Location.

The name Zliten is given to both the city and the whole area. As a city, Zliten is situated east of the capital, Tripoli, and about east of the ancient Roman city of Leptis Magna. It is about west of the city of Misrata and east of Khoms. It has spread over an area of about. The ex district of Zliten is widespread and covers an area of. It is surrounded by the Mediterranean at the north, Misrata at the east, Bani Walid at the south and Khoms at the west.

Name.

The name is derived from the name of the Isliten tribe, an old branch of the Nafzawa Berbers. Members of this tribe used to live in Libya and Tunisia, but are also known to have lived as far west as Morocco. They are mentioned by Leo Africanus in the 16th century as living in western Libya.

Education.

Zliten is home to one of Libya's most renowned Islamic universities, "Al-Jamiaa Al-Asmariya" (Arabic: الجامعة الأسمربة الإسلامية i.e. Al-Asmariya Islamic University). It includes a number of faculties; Faculty of Arts, Faculty of Sciences, Faculty of Economics and Political Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry and Mouth Surgery, and Faculty of Education. There is also a higher vocational training center covering various engineering fields.

Economy.

Zliten has several modern banking institutions, a major shopping center and the Zliten Hotel, the city's top accommodation for tourists. In 2001, the Libyan Government proposed a number of state company projects for which joint ventures would be considered. These included an expansion of Arab Cement Company’s (ACC) cement plant in Zliten valued at $169 million. In February 2005, the initial public offering of shares in the formerly state-owned ACC resulted in the sale of 60% of the company. ACC proposed to build a second 1-Mt/yr-capacity cement production line at its Zliten plant. Arab Union Contracting Co. (AUCC) commissioned a 1.2-Mt/yr-capacity cement clinker plant near Zliten in December 2004; commercial production began in September 2005. AUCC began a feasibility study for the construction of a second clinker production line at its production facility. In 2004, construction began on extending a seawater desalination plant in Zliten with a total capacity of per day using the multi-stage flash distillation process.

History and culture.

There are many ancient Roman sites in Zliten, such as the coastal Villa of Omira ('Darbuk Omira' ) where several impressive mosaics were discovered, and the Castle in Al-Jumaa. The town also contains the Mausoleum and Mosque of Abd As-Salam Al-Asmar, Mosque of Abu-Minjal, Mosque of Albaza and many other mosques. There is some fine Arabic calligraphy in sandstone on top of the outer pillars of the building saying "al-mulk-'illah" ("Everything to Allah"). The town is famous for its olives, palm trees and citrus fruits along beautiful coastal shores. The Slat Abn Shaif Synagogue () in Zliten was a historic synagogue and Lag Ba'omer pilgrimage site for Libyan Jews. It was over 900 years old and was destroyed in the 1980s by Gaddafi and replaced by apartments.  On Friday, 24 August 2012 the shrine of Sidi Abdul-Salam Al-Asmar Al-Fituri suffered extensive damage at the hands of violent Salafists. Muhammad al-Madkhali, a cleric of the Madkhalism movement, praised his loyalists who'd carried out the act and encouraged other Salafists to engage in similar attacks. This action was condemned by the Grand Mufti of Libya, Abdelrahman al-Gharyani, and 22 organisations in Libya, including Lawyers for Justice in Libya (LFJL) and Arabic Network for Human Rights Information (ANHRI), as well as the UNESCO Director-General, Irina Bokova.  Recent work on the region (dating between 2003 and 2017) using Google Earth imagery has identified 278 certain or potential archaeological sites within Zliten. The majority of these sites were determined as structures or enclosures, and their purpose, for most, interpreted as related to agricultural activities which the primary land use today. These 278 sites recorded in the EAMENA(Endangered Archaeology in the Middle East and North Africa) database of the Zliten area. In this database, 170 sites were marked as in good condition, 50 in fair condition, 24 sites in poor condition, 15 in very bad and 16 recorded as completely destroyed, (with 3 in unknown conditions). Although this work was undertaken as recently as 2017, the developments in Libya, the political and economic situation affect both the management and very survival of Libya's ancient sites. Archaeological sites, as in Iraq, Syria and Afghanistan do not comply to militant revolutionaries' aims, they are thus expendable and can/or in some cases'must' be destroyed (https://www.nature.com/news/cultural-heritage-save-libyan-archaeology-1.16781). The EAMENA aim to track these sites and their condition while the (Society of Libyan Studies) publish reports aiming to promote Libyan archaeology, history and environment.

Rubb.

Zliten has a proliferation of date palms that yield what is considered by many to be the best "rubb" (date juice) in Libya. "Tarbuni" is often served with the most famous local dish "asida", made from flour, boiled with salt, and eaten with olive and date juice. "Asida" is usually served as a quick meal for cold nights in winter. It is usually reserved to commemorate important religious occasions such as the birth of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. "Asida" is also the celebratory dish of choice for Tripolitanian families when a child is born.

Zliten during the Libyan Civil War (2011).

During the 2011 Libyan Civil War, Zliten was contested between forces loyal to Gaddafi, and opposition fighters who were trying to seize the strategically located city to allow them to advance to the capital, Tripoli. In mid-June 2011, the Zliten uprising by rebel fighters against the military garrison in the city was crushed. The town was on the front line by July as rebels from Misrata continued their attempts to take control of the town from the loyalists based there, during the Battle of the Misrata frontline. In mid-July 2011, Zliten was the site of a massive pro-Gaddafi rally when thousands of Gaddafi supporters gathered on the main square in the city to show their support to the Libyan leader.  On 5 August, the Libyan government claimed that NATO airstrikes killed 85 people, including 33 children, 32 women and 20 men, attacking a children's hospital near Zliten. Reporters were shown 30 bodies in a local morgue, including two children. Officials claimed that the rest of the bodies were taken to other hospitals, but this could not be independently confirmed.  On 19 August 2011, the rebels made a major push and drove loyalist forces out of the city.

Zliten during the Second Libyan Civil War.

On January 7, 2016, during the Second Civil War, a truck bomb killed more than 60 police officers and wounded over 200 at a police training camp in the town. Wilayat al-Barqa, an affiliate of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant in Libya claimed responsibility for the attack.

Zliten ( "") is a city in Murqub District of Libya. It is located 160 km to the east of Tripoli.

Zliten (; auch "Sleitan", "Sliten" oder "Zlīţan", in der Antike "Sugolin" bzw. "Seggera") ist eine Stadt in der gleichnamigen Gegend im Munizip Misrata im nordwestlichen Libyen mit etwa 110.000 Einwohnern.


The K-pop, Korean Food, and Life in Korea Blog.

The video series seeks to fill a gap left by travel guides and government organizations by helping teach visitors from other countries about daily life in Korea. According to Elsyabeth Hahm of Yonhap News, eatyourkimchi gives viewers "a local's perspective into Korean culture that you can't get from your average guidebook." The videos take a humorous approach.  The video blog has some recurring themes and topics such as the Korean language, food, and music. Individual videos have covered how a Korean washing machine works, delivery services, the table bells in Korean restaurants, and how to pay bills. The series has included cooking videos for kimbap, tteokbokki, instant ramen and many other foods. With the opening of their studio in Seoul, the Stawskis started interviewing K-Pop singers and artists. Before that, the two felt it was inappropriate to invite artists to their personal homes for interviewing purposes and declined several interview requests.  They also have regularly scheduled segments: In December 2011 the WTF, segment was replaced with the WANK segment, due to the Stawski's wish to go out more often. When Martina fractured her ankle in February 2012, WANK was temporarily replaced by FAPFAP (Food Adventure Program For Awesome People). However, due to the popularity of FAPFAP, they have decided to have FAPFAP and WANK on alternate Thursdays. The WTF segment however was reintroduced on July 27, 2013, after many viewers actively advocated for the series persistently and the Stawskis wanted to break out of their working routine.  In addition to their regular segments, they also have the annual Eat Your Kimchi Awards (EYKAs) with 2012 marking the first ever awards ceremony. Categories of the 2012 awards included: Best Potential Music Mondays of the Year, Rookie of the Year, best gun usage and many more. Each of the winners is awarded with The Golden Spudgy Award, based on the Pekingese the couple adopted back in 2009.

Background.

The Stawskis are a married couple from Canada who moved to Korea in 2008. When they arrived on May 30, 2008 there had been threats of violence between North and South Korea. As a result, they shot their first video at the Incheon International Airport as an attempt to show the couple's parents that they were safe. The video showed the tired couple enjoying a tofu dish called sundubu jjige. However, the video blogging grew into an "everything about Korea" channel.  In addition to its personal story, Eat Your Kimchi is also part of some larger trends in Korea. There were no Korean blogging services before 2002, but since then the number of bloggers has grown year by year and the number of Korean blogs created by non-citizens has swelled along with it. Then in 2008, YouTube entered the Korean market. According to Yoon Ja-young of "The Korea Times", with the introduction of YouTube "life changed" for some Korean residents such as the Stawskis. As of 2011 their particular video blog format is still not common in Korea since according to Martina Stawski "barely anyone does dedicated videos about Korea."  After quitting their jobs as teachers, they became full-time bloggers living off the ad revenue from their YouTube videos and website. On September 5, 2012 the Stawskis launched an Indiegogo fundraiser for setting up a business and a studio to film in Seoul. After less than seven hours, the goal of $40,000 had already been reached. More than $110,000 were raised during the 45-day-long fundraiser.  On August 9, 2014 Eat Your Kimchi and Talk To Me In Korean had a grand opening for their cafe called "You Are Here Cafe." The cafe was announced on April 24, 2014 and the couple explained that the name came from maps in malls having arrows on it stating "You are here." Situated in the hostel part of Hongdae, the cafe serves as place for foreigners and natives alike to meet and greet, as well as offering Korean language classes in the classroom that is in the cafe building.  The word 'kimchi' in the name 'Eatyourkimchi' refers to the Korean dish, Kimchi.

Reception and audience.

The Korea Herald included Eatyourkimchi in a list of 21 of "the nation’s most useful websites" and at Hiexpat.com it was voted the best expat blog in Korea. The video bloggers behind eatyourkimchi have been featured on television shows such as "Heart to Heart", "Quilt Your Korean Map", Star King, and Running Man. However, the blog has also received some criticism. The Stawskis report that large numbers of anonymous users have engaged the site with vulgar comments in response to controversial statements made by the couple.  Martina Stawski claims that Eatyourkimchi has a worldwide audience with the largest communities in Australia, USA, Canada, Singapore and South Korea. Eatyourkimchi videos are distributed online through Facebook, Twitter, Tumblr, YouTube. and Kondoot As of April 2016, their YouTube channel has more than 1,000,000 subscribers. Meanwhile, their website, which also hosts videos, receives more than 750,000 hits a month from more than 100,000 unique viewers.

Move to Japan.

Since 2016 the pair have lived in the Kichijoji region of Tokyo in Japan. Their videos have become increasingly focused on gourmet and unusual food, with less of a focus on travel and day trips as Martina's condition has progressed.

Eat Your Kimchi is a video blog that publishes videos featuring the two creators, Simon and Martina Stawski and the name of a now defunct production company previously based in South Korea. They are known for their videos which compare the differences in Korean and Western culture. The YouTube channel featuring their videos is the 18th most popular in Korea and the YouTube portion of their videos accumulated more than 239 million views as of October 6, 2015 on four separate channels. The Stawskis have been interviewed by various media outlets around the world.

Eatyourkimchi ist eine Website, auf der das kanadische Ehepaar Simon und Martina Stawski durch seine Videos dem Publikum Tipps über das Leben in Südkorea vermittelt. Der YouTube-Kanal, auf dem die Videos erscheinen, ist der 18. meistbesuchte in Südkorea und ihre Videos zählen inzwischen mehr als 130 Millionen Aufrufe.


Biography.

Born in Dryden, New York in 1817, Dunham attended public schools, and eventually taught school. After earning a law degree and being admitted to the Bar, he moved to Salem, Indiana in 1841 and began practicing law. Dunham was elected prosecuting attorney of Washington County, Indiana in 1845 and then served as a member of the Indiana State House of Representatives for one term from 1846 to 1847.  Dunham then successfully ran for Congress, being elected to the Thirty-first, Thirty-second, and Thirty-third Congresses (March 4, 1849 – March 3, 1855) as a Democrat. He served as Chairman of the Committee on Roads and Canals during the Thirty-third Congress. After his time in Congress, he was appointed by Governor Ashbel P. Willard as Secretary of State of Indiana, serving from 1859 to 1860.  During the American Civil War, Dunham served in the Union Army as Colonel of the 50th Indiana Infantry Regiment. He was commissioned on December 1, 1861 and honorably discharged on November 4, 1863.  Dunham was again elected as a member of the Indiana State House of Representatives for another term from 1864 to 1865. He married Malvina B. Markwell on January 6, 1870. He also lived in Jeffersonville, Indiana while serving as Judge of Clark County, Indiana Criminal Court from 1871 to 1874.

Work as an attorney.

As an attorney Cyrus Livingston Dunham defended some of the notorious Reno Gang members in Brownstown, Indiana. In addition, he was rumored to have shipped the skulls of two other criminals hung by vigilantes in the same town to New York City.  From an article in "The New York Times" article:  "Louisville (Kentucky), Tuesday, May 27, 1862:  "Col. C.L. DUNHAM, of the Fiftieth Indiana, at Bowling Green, is suspected and criticised by Unionists of Warren, members of his regiment, and the Bedford (Ind.) Press. He is charged with disloyal sympathies, squinting at treason, neglecting his duty, giving up to "pleasurable indulgences," abusing and insulting his men. If he can exculpate himself, well. If not, he'll be cashiered."

Cyrus Livingston Dunham (January 16, 1817 – November 21, 1877) was an attorney, soldier, and prominent Indiana politician, serving most notably as a U.S. Representative from Indiana from 1849 to 1855.

Cyrus Livingston Dunham (* 16. Januar 1817 in Dryden, Tompkins County, New York; † 21. November 1877 in Jeffersonville, Indiana) war ein US-amerikanischer Politiker. Zwischen 1849 und 1855 vertrat er den Bundesstaat Indiana im US-Repräsentantenhaus.


The monarchy.

King Vajiralongkorn (or Rama X) of Thailand has reigned since the death of his father Bhumibol Adulyadej (Rama IX) on 13 October 2016; exercising limited rule since 1 December 2016. He is the head of state, aided in his duties by the Privy Council of Thailand. The constitution stipulates that although the sovereignty of the state is vested in the people, the king will exercise such powers through the three branches of the Thai government. Under the constitution the king is given very little power, but remains a figurehead and symbol of the Thai nation. As the head of state, however, he is given some powers and has a role to play in the workings of government. According to the constitution, the king is head of the armed forces. He is required to be Buddhist as well as the defender of all faiths in the country. The king also retained some traditional powers such as the power to appoint his heirs, the power to grant pardons, and the royal assent.  The king is also head of the House of Chakri, the ruling house of Thailand founded by King Buddha Yodfa Chulaloke (or Rama I) in 1782. The monarchy and the royal family continues to command huge respect in Thailand, with its influence peaking during the Bhumibol Adulyadej reign. He wielded a great deal of popular respect and moral authority, which was used at times to resolve political crises. The monarch's official home is the Grand Palace, however the present king lives primarily in the Chitralada Palace in Bangkok. The monarch's household was managed by the Bureau of the Royal Household and his finances by the Crown Property Bureau, But are being transferred to direct control by the monarchy.  The heir presumptive to the throne is Prince Dipangkorn Rasmijoti, although it is up to the king's discretion whether Prince Dipangkorn will be named Crown Prince in the future. Succession to the throne is governed by the 1924 Palace Law of Succession, promulgated by King Vajiravudh. Palace law follows the male agnatic primogeniture, where males only are allowed to succeed and inheritance is passed only from father to son and through the male line only. However, the 1974 amendment to the Thai constitution allows for a princess to ascend the throne and this particular provision is retained under Section 21 of the 2017 Constitution which reads:In the case where the Throne becomes vacant and the King has not appointed an Heir under paragraph one, the Privy Council shall submit the name of the Successor to the Throne under section 20 to the Council of Ministers for further submission to the National Assembly for approval. In this regard, the name of a Princess may be submitted. Upon the approval of the National Assembly, the President of the National Assembly shall invite such Successor to ascend the Throne and proclaim such Successor as King.

Executive.

Prime minister.

Since 1932 the head of government of Thailand has been the Prime Minister of Thailand, usually the leader of the largest party or the largest coalition party in the lower house of parliament. The prime minister is, in accordance with the constitution, selected, first by an election in the lower house (According to the B.E.2560 Constitution, The Prime Minister will be elected by both houses till Next 5 years), then officially appointed by the King.  The prime minister, head of the executive branch, is also the leader of the Cabinet of Thailand. The prime minister therefore retains the prerogative to appoint or remove any minister he or she so chooses. As the most visible member of the government the prime minister represents the country abroad and is the main spokesperson for the government at home. The prime minister's official residence is Phitsanulok Mansion, a mansion in the Dusit district of Bangkok.  The former prime minister was Yingluck Shinawatra of the Pheu Thai Party, the first female prime minister of Thailand. She was removed from office by the Constitutional Court of Thailand on 7 May 2014, on charges of abuse of power. She was replaced briefly by an interim prime minister, Niwatthamrong Boonsongpaisan, and then succeeded by General Prayut Chan-o-cha, leader of the 2014 Thai coup d'état.

Cabinet.

The Cabinet of Thailand or the Council of Ministers of Thailand is a council composed of 35 ministers of state and deputy ministers, who run the cabinet ministries of the kingdom. There are 20 cabinet ministries, accounting for the main portion of state employees. The cabinet is responsible for the formulation and execution of policies of the government. Members of the cabinet do not necessarily need to be members of the lower house as in other countries, but most often are. The Office of the Prime Minister and the cabinet offices occupy the Government House of Thailand.

Legislative.

National assembly.

The legislative branch (also called the Parliament of Thailand) of the Thai government was first established in the "temporary" constitution of 1932. The assembly first met on 28 June 1932 in the Ananda Samakhom Throne Hall. The National Assembly of Thailand is a bicameral legislature and is composed of two houses: the Senate and the House of Representatives. The legislative branch took its current form in 2007. The national assembly has 750 members. Both houses of the national assembly meet at the Sappaya-Sapasathan.

The Senate.

The upper house of the legislative branch was first established in 1946. However, for most of its history the Senate has been the stronghold of the military and the elite. The current Senate has 150 members. Seventy-six members are elected, one per province from 75 provinces of Thailand (Bueng Kan does not have an elected senator yet) and one from the Bangkok Metropolitan Area. The other 74 are selected by the Senate Selection Commission, made up of both elected and appointed officials.  The chamber is strictly a non-partisan, and members may not be a member of a partisan organisation, the House of Representatives, the judiciary, or the cabinet for five years. The Senate has little legislative power, but retains considerable powers of scrutiny and appointment as the Senate is vested with the power to advise on the appointment of members of the judiciary and independent government agencies. The Senate sits for a set six year non-renewable term. The Senate cannot be dissolved. The Senate is presided over by a president of the Senate, who is also the Vice-President of the National Assembly. He is assisted by two vice-presidents of the Senate. The last election to the Senate was in 2008.  The Senate and the House of Representatives were abolished after 22 May 2014 coup by the "National Council for Peace and Order" (NCPO).

The House of Representatives.

The lower house of the legislative branch has been in existence in some form since 1932. The House of Representatives is the primary legislative house of the government of Thailand. The House includes 500 members. Three hundred seventy-five of the MPs are elected directly from single-seat constituencies around the country. The other 125 members are selected using "proportional representation" through party-lists. There are eight electoral areas from which the proportionally representative votes are taken and 375 constituencies. This system is called the "mixed member majoritarian" in which a voter has two votes, one for the constituency MP, and the other for a party in the voter's electoral area.  The house is a partisan chamber with seven political parties. The house is the primary legislative chamber and the more powerful of the two houses. The house has the power to remove both the prime minister and cabinet ministers through a vote of no confidence. The house sits for a term of four years, however a dissolution of the house can happen anytime before the expiration of the term. The house is led by the Speaker of the House of Representatives, who is also the President of the National Assembly. He is assisted by two deputy speakers.  The leader of the largest party or largest coalition party will most likely become prime minister, while the leader of the largest party with no members holding any ministerial positions will become the leader of the opposition. The leader of the opposition is a powerful position with considerable influence. The leader is assisted by a shadow cabinet. The last general election for the house was in 2007.  After the 2007 election the People's Power party (PPP) won the most seats with the Democrats and Chart Thai party trailing behind. However, after the 2008 political crisis and the ruling of the constitutional court on 2 December 2008, in which the PPP plus the Chart Thai and Neutral Democratic Parties (coalition partners), the prime minister and several party executives were banned from politics for five years, the composition of the house changed. The successor of the PPP still retained most seats, however the remainder of the coalition partners defected and joined a Democrat-led government which was inaugurated on 17 December 2008, leaving the For Thais Party (successor of the PPP) and the Pracharaj Party in opposition.  The House of Representatives and the Senate were abolished after 22 May 2014 coup by the NCPO. Currently, according to the interim Constitution of Thailand imposed by NCPO, there is no House of Representatives. Legislative power is vested in the National Legislative Council, appointed by the NCPO.

Judiciary.

The judiciary of Thailand is composed of four distinct systems: the Military Court (which has expanded its power since 22 May 2014), the Court of Justice system, the Administrative Court system and the Constitutional Court.

Courts of Justice.

The Courts of Justice of Thailand is the largest of the court system and makes up the majority of courts in the kingdom. The courts as mandated in the constitution are composed of three tiers: the Court of First Instance, the Court of Appeals, and the Supreme Court of Justice of Thailand.  There are no verbatim transcripts kept by the trial court. The court record is composed of the courts decision.  Research judges assist the sitting judges. Judges must take an examination and two different examinations are given: one exam is for judges trained in Thailand and a different examination is given for judges who graduate from foreign law schools. All judges are formally appointed by the king.  The Asian Human Rights Commission called the Thai legal system a "mess" and called for a drastic overhaul of Thailand's criminal procedures. It cited the rampant use of forced confessions, and the fact that even a senior justice ministry official admitted that 30% of cases went to court with no evidence. It also criticised the judiciary for failing to ensure that trials are conducted speedily, citing the case of four Thai men accused of plotting to kill Supreme Court President Praman Chansue (). The accused were present in court 461 times before 91 different judges since proceedings began in 1993 and ended in 2008. While these proceedings continued, Mr Praman died in 2007.

Administrative courts.

The administrative court system is made up of two tiers: The Administrative Courts of First Instance and the Supreme Administrative Court. The court system was first created in 1997. The court's main jurisdiction is to settle litigation between the state or an organ of state (government ministries, departments and independent agencies) and private citizens.

Constitutional court.

First set up in 1997, the Constitutional Court of Thailand was created solely as a high court to settle matters pertaining to the constitution. The court has since accumulated huge amounts of power and influence, generating many controversies on the way. This became especially clear during the 2006 and 2008 political crises, settling political deadlocks and social unrest.

Legal system.

Thailand's legal system blends principles of traditional Thai and Western laws. The Western-sourced laws are often misused and corrupted. The traditional "Thai" laws are the product of Hindu-Brahmin laws used by the Khmer Empire. There is no discovery in the Thai legal system. Slander and libel are not civil torts in Thailand but criminal offences.  Thailand's legal system has been often criticised by other countries for having penalties of life in prison or even death for crimes such as drug possession or smuggling, while having lenient penalties for crimes such as terrorism and marital abuse resulting in spousal death.  The criminally accused are entitled to have a court-appointed certified translator present in court if they cannot afford one. Appeals must be filed with the trial court within thirty (30) days of the judge reading, signing, and issuing the verdict. There are no juries in trials. Only Thai citizens can be admitted to the Bar and can practice before the courts. Attorneys must carry their current, yellow, bar card when in court and may be required to produce it on challenge.  In Thailand's southern border provinces, where Muslims constitute the majority of the population, provincial Islamic committees have limited jurisdiction over probate, family, marriage, and divorce cases.  Under Section 44 Thailand's Interim Constitution of 2014, the Prime Minister and NCPO leader has complete authority to perform any administrative, legislative, and judicial action as necessary, which then is deemed legal and constitutional.

Local government.

Thailand is divided into 76 provinces ("changwat", singular and plural). The Ministry of the Interior appoints governors for all provinces. The metropolis of greater Bangkok is a special administrative area at the same level as a province, but the governor is popularly elected.

Outreach.

In November 2015 the government launched a "one-stop" website with information on all government services. The website, referred to as "GovChannel", is at GovChannel. It is operated by the Information and Communication Technology Ministry (MICT) and its subsidiary agency, the Digital Government Development Agency (DGA) (formerly the Electronic Government Agency [EGA]). GovChannel links information from four other government websites.

Calls to move the capital.

Bangkok, a metropolis of more than 10 million inhabitants, has been called the "world's most primate city". It is home to virtually all government ministries and functionaries. Bangkok is overcrowded, polluted, sinking, and traffic-congested. Its many problems have raised the issue of moving the nation's capital elsewhere, especially given the example of Indonesia's plans to move its capital from Jakarta. The idea is not new: two decades ago, the Thaksin Shinawatra administration assigned the Office of the National Economic and Social Development Council (NESDC), to formulate a plan to move the capital to Nakhon Nayok. The flooding of Bangkok in 2011, revived the idea of moving government functions from Bangkok given its subsidence rate of two centimetres per year and its propensity to flood. In 2017, the military government assigned NESDC to study the possibility of moving government offices from Bangkok to Chachoengsao in the east.

The Government of Thailand, or formally the Royal Thai Government (Abrv: RTG;,, ), is the unitary government of the Kingdom of Thailand. The country emerged as a modern nation state after the foundation of the Chakri Dynasty and the city of Bangkok in 1782. The Revolution of 1932 brought an end to absolute monarchy and replaced it with a constitutional monarchy.

Das Königreich Thailand ist seit 1932 eine konstitutionelle Monarchie. Nach der letzten Verfassung von 2007 geht die Staatsgewalt vom Volk aus und wird vom König durch die drei Teilgewalten Legislative, Exekutive und Judikative ausgeübt.


Musical career.

2006–11: Formation and career beginnings.

In 2006, Stephens began attending rap and performance workshops with the Brighton-based charity AudioActive, joined a year later by Alexander-Sule. The pair attended AudioActive's Hip Hop Foundation project and Stephens continued attending workshops and performances until 2010. Stephens is quoted as saying this work helped the duo "hone our skills and build a passion towards the career that we're in now. AudioActive did us a lot of good and without them we wouldn't be here!"  Stephens and Alexander-Sule both attended the BRIT School, where Stephens studied media and Alexander-Sule studied theatre. Stephens was in the process of making his mixtape "Minor Breaches of Discipline" where he rapped over samples of some of their favourite artists (Gorillaz, Lily Allen, Arctic Monkeys) and asked Alexander-Sule to sing over some of the tracks. Realising how well their styles fitted together, they formed Rizzle Kicks in 2008. The name stems from 'Green Rizla', an early nickname given to Stephens by a football teammate after a crew of the same name from the school that he attended at the time. That nickname evolved into 'Rizzle', and the duo decided on the suffix 'kicks' due to their shared love of football.  As a newly formed duo, they hustled for beats from local producers, honing their sound, and created several bedroom demos, three of which ended up on their debut album. They also created a presence online; blogging on their website "Your Daily Kicks" as well as posting lo-fi music videos to their YouTube channel. The videos were co-directed by the band and made by Toby Lockerbie, a wedding photographer they met at a party. A video was made for a demo of "Down with the Trumpets" in the summer of 2010, closely followed by the video for "Miss Cigarette". During that time, they had finished college and Alexander-Sule went on to work as an assistant drama teacher, whilst Stephens was flipping burgers at the Corals Greyhound Stadium in Hove.  Their YouTube videos caught the attention of several record labels and in November 2010, they signed to Island Records, part of Universal Music. They continued work on their debut album and worked with several producers including Ant Whiting, Norman Cook (Fatboy Slim), The Rural, Future Cut and Craigie Dodds.

2011–12: "Stereo Typical" and commercial success.

In June 2011, the duo released a promotional single, "Prophet (Better Watch It)" accompanied by a stop motion style video made up of 960 photographic stills. The track was initially offered as a free download, before being released on iTunes. In July 2011, they learnt they had an unlikely fan, in Stephen Fry who proclaimed over Twitter that he was "unexpectedly loving the old school hip hop sounds of Rizzle Kicks." Over the summer, Rizzle Kicks played a number of festivals; they supported Dizzee Rascal at Ibiza Rocks in June and were invited back to support The Streets. They also headlined the BBC Introducing stage at Reading and Leeds 2011 after having played Radio 1's Big Weekend in May.  Their first official single, "Down with the Trumpets", was released on 12 June 2011, in the manner of on air on sale, entering the UK Singles Chart at #84 and going on to eventually peak at #8 in September 2011, having been certified gold. The single spent a total of 13 weeks in the Official Top 40. On 23 October, they released their second official single "When I Was a Youngster" which peaked at #8. Their debut album "Stereo Typical" was released a week later on 31 October 2011, entering the chart at #9, peaking at #5 and was certified platinum in May 2012. Their third single "Mama Do the Hump", which was produced by Norman Cook, a.k.a. Fatboy Slim, was released on 16 December, eventually peaking at #2 and has been certified platinum. The lo-fi video features a cameo from James Corden. The track spawned a dance craze known as 'The Hump' which infiltrated parties across the UK and generated many YouTube videos of members of the public doing the dance.  The pair featured on "Heart Skips a Beat" by Olly Murs, which was released on 21 August 2011, entering the chart at #1 on 28 August 2011. They have recorded remixes for artists including Ed Sheeran, Jessie J, Foster the People and Olly Murs. They made a remix video for close friend Ed Sheeran's song "You Need Me, I Don't Need You" which features Sheeran himself, and was filmed in the band's back garden in one take.  In the summer of 2012, Rizzle Kicks helped to launch the 2012–13 Arsenal away kit under the theme of Purple Reign.

2012: Touring.

Rizzle Kicks' played their first headline tour from March to May 2012, a sellout, including two nights at London's Shepherds Bush Empire. A second headline tour took place in winter 2012; they played 26 dates across the UK including O2 Academy Brixton and The Roundhouse in London. The live set up currently consists of a band including a guitarist, drummer, bass player, trumpet player with Alexander-Sule on second guitar for some songs. Their shows are characterised by high energy, dancing and bra throwing from female members of the audience. Throughout the summer of 2012, Rizzle Kicks played many major festivals across the UK, including Wakestock, T in the Park, Wireless Festival and T4 on the Beach, along with headlining the Bestival and V Festival. In July, they played a series of shows across the Southern coast of the UK as part of the Olympic Torch relay and carried the torch in Hastings. In May and late October 2012, they embarked on mini tours around Europe as well as a stint in Australia for the festival Park Life in early October.  In December 2012, it was announced that they will play the Royal Albert Hall in March with Labrinth as part of the Teenage Cancer Trust shows, a charity of which they have been long-time supporters.

2013–present.

Rizzle Kicks worked on their next album with Norman Cook.  They embarked on a US tour from January to February 2013, supporting Ed Sheeran and Foy Vance. On 3 June 2013, Rizzle Kicks announced their new album, titled Roaring 20s, releasing it on 2 September 2013. In June, they played the "BBC Introducing" stage at Glastonbury Festival.  On 4 December 2013, Rizzle Kicks released a new song, "Happy That You're Here", to their YouTube channel. and on 9 May 2014, the duo headlined the May Ball at Aberystwyth University, and the Summer Ball on 6 June 2014 at Royal Holloway, University of London.  On 2 April 2014, it was revealed that Stephens had been cast to star in E4 drama series "Glue". In April, Stephens (credited as Rizzle Kicks) rapped a verse on the remix of the grime track "German Whip" by Meridian Dan, which also featured Skepta, Bossman Birdie and Professor Green.  In 2014, Rizzle Kicks teamed up with Evian for the 2014 Wimbledon Championships and released a single entitled "Tell Her", with a video featuring Maria Sharapova.  In October 2014, Rizzle Kicks performed Meghan Trainor's "All About That Bass" in a special music collaboration with James Corden for Channel 4's "The Feeling Nuts Comedy Night" raising awareness of testicular cancer.  Alexander-Sule also appeared as a gang leader in the 2014 thriller "The Guvnors", set in south-east London.  Rizzle Kicks, with Vic Reeves perform the closing theme tune to the Shaun the Sheep Movie, released 2015. They appear in an animated version of the song, viewable on YouTube.  In March 2015, Alexander-Sule played Jimmy Sullivan in the ITV crime drama "Unforgotten".  Rizzle Kicks, on 10 August 2015, they released on Spotify a song Summertime, which was very similar to The Fresh Prince and DJ Jazzy Jeff's 1991 song of the same name.  In April 2016 Stephens made a guest appearance in the ninth episode of the second series of the Comedy Central series "Drunk History".  Stephens is currently releasing music under the stage name Wildhood, and released his debut solo EP "Vert" on 16 March 2016 following the singles "Psycho Jam" and "Double Dark". He had previously released two collaborations with Mikill Pane; one, "Check", under the pseudonym of Gnarly Ventura, and the other, "Hold My Crown", under his real name. In April 2017, he used the stage name Al, the Native when featuring on The Last Skeptik's "Drumroll, Please".  Alexander-Sule is currently releasing music under the stage name Jimi Charles Moody, and has released several singles. His debut single, Blue Honey, had over ninety thousand plays on SoundCloud in its first month. That song, as well as singles Other Man, Death Row and The Woman have over fifty thousand SoundCloud plays. His song House of Moody was featured in a Lexus ad and also the Madden NFL 16 soundtrack.  Stephens appeared on the second episode of the Robot Wars celebrity special with a collaboration with the Terrorhurtz drivers called Dee, a pink axlebot. It lost two of its fights by knockout but won the third by a split decision, which gained it 2 points, but not enough to progress to the final, as it would have needed to have won by a knockout to earn 3 points.  In December 2016 Stephens appeared as a Rebel soldier in "Rogue One: A Star Wars Story".  On 16 February 2018 Jordan produced his own single under the name ""AI The Native"", his first track titled ""The System""  On 26th November 2019 Stephens went on a "date" with Brexit party MEP Alexandra Phillips as part of the BBC's broadcasting of the election

Rizzle Kicks are an English hip hop duo from Brighton consisting of Jordan "Rizzle" Stephens (born 25 January 1992) and Harley "Sylvester" Alexander-Sule (born 23 November 1991). Their debut album, "Stereo Typical", was released on 31 October 2011. As of May 2012, Rizzle Kicks have sold over 1 million singles and over 600,000 albums in the UK.

Rizzle Kicks ist ein britisches Hip-Hop-Duo aus Brighton. Es wurde von den beiden Musikern "Jordan „Rizzle“ Stephens" (* 25. Januar 1992 in London) und "Harley „Sylvester“ Alexander-Sule" (* 23. November 1991 in London) 2008 gegründet. Ihr Stil vereint Popelemente mit dem Hip-Hop-Stil aus dem Ende der 1980er/Beginn der 1990er Jahre.


History.

Prior formation.

The FESPIC Games existed previous to the Asian Para Games and was contested by athletes from the Asia Pacific region. The FESPIC Games was first held in 1975 in Oita, Japan with 18 participating nations. Eight more FESPIC Games were held until 2006.

Formation.

The Asian Para Games superseded the FESPIC Games, which was dissolved alongside the FESPIC Federation, the governing body of the games and merged with the Asian Paralympic Council which was renamed as the Asian Paralympic Committee at the closing of the final FESPIC edition held in November 2006 in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The first Asian multi-sports event for athletes with a disability, the inaugural Asian Para Games was held in 2010 in Guangzhou, China.

Sports.

Twenty-four sports were presented in Asian Para Games history, including 2010 Games in Guangzhou.

Mascots.

The Asian Para Games mascots are fictional characters, usually an animal native to the area or human figures, who represent the cultural heritage of the place where the Asian Para Games are taking place. The mascots are often used to help market the Asian Para Games to a younger audience. Every Asian Para Games has its own mascot. Fun Fun, the mascot for the 2010 Asian Para Games was the first mascot.

Medal count.

Of the 44 National Paralympic Committees participating throughout the history of the Games, 37 nations have won at least a single medal in the competition, leaving 7 nations: Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, Kyrgyzstan, Nepal and Tajikistan yet to win a single medal. 31 nations have won at least one gold medal and China became the only nation in history to emerge as overall champions.

Asian Youth Para Games.

The Asian Youth Para Games is a multi-sport event held every four years for youth athletes with physical disabilities. The first Games was held in 2009 in Tokyo, Japan. The Asian Youth Para Games superseded the FESPIC Youth Games which last held in 2003.

The Asian Para Games is a multi-sport event regulated by the Asian Paralympic Committee that held every four years after every Asian Games for athletes with physical disabilities. Both the former and the latter had adopted the strategy used by the Olympic and Paralympic Games of having both games in the same city. The Games are recognized by the International Paralympic Committee (IPC) and are described as the second largest multi-sport event after the Paralympic Games.

Die Para-Asienspiele (englisch "Asian Para Games") sind eine Multisportveranstaltung für Behindertensportler in Asien. Sie sollen alle vier Jahre stattfinden. Die erste Austragung war 2010 in Guangzhou, China. Die zweiten Spiele fanden 2014 in Incheon, Südkorea, statt. Die dritte Ausgabe findet vom 6. bis 13. Oktober 2018 in Jakarta, Indonesien statt.


Football career.

He has played as a defender for HB Tórshavn in the best division of the Faroe Islands since 1991. He has played with HB Tórshavn since he was a boy.

UEFA matches.

Hans á Lag has played some UEFA matches for HB Tórshavn. On 8 August 1996 he played against Dinamo Batumi. HB Tórshavn lost 0-6. On 13 July 2010 he played with HB Tórshavn against FC Red Bull Salzburg, which they lost 0-5. HB Tórshavn won their home match against FC Red Bull Salzburg, but Hans á Lag did not play that match, he was an unused substitute. On 13 July 2011 he played with HB Tórshavn in UEFA Champions League against Malmö FF. Malmö FF won the match 2-1.

Honours.

Hans á Lag won the Faroe Islands Football Championships six times while playing for HB Tórshavn in 1998, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2009 and 2010. He won the Faroe Islands Cup three times: 1995, 1998 and 2004.

Badminton career.

Hans á Lag played badminton earlier with Havnar Badmintonfelag from Tórshavn, and he won the Faroese National Badminton Championships several times.

Handball career.

Hans á Lag has played handball for Kyndil. He played as goalkeeper. He won several medals for Kyndil when he was a child, and he also won the Faroese Championship in handball with Kyndil when he played for the best team in the Men's division. He played 133 matches and scored 27 goals for Kyndil.

Hans á Lag (born 26 September 1974) is a Faroese sportsman. He is a former football player, former badminton player and former handball player. Hans á Lag used to have another lastname, which was Jacobsen.

Hans á Lag (* 26. September 1974 als "Hans á Lag Jacobsen" in Tórshavn) ist ein ehemaliger färöischer Fußball-, Handball- und Badmintonspieler. In seinen mehr als 20 Jahren als Fußballspieler hielt er stets HB Tórshavn die Treue.


History.

In 1993 it was a motorised infantry unit, tasked as an Immediate Reaction Force with the Norwegian Army, stationed at Heistadmoen in southern Norway, manned mainly by conscripts.  It served in Bosnia, and by 2002, all the enlisted soldiers had two and three-year contracts of enlistment and the unit had no more conscripts.  The battalion was moved to a new camp at Rena and converted to mechanised infantry. Presented with its new colours in 2002, the Telemark Battalion was operational on 1 July 2003.  The unit participated in Operation Karez in Afghanistan, in May 2008.  One soldier died in Afghanistan in 2004, and one died there in 2010.

Organisation.

In addition, the Telemark Battalion frequently trains with the rest of the Norwegian Army High Reaction Force. This is a composite unit made up of the Telemark Battalion, as well as enlisted personnel from support capabilities, ranging from artillery to military police.  The Telemark Battalion was one of the infantry battalions assigned to the NATO Response Force during the NRF-4 rotation from January to July 2005; the others were Regiment Johan Willem Friso and Regiment Van Heutsz of the Dutch Army and Fallschirmjägerbataillon 373 of the German Army.  Telemark Battalion is the primary source of international contributions from the Norwegian Army. The battalion has almost constantly been involved in the ISAF operation in Afghanistan since 2003.

Incidents in Afghanistan.

Since the summer of 2009, there have been several instances of soldiers from the unit spray painting a Punisher skull (in part inspired by the character from comic books and movie – the Punisher) on houses and property belonging to Afghans whom soldiers suspected of having ties to the insurgency. The purported purpose was to "send a message", to leaders of the insurgency, that the Norwegian soldiers would not allow them to continue their offensive.  In September 2010, "Verdens Gang" reported that some soldiers were still using a Punisher skull that had been prohibited by the leadership of Norway's military.  The alleged crimes of threatening and spray painting the property of suspected insurgents did not lead to any criminal charges.

Battle cry.

In 2010, "Dagbladet" published a video of company commander Rune Wenneberg leading a battle cry ("To Valhalla") by soldiers of the unit — his intro to the cry was "[inaudible] are hunters. But you are the predator. Taliban is the prey. To Valhalla!""  In 2011, Dag Herbjørnsrud wrote in an editorial that "Prime Minister Kjell Magne Bondevik wasn't sending soldiers into war — he was merely supplying manpower to a "peacekeeping mission". Is it odd that the media was surprised by Norwegian soldiers using Viking helmets and battle cries of Vikings?"

The Telemark Bataljon (Telemark Battalion, TMBN) is a mechanised infantry unit of the Norwegian Army. It was established in 1993, and is a part of Brigade Nord and stationed at Rena, Hedmark. The battalion consists of five companies/squadrons.

Das Telemark-Bataillon (TMBN; norwegisch "Telemark Bataljon") ist ein Infanterie-Bataillon der Brigade Nord der Norwegischen Streitkräfte. Das Bataillon ist in Rena (Gemeinde Åmot, Fylke Innlandet) stationiert und umfasst fünf Kompanien. Es besteht aus einer Panzerkompanie (hauptsächlich Leopard 2), einer Aufklärungskompanie (CV9030, ATVs und verschiedene Aufklärungsgeräte, darunter auch UAVs etc.), zwei mechanisierten Infanteriekompanien und einer Versorgungs- und Reserveeinheit. Das Bataillon ist eine Spezialeinheit, in dem keine Grundwehrdienstleistenden dienen. Es wurde von den norwegischen Streitkräften als schnelle Eingreiftruppe insbesondere für direkte Auslandsmissionen gegründet.


Rating categories.

The category of energy saving determines if a building is classified as a ClimateHouse. The ClimateHouse categories provide an instant estimate of a building’s energy consumption.  There are three classes: To qualify for ClimateHouse Plus certification, a building must fulfill the following criteria:

History.

February 2002  First presentation of KlimaHaus at a conference in Bolzano, Italy. Energy saving buildings gain wide acceptance by combining a variety of voluntary measures. Clear rules and communication play a major role in the guidelines. The client is at the center stage. He spends a major part of his lifetime in buildings  December 2004 On September 29, 2004, the governor of the Province of South Tyrol issues Decree No. 34 that declares KlimaHaus regulations become mandatory in South Tyrol. (bylaw to the law on regional developmental planning in the area of energy saving).  November 2005  Invitation to the 11th World Climate Conference of the United Nations in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. KlimaHaus is selected out of 21 projects as an example for a concrete and sustainable measurement to protect the climate.  January 2006  The Fair of Bolzano organises the first ClimateHouse Fair. More than 24,000 visitors register for the four-day event. Approximately 1,000 participants take part at the first international conference “Future building.”  April 2006  The first CasaClima master class begins at the Free University of Bolzano. Due to immense interest, criteria for admission is established.  May 2006  Foundation of the public ClimateHouse agency.  May 2008  Presentation of the project KlimaHaus in São Paulo, Brazil  June 2008  Presentation of the 1,000th certified building

The ClimateHouse energy efficiency certification promotes the adoption of building construction methods that meet energy saving and environment protection criteria, by reducing the amount of energy needed to heat the house during cold seasons.

KlimaHaus (italienisch: "CasaClima", englisch: "ClimateHouse") ist ein Zertifizierungssystem für energieeffizientes Bauen in der Autonomen Provinz Bozen – Südtirol. Es wurde 2002, angelehnt an die EU-Gebäuderichtlinie 2002/91/EG, als erstes Gebäudelabel in Italien eingeführt und ist ein Standard für ökologisches, ressourcenschonendes und nachhaltiges Bauen.


Taxonomy.

Swedish mycologist Elias Magnus Fries described it as "Agaricus erubescens" in his 1821 work "Systema Mycologicum". The species name is derived from the Latin "erubescens", meaning "reddening" or "blushing". It became "Hygrophorus erubescens" with the raising of "Hygrophorus" to genus rank. Common names include blotched woodwax, and pink waxcap.  The species is classified in the subsection "Pudorini" of genus "Hygrophorus", along with the closely related species "H. pudorinus" and "H. purpurascens".

Description.

The fruit body (mushroom) is a fair size, with a diameter light pink to white cap that can be dotted with darker pink or red marks and bruises yellow. The colour is darker in the cap centre. Convex and flattening with age, the cap often has a boss and an inrolled margin when young. Its surface is slimy or sticky. The white gills are adnate to somewhat decurrent, becoming pale pink as they mature. The stipe is tall and wide. The spore print is white and the oval spores measure 6.5–11 x 4.5–6.5 micrometres. The mushroom has no strong odor or taste.  The species is inedible.

Similar species.

The similar-looking "Hygrophorus russula" can be distinguished by its more crowded gills and preference for hardwood forests, and "H. purpurascens" has a partial veil.

Habitat and distribution.

"Hygrophorus erubescens" fruits from August to October in coniferous forests, particularly spruce ("Picea"), on chalky soils. The mushrooms are found singly or sometimes in large troops. The range in North America is from the Rocky Mountains to the West Coast and Tennessee north to the Great Lakes region and southern parts of Canada. The fungus is classified as extinct in the British Mycological Society's 2006 list of threatened fungi, as it has not been documented in Great Britain since 1878. It is found across Scandinavia, and has been recorded fruiting at high altitudes in alpine-subalpine regions of Russia, and mountainous parts of Central Europe. The species has been found in the East and Middle Black Sea regions of Turkey. In Japan, it is most common in coniferous woods, and has been recorded from Hokkaido and Honshu.

Hygrophorus erubescens, commonly known as the blotched woodwax or pink waxcap, is an agaric fungus native to Scandinavia, Japan, Central Europe, Great Britain and North America.

Der Rasige Purpur-Schneckling ("Hygrophorus erubescens", Syn.: "Limacium erubescens") ist eine seltene Pilzart aus der Familie der Schnecklingsverwandten. Er ist auf mehreren (Roten) Listen gefährdeter Arten aufgeführt (unter anderen der litauischen, bayrischen, rheinland-pfälzischen). Er gilt aufgrund seines (leicht) bitteren Geschmackes als ungenießbar und hat wohl teils schon zu leichten Vergiftungen geführt. Der Name bezieht sich auf das typische massenhafte, rasenartige Auftreten der Fruchtkörper.


History.

The IceMole is being developed using rapid prototyping., the probe is in its first prototype and it has been designed to carry out the subsurface investigation of terrestrial glaciers and ice shields. It is planned that future versions of the probe would be suitably adapted for extraterrestrial ice research, e.g. on the polar caps of Mars, the Jovian moon of Europa, or Saturn's moon Enceladus.  The robot resulted from a student project at the Fachbereich Luft- und Raumfahrttechnik (Faculty of Aerospace Engineering) at the FH Aachen, led by Prof. Dr. Bernd Dachwald. The excavation is carried out by both drilling and melting of the ice. In a clean ice core, the probe can analyze the surrounding ice with measuring instruments. While drilling, the surrounding ice is not biologically contaminated. , the project objectives are given as:  The project requirements also emphasised the need for maximum reliability, robustness, mobility, environmental security and autonomy.

IceMole 1.

Heated tips in probes have been employed since the 1960s but the probes could only drill straight down, could not be recovered from deep intrusions and were halted by buildup of dirt and sediment, which would not permit heat transfer. To overcome these problems, the IceMole combines a screw with a melting tip.  The first prototype IceMole is a pencil-shaped craft that is designed to autonomously deploy and dig itself into ice. It is a square tube of cross section. It has a melting head at the tip which has differential heating in different parts. The robot is powered by a power generator on the surface and is attached by means of a cable, which relays the power supply, communication and data signals. The IceMole utilizes a long screw at its heated head that keeps firm contact while drilling with the ice being melted. The IceMole has separately controllable heating elements that can be manipulated to obtain differential heating. The differential heating permits the gradual change of direction.  The ice screw is located at the tip of the melting head and generates a driving force that presses the melting head against the ice. This enables the IceMole to penetrate soil and mud and also leads to a good conductive heat transfer when in contact with the ice. The thermally isolated ice screw transfers ice into the probe, where it can be analyzed in situ. It is planned that instruments will be fitted in the probe that will analyse the ice and send only the results to the surface.  The technical specifications of IceMole1 are given below :  The IceMole team has developed the vehicle without a specific payload in mind. The vehicle has an inner chamber in which sensors and other instruments may be housed. In its recent tests, the IceMole carried an off-the-shelf camera. The team is also designing a fluorescence biosensor detector that could search for organic molecules in the ice.

IceMole 2.

Since October 2010, the IceMole-Team is working on a redesign of the first IceMole. The Improvements are, amongst others, the optimization of the melting head and a completely newly developed gear. The new melting head has 12 separately controlled heating elements. These 12 cartridge heaters are arranged in a ring inside of the melting head. In addition, it has 2 wall heaters on each side in the rear of the probe. With this addition, the IceMole2 maneuverability improves over that of its predecessor. The new gear has been specially developed for this probe. Thus, the transmission has a higher efficiency and is more lightweight. It is planned to test IceMole2 in the summer of 2012.  The planned technical specifications of IceMole2:  The probe has also been designed to drag a series of containers containing sensors which can be jettisoned on command and deployed permanently in specific locations in the ice. The team hopes to eventually work with other researchers that would use IceMole to drop sensors deep in icy environments. While the power supply for the first field trials on a glacier was provided by an external power generator on the surface, it is also planned that the heating power be provided by an on-board power source.

Trials.

The first field trials were carried out in the area of the Morteratsch Glacier in Switzerland during the summer of 2010. During the trials on the glacier, the following penetration tests have been successfully performed:  While IceMole moved at a leisurely per hour during its first trial run, optimal conditions could allow the craft to progress at more than three times that speed. The penetration speed will be increased for the next prototype.  The test results show that the IceMole concept is a viable approach to deliver scientific instruments into deep ice and to recover them afterwards. Another advantage of the IceMole with respect to drilling is that biological contamination can be minimized and the process can be made highly autonomous, so that there is no need for an operator on the surface.  The results were reported at the 2011 Antarctic Science Symposium in Madison, Wisconsin and the European Geosciences Union 2011 held at Vienna, Austria. The next trial run was scheduled to be held in the Northern Hemisphere summer of 2012.  The planned objectives for the field experiment in 2012 are given below.

2014 test at Blood Falls.

Blood Falls was used as the target for testing IceMole in November 2014. This unusual flow of melt water from below the glacier gives scientists access to an environment they could otherwise only explore by drilling (which would also risk contaminating it). Its source is a subglacial pool, of unknown size, which sometimes overflows. Biogeochemical analysis shows that the water is marine in source originally. One hypothesis is that its source may be the remains of an ancient fjord that occupied the Taylor valley in the tertiary period. The ferrous iron dissolved in the water oxidizes as the water reaches the surface, turning the water blood red.  The test returned a clean subglacial sample from the outflow channel from Blood Falls.  Subglacial environments in Antarctica need similar protection protocols to interplanetary missions, and the probe was sterilized to these protocols using hydrogen peroxide and UV sterilization. Also, only the tip of the probe sampled the liquid water directly.

IceMole is an autonomous ice research probe, incorporating a new type of ice-melting tip for the exploration of polar regions, glaciers, ice sheets, and extraterrestrial regions, developed by a team from the FH Aachen, a Fachhochschule (University of Applied Sciences) in Aachen, Germany. The advantage over previous probes is that the IceMole can change its direction and can be recovered after being used. A driving ice screw allows the probe to drill through soil layers and other contaminations in the ice.

Der IceMole ist eine kombinierte Bohr- und Einschmelzsonde für Eisschichten (Kryobot). Das Einsatzgebiet erstreckt sich von Gletschern über die Antarktis bis hin zu extraterrestrischen Regionen. Entwickelt wird die Sonde von einem Team an der FH Aachen. Der Vorteil gegenüber herkömmlichen Einschmelzsonden besteht darin, dass der IceMole durch eine partielle Steuerung der Heizsegmente am Sondenkopf seine Richtung im Eis ändern und sich auf diese Weise auch wieder an die Oberfläche zurück bohren kann. Dies wird über eine Hohlschraube an der Sondenspitze realisiert. Mit ihr kann die Sonde nicht nur einen Eiskern aufnehmen, der wissenschaftlich untersucht werden kann, sondern sich auch durch Dreckschichten ziehen.


Phonology.

The consonants are:  The vowels are, and as well as the diphthongs, and ; all except can also be given contrastive length and nasalization. Complex vowel harmony, rather similar to that found in Laal, is observable.  There are three tone levels: low, mid, high. Any syllable must bear at least one tone; it may bear any combination of two tones, or one of three three-tone combinations: LML, MLH, or HLH.

Grammar.

Syntax.

The typical word order is subject–verb–object (though this can be affected by topic fronting); preposition - prepositional object (- postposition); noun - adjective; possessed - possessor. However, possessive pronouns precede the noun.

Pronouns.

The basic personal pronouns include: "n" "I", "m" "you", "r" "he, she, it" (with low tone as subjects, high tone as objects), "í" "you (pl.)", "á" "they". ("We" does not appear in sources so far examined by the editors.)

Nouns.

Noun plural formation is quite complex, and includes some apparent relics of a now-absent noun class system; the commonest ways include combinations of internal vowel ablaut, the suffix "-gɨ", a change "l/n" > "r", and/or replacing final "-a" with "-i".

Verbs.

Each verb has two forms: indicative and optative ("injunctive" in Boyeldieu's terminology.) They are distinguished by tonal pattern.  Verbs may be preceded by various particles to indicate tense, aspect, and mood: for instance "wò" continuous, "ɓə" future, "ká" obligation. Indirect quoted speech is preceded with the particle "ɓə" "that".  Verbal nouns may be formed by changing the tone pattern and/or suffixing "-li" or -"la" (in which the "l" becomes "n" following a nasal) together with internal vowel ablaut.  Verb derivational suffixes include "-n" intensive (realized as "-nì" or "-ɨ̀n", e.g. "nun" "bite" > "nùnɨ̀n" "gnaw", and sometimes causing internal ablaut), and "-gɨ̀" mediopassive (sometimes "-gi" or "-gu", rarely causes internal ablaut).

Prepositions.

Common prepositions include "gɨ̀" "to (dative)", "naà" "with", "ti" "to".

The Niellim language (autonym "lwaà") is a Bua language spoken by some 5,000 people (as of 1993) along the Chari River in southern Chad. It is mainly spoken in two areas: one around the city of Sarh (to which many - perhaps most - speakers have migrated) and one, its traditional home, further north, between about 9°30′ and 9°50′ N, corresponding to the former chiefdoms of Pra, Niellim, and Niou.

Niellim (Autonym "lwaà:") ist eine Bua-Sprache, die von etwa 5.000 Personen (Stand 1993) entlang des Schari-Flusses im Süd-Tschad gesprochen wird.


Geography.

Les Angles-sur-Corrèze is located some 7 km north-west of Tulle and 30 km south-west of Égletons. It is traversed by the A89 autoroute from west to east through the heart of the commune but there is no exit in the commune. The nearest exits are Exit 20 to the west of the commune and Exit 21 to the east. Access to the commune is by road D58 which branches off the D23 south of the commune and continues north to the village and continues north then east to join the D1089 highway which forms the south-eastern border of the commune. There are large areas of forest in the commune with some areas of farmland near the village. Apart from the village there is the hamlet of Le Massoulier towards the east.  The Corrèze river forms the northern and western borders of the commune as it flows south to join the Vézère west of Brive-la-Gaillarde. Many unnamed streams rise in the commune and flow into the Correze.

Toponymy.

The locality appears in charters dated 1404 in the form "Anguli". Its name is a reference to the shape of the village of a pointed wedge (like the head of a wood-chopping axe).

Administration.

List of Successive Mayors

Demography.

In 2009 the commune had 104 inhabitants. The evolution of the number of inhabitants is known through the population censuses conducted in the commune since 1793. From the 21st century, a census of communes with fewer than 10,000 inhabitants is held every five years, unlike larger towns that have a sample survey every year.

Culture and heritage.

Religious heritage.

The Parish Church of the Nativity of Notre-Dame contains two items that are registered as historical objects:

Environmental heritage.

The village square (with a well for animals) has a grouping of buildings of a Church, Town Hall, and School, all in stone. It is a few kilometres on foot from the village to the Corrèze river and to the left a path leads to the Gimel-les-Cascades waterfalls. Again in the village square in front of the well a small path leads over the hills towards the A89 autoroute with beautiful landscapes.

Les Angles-sur-Corrèze ("Los Angles de Corresa" in Occitan) is a commune in the Corrèze department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region of central France.

Les-Angles-sur-Corrèze ist eine französische Gemeinde mit Einwohnern (Stand ) im Département Corrèze in der Region Nouvelle-Aquitaine. Die Gemeinde ist Mitglied des Gemeindeverbandes Tulle Agglo.


Plot summary.

In 1757, Moonfleet is a small village along the coast of southern England. The village takes its name from a formerly prominent local family, the Mohunes. The main character is John Trenchard, an orphan who lives with his aunt, Miss Arnold. The village church includes the sexton Mr. Ratsey, and the Parson Glennie, who also teaches in the village school. Elzevir Block, is the landlord of the "Mohune Arms". This inn is nicknamed the "Why Not?", a pun on the Mohune coat of arms, which includes a "cross-pall" in the shape of the letter "Y". Mr. Maskew, is the local magistrate, who has a daughter: Grace. Village legend tells of the notorious Colonel John "Blackbeard" Mohune who is buried in the family crypt under the church. He is reputed to have stolen a diamond from King Charles I and hidden it. His ghost is said to wander at night looking for it and the mysterious lights in the churchyard are attributed to his activities.  As the main part of the story opens, Block's youthful son, David, has just been killed by Maskew during a raid by the Maskew and other authorities on a smuggling boat. One night a bad storm hits the village and there is a flood. While attending the Sunday service at church, John hears strange sounds from the crypt below. He thinks it is the sound of the coffins of the Mohune family. The next day, he finds Elzevir and Ratsey against the south wall of the church. They claim to be checking for damage from the storm, but John suspects they are searching for Blackbeard's ghost.  Later John finds a large sinkhole has opened in the ground by a grave. He follows the passage and finds himself in the crypt with coffins on shelves and casks on the floor. He realises his friends are smugglers and this is their hiding place. He has to hide behind a coffin when he hears Ratsey and Elzevir coming. When they leave, they fill in the hole, inadvertently trapping him. John finds a locket in the coffin that he hid behind (it turns out to be that of Blackbeard himself),which holds a piece of paper with verses from the Bible. John eventually passes out after drinking too much of the wine while trying to quench his thirst, having not eaten or drunk for over 24 hours. Later he wakes up in the "Why Not?" inn - he has been rescued by Elzevir and Ratsey. When he is better, he returns to his aunt's house, but she, suspecting him of drunken behaviour, throws him out. Elzevir takes him in.  But when Block's lease on the "Why Not?" comes up for renewal, Maskew bids against him in the auction and wins. Block must leave the inn and Moonfleet but plans one last smuggling venture. John feels honour-bound to go with him, and sadly, says goodbye to Grace Maskew, whom he loves and has been seeing in secret, and is given his mother's prayer book by his aunt—her last hope to influence John towards piety. The excisemen and Maskew are aware of the planned smuggling run but do not know exactly where it will occur. During the landing Maskew appears and is caught by the smugglers. Elzevir is bent on vengeance for his son by killing Maskew, and while the rest land the cargo and leave, he and John keep watch over Maskew. Just as Block prepares to shoot Maskew the excisemen attack. They wound John and unintentionally kill Maskew. Block carries John away to safety and they hide in some old quarries. While there, John inadvertently finds out that the verses from Blackbeard's locket contain a code that will reveal the location of his famous diamond.  Once John's wound heals, he and Block decide to recover the diamond from Carisbrooke Castle. After a suspenseful scene in the well where the jewel is hidden, they succeed in escaping to Holland where they try to sell it to a Jewish diamond merchant named Krispijn Aldobrand. The merchant cheats them, claiming the diamond is fake. Elzevir falls for the deceit and angrily throws the diamond out of the window. John, however, knows they have been duped, and suggests they try to recover the diamond through burglary. The attempt fails and, they are arrested and sentenced to prison. John curses the merchant for his lies.  John and Elzevir go to prison for life. Eventually they are separated. Then, unexpectedly, ten years later, their paths cross again. They are being transported, and board a ship. A storm blows up, and by a strong coincidence, the ship is wrecked upon Moonfleet beach. While trying to reach the beach Elzevir helps John to safety, but is himself dragged under by the surf and drowned.  John arrives where he originally started, in the "Why Not?", and is reunited with Ratsey. He is also reunited with Grace. She is now a rich young lady, having inherited her father's money. However, she is still in love with John. John tells her about the diamond and his life in prison. He regrets having lost everything, but she says, rich or not, she loves him.  Then Parson Glennie visits and reveals he had received a letter from Aldobrand. The merchant, suffering a guilty conscience and in an attempt to make amends, had bequeathed the worth of the diamond to John.  John gives the money to the village, and new almshouses are built, and the school and the church renovated. John marries Grace and becomes Lord of the Manor and Justice of the Peace. They have three children, including their first-born son, Elzevir. They grow up and the sons go away to "serve King George on sea and land" and their daughter, too it seems, has married away. But John and Grace themselves do not leave their beloved Moonfleet ever again.

Backgammon.

A feature of the narrative is a continuing reference to the boardgame of backgammon which is played by the patrons of the "Why Not?" on an antique board which bears a Latin inscription "Ita in vita ut in lusu alae pessima jactura arte corrigenda est" (translated in the book as "As in life, so in a game of hazard, skill will make something of the worst of throws").

Geography of the book.

Falkner uses the local geography of Dorset and the Isle of Wight in the book, only changing some of the place names. The village of "Moonfleet" is based on East Fleet in Dorset by Chesil Beach. The headland in the book called "The Snout" is Portland Bill.  Corfe Castle and Carisbrooke Castle are key plot locations.

Adaptations in other media.

The book was filmed by Fritz Lang in 1955 and released under the same name, with a screenplay adapted by from the novel. A handful of scenes from the book survived, including John's ordeal in the church crypt with the remains of Blackbeard (here renamed Redbeard), and his descent into the well to retrieve the diamond, but the movie altered the novel's plot substantially. Among other major changes, its young hero was given the newly invented rogue gentleman Jeremy Fox for a mentor (played by Stewart Granger), while the role of the working class Elzevir Block was reduced to leading a group of the smugglers seeking to kill John. Lang's film has enjoyed some cachet among French film critics.  In 1963 the BBC aired a 5-episode radio series of Moonfleet adapted by Morna Stuart and produced by Brandon Acton-Bond.  In 1964 the BBC filmed a 6-episode TV adaptation under the title "Smugglers' Bay", starring future Doctor Who stars Frazer Hines and Patrick Troughton as John Trenchard and Ratsey, respectively. It started airing on BBC1 on 12 July 1964.  In 1984 a TV mini-series was filmed, starring Adam Godley and David Daker. There is also a 90-minute BBC radio version, starring Richard Pearce (from BBC Radio's "The Adventures of Tintin", as well) as John Trenchard.  The Colonial Radio Theatre on the Air released a 300 min. production of the book in May 2009, Starring Jerry Robbins, David Ault, and Rob Cattell. It was dramatised by Deniz Cordell, and produced by M. J. Cogburn.  Angel Exit Theatre Company devised a production which toured the UK in 2009.  In 2010 Chris de Burgh released an album of songs called "Moonfleet & Other Stories" featuring a story based on the book.  Sky1 filmed a two-part TV adaptation in Ireland in 2013 starring Ray Winstone, Aneurin Barnard and Karl McCrone. This was aired 28 December 2013 and 29 December 2013 Though more of the plot of the book remains than in the 1955 film, it still bears little relation; John is in his mid-twenties, Maskew has become an aristocrat and tyrannical descendant of Blackbeard, and Elzevir Block the leader of a brothel-frequenting, knife-fighting band of gangsters.  In 2017 the Salisbury Playhouse announced a major new musical adaptation of Moonfleet with book and lyrics by Gareth Machin and music by Russell Hepplewhite. The show was scheduled to opened in April 2018, but it did not receive a good review.

Moonfleet is a 1898 novel written by English writer J. Meade Falkner. The plot is an adventure tale of smuggling, treasure, and shipwreck set in 18th century England.

Moonfleet ist ein Abenteuerroman des britischen Autors J. Meade Falkner aus dem Jahr 1898. Die Geschichte spielt in einem armseligen Fischerdorf im Dorset in der Mitte des 18. Jahrhunderts, das nebenher von Schmuggel und Wrack-Plünderungen lebt. Sie erzählt von John Trenchard und seinem Ziehvater Elzevir Block, zwei Dorfbewohnern, die einem verfluchten Schatz auf der Spur sind.


48. Reserve-Division (Deutsches Kaiserreich)

Recruitment.

The 48th Reserve Division was relatively mixed, but mostly came from the XI and XVIII Army Corps areas. The 221st and 222nd Reserve Infantry Regiments were raised in the Grand Duchy of Hesse. The 223rd Reserve Infantry Regiment was raised in the Prussian Province of Hesse-Nassau, with one battalion each from the former Electorate of Hesse, Duchy of Nassau, and city of Frankfurt am Main. The 224th Reserve Infantry Regiment was from the Thuringian states and the Prussian Province of Saxony. After the 224th Reserve Infantry Regiment was transferred to the 215th Infantry Division, the 48th Reserve Division became an even more predominantly Hessian formation.

Combat chronicle.

The 48th Reserve Division initially fought on the Western Front, entering the line in October between the Meuse and Moselle. It then moved to the Flanders and Artois regions in the drive northwards known as the Race to the Sea. It fought at Lille in late October and at Ypres into November. At the end of November, the division was transferred to the Eastern Front. It fought in a number of engagements, including the winter 1914 Battle of Łódź, and then participated in the pursuit of the Russians from Carpathia and Austrian Galicia known as the Gorlice-Tarnów Offensive after the major battle at Gorlice and Tarnów. The division remained in positional warfare and various engagements on the Eastern Front thereafter, and faced part of the Brusilov Offensive in 1916. From October 1916 to April 1917, the division was attached to the Austro-Hungarian 3rd Army, and was then attached to the Austro-Hungarian 2nd Army. In May 1917, the division returned to the Western Front, and occupied the line near Verdun, facing the French offensive there in August and September. The division was in the trenches in Lorraine from the end of September to the beginning of December 1917, and then in Upper Alsace until mid-February 1918. It then went into army reserve until April, when it went into the line in the Flanders and Artois regions. It remained in the fighting in the northern part of the Western Front until the end of the war. In 1917, Allied intelligence rated the division as a mediocre division. In 1918 it was rated second class.

Order of battle on formation.

The 48th Reserve Division was initially organized as a square division, with essentially the same organization as the reserve divisions formed on mobilization. The order of battle of the 48th Reserve Division on January 6, 1915, was as follows:

Order of battle on March 31, 1918.

The 48th Reserve Division was triangularized in April 1917. Over the course of the war, other changes took place, including the formation of artillery and signals commands and a pioneer battalion. The order of battle on March 31, 1918, was as follows:

The 48th Reserve Division ("48. Reserve-Division") was a unit of the Imperial German Army in World War I. The division was formed in September 1914 and organized over the next month, arriving in the line in October. It was part of the first wave of new divisions formed at the outset of World War I, which were numbered the 43rd through 54th Reserve Divisions. The division was part of XXIV Reserve Corps. It was disbanded in 1919 during the demobilization of the German Army after World War I.

Die 48. Reserve-Division war ein Großverband der Preußischen Armee im Ersten Weltkrieg. Sie war im September 1914 gegründet worden und Teil der ersten Welle neuer Reserve-Divisionen zu Beginn des Weltkriegs, die von 43. bis 54. durchnummeriert wurden.


Life and Christian ministry.

Miss Barber was an Anglican missionary sent by the Church Missionary Society (C.M.S.) to the city of Fuzhou, Fujian, China where she taught in the Tau Su Girls’ High School (a school founded and operated by the Church of England) for seven years. Known as an excellent missionary, her co-missionaries became jealous of her and fabricated a serious charge which caused her to be recalled from the field. Barber was known for her faith. For this reason, Barber decided not to vindicate herself concerning the charges made against her. She remained at home in Great Britain until years later the chairman of the mission board became aware of the case against her and that it was misrepresented. Persuading her to tell the truth, Barber told him the whole story and was fully vindicated before the mission board.  While she remained in England, Barber came into contact with D.M. Panton, the editor of the Christian magazine, "The Dawn." Panton was both a student of the word and one who began to see that denominationalism was evil in the sight of God. During 1907 Miss Barber became a member of Surrey Chapel and was also baptized at Surrey Chapel by full immersion. Through her relationship with Panton, Barber also began to see the denominations as evil in the sight of God.  Before the board could send her back to China, Barber resigned from the mission, considering that it was the right time to do so, even though she felt led by God to return to China. She returned to China in 1909 along with Miss Ballord another congregant member of Surrey Chapel not in connection with any mission, settling in a suburb of Fuzhou, with the spiritual support of Panton and the Surrey Chapel Mission Band, Norwich, where Panton ministered. The two women rented a house in "Pagoda Anchorage" where Barber lived until her death in 1930. Ballord continued to work in Pagoda Anchorage until 1950, when she returned to England.  Barber lived with little traveling and no publicity. Rather, she was content to just remain home and pray. She helped those who sought her counsel in seeking after the Lord, one of whom was Watchman Nee. Furthermore, Barber lived by faith. She was not guaranteed regular funds from the Surrey Chapel Mission Band and had no outward means of support.  One of Barber's well-known characteristics was her anticipation of the second coming of Jesus Christ. This is evident in the many poems she wrote on waiting for Christ's return, some of which were later adapted into hymns. In one account given by Watchman Nee (concerning the eve of 1925):  Barber died in 1930 in Anchorage Pagoda of Crohn's disease. All of her belongings, which included little more than her old Bible with all her notes, were left to Watchman Nee. In the March 1930 issue of Watchman Nee's periodical, ‘’The Present Testimony,’’ Nee made the following remarks concerning Miss Barber’s departure:

Hymns.

Barber did not leave behind any writings other than a small volume of poems (later changed into hymns) that was later published by Miss Ballord (Miss Ballord was her niece) in China. These compositions demonstrate her striving to live "in the Lord’s presence," as well as her eager anticipation of Christ's coming back. A stanza of Barber's poem reads:  <poem> "If the path I travel" "Lead me to the cross," "If the way Thou choosest" "Lead to pain and loss," "Let the compensation" "Daily, hourly, be" "Shadowless communion," "Blessed Lord, with Thee. " </poem

Margaret Emma Barber or M. E. Barber (1866–1930; Chinese: 和受恩; Pinyin: "Hé Shòuēn"; Foochow Romanized: "Huò Sêu-ŏng"), was a British missionary in China. She was born in 1866 in Peasenhall, Suffolk, England, the daughter of Louis (a wheelwright) and Martha (née Gibbs) Barber. The family moved to 59 St Martins Lane Norwich around 1876 and established a Carriage Manufacturing business. The family home in Norwich (see georgeplunkett.co.uk for a view of 59 St Martins Lane) was opposite St Martins Parish church which was intensely evangelical in the 1880 - 90s and must have had an influence on the Barber family. During the course of her life, she lived in China twice to preach the Christian gospel. She left her home and travelled in a lonely way thousands of miles. Barber, who initially went to China as an Anglican, became an independent missionary with informal ties to the Plymouth Brethren. She is best known for her influence on Watchman Nee (Nee Tuo-Sheng).

Margaret Emma Barber (* 1866 in Peasenhall, Suffolk, England; † Mai 1930 in Fuzhou, China), chinesisch auch "Hi Scheo-ngen" oder – nach der Mutter von Watchman Nee – "Fräulein He Shouen", war eine christliche Missionarin in China. Sie wurde durch ihren Einfluss auf Watchman Nee (Nee Tuo-Sheng) bekannt.


Activism.

Stockham lectured against the use of corsets by women, advocated complete abstinence from alcohol and tobacco, and believed in women's rights.  Stockham was very concerned with the economic plight of divorced women with children and prostitutes who wanted to get off the street. She felt that these women had no marketable skills and would be unable to support themselves, so she had copies of her book "Tokology", a layperson's guide to gynecology and midwifery, privately printed and gave them to "unfortunate women" to sell door-to-door in Chicago. Each copy came with a bound-in certificate signed by Stockham and entitling the bearer to a free gynecological exam.  In 1905, a then 72-year old Stockham and her publisher were convicted of circulating improper literature under the Comstock laws.

Karezza.

She coined the term Karezza (from the Italian for "caress") and authored a book by this name in 1896. It refers to non-religious spiritual sexual practices that draw upon tantric techniques of body control but do not involve any of tantra's cultural or iconographic symbolism.  She promoted Karezza as a means to achieve:  Stockham's interest in birth control could not overcome her fear that a mechanical sperm barrier would prevent "the complete interchange of magnetism" (a theory popular among 19th century sexual-spiritual teachers). In part this stems from the biblical injunction against Onanism, but she also felt a failure of magnetic interchange was injurious and unnatural.  Thus she advocated "the Oneida method" (from the Oneida Society), then also known as "male continence", in which men refrained from ejaculation but women were encouraged to have contractive orgasms at will. In later writings she also began to promulgate the need for women to learn to control their orgasm responses in the same way that the men of Oneida did. Ultimately, Stockham rejected the "male continence" techniques of John Humphrey Noyes in favour of gender parity in orgasm control. She also rejected Noyes' polyamorous ideas and promoted Karezza as a way to strengthen marriage and monogamy.  Stockham's gender-parity version of tantra yoga, despite its somewhat anti-orgasmic, and thus apparently anti-hedonistic bent, serves as an important counterpoint to the male-centered aspects of traditional tantric sexual practices and later variants such as the "sex-magick" of Aleister Crowley. In the field of sex magic, the only practice that is similar to Karezza as far as the sex act is concerned is Samael Aun Weor's "The Perfect Matrimony"; otherwise, they diverge as far as doctrine is concerned. She saw Karezza as a way to promote health and happiness in marriage. The emphasis was on selflessness in lovemaking, gentle, harmonious passion leading to sublime spiritual delights.  Despite the many benefits of Stockham's approach, including granting couples the ability to choose opportunities for parenthood without contraceptives, the Vatican did not like Karezza or its relatives. Forty years after Stockham's death in 1912, the Sacred Congregation of the Holy Office issued a moratorium, citing an express mandate of Pope Pius XII. It noted that several contemporary writers, in discussing married life, had described, praised, and even ventured to recommend something they termed "a reserved embrace", and forbade priests and spiritual directors ever to suggest that there was otherwise. On October 29, 1951 in his "allocution to midwives", Pope Pius XII citing Pope Pius XI's Encyclical "Casti connubii" of December 31, 1930 declared  [...] that every attempt of either husband or wife in the performance of the conjugal act or in the development of its natural consequences which aims at depriving it of its inherent force and hinders the procreation of new life is immoral; and that no "indication" or need can convert an act which is intrinsically immoral into a moral and lawful one. This precept is in full force today, as it was in the past, and so it will be in the future also, and always, because it is not a simple human whim, but the expression of a natural and divine law.

Alice Bunker Stockham (November 8, 1833 in Cardington, Ohio – December 3, 1912 in Alhambra, California) was an obstetrician and gynecologist from Chicago and the fifth woman to become a doctor in the United States. She promoted gender equality, dress reform, birth control, and male and female sexual fulfillment for successful marriages.

Alice Bunker Stockham (* 1833 in Chicago, Illinois, USA; † 1912) war eine amerikanische Gynäkologin. Sie war die fünfte Frau, die in den USA als Ärztin tätig werden durfte. Stockham setzte sich für Geburtenkontrolle, Reformkleidung und die Gleichberechtigung der Frau ein. Stockham erlangte Bekanntheit durch die spirituell-sexuelle Praktik des Karezza, welche von ihr begründet wurde.


Plot.

Part 1: Target Peenemünde.

on 5 November 1939, the British consulate in Norway receives the Oslo Report, but the Military Intelligence doubts its veracity. The German research in Peenemünde goes undisturbed from the British. In spite of this, various resistance groups gather information about the site and attempt to hinder the missiles' development, taking great risks.

Part 2: Password Paperclip.

After an Allied bombing wreaks great damage in Peenemünde, the local resistance manages to smuggle V-2 parts to Britain, where they would be analyzed by the Allies' technical intelligence. The Allies decide that the genius of the rockets' creator must be exploited by them. As the end of the war looms near, Peenemünde is abandoned. In Los Alamos, a new, deadlier weapon is being developed.

Production.

The work on "Die Gefrorene Blitze" began already at 1964, and took three years to be completed. Writer Harry Thürk and director János Veiczi conducted extensive research in four countries: the United Kingdom, France, Germany and Poland. The script was mainly based on Julius Mader's documentary report "The Secret of Huntsville—The Real Career of Rocketbaron Wernher von Braun" The producers deemed the film as one that continued the tradition of DEFA's classical antifascist pictures, focusing on the struggle of people from many different countries - including a catholic priest from France, a character whose portrayal as positive was not common in East Germany - to prevent the Nazis from developing long-range missiles. The title was derived from a common sobriquet for the V2 missiles - "Frozen Lightning".

Reception.

The film was screened outside the competition in the 1969 Cannes Film Festival. It won the Golden Apsara Award in the 1969 Phnom Penh International Film Festival.

Die gefrorenen Blitze ("Frozen Lightning"; English-language title: Frozen Flashes; French-language title: Et l'Angleterre sera détruite, "England Shall Be Destroyed") is a two-part 1967 East-German film. The plot revolves around the history of the resistance movement in Peenemünde during the Second World War and its attempt to sabotage the V-2 program.

Die gefrorenen Blitze ist ein deutscher Spionagefilm der DEFA von János Veiczi aus dem Jahr 1967. Der Zweiteiler beruht auf dem Dokumentarbericht "Geheimnis von Huntsville" von Julius Mader.


Plot.

An English bon-vivant osteopath is enchanted with a young exotic dancer and invites her to live with him. He serves as friend and mentor, and through his wide range of contacts and his parties she and her friend meet and date members of the Conservative Party. A scandal develops when her affair with the Minister of War comes to public attention.  In the credits at the end of the film Valerie Hobson is identified only as Mrs. Profumo.

Production.

Development.

Australian screenwriter Michael Thomas and prospective producer Joe Boyd approached the BBC with the idea of a three-part mini-series on the Profumo affair. The BBC agreed to finance scripts for two of the 90-minute episodes, but support dried up when internal memos were found that forbade their production. Channel 4 turned them down on grounds of taste.  Boyd and Thomas joined forces with Palace Pictures who invested nearly £200,000 by 1985; a further £184,319 of development funding was raised from Robert Maxwell. As the prospects for a television mini-series began to fade, Palace Pictures became increasingly interested in making a feature film and estimated the budget requirements at £3.2 million. Co-founders Stephen Woolley and Nik Powell signed up first time director Michael Caton-Jones on a pay-or-play contract and began a marketing campaign to raise the finance. The controversial nature of the story, as well as its sexual content, appealed to Bob and Harvey Weinstein's independent film company, Miramax. The Weinsteins agreed to pay $2.35 million for the North American distribution rights.  The original screenplay was written as a historically detailed mini-series running four to five hours. When it was pared down to film length, it became more of a docudrama, with a chronology that is sometimes unclear. Producer Woolley arranged discreet meetings between Mandy Rice-Davies and Bridget Fonda to help the American actress with her portrayal.

Filming.

Filming began in June 1988. Part of "Scandal" was filmed at Bathurst Mews in Bayswater, London, although Ward's house was actually at Wimpole Mews in Marylebone. The exterior of 29 Francis Street, Victoria, SW1 was used as the Police Station.

Poster.

Christine Keeler took part in a publicity shoot with photographer Lewis Morley for a 1963 film about the Profumo Affair, "The Keeler Affair". Under pressure to pose nude, Keeler agreed to sit straddling the chair with just the back of the chair as a screen. The film was never released in the United Kingdom, but the image became "one of the most famous and most imitated photographs ever published". Joanne Whalley-Kilmer recreated the pose for the theatrical release poster.

US classification.

The Weinsteins had been impressed by the amount of free publicity generated for Alan Parker's "Angel Heart" in 1987 when it was initially given an "X" rating in the United States. Beginning with "Scandal", Harvey Weinstein would routinely help publicise Miramax's films by attacking the integrity of the Classification and Rating Administration (CARA) and X ratings. They encouraged Woolley and Powell to deliver an X rated movie, and in particular to include nude shots of Whalley-Kilmer. The film was awarded an X rating for its orgy scene, but after two appeals and three seconds of edits, it was released with an "R" rating.

Soundtrack.

The soundtrack, and soundtrack album, included a specially written song by the Pet Shop Boys "Nothing Has Been Proved" for Dusty Springfield.

Reception.

The film received positive reviews. At the movie review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, "Scandal" received an overall approval rating of 91% based on 32 reviews. Roger Ebert awarded it four stars out of four and said the film was "surprisingly wise about the complexities of the human heart". He praised the performance of John Hurt. Following Hurt's death, "The Guardian" film critic Peter Bradshaw said the performance was Hurt's masterpiece.  The film made a comfortable profit.  Commenting on the pain felt by his parents when the film was released, David Profumo said "I never felt sorrier for them in my life".

Scandal is a 1989 British drama film, a fictionalised account of the Profumo affair that rocked the government of British prime minister Harold Macmillan. It stars Joanne Whalley as Christine Keeler and John Hurt as Stephen Ward, personalities at the heart of the affair.

Der britische Spielfilm Scandal aus dem Jahr 1989 behandelt die Profumo-Affäre, die 1963 die britische Regierung erschütterte. Der konservative Kriegsminister John Profumo hatte 1961 eine sexuelle Beziehung mit derselben Prostituierten Christine Keeler unterhalten, die mit dem sowjetischen Marineattaché und Spion Jewgeni Iwanow verkehrte. Nachdem Gerüchte über Profumos Beziehung zu Keeler aufgekommen waren, dementierte Profumo in einer Erklärung vor dem Parlament den sexuellen Charakter der Beziehung. Doch bald musste er die Falschaussage eingestehen und er trat zurück. Einen Monat später folgte ihm Premierminister Harold Macmillan, im Jahr darauf verloren die Konservativen die Wahlen.