History.

mousesports was formed in 2002 in Berlin, Germany, as a "Counter-Strike" team. The team began to compete in small tournaments, which gradually lead to their progression in larger ones, as well. By 2006, when G7 Teams was created, mousesports was one of the greatest gaming organizations in Europe, consisting of "Counter-Strike", "Warcraft III", "Quake 4", Battlefield 1942 and "Unreal Tournament" divisions.  On 13 May 2007, mousesports announced that it had acquired Nihilum, the officially recognized premiere worldwide "World of Warcraft" organization, with Nihilum recognized as a subsidiary of mousesports. The guild was remade into a community called "Nihilum: mousesports MMO". Nihilum was mousesports' consistently strongest gaming team in the European competition. However, the relations between mousesports and Nihilum grew uncertain in the fall of 2008 and finally, on 10 November, it was announced that the former PvE team of SK Gaming would be merging with the players of Nihilum, effectively ending the partnership that lasted for over a year and a half. Despite this, however, mousesports continued to maintain the Nihilum brand and on 1 August 2009, launched a new community website to connect the "World of Warcraft" guild Method, along with the WotLK Wiki and the Nihilum brand under a single domain.  On 20 April 2009, mousesports announced that it would be withdrawing its support for "Defense of the Ancients" despite the huge amount of success they were having. In early 2010, the organization announced the addition of a star-studded "" roster, which originally consisted of several American, Canadian, German, Polish and Ukrainian players. Since their original induction into the organization, the team completely switched focus to "StarCraft II" during the "Wings of Liberty" beta period and has since become one of the greatest-renowned teams. In one of the greatest-known tragedies in electronic sports history, mousesports' "Counter-Strike" player since 2007, Antonio "cyx" Daniloski, died on 29 July 2010 in a car accident caused by tire failure after missing a flight to China to compete for his team. The aftermath of his death featured numerous memorials, tributes, eulogies and a permanent dedication on the official mousesports website. Several months following Daniloski's death, mousesports announced the retirement of remaining "Counter-Strike" players Fatih "gob b" Dayik, Navid "Kapio" Javadi and stand-in Christian "Blizzard" Chmiel, effective following the ESL Pro Series Season XVII Finals.  In March 2012, mousesports announced that it would be ending its support of its "Counter-Strike" division, citing the organization's perception of the lack of market, considering the rising prominence of "Dota 2" and "League of Legends". Mouz picked up a new "" roster later that year.  In April 2017, mousesports signed the roster of the former "Dota 2" team, Ad Finem, marking the first return for the organization to the game in nearly two years.  On 2 August, Christian 'loWel' Garcia was released from his contract with mousesports. On 4 August former Penta Sports player Miikka'suNny' Kemppi was announced as his replacement. Less than a week later, on 8 August, mousesports released Denis 'denis' Howell from his contract and signed Martin 'STYKO' Styk to replace him, formerly of HellRaisers.  In December 2017, the mousesports "Dota 2" team disbanded.  In March 2018, mousesports signed their first full roster for competition in Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six Siege.  On 27 June, mousesports announced the acquisition of Janusz "Snax" Pogorzelski from Virtus.pro as a replacement for the benched Martin "STYKO" Styk.  On 30 July, mousesports announced that they were acquiring the Rocket League team of Tigreee, Alex161, and Skyline. Alex161 and Skyline previously played under Servette Esports, with Tigreee being acquired from Team Secret. This Mousesports team began play in RLCS Season 6, as Alex161 and Skyline retained their qualified spot won under Servette.  On 15 October, mousesports announced the return of Martin "STYKO" Styk to the starting lineup.  On 15 November, the coach of the Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six Siege team announced the team was dropped by mousesports and he would not stay with the team.  On 10 January 2019, mousesports announced the acquisition of Linus "al0t" Möllergren from compLexity Gaming, replacing Skyline.  On 13 February 2019, mousesports announced the signing of their second Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six Siege team, the former ENCE esports Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six Siege roster, as well as coach Michiel "oVie" van Dartel but later dropped the team on 1 July 2019.  On 14 March, mousesports revamps their roster with the acquisition of woxic, frozen, and karrigan.While oskar is released, suNny and STYKO is benched from the lineup.

mousesports (often shortened to mouz) is a professional esports organization based in Hamburg, Germany. mousesports fields teams in many different games, and are particularly known for its "Counter-Strike" team. mousesports was one of the founding members of the G7 Teams. mouz's "League of Legends" team currently competes in the ESL Pro Series, having formerly competed in the European Challenger Series (EUCS).

mousesports (kurz mouz) ist eine deutsche E-Sport-Organisation. Derzeit stellt mousesports unter anderem Mannschaften in den Computerspielen "", "Starcraft II", "Tom Clancy’s Rainbow Six Siege", "FIFA" und Rocket League, seit April 2016 auch für das mobile MOBA "Vainglory".


Life.

After the early death of his father, his mother, together with the Württembergian councils, took over the guardianship for Ulrich and his older brother Ludwig I. Ludwig reached maturity in 1426 and took rule in his own hands, until his brother Ulrich in 1433 was admitted to co-rule. After some years of common government Ulrich wed Margaret of Cleves and put through the division of the county. This was confirmed 23 April 1441. Ulrich received the eastern and northern parts with the capital in Stuttgart. Ludwig the western and southern land part with the capital in Urach, as well as the territories in Alsace. The division which had been limited originally on four years was made permanent on 25 January 1442 by the Treaty of Nürtingen.  In 1444 Ulrich supported the house of Habsburg under King Friedrich III in the Old Zürich War in the fight against the Old Swiss Confederacy. Together with his allies which were margrave Albrecht Achilles of Brandenburg, the archbishop of Mainz Dietrich Schenk of Erbach as well as margrave Jakob I of Baden he formed the core of the Mergentheimer alliance which went advanced more and more against the imperial towns. These tensions found their culmination in the feud between margrave Albrecht and the imperial town of Nuremberg in 1449. Count Ulrich's main opponent under the imperial towns was Esslingen which reduced the income of the county Württemberg by rising it's his duties clearly. However, Ulrich did not succeed in winning a determining advantage in spite of winning multiple victories against Esslingen and other imperial towns.  In 1450 Ulrich gained, after the death of his brother Ludwig I, the guardianship on his nephews, the future counts of Württemberg-Urach Ludwig II and Eberhard V. This soon led to a quarrel with Frederick I, Elector Palatine, who likewise asserted claim to the guardianship. Ludwig II already died 1457. The estates of Urach passed to Count Eberhard V in 1459.  In 1458 Ulrich destroyed the castle of Widdern. This increased the tensions between him and Frederick. Two alliance blocs had developed in the German Empire. Ulrich joined the group of Frederick III, crowned emperor in 1452, and Margrave Albrecht Achilles of Brandenburg. Their main opponents were the brother of the imperial duke Albert VI of Austria, Frederick of the Palatinate and Duke Louis IX of Bavaria. In 1460 the first military encounters between the two groups occurred. After a short armistice, Frederick III once more proclaimed imperial war against Bavaria the following year. Together with Albrecht Achilles, Ulrich assumed leadership of the imperial forces against Bavaria. In the Mainz Diocesan Feud of 1461 to 1463, which broke out shortly after, he supported Archbishop Adolf II of Nassau against his deposed predecessor Diether von Isenburg and Frederick I of the Palatinate. After skirmishes, on 30 June 1462 a battle took place near Seckenheim, and Ulrich and his allies were defeated. They were taken captive by the Palatinate forces. Only on 27 April 1463 was Ulrich able to return to Stuttgart after payment of a ransom.  In 1473 went Ulrich and Eberhard V a house contract one which should regulate the common hereditary result and aspire to the reunion of both württembergian land parts. Ulrich received later with Eberhard V also support against his own renitenten son, Eberhard VI, by which Eberhard V also influence in the Stuttgart land part won.

Family and children.

He was married three times: First, he married in Stuttgart 29 January 1441 to Margaret of Cleves, daughter of Duke Adolf I of Cleves and Mary of Burgundy. They had one daughter:  Second, he married in Stuttgart 8 February 1445 to Elisabeth of Bavaria-Landshut, daughter of Henry XVI of Bavaria and Margarete of Austria. They had five children:  Third, he married in Stuttgart 11 November 1453 to Margaret of Savoy, daughter of Duke Amadeus VIII of Savoy and Mary of Burgundy. They had three daughters:  He also had numerous illegitimate children.

Ulrich V of Württemberg called ""der Vielgeliebte"" (the much loved) (1413 – 1 September 1480 in Leonberg), Count of Württemberg. He was the younger son of Count Eberhard IV and Henriette of Mömpelgard.

Ulrich V. „der Vielgeliebte“ (* 1413; † 1. September 1480 in Leonberg) war von 1433 bis 1441 Graf von Württemberg und von 1441 bis 1480 Graf von Württemberg-Stuttgart.


Early life.

Pete Doherty was born in Hexham, Northumberland, to a military family. His father, Peter John Doherty, was a major in the Royal Signals, while his mother, Jacqueline Michels, was a lance-corporal in Queen Alexandra's Royal Army Nursing Corps. His paternal grandfather was an Irish immigrant from Cheekpoint in County Waterford; his maternal grandfather was Jewish, the son of immigrants from France and Russia. He was raised Catholic. He grew up at a number of army garrisons across Britain and Europe, with his sisters Amy Jo and Emily. Doherty was the second of the three children. It was while living in Dorset, aged 11, that Doherty began playing guitar, originally in an attempt to impress a female classmate, Emily Baker. He achieved 11 GCSEs, 7 of which were A* grades, at Nicholas Chamberlaine Comprehensive School in Bedworth, North Warwickshire, and four passes at A-Level, two at grade A. At the age of 16, he won a poetry competition and embarked on a tour of Russia organised by the British Council.  After his A-levels, he moved to his grandmother's flat in London – where he said he felt 'destined' to be – and got a job filling graves in Willesden Cemetery, although most of his time was spent reading and writing while sitting on gravestones. In a clip later made famous by YouTube, an 18-year-old Doherty can be seen in an interview with MTV, on the day of the release of Oasis' "Be Here Now" album. He attended Queen Mary, a college of the University of London, to study English literature, but left the course after his first year. After leaving university, he moved into a London flat with friend and fellow musician Carl Barât, who had been a classmate of Doherty's older sister at Brunel University.

Career.

The Libertines.

Doherty and Barât formed a band called the Libertines in the late 1990s, although it was not until 2002, with the release of their debut album "Up the Bracket", that they began to achieve widespread mainstream success.  The group achieved critical and commercial success and gained a dedicated cult following, with Doherty, in particular, being praised by fans and critics alike as one of the most promising songwriters to emerge on the British music scene for some time. However, Doherty's increasing drug problems led to his estrangement from the band. In 2003, he was jailed for burgling Barât's flat. The two initially fell out over this incident, but made amends whilst Doherty was in prison. He was originally sentenced to 6 months, but his sentence was cut to 2 months. Upon his release, Doherty immediately reunited with Barât and the rest of the band to play a gig in the Tap 'n' Tin pub in Chatham, Kent; known among Libertine fans as "The Freedom Gig".  Following his rejoining of the band, Doherty sought treatment for his drug addiction. He attended the alternative detox centre Wat Tham Krabok, a temple in Thailand, famous for its rehabilitation programme for crack and heroin users. He left after three days and returned to England. As a consequence of this, The Libertines cancelled appearances that they were due to make at the Isle of Wight and Glastonbury festivals.  However, while post-production work was taking place on the second Libertines album in June 2004, Doherty was again asked to leave the band. The band cited Doherty's continuing drug addiction as the reason for his dismissal but emphasised their willingness to take him back once he had addressed his addiction. Although Barât had previously stated that The Libertines were merely on hiatus, pending Doherty's recovery, the group effectively disbanded with Doherty's departure at the end of 2004. The remaining members became involved in other projects (see Yeti and Dirty Pretty Things). On 12 April 2007, Pete Doherty and Carl Barât played 13 songs together at the second of Doherty's "An Evening with Pete Doherty" gigs at the Hackney Empire, London.  In 2010 The Libertines reformed for appearances at the Reading and Leeds Festivals. They performed on 27 August at Leeds Festival and on 28 August at Reading Festival. The festival appearances were preluded by two gigs at the HMV Forum on 24 and 25 August. In November 2014 the band signed a record deal with Virgin EMI Records and released their third album, Anthems for Doomed Youth, on 11 September 2015.  The Libertines played an arena tour across the UK in January 2016, followed by a European tour and then dates in South America.

Collaborations.

Prior to the disbanding of The Libertines, Doherty collaborated with local poet Wolfman. Together they recorded the single "For Lovers", which entered the top 10, charting at number 7, in April 2004. Despite the success of the single, which was nominated for a prestigious Ivor Novello Award for songwriting, Doherty and Wolfman received relatively little money, having already sold the publishing rights for a small sum in a pub.  Later in 2004, Doherty provided guest vocals to the song "Down to the Underground" by the British group Client. The song was released in June 2004 as a B-side to the group's single "In It for the Money" and appears on their second album "City".  In 2005 Doherty collaborated with the British rock band Littl'ans on the single "Their Way".  In 2006, Doherty was featured on the charity single "Janie Jones", which was released to raise funds for Strummerville. A number of artists and bands, such as Dirty Pretty Things, We Are Scientists, The Kooks and The Holloways, also featured on the track.  In August 2006 it was announced that Doherty was recording with The Streets frontman Mike Skinner on a new version of "Prangin' Out", from Skinner's album "The Hardest Way to Make an Easy Living". In 2015 he recorded the theme tune to the Sky 1 sitcom "After Hours".  In May 2020, during Covid-19 lockdown, he provided vocals for the single "Uncle Brian's Abattoir" released as Trampolene featuring Peter Doherty.

Babyshambles.

Doherty founded Babyshambles towards the end of his time with The Libertines. The group has released three studio albums: "Down in Albion", in November 2005, "Shotter's Nation", in October 2007, and "Sequel To The Prequel", in September 2013. The band's touring schedule and releases have occasionally been disrupted by Doherty's ongoing legal problems. The line-up of the band has changed several times: drummer Gemma Clarke left the band due to Doherty's drug problems and was replaced by Adam Ficek, and guitarist and co-songwriter Patrick Walden has also left the band and was replaced by Mick Whitnall. In August 2006, Babyshambles signed up with major record label Parlophone, on which they released "The Blinding EP" on 9 December 2006. In January 2007, they signed a long term record deal with Parlophone.  In November 2007 Babyshambles played their first arena tour, taking in dates at the MEN Arena in Manchester, the Nottingham Arena, Bournemouth International Centre, London's Wembley Arena and Birmingham's National Indoor Arena.  In September 2013, the band's third album "Sequel to the Prequel" was released.

Solo work and guerrilla gigs.

Doherty has been working on new acoustic material, similar to the wealth of his unreleased songs that can already be downloaded on the internet. On his own, and often with his band, he has continued The Libertines' tradition of performing on short notice guerrilla gigs in small venues. On New Year's Eve 2005, Doherty held a guerrilla gig in his North London flat where he showcased some of his solo works, many of which later leaked onto the internet. 31 March and 1 April 2006 Doherty was performing two surprising solo gigs, his first in mainland Europe, at the NonStop Kino pornographic cinema and venue in Graz, Austria, after he failed to turn up for an earlier arrangement in January. For this occasion he produced, at the suggestion of Bettina Aichbauer, friend of Doherty and owner of the NonStop Kino, a film with the title "Spew It Out Your Soul" which he showed on-screen during his performance. On 12 July 2008, Doherty played a solo gig at the Royal Albert Hall. It was his biggest solo show so far. The concert was originally scheduled for 26 April, but had to be rescheduled to a later date due to Doherty being sentenced to 14 weeks in prison for breaching probation on 8 April. The solo show did not get the best ratings but was all in all still well received. Jon Swaine of "The Daily Telegraph" criticised that "whole chunks of the set... passed by as listless noodling, with neither Doherty nor the audience appearing to know quite how to behave" and that – without a full band – Doherty seemed out of place at such a big venue. Betty Clarke of "The Guardian" described Doherty as "focused" and "on good form". Friend and collaborator Peter Wolfe had a guest appearance on stage when Doherty performed "For Lovers". Swaine stated Wolfe ruined the song with "some especially tuneless backing vocals". The gig was forced to an abrupt end during the encore due to a stage invasion by the fans.  On 13 January 2009, NME.COM announced that Doherty's solo album, entitled "Grace/Wastelands" would be released on 16 March, preceded by a single, "Last of the English Roses", on 9 March. The website also revealed the track listing of the album and credits. In 2009 Doherty was made an honorary patron of the University Philosophical Society.  Whilst performing a solo gig at the Grimsby Auditorium in March 2009, Doherty declared Grimsby a "shit-hole" midway through his set after being continuously pelted with coins and drinks by a harsh crowd.  In March 2015, Doherty released a new single entitled "Flags of the Old Regime" through Walk Tall Recordings. All proceeds of single went to The Amy Winehouse Foundation.  In May 2016, Peter was joined on his 'Eudaimonia' tour by Drew McConnell (bass), Miki Beavis (violin), Katia de Vidas (keyboard), Stephany Kaberian (accordion) and Rafa (drums). He was also joined by Jack Jones of Trampolene on guitar, who was support on the tour. He shared new track ‘The Whole World Is Our Playground' on 4 May 2016.  In early December 2016, Doherty released the album "Hamburg Demonstrations", which had been recorded in the city over a six month period, using mostly session musicians. It was produced by Johann Scheerer and received favourable reviews.

Peter Doherty & the Puta Madres.

In November 2016 Jack Jones was announced as lead guitarist in Doherty's new band The Puta Madres, joining Drew McConnell (bass), Miki Beavis (violin), Katia de Vidas (keyboard) and Rafa (drums), who had previously been his touring band. Peter Doherty and the Puta Madres played a gig in Argentina, followed by a week of shows in France including two nights for the reopening of the Bataclan. They played Kentish Town Forum in London and Manchester Albert Hall in December 2016 and several dates across Europe in February and March 2017.  Following European and South American tours and festival appearances, the band recorded their debut album in France during the summer of 2018. The band played a short tour of the UK in February 2019.  The self-titled album was released on 26 April 2019 and after instore signings the band set off on a UK and European tour.

Painting and writing.

In June 2006, Doherty announced that he had signed a deal with Orion Books to publish his journals, in which he had recorded poetry, drawings, and photos over the course of his career. Most of Doherty's journals are freely available on the internet. The book, titled "The Books of Albion: The Collected Writings of Peter Doherty", was released on 21 June 2007.  On 15 May 2007, Doherty exhibited his paintings for the first time. The art exhibition took place at London's Bankrobber Gallery and was on show for one month. The collection featured 14 paintings.  An exhibition of Doherty's paintings titled, "Art of the Albion", took place at the Galerie Chappe in Paris from 25 April to 25 May 2008. The exhibit caused controversy due to artworks made with Doherty's own blood. According to newspapers, anti-drug campaigners were enraged and accused Doherty of glamorising illegal substance abuse. Art experts were similarly unimpressed. David West, the owner of London's Decima gallery, for example, slammed his work: "It's not got any artistic merit. He's using his blood to make them interesting, but when you look at them they're what any four-year-old can do."

Muse.

In February 2015, artist Nick Reynolds exhibited a life-size sculpture of a crucified Doherty at the St Marylebone parish church in London.  On 22 September 2015, conceptual artist Andy Picci staged an art project in which he pranked a group of paparazzi, dressed up as Doherty and duly found himself splashed over the cover of the Parisien newspaper, which had taken him for the real thing.

Modelling.

Following in the footsteps of model and ex-fiancée Kate Moss, Doherty became the face of Roberto Cavalli's Fall 2007/2008 fashion advertising campaign. The photos gained praise for depicting a much cleaner and more handsome Doherty. The '50s-style photographs have been compared to images of Marlon Brando.

Acting.

On 9 December 2010 it was reported that Doherty would be taking the lead role opposite Charlotte Gainsbourg in "Confession of a Child of the Century", Sylvie Verheyde's film adaption of Alfred de Musset's autobiographical novel "La Confession d'un Enfant du Siècle". The film was screened at the 2012 Cannes Film Festival.

Influences.

In interviews, Doherty has listed his favourite books as George Orwell's "1984", "Brighton Rock" by Graham Greene, "Our Lady of the Flowers" by Jean Genet, "Flowers of Evil" by Charles Baudelaire and the complete works of Oscar Wilde. He has also mentioned Emily Dickinson and Tony Hancock as influences; Doherty and his father were once members of the Tony Hancock Appreciation Society. Doherty mentions Hancock, and makes an allusion to his catchphrase 'Stone me!', in an early song entitled "You're My Waterloo". However, numerous literary and musical allusions occur throughout Doherty's ongoing "Books of Albion". He places particular importance on the Romantic poets and on existential philosophers such as Albert Camus and Miguel de Unamuno. Doherty has also alluded to work by the Marquis de Sade and Thomas de Quincey. On the Babyshambles album "Down in Albion", there is a track entitled "À rebours", which is significantly influenced by the novel of the same name by Joris-Karl Huysmans.  Doherty has supported up-and-coming British bands, such as indie bands The Paddingtons and The View.  A frequent lyrical theme for Doherty is Albion, the ancient name for Great Britain. Doherty also uses 'Albion' as the name of a ship sailing to a utopia called Arcadia, a place without rules or authority. Doherty and Barât shared a flat in London, at 112a Teesdale Street, Bethnal Green, affectionately known as 'The Albion Rooms', despite being rather run down. Doherty named his diaries, in which he writes poems and other thoughts, the "Books of Albion".

Drug use and legal problems.

Doherty has been repeatedly arrested for drug offences and offences arising from drug use, such as driving under the influence, car theft, and driving with a suspended licence. He has pleaded guilty to possession of crack cocaine, heroin, cannabis and ketamine. His addictions have resulted in jail time and multiple trips to rehabilitation facilities. Drugs had been so important at some points in his life that in his younger days Doherty worked as a drug dealer to pay for his drug habit, as he admitted to author Peter Welsh in his biography. Doherty stated that he had been a rent boy, and that during that time he robbed one of his male clients.  In 2003, while Doherty's first band The Libertines was performing in Japan without him, he broke into Carl Barât's flat and stole various items, including an old guitar and a laptop computer. On 7 September Doherty was sentenced by Judge Roger Davies to six months in prison; the sentence was eventually shortened to two months on appeal with the judge commenting, "We feel that a custodial sentence was justified in this case but sufficient credit was not given for his timely plea of guilty which it should have been. We have reduced his sentence to two months which will allow for his almost immediate release." Doherty was released from jail on 8 October 2003.  On 2 February 2005, Doherty was arrested after an altercation with documentary filmmaker Max Carlish, who was making a rockumentary about the singer and sold photos of a heroin-smoking Doherty to the tabloids. Doherty and his friend Alan Wass had been charged with robbery and blackmail. On 7 February, he was released on bail after his record company Rough Trade put up £150,000 in bonds. All charges against him were later dropped by the Crown Prosecution Service due to a lack of evidence.  In late 2007, a photo was published in several newspapers of Doherty allegedly forcing his pet cat to inhale from a crack pipe.  On 8 April 2008, Doherty was jailed for 14 weeks by a court for breaching a probation order after a string of brushes with the law for drugs and driving offences. On 18 April 2008, he was moved to a private area of Wormwood Scrubs prison after learning that fellow inmates were planning to attack him, therefore making it safer for the singer. On 6 May 2008, he was released after his sentence was cut in half and a further 18 days were remitted due to a government plan to reduce overcrowding. He also had another two days off for being in police custody (after serving just over 4 weeks of a 14-week sentence). He described prison life as "a lot of gangsters and Radio 4" and showed a certificate confirming he had passed a drugs test while inside.  Doherty made another attempt to fight his drug addiction in September 2007, when he underwent rehab for six weeks at Clouds House. However, he relapsed in November 2007 following his appearance at the MTV Europe Music Awards 2007 in Munich.  In June 2009, Doherty was arrested in Gloucester and charged with driving dangerously, while drunk, and in possession of heroin. He was released on a £50,000 bail and after 'guilty' pleas were entered, was asked to return to court on 21 December for sentencing. He was spared jail but was ordered to pay £2,050 in fines, and was banned from driving for 18 months, despite the court hearing Doherty had 21 previous drug offences and six motoring offences. Following his release from court, he was escorted by officers to the nearest police station and re-arrested for possession of a controlled substance, later revealed to be heroin. The following day, 22 December, it emerged that Doherty could be charged with offences linked to a hit-and-run incident, which left a pedestrian in a critical condition. His manager, Andrew Boyd, appeared in court charged with a number of offences relating to the incident. While Doherty was in Gloucester court on 21 December, heroin fell out of his coat pocket. He was arrested for possession and was convicted for this offence at the same court on 27 January 2010. He was fined £750 and ordered to pay £85 court costs.  On 11 March 2010, Lowestoft magistrates fined Doherty £500 and banned him from driving for 12 months for allowing his Daimler car to be used uninsured by his manager. On 19 March 2010, he was arrested on suspicion of supplying controlled drugs. He was reported to be on bail until April 2010.  In June 2010 Doherty was refused entry into the United States after spending 10 hours in detention in JFK Airport, despite having a visa.  On 18 October 2010, Doherty was summoned to court for cocaine possession. In March 2011 he pleaded guilty to possession, and was granted unconditional bail until sentencing on 20 May. On 20 May, Doherty was sentenced to 6 months in jail for possession of cocaine, following the inquiry into the death of Robin Whitehead.  In October 2014, Doherty was admitted to the Hope Rehab Centre in Thailand. He announced plans to start a foundation with the centre to help struggling addicts.  In January 2015, it was announced that Doherty had successfully completed his rehab treatment. However, in August 2017 it was revealed that he had been found with heroin in his car while travelling through Italy. He was also found to be driving with an invalid licence. Doherty received a fine.  Since moving to Margate in 2017, Doherty has been arrested by Kent police on numerous occasions. In January 2019, he was held for 48 hours and questioned. Charges of drug possession and several driving-related offences were later dropped.  In November 2019 Doherty was arrested in Paris, France, on drugs possession charges.

Family and personal life.

Doherty's mother, Jacqueline, is a nurse, who published a book about life with Doherty and his drug problems with the title "Pete Doherty: My Prodigal Son". Doherty's father, Peter John Doherty, is a retired major in the British army.  After numerous attempts to persuade him to make a serious attempt at rehabilitation, in early 2005 Doherty's father decided he was tired of broken promises and vowed not to see his son again until he was clean of drugs. The sensitivity surrounding the issue became apparent in the BBC Two "Arena" documentary about Doherty, on 12 November 2006, which included footage of him talking about this aspect of his personal life. He was visibly upset and had to politely ask the interviewer at one point to stop filming. In October 2007, Doherty explained in an interview with the BBC Radio 4 show "Front Row" that he had briefly reconciled with his father after three years when his father visited him in rehab, but were estranged again over drugs.  Doherty has had a tumultuous relationship with Kate Moss, frequently covered by the press. They met in January 2005 at Moss' 31st birthday party and had an on-off relationship for several years. Moss had also taken to singing at some of Doherty's shows. On 11 April 2007, Doherty announced Moss as his fiancée during the first of his solo gigs at the Hackney Empire, London, at which Moss also performed. Doherty planned to marry Moss during the summer 2007. Since July 2007, Moss and Doherty have broken up.  In October 2007, Doherty was briefly engaged to fashion model Irina Lăzăreanu.  Doherty has a son, Astile (born 2003), with singer Lisa Moorish. Doherty's second child, a daughter, was born in December 2011 to South African model Lindi Hingston.  In July 2008, "Rolling Stone" reporter Claire Hoffman asked Amy Winehouse about her relationship with Doherty. Winehouse replied: "We're just good friends", and added: "I asked Pete to do a concept EP, and he made this face, he looked at me like I'd pooed on the floor. He wouldn't do it. We're just really close".  Doherty is a socialist, stating that "I do have utopian fantasies. A lot of them are more - I wouldn't say spiritual, but they relate more to the imagination and the individual. But for me socialism is a way of trying to put far-fetched ideas into everyday use, trying to find a way to bridge the gap between that fantasy and reality, and reaching out across that gap to the people who can actually do something to make the change."  Doherty is also known to be a devoted follower of Queens Park Rangers football club. As a youth (1995–96) he wrote a fanzine dedicated to the club, entitled "All Quiet on the Western Avenue".

Musical equipment.

Doherty prefers vintage equipment. Many of his vintage guitars and amplifiers have been destroyed in various domestic incidents.

Peter Doherty (born March 12, 1979) is an English musician, songwriter, actor, poet, writer, and artist. He is best known for being co-frontman of The Libertines, which he formed with Carl Barât in 1997. His other musical projects are indie band Babyshambles and Peter Doherty and the Puta Madres.

Peter „Pete“ Doherty (* 12. März 1979 in Hexham, England) ist ein britischer Rockmusiker. Er ist Frontmann der Indie-Rock-Bands Babyshambles und The Libertines.


Education and research interests.

Avouris received his B.Sc. degree at the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece, and his Ph.D. degree in Physical Chemistry at Michigan State University in 1974. He did postdoctoral work at UCLA, and was a Research Fellow at AT&T Bell Laboratories before joining the staff of IBM’s Research Division at the Watson Research Center in 1978. In 1984, he became manager of Chemical Physics, and in 2004, he was elected an IBM Fellow. He is currently Manager of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology. He has also been an adjunct professor at Columbia University and the University of Illinois.  Over the years, his research has involved such areas as laser spectroscopy, surface physics and chemistry, scanning tunneling microscopy, atom manipulation, and nanoelectronics. His current research is focused on experimental and theoretical studies of the electrical, optical, and optoelectronic properties of carbon nanotubes and graphene. The work includes the design, fabrication, and study of nanoelectronic and optoelectronic devices and circuits. He has published over 360 scientific papers on these subjects.

Research activities.

Avouris has been a trailblazer in the nanoscience and nanotechnology field. He pioneered the use of scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy to study surface chemistry on the atomic scale, and establish the relation between chemical reactivity and local electronic structure. He demonstrated device-like behavior on the atomic scale, observed electron confinement and interference effects at surfaces. He also manipulated covalently bonded atoms with atomic precision. More recently, Avouris has made critical discoveries, both experimental and theoretical, on the electronics and photonics of carbon nanotubes (CNT) and graphene, and has laid the foundations of future carbon-based nanotechnology.  In 1998 Avouris’ team at IBM independently demonstrated the very first molecular transistor based on a single CNT. Subsequently, he optimized the design and performance of the CNT field-effect transistors, enabling them to outperform silicon devices. Avouris and co-workers then produced the first CNT logic-gates and integrated circuits based on CNTs. They showed that transport in CNTs is controlled by Schottky barriers, found ways to dope CNTs, and analyzed the role of inelastic phonon scattering. Avouris and his group demonstrated, for the first time, electrically generated light emission and photoconductivity from CNTs, and analyzed theoretically the properties of CNT excitons. He studied in detail the mechanisms of photo- and current-induced excitation of these one-dimensional systems and opened up the possibility of a unified electronic and optoelectronic technology based on the same carbon materials.

Phaedon Avouris (; born 1945) is a Greek chemical physicist. He is an IBM Fellow and the group leader for Nanometer Scale Science and Technology at the Thomas J. Watson Research Center in Yorktown Heights, New York.

Phaedon Avouris (, auch "Fedon Avouris" transkribiert; * 16. Juni 1945) ist ein griechischer Chemiker, der auf dem Gebiet der Nanotechnologie bei IBM in den USA arbeitet und forscht.


Prelude.

In late February 1476, Charles the Bold, also called Charles the Rash, besieged the castle of Grandson, located on the lake of Neuchâtel. Grandson belonged to Charles' ally Jacques de Savoie, and the place had been brutally taken by the Swiss the previous year. Charles brought a large mercenary army with him together with many heavy cannon, and the Swiss garrison soon feared, after the effectiveness of the bombardment was demonstrated, that they would be killed when their fortress was stormed. The Swiss, under heavy pressure from the canton of Bern, organized an army to come to the garrison's relief. A boat approached the garrison with the news that an army was coming to its relief, but the vessel was unable to approach the fortress closely for fear that it would be hit by Burgundian cannons. The men in the boat gestured to the defenders in the fortress to inform them that help was on the way, but their gestures were misunderstood, and the garrison decided to surrender.

Execution of the garrison of Grandson.

Swiss sources are unanimous in stating that the men only gave up when Charles assured them they would be spared. The historian Panigarola, who was with Charles, claimed that the garrison had thrown themselves on the mercy of the duke, and it was up to his discretion what to do with them. He ordered all 412 men of the garrison to be executed. In a scene Panigarola described as "shocking and horrible" and sure to fill the Swiss with dread, all the victims were led past the tent of Charles on 28 February 1476 and hanged from trees, or drowned in the lake, in an execution that lasted four hours.

Battle of Grandson.

The Swiss had no news of the fate of the garrison and assembled their forces in the hope of lifting the siege. This army numbered a little over 20,000 men without artillery and probably slightly outnumbered the Burgundians. On 2 March 1476 the Swiss army approached the forces of Charles near the town of Concise. The Swiss advanced in three heavy columns, echeloned to the left rear, moving directly into combat without deploying, in typical Swiss fashion.  Poor reconnaissance left Charles uninformed as to the size and deployment of the Swiss, and he believed that the Swiss vanguard was the entire force sent against him. The vanguard, consisting mainly of men from Schwyz, Bern, and Solothurn, realized they would soon be in battle and knelt to pray. When they said three Our Fathers and three Hail Marys, some of the Burgundian army reportedly mistook their actions as a sign of submission. In their zeal, they rode forward shouting, "You will get no mercy; you must all die."  The Burgundian knights soon surrounded the Swiss vanguard, but then Charles made a serious mistake. After brief skirmishing, Charles ordered his cavalry to pull back so the artillery could reduce the Swiss forces before the attacks were renewed. At this time, the main body of the Swiss emerged from a forest which had hitherto obscured their approach. The Burgundian army, already pulling back, soon became confused when the second, and larger, body of Swiss troops appeared. The speed of the Swiss advance did not give the Burgundians time to make much use of their artillery and missile units. Charles attempted a double envelopment of the leading Swiss column before the other two arrived, but as his troops were caught shifting to make this attack, they caught sight of the other Swiss columns and retreated in panic. The withdrawal soon turned into a rout when the Burgundian army broke ranks and ran. For a time, Charles rode among them shouting orders for them to stop and hitting fleeing soldiers with the flat of his sword. But once started the rout was unstoppable, and Charles was forced to flee as well.  Few casualties were suffered on either side: the Swiss did not have the cavalry necessary to chase the Burgundians far. At insignificant cost to themselves, the Swiss had humiliated the greatest duke in Europe, defeated one of the most feared armies, and taken a most impressive amount of treasure. The booty Charles carried with him was immense, and included jewellery, silver and gold plate, tapestries, and much of Charles' artillery. The Swiss initially had little idea of its value. What is probably a small surviving part of this fantastic booty is on display in various Swiss museums today, while a few remaining artillery pieces can be seen in the museum of La Neuveville, near Neuchâtel, Switzerland.

Aftermath.

After the battle, the Swiss troops came upon the bodies of their countrymen still hanging from trees. An eyewitness, Peterman Etterlin, described the scene: "There were found sadly the honorable men still freshly hanging on the trees in front of the castle whom the tyrant had hanged. It was a wretched, pitiable sight. There were hung ten or twenty men on one bough. The trees were bent down and were completely full. [H]ere hanged a father and a son next to each other, there two brothers or other friends. And there came the honorable men who knew them; who were their friends, cousins and brothers, who found them miserably hanging. There was first anger and distress in crying and bewailing...."  Charles had attempted to break the will of the Swiss by killing any of their countrymen he could apprehend. Instead he united them as never before. When the Burgundians met the Swiss at the Battle of Murten (Morat in French) in June 1476, the Swiss annihilated his army.

The Battle of Grandson, which took place on 2 March 1476, was part of the Burgundian Wars, and resulted in a major defeat for Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, at the hands of the Swiss.

Die Schlacht bei Grandson ist eine der drei grossen Schlachten der Burgunderkriege. Sie fand unter geringen Verlusten auf beiden Seiten am 2. März 1476 in der Nähe von Grandson am Neuenburgersee zwischen den Truppen des burgundischen Herzogs Karl des Kühnen und der Eidgenossen statt. Die Eidgenossen konnten die Burgunder in panikartige Flucht versetzen und machten in deren zurückgelassenem Lager reiche Beute. Dazu gehörten über 400 burgundische Geschütze sowie u. a. kostbare Tapisserien, die heute im Historischen Museum von Bern ausgestellt sind.


Biography.

Osterbrock was born in Cincinnati. His father was an electrical engineer. He served with the US Army in the Second World War, making weather observations in the Pacific.  He was educated at the University of Chicago, where he received bachelor's and master's degrees in physics and a PhD in astronomy in 1952. He was a student of Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar while working at University of Chicago's Yerkes Observatory. His work there with William Wilson Morgan and Stewart Sharpless showed the existence of the Milky Way's spiral arms.  He became a post-doctoral researcher, instructor and Assistant Professor at the California Institute of Technology until 1958. He was then appointed Assistant Professor at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, received tenure there in 1959, and was promoted to full professor in 1961. He was a Guggenheim Fellow for the academic year 1960–1961. In 1973 he moved from Madison to the University of California at Santa Cruz, as Professor of Astronomy and Astrophysics, and Director of Lick Observatory, a position he held until 1981. He remained on the faculty at UC Santa Cruz until his retirement in 1993. Thereafter, Emeritus Professor Osterbrock continued to make daily trips to his office on campus, to work on his research, to keep publishing, and to maintain an active role in the astronomical community.  At the time of his death he had authored 12 monographs on astronomy and the history of astronomy, including, in 1989 the influential textbook "Astrophysics of Gaseous Nebulae and Active Galactic Nuclei," and the recently updated and revised 2nd edition (2006) written along with Gary Ferland of the University of Kentucky. Alongside his more than 150 articles on astronomy and astrophysics, he published 70 historical studies, biographical memoirs, and obituaries of major figures in nineteenth and twentieth century astronomy, and numerous book reviews.  Osterbrock's research included work on the nature of ionized gases around hot stars and studying active galactic nuclei powered by black holes.  Osterbrock received lifetime achievement awards from the American Astronomical Society and the Astronomical Society of the Pacific. He was President of the American Astronomical Society from 1988 to 1990.  He died following a heart attack. He was survived by his wife of 54 years, Irene Hansen, and their son and two daughters.

Donald Edward Osterbrock (July 13, 1924 – January 11, 2007) was an American astronomer, best known for his work on star formation and on the history of astronomy.

Donald Edward Osterbrock (* 13. Juli 1924 in Cincinnati; † 11. Januar 2007 in Santa Cruz) war ein US-amerikanischer Astronom.


History.

The first known example of a tumbler lock was found in the ruins of the Palace of Khorsabad in Iraq. Basic principles of the pin tumbler lock may date as far back as 2000 BC in Egypt; the lock consisted of a wooden post affixed to the door, and a horizontal bolt that slid into the post. The bolt had vertical openings into which a set of pins fitted. These could be lifted, using a key, to a sufficient height to allow the bolt to move and unlock the door. This wooden lock was one of Egypt's major developments in domestic architecture during classical times.  Such a lock, however, may be defeated by lifting the pins uniformly beyond the unlatching point. In 1805, the earliest patent for a double-acting pin tumbler lock — one where lifting the pins too much or too little prevented opening — was granted to American physician Abraham O. Stansbury in England. It was based on earlier Egyptian locks and Joseph Bramah's tubular pin tumbler lock. Two years later, Stansbury was granted a patent in the United States for his lock.  In 1848, Linus Yale, Sr. invented the modern pin-tumbler lock. In 1861, Linus Yale, Jr., inspired by the original 1840s pin-tumbler lock designed by his father, invented and patented a smaller flat key with serrated edges as well as pins of varying lengths within the lock itself, the same design of the pin-tumbler lock in use today.

Design.

The pin tumbler is commonly used in cylinder locks. In this type of lock, an outer casing has a cylindrical hole in which the "plug" is housed. To open the lock, the plug must rotate.  The plug has a straight-shaped slot known as the "keyway" at one end to allow the key to enter the plug; the other end may have a "cam" or lever, which activates a mechanism to retract a locking bolt. The keyway often has protruding ledges that serve to prevent the key pins from falling into the plug, and to make the lock more resistant to picking. A series of holes, typically five or six of them, are drilled vertically into the plug. These holes contain "key pins" of various lengths, which are rounded to permit the key to slide over them easily.  Above each key pin is a corresponding set of "driver pins", which are spring-loaded. Simpler locks typically have only one driver pin for each key pin, but locks requiring multi-keyed entry, such as a group of locks having a "master key", may have extra driver pins known as "spacer pins". The outer casing has several vertical shafts, which hold the spring-loaded pins.  When the plug and outer casing are assembled, the pins are pushed down into the plug by the springs. The point where the plug and cylinder meet is called the "shear point." With a key properly cut and inserted into the groove on the end of the plug, the pins will rise causing them to align exactly at the shear point. This allows the plug to rotate, thus opening the lock. When the key is not in the lock, the pins straddle the shear point, preventing the plug from rotating.

Cylinder locks.

Commonly pin tumbler locks are found in a cylinder that can be easily unscrewed by a locksmith to facilitate rekeying. The first main advantage to a cylinder lock, also known as a profile cylinder lock or euro, is that the cylinder can be changed without altering the boltwork hardware. Removing the cylinder typically requires only loosening a set screw, then sliding the cylinder from the boltwork. The second is that it is usually possible to obtain, from various lock manufacturers, cylinders in different formats that can all be used with the same type of key. This allows the user to have keyed-alike, and master-keyed systems that incorporate a wide variety of different types of lock, such as nightlatches, deadbolts and roller door locks.  Typically, commercial padlocks can also be included, although these rarely have removable cylinders. Standardised types of cylinder include: There are also standardised cross-sectional profiles for lock cylinders that may vary in length - for example to suit different door thicknesses. These profiles include the europrofile (or DIN standard), the British oval profile and the Swiss profile

Other varieties.

A tubular pin tumbler lock is a pin-tumbler lock with a round keyway. A dimple lock is a pin tumbler lock where the bitting is located on the side of the key, rather than the top.

Master keying.

A "master-keyed lock" is a variation of the pin tumbler lock that allows the lock to be opened with two (or more) different keys. This type is often used for doorlocks in commercial buildings with multiple tenants, such as office buildings, hotels, student accommodation and storage facilities. Each tenant is given a key that only unlocks their own door, called the "change key", but the second key is the "master key", which unlocks all the doors, and is usually kept by the building manager, so they can enter any room in the building.  In a master-keyed lock, some or all of the shaft hole in the lock have three pins in them instead of two. Between the driver pin and the key pin is a third pin called the "spacer pin". Thus each pin line has two "shear points", one where the driver and spacer pins meet, and one where the spacer and key pins meet. So the lock will open with two keys; one aligns the first set of shear points and the other aligns the second set of shear points. The locks are manufactured so one set of shear points is unique to each lock, while the second set is identical in all the locks. A more secure type of mechanism has two separate tumblers, each opened by one key.  More complicated master-key lock systems are also made, with two or more levels of master keying, so there can be subordinate master keys that open only certain subsets of the locks, and a top-level master key that opens all the locks.

Vulnerabilities.

Lock picking.

The basic pin tumbler lock alone is vulnerable to several lock picking methods, the most straightforward being lock bumping and snap guns. To combat this, many higher security cylinders incorporate the use of a variety of specialised pins, collectively known as "security pins", that are designed to catch in the lock cylinder if a snap gun or bump key is used.

Lock snapping.

In 2009, West Yorkshire saw the start of lock snapping which is a method of forced entry that certain types of cylinder locks are vulnerable to, such as the euro cylinder which are commonly found on uPVC doors in Europe. Lock snapping involves applying a strong torque force to the lock cylinder, usually with a pair of locking pliers, thereby breaking the mechanism and allowing access to the latch. It can take between 50 seconds and 2 minutes to snap the lock and gain entry. Police in the UK have estimated that around 22 million doors throughout the country could be at risk from lock snapping.  Lock snapping is possible when the lock has a weakness where the retaining bolt passes through a thinner part of the lock. A recent development is to build a lock with a front section that snaps off the main body, leaving enough of the mechanism behind to prevent access to the operating latch. Some designs feature more than one sacrificial section which can stop the door from being opened from the attacked side (even with the key) while allowing the door to be opened from the other side.

Blowtorch burglary.

Criminals utilise a small blow torch to target the area of uPVC or composite material surrounding the euro lock and door handle. The reason for this is to create a hole deep enough to reach deep into the door concentrating on the euro lock area. The goal once having created the hole is to reach with mole grips deep past any sacrificial lines of an inferior euro cylinder lock. The weak point of any euro lock is the centre screw hole which essentially holds the lock in place but also above this centre screw hole is the euro locks cam switch which is the switch that locks and unlocks your door. Once past the initial sacrificial lines of the euro lock, the burglar applies pressure to the screw hole area located in the centre of the cylinder lock, which then breaks easily as per a standard lock snapping method.

Protection against vulnerabilities.

Cylinders that meet either Sold Secure SS312 Diamond or TS007 3 Star standard will protect against drilling, picking, bumping, snapping, and plug extraction methods of attack. Such cylinders are preferably fitted in conjunction with a high-security mechanism and handle set.

The pin tumbler lock is a lock mechanism that uses pins of varying lengths to prevent the lock from opening without the correct key. Pin tumblers are most commonly employed in cylinder locks, but may also be found in tubular pin tumbler locks (also known as radial locks or ace locks).

Sicherheitsschloss ist eine häufig als Gattungsbegriff für verschiedene Schlösser mit Schließzylinder verwendete Bezeichnung. Der Duden definiert "Sicherheitsschloss" als „durch einen im Gehäuse drehbar gelagerten, in geschlossenem Zustand aber durch mehrere Stifte festgehaltenen Zylinder besonders gesichertes [Tür]schloss.“


History.

Royal Caribbean Cruises Ltd. was formed in 1997 when Royal Caribbean Cruise Line purchased Celebrity Cruises. The decision was made to keep the two cruise line brands separate following the merger; as a result Royal Caribbean Cruise Line was re-branded Royal Caribbean International and Royal Caribbean Cruises Ltd. was established as the new parent company of both Royal Caribbean International and Celebrity Cruises.  A third brand under Royal Caribbean Cruises ownership was formed in 2000 when Island Cruises was created as a joint venture with First Choice Holidays. Island Cruises became an informal cruise line on the British and Brazilian markets.  In November 2006, Royal Caribbean Cruises purchased Pullmantur Cruises based in Madrid, Spain. From there, the company expanded rapidly with the creation of Azamara Cruises in May 2007 as a subsidiary of Celebrity Cruises. It followed this with the formation of CDF Croisières de France in May 2008 to serve the French-language market.  Royal Caribbean also has an interest in TUI Cruises, a joint venture with TUI AG, which began operations in 2009 aimed at a German-speaking market. TUI Cruises's subsidiary, TUI Travel, had a 50% interest in Island Cruises following their merger with First Choice Holidays in 2007. In October 2008, Royal Caribbean Cruises rationalized their holdings by selling their share of Island Cruises to TUI.  In early 2019, Royal Caribbean announced in a joint venture with ITM Group the formation of Holistica, a company that intends to develop cruise destinations. The only known destination that the company is to develop is the Grand Lucayan Resort, located in Freeport after the hotel campus was sold to newly formed subsidiary by the Bahamian Government.

Subsidiaries.

Silversea Cruises.

In July 2018, Royal Caribbean Cruises Ltd. completed the purchase of over 66.6% of shares of Silversea Cruises, based in Monaco. Silversea Cruises will operate as a subsidiary of Royal Caribbean Cruises Ltd.

Other significant investments.

Holistica.

Holistica was formed in early 2019 after the purchase of the Grand Lucayan Resort in a joint venture by Royal Caribbean and ITM Group. Since the purchase, Royal Caribbean has announced that it is intended for the resort to be developed into a cruise destination that will benefit the local Freeport economy. It was also announced by the CEO of Royal Caribbean that Freeport Harbor will be developed into a cruise facility of choice.

Lobbying.

Royal Caribbean Cruises and its subsidiaries engage political lobbyists in jurisdictions where it holds interests. For example, in South Australia it engaged FIPRA Australia.

Royal Caribbean Cruises Ltd. (RCCL) is an American global cruise holding company incorporated in Liberia and based in Miami, Florida, US. It is the world's second-largest cruise line operator, after Carnival Corporation & plc. As of March 2009, Royal Caribbean Cruises Ltd. fully owns three cruise lines: Royal Caribbean International, Celebrity Cruises, and Azamara Cruises. They also hold a 67% stake in Silversea Cruises, a 50% stake in TUI Cruises and 49% stakes in Pullmantur Cruises and the now-defunct CDF Croisières de France. Previously Royal Caribbean Cruises also owned 50% of Island Cruises, but this was sold to TUI Travel PLC in October 2008.

Royal Caribbean Cruises Ltd. ist ein Kreuzfahrtunternehmen mit Sitz in Monrovia und operativer Hauptzentrale in Miami. Das Unternehmen ist das weltweit zweitgrößte Kreuzfahrtunternehmen. Es verfügt über die fünf Tochtergesellschaften Celebrity Cruises, Royal Caribbean International, Pullmantur (zu der auch die Fluggesellschaft Wamos Air gehört), Azamara Club Cruises und Silversea Cruises. Weiterhin hält das Unternehmen 50 Prozent der Anteile von TUI Cruises.


Youth.

Branwell Brontë was the fourth of six children and the only son of Patrick Brontë (1777–1861) and his wife, Maria Branwell Brontë (1783–1821). He was born in Thornton, near Bradford, West Riding of Yorkshire, and moved with his family to Haworth when his father was appointed to the perpetual curacy in 1821.  While four of his five sisters were sent to Cowan Bridge boarding school, Branwell was educated at home by his father, who gave him a classical education. Elizabeth Gaskell, biographer of his sister, Charlotte Brontë, says of Branwell's schooling "Mr. Brontë's friends advised him to send his son to school; but, remembering both the strength of will of his own youth and his mode of employing it, he believed that Branwell was better at home, and that he himself could teach him well, as he had told others before." His two eldest sisters died just before his eighth birthday in 1825, and their loss affected him deeply.  Even as a young boy Brontë read extensively, and was especially fond of the "Noctes Ambrosianae", literary dialogues published in "Blackwood's Magazine". He took leadership role with Charlotte in a series of fantasy role-playing games which the siblings wrote and performed about the "Young Men", characters based on a set of wooden soldiers. The plays evolved into an intricate saga based in West Africa about the fictitious Glasstown confederacy. From 1834, he both collaborated and competed with his sister Charlotte to describe another imaginary world, "Angria". Branwell's particular interest in these paracosms were their politics and wars, including the destructive rivalry between their heroes, Charlotte's Arthur Wellesley, Duke of Zamorna, and his Alexander Percy, Earl of Northangerland. These writings impress by their virtuosity and scope, but are also repetitive when compared to Charlotte's contributions. Surrounded by female company and missing that of males, there are signs of pleasure in his early works of the wider options he would have due to his gender. Aged 11 in January 1829 he began producing a magazine, later named "Branwell's Blackwood's Magazine" which included his poems, plays, criticisms, histories and dialogues. Unlike his sisters, Brontë was not prepared for a specific career. In his only real attempt to find work, on the death of James Hogg, a Blackwood's writer, the 18-year-old Brontë boldly wrote to the magazine suggesting himself as a replacement. Between 1835 and 1842, Brontë wrote a total of six times to the magazine, sending poems and arrogantly offering his services. His letters were left unanswered. He began enjoying masculine company in the pubs in Haworth, and in February 1836 joined Haworth's Masonic Lodge of the Three Graces at the youngest possible age.  In 1829–30, Patrick Brontë engaged John Bradley, an artist from neighbouring Keighley, as drawing-master for the children. Bradley was an artist of some local repute, rather than a professional instructor, but he may well have fostered Branwell's enthusiasm for art and architecture. Bradley emigrated to America in 1831, and Branwell Brontë continued his studies under the portrait painter William Robinson. In 1834 he painted a portrait of his three sisters. He included his own image but became dissatisfied with it and painted it out. This portrait is now one of the best known images of the sisters and hangs in the National Portrait Gallery.  In 1835, he wrote a letter to the Royal Academy of Arts seeking to be admitted. Earlier biographers reported a move to London to study painting, which quickly ended following Brontë's dissolute spending on drink. Other biographers speculated that he was too intimidated to present himself at the Academy. More recent scholarship suggests that Brontë did not send the letter or even make the trip to London. According to Francis Leyland, Brontë's friend and a future biographer of the family, his first job was as an usher at a Halifax school. More certainly, Brontë worked as a portrait painter in Bradford in 1838 and 1839. Though certain of his paintings, for example that of his landlady Mrs. Kirby and a portrait of Emily show talent for comedic and serious styles, other portraits lack life. He returned to Haworth in debt in 1839.

Adulthood.

With his father, Brontë reviewed the classics with a view to future employment as a tutor. At the beginning of January 1840, he started his employment with the family of Robert Postlethwaite in Broughton-in-Furness. During this time he wrote letters to his pub friends in Haworth which give "a vivid picture of Branwell's scabrous humour, his boastfulness, and his need to be accepted in a man's world". According to Brontë, he started his job off with a riotous drinking session in Kendal.  During this employment he continued his literary work, including sending poems and translations to Thomas De Quincey and Hartley Coleridge who both lived in the Lake District. At Coleridge's invitation, he visited the poet at his cottage who encouraged him to pursue his translations of Horace's "Odes". In June 1840 he sent the translations to Coleridge, despite having been sacked by the Postlethwaites. According to Juliet Barker's biography of the Brontës, he may have fathered an illegitimate child during time in the town, but others suspect that it may be more of Brontë's boasting. Coleridge began an encouraging letter about the quality of the translations in November–December 1840 but never finished it. In October 1840, Brontë moved near to Halifax, where he had many good friends including the sculptor Joseph Bentley Leyland and Francis Grundy. He obtained employment with the Manchester and Leeds Railway, initially as 'assistant clerk in charge' at Sowerby Bridge railway station, where he was paid £75 per annum (paid quarterly). Later, on 1 April 1841, he was promoted to 'clerk in charge' at Luddendenfoot railway station in West Yorkshire, where his salary increased to £130. In 1842 he was dismissed due to a deficit in the accounts of £11–1s–7d (£11.08). This had probably been stolen by Watson, the porter, who was left in charge when Brontë went drinking. This was attributed to incompetence rather than theft and the missing sum was deducted from his salary. A description by Francis Leyland of Brontë at this time described him as "rather below middle height, but of a refined and gentleman-like appearance, and of graceful manners. His complexion was fair and his features handsome; his mouth and chin were well-shaped; his nose was prominent and of the Roman type; his eyes sparkled and danced with delight, and his forehead made up of a face of oval form which gave an irresistible charm to its possessor, and attracted the admiration of those who knew him." Another described him less flatteringly as "almost insignificantly small" and with "a mass of red hair which he wore brushed off his forehead – to help his height I fancy... small ferrety eyes, deep sunk and still further hidden by the never removed spectacles."  In January 1843, after nine months at Haworth, Brontë took up another tutoring position in Thorp Green, where he was to tutor the Reverend Edmund Robinson's young son. His sister Anne had been the governess there since May 1840. As usual, at first things went well, with Charlotte reporting in January 1843 that her siblings were "both wonderously valued in their situations." During his 30 months service Branwell corresponded with several old friends about his increasing infatuation with Robinson's wife Lydia, née Gisborne, a charming and sophisticated woman, almost fifteen years senior to him. He wrote, perhaps unreliably, to one of his friends that "my mistress is DAMNABLY TOO FOND OF ME" and sent him a "lock of her hair, wch has lain at night on his breast – wd to God it could do so legally!" In July 1845, he was dismissed from his position. According to Gaskell, he received a letter "sternly dismissing him, intimating that his proceedings were discovered, characterising them as bad beyond expression and charging him, on pain of exposure, to break off immediately, and for ever, all communication with every member of the family." Multiple explanations have been given for this, including inappropriate relationships with a Robinson daughter or son, or that he had passed forged cheques. The most likely explanation is Brontë's own account that he had an affair with Mrs Robinson which Brontë hoped would lead to marriage after her husband's death. For several months after his dismissal, he regularly received small amounts of money from Thorpe Green, sent by Mrs. Robinson herself, probably to dissuade him from blackmailing his former employer and lover.  Brontë returned home to his family at the Haworth parsonage, where he looked for another job, wrote poetry and attempted to adapt Angrian material into a book called "And the Weary are at Rest". During the 1840s, several of his poems were published in local newspapers under the name of Northangerland, making him the first of the Brontës to be a published poet. Soon however, after Mr Robinson's death, Mrs Robinson made clear that she was not going to marry Branwell, who then "declined into chronic alcoholism, opiates and debt". Charlotte's letters from this time demonstrate that she was angered by his behaviour. In January 1847, he wrote to his friend Leyland about the easy existence he hoped for: "to try and make myself a name in the world of posterity, without being pestered by the small but countless botherments." His behaviour became increasingly impossible and embarrassing to the family. He managed to set fire to his bed, after which his father had to sleep with him for the safety of the family. Towards the end of his life he was sending notes to a friend asking of "Five pence (5d) worth of Gin". It is not known whether he was even informed of the 1847 debut novels of his three sisters.

Death.

On 24 September 1848, Brontë died at Haworth parsonage, most likely due to tuberculosis aggravated by delirium tremens, alcoholism, and laudanum and opium addiction, despite the fact that his death certificate notes "chronic bronchitis-marasmus" as the cause. Elizabeth Gaskell's biography of Charlotte reports an eye-witness account that Brontë, wanting to show the power of the human will, decided to die standing up, "and when the last agony began, he insisted on assuming the position just mentioned." On 28 September 1848, he was interred in the family vault.  Emily Brontë died of tuberculosis on 19 December of that year and Anne Brontë on 29 May 1849 in the coastal resort of Scarborough. Charlotte, the last living sister, married the Reverend Arthur Bell Nichols, curate of Haworth, in 1854 and died in March 1855, due to complications from pregnancy.

Cultural references.

In Stella Gibbons' novel "Cold Comfort Farm" (1932), the character Mr. Mybug is introduced as writing a psychological study of Branwell Brontë intended to show that Branwell wrote "Wuthering Heights".  In Pauline Clarke's novel "The Twelve and the Genii" (called "The Return of the Twelves" in the US), a child finds some magical toy soldiers which once belonged to the Brontës, and are alleged to have been the sources of some of their stories.  The married surname of Brontë's paramour Lydia Robinson (née Gisborne) inspired the name of the character Mrs. Robinson, who likewise carries on an affair with an educated young man, in the novella "The Graduate" (1963) and the 1967 film of the same name.  Branwell and his sisters are the central figures in the play "The Gales of March" written by English professor Lee Bollinger in 1987.  Polly Teale wrote a 2005 play entitled "Brontë" about the three sisters, in which Branwell was portrayed as a drunk and jealous brother due to the growing successes of his sisters.  In June 2009, the Brontë Parsonage Museum in Haworth hosted an exhibition entitled "Sex, Drugs and Literature – The Infernal World of Branwell Brontë" focusing on Branwell's life.  Blake Morrison wrote the play "We are Three Sisters" (2011), a re-working of Chekhov's "Three Sisters" based on the lives of the Brontë sisters and featuring Branwell and Mrs Robinson, which premiered in Halifax on 9 September before touring.  British novelist Robert Edric wrote "Sanctuary" (2014), a novel chronicling Branwell's final months, during which family secrets are revealed and he learns about the publication of his sisters' books.  Catherynne M. Valente's 2017 book "The Glass Town Game" shows a young Branwell travelling with his sisters to the fantasy world of Gondal.  Isabel Greenberg's 2020 graphic novel "Glass Town" centres on the tension between the disappointing real world and the Brontë children's fictional world of Glasstown.

Portrayals.

In the 1946 film "Devotion", he was portrayed by Arthur Kennedy.  In the TV Series "The Brontës of Haworth" (1973), he was portrayed by Michael Kitchen.  In the film "The Brontë Sisters" ("Les Sœurs Brontë", 1979) he was portrayed by Pascal Greggory.  He was portrayed by Adam Nagaitis in "To Walk Invisible" (2016), a BBC drama about the Brontë family.  Brontë was the subject of filmmaker Jim Finn's experimental film, "The Drunkard's Lament", a revisionist, musical take on "Wuthering Heights".

Patrick Branwell Brontë (, ; 26 June 1817 – 24 September 1848), better known as Branwell Brontë, was an English painter and writer. He was the only son of the Brontë family, and brother of the writers Charlotte, Emily and Anne.

Patrick Branwell Brontë (* 26. Juni 1817 in Thornton, Yorkshire; † 24. September 1848) war ein englischer Maler und Dichter. Er war der Bruder der Schriftstellerinnen Charlotte, Emily und Anne Brontë.


Aeronautics calculations.

Pilots calculate the Headwind or Tailwind Component and the Crosswind Component of local wind before takeoff. The direction of wind at a runway is measured using a windsock and the speed by an anemometer, often mounted on the same post. Headwind and Tailwind are opposite interpretations of the wind component which is parallel to the direction of travel, while Crosswind represents the perpendicular component. Determining the ground speed of an aircraft requires the calculation of the head or tailwind.  Assume:  formula_1  formula_2  formula_3  formula_4  formula_5  Then  formula_6  formula_7  For example, if the wind is at 09015 that means the wind is currently from heading 090 degrees with a speed of 15 Knots and the aircraft is taking-off from runway 24; having heading of 240. The pilot prefers the runway side with less than 90 difference from wind direction, in this case Runway 06; heading 060. Here, formula_8.  formula_9  formula_10  The aircraft is said to have 7.5 knots of crosswind and 13 knots of headwind on runway 06, or 13 knots of tailwind on runway 24.  Aircraft usually have maximum tailwind and crosswind components which they cannot exceed. If the wind is at eighty degrees or above it is said to be full-cross. If the wind exceeds 100 degrees it is common practice to takeoff and land from the opposite end of the runway, it has a heading of 060 in the above-mentioned example.

A tailwind is a wind that blows in the direction of travel of an object, while a headwind blows against the direction of travel. A tailwind increases the object's speed and reduces the time required to reach its destination, while a headwind has the opposite effect.

Als Gegenwind werden Luftbewegungen bzw. Winde bezeichnet, die gegen die Bewegungsrichtung eines Objekts gerichtet sind. Ein scheinbarer Gegenwind entsteht als Fahrtwind auch bei ruhender Luft durch die Bewegung des Objekts selbst. Im übertragenen Sinne sind mit Gegenwind auch Bestrebungen mit unterschiedlicher Zielrichtung, die gegen das eigene Wollen gerichtet sind, gemeint.


History.

After an evaluation of routes, the Bischofszell Railway decided on a route from Gossau via Bischofszell to Sulgen in Thurgau. The other possible route was Uzwil–Bischofszell–Amriswil. Since in the second option would not have benefitted the town of St. Gallen and would have lost significant potential traffic, the Bischofszell Railway decided on the Gossau–Sulgen route. It was the first line between St. Gallen and the Thur valley. The railway line was leased in 1875 by the Swiss Northeastern Railway ("Schweizerische Nordostbahn"; NOB) and passed into its ownership on 31 July 1885. The railway took over operations on the Sulgen–Bischofszell section on 1 February 1876. The Sulgen–Gossau line was opened on 5 July 1876. It was electrified on 15 May 1936.

Operations.

The Sulgen–Gossau railway is now owned by SBB and operated by Thurbo. Line S5 (St. Gallen–Weinfelden) of the St. Gallen S-Bahn runs on it. Due to two bridges between Bischofzell-Nord and Hauptwil that allow only small loads, only light locomotives are allowed on this part of the line—it the only SBB line subject to this restriction. This fact often causes problems for operations, because light locomotives like the Re 4/4 (their last domain) had to be used for freight traffic, since the Ae 6/6 were too heavy. Today, Stadler GTW low-floor articulated railcars operate on the line. The problem lies with the bridges between Bischofszell Nord and Hauptwil, which have a maximum permissible load per metre of 6.4 t/m, because operations are now permitted without restraint with an axle weight of 22.5 t. In the past this limit was much lower. Only rolling stock with a load of up to 3.6 t and 16 t axle weight were allowed to be used with permission, although axle weights of 20 tonnes for two-axle wagons were allowed if the speed on the bridges was reduced to 30 km/h. If run in a certain order, wagons could be transported up to a load per metre of 5.0 t/m (2 wagons maximum of 3 t/m, 1 wagon up to 5 t/m, 2 wagons maximum of 3 t/m, or 2 wagons maximum of 3 t/m, 1–2 wagons up to 4 t/m 2, wagons maximum of 3 t/m). Operations with Re 4/4 locomotives have been permitted only since the increase. For a long time the line had been closed for this type of rolling stock. For this reason, Re 4/4 locomotives were initially used for hauling Thurbo’s Frauenfeld–Chur parcel post trains. Since their departure, SOB Re 456 (formerly BT) locomotives are used.

The Sulgen–Gossau railway (SG) is a standard gauge railway in the Swiss cantons of St. Gallen and Thurgau, which was built by the "Bischofszellerbahn" (Bischofszell Railway) and the railway is also known by that name. Its 23 kilometre-long, standard gauge line has belonged to the Swiss Federal Railways (SBB) since 1902.

Die Bischofszellerbahn (SG, für "Sulgen–Gossau") ist eine ehemalige Schweizer Eisenbahngesellschaft. Ihre 23 Kilometer lange, normalspurige Strecke gehört seit 1902 den Schweizerischen Bundesbahnen (SBB).


Uses.

The Archimedes number is generally used in design of tubular chemical process reactors. The following are non-exhaustive examples of using the Archimedes number in reactor design.

Packed Bed Fluidization Design.

The Archimedes number is applied often in the engineering of packed beds, which are very common in the chemical processing industry. A packed bed reactor, which is similar to the ideal plug flow reactor model, involves packing a tubular reactor with a solid catalyst, then passing incompressible or compressible fluids through the solid bed. When the solid particles are small, they may be "fluidized", so that they act as if they were a fluid. When fluidizing a packed bed, the pressure of the working fluid is increased until the pressure drop between the bottom of the bed (where fluid enters) and the top of the bed (where fluid leaves) is equal to the weight of the packed solids. At this point, the velocity of the fluid is just not enough to achieve fluidization, and extra pressure is required to overcome the friction of particles with each other and the wall of the reactor, allowing fluidization to occur. This gives a minimum fluidization velocity, formula_7, that may be estimated by:  formula_8  where:  formula_10  where:

Bubble Column Design.

Another use is in the estimation of gas holdup in a bubble column. In a bubble column, the gas holdup (fraction of a bubble column that is gas at a given time) can be estimated by:  formula_12  Where:

Spouted Bed Minimum Spouting Velocity Design.

A spouted bed is used in drying and coating. It involves spraying a liquid into a bed packed with the solid to be coated. A fluidizing gas fed from the bottom of the bed causes a spout, which causes the solids to circle linearly around the liquid. Work has been undertaken to model the minimum velocity of gas required for spouting in a spouted bed, including the use of artificial neural networks. Testing with such models found that Archimedes number is a parameter that has a very large effect on the minimum spouting velocity.

In viscous fluid dynamics, the Archimedes number (Ar) (not to be confused with Archimedes' constant, π), named after the ancient Greek scientist Archimedes is used to determine the motion of fluids due to density differences. It is a dimensionless number, the ratio of gravitational forces to viscous forces and has the form:

Die Archimedes-Zahl (Formelzeichen: formula_1) ist eine dimensionslose Kennzahl, benannt nach dem antiken Gelehrten Archimedes. Sie kann als Verhältnis von Auftriebskraft zu Reibungskraft interpretiert werden und ist definiert als


History.

The route first proposed ran south from to, but this was soon amended to the present alignment to allow connection with three additional termini: Liverpool Street,, and. However, this change also forced an awkward doubling-back at Aldgate, reducing the desirability of the line for local traffic and greatly increasing the cost of construction due to high prices in the City of London. Construction was also complicated because the station was on the site of a plague pit which contains an estimated 1,000 bodies.  Aldgate station was opened on 18 November 1876, with a southbound extension to Tower Hill opening on 25 September 1882, completing the Circle (line). Services from Aldgate originally ran further west than they do now, reaching as far as Richmond.  The train shed of 1876 survives, hidden from the street by the later station frontage building erected in 1926. This was designed by Charles Walter Clark the Metropolitan Railway's chief architect between 1911 and 1933.  The station building has a six-bay façade clad in white faïence with original features including 1920s shopfronts with green marble and pink granite stallrisers, a half-hexagonal canopy of glass and metal suspended by elegant metal ties, leaded light first floor windows, dentil cornice, two ornamental lamp brackets and a frieze bearing moulded lettering and the Metropolitan Railway monogram.  Aldgate became the terminus of the Metropolitan line in 1941. Before that, Metropolitan trains had continued on to the southern termini of the East London Line.  In 2005, one of four suicide bombers involved in the 7 July terrorist attacks detonated a device on a C-stock Circle line train from Liverpool Street and was approaching Aldgate. Seven passengers were killed in the bombing. Of the stations affected by the bombings, Aldgate was the first to be reopened, once police had handed back control of the site to London Underground following an extensive search for evidence. Once the damaged tunnel was repaired by Metronet engineers, the lines were reopened. This also allowed the Metropolitan line to be fully restored, since the closure had meant all trains had to be terminated two stations early, at Moorgate.

Services.

On the Circle line the typical off-peak service measured in trains per hour (tph) is:  On the Metropolitan line the typical off-peak service in trains per hour is: During peak hours there are also additional fast and semi-fast Metropolitan line services, with some following the route to and from.

Connections.

London Buses routes 15, 25, 42, 78, 100, 115, 135, 205, 242, 254 and 343, and night routes N15, N25, N205, N253, N550 and N551 serve the station.

Cultural references.

Aldgate station plays a role in the Sherlock Holmes story "The Adventure of the Bruce-Partington Plans" (published in the anthology "His Last Bow").  In the story, the body of a junior clerk named Cadogan West is found on the tracks outside Aldgate, with a number of stolen plans for the Bruce-Partington submarine in his pocket. It seems clear enough that "the man, dead or alive, either fell or was precipitated from a train." But why, wonders Holmes, did the dead man not have a ticket? It turns out that the body was placed on top of a train carriage "before" it reached Aldgate, via a window in a house on a cutting overlooking the Metropolitan line. Holmes realises that the body fell off the carriage roof only when the train was jolted by the dense concentration of points at Aldgate.  Aldgate is also mentioned in John Creasey's 1955 detective novel "Gideon's Day". It has also appeared in two films: "Four in the Morning" (1965) starring Ann Lynn and Norman Rodway and "V for Vendetta" (2006), starring Hugo Weaving and Natalie Portman.

Aldgate is a London Underground station in Portsoken and is within walking distance to Aldgate, located in the City of London, the station is on the Circle line between and. It is the eastern terminus of the Metropolitan line and is in Travelcard Zone 1.

Aldgate ist eine Station der London Underground. Sie befindet sich in der City of London in der Travelcard-Tarifzone 1 und ist ein Teil der Circle Line, die das Londoner Stadtzentrum kreisförmig umschließt. Aldgate Station ist zugleich Endstation der Metropolitan Line, der ältesten U-Bahn-Linie Londons. Im Jahr 2014 nutzten 7,22 Millionen Fahrgäste die Station. Südlich davon zweigt die District Line und nördlich davon die Hammersmith & City Line zum nahe gelegenen Bahnhof Aldgate East ab.