turbocharged three-cylinder engine makes at 6,000 rpm and of torque between 1,500 and 4,000 rpm. A detuned version that makes at 6,000 rpm is also available for some applications.  The 1.4 L (1,397 cc)-litre turbocharged four-cylinder engine which was announced in 2015 makes at 6,000 rpm and of torque between 1,500 and 3,200 rpm. A detuned version which produces at 5,500 rpm and of torque at 1,400 rpm is also offered in certain markets, such as the Hyundai Elantra Eco sedan in United States as of 2017.  The 1.6 L (1,579 cc)-litre GDI four-cylinder engine makes at 5,700 rpm and of torque at 4,000 rpm. In addition, there is an Atkinson cycle version of this engine. This engine is utilized in either the Kia Niro or Hyundai Ioniq as of 2017.

Development.

Developed at a cost of $421 million over a period of 48 months, the Kappa project was aimed at increasing fuel economy while ensuring compliance to stringent EURO-4 emission regulations. The newest versions of Kappa engine family comply with Euro-6DTemp regulations.

Design.

The engine block is made from high pressure die-cast aluminum which results in considerable weight savings - the entire engine with a manual gearbox only weighs. The main block features a ladder frame construction for structural stiffness while its cylinders are fitted with cast-iron liners for improved abrasion durability. Additional weight was shaved off by integrating the engine support bracket with the timing chain cover. The shape of the piston skirt was optimized to reduce its size while the compression height of the piston was also reduced, resulting in weight savings. The optimized piston skirt is also treated with molybdenum disulfide. A highly sophisticated process of Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD) is used to apply an ultra-thin layer of Chromium nitride to the piston’s oil ring. Chromium Nitride-coated piston rings using PVD is an innovative technology borrowed from the Hyundai Tau engine introduced earlier. Friction between the oil ring and cylinder wall has been further minimized by reducing the oil ring tension. The Kappa engine is the first Hyundai engine to be fitted with an accessory drive belt which does not require a mechanical auto-tensioning adjustment device, reducing the hardware and further lowering weight and cost. Because it is designed to maintain an ideal tension setting, the belt runs quieter and with proper preventative maintenance and care, the belt will last. For ignition, the Kappa engine uses a new, longer reach spark plug which enabled engineers to enlarge the size of the water jacket to promote more efficient engine cooling around the critically important spark plug and exhaust port area. The long reach spark plug (M12 thread) also enabled engineers to enlarge the valve diameter for increased airflow and combustion efficiency. A lightweight, heat-resistant engineering plastic was used for the intake manifold. The fuel delivery pipe assembly is a returnless type (to eliminate evaporative fuel emissions) and is made of SUS (steel use stainless) with a specially designed inner structure for the reduction of pulsation noise.

Valvetrain.

The valvetrain features a number of innovations: friction reducing roller swing arm, hydraulic lash adjusters which ensure proper clearances between the valve stem and roller swing arm, which significantly reduce valve tapping noise. The valve springs feature a beehive shape and smaller retainer. The reduced weight and spring load further help lower friction and improve fuel economy. The valvetrain is driven by a silent-type, maintenance free steel timing chain that replaces a roller-type timing chain: The optimized design greatly reduces impact forces and noise when the gear tooth and chain engage.

Offset crank.

Unlike a conventional engine where the centerline of the cylinder bore is in perfect vertical alignment with the rotating axis of the crankshaft, the Kappa’s centerline is offset by a small distance. This offset minimizes the lateral force created by the rotating piston & rod assembly (known, and audible, as "piston slap" at its extreme). The net effect is an improvement in fuel consumption and a reduction in noise, vibration and harshness - it should also help with engine longevity since reduced lateral force will equal reduced bore wear.

Engine management.

Engine management is provided by two 16-bit 32 MHz microprocessors which control and monitor ignition timing, idle speed, knocking and emissions.

Hyundai's Kappa automobile engine series consists of three-cylinder and four-cylinder models. The 1.2 L (1,197 cc)-litre variant is gasoline powered, all-aluminum, and utilizes a DOHC 16-valve design, as opposed to the SOHC 12-valve design of its predecessor, the Hyundai Epsilon engine. at 5,200 rpm and of torque at 4,000 rpm.

Kappa ist eine Baureihe von Drei- und Vierzylinder-Ottomotoren von Hyundai/KIA mit zwei obenliegenden Nockenwellen und 4 Ventilen pro Zylinder. Die Motoren werden in Hwaseong (Südkorea) und Irrungattukatoi (Indien) gebaut.


History.

The first ball of the family was simply named the Questra and was originally designed to be the official match ball of the 1994 FIFA World Cup in the United States. Following the convention of the addition of decorations to the established Adidas Tango style since the Azteca and the Etrusco Unico, this one featured space-themed decorations, not only due to its name, but that 1994 marked the 25th anniversary of the Apollo 11 mission in which the first moon landing took place, which is considered to be one of the most important moments in the history of the host country.  Due to the popularity of that ball, there were two new editions of the Questra released in 1996. One of them was named the ""Questra Europa"" and was intended to be the official match ball of UEFA Euro 1996 in England, while the other one was bearing the name ""Questra Olympia"" and was the official match ball of the football tournament at the 1996 Summer Olympics. Both of these balls reported colours.  In the development process of the Questra, Adidas tried to create a lighter and more responsive ball. By manufacturing the new ball from five different materials and enveloping it in polystyrene foam, Adidas made the Questra more waterproof and allowed for greater acceleration when kicked. Consequently, the ball became softer to touch and ball control was improved. This showed within a week of the World Cup in 1994, as players quickly adapted to the new ball and were able to score great goals by utilizing the lighter ball. However, some goalkeepers complained of the ball's unpredictability in humid weather, which made saving shots on goal particularly difficult.  The last edition of the Questra was the ""Questra Apollo"", which was used in La Liga matches and by the Spanish national team in the 1996–97 season. The Questra Apollo was identical to the original Questra from the 1994 World Cup, except for bearing the logo of the Royal Spanish Football Federation.

Questra was the name given to a family of footballs originally produced by Adidas for major international events in the mid-1990s. The name was derived from an ancient word meaning "the quest for the stars."

Questra ist der Name des offiziellen Spielballs der Fußball-Weltmeisterschaft 1994 in den USA. Der Ball wurde mit leicht abgewandeltem Design auch als Questra Europa bei der Fußball-Europameisterschaft 1996 in England sowie als Questra Olympia bei den Olympischen Sommerspielen 1996 in Atlanta verwendet.


Before trials.

To legally test the drug on human subjects in the U.S., the maker must first obtain an Investigational New Drug (IND) designation from FDA. This application is based on nonclinical data, typically from a combination of in vivo and in vitro laboratory safety studies, that shows the drug is safe enough to test in humans. Often the "new" drugs that are submitted for approval include new molecular entities or old medications that have been chemically modified to elicit differential pharmacological effects or reduced side effects.

Clinical trials.

The legal requirement for approval is "substantial" evidence of effectiveness demonstrated through controlled clinical trials. This standard lies at the heart of the regulatory program for drugs. Data for the submission must come from rigorous clinical trials.  The trials are typically conducted in three phases:  The legal requirements for safety and effectiveness have been interpreted as requiring scientific evidence that the benefits of a drug outweigh the risks and that adequate instructions exist for use, since many drugs have adverse side effects.  Many approved medications for serious illnesses (e.g., cancer) have severe and even life-threatening side effects. Even relatively safe and well understood OTC drugs such as aspirin can be dangerous if used incorrectly.

The actual application.

The results of the testing program are codified in an FDA-approved public document that is called the "product label," package insert or Full Prescribing Information. The prescribing information is widely available on the web, from the FDA, drug manufacturers, and frequently inserted into drug packages. The main purpose of a drug label is to provide healthcare providers with adequate information and directions for the safe use of the drug.  The documentation required in an NDA is supposed to tell "the drug’s whole story, including what happened during the clinical tests, what the ingredients of the drug are, the results of the animal studies, how the drug behaves in the body, and how it is manufactured, processed and packaged.” Currently, the FDA decision process lacks transparency, however, efforts are underway to standardize the benefit-risk assessment of new medicines. Once approval of an NDA is obtained, the new drug can be legally marketed starting that day in the U.S.  Of original NDAs submitted in 2009, 94 out of 131 (72%) were in eCTD format.  Once the application is submitted, the FDA has 60 days to conduct a preliminary review, which assesses whether the NDA is "sufficiently complete to permit a substantive review." If the FDA finds the NDA insufficiently complete (reasons can vary from a simple administrative mistake in the application to a requirement to re-conduct testing), then the FDA rejects the application by sending the applicant a "Refuse to File" letter, which explains where the application failed to meet requirements.  Assuming the FDA finds everything acceptable, they decide if the NDA needs a standard or accelerated review, and communicates acceptance of the application and their review choice in another communication, known as the "74-day letter". A Standard Review implies an FDA decision within about 10 months while a Priority Review should complete within 6 months. The decision comes in a "Complete Response Letter".

Requirements for similar products.

Biologics, such as vaccines and many recombinant proteins used in medical treatments are generally approved by FDA via a Biologic License Application (BLA), rather than an NDA. The manufacture of biologics is considered to differ fundamentally from that of less complex chemicals, requiring a somewhat different approval process.  Generic drugs that have already been approved via an NDA submitted by another maker are approved via an Abbreviated New Drug Application (ANDA), which does not require all of the clinical trials normally required for a new drug in an NDA. Most biological drugs, including a majority of recombinant proteins are considered ineligible for an ANDA under current US law. However, a handful of biologic medicines, including biosynthetic insulin, growth hormone, glucagon, calcitonin, and hyaluronidase are grandfathered under governance of the Federal Food Drug and Cosmetics Act, because these products were already approved when legislation to regulate biotechnology medicines later passed as part of the Public Health Services Act.  Medications intended for use in animals are submitted to a different center within FDA, the Center for Veterinary Medicine (CVM) in a New Animal Drug Application (NADA). These are also specifically evaluated for their use in food animals and their possible effect on the food from animals treated with the drug.

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA)'s New Drug Application (NDA) is the vehicle in the United States through which drug sponsors formally propose that the FDA approve a new pharmaceutical for sale and marketing. Some 30% or less of initial drug candidates proceed through the entire multi-year process of drug development, concluding with an approved NDA, if successful.

Die New Drug Application (NDA) stellt den Antrag auf Arzneimittelzulassung bei der US-amerikanischen Behörde für Lebensmittel- und Arzneimittelsicherheit (FDA) dar, welchen Arzneimittelhersteller stellen müssen, um eine Marktzulassung zu erhalten. Die behördliche Arzneimittelzulassung ist erforderlich, um ein industriell hergestelltes, verwendungsfertiges Arzneimittel anbieten, vertreiben oder abgeben zu können. Das Ziel eines NDA-Antrags ist, der FDA ausreichende Informationen zur Verfügung zu stellen, um nachfolgende Fragen beurteilen zu können:


History.

Soviet years.

The club was created in 1926, when Dinamo Moscow decided to establish a women's volleyball section from its sports club. Its first participation in the USSR Championship was 1940, finishing in seventh place. The championship was not held from 1941 until 1944 due to war, but once it resumed in 1945 the club began achieving success under the coach Nikolay Nikolaevich Benderov, winning the titles in 1947, 1951, 1953, 1954 and 1955. During that period the club also won the USSR Cups of 1950, 1951 and 1953.  From 1957 to 1965 the club had a new coach, Serafima Georgievna Kundirenko who took the team to winning the USSR Championships of 1960 and 1962. The introduction of the new premier club competition with clubs from Europe called "European Cup" (today known as "CEV Champions League"), provided an opportunity for the club to compete against teams from across the continent. Dynamo Moscow won the inaugural 1960–61 edition, as well as the 1962–63 and 1964–65 editions, establishing itself as one of the strongest women's volleyball clubs in Europe. In 1966, under Anatoly Sergeyevich Sarkisov the team won the 1967–68 European Cup.  Givi Alexandrovich Akhvlediani became the new coach in 1969, with the goal of making Dynamo Moscow the country's leading team. Under his guidance, Dynamo Moscow brought new players (Nina Smoleyeva, Rosa Salikhova, Antonina Ryzhova, Tatyana Tretyakova, Larisa Bergen, Nina Muradyan), employed new tactics and focused on improving technical skills. That lead the club to its most successful period, winning six USSR Championships (1970, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1975, 1977) and seven European Cups (1968–69, 1969–70, 1970–71, 1971–72, 1973–74, 1974–75, 1976–77), making Dynamo Moscow the dominant force in European women's volleyball during the late 60's and 1970's.  The next head coach was Mikhail Omelchenko. By the 1980s Uralochka began to emerge itself as a dominant force, and Dynamo's winning generation team of the 1970s was ageing. Omelchenko rejuvenated the squad calling new players (Lyubov Kozyreva, Nataliya Razumova) who helped the club to win the USSR Cup in 1982 and the USSR Championship in 1983. After social and political changes in the USSR, the club could no longer perform at the highest level being relegated at the conclusion of the 1988–89 season. The club kept on playing in the second division for another three seasons and decided to stop its women's volleyball activities in 1992.

Russian years.

After a 12-year break, the club was re-established on 12 May 2004. It entered the Super League in the 2004–05 season and the team proved to be competitive right away, finishing second that year. The success came shortly after the club won the league in the following two seasons (2005–06 and 2006–07) and a third time in 2008–09. Since then, they won fourfold the Russian Cup (2009, 2011, 2013 and 2018) in the same time they won the Super League in 2015–16, 2016–17, 2017–18, 2018–19.  The club is yet to emulate the Soviet era success in Europe, but it has reached the finals of the CEV Cup (in 2005–06) and the CEV Champions League twice (in 2006–07 and in 2008–09).

Team roster.

"Season 2020–2021, as of May 2020."

WVC Dinamo Moscow () is a Russian women's volleyball club based in Moscow which is currently playing in the Super League. It was established in 1926 and dissolved in 1992, but was reestablished in 2004. It is the most successful team in Soviet women's volleyball history with fourteen Championship titles and the most successful team in the CEV Women's Champions League history with eleven titles.

Der VK Dynamo Moskau (женский волейбольный клуб Динамо Москва) ist ein russischer Frauen-Volleyballverein aus Moskau, der 2004 wiederbelebt wurde und ursprünglich zu Dynamo Moskau gehörte. Bekannt wurde der Club durch seine großen Erfolge zur Zeit der Sowjetunion, insbesondere durch die Frauenmannschaft.


European Parliament.

Responsibilities as Member of the European Parliament 2009 - 2014  Member of the Committee on Economic and Monetary Affairs  Member of the Committee on Women's Rights and Gender Equality  Member of the Committee on Regional Development  Member of the Delegation to the Euro-Mediterranean Parliamentary Assembly (PA-UfM)  President of the PA-UfM Working Group on the Euro-Mediterranean University of Slovenia (EMUNI)  Member of the Delegation for relations with the Mashreq countries (Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon and Syria)  Member of the Delegation to the Euro-Latin American Parliamentary Assembly (EuroLat)  Member of the Delegation for relations with Mercosur countries (Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay)  Member of the Working Group for the Middle East, very active in the peace process between Arabs and Israel, the promotion of cooperation between the GCC and the EU for security and development in the Mediterranean as well as in dealing with international crises.  In the framework of her parliamentary legislative work, in her capacity as rapporteur, she prepared resolutions, adopted by the plenary, regarding the MEDA programs, the EU funding of Palestine and the situation of the women in Mediterranean.  She is founding member of various intergroups: "Francophonie and cultural diversity", "Disability", "Family and childhood", "Tourism", "Islands", "Social Economy", "Conservation and Sustainable Development".  Responsibilities in the Bureau of the European Parliament as Vice-President (2007–2012)  Conciliation (negotiation with the Council for the final shaping of European legislation, in the framework of the co-decision procedure)  Information and Communication Policy  Euro-Mediterranean cooperation including the Parliamentary Assembly of the Union for the Mediterranean (PA-UfM)  President of the PA-UfM Working Group on the Euro-Mediterranean University (EMUNI)  Euro-Arab relations  Rodi Kratsa has represented the European Parliament at International Summits, like the 2008 G8 Parliamentary Speakers' Meeting held in Tokyo and Hiroshima, Japan as well as the 2011 G20 Speakers' Consultation held in Seoul, South Korea.

Action.

International level  Active in the international and regional meetings of UNESCO issues concerning education, the promotion of women and the cultural heritage  Active in the framework of the International Organisation of Francophonie  Regular participant in international meetings of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank and international fora, like the Crans Montana Forum, the Doha Forum, WISE Forum (Qatar Foundation), the Women as Global Leaders Conference (Zayed University, UAE)  European level  Founding member of the Women of Europe Award (Brussels 1987)  President of the International Association for the Promotion of Women of Europe - Women of Europe Award (Brussels 2000)  Member of the Board of the European Centre of Culture (Geneva)  Member of the Cultural Council of the Union for the Mediterranean (France - 2009)  National level  Elected member of the Municipality Council of Athens (1998)  Member of the Board and the Executive Committee of the Constantinos Karamanlis Institute for Democracy (Athens, 1997)  Founding member and President of the European Centre of Communication and Information (Athens, 1989)  Founding member of the Greek part of the European Movement  Member of the Board and the Scientific Committee of the Child and Family Foundation (Athens)

Family.

Rodi Kratsa is married to former Member of Greek Parliament and former Minister of Transports and Communications of New Democracy party, Apostolos Kratsas. They have two children, George, who studied law in London and Paris, specialises in European competition law (LSE University) and is now a PhD candidate, and Constance, who studied law and economics in London and specialises in trade and company law (UCL University).

Rodi Kratsa-Tsagaropoulou is a Greek politician who served as a Member of the European Parliament from 1999 to 2014, and served as First Vice-President of the European Parliament from 2007 to 2009.

Rodi Kratsa-Tsagaropoulou (, * 15. April 1953 in Zakynthos) ist eine griechische Politikerin der konservativen Partei Nea Dimokratia (ND) und Mitglied. Von 2007 bis Januar 2012 war sie Vizepräsidentin des Europäischen Parlaments.