Career.

Working in radio and advertising in the early 1940s, Ballinger wrote 81 radio scripts and produced "The Dinah Shore Show", "The Breakfast Club", and Lowell Thomas broadcasts. After Ballinger moved from New York to Los Angeles he began writing full-time.  Writing primarily under his own name, but occasionally using the pen names B.X. Sanborn and Frederic Freyer, Ballinger authored almost 30 books and twenty-five short stories. His mysteries sold more than ten million copies in the U.S., and have been reprinted in thirty countries and translated into more than thirteen languages. The hardboiled private-detective novel "The Body in the Bed" marked his debut in 1948, and he followed this with the sequel "The Body Beautiful", the following year.  Best known as a writer of suspense novels, he achieved international fame as an early exponent of dual narrative storytelling, employing first and third person narration and two stories in tandem that converge to produce an unexpected ending. His most famous work, "Portrait in Smoke", published in 1950, received a "Les Grands Maîtres du Roman Policier Award" and was filmed in 1956 as "Wicked as they Come". Subsequent split-narration novels, including the internationally bestselling "The Tooth and the Nail", "The Longest Second", which was nominated for an Edgar Award for Best Mystery novel in 1958, "The Wife of the Red-Haired Man", and "Not I, Said the Vixen", brought him further success. Ballinger's two main fictional characters in his novels were Chicago private investigator Barr Breed and Native American Central Intelligence Agency Agent Joaquin Hawke.

Screenwriting.

Ballinger was a frequent writer for American television with 150 teleplays to his name. These included seven teleplays for Alfred Hitchcock Presents (one of which, "The Day of the Bullet," based on a short story by Stanley Ellin, won him an Edgar for Best Half-Hour Teleplay in 1961), two episodes of "", several police television shows such as "Tightrope" and "Ironside" and the episode "The Mice" for "The Outer Limits".  In addition to his books and teleplays, Ballinger wrote screenplays for Burt Topper's "The Strangler" (1963) and "Operation CIA" (1965), a Burt Reynolds spy film set in Vietnam but filmed in Thailand.

Bill S. Ballinger (born William Sanborn Ballinger on 13 March 1912 in Oskaloosa, Iowa, died 23 March 1980 Tarzana, California) was an American author and screenwriter. He was educated at the University of Wisconsin, receiving a B.A. in 1934, and earned an LL.D. from Northern College, Philippines in 1940. Between 1977 and 1979 he was an associate professor of writing at the California State University Northridge, Los Angeles, California.

Bill S. Ballinger, eigentl. William Sanborn Ballinger (* 13. März 1912 in Oskaloosa, Iowa; † 23. März 1980 in Tarzana, Kalifornien) war ein US-amerikanischer Schriftsteller.


History.

The old Wuchang county.

In 221, warlord Sun Quan moved the capital of Eastern Wu from Gong'an county, Jingzhou (northwest of present-day Gong'an county, Hubei) to È county (in present-day Ezhou City), and renamed È to Wuchang (literally "prospering from military", regarding its logistics role of the military bases established before the Battle of Red Cliffs). Later in the year Cao Pi proclaimed himself the emperor of Cao Wei. Sun Quan declared independence in the following year, and started to build forts and palaces in Wuchang. Sun Quan proclaimed himself the emperor of Eastern Wu in 229, and moved the capital to Jianye. Sun Hao, the emperor of Eastern Wu between 264 and 280, moved the capital back to Wuchang in 265. In 589, the Wuchang commandery was abolished and the Wuchang county was transferred to a new commandery named Ezhou (headquartered in present-day Wuchang District), and remained in the administration since then.

The present day Wuchang town.

The Wuchang commandery was set up when È was renamed to Wuchang, and included six counties. In 223 the commandery was renamed to Jiangxia, and the capital of the commandery moved to Xiakou (in present-day Wuchang town). The name of the town was switched back and forth between Wuchang and Jiangxia several times in the following centuries. The present-day version of Wuying Pagoda, the oldest standing architecture in Hubei Province, was built around the time of fall of the Southern Song Dynasty. After 1301, the Wuchang prefecture, headquartered in the town, became the capital of Hubei province.  During the Taiping Rebellion, Wuchang and the surrounding area changed hands several times after the Taiping capture of the city in the Battle of Wuchang (1852).  At the end of the Qing Empire, the Wuchang Prefecture (, then transcribed as 'Ou-tchang-fou') was the capital of the combined provinces of Hubei and Hunan, called the 'two Hu' or "Huguang Viceroyalty". It was the seat of the provincial government of Huguang, at the head of which was a viceroy of Huguang. Next to Nanjing and Guangzhou, it was one of the most important vice-royalties in the empire.  It possessed an arsenal and a mint. The provincial government established ironworks for the manufacture of rails and other railway material. As the works did not pay under official management, they were transferred to the director-general of railways. Wuchang was not open to foreign trade and residence, but a considerable number of missionaries, both Roman Catholic and Protestant, lived within the walls. The native population was estimated at 800,000 around 1911, including cities on both banks. At that time, Wuchang was an important junction on the trunk railway from Beijing to Guangzhou; and was on the route of the Sichuan railway.  In Wuchang on October 10, 1911, a revolt broke out against the Qing Dynasty. This event, now called the Wuchang Uprising and celebrated as Double Ten Day, was the catalyst that started the Xinhai Revolution, which led to the development of the Republic of China.  In 1912, the Wuchang prefecture was abolished and a new Wuchang county (just next to the Wuchang county in the Ezhou city) was created. In 1926 the Wuchang town was promoted to a city, and merged with Hankou and Hanyang to form a new city named Wuhan.  After 1949, the more urban part of the Wuchang County was absorbed into the new Wuhan City and was administratively partitioned into Wuchang, Qingshan and Hongshan districts, while the remaining, mostly rural, southern part retained the name of Wuchang County. In 1995, Wuchang County became Jiangxia District of Wuhan.

Geography.

Administrative divisions.

Wuchang District administers:

See also.

The Wuchang fish ("Megalobrama amblycephala"; ) is named after the town.

Wuchang forms part of the urban core of and is one of 13 urban districts of the prefecture-level city of Wuhan, the capital of Hubei Province, China. It is the oldest of the three cities that merged into modern-day Wuhan, and stood on the right (southeastern) bank of the Yangtze River, opposite the mouth of the Han River. The two other cities, Hanyang and Hankou, were on the left (northwestern) bank, separated from each other by the Han River.

Der Stadtbezirk Wuchang () ist ein Stadtbezirk der Unterprovinzstadt Wuhan, der Hauptstadt der Provinz Hubei in der Volksrepublik China. Er hat eine Fläche von 82,2 bzw. 81 km2 und zählt 932.682 Einwohner (Ende 2004).


Early life.

Stewart was raised in Bramalea, a neighbourhood in the city of Brampton. He enjoyed playing hockey and dreamt of becoming a professional. At the age of 17, he sustained an injury that caused him to lose a kidney and subsequently turn down a number of athletic scholarships that had been offered to him.  He enrolled at the University of Waterloo where he majored in Latin and English. In order to put himself through university, he sang and played the guitar at local restaurants. In the summers, he did stunts and acrobatics at Canada's Wonderland amusement park.

Career.

Throughout his career he has guest starred in numerous television roles. One of his early notable roles was Nick Slaughter on "Tropical Heat". Stewart was one of the leads in the television show "Peter Benchley's Amazon". In 2007 he began playing the male lead in "Painkiller Jane" that ran for twenty two episodes on the Sci Fi Channel.  Stewart played a major recurring character, Roan, in the CW hit action television series "Nikita" for its first two seasons. Towards the end of his run on "Nikita" he also had a minor role of an alcoholic movie producer over a few episodes of the Canadian series "The L.A. Complex" that depicts the lives of young Canadian actors struggling for work in Los Angeles. This was followed by an appearance in two episodes of the long-running CBC Television series "Heartland".  Airing on the CW, he appeared in six episodes of "Beauty & the Beast" as the character Mr. Chandler. Soon after, Stewart appeared in an episode of the Syfy television series "Defiance" being shot in his hometown Toronto, followed by another one-episode role – this time on the Canadian series "Cracked".  In 2013, the documentary entitled "Slaughter Nick for President" was released. The film follows Stewart on his 2009 trip to Serbia, where "Tropical Heat" achieved notable popularity in the 1990s. The same year, he was cast in "Suits" as corporate raider Tony Gionopoulos, appearing in 5 episodes.  Since 2015, Stewart has played Khlyen, a significant recurring character in "Killjoys".

Personal life.

Stewart met his wife Celiana Stewart in Mexico during the first season of "Tropical Heat". He has one son. Since 2001, he has resided in Canada.

Rob Stewart (born 23 July 1961) is a Canadian actor born in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, Known for the lead role of Nick Slaughter in the action-comedy television series "Tropical Heat" and his recurring role as Roan in "Nikita". He plays Khlyen in "Killjoys".

Rob Stewart (* 23. Juli 1961 in Toronto, Ontario) ist ein kanadischer Schauspieler. Er wurde vor allem durch seine Mitwirkung in den Fernsehserien "Tropical Heat" und "Painkiller Jane" bekannt.


Early life.

Wallon was born at Valenciennes, Nord on 23 December 1812.

Career.

Devoting himself to a literary career, in 1840 he became professor at the École Normale Supérieure under the patronage of Guizot, whom he succeeded as professor at the Faculté des Lettres in 1846. His works on slavery in the French colonies (1847) and on slavery in antiquity (1848; new edition in 3 vols., 1879) led to his being placed, after the Revolution of 1848, on a commission for the regulation of labour in the French colonial possessions, and in November 1849 he was elected to the Legislative Assembly by the department of the Nord. He resigned in 1850, disapproving of the measure for the restriction of the suffrage adopted by the majority. In the same year he was elected a member of the Académie des Inscriptions, of which he became perpetual secretary in 1873.  Under the empire he withdrew altogether from political life, and occupied himself entirely with his duties as a professor of history and with historical writings, the most original of which is a biography, "Richard II, épisode de la rivalité de la France et de l'Angleterre" (2 vols., 1864). Although remaining a republican, he exhibited decided clerical leanings in his "Jeanne d'Arc" (2 vols., 1860; 2nd ed., 1875); "La Vie de Notre Seigneur Jésus" (1865) – a reply to the "Vie de Jésus" of E. Renan; and "Saint Louis et son temps" (1871; 4th ed., 1892), which still ranks among hagiographical works.  Returning to politics after the Franco-Prussian War, Wallon was re-elected by the department of the Nord in 1871, took an active part in the proceedings of the Assembly, and finally immortalized himself by carrying his proposition for the establishment of the Republic with a president elected for seven years, and then eligible for re-election, which, after violent debates, was adopted by the Assembly on 30 January 1875. "Ma proposition," he declared, "ne proclame pas la République, elle la fait." Upon the definitive establishment of the Republic, Wallon became Minister of Public Instruction, and effected many useful reforms, but his views were too conservative for the majority of the Assembly, and he retired in May 1876. He had been chosen a life senator in December 1875.  Returning to his historical studies, Wallon produced four works of great importance, though less from his part in them as author than from the documents which accompanied them:  Besides these he published a number of articles in the "Journal des savants"; for many years he wrote the history of the Académie des Inscriptions in the collection of Memoirs of this Academy, and he composed obituary notices of his colleagues, which were inserted in the Bulletin.

Death.

On his death on 13 November 1904, Henri Wallon was interred in the Cimetière du Montparnasse in Paris.

Henri-Alexandre Wallon (23 December 1812 – 13 November 1904) was a French historian and statesman whose decisive contribution to the creation of the Third Republic led him to be called the "Father of the Republic". He was the grandfather of psychologist and politician Henri Wallon.

Henri-Alexandre Wallon (* 23. Dezember 1812 in Valenciennes; † 13. November 1904 in Paris) war ein französischer Historiker und Staatsmann. Seine maßgebliche Beteiligung bei der Bildung der Dritten Republik brachte ihm den Namen „Vater der Republik“ ein. Er ist der Großvater des Psychologen und Politikers Henri Wallon.


Systems.

Cyclonic Storm Bijli.

On April 13, an area of shower and thunderstorms became slightly organized over the central Bay of Bengal. Later that day, an area of low pressure developed underneath the convection as the system developed. Weak banding features also formed around the periphery of the storm. By April 14, deep convection persisted around the center of circulation; following the development the RSMC in New Delhi, India designated the system as Depression BOB 01. Following further development, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) issued a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert (TCFA) as they anticipated the system to develop into a tropical storm. Early the next morning the JTWC reported that the depression had intensified into a tropical storm and designated it as Cyclone 01B. The storm tracked towards the west-northwest due to a mid-level ridge over India. Later that morning RSMC New Delhi reported that the depression had intensified into a deep depression and reported it was expected to intensify into Cyclonic Storm Bijli. Around 1500 UTC, the RSMC New Delhi upgraded the system to a cyclonic storm and gave it the name Bijli. All four ports in Orissa were placed on high alert due to rough seas produced by the storm. A Local Cautionary Signal Number Three was issued for the Gopalpur, Puri, Paradeep and Chandabali ports. On April 16, the storm turned towards the northeast, paralleling the eastern coast of India. Around 0600 UTC, RSMC New Delhi reported that Bijli had reached its peak intensity with winds of 75 km/h (45 mph ). Early on April 17, RSMC New Delhi reported that Bijli had weakened to a deep depression as it moved northwest. Later, RSMC New Delhi downgraded the deep depression to a depression. Late on April 17, RSMC New Delhi reported that Depression ex-Bijli had made landfall near Chittagong, Bangladesh and had rapidly become an area of low pressure over Bangladesh. Maximum winds of 30 knots (56 km/hr) were reported in Cox's Bazar and 3 people were killed in Bangladesh. That night, the JTWC issued their final advisory on Tropical Cyclone 01B as it rapidly weakened over Bangladesh and Myanmar.  Bijli developed as a depression in the first fortnight of April. Climatologically, the formation of tropical cyclones in the Bay of Bengal at this time of the year is rare. Only ten cyclones have developed over the Bay of Bengal during 1891-2008.

Severe Cyclonic Storm Aila.

Late on May 21, the JTWC reported that a Tropical Disturbance had persisted about 515 nm to the south of Kolkata, India. The disturbance at this time had a broad and poorly organised area of deep convection, which was located to the southeast of the low level circulation center which had consolidated into a single circulation during the previous 12 hours. Environmental analysis indicated that the system was in an area of favorable conditions to develop with low vertical wind shear and warm sea surface temperatures. During May 22 the disturbance developed further with a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert being issued early the next day by the JTWC as the low level circulation center had become stronger and more defined. Later that morning RSMC New Delhi designated the disturbance as Depression BOB 02.  The Cyclone crossed the West Bengal coast close to the east of Sagar Island between 0800 & 0900 UTC as a severe cyclonic storm on 25 May. A maximum wind gust of 112 km/h was recorded in Kalaikunda in West Bengal. Singlabazar recorded 320 mm of rainfall in 48 hours between 26 and 27 May.

Depression ARB 01.

Early on June 21, the JTWC reported that an area of low pressure had persisted about 675 km, (420 miles), southwest of Mumbai, India. Multispectral imagery showed that the disturbance had a developing low level circulation center with convection flaring over it and was in an area of low vertical wind shear. Over the next couple of days the disturbance developed gradually with a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert being issued early on June 23 as the disturbance had continued to organize and consolidated over the past few hours. RSMC New Delhi then reported later that morning that Depression ARB 01 had formed and was expected to intensify into a Deep Depression before making landfall, however the depression did not intensify any further before making landfall on the south Gujarat coast near Diu. The JTWC then cancelled their Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert, with the IMD issuing their final advisory later that day. It hovered over Gujarat as a well marked area of low pressure before moving towards the northeast and re-emerging into the Arabian Sea where it redeveloped into a depression. Tropical Depression ARB 01 dissipated early on June 26.  Unusually strong lightning storms associated with the depression killed at least nine people in Gujarat. Officials in the region warned residents about the likelihood of severe flooding from the depression. Sutrapada in Gujarat received 250 mm rainfall in 48 hours between 24 & 25 June.

Depression ARB 02.

Early on June 25 at 0900 UTC, the remnants of Depression ARB 01 emerged into the Arabian Sea, and intensified into Depression ARB 02. The storm moved northward, weakened, and maintained its intensity as a well marked low pressure area over Kutch and neighbouring areas at 0000 UTC on 26 June 2009. Saurashtra and Kutch experienced active monsoon conditions under the influence of this system. Like its parent system, it was mostly monitored through synoptic and satellite analysis. It was a short-lived system, existing for about 25 hours. As a result, it did not have any significant impact on rainfall, except over Saurashtra & Kutch.  Moving in a north-northwesterly direction, the Depression, which was located over Saurashtra, Kutch, and neighbouring areas, which was the system, re-intensified into the depression over northeast Arabian Sea, and lay centred near lat. 22.50N/long. 68.50E about 50 km west-northwest of Dwarka and 300 km south-southeast of Karachi at 0900 UTC on 25 June. Moving slowing in a northerly direction, the system weakened into a well marked low pressure area at 0000 UTC on 26 June over Kutch and its neighbouring regions. However, later on June 26, Depression ARB 02 dissipated completely. Mangrol in Gujarat recorded 130 mm of rainfall on 27 June.

Deep Depression BOB 03.

Early on July 20, RSMC New Delhi reported that Depression BOB 03 had formed about 120 km (75 miles) to the southeast of Digha. Convection had been gradually organizing itself over the last 12 hours, and was in an area of low to moderate vertical wind shear. The Depression then intensified further and became a Deep Depression that afternoon before making landfall crossed north Orissa-West Bengal coast between Balasore and Digha during 1600 and 1700 UTC later that day. The Deep Depression gradually weakened before becoming a low pressure area early the next day. Binika in Orissa received 220 mm rainfall on 21 July. Around 43 people lost their lives in the state of Orissa.  The remnants of this storm caused heavy to very heavy downpours in coastal Pakistan.

Deep Depression BOB 04.

Early on September 3, the IMD reported that an area of low pressure had formed embedded within the monsoon off the Orissa coastline. During the next day it developed further with the IMD reporting that the low pressure area had become well marked with deep convection starting to consolidate around a developing low level circulation center in an area of moderate vertical wind shear. Early on September 5, as the area of low pressure was moving into an area of low vertical windshear the JTWC issued a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert, whilst the IMD reported that the low pressure area had intensified into a Depression. Later that day the IMD reported that the depression had intensified further and had become a Deep Depression, whilst the JTWC designated the depression as a Cyclone 03B, with winds equivalent to a tropical storm. However the JTWC's first warning was also their final warning as the cyclone had made landfall near Digha in West Bengal and was expected to dissipate later that day. However the IMD kept issuing advisories on the deep depression until early on September 7, when the IMD reported that it had weakened into a depression and then into a well marked low pressure area later that day when they stopped issuing advisories on the depression whilst it was located over Jharkhand and adjoining region of Chhattisgarh.  One person drowned in Digha after being swept away by high waters. Berhampur received 210 mm of rainfall on 6 September.

Cyclonic Storm Phyan.

Cyclonic Storm Phyan developed as a tropical disturbance to the southwest of Colombo in Sri Lanka late on November 4, 2009. Over the next couple of days the disturbance gradually developed before weakening as it made landfall on Southern India on November 7. After the disturbance had emerged into the Arabian Sea late on November 8 it rapidly became more marked with the India Meteorological Department (IMD) reporting early on November 9 that the disturbance had intensified into a Depression and designated it as Depression ARB 03 whilst the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) issued a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert. Later that day the JTWC designated the system as Cyclone 04A. During the next day as the Depression turned towards the northeast, the IMD reported that it had intensified into a Cyclonic Storm and named it Phyan. Chandwad in Maharashtra recorded 240 mm of rainfall in 48 hours between 11 and 12 November. The maximum winds of 68 km/h were reported in Pune at the time of landfall. However the coastal areas recorded 75 km/hr winds. Seven persons died and about 44 fishermen were missing due to the cyclone.  As a tropical disturbance, Phyan caused heavy rainfall in Tamil Nadu. Kethi in Nilgiris district of Tamil Nadu received 82 cm of rainfall in 24 hours, beating the previous 24‐hour rainfall record for Tamil Nadu. Kethi recorded 1171 mm of rainfall in 72 hours, making Phyan the 5th wettest cyclone in India

Cyclonic Storm Ward.

On December 10, RSMC New Delhi announced that Depression BOB 05 had formed, about 400 km east-southeast of Batticaloa, Sri Lanka. The next day it strengthened to become Cyclonic Storm Ward. After wandering some time to the east of Sri Lanka, the system made landfall near Trincomalee on December 14 as a Deep Depression. Cyclonic Storm Ward dissipated completely on December 16. Sirkali in Tamil Nadu recorded 140 mm of rainfall on 15 December. Maximum winds of 25 knots (46 km/hr) was reported at the Pamban observatory in coastal Tamil Nadu.

Season effects.

This is a table of the storms in 2009 and their landfall(s), if any; the table does not include storms that did not make landfall, which is defined as the center of the storm moving over a landmass. Deaths in parentheses are additional and indirect (an example of an indirect death would be a traffic accident), but are still storm-related. Damage and deaths include totals while the storm was extratropical or a wave or low.

The 2009 North Indian Ocean cyclone season was an event in the annual cycle of tropical cyclone formation. The North Indian Ocean cyclone season has no official bounds, but cyclones tend to form between April and December, with peaks in May and November. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the northern Indian Ocean.

Die Zyklonsaison im Nordindik 2009 hatte keine offizielle Grenzen wie in anderen Becken üblich, sondern lief das ganze Jahr hindurch. Die tropischen Wirbelstürme bilden sich allerdings in diesem Becken in der Regel zwischen April und Dezember, wobei die Monate vor und nach der Monsunsaison, also April/Mai und Oktober/November, die aktivsten sind. Einen tropischen Wirbelsturm im Indischen Ozean bezeichnet man als Zyklon.


Biography.

Ephraim Moses Lilien ("Maurycy Lilien") was born in 1874, in Drohobycz, Galicia, then in the Austro-Hungarian Empire. In 1889-1893 Lilien learned painting and graphic techniques at the Academy of Arts in Kraków. He studied under Polish painter Jan Matejko from 1890 to 1892.  As a member of the Zionist Movement, Lilien traveled to Ottoman Palestine several times between 1906 and 1918.  Lilien attended the Fifth Zionist Congress, held in Basel, as a member of the Democratic Fraction, an opposition group that supported the development of secular national culture. In 1905, at the Seventh Zionist Congress, in Basel, he, along with Boris Schatz, became a member of a committee formed to help establish the Bezalel Art School. As part of that work he accompanied Schatz to Jerusalem.

Art career.

Lilien was one of the two artists to accompany Boris Schatz to what is now Israel in 1906 for the purpose of establishing Bezalel Academy of Arts and Design, and taught the school's first class in 1906. Although his stay in the country was short-lived, he left his indelible stamp on the creation of an Eretz Israel style, placing biblical subjects in the Zionist context and oriental settings, conceived in an idealized Western design. In the first two decades of the century, Lilien's work served as a model for the Bezalel group.  Lilien is known for his famous photographic portrait of Theodor Herzl. He often used Herzl as a model, considering his features a perfect representation of the "New Jew." In 1896, he received an award for photography from the avantgarde magazine "Jugend". Lilien illustrated several books. In 1923, an exhibition of his work opened in New York.  Lilien's illustrated books include "Juda" (1900), Biblically-themes poetry by Lilien's Christian friend, Börries Freiherr von Münchausen, and "Lieder des Ghetto" (Songs of the Ghetto) (1903), Yiddish poems by Morris Rosenfeld translated into German.  Lilien died in Badenweiler, Germany in 1925. A street in the Nayot neighborhood of Jerusalem is named for him.

Ephraim Moses Lilien (; 23 May 1874 – 18 July 1925) was an art nouveau illustrator and printmaker particularly noted for his art on Jewish themes. He is sometimes called the "first Zionist artist."

Ephraim Moses Lilien (geboren am 23. Mai 1874 in Drohobycz, Galizien, Österreich-Ungarn; gestorben am 17. Juli 1925 in Badenweiler), auch Efraim Mose Lilien,,, war ein jüdischer Grafiker, Illustrator, Maler und Fotograf, der vor allem durch seine ornamentalen grafischen Arbeiten im Jugendstil und seine Exlibris bekannt wurde.


Biography.

Mnatsakan Iskandaryan started Greco-Roman wrestling in 1978 under the guidance of Koryun Movsesian. In 1987, he became an Espoir World Champion. Iskandaryan became a member of the USSR national Greco-Roman wrestling team in 1988. In that same year, he won a gold medal at the Wrestling World Cup team competition. Iskandaryan remained a member of the Soviet national team until the Union's fall in 1991. He won a silver medal in the 1989 European Wrestling Championships. In 1990, he moved to a heavier weight class, from lightweight (68 kg) to welterweight (74 kg), and won a 1990 World Wrestling Championships gold medal. In 1991, Iskandaryan became a European Champion and two-time consecutive World Champion. He repeated the European success by winning a 1992 European Championships gold medal for a consecutive second time. Ranked as the number one wrestler in his division for the past few years, Iskandaryan entered the 1992 Summer Olympics as the gold medal favorite.  Although Iskandaryan's home of Armenia was now independent, all of the former Soviet Olympians still competed together at the 1992 Olympic Games in Barcelona, under the Unified Team. Iskandaryan had single-handedly defeated all of his opposition, and thus claimed the Olympic gold medal and became an Olympic Champion.  Iskandaryan underwent over two years of inactivity following his Olympic victory. He finally returned, now serving under the Russian flag, at the 1994 World Wrestling Championships, where he claimed his third World Championship gold medal. Iskandaryan competed at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta. He was unable to win a medal and came in fifth place. Iskandaryan retired from wrestling after the 1996 Olympics and started coaching. As of 1996, he is the head coach of the national Greco-Roman wrestling youth team of Russia. In 2012, Iskandaryan was inducted into the FILA Hall of Fame, the sole Greco-Roman inductee. He became the second Armenian to be inducted into the Hall of Fame, after Armen Nazaryan in 2007.

Mnatsakan Iskandaryan (,, born 17 May 1967) is a former Armenian Greco-Roman wrestler who competed for the Soviet Union and Russia. Iskandaryan is an Olympic Champion, three-time World Champion, and two-time European Champion. He earned the rank Honoured Master of Sports of the USSR in 1991 and was named Honoured Coach of Russia in 2000. In 2012, Iskandaryan was inducted into the FILA Hall of Fame as the sole Greco-Roman inductee. He's the second Armenian to be inducted into the Hall of Fame, after Armen Nazaryan.

Mnazakan Iskandarjan (; * 17. Mai 1967 in Gjumri, Armenische SSR) ist ein ehemaliger sowjetischer Ringer. Er wurde 1992 in Barcelona Olympiasieger im griechisch-römischen Stil im Weltergewicht. Nach 1994 ging er für Russland an den Start.


Career.

Woide began his career as a pastor at the Socinian church in Leszno, Poland. In 1750 he transcribed the manuscript of the "Lexicon Ægyptiaco-Latinum" of Mathurin Veyssière de La Croze in Leiden, which incorporated Sahidic words by. Woide learnt Coptic and became an expert in the Sahidic language.  Woide lived in Britain from 1768 until his death in 1790, serving as pastor of the German Reformed Church at the Savoy and the Dutch Reformed Chapel at St James's Palace. He later become a librarian at the British Museum, first in the Department of Natural History, then in the Department of Printed Books, in charge of its Oriental manuscripts. He was one of the first scholars to work on the Egyptian Sahidic texts. He examined the Codex Alexandrinus and the published text of the New Testament from this codex in 1786.  Woide was described in 1782 by C. P. Moritz as living "not far from Paddington, in a very salubrious quarter on the edge of the town, where he breathes cleaner and fresher air than in the city. Although well known as a learned authority on Oriental languages, he is nevertheless a sociable and not unworldly man."  Woide possessed some leaves of a Greek-Coptic diglot manuscript of the New Testament known as "Fragmentum Woideanum". These cover a portion of the Book of Luke. Woide suggested that the fragment was created in the 7th century. The leaves belong to Uncial 070 and other leaves of this manuscript are kept in different locations.

Personal life and legacy.

Woide studied in Frankfurt an der Oder and in Leiden, and held a doctorate of divinity from the University of Copenhagen. He was elected a fellow of the Royal Society in 1785, created D.C.L. by the University of Oxford in 1786, and appointed a fellow of many foreign societies. He and his wife had two daughters. He was struck by apoplexy while in conversation at the house of Sir Joseph Banks in 1790, and later died in his rooms at the British Museum.  Woide's papers are held at the British Library, Fragmentum Woideanum is kept at Clarendon Press in Oxford.

Carl Gottfried Woide () (4 July 1725 – 9 May 1790), also known in England as Charles Godfrey Woide, was an Orientalist, a biblical scholar and a pastor.

Carl Gottfried Woide (auch: Karl Gottfried Woide; * 4. Juli 1725 in Leszno; † 9. Mai 1790 in London) war ein deutsch-britischer Orientalist. In England war er auch als Charles Godfrey Woide bekannt.


Biography.

Uriburu was born on July 20, 1868 in Salta Province to José de Uriburu y Poveda and Serafina de Uriburu y Álvarez de Arenales, who were cousins. He was also the nephew of President José Evaristo Uriburu and a descent of Juan Antonio Álvarez de Arenales, a general in the Spanish American wars of independence. According to genealogist Narciso Binayán Carmona, he was descended from Spanish conquistador Domingo Martínez de Irala. On March 17, 1885, he entered the Colegio Militar de la Nación as a cadet. With the rank of sublieutenant, he was one of the 33 officers that participated in the organization of the Revolution of the Park in 1890.  On November 19, 1894, he married Aurelia Madero Buján (1873–1959), the daughter of Eduardo Madero and Marcelina Buján Ellauri, with whom he had three children: Alberto Eduardo, Elena, Teresa, and Marta Mercedes. He served as an assistant to his uncle José Uriburu and to president Luis Sáenz Peña. In 1905, he supported President Manuel Quintana in the suppression of the Radical Revolution of 1905. In 1907, he became the director of the Superior School of War and was later sent to Germany for three years to perfect his training program. When he returned to Buenos Aires, he attended the scientific conventions for the Centennial celebrations and later took the command of Chief of Staff in the Argentine borderlands. In 1913, he returned to Europe as a military attaché to Germany and the United Kingdom. When he returned to Argentina in 1914, he was elected to the Argentine National Congress. In 1921, he ascended to the rank of Division General, and the following year was appointed inspector general of the army by Marcelo Torcuato de Alvear. He was a member of the Supreme Council of War until 1926, when Yrigoyen forced him to reitre for having reached the age of retirement.

1930 Coup d'Etat.

Economic Crisis.

The world economic crisis in 1929, known as the Great Depression, had a profound impact on Argentina. It primarily affected the economy, since 80% of its revenue came from foreign trade. The crisis created a situation of social tension, with decreases in salary and increases in unemployment. This economic unrest created the political context for the 1930 coup. This crisis of democratic systems was seen throughout all of Latin America.  Furthermore, the social teachings of the Catholic Church at the time were based in the 1891 encyclical "Rerum Novarum", which dealt with the conditions of the working class, made clear the church's support for workers' unions, reaffirmed its support for the right to private property, and discussed relations between the government, corporations, workers, and the Church, proposing a socioeconomic relationship which later became known as corporatism.

Corporatist Doctrines.

The nationalist ideologies that arose from the rise to power of Italy's Benito Mussolini, who supported the introduction of corporatism, created a division within the People's Party and its eventual dissolution. It was then that the Catholic nationalists supported the publication "La Nueva República," a newspaper opposed to the radical government of Hipólito Yrigoyen, who was harshly criticized for a series of federal interventions and for his government's ties to assassinating opposition leaders, such as Senator Lencinas, which produced a weakening of the democracy and led to the military coup led by general José Félix Uriburu.

September 6, 1930 Uprising.

On September 6, 1930, Uriburu staged a coup d'état that overthrew the constitutional government of Hipólito Yrigoyen and established a military dictatorship, the first of several that would last until 1983. At the time, Uriburu essentially represented Catholic neo-corporatist nationalism. Plans rooted in this ideology included a system in which there would be corporate chamber with representation from unions and businesses, and another chamber with political representation. It could be said that this ideology was rooted in the Catholic nationalism which had been on the rise in Argentina since the 1920s.  The coup d'état that came to power was unprecedented in the modern history of Argentina. According to Argentine philosopher Mario Bunge, the 1930 military coup ended a half-century-long period of internal peace and ongoing economic, political, and cultural progress in the country. It was also the first time that fascism rose its head in the continent; the first time in the history of the country that the Armed Forces took political power; the first time since the Tragic Week of 1919 and the repression of the Patagonia Rebelde of 1922 that the government assassinated union members; and the first time since the end of Rosas' dictatorship that the Catholic Church had meddled in politics, this time with a distinctly fascist orientation.  Uriburu entrusted poet Leopoldo Lugones with the task of writing the revolutionary proclamation, although the first version was accused of being fascist by Colonel José María Sarobe and General Agustín P. Justo, who represented the traditional conservative liberalism in Argentina. Lugones therefore had to modify the proclamation. The proclamation read: The Army and Navy of the Fatherland, responding to the unanimous fervor of the people of the Nation and the urgent purposes that the duty of the Argentines imposes upon us in this solemn hour for the fate of the country, have resolved to raise the flag in order to cut ties with the men of the government, who have betrayed the trust of the people and of the Republic, and demand the immediate discharge of their command, which they no longer execute for the common good, but for their personal desires. We therefore notify you categorically that they no longer have the support of the armed forces, whose primary objective is to defend personal respect, which they have compromised, and there will no longer be in our ranks a single man who will uprise against his comrade to defend a cause that has become the shame of the Nation. We also notify you that we will not tolerate last-minute maneuvers or communications that hope to save a government repudiated by public opinion or keep in power the remains of a political conglomeration that is strangling the Republic.

Military Government.

On September 10, 1930, Uriburu was recognized as President of the Nation by means of an infamous and controversial ruling by the Supreme Court, which gave rise to the De facto government doctrine. This doctrine legitimized the new government, "as long as it executes the administrative and political function derived from its possession of the force as guarantee of order and social security." He dissolved the National Congress, declared a state of siege, replaced the governors of the provinces with radical governors through federal intervention, and attempted to establish a neo-corporatist government. In this system of government, similar to fascism, Uriburu saw an example of peace and political order. On September 18, 1930, the ambassadors from the United States and England (a country Uriburu had served as an attaché), recognized his provisional government.  Though Uriburu publicly claimed to respect the Constitution, he personally felt that it was necessary to return the country to the rule of a conservative government as was the case prior to the Law of Sáenz Peña, which had established a secret vote for all men over 18. In a speech given to the Superior School of War, Uriburu expressed his opposition to universal suffrage: We must try to achieve a political authority based in reality rather than purely theory... Aristotle defined democracy as a government by those best fit to rule. The difficulty is in making those who are best fit the rulers. It is difficult to make that happen in any country where, like ours, there is a 60% illiteracy rate, therefore it is clear and evident that it is those 60% that govern the country, because in legal elections, they are the majority.  He established a repressive regime that included for the first time the systematic use of torture against political opponents, particularly anarchists, communists, and radical yrigoyenists, using the Sector of Public Order of the Capital Police, with Leopoldo Lugones, Jr. at the helm. He declared martial law and secretly executed anarchist militants such as Severino Di Giovanni, Gregorio Galeano, José Gatti, Joaquín Penina, Paulino Scarfó and Jorge Tamayo Gavilán. He imprisoned several political leaders, such as former president Hipólito Yrigoyen; censured news publications; and took over the nation's universities, eliminating the autonomy and co-government that they had enjoyed since the University Reform of 1918. Once the coup had taken place, the newly-founded General Confederation of Labor (CGT) adopted an attitude of complacency towards the military regime.  In the economic sphere, the Great Depression had an impact on the country and caused a significant decrease in revenue, a decline in consumption, and an increase in unemployment. In the political sphere, Uriburu attempted a highly repressive model of government, with martial law and military courts to try civilians who opposed the "de facto" government. His idea was to establish a corporative regime in the style of Italian fascist Benito Mussolini, but the result of the elections demonstrated that it did not have popular support and he was unable to follow through with the plan.  In early 1931, he called elections in the Province of Buenos Aires, but later annulled them after the Radical Civic Union (UCR) won. In November of that year, he again called elections after prohibiting UCR candidates and organizing a system that was broadly recognized as fraudulent, marking the beginning of the so-called Infamous Decade in Argentina. It was under these conditions that General Agustín P. Justo was elected President, representing the party that had earlier been wiped out by the Sáenz Peña Law.  In March 1931, Uriburu received Edward Windsor, then Prince of Wales and later King Edward VIII, with whom he visited the Campo de Mayo, the National Hippodrome, and the seaside resort of Mar del Plata to inaugurate the British Exposition of Arts and Industries at La Rural.

Death.

After turning his power over to Agustín P. Justo, he left the country for health reasons and died in Paris two months later after undergoing surgery for stomach cancer. His body was later repatriated and inhumed at the Recoleta Cemetery.

Removal of Memorials.

During the 20th Century, several busts and memorial were created and streets named in the dictator's honor, many during "de facto" governments. However, during the 21st century, these monuments have been removed and the streets renamed.  In the city of San Carlos de Bolívar, there was a bust of Uriburu in Las Acollaradas Park, but in 2012 the City Council voted to remove it. In the city of Balcarce, there is still a monument on Avenida Favaloro, previously named Avenida Uriburu. While the City Council approved its removal in 2014, the monument still remains. Until 2015, there was a bust of Uriburu in Park Mitre in the city of Olavarría just a few meters from the Monument to Liberty erected by the French. It was removed in 1966 and kept in a municipal warehouse. Later, the municipal leader Enrique Mario Alfieri, put in by "de facto" President Juan Carlos Onganía, placed it on his desk, and in 1973, another conservative municipal leader, Juan Ángel Moya, this time put in by "de facto" President Roberto M. Levingston, returned the bust to the park, just before that year's March 11 Democratic Elections. In January 2019, the bust was finally removed after City Council approval.

Lieutenant General José Félix Benito Uriburu y Uriburu (July 20, 1868 – April 29, 1932) was the first "de facto" President of Argentina, ousting president Hipólito Yrigoyen by means of a military coup and declaring himself president. From September 6, 1930, to February 20, 1932, he controlled both the Executive and Legislative branches of government. Under the title of "President of the Provisional Government," he acted as the "de facto" Head of State of Argentina. His was the first of a series of successful coups d'état and unconstitutional governments that came to power in 1943, 1955, 1962, 1966, and 1976.

José Félix Benito Uriburu y Uriburu (* 20. Juli 1868 in Salta; † 29. April 1932 in Paris) war ein argentinischer General. Nach einem Militärputsch war er de facto vom 8. September 1930 bis zum 20. Februar 1932 Präsident von Argentinien.


Architectural characteristics.

The main characteristics of tower-shaped tombs can be seen in Garabaghlar mausoleum. The mausoleum is divided into two parts – a burial vault in lower part and upper overground part. The burial vault's plan is similar to Barda mausoleum. The overground part of Garabaghlar mausoleum is very interesting for its architectural structure. A trunk of the mausoleum standing on a stone pedestal is originated from connection of 12 semicylinders. The mausoleum is distinguished from other mausoleums located in Azerbaijan for architectural structure of its trunk. There is a boom with calligraphically written inscription on the top of the trunk as in Barda mausoleum. This inscription on Garabaghlar mausoleum was written with letters of white color and its background was made of blue frieze.  Four portals of the upper chamber are effectively allotted. Lancet arches with stalactitical infillings are centers of the southern, western and eastern portals. Slats with inscriptions written in neskh and stylized kufi are included into composition of portals. Stylized ornaments of plants dominate in the southern and western parts, but ornaments of the eastern part are geometric. Trunks of columns and their cubic capitals are also covered with composite mosaic.  A complicated system of stalactites underline a line of archivolt, infilling the space of an arched niche. Golden glaze is sparingly interspersed with ornamental patterns of the portal, which is not met in the area of the mausoleum anymore. Thanks to the deep niches in sides of a central square, the burial vault of the mausoleum has taken the form of an equal-ended cross. It was covered with mirrored groin vault. Walls are encased with two rows of thoroughly drafted stone plates over which oversails brick placement of cushions. The upper chamber is a straight 12 edged dimension of oversailed proportions. Rectangular niches on the walls are framed by more narrow equilateral niches. Top of the 12 edged trunk is surrounded by two-layered stalactite corbel, used as a crossover to the inner cupola, which is folded by stone blocks.  Foundations of two minarets attached to portal are prolonged rectangular prisms. Facades of the foundations are treated with patterned placing framed with trilobite equilateral arch. Not tall, octahedral bulk is used as a pedestrian to cylindrical trunks of the minarets built of circle brick. Narrow bricks with turquoise glaze were put to vertical junctures of placing. Image of the placing gets across an Arabic ligature, beginning in the trunk of one of the minarets and finishing in the other. The inscription is written in accurate kufi script, which is similar to inscription on Momine Khatun Mousileum's frame board. Terra-cotta colored letters were placed against a turquoise background – this method is relatively rare in architecture found in Azerbaijan dating to the Middle Ages. Top of the minarets are heavily demolished. Narrow spiral stairs built of simple tablet bricks (20x20x5) wave within the minarets. There are saved remains of imposts of arches and found out multiple remains of walls in different levels of masonries of the mausoleum's minarets. There was a significantly bigger portal in the place of existing one, about which evidence fragments of masonry, which oversails the bay between minarets. Glaze with mosaic patterns yields to glaze of the minarets and mausoleum in quality and its background is black. Glaze is covered with grid of capillary cracks and weakly connected to a crock. Motifs of ornaments of the mausoleum's decoration aren’t met in decors of the minarets’ portal. Remains of an inscription written in neskh indicates about an order of construction of the mausoleum and name “...Jehan Gudi-khatun”. Perhaps, there is mentioned Kufi-khatun, one of the wives of Hulaku khan, mother of Tekuder – Sultan Ahmad.  Excavations of 1940, found out walls of a building a band of which's placing is dated back to the same time with the placing of the minarets. Configuration of a plan and dimensions of premises reminds of khanega. Walls of the building are detached far from the mausoleum. Peculiarities of architectural structure of the mausoleum indicate that masters of various architectural professions were involved in its construction. Despite a generality of the composition and architectural appearance of the portals, detailed representation of the arches’ archivolts is also original. There are patterns which aren’t met in other portals. Ligatures common for style are differently interpreted and placed on planes; decorations included in images of the ligatures are diverse; butts of the ornament's band are authorized differently, which are common for some portals for their images. Characterizing architecture of the mausoleum, its corrugated surface, determining architectural expressiveness of its appearance in a significant level should be especially mentioned. This method acquired extremely wide propagation both timely and territorially. This method was initially met and widely used mainly in pre-feudal defense constructions of Trans-Caspian. Distribution of this method to memorial (Mausoleums of Garabaghlar, Radkan and Kishmar) and cultic (Jar-Kurgan) constructions dates back to the earlier time. Barda mausoleum is the most similar to Garabaghlar mausoleum by analogy.

Mausoleum in Garabaghlar village () – is a mausoleum located in Garabaghlar village of Kangarli Rayon of Azerbaijan, about 30 kilometers far from the north-western part of Nakhchivan. The mausoleum, built in the first half of the 14th century is partially demolished and has a cylindrical form with twelve semicircular facets. The mausoleum, which has a circular form in the inner part, is 30 meters high. Two minarets having quadrangular foundation in the lower part are located about 30 meters far from the mausoleum. The minarets of the ensemble belong to the 12th century.

Das Kultische Zentrum in Qarabağlar besteht aus einem Mausoleum und zwei Minaretten, von denen nur Ruinen erhalten sind. Es liegt am Rande des Dorfes Qarabağlar in Nachitschewan und ist der einzige Rest der früheren Stadt Qarabağlar. Die Minarette wurden vermutlich im 12. Jahrhundert errichtet, der Stil des Mausoleums verweist auf das 14. Jahrhundert.


Early life and education.

Starr was born in Santa Clara, California. Her family is of Italo-Albanian and Hungarian descent. Starr graduated from San Jose State University with a music degree and plays the oboe. However, she has stated she pursued a career in pornography rather than in music due to her "curious nature" and becoming inspired after having watched a movie featuring Belladonna (whom she later befriended in real life).  Starr expressed an ambition to study pre-med, with the aim of becoming a gynecologist. Her intent was to work within the adult entertainment industry, where she identified a lack of female gynecologists.

Career.

Starr began her pornography career at the age of 23. She met someone who introduced her to the adult industry in San Francisco, California, but it took a year before she decided to enter the industry. Her initial works were bondage and submission scenes for Internet-based companies. She then transitioned to shooting various types of scenes for production companies in Los Angeles. Starr has appeared as the box-cover model for many movies by companies such as Red Light District Video and Combat Zone.  In 2011 and in 2013, Starr was listed on CNBC.com as one of the 12 most popular stars in porn.  Starr was a finalist for the reality show "America's Next Hot Porn Star," a series set up similarly to "America's Next Top Model." She blogged for Popporn.com and wrote a column for Fox Magazine called "Adventures in Porny Land".

Personal life.

Starr considers herself a pro-sex feminist. Even though she acknowledges that some feminists consider pornography to be degrading to women, Starr asserts, "I don't feel degraded because it is my decision. I know that if I did ever feel degraded or feel uncomfortable, all I need to do is say no and it would stop. I don't think something where women have so much control in the situation can be considered degrading towards women." She does not label her sexual orientation, but she has stated that she considers herself "more gay than straight" and that she chooses to only "experiment" with men.  Starr is a gamer girl and has noted "", "Grim Fandango", and "" as her favorite games.  On July 2, 2013, Starr announced on her blog that she was expecting a child and had found someone with whom she could "spend the rest of [her] life." Although she initially indicated that she would take a temporary hiatus, Starr rarely updated her social media accounts or blog thereafter. On August 31, 2015, Starr's business partner released a statement that Starr had moved on to "bigger and more important things," and her website was duly closed down.

Bobbi Starr (born April 6, 1983) is an American former pornographic actress. Starr also became a director for Evil Angel. Her directorial debut was "Bobbi's World", a female POV movie.

Bobbi Starr (* 6. April 1983 als "Elizabeth Renee Evans" in Santa Clara, Kalifornien; oft auch Bobbi Star) ist eine ehemalige US-amerikanische Pornodarstellerin und AVN-Award-Trägerin.


Playing career.

Sjöström began his career playing for Frölunda HC in the top-level Elitserien and after being drafted by the Phoenix Coyotes in the 2001 NHL Entry Draft with the team's first pick, 11th overall. He later moved to North America to play major junior hockey for the Calgary Hitmen in the Western Hockey League (WHL). Sjöström made his NHL debut in the 2003–04 season, scoring 13 points in 57 games for Phoenix.  On July 13, 2006, Sjöström signed a one-way, two-year contract extension worth $1.5 million with the Coyotes. On February 26, 2008, he was traded to the New York Rangers (along with David LeNeveu and Josh Gratton) in exchange for Marcel Hossa and Al Montoya. Sjöström played on the Rangers' fourth line, used as a checking line. On March 2, he then scored his first goal as a Ranger after beating Antero Niittymäki of the Philadelphia Flyers with assists from Blair Betts and Marek Malík.  On July 1, 2009, Sjöström signed a two-year, $1.5 million contract with the Calgary Flames, but was later traded (alongside Dion Phaneuf and prospect Keith Aulie) to the Toronto Maple Leafs in exchange for Matt Stajan, Niklas Hagman, Jamal Mayers and Ian White that same season on January 31, 2010. Upon expiry of his contract with Toronto in 2011, Sjöström returned to Sweden, signing a one-year contract with Färjestad BK of the Elitserien.  Sjöström officially announced his retirement from professional hockey on August 29, 2013. He moved directly into a scouting position with Frölunda for the 2013–14 season. He later began his managerial career first as an assistant before taking over the general manager role with Frölunda midway through the 2015–16 season.

International play.

Sjöström played for Sweden in three world junior ice hockey championship. He made his debut for Sweden's men's team during the Euro Hockey Tour final against Finland, and was selected to play at the 2004 Men's World Ice Hockey Championships, where "Tre Kronor" won a silver medal.

Fredrik Per Oscar Sjöström (; born May 6, 1983) is a Swedish former professional ice hockey winger, currently the general manager of Frölunda HC of the Swedish Hockey League (SHL). Drafted by the National Hockey League (NHL)'s Phoenix Coyotes in the 2001 NHL Entry Draft, Sjöström played over 500 regular season NHL and Stanley Cup playoff games with the Coyotes, New York Rangers, Calgary Flames and Toronto Maple Leafs.

Fredrik Sjöström (* 6. Mai 1983 in Färgelanda) ist ein ehemaliger schwedischer Eishockeyspieler, der im Laufe seiner Karriere für die Phoenix Coyotes, New York Rangers, Calgary Flames und Toronto Maple Leafs in der National Hockey League sowie für den Frölunda HC in der Elitserien aktiv war.


Naming and history.

The Rowley Shoals were so named by Captain Phillip Parker King in 1818 in honour of Captain Rowley who first sighted the "Imperieuse Reef" in 1800. It is believed that the Rowley Shoals reefs have been visited by fishermen from Indonesia, from at least the mid-18th century. The fishermen were also collecting or hunting for Trepang (holothurians or sea cucumbers), turtle shell, trochus shell and shark fin.  These early visitors apparently knew the Rowley Shoals as "Pulau Pulo Dhaoh". In later years, fishermen from Roti Island, south of Timor, also visited the Rowley Shoals, which they knew as "Pulau Bawa Angin". The individual reefs were also given names, Mermaid Reef being called "Pulau Manjariti", Clerke Reef was "Pulau Tengah" and Imperieuse Reef was "Pulau Matsohor".

Conservation.

Mermaid Reef is listed on Australia's Commonwealth Heritage List and all three reefs of the Rowley Shoals were registered on the former Register of the National Estate. The Shoals are the only known origin and home of several unusual species, including the Western Australian sculpin, and so are of major ecological value.

Tourism.

Since about 1977 charter boats based from Broome began operating deep sea fishing and diving expeditions to the reefs and seas around. Since this time interest in the area has grown considerably and the Rowley Shoals has achieved a reputation for offering some of the best diving in Australia. The reefs are among the most remote and pristine marine areas in the world.

The Rowley Shoals is a group of three atoll-like coral reefs south of the Timor Sea, about west of Broome on the northwestern Australian coast, centered on, on the edge of one of the widest continental shelves in the world. Each atoll covers an area of around within the rim of the reef, including the lagoons, while the land areas are negligible. They belong to Western Australia. They all rise steeply from the surrounding ocean floor. To the northeast lie the Scott and Seringapatam Reefs which are located on the same undersea platform.

Rowley Shoals (= "Untiefen") ist eine Gruppe von drei aus dem Wasser ragenden, atollähnlichen Korallenriffen vor der australischen Nordwestküste, etwa 260 Kilometer westlich von Broome.


Use as a fuel additive.

N-Methylaniline is a principal component of NMA (monomethylaniline), a non-traditional antiknock agent increasingly used by petroleum refiners and fuel distributors around the world to increase the octane number of gasoline petrol. It is usually added to gasoline in concentration of around 1.3% volume to avoid high gum levels that can cause increased carbon deposits in engine parts. Higher concentrations are permitted by most regulatory agencies if a detergent and a fuel combustion modifier are added to the component to keep gum formation from happening. NMA blended in those concentrations to gasoline / petrol is not more toxic than the hundreds of chemicals that compose this fuel.

Policies on blending NMA in gasoline.

China.

China has banned the use of most chemical gasoline additives, including NMA, in gasoline standard directive GB17930-2013 dated Dec. 18 2013, which states that “Additives used in gasoline for motor vehicles should not contain recognised harmful substances and should be used by following up with the recommended safe dosage. Chemicals, such as methylal, aniline-type compounds, halogens and those containing phosphorus and silicon, etc. should not intentionally be added in gasoline.”

United States.

N-Methylaniline as is (neat) does not appear on the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) List of Registered Gasoline Additives. However, registration can be obtained at higher concentration which maximum authorized dosage depends on a suitable detergent and an effective fuel combustion modifier added to this component.  Fuel additives in the United States are regulated under section 211 of the Clean Air Act (as amended in January 1995). The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) requires the registration of all fuel additives which are commercially distributed for use in highway motor vehicles in the United States, and may require testing and ban harmful additives. The EPA also regularly reviews the health and net economic benefits of Clean Air Act policies. The act also requires deposit control additives (DCAs) be added to all gasolines. This type of additive is a detergent additive that acts as a cleansing agent in small passages in the carburetor or fuel injectors. This in turn serves to ensure a consistent air and fuel mixture that will contribute to better gas mileage.

Europe.

It appears that only one NMA based product for use as an octane enhancer is registered with ECHA / REACH. Because it is not an oxygenate this component does not appear on the list of recommended oxygenates in European Union (EU) petrol standards. Referring to EU EN 228:2012 and Directive 2009/30/EC, Automotive Fuels of Unleaded Petrol. Requirements and Test Methods.

Worldwide Fuel Charter.

Because it is not an oxygenate NMA does not appear on the list of recommended oxygenates under category 4 of the Worldwide Fuel Charter published by the European Automobile Manufacturers Association (ACEA), which refers to emission standards for unleaded gasoline for “markets with advanced requirements for emission control.” Under policies that are specific to those countries NMA is banned in China and Russia. Most other countries follow the environmental rules of registration of the United States and Europe for the use of this component as an octane enhancer in gasoline / petrol.

"N"-Methylaniline (NMA) is an aniline derivative. It is an organic compound with the chemical formula CHNH(CH). The substance is a colorless viscous liquid, Samples turn brown when exposed to air. The chemical is insoluble in water. It is used as a latent and coupling solvent and is also used as an intermediate for dyes, agrochemicals and other organic products manufacturing. NMA is toxic and exposure can cause damage to the central nervous system and can also cause liver and kidney failure.

"N"-Methylanilin ist eine chemische Verbindung aus der Gruppe der sekundären Amine und isomer zu den Toluidinen. Sie liegt in Form einer farblosen bis gelblichen Flüssigkeit mit anilinähnlichem Geruch vor, die sich an der Luft dunkel färbt.


History.

Located in the Uralsk Region of West Kazakhstan, it was discovered in 1979 by a well drilled to investigate a structural high detected during a reinterpretation of 2D seismic shot between 1970 and 1971. Production began in 1984 under the operatorship of Karachaganakgazprom. Limited quantities of gas and condensate were exported to Russia via pipelines and to the processing facilities at Orenburg. On 3 October 2006, Kazakhstan and Russia signed an agreement to create a joint venture on the basis of Orenburg gas processing plant for processing gas from the Karachaganak field.

Phase 1.

The phase began with three wells penetrating into the Permian formations of the reservoir. Once produced to surface the gas and oil were separated before being piped to Orenburg where further processing was undertaken. This was partially due to the sour nature of the gas, with a hydrogen sulphide content of 3.5-5.0% and carbon dioxide content of 5%. Karachaganckgazprom also maintained a policy of full gas voidage replacement to maintain pressure of the reservoir above the dew point. By 1990, approximately 200 vertical wells had been drilled in Karachaganak reaching a peak production plateau of per day of gas and of oil, before beginning to decline in 1992.

Phase 2.

Beginning in 2000 under the operatorship of Karachaganak Petroleum Operating (KPO), the field went under a redevelopment program. This involved an investment of over US$1 billion into the construction and enhancement of existing facilities, new gas and liquid processing and gas injection facilities, a workover program consisting of 100 existing wells, a 120 MW power station for the facilities, and connection to the Caspian Pipeline Consortium via a line to Atyrau. This phase was officially completed in 2004, allowing for the production handling of per day of gas and of oil.

Production.

In January - June 2005, of gas was recovered, and 5.7 million tons of liquid hydrocarbons was produced.  Overall, it is planned to recover about 300 million tons of liquid hydrocarbons and natural gas during the contract period.  One current production issue facing the field is the increasing amount of gas of which a large amount is sour. As the export facilities of the project are not fully developed, most of this gas is being recycled back into the reservoir until it can be exported profitably.

Field reserves.

It is estimated that the Karachaganak field contains 1.236 billion tonnes of liquids and of natural gas in place ( of oil equivalent).

Geology.

The Karachaganak Field is one of the world's largest gas condensate fields. It is located in the Pre-Caspian (or North Caspian) Basin, which extends from the southeastern margin of the Russian Platform down to the northern coast of the Caspian Sea, and includes the offshore Caspian Sea north of about 44° N. The North Caspian is a pericratonic depression of Late Proterozoic-Early Paleozoic age. Sediments in the basin are up to thick in places. The basin is subdivided into numerous zones by large salt domes, and the primary salt layer, the Permian Kungurian salt, separates strata vertically into subsalt and suprasalt layers. The basin is bounded to the east by the Hercynian Ural Mountains and to the southeast and south by other orogenic belts. In the north, the basin lies on the flank of the Voronezh Massif in the west and the Volga-Ural Platform in the north. Numerous oil and gas fields have been discovered in this region in addition to Karachaganak, such as Astrakhan, Tengiz and Zhanazhol Fields.  The field consists of a heterogeneous carbonate massif with strata from three geologic periods and numerous stages of deposition during these periods. The following have been identified:  The depositional setting of the field is also varied. On the basis of core sample analysis and seismic studies the following depositional settings have been identified: limestone, talus, normal marine, shallow marine, inner reef lagoon, reef core, relatively deep water, slope, and anhydrite.  The variation of deposition is due to the long period over which the Karachaganak structure was formed. From the Late Devonian to the middle Carboniferous the field was an atoll, over which in the Early Permian a system of reefs were built. At its greatest the reservoir is 1.5 km thick. This type of reservoir structure has been seen in analogous fields including Kenkiyak, Zhanazhol, Tengiz, and possibly Astrakhan fields. A west-east cross section through Karachaganak resembles the twin humps of a camel, indicating two separate reef highs.  Likewise, the large variation of deposition has led to four different types of carbonate cores in the structure: biothermal, biomorphic detrital, organo-clastic, and biochemogenic. Of these biomorphic detrital are the most common followed by biothermal rock types. However, estimates of their volumes range from 30-90% for the former and 10-60% for the latter.

Oil and gas migration.

As with other reservoirs in the North Caspian (Pricaspian) Basin, it is thought that the Karachaganak reservoir was filled over multiple stages, the first of which began during late Paleozoic time with the formation of oil pools. As the basin began to subside, gas was generated and migrated to the traps. The gassiness of the reservoirs is determined by their location in the basin. Northern reservoirs tend to be wet; the southwest part of the basin is more gas prone than are the east and southeast.

Berezovka controversy.

Since 2002, residents from the village located closest to the Karachaganak Field have been campaigning for relocation and compensation. The villagers, led by the local organization Zhasil Dala (Green Steppe), maintain that they are suffering a host of illnesses and environmental degradation due to exposure to toxic emissions from the Karachaganak Field, situated five kilometers away. Independent Bucket Brigade air monitoring conducted by the villagers from September 2004 to August 2005 registered more than 25 toxic substances in the air, including hydrogen sulfide, methylene chloride, carbon disulfide, toluene, and acrylonitrile. In 2005, Karachaganak's regional environmental authority temporarily revoked the operating license of KPO B.V. due to environmental violations, including emitting 56 thousand tons of toxic waste in the atmosphere in 2004, improper storage of toxic solid waste on the field, and dumping toxic effluent into the water table. The consortium was found to have dumped an excess of waste in 2008, resulting in a $21 million fine in early 2010.  The villagers contend that they should have been relocated upon the start of field operations as Kazakhstani law stipulates a five-kilometer Sanitary Protection Zone (SPZ) around the field. However, in 2003, the government reduced the SPZ to three kilometers, effectively barring the villagers from relocation. After three years of protest from the villagers, Kazakhstan's Public Prosecutor found the 2003 decision to reduce the SPZ to be illegal, and the five-kilometer SPZ was reinstated in 2006. However, the village has not been relocated.  In 2002, the private sector arm of the World Bank Group, the International Finance Corporation (IFC), provided $150 million in loans to Lukoil for development of the Karachaganak Field. These loans were repaid by Lukoil in January 2009. From 2004 to 2008, three complaints were filed with the IFC's Compliance Advisor/Ombudsman's office regarding the IFC's violations of its own environmental standards in financing the Karachaganak Field. One of the complaints results in a report by the Auditor, published in April 2008, which documented numerous instances of non-compliance with IFC standards at Karachaganak. One of the revelations was that no results for hydrogen sulfide monitoring had been reported between 2003 and 2006—years during which the Berezovka residents maintain they were suffering health problems due to hydrogen sulfide exposure. Zhasil Dala works in partnership on this campaign with the US-based environmental justice organization Crude Accountability and the Kazakhstani Ecological Society Green Salvation, among others.

Karachaganak Field (, "Qarashyǵanaq munaı-gaz kondensat ken orny") is a gas condensate field in Kazakhstan. It is located about east of Aksai (Aksai) in the northwest of Kazakhstan. The field was once a massive Permian and Carboniferous reef complex covering an area. At its largest point the reservoir contains a gas column deep with a deep oil rim below it. It is estimated to contain of gas and one billion tonnes of liquid condensate and crude oil. Discovered in 1979, it began production under Karachaganckgazprom, a subsidiary of Gazprom. Kazakhgas took over operatorship after the independence of Kazakhstan in 1992. In 1992, AGIP (now Eni) and the then British Gas (who became BG Group, and later acquired by Royal Dutch Shell) were awarded the sole negotiating rights, forming a partnership company. In 1997, Texaco (now Chevron Corporation) and Lukoil signed a production sharing agreement with the original two companies and the Kazakhstan Government. This is a 40-year agreement to develop the field to allow the production to reach world markets. This is done under a partnership company known as Karachaganak Petroleum Operating (KPO) where Royal Dutch Shell and ENI are joint operators with a 29.25% stake each in the company, with Chevron and Lukoil owning 18% and 13.5% respectively. In September 2009 the KPO filed an arbitration case against Kazakhstan. President Nursultan Nazarbayev appointed Maksat Idenov to lead the negotiations, after which the arbitration was suspended towards an amicable settlement of the dispute and KazMunayGas engaged in entrance into the project in 2010. Under the terms of an agreement reached on December 14, 2011, the Republic of Kazakhstan has acquired through KazMunayGas a 10% stake for $2 billion cash and $1 billion non-cash consideration.

Karatschaganak ist mit über 1,35 Billion Kubikmeter ein großes zusammenhängendes Erdgasvorkommen. Darüber hinaus enthält es 200 Millionen t Erdöl. Es liegt in Kasachstan im Gebiet Westkasachstan nahe der Stadt Aqsai.


Life and career.

Billy Murray was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to Patrick and Julia (Kelleher) Murray, immigrants from County Kerry, Ireland. His parents moved to Denver, Colorado in 1882, where he grew up. He became fascinated with the theater and joined a traveling vaudeville troupe in 1893. He also performed in minstrel shows early in his career. In 1897 Murray made his first recordings for Peter Bacigalupi, the owner of a phonograph company in San Francisco. As of 2010 none of Murray's cylinder records with Bacigalupi are known to have survived. In 1903, he started recording regularly in New York City and New Jersey area, where major record companies in the U.S. as well as the Tin Pan Alley music industry were concentrated.  In 1906, he recorded the first of his popular duets with Ada Jones. He also performed with Aileen Stanley, the Haydn Quartet, the American Quartet (also known as the Premier Quartet), and Elsie Baker as well as performed solo work.  Nicknamed "The Denver Nightingale", Murray had a strong tenor voice with excellent enunciation and a conversational delivery compared with bel canto singers of the era. On comic songs, he often deliberately sang slightly flat, which he felt helped the comic effect. Although he often performed romantic numbers and ballads which sold well, his comedy and novelty song recordings continue to be popular with later generations of record collectors.  Murray was a devoted baseball fan, and he is said to have played with the New York Highlanders (Yankees) in exhibition games. He also supposedly sometimes called in sick to recording sessions in order to go to the ballpark. Murray recorded "Tessie, You Are the Only, Only, Only", which became the unofficial theme of the 1903 World Series, when the words were changed from "Tessie, you know I love you madly" to "Honus, why do you hit so badly?"  Murray's popularity faded as public taste changed and recording technology advanced; the rise of the electric microphone in the mid-1920s coincided with the era of the crooners. His "hammering" style, as he called it, essentially yelling the song into an acoustic recording horn, did not work in the electrical era, and he had to learn to soften his voice.  Though his singing style was less in demand, he continued to find recording work. By the late 1920s and early 1930s, the music from his early days was considered nostalgic, and Murray was in demand again. He did voices for animated cartoons, especially the popular "follow the bouncing ball" sing-along cartoons and the Fleischer Studios character Bimbo. He also did radio work. In 1929, Murray and Walter Scanlon provided the voices for the Fleischer short animation film "Finding His Voice", produced by Western Electric.  Murray made his last recordings for Beacon Records on February 11, 1943 with Jewish dialect comedian Monroe Silver. He retired the next year to Freeport, Long Island, New York because of heart problems.  "Variety" estimated he made between 6,000 to 10,000 recordings in 45 years under a range of different pseudonyms, selling up to 300 million records, a record at the time.  He died at nearby Jones Beach of a heart attack in 1954 at the age of 77. Murray had married three times; the first two marriages ended in divorce. He was survived by his third wife, Madeleine, and is buried in the Cemetery of the Holy Rood in Westbury, New York.

In popular culture.

Decades later, "You're a Grand Old Rag", and "Shine On, Harvest Moon", two of his songs would be heard in BioShock Infinite. the former being heard faintly in one of the reveal trailers, and the latter being heard in The Fellow Traveller Pub.  His single "Stumbling"was used in the 2016 horror game Layers of Fear.  On May 4th, 2020, musician John Mayer covered Murray's "Just As We Used to Do" with his dummy Cecil as part of his Sunday night IGTV show 'Current Mood'.

William Thomas Murray (May 25, 1877 – August 17, 1954) was one of the most popular singers in the United States in the early 20th century. While he received star billing in vaudeville, he was best known for his prolific work in the recording studio, making records for almost every record label of the era.

Billy Murray (* 25. Mai 1877 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania als "William Thomas Murray"; † 17. August 1954 in Jones Beach, New York) war ein US-amerikanischer Sänger. Murray gilt als erfolgreichster Künstler in der frühen Plattenindustrie.


Ecology.

The Western woolly lemur mostly consumes leaves and buds that derive from around 20 different plants which have not matured and have high levels of sugars and proteins. The food is typically consumed within the time frame of two hours before dawn and two hours after dusk, in which the lemurs consume their food at the tops of trees ranging between 2 and 9 metres. During feeding time, lemurs typically settle on thinner branches unless the tree itself is too small to support the animal's weight. Most likely due to the lemur's folivorous diet, Western woolly lemurs spend large amounts of time resting in order to conserve energy.

Conservation.

Because the Avahi as a species is highly selective in their folivorous diet, depending on plants with specific characteristics, it is hard to keep Avahi in captivity. Therefore, one of the primary and most general ways of conserving the species is to conserve the forests in which Avahi are currently found.

Description.

The species is located northeast of Bombetoka Bay, in northwestern Madagascar. Its facial fur is white, white-grey, or cream, and forms an outline that contrasts with its surrounding facial features. There is a small darker spot of fur above the nose within the facial outline, and the light facial hair extends below the ears. The eyes have a yellow-brown tint and are surrounded by a circle of black, hairless skin. The nose is black and hairless, and the hair surrounding the nose has a white tint. Its head and body is a brown-grey or yellowish-brown color, and the fur is lightly curled and may appear freckled (some may have a darker color along the back). The tail is pale gray or has tints of greyish-beige, but can also have tints of red, and occasionally, some will have a white tip. On the chest, belly, and inner parts of the body, the fur is fairly thin, light beige, cream, or of an apricot color.

The western woolly lemur or western avahi ("Avahi occidentalis") is a species of woolly lemur native to western Madagascar, where they live in dry deciduous forests. These nocturnal animals weigh 0.7-0.9 kg. It is a folivorous species.

Der Westliche Wollmaki ("Avahi occidentalis") ist eine Primatenart aus der Gruppe der Lemuren. Der Nordwestliche Wollmaki und der Cleese-Wollmaki wurden kürzlich als eigenständige Arten abgetrennt.


Description.

The codex contains complete text of the four Gospels on 291 leaves (size ). The text is written elegantly in one column per page, 24-26 lines per page.  The text is divided according to ("chapters"), whose numbers are given at the margin, and their ("titles of chapters") at the top of the pages. The text is also divided into the Ammonian Sections, but curiously no references to the Eusebian Canons on a margin of the text.  It contains the Epistula ad Carpianum, the Eusebian Tables, tables of the ("tables of contents") before each Gospel, subscriptions at the end of each Gospel, and pictures. It has a few scholia from Arethas.  Together with the codex 2821 it belongs to the same manuscript. Folios 4-294 belong to the codex 60, folios 295-316 – to the codex 2821.

Text.

The Greek text of the codex is a representative of the Byzantine text-type. Hermann von Soden classified it to the textual family K. Kurt Aland placed it in Category V. According to the Claremont Profile Method it represents textual cluster 1685, and it is closely related to K.

History.

Micheal ο μαντυλιδης wrote this manuscript for Georg τον μουγδουφον. The manuscript once belonged to Bishop Moore (along with minuscule 440), after his death in 1714 to King George I, who gave it to the Cambridge University.  It was examined by John Mill (as Moori 1), Richard Bentley (as o'), and Franz Delitzsch. C. R. Gregory saw it in 1886.  It is currently housed in at the Cambridge University Library (Dd. 9.69, fol. 4–294), at Cambridge.

Minuscule 60 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), ε 1321 (Von Soden), is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment leaves. It is dated by a colophon to the year 1297. It has complex contents, marginalia are incomplete.

Minuskel 60 (in der Nummerierung nach Gregory-Aland), ε 1321 (von Soden) ist eine griechische Minuskelhandschrift des Neuen Testaments auf 291 Pergamentblättern (20,5 × 14,5 cm). Das Manuskript ist durch sein Kolophon auf das Jahr 1297 datiert. Die Handschrift ist vollständig.


History.

After a construction period lasting six months, on 8 May 1909 "Stadt Zürich" had been launched by the daughter of the administration board member Naville. The acquisition of the new vessel - at a cost of 320,000 Swiss francs - was supported by subsidies of the Swiss government. The ship's salon was decorated in the Art Nouveau style. On Saturday, 12 June 1909, "Stadt Zürich" started her three-hour maiden voyage at 3 pm, housing members of cantonal and municipal authorities, representatives of Lake Zürich shore communities, of Federal Railways and other traffic institutions, and Escher, Wyss & Cie. and further prominent guests on board. The laudatio was held by "Kantonsrat" (Zürich's parliament) member Brunner-Vogt, the administrative board's president of the shipping company. In the first year of its operation, the ship sailed 12,575 kilometers and used about 258,450 kilograms of coal.  On 4 September 1912 "Stadt Zürich" made an evening tour with her by far most famous guest, the German Emperor Wilhelm II, and his blue-blooded retinue and few hand-picked guests. The ship was adorned with flowers and strict dress regulations were given, and tea and German beer were served. In honor of the guest, the municipalities around the lake set off fireworks. The enthusiasm was enormous, and the visit of the emperor left a lasting impression, so that "Stadt Zürich" was called «the Emperor's ship» for years later. At the last minute, boilerman Jakob Stampfer from Horgen was replaced due to his emperor hostile fundamental attitude - social democrats on this «imperial ship» were unwanted.  On Pentecost 1914, the sister ship "Stadt Rapperswil" had been put into operational service. The steamboat company then owned – together with "Helvetia" (built in 1875) and "Stadt Zürich" – three big ships as the backbone of its fleet. During World War I, ship operations were reduced, and on 2 December 1918 operations even with steamships were stopped by the Swiss "Bundesrat" (Swiss Federal Council) as Switzerland couldn't import coal. The schedule restrictions were loosened in 1919. For the first time, "Stadt Zürich" was taken out of the water in the winter of 1919 for maintenance issues (no meaningful defects were found). Between 1922 and 1939 renewals were necessary: "Stadt Zürich" received new boiler tubes, the roof of the upper deck is replaced, and the paddlewheels. In 1938 the first electric heating was installed.  Beginning World War II, the boiler remained filled with water, and in Winter the plant room was heated to keep the temperature above the freezing point (operationally for military purposes, 24 hours a day). Between the years 1941 and 1953 larger revisions were done: Boiler repairs, extension of the upper deck, and replacement of the sun awning by a solid roof. The coal firing was replaced by a heavy oil firing unit in 1951, allowing machine staff to be reduced (in her early years, "Stadt Zürich" had a crew of 8). The following general overhaul and rebuilt was done in spring 1956. Unfortunately, the Art Nouveau equipment of the salon also was dismantled and replaced by a simple wood veneer. During restorations of 1989/90 and 2003/04, the ship's interior was returned into its original appearance using historically sourced material, so that a similar room experience is given today. In 1960 and 1967 main revisions in the dock had been done.  In the 1980s, the two remaining paddle steamers on Lake Zürich – "Stadt Rapperswil" and "Stadt Zürich" – had been replaced by modern diesel powered ships on daily service; practically they are in service on Sundays, except as of 1986 summer season and again since 2003/4. Urgent repairs to the decks, tail digging trenches disguising, boilers and paddlewheels were made from 1979 to 1981. The rusted paddle boxes were replaced, the day rooms removed and toilets replaced. The paddle steamer received a new water supply and diesel pumps. In the trunk, an additional bulkhead was installed and a hydraulic steering gear. In 1983, the administration board of the ZSG decided preservation of the two remaining steamships. «150 years steam navigation on the Lake Zürich» were celebrated with various activities in 1985. In winter 1989/90, "Stadt Zürich" was improved to the same technical niveau as her sister ship "Stadt Rapperswil": The two old steam-boilers were replaced by a new one, her wooden deck is replaced to 70%, and the wooden stairs to the 1st class were refurbished. Additionally, the salon and the smoke stack were restored to their original appearances. The renovation cost three million Swiss francs of public money; «Aktion pro Raddampfer» association paid 200,000 Swiss Francs by private donations. On 21 June 1990 "Stadt Zürich" resumed her tourist service.  In 2001 the project «Mit Volldampf voraus» (full steam ahead) was started. The two paddle steamships were equipped with improved comfort, once again. A collection campaign was started for the renewal of the salon steamers. One year later, on «Tag der Schweizer Schifffahrt» (Swiss navigation day), in co-operation with the «Action pro Raddampfer». Revisions started in November 2003: Sewage and power supply, refrigeration plants, diesel engine and heating were replaced. A new kitchen was installed, improved glazing protects the passengers on the upper deck, so that the steamer can be used in all weather. The instep linoleum-carpet in the salon is replaced by a discreetly gray one and the aisle is provided with a beautiful runner. The salon was restored largely to its original condition. The steamer's renovation costs 1,7 million Swiss francs – "Stadt Zürich" returned to operation on 25 May 2004. By her 100th anniversary, "Stadt Zürich" had steamed more than 700,000 kilometers.

Incidents involving "Stadt Zürich".

On 25 May 1922 the subengineer was killed in a manoeuvre with the steam-driven engine. A passenger died on 7 September 1924, falling backward into the water. During a test run, "Stadt Zürich" collided with a landing stage on 18 October 1926, badly damaging her hull, and in summer 1939, paddles on the port side wheel were damaged in Horgen. In 1949 the port side paddle wheel broke. In the same year, the salon steamer sank a police boat which was unable to make way due to a defect. On 4 May 1985, due to a technical defect the "Stadt Zürich" rammed a wall at the footbridge in Zürich: nobody was injured but the steamer's bow was holed and had to be repaired in ZSG's shipyard in Wollishofen. Approaching Rapperswil, the ship grounded on 22 May 2005, causing repairs lasting two weeks. In 2008 landing at Zürich-Bürkliplatz, "Stadt Zürich" hit the quay but was able to continue its activities normally.

100th birthday of "Stadt Zürich".

On 23/25 April 2009 there was a centennial exhibition on board "Stadt Zürich" at Bürkliplatz. On 12 June 2009, exactly 100 years after the maiden voyage of the steamship "Stadt Zürich", its anniversary trip with invited guests and its sistership "Stadt Rapperswil" was celebrated.

Cultural heritage of national importance.

"Dampfschiff Stadt Zürich" is listed in the Swiss inventory of cultural property of national and regional significance as a "Class A" object of national importance.

The PS "Stadt Zürich" is the older of the two remaining steam paddle ships on Lake Zürich. "Stadt Zürich" was built in 1909 by Escher, Wyss & Cie. in Zürich for the Zürichsee-Schifffahrtsgesellschaft, as the 32nd tourist ship on Lake Zürich. In contrast to most other Swiss paddle steamers, the most striking features of this vessel and its sister ship "Stadt Rapperswil" (1914) are a short smoke stack, and a spacious 1st class upper deck.

Die Stadt Zürich ist der ältere der beiden Raddampfer der Zürichsee-Schiffahrtsgesellschaft (ZSG) und feierte am 12. Juni 2009 ihr 100. Betriebsjahr. Gebaut wurde die "Stadt Zürich" im Jahr 1909 von Escher, Wyss & Cie. in Zürich. Sie ist das dienstälteste Schiff der ZSG auf dem Zürichsee und verkehrt jeweils von April bis November auf der Route Zürich–Rapperswil (SG)-Zürich.


Early life.

Almond was born in Charlottesville, Virginia and raised in Orange County, Virginia. Almond attended Virginia Tech and served as a private in the Students Army Training Corps in 1917 and 1918 in World War I. Afterwards he taught school in Locust Grove, Orange County, Virginia. He served as a high school principal and earned a Bachelor of Laws from the University of Virginia School of Law in 1923.

Political career.

Almond was assistant commonwealth attorney of Roanoke, Virginia from 1930 to 1933 and was a state court judge of the Hustings Court of Roanoke from 1933 to 1945. He was then elected to the United States House of Representatives from Virginia's 6th congressional district, serving in the 79th and 80th Congresses.  Almond resigned his Congressional seat in 1948, when he was elected Attorney General of Virginia. He argued the state's case for segregation of public schools before the United States Supreme Court in the case of "Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County", which was consolidated with "Brown v. Board of Education." Virginia lost both in 1954 and 1955.  Although not a favorite of United States Senator Harry F. Byrd, Almond had demonstrated loyalty to the Byrd Organization as well as the national ticket and racial segregation. Byrd had been offended by Almond's endorsement of Martin Hutchinson for the Federal Trade Commission and had refused to endorse Almond for governor in 1953 so Thomas B. Stanley was nominated and ultimately elected. By 1956, Byrd had announced the organization's policy of massive resistance, and as attorney-general, Almond had defended what became known as the Stanley plan despite doubts about its constitutionality. In 1957, Almond resigned as attorney general (and Stanley appointed Kenneth Cartwright Patty to fill the rest of the term) and announced early for the Democratic nomination for governor. Almond refused Byrd's offer of a position on the Virginia Supreme Court conditioned upon his endorsing Byrd's preferred nominee, Garland Gray, firmly segregationist in allegiance. Gray then withdrew from the Democratic primary, and Almond easily won the Democratic nomination for Governor of Virginia. His Republican opponent, Theodore Roosevelt Dalton, would have allowed racial integration of the public schools pursuant to court orders. Almond offered segregationist rhetoric in most locations and won election as Virginia's governor a month after President Dwight Eisenhower sent troops to enforce a desegregation order in Little Rock, Arkansas, over the opposition of its governor, Orval Faubus.  Almond took office in January 1958 for a volatile term that ended in 1962. On January 19, 1959, the Virginia Supreme Court and a three judge federal panel both found the Stanley Plan unconstitutional. Almond initially protested denouncing the federal court rulings in a fiery speech blasting "those whose purpose and design is to blend and amalgamate of the white and negro races", and citing "the livid stench of sadism, sex immorality, and juvenile pregnancy infesting the mixed schools of the District of Columbia and elsewhere", but soon called a special legislative session and announced (to Byrd's fury and that of James J. Kilpatrick, among others) that he would not resist the federal court orders. He allowed public schools in Arlington and Norfolk to desegregate peacefully by to court orders on February 5, 1959. Heeding the advice of several moderates within his own party, including Senator Mosby Perrow Jr., Almond realized that opposition to desegregation was ultimately futile, as the state continued to lose in the courts. In April 1959, Almond and his lieutenant governor, Allie Edward Stakes Stephens, helped Perrow and Stuart B. Carter of Fincastle, Virginia narrowly secure passage of bills which allowed localities to determine whether to desegregate their schools.  Schools in Albemarle and Warren Counties opened and followed desegregation orders, but the schools in Prince Edward County remained closed until 1963, and the tuition assistance program that supported segregation academies remained in effect until 1968 when the United States Supreme Court decided "Green v. County School Board of New Kent County". Thus, except for Prince Edward County, massive resistance had been transformed into passive resistance against school desegregation.  However, Harry F. Byrd Jr. and longtime Byrd lieutenant E. Blackburn Moore defeated Almonds' request for a sales tax in 1960, which some saw as retaliation for allowing school desegregation. Stephens resigned just before year end to run for governor (following Almond's early declaration example). However, the Byrd Organization slated Albertis Harrison (the attorney general who had supported segregation and litigation against the NAACP) as their candidate. Stephens lost badly in the 1961 Democratic primary (which ended his elected career), and Byrd loyalist Mills Godwin defeated moderate Armistead Boothe for lieutenant governor, but the machine's vote totals were lower than previously. Both Harrison and Godwin won election in November, with Robert Young Button being elected attorney general.

Federal judicial service.

After campaigning for President John F. Kennedy in 1960, President Kennedy nominated Almond to the United States Court of Customs and Patent Appeals on April 16, 1962. However Senator Byrd blocked a Senate floor vote and the nomination expired without action. Almond received a recess appointment from President Kennedy on October 23, 1962, to an Associate Judge seat on the United States Court of Customs and Patent Appeals vacated by Associate Judge Ambrose O'Connell. He was nominated to the same position by President Kennedy on January 15, 1963. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on June 28, 1963, 164 days after his nomination (more than a year after the first nomination, which Byrd had said he would not block) when Senator Byrd, who was still blocking his nomination, missed a floor session. Byrd's vindictiveness toward Almond eventually undermined the Byrd Organization. Almond received his commission on July 3, 1963. He assumed senior status on March 1, 1973. He was reassigned by operation of law to the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit on October 1, 1982, pursuant to 96 Stat. 25. His service terminated on April 14, 1986, due to his death.

Personal life.

Almond married Josephine Katherine Minter in 1925. He was a Lutheran and taught a men's bible class. He was a 32nd degree Mason, a Shriner, and a member of Alpha Kappa Psi and Omicron Delta Kappa.

Death.

Almond died on April 14, 1986 in Richmond, Virginia. He and his wife Josephine Minter Almond are buried in Evergreen Burial Park in Roanoke, Virginia, in her family's plot. The couple had no children, but had raised one of her nephews as their son.

James Lindsay Almond Jr. (June 15, 1898 – April 15, 1986) was a Senior Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit (1982-1986). He was a member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Virginia's 6th district (1946-1948), 26th Attorney General of Virginia (1948-1957) and the 58th Governor of Virginia (1958-1962). He was originally a supporter of Massive resistance to the integration of public schools. When the courts ruled that unconstitutional, he reversed himself and worked with the legislature to end massive resistance. Almond then became an Associate Judge of the United States Court of Customs and Patent Appeals (1962-1973) before becoming Senior Judge of the United States Court of Customs and Patent Appeals (1973-1982). He would ultimately advance to Senior Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit in 1982, and served until his death in 1986.

James Lindsay Almond (* 15. Juni 1898 in Charlottesville, Virginia; † 15. April 1986 in Richmond, Virginia) war ein US-amerikanischer Jurist und Politiker. Er war zwischen 1958 und 1962 Gouverneur von Virginia; zuvor vertrat er diesen Bundesstaat von 1946 bis 1948 im US-Repräsentantenhaus.