Geography.

Olching lies approximately halfway between Dachau and Fürstenfeldbruck, and stretches along both sides of the River Amper. There are two picturesque man-made lakes to the east of Olching, namely the "Olchinger See" (Lake Olching) and the eponymous "Kleiner See" (Small Lake), both of which border on the neighbouring community of Gröbenzell.  In recent years, Olching has expanded considerably through new building work to meet the demand for housing outside Munich while taking advantage of its good communications, which allow a reasonable commute for those still working in the city and its outskirts. These new developments, especially "Schwaigfeld", located north-east of the town centre — close to Olching's motorway exit — have attracted controversy amongst some locals for their apparently inconsistent planning and sometimes eclectic architecture.  The ongoing influx of younger families into these new developments would appear to show that they have become a significant part of the modern Olching community, and the developments continue to grow and generate their own infrastructure improvements. A small shopping centre was opened in "Schwaigfeld" in January 2008.

Neighbouring communities.

Olching is bordered to the west by "Gernlinden", and Maisach; in the north, Bergkirchen; in the East from Gröbenzell and the outskirts of metropolitan Munich and to the south by Puchheim, Eichenau, Emmering and Fürstenfeldbruck. The municipality of Olching is now (since 1978) made up of three main municipalities, namely Olching, Esting (including Neu-Esting), and Geiselbullach (including Graßlfing).

Communications.

Olching is located near the Autobahn A8 exits "Dachau/Fürstenfeldbruck" and "Lochhausen/Langwied", as well as the Autobahn A99 "Lochhausen". The Munich trunk ring road "B471" also has 2 exits for Olching.  The River Amper is neither navigable to leisure craft nor to goods traffic. Smaller watercraft such as dinghys and kayaks are however frequently underway in the summer months.

Public transport.

Olching is connected to the Munich S-Bahn network on the line. It takes about 20 minutes to München Hauptbahnhof (Munich Central Station). The line is part of the MVV, or "Münchener Verkerhrsverbund", which is a unified tariff zone that includes local buses, trams, and underground trains ("U-Bahnen") in the Munich area.  Olching station is located on—but not served by—the DB Munich–Augsburg mainline which also carries significant goods traffic. For express train travel, residents of Olching may travel via Munich Pasing and Munich Hauptbahnhof

Climate.

Olching lies in the transitional zone between the humid Atlantic climate and the dry continental climates. Other significant factors affecting the weather are the Alps, which act as south-central European border, and the Danube, which is a regional meteorological divide. Due to this constellation, the weather in the region is quite changeable.

Foehn.

The so-called foehn is a weather phenomenon particular to the region near to the Alps that occasionally brings warmer and drier air from the south to Olching, potentially occurring at any time of year. This is accompanied by extremely good visibility, in particular the much-clichéd Bavarian blue and white sky, and the Bavarian Alps may be clearly visible, apparently close-by, although they are approximately 100 kilometres (60 mi) away to the south. Some people suffer from headaches and circulatory problems as a result of the foehn.

History.

Early records.

Olching is an old bavarii settlement and was first mentioned in the Early Middle Ages. In 740 the Agilolfingian duke Tassilo II of Bavaria bestowed the town, together with its church and flour mill, to the Benediktbeuern Abbey (the authenticity of this document is contested). The early Gothic church was replaced by the Romanesque basilica "St. Peter und Paul" in 1903.  In 1258 Louis II, Duke of Bavaria founded a monastery as a form of penance for the execution of his wife Maria von Brabant, who had wrongfully been convicted of adultery. This monastery was relocated from Aibling to Olching in 1262. The monastery was relocated to Fürstenfeldbruck only one year later, either due to flooding or structural problems. The Fürstenfeld Abbey owned several estates in Olching until the period of secularization in Bavaria in 1802/1803.  Olching suffered severely as a consequence of the Thirty Years' War, particularly after the city of Munich was taken by Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden in 1632. Only nine out of formerly 67 estates remained in Olching after 1648.

Developments in the 19th century.

In 1821 Olching (which had until then been administered by Dachau) was transferred to the newly founded "" of Fürstenfeldbruck, and in 1823 it also came under the jurisdiction of Fürstenfeldbruck.  In 1834 the first school was established in Olching.  Until 1839 Olching was still very rural with about 50 farms and approximately 300 inhabitants. This changed with the construction of the railway line between Munich to Augsburg. The line between Munich and Olching was completed on 27 October 1839 and the rail service commenced the following year. At the same time a wood pulp factory opened in Olching, which in turn led to a strong influx of workers.

The 20th century.

The predominantly working class population had a large influence on the social and political culture of Olching during the 20th century. During the Weimar Republic the municipal council was solely dominated by left-wing parties. However, for some of these left-wing politicians, such as SPD-mayor Josef Tauscheck, their political beliefs had serious repercussions due to the rise of the right in Germany in the 1920s and 1930s. Some experienced a great degree of harassment, for others it led to internment in the infamous concentration camps after 1933. Just as in the rest of Germany the National Socialists also gained a large following in Olching in the run-up to and during the Third Reich.  During an allied air raid on 22 February 1944, 22 people were killed, including two of the approximately 1000 forced laborers located in and around Olching during the war.  After World War II about 5,000 Heimatvertriebene (expellees), mainly from Silesia and Czechoslovakia, arrived in Olching. In 1950 these new citizens made up 25% of the population of Olching and they contributed towards the dynamic development of Olching in the post-war era.  The erstwhile rural appearance of Olching has changed over time, as the cityscape of Olching is becoming more and more dominated by businesses and blocks of flats. Many of Olching's citizens use the S-Bahn to commute to work in Munich, which was built for the 1972 Summer Olympics. In 1978 Esting, Geiselbullach, and Graßlfing were merged into the larger community of Olching and this has contributed towards a continuous population growth, especially since the development of the Schwaigfeld area in the early 2000s.  Olching was named a city on 19 June 2011.

Coat of Arms.

Olching's coat of arms originates from the year 1951. The swept blue bar in the lower part symbolises the river Amper, which flows through Olching and is of major significance for the town. The reed in the middle reminds that Olching was once marshland; the head of wheat symbolises the agriculture and land cultivation. The upper part displays the chequered blue and white Bavarian standard.

Population.

The current figure (August 2009) for the population of Olching is 24,582. In the past ten years, the population has grown by 10% and is expected by local officials to rise to 25,750 by 2010. This development is mainly driven by the importance of Munich as a centre of employment and by a wish to avoid the higher urban property prices which have been driven by Munich's continuing economic success.

Demographics.

At present approximately 9% of the current population are of non-German origin.

Politics.

The Olching Gemeinderat, or local council, has 30 seats. Since the latest local elections on 2 March 2008 it is made up as follows:  The numbers in brackets indicate the gains and losses since the previous election in March 2002.

Religion and worship in Olching.

Amongst the adult population, the declared religious affiliation (which has fiscal consequences in Germany) breaks down as follows:

Churches in Olching.

In the centre of Olching, the skyline and Haupstrasse are dominated by the catholic church, there is a smaller protestant/Lutheran church near to the station and a modern catholic church in New Esting:

Other religious groups and organisations in Olching.

As well as groups such as kindergartens, attached to and or supported by the church community, other groups of various denominations are present and active in Olching:

Education.

Primary and secondary education.

The main schools in Olching are

Others.

Other educational establishments in Olching include

Leisure.

Olching is well known for its motorcycle speedway club and track, the so-called "Speedwaybahn". It hosts a number of events, including international motorcycling events. Olching is also known for its attractive golf course which lies between Olching and "Geiselbullach". There are also championship—and leisure—minigolf courses located at separate, neighbouring clubs.  There are also a number of sports clubs, including "SC Olching", "SV Esting", and the "TSV Geiselbullach". Furthermore, the river Amper, its backwater "Mühlbach" and the local bird-park Vogelpark Olching, open spring to autumn, offer idyllic walks and views to locals and visitors. Nearby is the "Schuttberg"; (rubble-hill), a little hill between Olching and Esting (situated next to the "Tony-März-Stadion", the home ground of "SC Olching"). Nowadays this mound is a popular spot for children, teenagers and adults alike for town-centre sledging during the winter.  Right next to the "Schuttberg" is the "Volksfestplatz", (a fairground), a site which acts in the off-season as a cycle practice range, incorporates a go-kart training area, has a small skate-park and hosts monthly flea-markets throughout the summer. It is most popular, however, when it is used for the "Olchinger Volksfest", which is Olching's very own Oktoberfest in May/June.  A further popular spot is the, which is a picturesque lake that attracts plenty of visitors from the surrounding area.

KOM Kulturwerkstatt am Olchinger Mühlbach.

A listed building originating from 1877 that was sympathetically renovated and opened in 2004 for cultural events of all sorts. Located at the western end of the "Hauptstrasse", its various intimate rooms are used for exhibitions, chamber and classical music performances, and seminars and meetings by various Olching clubs.

Events.

Carnival Parade; "Faschingsumzug".

The carnival parade ("Faschingsumzug") takes place annually on Shrove Tuesday at 2:00 pm and has a long tradition in Olching. The first procession was organised by the so-called young farmers' club () in 1923. Between 1938 and 1952, these parades were suspended due to the political environment and other factors such as World War II. It was only in 1953 when six masked men—three of them musicians—took to the streets on that this tradition was reinstated on a regular basis.  The procession grew ever bigger due to the involvement of local clubs and groups. Over the course of time, the procession in Olching has become the largest in Upper Bavaria. Since 1953 it has only been cancelled on three occasions: In 1962 as a mark of respect for the victims of the catastrophic surge-tide in Hamburg; in 1990 due to a hurricane-force storm called "Wiebke"; and in 1991 due to the first Gulf War.  Over the following years as many as 30,000–40,000 spectators have attended this spectacle regularly in the hope of catching a handful of sweets that are thrown from the floats for the children and to laugh at the politically and satirically themed floats as the procession moves down the High Street ("Hauptstrasse") in Olching.

Easter Fire; "Osterfeuer".

A tradition that is more widespread in northern and central parts of Germany, the Easter Fire, (Ger.), is also traditionally celebrated in Olching on the town's fairground (see below), the so-called "Volksfestplatz". A large bonfire is lit after dusk on Easter Saturday. Spectators of the event can also browse the numerous stalls while the Olching volunteer fire brigade "Freiwillige Feuerwehr" manage the fire.  There is also an unofficial competition between neighboring communities and families, (typically in more rural areas) to see who can set up the largest fire. This is done to dispose of superfluous wood (including remaining Christmas trees) while earning donations for local charitable groups and organizations.  The origin of this festival in Germany is a mixture of pagan celebrations intended to drive away the winter and its evils, and Christian beliefs (another name for this celebration in parts of Bavaria and Austria is "Judasfeuer" (literally: Judas fire)).

Fair; "Volksfest".

The fair ("Volksfest") in Olching takes place annually during the second holiday week of Whitsun ("Pfingsten"). The fair consists of rides, stalls, food and entertainment, and a large beer tent, which are set up on the "Volksfestplatz" (fairground). There are various themed events in the beer tent, including a regional boxing "fight night". The community organises a broad range of events during the festival, including a popular large firework display, usually on the first Monday of the fair. The day of Corpus Christi is usually a raceday, which takes place at the "Speedwaybahn" as part of the festivities.

References.

The initial text content of this site is based upon the German language Wikipedia entry for Olching,

Olching is a town in the district of Fürstenfeldbruck, in Bavaria, Germany. It is situated approximately 20 km (12 mi) northwest of Munich.

Olching ist eine Stadt im oberbayerischen Landkreis Fürstenfeldbruck und liegt etwa 20 Kilometer westlich von München. Die Gemeinde Olching in ihrer heutigen Ausdehnung entstand 1978 als Verwaltungseinheit, in der die bis dahin selbständigen Gemeinden Olching, Esting und Geiselbullach zusammengefasst wurden. Olching wurde am 19. Juni 2011 zur Stadt erhoben. Bis zu diesem Zeitpunkt galt Olching mit einer Einwohnerzahl von etwa 25.000 lange als bevölkerungsreichste Gemeinde Bayerns, die weder Stadt- noch Marktrecht besaß.


History.

In the late 1800s what is now known as Glendale, Arizona, was all desert. William John Murphy, a native of New Hartford, New York, who resided in the town of Flagstaff in what was then known as the territory of Arizona, was in charge of building a Arizona Canal from Granite Reef to New River for the Arizona Canal Company. In 1885, he completed the canal, which would bring water to the desert land. Murphy was deep in debt, since he had agreed to be paid in Arizona Canal Company stock and bonds and land instead of cash.  In 1887, Murphy formed the Arizona Improvement Company. His objective was to sell the land and water rights south of the canal. Murphy had to raise capital from out of state sources in order to meet payroll and construction expenses. Murphy decided to refer to this land as "Glendale". In order to develop and interest potential investors and settlers in this new town, Murphy decided to provide a better way of access from Phoenix to Glendale and ending in the town of Peoria by building an diagonal road which he named Grand Avenue.  In 1891, Burgess Hadsell worked with Murphy to bring 70 Brethren and River Brethren families to Glendale to form a temperance colony. Soon settlers, attracted by the town's ban on alcoholic beverages, continued to arrive. In 1895, Murphy platted the original town site and amended the plat to include a town park and some business lots. It was bounded by Lamar Road on the south, 55th Avenue on the east, Myrtle Avenue on the north, and 59th Avenue on the west. The construction of a railroad from Prescott to Phoenix was made possible with an exchange of the right-of-way made by Murphy along Grand Avenue. The railroad allowed Glendale settlers to transport goods to the north and easily receive building materials.  The construction and commercial applications of the Beet Sugar Factory in 1906, also contributed to the growth of Glendale. Though the operations of the factory only lasted until 1913, it played an important role in the increase of immigrant and migrant settlers in the city.

Geography.

Glendale is located at (33.538654, −112.186261).

Climate.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of, of which, of it is land and of it (0.13%) is water.

Demographics.

As of the census of 2010, there were 226,710 people, 79,114 households, and 54,721 families residing in the city. The population density was 3,929.5 people per square mile (1,517.3/km2). There were 79,667 housing units at an average density of 1,430.7 per square mile (552.4/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 75.54% White, 6% Black or African American, 1.7% Native American, 3.9% Asian, 0.2% Pacific Islander, 16.95% from other races, and 4.0% from two or more races. 35.5% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.  There were 79,114 households out of which 39.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.5% were married couples living together, 12.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.2% were non-families. 21.3% of all households were made up of individuals and 5.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.85 and the average family size was 3.33.  In the city, the population was spread out with 30.1% under the age of 18, 10.8% from 18 to 24, 31.9% from 25 to 44, 19.9% from 45 to 64, and 7.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 31 years. For every 100 females, there were 99.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 97.1 males.  The median income for a household in the city was $45,015, and the median income for a family was $51,162. Males had a median income of $35,901 versus $27,736 for females. The per capita income for the city was $19,124. About 8.8% of families and 11.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 15.3% of those under age 18 and 9.5% of those age 65 or over.

Sports.

Glendale is the site of two major sports venues: State Farm Stadium and Gila River Arena. Both venues are part of the Glendale Sports and Entertainment District development plan, meant to spur growth in the sparsely inhabited Yucca district. Both venues are owned by the City of Glendale.  State Farm Stadium has been the home field of the Arizona Cardinals in the National Football League since 2006, and the annual Fiesta Bowl college football game since 2007. Both the Cardinals and bowl game moved from Sun Devil Stadium on the Arizona State University campus in Tempe. Since opening, the facility has brought two Super Bowls, three college football national championship games, the NCAA Men's Basketball Final Four, WrestleMania XXVI and International Champions Cup soccer to Glendale. Designed by architect Peter Eisenman, the stadium was featured on The History Channel TV series, "Modern Marvels" because of its roll-out natural grass field.  Gila River Arena (formerly Glendale Arena, then Jobing.com Arena) and Westgate City Center is adjacent to State Farm Stadium, and is the home of the Arizona Coyotes of the National Hockey League (NHL). It was also the home of the now defunct Arizona Sting of the National Lacrosse League (NLL). The inaugural Street League Skateboarding event was held in the summer of 2010 in Glendale at the Gila River Arena. This street skateboarding competition returns to Glendale annually.  In 2009, the Los Angeles Dodgers and the Chicago White Sox of Major League Baseball began to share the new Camelback Ranch-Glendale spring training complex and stadium in Glendale owned and operated by the City of Glendale.

Education.

There are a number of higher education campuses in Glendale. Glendale Community College and Glendale Community College North, just across the border in northwestern Phoenix, are members of the Maricopa County Community College District. Arizona State University’s Thunderbird School of Global Management was founded in Glendale at Thunderbird Field after World War II and recently relocated its campus to the downtown location of ASU after joining the university as an independent unit dedicated to international business education. West campus is just across the border from Glendale in west Phoenix. Midwestern University is a graduate college of medicine located in Glendale.  Many school districts serve the city of Glendale.  The following school districts serve the city:  Grace Lutheran School is a Pre-K-8 Christian school of the Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod (WELS) in Glendale.  Our Lady of Perpetual Help Catholic School is a Pre-K-8 Catholic school of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Phoenix in Glendale.

Transportation.

The city of Glendale has a roughly average percentage of households without a car. In 2015, 8.4 percent of Glendale households lacked a car, and increased slightly to 9 percent in 2016. The national average was 8.7 percent in 2016. Glendale averaged 1.72 cars per household in 2016, compared to a national average of 1.8.

Culture.

Arizona's Antique Capital.

Glendale bills itself as "Arizona's Antique Capital", with support for its claim from both "Sunset" magazine (2004) and a 1998 article in "USA Today". Glendale is home to the popular Arrowhead Towne Center mall in the northwest part of the city. Glendale also is home to Midwestern University, metropolitan Phoenix's first medical school, as well as a major post-graduate international business school: the Thunderbird School of Global Management.  An extension of Valley Metro Rail service is planned to serve the city, opening in 2026, reprising a role played by the Phoenix Street Railway between 1911 and 1926.

Historic buildings.

There are numerous properties in the city of Glendale which are considered to be historical and have been included either in the National Register of Historic Places or the listings of the Glendale Arizona Historical Society. At the end of the article are some of these properties with a short description of the same.

Sister cities.

Glendale has one sister city:

Glendale is a city in Maricopa County, Arizona, United States, located about nine miles (14 km) northwest from Downtown Phoenix. According to the 2019 U.S. Census estimates, the population of the city is 252,381.

Glendale ist eine City in Maricopa County im US-Bundesstaat Arizona, Vereinigte Staaten, mit fast 250.000 Einwohnern (Schätzung 2016, U.S. Census Bureau). Das Stadtgebiet hat eine Größe von 144,4 km2. Glendale grenzt im Osten an Phoenix und gehört zum "Valley of the Sun", der Metropolregion von Phoenix.


History.

Winslow was named for either Edward F. Winslow, president of St. Louis and San Francisco Rail Road, which owned half of the old Atlantic and Pacific Railroad, or Tom Winslow, a prospector who lived in the area.  The last Harvey House (La Posada Hotel), designed by Mary Colter, opened in 1930. The hotel closed in 1957 and was used by the Santa Fe Railway for offices. The railroad abandoned La Posada in 1994 and announced plans to tear it down. It was bought and restored by Allan Affeldt and it serves as a hotel.  U.S. Route 66 was originally routed through the city. A contract to build Interstate 40 as a bypass north of Winslow was awarded at the end of 1977. I-40 replaced U.S. Route 66 in Arizona in its entirety.  Winslow achieved national fame in 1972 in the Eagles / Jackson Browne song “Take It Easy” which has the line “standing on a corner in Winslow, Arizona."

Demographics.

As of the census of 2000, there were 9,520 people, 2,754 households, and 1,991 families residing in the city. The population density was 773.1 people per square mile (298.6/km2). There were 3,198 housing units at an average density of 259.7 per square mile (100.3/km2). The city's racial makeup was 40.8% White, 28.84% Hispanic or Latino of any race, 23.47% Native American, 13.49% from other races, 5.18% Black or African American, 1.03% Asian, 0.09% Pacific Islander and 4.18% from two or more races.  There were 2,754 households, of which 40.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.2% were married couples living together, 16.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 27.7% were non-families. 23.7% of all households were made up of individuals and 10.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.86 and the average family size was 3.40.  In the city, the population was spread out with 29.8% under the age of 18, 11.0% from 18 to 24, 31.1% from 25 to 44, 18.1% from 45 to 64, and 10.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 31 years. For every 100 females, there were 122.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 134.6 males.  The city's median household income was $29,741, and the median family income was $35,825. Males had a median income of $28,365 versus $20,698 for females. The city's per capita income was $12,340. About 17.5% of families and 20.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 26.9% of those under age 18 and 16.3% of those age 65 or over.

Geography and climate.

Winslow is at (35.028482, −110.700782). According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of, all land. It is approximately 75 miles SE of Flagstaff, 320 miles W of Albuquerque, New Mexico, and 329 miles SE of Las Vegas.  Winslow experiences a dry, temperate arid climate (Köppen "BWk"), with a wide diurnal temperature variation year-round, averaging. Winters are cool and dry, while summers are hot, and bringing the largest portion of the annual precipitation, which is ; snowfall averages per season (July 1 through June 30 of the subsequent year).

Education.

Winslow is served by the Winslow Unified School District.  The city has three public elementary schools: Bonnie Brennan Elementary School, Jefferson Elementary School, and Washington Elementary School. Winslow Junior High School and Winslow High School serve the city. Winslow also hosts the Little Colorado Campus of Northland Pioneer College.

Transportation.

Winslow is served by Winslow-Lindbergh Regional Airport (IATA: INW, ICAO: KINW). Originally constructed by Transcontinental Air Transport, there is no commercial airline service here. The Winslow airport was designed by Charles Lindbergh, who stayed in Winslow during its construction. When it was built, it was the only all-weather airport between Albuquerque, New Mexico and Los Angeles, California.  The city is on BNSF Railway's Southern Transcon route which runs between Los Angeles and Chicago, Illinois. It is also a crew change point for BNSF Railway. The city also has twice-daily Amtrak service at Winslow (Amtrak station) (one train eastbound and one westbound).  Hopi Senom Transit provides bus service from Winslow to the Hopi Reservation.  Interstate 40 runs just north of Winslow; the town is on the historic U.S. Route 66 in Arizona.

Main sights.

The historic La Posada hotel has been beautifully restored. It is home to acres of flower and vegetable gardens, the museum of painter Tina Mion, and the Turquoise Room, a world class restaurant and martini bar.  The nearby Meteor Crater, sometimes known as the Barringer Crater and formerly as the Canyon Diablo crater, is a famous impact crater.  Standin' On The Corner Park is a park featuring murals depicting the famous "Girl my Lord in a flatbed Ford". Winslow also has an annual Standin' On The Corner street festival, traditionally held the last week of September.  The Painted Desert and Petrified Forest are about east of Winslow. The Little Painted Desert is north of Winslow.

Historical events.

In the era of steam locomotives, Winslow was an important stop on the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway for adding water and fuel to trains. Passengers could disembark and have enough time to have a meal during the extended stop. During the 1920s many celebrities chose to come west to Hollywood and when they stopped in Winslow a parade took place. The local newspaper often documented these special events.  Winslow was also home to a roundhouse and maintenance depot for the Sante Fe. When the station at Barstow, California was given the engineering responsibility for newer diesel locomotives, Winslow began its slow decline. Company brass moved out, as did other employees needed for maintenance and repairs.  In 1949 when the Shah of Iran came to America and toured some sights, he chose to come to the Grand Canyon. His plane landed at the Winslow airport and the entourage took land transport to get to the canyon.  In the 1970s, Winslow was chosen as the site of one of ten Decision Information Distribution System radio stations, designed to alert the public of an enemy attack. The system was never implemented and the station was never built.

9-11 Remembrance Gardens.

Winslow is home to the 9-11 Remembrance Gardens, a memorial honoring those who lost their lives during the September 11 attacks. The memorial was constructed using two beams recovered from the wreckage of the World Trade Center towers in New York City.  The 9-11 Memorial in Winslow is a result of the efforts of Bill Herron and Councilwoman Dee Rodríguez, along with a committee, planning for a remembrance. There was news of beams from the Trade Center towers' wreckage being given away and the persons in charge of the wreckage were contacted and agreed to give Winslow beams of 14 and 16 foot length.  Walmart supplied the transportation to Winslow. A large number of citizens donated time and money to the erection of the memorial, which was in place and celebrated on the first anniversary of the event, September 11, 2002. The memorial is at the corner of Transcon Lane and old Route 66 near the Flying J Truck Stop.

In popular culture.

Winslow was mentioned in the popular 1972 song "Take It Easy" written by Jackson Browne and Glenn Frey and performed by the Eagles.  The city was also mentioned in the song 'In the springtime of his voodoo' by Tori Amos.  "The Crew" video game featured Winslow as a location, as did its sequel "The Crew 2". However, it is incorrectly called Winston, Arizona. It may have been confused with the name of a small town called Winston, New Mexico.

Winslow () is a city in Navajo County, Arizona, in the United States. According to the 2010 census, the population of the city is 9,655. It is approximately SE of Flagstaff, W of Albuquerque, New Mexico, and SE of Las Vegas.

Winslow (Navajo: "Béésh Sinil" oder "Béésinil") ist eine City im Navajo County im US-Bundesstaat Arizona. Laut Census 2010 hatte die Gemeinde 9655 Einwohner.


Editions and translation.

There have been at least 300 editions of the book, starting in the 1590s. According to the 1622 edition, the first three editions - one printed in Lublin and two in Kraków - had by then not survived.  After the 1622 edition, which came out in two volumes (the Pentateuch; the Haftarahs and Five Scrolls), most were published as one volume and in a variety of formats (for example, each weekly portion together with its particular haftarah). Some editions were illuminated, and in the 17th century, a section of the first portion of Genesis was translated into Latin. At the end of the 18th century, publication of the "Tseno Ureno" shifted from Western to Eastern Europe. At this point considerable changes in the language of the writing became apparent. The book turned into a kind of living Yiddish-language laboratory, and had at the same time a significant influence on the development of Yiddish, both written and spoken. Some East European editions reflect the spirit of Hasidic Judaism or the Haskalah. In the 19th century, versions appeared in Western Europe with different purposes or aims — mainly Germanization of the language, modernization or actualization of the contents, and structural rearrangement — alongside partial translations into different languages. The title "Tseno Ureno" was sporadically used for other similar books of sermons and teaching of the Bible, and also appeared on the title page of a number of copies of the 1822 Basel edition of Moses Mendelssohn’s "Bi’ur".  A number of later editions of the "Tseno Ureno" include various supplements, such as Yiddish translations of Targum Sheni on the Scroll of Esther, the book Naḥalat Tsevi on the Torah portions and the Scrolls, Judah Messer Leon's "Nofet tsufim" on the haftarahs, and selected portions of the "Sefer haYashar" Isaiah Horowitz's "Shenei Luḥot HaBerit".  The 20th century saw full translations into English and Hebrew, as well as a partial translation into modern Yiddish. Among these translations-adaptations we find "Maskilic", Hasidic, and Zionist versions of the classic work.  Parts of "Tseno Ureno" were translated into German in 1910 by Bertha Pappenheim as "Zennah u-Reenah". Only the first part of her translation of the Women's Bible appeared ("Bereschit", corresponding to the Book of Genesis). The translations of the second and third books ("Schemot" and "Wajikra") have apparently been lost.  Morris M. Faierstein published a first critical translation into English in 2017.  The book continues in print today, especially for Hasidic communities. ArtScroll published a two-volume English translation in 1993 (), under the title "The Weekly Midrash: Tz'enah Ur'enah the Classic Anthology of Torah Lore and Midrashic Commentary".

The Tseno Ureno (), also spelt Tsene-rene, Tz'enah Ur'enah, sometimes called the Women's Bible, is a Yiddish-language prose work of c.1590s whose structure parallels the weekly Torah portions and Haftarahs used in Jewish prayer services. The book was written by Jacob ben Isaac Ashkenazi (1550–1625) of Janów Lubelski (near Lublin, Poland), and mixes Biblical passages with teachings from Judaism's Oral Torah such as the Talmud's Aggadah and Midrash, which are sometimes called "parables, allegories, short stories, anecdotes, legends, and admonitions" by secular writers.

Ze’enah ure’enah ist eine gegen Ende des 16. Jahrhunderts erschienene altjiddische Paraphrase zur Tora, den fünf Megillot (die Bücher Hohes Lied, Rut, Klagelieder, Kohelet, Ester) und den Haftarot (zum Wochenabschnitt der Toralesung gehöriger Abschnitt aus den Neviim (Propheten)), verfasst von Jakob ben Isaak Aschkenasi aus Janów bei Lublin. Das Werk, benannt nach Schir ha-Schirim (Hoheslied) 3,11: "Ze’enah ure’enah benot Zijjon" („... kommt heraus und seht, ihr Töchter Zions...“), schöpft seine Erzählungen nicht nur aus den verschiedenen Midraschim, sondern auch aus Kommentaren, wie den „Toledot Jitzchaq“.


Early life.

Martin Frobisher was born c. 1535, the son of merchant Bernard Frobisher of Altofts, Yorkshire, and Margaret York of Gouthwaite. He was raised in London by an uncle, Sir John York. Some records suggest that his father was actually Gregory Frobisher, Esq., also of Altofts, Yorkshire, by his wife, Ann; however, George Frobisher, a descendant of Martin Frobisher and a family genealogist, has discovered a family pedigree, verified and registered by the College of Arms, that buttresses the case for Bernard (Barnard) being Martin's father.  Frobisher first went to sea as a cabin boy in 1544. In 1553, he sailed with Thomas Wyndham on the first English expedition to West Africa, comprising three ships and 140 men. The Englishmen were received in person by the "Oba" (King) Oroghbua of Benin City, who in turn traded with them and even extended them credit for 80 tons of pepper. Over two thirds of the ships' men died of heat or disease, while Wyndham himself died at sea in the Bight of Benin, dying either of fever like most of the crew, or of drowning; in an inventory of 1590 a portrait of him by Hans Eworth is listed as being "Of Mr Thomas Wyndham drowned in the Sea returneinge from Ginney".  Despite this setback, Frobisher returned to West Africa the next year as an apprentice merchant in an expedition to Portuguese Guinea organised and funded by Thomas Lok, under the command of his brother John Lok. Frobisher accompanied the landing party sent ashore at the town of Samma (Shamma) to trade with the Africans as a voluntary hostage or pledge, but during the course of this business the Africans abruptly ceased trading and held Frobisher. The expedition abandoned the young hostage and went elsewhere to trade, eventually returning to England with a valuable cargo of gold, pepper, and ivory. His African captors then handed the boy over to the Portuguese at their trading post of Mina, where he was imprisoned in the castle of São Jorge da Mina. After nine months or so, the Portuguese authorities sent him to Portugal, whence he eventually made his way back to England about 1558.  On 30 September 1559 Frobisher married a Yorkshire widow, Isobel Richard, who had a substantial settlement from her previous marriage to Thomas Richard (given also as Riggat, Ricard, or Rickard) of Snaith,as well as two young children. Little is known of their domestic life, but having spent all her inheritance to finance his ventures, Frobisher seems to have left her and her children by the mid-1570s; Isobel's death in a poorhouse in 1588 went unremarked by the ambitious captain.  Around 1560 or 1561, Frobisher first resolved to voyage in search of a North-west Passage as a trade route to India and China (then known as Cathay). From 1563 to 1573 he gained experience in the rough and tumble of sea warfare in the English Channel, seeing a good deal of action as a privateer in association with John Hawkins and other English sea dogs who operated under sometimes questionable letters of marque. He seized five French prizes in May 1563. After serving some time in gaol for his part in despoiling the "Catherine", which held tapestries intended for Philip II, in 1565 Frobisher purchased the "Mary Flower" and was soon cruising under various commissions, not always with due attention to their terms.  According to the "Dictionary of National Biography", the first direct notice of Frobisher apparently is an account in the State papers of two interrogations in 1566, "on suspicion of his having fitted out a vessel as a pirate". On 21 August 1571 Captain E. Horsey wrote to Lord Burghley from Portsmouth that he "has expedited the fitting out of a hulk for M. Frobisher"; this is the earliest mention of Frobisher being in the Crown's employ. Burghley, then chief minister of the Queen, became Lord High Treasurer in 1572. From the latter part of 1571 to 1572 Frobisher was in the public service at sea off the coast of Ireland.

First voyage.

In 1574, Frobisher petitioned the Privy Council for permission and financial support to lead an expedition to find a north-west passage to "the Southern Sea" (the Pacific Ocean) and thence to Cathay. Some of its members were intrigued by his proposal, but cautiously referred him to the Muscovy Company (also called the "Russia Company"), an English merchant consortium which had previously sent out several parties searching for the North-east Passage around the Arctic coasts of Norway and Russia, and held exclusive rights to any northern sea routes to the East. In 1576, Frobisher persuaded the Muscovy Company to license his expedition. With the help of the company's director, Michael Lok (whose well-connected father William Lok had held an exclusive mercers' license to provide Henry VIII with fine cloths), Frobisher was able to raise enough capital for three barques: "Gabriel" and "Michael" of about 20–25 tons each, and an unnamed pinnace of ten tons, with a total crew of 35. Queen Elizabeth sent word that she had "good liking of their doings", and the ships weighed anchor at Blackwall on 7 June 1576. As they headed downstream on the Thames, Elizabeth waved to the departing ships from a window of Greenwich Palace, while cannons fired salutes and a large assembly of the people cheered.  On 26 June, the little fleet reached the Shetland Islands, where it stopped to repair a leak in "Michael"'s hull and repair the barques' water casks. The ships hoisted sail the same evening and set course westwards, sailing west by north for three days until a violent storm rose and pounded them continuously through 8 July. On 11 July, they sighted the mountains of the southeastern tip of Greenland, which they mistook for the non-existent island called 'Friesland'. Crossing the Davis Strait, they encountered another violent storm in which the pinnace was sunk and "Michael" turned back to England, but "Gabriel" sailed on for four days until her crew sighted what they believed was the coast of Labrador. The landmass was actually the southernmost tip of Baffin Island; Frobisher named it "Queen Elizabeth's Foreland".  The ship reached the mouth of Frobisher Bay a few days later, and because ice and wind prevented further travel north, Frobisher determined to sail westwards up the bay, which he believed to be the entrance to the North-west Passage, naming it Frobisher's Strait, to see "whether he might carry himself through the same into some open sea on the back side". "Gabriel" sailed north-westwards, keeping in sight of the bay's north shore. On 18 August, Burche's Island was sighted and named after the ship's carpenter who first spied it; there the expedition met some local Inuit. Having made arrangements with one of the Inuit to guide them through the region, Frobisher sent five of his men in a ship's boat to return him to shore, instructing them to avoid getting too close to any of the others. The boat's crew disobeyed, however, and five of Frobisher's men were taken captive.  After days of searching, Frobisher could not recover the insubordinate sailors, and eventually took hostage the native man who had agreed to guide the Englishmen to see if an exchange for the missing boat's crew could be arranged. The effort was fruitless, and the men were never seen again by their fellows, but Inuit oral tradition tells that the men lived among them for a few years of their own free will until they died attempting to leave Baffin Island in a self-made boat. Frobisher turned homewards, and was well received by the Queen when he docked in London on 9 October. Among the things which had been hastily brought away by the men was a black stone "as great as a half-penny loaf" which had been found loose on the surface of Hall's Island off Baffin Island by the ship master, Robert Garrard, who took it to be sea coal, of which they had need. Frobisher took no account of the black rock but kept it as a token of possession of the new territory.  Michael Lok said that Frobisher, upon his return to London from the Arctic, had given him the black stone as the first object taken from the new land. Lok brought samples of the stone to the royal assayer in the Tower of London and two other expert assayers, all of whom declared that it was worthless, saying that it was marcasite and contained no gold. Lok then took the "ore" to an Italian alchemist living in London, Giovanni Battista Agnello, who claimed it was gold-bearing. Agnello assayed the ore three times and showed Lok small amounts of gold dust; when he was challenged as to why the other assayers failed to find gold in their specimens, Agnello replied, ""Bisogna sapere adulare la natura"" ("One must know how to flatter nature"). Ignoring the negative reports, Lok secretly wrote to the Queen to inform her of the encouraging result, and used this assessment to lobby investors to finance another voyage. Subsequently the stone became the focus of intense attention by the Cathay enterprise's venturers, who saw in it the possibility of vast profits to be derived from mining the rocky islands of "Meta Incognita"; gossip spread in the court and from there throughout London about the gold powder Agnello was supposedly deriving from the rock.

Second voyage.

In 1577, a much bigger expedition than the former was fitted out. The Queen lent the 200-ton Royal Navy ship "Ayde" to the Company of Cathay (Frobisher's biographer James McDermott says she sold it) and invested £1000 in the expedition. Prior to 30 March, Frobisher petitioned the Queen to be confirmed as High Admiral of the north-western seas and governor of all lands discovered, and to receive five per cent of profits from trade. It is unknown if his request was ever granted. Michael Lok, meanwhile, was petitioning the queen for his own charter, by the terms of which the Company of Cathay would have sole rights to exploit the resources of all seas, islands and lands to the west and north of England, as well as any goods produced by the peoples occupying them; Frobisher would be apportioned a much smaller share of the profits. Lok's request was ignored and a charter never issued, nor was a royal license granted, creating corporate ambiguity that redounded to the Queen's benefit.  Besides "Ayde", the expedition included the ships "Gabriel" and "Michael"; Frobisher's second-in-command aboard "Ayde" was Lieutenant George Best (who later wrote the most informative account of the three voyages) with Christopher Hall as master, while the navigator Edward Fenton was in command of "Gabriel". The learned John Dee, one of the preeminent scholars of England, acquired shares in the Cathay Company's venture, and instructed Frobisher and Hall in the use of navigational instruments and the mathematics of navigation, as well as advising them which books, charts, and instruments the expedition should purchase. The fleet left Blackwall on 27 May and headed down the Thames, ostensibly having, per the instructions of the Privy Council, a maximum complement of 120 men, including 90 mariners, gunners and carpenters to crew the ship, as well as refiners, merchants, and thirty Cornish miners; this figure included a group of convicts to be expatriated and put to use as miners in the new lands. Frobisher had exceeded the assigned quota of crewmen by at least twenty men, and perhaps by as many as forty. Letters from the Privy Council were waiting for him at Harwich, however, commanding him to trim the excess; consequently he sent the convicts and a number of seamen ashore at the harbour on May 31, and set sail northwards to Scotland. The fleet anchored at St Magnus Sound in the Orkney Islands on 7 June to take on water, and weighed anchor that evening. It enjoyed fair weather and favourable winds on its passage across the Atlantic, and "Friesland" (southern Greenland) was first sighted on 4 July. Hall and Frobisher each attempted landing in the ship's boat, but were driven back by fog and the certain knowledge of unseen ice in the water before them. On 8 July, presented with no opportunity to land, Frobisher set his course westwards. The ships were caught almost immediately in severe storms and separated, each of them lowering their sails for long intervals. They continued this way for several days, tracking before the wind until the weather cleared on 17 July and the fleet was able to regroup, a testament to the skill of the masters. A sailor aboard "Ayde" spied Hall's Island at the mouth of Frobisher Bay the same evening. The next day, Frobisher and a small party landed at Little Hall's Island in "Ayde's" pinnace to search for more samples of the black ore acquired originally by Robert Garrard, but found none. On 19 July, Frobisher and forty of his best men landed at Hall's Island and made their way to its highest point, which he dubbed Mount Warwick in honour of the Earl of Warwick, one of the principal investors in the expedition. There they piled a cairn of stones to mark possession of the new land, and prayed solemnly for the success of their venture.  Several weeks were now spent in collecting ore, but very little was done in the way of discovery, Frobisher being specially directed by his orders from the Company of Cathay to "defer the further discovery of the passage until another time". There was much parleying and some skirmishing with the Inuit, and earnest but futile attempts were made to recover the five men captured the previous year. The expedition's return to England commenced on 23 August 1577, and "Ayde" reached Milford Haven in Wales on 23 September. "Gabriel" and "Michael" later arrived separately at Bristol and Yarmouth.  Frobisher brought with him three Inuit who had been forcibly taken from Baffin Island: a man called Calichough, a woman, Egnock, and her child, Nutioc. All three died soon after their arrival in England, Calichough dying from a wound suffered when a rib was broken unintentionally during his capture and eventually punctured his lung. The Inuit's names are reported elsewhere as Kalicho, Arnaq and Nuttaaq.  Frobisher was received and thanked by the queen at Windsor. Great preparations were made and considerable expense incurred for the assaying of the great quantity of "ore" (about 200 tons) brought home. This took much time and led to disputes among the various interested parties.

Third voyage.

Meanwhile, the Queen and others in her retinue maintained a strong faith in the potential productivity of the newly discovered territory, which she herself named "Meta Incognita" (Latin: Unknown Shore). It was resolved to send out the largest expedition yet, with everything necessary to establish a colony of 100 men. Frobisher was again received by the queen, whereupon she threw a chain of fine gold around his neck.  The expedition consisted of fifteen vessels: the flagship "Ayde", "Michael", and "Gabriel", as well as "Judith", "Dennis" or "Dionyse", "Anne Francis", "Francis of Foy" and "Moon of Foy", "Bear of Leycester", "Thomas of Ipswich", "Thomas Allen", "Armenall", "Soloman of Weymouth", "Hopewell", and "Emanuel of Bridgwater". There were over 400 men aboard the ships, with 147 miners, 4 blacksmiths, and 5 assayers in the crew.  On 3 June 1578, the expedition left Plymouth and, sailing through the Channel, on 20 June reached the south of Greenland, where Frobisher and some of his men managed to land. On 2 July, the foreland of Frobisher Bay was sighted. Stormy weather and dangerous ice prevented the rendezvous, and, besides causing the wreck on an iceberg of the 100-ton barque "Dennis", drove the fleet unwittingly up a waterway that Frobisher named 'Mistaken Strait'. He believed that the strait, now known as Hudson Strait, was less likely to be an entrance to the North-west Passage than Frobisher Bay ('Frobisher's Strait' to him). After proceeding about sixty miles up the new strait, Frobisher with apparent reluctance turned back, and after many buffetings and separations, the fleet at last came to anchor in Frobisher Bay. During this voyage, the vessel "Emanuel" claimed to have found the phantom Buss Island.  Some attempt was made at founding a settlement, and a large quantity of ore was shipped, but dissension and discontent prevented the establishment of a successful colony. On the last day of August, the fleet set out on its return and reached England in the beginning of October, although the vessel "Emanuel" was wrecked en route at Ard na Caithne on the west coast of Ireland. The ore was taken to a specially constructed smelting plant at Powder Mill Lane in Dartford; assiduous efforts to extract gold and further assays were made over five years, but the ore proved to be valueless iron pyrite and was eventually salvaged for road metalling. The Cathay Company went bankrupt and Michael Lok was ruined, being sent to debtors' prison several times.

Anglo-Spanish War.

Finding his reputation as an adventurer-explorer damaged following the disastrous outcome of the Cathay Company venture, and that his services in that line were no longer required, Frobisher sought other employment. He applied to a major shareholder in the Arctic enterprise, Sir William Wynter, one of the Queen's most trusted naval commanders, who was leading a fleet of four heavily armed vessels to Ireland under orders to put down the Desmond rebellion against the English Crown. Frobisher secured an appointment as captain of the "Foresight" and sailed in early March 1580; in November, he participated in the Siege of Smerwick at Dingle, a rocky promontory on the southwestern shore of Kerry, where the "Emanuel" had wrecked two years previously.  Frobisher joined Francis Drake on his 1585 raids of Spanish ports and shipping in the West Indies as vice-admiral of Drake's fleet, appointed to that position by the Queen; his flagship was the "Primrose". Shortly after the voyage began, Frobisher was admitted to a select group of advisors to Drake (together with Christopher Carleill, Nichols, and Fenner). On 20 July, 1588, the Spanish Armada set sail from Corunna in Galicia with the purpose of escorting the Army of Flanders, led by the Duke of Parma, to invade England. Sir Francis Walsingham sent a dispatch to Whitehall stating that the Armada had been sighted in the chops (entrance) of the Channel that day. When the two navies first engaged, Frobisher was in command of "Triumph", the Royal Navy's largest ship, leading a consort of the ships "Merchant Royal", "Margaret and John", "Centurion", "Golden Lion" and "Mary Rose".

Spanish Armada.

Following a council of war, Lord Howard, the Lord High Admiral of the Fleet, reorganised the English fleet into four squadrons. Frobisher was made commander of one of these and assigned "Triumph", as well as Lord Sheffield's "White Bear", Lord Thomas Howard's "Golden Lion", and Sir Robert Southwell's "Elizabeth Jonas", all heavily armed vessels. On the morning of 21 July 1588, Frobisher in "Triumph", Drake in "Revenge", and Hawkins in "Victory" attacked the seaward wing of the Spanish defensive formation, damaging "San Juan de Portugal", the ship of the Armada's vice-admiral, Juan Martínez de Recalde, and forcing his rescue by galleasses from the Bizcayan squadron. Later that day Frobisher and Hawkins engaged Pedro de Valdez, commander of the Andalusian squadron, who did not yield his ship, "Nuestra Señora del Rosario" (Our Lady of the Rosary), until Drake came to their assistance the next morning, much to his rival Frobisher's consternation. Three days later, the English fleet was reinforced by Lord Seymour's channel patrol of thirty-five or forty sail, and Frobisher assumed command of his newly formed squadron.  Frobisher's squadron was close in shore at dawn on 25 July, the only one landwards of the Armada that morning; the sea was dead calm when he engaged the Duke of Medina Sidonia's flagship "San Martín" and gave her another pummeling like that of a few days past. A breeze rose from the south-west, however, allowing several Spanish galleons to move in and save their flagship. The other English ships withdrew in time, but "Triumph" was caught on the lee shore off Dunnose cape on the Isle of Wight, and more than thirty Armada ships bore down upon him. Frobisher used his boats to manoeuvre "Triumph" with good effect and managed to escape when the wind shifted again, allowing him the weather gage.  Frobisher was knighted 26 July for valour by Lord Howard aboard his flagship "Ark Royal", alongside Sheffield, Thomas Howard, and Hawkins. Two days later the English launched eight fire ships into the midst of the Armada at its moorings, forcing its captains to cut their anchors; the decisive action was fought 29 July on the shoals off Gravelines, where Frobisher, Drake, and Hawkins pounded the Spanish ships with their guns. Drake's squadron gave Medina Sidonia's flagship, "San Martin", a single broadside and moved on; Frobisher, directly behind him in the English line, stayed with the "San Martin" at close range and poured cannon shot into her oaken flanks, but failed to take her. Five Spanish ships were lost.  Following this defeat of the Spanish fleet, the "Revenge" was engaged in harassing Spanish shipping and it was Frobisher's flagship in 1590 when he commanded the efforts to intercept Spanish treasure galleons.

Later life.

In 1590, Frobisher visited his native Altofts and found himself welcomed in the homes of the peers and landed gentry of Yorkshire county as an honoured guest. He paid particular attention to a daughter of Thomas, 1st Baron Wentworth, Dorothy Wentworth, 3 January 1601), recently widowed by the death of her husband, Paul Withypool of Ipswich; sometime before October she became Frobisher's second wife. In November 1591, he purchased from the Queen the leasehold of the manor of Whitwood in Yorkshire for an unstated sum, and of Finningley Grange in Nottinghamshire, which had belonged to the Mattersey Priory, for £949. Frobisher made Whitwood his chief residence, befitting his new status as a landed proprietor, but found little leisure for a country life.  The following year Frobisher took charge of an English fleet sent out to blockade the Spanish coast and rendezvous with the Spanish treasure fleet; it was fitted out by investors including the Queen, the Earl of Cumberland, Sir Walter Raleigh and his brother, and John Hawkins. Raleigh and Cumberland were the principal organisers of the expedition, and on 28 February Raleigh was commissioned to lead it; the Queen, however, was not eager to send her current favourite off to sea, and he, no great lover of sea life and with no experience in the command of fleets, recommended Frobisher take his place. The fleet was divided into two divisions, with Frobisher's squadron patrolling the waters off the coast of Portugal near the Burlings, while Sir John Burgh (Borrough) and John Norton's squadrons sailed for the Azores where they captured a rich prize, the "Madre de Deus", much to the discomfiture of Frobisher when he learned the news.  In September 1594, Frobisher led a squadron of ships that besieged Morlaix and forced its surrender. The following month he was engaged with the squadron in the siege and relief of Brest, where he received a gunshot wound to his thigh during the Siege of Fort Crozon, a Spanish-held fortress. The surgeon who extracted the ball left the wadding behind and an ensuing infection resulted in his death days later at Plymouth on 22 November. His heart was buried at St Andrew's Church, Plymouth, and his body was then taken to London and buried at St Giles-without-Cripplegate, Fore Street.

Legacy.

Britain.

A destroyer was named during construction but was named when launched in 1915. It was scrapped in 1921.  The Royal Navy was named after him. It was scrapped in 1949.  A SR Lord Nelson class steam locomotive was named after him.  Frobisher Crescent, part of the Barbican Estate in London, is named after Frobisher.  A stained glass window placed in memory of him is located in All Saints' Church, Normanton, near his birthplace in Altofts, West Yorkshire.  Martin Frobisher Infants School in Altofts is named after him. One of the four houses at Spratton Hall Preparatory School, Northamptonshire is named after him.  A portrait of him can be found at Normanton Train Station.  A shrub rose is named after Martin Frobisher https://www.helpmefind.com/rose/l.php?l=2.4156.0

Canada.

Frobisher Bay in Nunavut is named after him. This was also the former name of Nunavut's capital, Iqaluit, from 1942 until 1987. The city's airport was Frobisher Bay Air Base from 1942 to 1963, and Frobisher Bay Airport from 1963 to 1987, before being renamed Iqaluit Airport.  An early version of Thanksgiving was celebrated after the safe landing of Frobisher's fleet in Newfoundland after an unsuccessful attempt to find the Northwest Passage.  A shrub rose is named after Martin Frobisher.  The small settlement of Frobisher, Saskatchewan, and Frobisher Lake, in northern and southern Saskatchewan, respectively.  A number of roads bear Frobisher's name:

Sir Martin Frobisher (; c. 1535 – 22 November 1594) was an English seaman and privateer who made three voyages to the New World looking for the North-west Passage. He probably sighted Resolution Island near Labrador in north-eastern Canada, before entering Frobisher Bay and landing on present-day Baffin Island. On his second voyage, Frobisher found what he thought was gold ore and carried 200 tons of it home on three ships, where initial assaying determined it to be worth a profit of £5.20 per ton. Encouraged, Frobisher returned to Canada with an even larger fleet and dug several mines around Frobisher Bay. He carried 1,350 tons of the ore back to England, where, after years of smelting, it was realised that the ore was comparatively worthless iron pyrite ('fool's gold'). As an English privateer, he plundered riches from French ships. He was later knighted for his service in repelling the Spanish Armada in 1588.

Sir Martin Frobisher (* um 1535 in Normanton, Yorkshire; † 22. November 1594 in Plymouth) war ein englischer Seefahrer. Er unternahm zwischen 1576 und 1578 drei Reisen in die arktischen Gebiete, unter anderem, um die Nordwestpassage, den nördlichen Seeweg von Europa nach Asien, ausfindig zu machen.


Leftover cuisine.

New dishes made from leftovers are common in world cuisine. People invented many such dishes before refrigeration and reliable airtight containers existed. Besides capturing nutrition from otherwise inedible bones, stocks and broths provide a base for leftover scraps too small to be a meal themselves. Casseroles, paella, fried rice, Shepherd pies, and pizza can also be used for this purpose, and may even have been invented as a means of reusing leftovers. Among American university students, leftover pizza itself has acquired particular in-group significance, to the extent that the USDA's Food Safety and Inspection Service offers, as its first tip under "Food Safety Tips for College Students" by Louisa Graham, a discussion of the considerable risks of eating unrefrigerated pizza.  At some holiday meals, such as Christmas and Thanksgiving in the United States, it is customary to prepare much more food than necessary, specifically so the host can send leftovers home with guests. Cold turkey is archetypal in the United States as a Thanksgiving leftover, with turkey meat often reappearing in sandwiches, soups, and casseroles for several days after the feast.

Leftover portions.

Leftovers have had a major impact on the consumption of food, particularly the size of portions. Portion sizes have increased greatly. In general, food leftovers have both positive and negative impacts, depending on the person's eating habits involved with leftovers. With an increase in portion size comes the perception of the amount of intake a particular person considers. For example, a larger portion usually leads to smaller consumption, making a person believe they have not eaten enough and negatively impacting their eating habits. In turn, a larger portion leads to a greater amount of leftovers, whereas a smaller portion leads to a small amount of leftovers. Through extensive research, one of the most influential factors of weight gain is leftover food and the increased amount of consumption because of it.

Chop suey.

The name of the Chinese-American dish "chop suey" is sometimes translated as "miscellaneous leftovers", although it is unlikely that actual leftovers were served at chop suey restaurants.

Doggy bag.

Diners in a restaurant may leave uneaten food for the restaurant to discard, or take it away for later consumption. To take the food away, the diner might request a container, or ask a server to package it. Such a container is colloquially called a "doggy bag" or "doggie bag". This most likely derives from a pretense that the diner plans to give the food to a pet, rather than eat it themselves, and so may be a euphemism. Some also speculate the name was born during World War II when food shortages encouraged people to limit waste, and pet food was scarce. The term "doggy bag" was popularized in the 1970s etiquette columns of many newspapers. Doggy bags are most common in restaurants that offer a take-out food service as well as sit-down meals, and their prevalence as an accepted social custom varies widely by location. In some countries, especially in Europe, people would frown upon a diner asking for a doggy bag.  Some restaurants wrap leftovers in tin foil, creating shapes such as swans or sea horses.

Leftovers are foods remaining unconsumed at the end of a meal which are eaten later. Inedible remains like bones are considered waste, not leftovers.

Als Speisereste oder Essensreste bezeichnet man Reste von Lebensmitteln, die für den menschlichen Verzehr vorgesehen waren und bei der Zubereitung oder nach dem Servieren übrig geblieben sind. Speisereste sind nach dem Abfallrecht ein Wertstoff. Die systematische Vernichtung großer Teile der zur Ernährung hergestellten Nahrungsmittel wird als Lebensmittelverschwendung bezeichnet.


History.

In addition to water, mechanical, and candle clocks, incense clocks were used in Asia and were fashioned in several different forms. Incense clocks were first used in China around the 6th century; spread to Japan, as one survives in the Shōsōin. Although popularly associated with China the incense clock is believed by some to have originated in India, at least in its fundamental form, if not function. Early incense clocks found in China between the 6th and 8th centuries CE all seem to have Devanāgarī carvings on them rather than Chinese seal characters. To explain this, the American historian and sinologist Edward Schafer asserts that incense clocks were probably an Indian invention, transmitted to China. American historian Silvio Bedini on the other hand asserts that incense clocks were derived in part from incense seals mentioned in Tantric Buddhist scriptures, which first came to light in China after those scriptures from India were translated into Chinese, but holds that the time-telling function of the seal was incorporated by the Chinese.

Types.

Several types of incense clock have been found, the most common forms include the incense stick and incense seal.

Stick incense clocks.

An incense stick clock uses incense sticks that have been calibrated to known burning rates. Most of these clocks were elaborate, sometimes having threads with weights attached at even intervals. The weights would drop onto a platter or gong below, signifying that a set amount of time had elapsed. Some incense clocks were held in elegant trays; open-bottomed trays were also used, to allow the weights to be used together with the decorative tray. Sticks of incense with different scents were also used, so that the hours were marked by a change in fragrance. The incense sticks could be straight or spiraled; the spiraled ones were longer, and were therefore intended for long periods of use, and often hung from the roofs of homes and temples. In fact one of the side jobs of the time keeper in ancient Chinese cities was to mark calibrated incense with individual lines, to denote length of a burn for sale to the public. This was done to supplement the individual's often meager incomes.  In Chinese medicine doctors would make multiple partial breaks on an incense stick as instructions to the patient such that the patient would take a dose of medication every time the incense has burned to one of these breaks. In Japan, a geisha was paid for the number of "senko-dokei" (incense clocks) that had been consumed while she was present, a practice which continued until 1924.

Powdered incense clocks.

Incense seal clocks are essentially specialized censers, that work through burning lines of powdered incense seals (香印 "xiāng yìn" in Chinese; 香時計 "ko-dokei" in Japanese). They were used for similar occasions and events as the stick incense clock. While religious purposes were of primary importance, these clocks were also popular at social gatherings, and were used by Chinese scholars and intellectuals. The seal was a wooden or stone disk with one or more grooves etched in it into which incense was placed.  These clocks were common in China, but were produced in fewer numbers in Japan. To signal the passage of a set amount of time, small pieces of fragrant woods, resins, or differently scented incense could be placed on the incense powder trails. Different powdered incense clocks used different formulations of incense, depending on how the clock was laid out. The length of the trail of incense, directly related to the size of the seal, was the primary factor in determining how long the clock would last; all burned for long periods of time, ranging between 12 hours and a month.  While early incense seals were made of wood or stone, the Chinese gradually introduced disks made of metal, most likely beginning during the Song dynasty. They were often made of paktong in the form of multileveled small boxes with patterned perforated tops. Gold and silver powder incense clocks are considered quite rare. This allowed craftsmen to more easily create both large and small seals, as well as design and decorate them more aesthetically. Another advantage was the ability to vary the paths of the grooves, to allow for the changing length of the days in the year. As smaller seals became more readily available, the clocks grew in popularity among the Chinese, and were often given as gifts. Incense seal clocks are often sought by modern-day clock collectors; however, few remain that have not already been purchased or been placed on display at museums or temples. Although they are no longer used formally for time keeping, such incense clocks are still used by scholars and monks in the East for evoking moods and for aesthetics.  Using incense seal clocks requires a period of preparation. A fine layer of damp white wood ash is first laid down in a small container, flattened, and lightly compacted. Seals that were in the form of patterned metal stencils were simply laid down on the ash while the incense powder was poured over it. After a light compaction of the incense powder by a tamper, lifting up the metal seal forms a long trail of incense powder that has been masked onto the ash. Other seals have a protruded pattern that creates a negative indentation in the wood ash. The incense powder is carefully spooned into the indentation in the ash and then recompacted again with the seal.

The incense clock () is an Indian timekeeping device that was popularised by China during the Song Dynasty (960-1279) and spread to neighboring East Asian countries such as Japan and Korea. The clocks' bodies are effectively specialized censers that hold incense sticks or powdered incense that have been manufactured and calibrated to a known rate of combustion, used to measure minutes, hours, or days. The clock may also contain bells and gongs which act as strikers. Although the water clock and astronomical clock were known in China (example: Su Song), incense clocks were commonly used at homes and temples in dynastic times.

Die Feueruhr (auch: Luntenuhr; ; wörtlich: Duftuhr) wurden in China und Japan meist zu kultischen Handlungen benutzt. Feueruhren zählen zu den Elementaruhren, das heißt zu den Uhren, die unter Nutzung der Elemente oder astronomisch die Zeit messen.


Background.

Yılmaz Güney was born in 1937 in the Yenice county of Adana. His father was from Siverek in Şanlıurfa Province and his mother was from Varto in Muş Province. His parents migrated to Adana to work as cotton field laborers. As a result of his family background, young Yılmaz grew among the working class. This was a strong background for his future works which generally focused on a realistic portrayal of downtrodden and marginalized strata of the population in the country. Güney studied law and economics at the universities of Ankara and Istanbul, but by the age of 21 he found himself actively involved in film-making.

Career in Turkey.

As Yeşilçam, the Turkish studio system, a handful of directors, including Atıf Yılmaz, began to use cinema as a means of addressing the problems of the people. State-sanctioned melodramas, war films, and play adaptations had mostly previously been played in Turkish theaters. These new filmmakers began to shoot and screen more realistic pictures of Kurdish and Turkish life. Yılmaz Güney was one of the most popular names to emerge from this trend, a gruff-looking young actor who earned the moniker "Çirkin Kral" ("the Ugly King" in Turkish) or "paşay naşirîn" in Kurdish. After working as an apprentice screenwriter for and assistant to Atıf Yılmaz, Güney soon began appearing in as many as 20 films a year and became Turkey's one of the most popular actors.  The early 1960s brought restricted freedom to Turkey, and Güney was imprisoned from 1960 to 1962. In prison he wrote what some labeled a "communist" novel, "They Died with Their Heads Bowed". The country's political situation and Güney's relationship with the authorities became even more tense in the ensuing years. Not content with his star status atop the Turkish film industry, Güney began directing his own pictures in 1965. By 1968 he had formed his own production company, Güney Filmcilik. Over the next few years, the titles of his films mirrored the feelings of the people of Turkey: "Umut" ("Hope", 1970); "Ağıt" ("Elegy", 1972); "Acı" ("Pain", 1971); "The Hopeless" (1971). Umut is considered to be the first realistic film of Turkish Cinema, the American director Elia Kazan was among the first to praise the film; “Umut is a poetic film, completely native, not an imitation of Hollywood or any of the European masters, it had risen out of a village environment”. After the military coup in March 1971, he has been in pretrail for weeks, and he decided to leave Istanbul to evade further trouble with the authorities. Arrested for harboring anarchist students, Güney was jailed in 1972 during preproduction of "Zavallılar" ("The Miserable", 1975), and before completing "Endişe" ("Worry", 1974), which was finished in 1974 by Güney's assistant, Şerif Gören. This was a role that Gören would repeat over the next dozen years, directing several scripts that Güney wrote in prison.  Released from prison in 1974 as part of a general amnesty, Güney was re-arrested that same year for shooting Sefa Mutlu, the public prosecutor of Yumurtalık district in Adana Province, to death in a night club as a result of a drunken row and given a prison sentence of 19 years. Güney has always declared his innocence. During this stretch of incarceration, his most successful screenplays were "Sürü" ("The Herd", 1978) and "Düşman" ("The Enemy", 1979), both directed by Zeki Ökten. "Düşman" won an Honourable Mention at the 30th Berlin International Film Festival in 1980.  Güney's first marriage was with fellow Turkish actress and Miss Turkey, Nebahat Çehre, who co-starred alongside Güney in several films. Their relationship began in 1964 and they married in 1967. Prior to his marriage, Güney fathered a daughter, Elif Güney Pütün, from his relationship with Birsen Can Ünal.  Despite Güney and Nebahat Çehre's divorce in 1968, many of those closest to Güney have always regarded Çehre to have been the love of his life.  Later, Güney married Jale Fatma Süleymangil, more commonly known as Fatoş Güney, in 1970. Together, they had a son, Remzi Yılmaz Pütün.

Jailbreak and death.

September 13, 1974 Güney murdered a local judge in Yumurtalık, Adana, with a firearm he fired in a Casino. For his crime he was sentenced to 19 years. In September 1980, Güney's works were banned by the new military junta. In 1981, just after 5 of his 19 years sentence, he escaped from prison by fleeing to France on his holiday furlough. After France he traveld to Switzerland, where he had a good life, until the press wrote about his whereabouts, after that he traveld back to France. According to Donat F. Keusch, Güney said this about the murder.  Güney won the Palme d'Or at the 1982 Cannes Film Festival for his film "Yol", whose director in the field was once again Şerif Gören. It was not until 1983 that Güney resumed directing, telling a brutal tale of imprisoned children in his final film, "Duvar" ("The Wall", 1983), made in France with the cooperation of the French government. Meanwhile, Turkey's government revoked his citizenship and a court sentenced him to twenty-two extra years in jail.  Yılmaz Güney died of gastric cancer in September 9, 1984, in Paris, France. He is buried at the Père Lachaise Cemetery in Paris.

Biography.

A biography of Güney, "Halkın Sanatçısı, Halkın Savaşçısı: Yılmaz Güney", was published by Dönüşüm Publishing in 1992, and reprinted in 2000. Its publisher was fined in 2001 because of some of the book's content, although this was overturned in 2003 when the relevant law was repealed.

Yılmaz Güney (born Yılmaz Pütün, 1 April 1937 – 9 September 1984) was a Kurdish film director, scenarist, novelist, and actor, who produced movies in Turkish. He quickly rose to prominence in the Turkish film industry. Many of his works were devoted to the plight of ordinary, working class people in Turkey. Güney won the Palme d'Or with the film "Yol" he co-produced with Şerif Gören at Cannes Film Festival in 1982. He was at constant odds with the Turkish government because of his portrayals of Kurdish culture, people and language in his movies. After killing a judge, something Yılmaz claimed to be innocent of, and being convicted in a trial in 1974. He escaped from prison and fled to France and later lost his citizenship.

Yılmaz Güney, eigentlich "Yılmaz Pütün", (* 1. April 1937 in Adana; † 9. September 1984 in Paris) war ein kurdisch-türkischer Schauspieler, Filmregisseur, Drehbuchautor, Filmproduzent und Schriftsteller. Güney spielt in seinen Werken oft die Hauptrolle. Neben dem Mord an Richter Sefa Mutlu 1974, erlangte er durch Mafiafilme und sozialistisch geprägte Filme Aufmerksamkeit in der Türkei. Yilmaz Güney wird aufgrund seiner nationalistischen Ansichten mehrheitlich von Diaspora-Kurden verehrt.


Early life and college.

Sánchez was born in New York City to Dominican-born parents and was raised in San Diego, California. He attended University City High School and San Diego Mesa College in the city, and then went on to study psychology at the University of Southern California in 1998. Competing for University of Southern California's USC Trojans, he was a Pac-10 champion (400 m hurdles) and All-American relay champion (1600 m) in 1999.

Professional career.

Sánchez opted to represent the Dominican Republic internationally, and made his debut for that nation in the Pan American games in 1999. Between 2001 and 2004 he won 43 races in a row at 400 m hurdles, including the 2001 and 2003 World Championships. He won a share of the Golden League million dollar-jackpot in 2002 after winning all 7 races.  At the 2003 Pan American Games, Sánchez won the Dominican Republic's first gold medal at the competition and also broke the Pan American Games record in the 400 m hurdles. He was named "Track and Field News" Track & Field Athlete of the Year in 2003. Subsequently, he won the first ever Olympic gold medal for the Dominican Republic on August 28, 2004 during the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, Greece.  During his 43-race winning streak, from 2001 to 2004, Sánchez was known for wearing a wristband while competing. The red flashing wristband, a souvenir from the 2000 Olympics, served as a motivation for him after failing to advance to the final in Sydney. After winning the Olympic gold medal in Athens 2004, Sánchez gave the wristband to the IAAF for auction and the profits were donated to charity. In his first race after the Olympics – and his first race without the wristband – at the Van Damme Memorial meet in Brussels, Sánchez injured his leg and had to abandon the race halfway through.  In 2012, at the age of 34, Sánchez entered the 2012 Summer Olympics. He posted the fastest qualifying time, and won the final with a time of 47.63 seconds, the same as his winning time in Athens in 2004 and his fastest run for eight years. Sánchez became the oldest man to win the Olympic 400m hurdles title. He was the only Olympic medalist for the Dominican Republic until 45 minutes after his second gold medal, when Luguelín Santos picked up a silver medal in the 400 metres. For his performance in London Sanchez was awarded the Laureus World Comeback of the Year.  Sánchez announced his retirement in April 2016 at the age of 38, citing the recent birth of a son. He did not compete in the 2016 Olympics in Rio de Janeiro.

Félix Sánchez, (born August 30, 1977) is a retired Dominican-American track and field athlete. He is of Dominican descent, was born and raised in the United States, and competed for the Dominican Republic, specializing in the 400 meter hurdles. He is a two-time Olympic gold medallist, winning gold in 2004 and 2012, and was also World Champion in 2001 and 2003. Just before turning 36, he set the Masters M35 World Record with a time of 48.10. Sanchez acquired many nicknames: "Super Felix", "the Invincible", "Superman", and "the Dictator".

Félix Sánchez (* 30. August 1977 in New York City) ist ein ehemaliger dominikanischer Hürdenläufer. Der Sohn von Einwanderern aus der Dominikanischen Republik in die USA begann zunächst als Jugendlicher mit Baseball, kam jedoch nach einer Verletzung zur Leichtathletik. Erst seit 1999 startet er für die Dominikanische Republik über 400 Meter Hürden, da er für sich keine Chance sah, in das US-amerikanische Team zu kommen. So konnte er an den Olympischen Spielen 2000 in Sydney teilnehmen, jedoch kam er nicht über das Halbfinale bei den 400 Meter Hürden hinaus.


Playing the game.

Each player in the game needs to acquire several miniatures to represent his forces. Miniatures are bought in blister packs, each containing one or more metal figures, a booklet of basic game rules, and a special reference card that describes the characteristics and special abilities of the game pieces. A photo or artist's drawing of the figures is on the reverse of the reference card, as a painting guide for the hobbyist.  Several six-sided dice and a table with scale scenery to play on are also needed.

The Miniatures.

Rackham originally produced metal miniatures for Confrontation in blisters of one to four models, or boxed sets of one to eight models.

Confrontation: Age of Ragnarok.

With the release of "Confrontation: Age of Ragnarok", Rackham changed the supporting miniature line from unpainted metal figures to pre-painted plastic figures. This follows the production model used in "AT-43", their science fiction miniatures game.  The models were packaged in multiple figure sets that correspond with units and auxiliaries as described in the various army lists.  As of 2011, Legacy Miniatures Miniatures owns the rights to produce Confrontation miniatures & sells them via Cool Mini or Not.  The Griffons are a fanatical army of humans that worship Merin, the God of Fire, spreading their truth through fire and sword.

The armies.

They have recently launched crusades throughout the land to find the body of their first ruler. Despite their extreme methods they are devoted to driving back the forces of Darkness. The Griffon army is characterized by heavily armored troops, high Discipline, strong ranged weapons, and powerful Faithful. Their Magicians focus on Fire spells. The Scorpions of Dirz were founded by a high priest of Merin who was so consumed with attaining perfection that he began dark experiments combining man and science. Fleeing the Inquisition, he and his followers fled to the desert, where they built hidden labs where they continue to create monstrous abominations and clone vat-born soldiers. Dirz soldiers tend to have better attack stats with the possibility of boosting their abilities with their Mutagen. Their Magicians focus on Darkness spells. Wolfen who have separated from the rest of their race after Vile-Tis showed them the moon goddess Yllia had only contempt for her children. Focusing on their natural ferocity, The Beast twisted the Devourers from noble hunters into depraved killers. Devourers have high Movement, Resilience, and Defense with above average Strength making very dangerous and hard to kill. Their Magicians focus on Darkness spells. A tribe of human barbarians dwell within the heart of a dark forest. They have rebelled against the gods and revel in killing and carnage. Their dark rites and cannibalism have led them to make pacts with the fearsome Formor demons and their Faithful can control dead warriors. Their Magicians focus on Elemental and Darkness spells.

Editions of the game.

First edition.

Confrontation can be played with the basic rules alone, but there are several supplements available. These describe optional rules and multiply the tactical options allowed. All are packed free in the appropriate blisters, just like the basic rules.  Incantation introduces powerful Wizards to the game. In this supplement a new characteristic appears: Mental Strength. Mental Strength is the essential element used to call upon the power of Magic. Wizards can use that power to change the course of battle: project fire balls, raise the dead and even invoke powerful spirits. Every blister that contains a Wizard includes a free Incantation Rules Booklet as well as cards that describe magic items and special spells particular to each. A small plate of counters representing 'Mana', the very essence of Magic, is also included. 'Grimoires,' packs of 15 additional spell cards, are available separately.  Incarnation allows players to individualize their game characters. Special 'Adventurer' figures are furnished with the Incarnation Rules Booklet which details how they progress in experience. The character acquires power, fame, new abilities and magic objects as he accomplishes quests. Two new types of cards are packed in the Adventurer blisters: Scenarios and Experience Cards. Each Adventurer is furnished with a scenario specially written for him. Scenarios card packs are also available separately. Many scenarios based on the official characters of the range are available free on the Confrontation web site (in French). 'Travel Journals,' packs of cards for treasures, rare objects or magic artifacts, are available to further customize scenarios.

Second edition.

Divination addresses the gods themselves and their servants, the faithful Priests that represent them on the battlefields. The magic of the Priests is powerful but variable, for it depends on the vagaries of the fickle gods. It also tends to be more defensive in nature than Wizards' magic. The blisters of the Priests figures are packaged with the Divination Rules Booklet and several 'Miracle' cards to call upon the aid of the divine powers. The 'Litanies' card packs group together additional miracle cards.  Fortification adds in war machines such as cannon, ballista, and chariots. Some of the existing figures, such as the Dwarf Steam Cannon are reclassified to war machines.

Third edition.

The third edition of Confrontation was issued as both basic rules, included in miniature blisters, and as a hardback bound advanced rules. The basic rules described combat and movement, but did not explain abilities or magic. The advanced rules included all rules from the second edition with some refinements in play.  One notable aspect of the third edition was its obsolescence of the adventure, spell, and miracle card packs. The reworked magic rules in the third edition significantly reduced the number of available spells by eliminating the previously released spell books. The book also includes an extensive section covering the changes to the existing model line and associated cards.  The unbalancing army cards were removed in this edition. Also removed was the declarable target number while making attack die rolls. Separate shooting and magic phases were also done away with. Now the round is based on only 4 phases with shooting taking place in the activation and magic being used throughout the round dictated by card text.  An on-line only revision was published within a year of the publication of the third edition. Called "Confrontation 3.5", this revision changed some abilities, reworked the line of sight rules, and changed the way spells and miracles were added to a force by removing points costs from them. This update also significantly changed the balance of ranged units by giving them the abilities "Bull's eye" and "Assault fire" and giving units that already had those abilities "cookies" to improve them.  Dogs of War was the only supplement for Confrontation, third edition.

Fourth edition.

The fourth edition of Confrontation was named "Confrontation: Age of Ragnarok". This edition made major changes to the rules, including changing the game scope from single-model skirmish to small unit battle. As with second edition, Confrontation: Age of Ragnarok has re-issued the game cards to reflect the new rules and statistics.

Supplements.

Dogs of War.

"Dogs of War" was the supplement to Confrontation, third edition. It provides campaign rules that allow players to create small warbands that gain experience and improve as they are fielded in the games. These personalized warbands can be played in games of Confrontation or Rag'Narok, though they are not sanctioned for official tournaments.  In addition, Dogs of War includes expanded terrain rules, rules for Nexi, scenario rules, and rules for very large models, called Titans. Dogs of War is not suitable for earlier editions of the game.

Cry Havoc!

"Cry Havoc!", originally offered as a quarterly magazine, is available six times a year and is published by Rackham that includes information about its different games. The publication includes two magazines and new reference cards. The larger magazine has general articles on painting and modeling, as well as features on the games, tactics articles, battle reports, and background information on the world of Aarklash. The second magazine consists of play aids, variant rules, and scenarios. The reference cards supplement and augment the articles in the two magazines. These cards are not available separately.

Other related games.

Rag'Narok.

"Rag'Narok" is at once an evolution of the basic game and an entirely new one. Where the basic game represents small confrontations and skirmishes, in Rag'Narok entire armies are involved in battles.  Rag'Narok uses exactly the same basic resources as Confrontation (figures, cards and game characteristics), but the rules differ somewhat to accommodate the change in scope and keep the game manageable.  "Confrontation: Age of Ragnarok" is a melding of the earlier versions of Confrontation with Rag'narok.

Hybrid.

"Hybrid" and its expansion "Nemesis" is a board game set in the world of Aarklash. The game is played on illustrated tiles arranged to form the floor plan of the underground laboratories of the Alchemists of Dirz. Players take the role of either the denizens of these laboratories or the outside forces invading them to either steal their secrets or shut them down. The rules of this subgame resemble Space Hulk somewhat.  The game uses a subset of the figures but with different reference cards.

Cadwallon.

"Cadwallon" is a role-playing game dubbed a "Tactical role-playing game" set in Aarklash. It uses the same miniatures as other games in the Rackham line and illustrated tiles could be purchased on which to play. The game was given its tactical prefix because of the in depth model centric combat.

Arcana.

A card game set in the city of Cadwallon.

Cadwallon:City of Thieves.

A fast paper board game developed by Rackham and released by Fantasy Flight Games. Each player plays a gang of thieves and try to score highest thievery at the end of 'night'. An expansion named 'Cadwallon: City of Thieves - The King of Ashes' released for the game as well as some DLC by Fantasy Flight Games. A video game adaptation of the board game released by the same name for iPad and iPhone.

Guilds of Cadwallon.

A tactical card and miniature game set in the city of Cadwallon, published by CoolMiniOrNot in 2013. The playing area consists of a 3x3 (or larger, depending on the number of players) grid of randomized cards, each representing a city district. Players compete for control of these districts with careful placement of their figures, and scoring is based on both the number of assets a player controls as well as how specialized those assets are in any given guild.

The Confederations.

The Confederations are a non-profit corporations set up in various countries to help expand the player base for Rackham's games. They work together as sister organizations, coordinating global tournaments and leagues. They also run tournaments, leagues, and demonstrations of the games in their own countries.  Membership in the confederations is open to anyone in their region. For an annual fee, a member has access to purchase exclusive Confederation miniatures as well as the ability to be ranked both nationally and internationally.

Confrontation is a skirmish level tactical fantasy miniature wargaming in which the combatants are represented by metal or plastic figures in 28 mm scale. For comparison purposes, the system's figures are slightly larger than those of Games Workshop or The Foundry.

Confrontation (je nach Version des Regelwerks auch CO, CO oder CO genannt) war ein Tabletopspiel des Unternehmens Rackham, die ihren Sitz in Frankreich hat. Den deutschen Vertrieb der Figuren übernahm lange Zeit der Berliner Verlag Beutelsend. 2005 wurde der Vertrieb von Universal Cards übernommen. Mit der Insolvenz Rackhams 2007 endete der Support des Spiels. Lediglich ein paar zum Teil damals noch unveröffentlichte Miniaturen werden von der amerikanischen Firma CMON Inc. als Confrontation Legacy Miniatures angeboten.