Teams.

The competition was contested by 12 teams: the title holder, the champion club from each of the ten CONMEBOL member associations, and one additional team from the host association Colombia.

Venues.

The tournament was played in four venues in three cities, all in the Metropolitan Area of Medellín:

Match officials.

A total of 10 referees and 10 assistant referees (one each per association) were appointed for the tournament.

Format.

The same format as last year was used:

Draw.

The draw of the tournament was held on 16 October 2015 during the CONMEBOL Executive Committee meeting at the Hyatt Hotel in Santiago, Chile. The 12 teams were drawn into three groups of four containing one team from each of the four seeding pots.

First stage.

The schedule of the tournament was announced on 20 October 2015.  The teams were ranked according to points (3 points for a win, 1 point for a draw, 0 points for a loss). If tied on points, tiebreakers would be applied in the following order:  All times local, COT ().

Group A.

"São José v Cerro Porteño was suspended after 50 minutes due to heavy rain. It was resumed on 1 November 2015, 14:15, at the Estadio Atanasio Girardot, Medellín.

Second stage.

If tied after regulation time, the penalty shoot-out would be used to determine the winner (no extra time would be played).

Final.

Colo-Colo played in their third final. They lost in 2011 and won the trophy in 2012. For Ferroviária it was their first final. As in every previous edition, a Brazilian team was playing in the final.

Top goalscorers.

Catalina Usme won the top-scorer award with eight goals in three matches.

The 2015 Copa Libertadores Femenina was the 7th edition of the Copa Libertadores Femenina, South America's premier women's club football tournament organized by CONMEBOL. The tournament was held in the city of Medellín, Colombia, from 28 October to 8 November 2015. It was the first time the tournament is hosted outside Brazil.

Die Copa Libertadores Femenina 2015 war die siebte Austragung des einzigen internationalen Frauenfußballwettbewerbes für Vereinsmannschaften des südamerikanischen Kontinentalverbandes CONMEBOL. Der Wettbewerb wurde in einem zweiwöchigen Turniermodus erstmals in Kolumbien und damit erstmals nicht in Brasilien zwischen dem 28. Oktober und 8. November 2015 ausgetragen. Sämtliche Partien des Turnieres wurden – anders als bei der Herren-Ausgabe – ohne Rückspiele ausgetragen.


Geography.

Located north of Mount Bailey and Diamond Lake in the U.S. state of Oregon, the Diamond Peak volcano represents the predominant feature of the Willamette Pass locality on the border of Klamath and Lane counties, reaching an elevation of, and can be seen from many summits in western Oregon.

Wilderness.

The Diamond Peak Wilderness, located southeast of Eugene and southwest of Bend, encompasses an area of. Jointly administered by the Willamette National Forest on the west and the Deschutes National Forest on the east, it incorporates of the Pacific Crest Trail and of additional trails. The forested landscape below Diamond Peak features several lakes and creeks. As the wilderness area ranges in elevation from, Diamond Peak is the highest and most predominant peak, though five other mountains reach elevations greater than : Mount Yoran, an unnamed 7,138-foot peak near Mount Yoran, Crater Butte, Lakeview Mountain, and Redtop Mountain. The wilderness area is largely inaccessible by road in the winter season, though its northern side can be reached from Gold Lake Sno-Park on Oregon Route 58.

Geology.

Diamond Peak forms part of the central arc of the Cascade Volcanoes, and it joins several other volcanoes in the eastern segment of the Cascade Range known as the High Cascades. Formed towards the end of the Pleistocene epoch, these mountains are underlain by more ancient volcanoes that subsided due to parallel north–south faulting in the surrounding region. The High Cascades consist mostly of Pleistocene volcanoes constructed on top of upper Cenozoic lava flows and volcanic vents (produced within the last 15 million years), with compositions varying from homogenous, mafic lava flows (rich in magnesium and iron) and pyroclastic rocks to lava more enriched with basalt and rhyodacite.  Composed of of basaltic andesite and of andesite, Diamond Peak is a shield volcano, though it might be considered a "modest stratocone" because of its steep slopes and the pyroclastic materials at its core. Having produced andesite, Diamond Peak represents one of the few mafic shield volcanoes in the Cascades that are known to grade into andesite, along with Mount Defiance, Mount Bailey, Devils Peak, and Prospect Peak. It consists of a main cone made of pyroclastic material including palagonitized rock along with basaltic andesite cinders and glassy scoria, as well as thin layers of basaltic andesite lava flows. Diamond Peak has two overlapping volcanic cones, with the elder edifice making up its lower northern peak. The volcano does not show evidence of producing lahars.  Eruptive activity began at an eruptive vent by Diamond Peak's northern summit, and shortly after, eruptions commenced at a second, slightly higher vent closer to the southern summit. Though Diamond Peak's eruptions always produced olivine-rich basaltic andesite, they likely grew more rich in silicon dioxide over time, ranging from 55 to 58 percent silicon dioxide. Lava flows from the volcano vary from in thickness, rich in porphyritic rocks like olivine, plagioclase, and clinopyroxene; there is no silicic rock (rich in silica) in the Diamond Peak vicinity. Mazama Ash, including pumice up to thick as well as plagioclase, pyroxene, and hornblende crystals, can be found throughout the Diamond Peak wilderness area and represents the newest volcanic rock deposited in the region. In total, eruptive output probably totaled in volume.  The volcano is older than the last glacial period that ended 11,000 years ago, but probably younger than 100,000 years. Though its lava flows show residual magnetism, the volcano does not display evidence of activity within the past 10,000 years, suggesting that it may now be extinct. The lavas, intrusive volcanic rocks, and volcanic vents have largely gone unaltered by erosion or other geological processes besides sparse mineralization as a result of volcanic exhalative processes, though there are tiny amounts of specular hematite and malachite in cracks among lava flows.  Heavily eroded by glaciers, which no longer exist on Diamond Peak, the mountain has several cirques from glacial erosion, some of which have talus deposits due to Holocene glacial motion. Glaciers also placed both lateral and ground moraines along the lower to middle elevations of the wilderness area, unlayered pebble deposits interbedded with sand and rock. These deposits have very few weathering rinds, corresponding to their production during the late Pleistocene. Diamond Peak lies directly on the Cascade Crest and therefore receives a heavy snowpack. Snowfields on the northern side may have been glaciers as recently as 100 years ago.

Subfeatures.

Nearby features include Crater Butte, a basaltic andesite cinder cone volcano to the southeast, and Redtop Mountain, to the east and composed of basalt. Both mountains are likely close to the same age as Diamond Peak, and are formed by layers of red and black lapilli, scoria, and volcanic bombs. The earliest strata have been converted to palagonite with a yellow-orange color that was derived from volcanic glass. Emigrant Butte, a basaltic andesite peak to the south, has been altered more extensively by glaciers, and therefore is likely older. Mount Yoran is a significantly older mountain made from basaltic andesite lava that has a summit protruding from the northern slope of Diamond Peak. It has been potassium–argon dated to be between 520,000 and 220,000 years old. A shield volcano, Yoran is often considered one of the subfeatures of Diamond Peak, along with the Diamond Rockpile cinder cone and Crater Butte. Yoran and the nearby stratovolcano Lakeview Mountain have similar compositions to Diamond Peak, with dissected cones made of pyroclastic material with embedded lava flows. Both volcanoes have been invaded with sills fed by dikes that can be traced to nearby volcanic plugs.

Ecology.

The ecology of Diamond Peak is characteristic of the Oregon Cascades. The forests supported by the wilderness area include flora such as lodgepole pine, western white pine, mountain hemlock, noble fir, and silver fir trees. Timberline is at an elevation of about. Along Yoran Lake, there are forests of Engelmann spruce, silver fir, and noble fir, as well as a wet meadow.  Local fauna include common animals found in the Cascade Arc, such as Roosevelt elk, black-tailed deer, red squirrels, snowshoe hares, and a number of bird species. Predators like the American black bear and cougars are in the area. Trout species can be found throughout the wilderness lakes, brook trout and rainbow trout appearing the most often. The abundance of water supports mosquito populations, particularly during the early summer.

Human history.

William Macy and John Diamond climbed Diamond Peak in July 1852. These two men were part of a preliminary survey party known as the "Road Viewers." They climbed the peak in order to plan a road that later became known as the Free Emigrant Road. They named the peak for Diamond, who was a pioneer from Eugene. The road was completed in late September 1853, only days before some 1,027 people with 250 wagons arrived at the Deschutes River at what is now Bend. These emigrants, known as the "Lost Wagon Train of 1853," were following Elijah Elliott through the central Oregon high desert on what became known as the Elliott Cutoff. It took time to locate the road because it was upstream on the Deschutes. The road led them to Emigrant Pass by Summit Lake and then down the western side of the pass. In mid-October the emigrants were discovered on the Middle Fork Willamette River by the settlers of the upper Willamette Valley, and a large rescue operation was launched to help the emigrants reach the settlements. This emigration doubled the population of Lane County.  Diamond Peak and the surrounding wilderness area have not been the subject of any major mining operations. Besides old placers (accumulations of valuable minerals formed by gravity separation during sedimentary processes) that can be found along the Crescent Creek to the east of the Diamond Peak Wilderness, no mineral resources of interest have been identified in the local area. While cinder from the Red Mountain and Crater Butte cinder cones, estimated at a volume of, might be useful for construction materials for road building, there is plenty of cinder and rock outside of the immediate vicinity of Diamond Peak. The closest mining operations took place in the Bohemia district, which lies to the west of Diamond Peak. Moreover, the volcano has little potential as a geothermal energy resource, since the surrounding area lacks hot springs. Therefore, in the 1980s, surveyors determined that there is little future potential for mineral deposits or geothermal energy resources for Diamond Peak or the wilderness area.

Recreation.

Though Diamond Peak cannot be accessed by paved roads, it lies adjacent on its eastern side to the Pacific Crest Trail. Although the mountain lacks a clearly denoted trail to the top, and itself has multiple peaks, which can make identification of the summit difficult, summitting Diamond Peak is not a technical climb. Instead, it is a physically demanding hike and scramble that climbs and runs for, lasting between six and eight hours. Climbers can access Diamond Peak from two major trailheads at Rockpile and Summit Lake to the southeast of Oakridge and Eugene. The two major routes to the southern summit offer views of Summit Lake and Mount Thielsen.  Another route for climbing Diamond Peak begins from Corrigan Lake, which can be reached by forest roads about past Hills Creek Reservoir near Oakridge. The Corrigan Lake Trailhead starts at an elevation of, following a forested trail toward Diamond Peak's western flank. A challenging trip, it demands the use of crampons, (traction devices attached to footwear to improve mobility on snow and ice), and ice axes are also recommended. Because of avalanche hazards on the western side of Diamond Peak, the route can be dangerous. The climb runs about for the round trip, achieving the peak's elevation of.

Diamond Peak is a volcano in Klamath and Lane counties of central Oregon in the United States. It is a shield volcano, though it might also be considered a modest stratocone. Diamond Peak forms part of the Cascade Volcanic Arc, a segment of the Cascade Range in western North America extending from southern British Columbia through Oregon to Northern California. Reaching an elevation of, the mountain is located near Willamette Pass in the Diamond Peak Wilderness within the Deschutes and Willamette national forests. Surrounded by coniferous forest and visible in the skyline from foothills near Eugene, Diamond Peak offers a few climbing routes and can be scrambled.

Diamond Peak ist ein Schildvulkan im Südwesten von Oregon, Vereinigte Staaten. Der hohe Berg besteht aus 15 km3 Basaltandesit und ist etwas jünger als 100.000 Jahre.


Early life.

Born in the Thuringian town Apolda of a French father and a German mother, Albert Raisner arrived in Paris at age 7. His socially modest family lived in Montmartre in the 18th arrondissement of the capital in a 400 square feet apartment. He had two brothers, one older, one younger.  His father was a sales representative and music enthusiast, who taught him violin, piano, trumpet, guitar and clarinet early on. He received classical musical training; nevertheless, harmonica was his favorite instrument. He was a member of the boy scouts, whom he considered his first audience when he played during vigils around camp fire. He refined his talent with musician Charles Rodriguez, a gypsy guitarist, violinist, man band and French harmonica pioneer. Until 1939, he participated in the activities of Studio Rodriguez (officially 'French Association for Musical Expansion') and became known in the entertainment world. He joined legendary gypsy guitarist Django Reinhardt on tour. Raisner would also participate in the circus world, with "Cirque Pinder", where he learned to perform on the trapeze.  A teenager during the Second World War, he experienced food rationing and the bombing of his street. He joined the Resistance in Beaulieu-sur-Dordogne in Corrèze in Free France. During the war, Raisner joined the semi-clandestine jazz underworld and created the Club for Harmonica ('CHARM').  Raisner studied at Colbert High School before spending a year at Ecole Normale d'Auteuil, both in Paris, earning a PhD in linguistics.

Le Trio Raisner (1943–1960).

With Sirio Rossi and Adrien Belin, Albert Raisner formed the Trio Raisner, which would become a regular feature of radio and TV programs. The trio was recruited to play during shows for the American Army in Europe. Trio Raisner earned large-scale success upon D-Day and at Liberation with the American Special Service (an effort to provide entertainment for US-soldiers in Europe) in Frankfurt, where he shared scene and airtime with Frank Sinatra, Louis Armstrong, Marlene Dietrich, Elvis Presley, Ella Fitzgerald and Duke Ellington.  Thereafter, the Trio Raisner performed numerous, highly successful shows and tours in France. More than solely musicians, members of the trio were showmen, musical scene pioneers, mixing harmonica, songs, dances and humor. Soon after, the trio toured outside of France including Germany, Great Britain, Italy and Israel. It was featured numerous times on international radio channels and in movies. Albert Raisner composing songs for the trio, and in 1952 the Trio Raisner received the Grand Prix du Disque (Best Song of the Year award) for 'Le Canari'.  At the end of the 1950s, the trio dissolved and Raisner continued his harmonica career as a solo artist. He hosted the first part of Chuck Berry's Olympia concert. He also wrote a book, "Le Livre de l'Harmonica", in which he retraced the history of the musical instrument, its performers, as well as his own history as a musician.

TV and radio host (1958–1983).

Le jeu des 1000 francs.

Raisner was among the first hosts of the "Jeu des 1000 Francs", one of the longest-running French radio programs.

"Âge tendre et tête de bois".

Raisner created his signature show "Age Tendre et Tete de Bois" in 1961, which would become a staple of French TV and a legendary program. It was a music show on prime time, Saturday night, on France's unique TV channel, RTF. Even if created with modest means, the show met with immediate, overwhelming success. Shows were filmed at the Golf-Drouot, at the Moulin de la Gallette and at the Cite Universitaire. Albert Raisner became the leading talent discoverer and was among the first to air rock 'n' roll music. An iconic figure of the 'ye-ye' era (1960s), he introduced to France and supported many French, American and international artists including Ray Charles, Gene Vincent, Johnny Hallyday, The Beatles, Sheila, Claude Francois, Henri Salvador, the Beach Boys, Eddy Mitchell, Joan Baez, Dalida, Salvatore Adamo, Michel Polnareff, Stevie Wonder, Gigiola Cinquietti, Enrico Macias, Sylvie Vartan, Francois Hardy and Adriano Celentano. The show was remembered for its jovial, high energy style, its duplexes and multiplexes with artists around the world, the close proximity between the audience and the stars, and the prohibition of play-back. Albert Raisner also designed the show's mascot, the 'Bonhomme Tete de Bois', to his image.

Europarty.

In 1963, Raisner created a German-French co-production, "Rendez-vous sur le Rhin", which will soon evolve to include 7 European countries to be renamed 'Europarty'. He even twice set up a bilateral show in Moscow, aired in France and the USSR, live and in Russian – a unique achievement at the time of the Cold War.

Samedi et Compagnie.

Starting 1968, Albert Raisner was the host for "Samedi et Compagnie". The shows changed its name in 1971 to become "Samedi et Vous". Albert Raisner also hosted "Point Chaud" which starred Isaac Hayes, Hugues Aufray and Many Dibango. He travelled to the United States several times and covered the Woodstock Festival for French TV. In 1973, he wrote a book retracing the history of 1960 and 1970 music, "L'Aventure Pop".

Tremplin 80.

Raisner created the music show "Tremplin 80" which he hosted until 1983. He stepped away from TV thereafter to raise his two sons, but continued to be present on radio shows and participated in tours and concerts in Europe.

1990-2000s.

Raisner made a comeback on TV in 1990 with "Age Tendre", on channel Antenne 2, which linked artists from the 1960s to those of the 1990s. He hosted Vanessa Paradis, among others.  In the mid-1990s, he hosted 'Salut Albert' on Radio Montmartre, before hosting a show on Europe 1 at the end of the 1990s. He also kept participating in tours including one on the ship Queen Elizabeth II with Petula Clark.

Personal life.

Raisner married, Miss France 1978. They had two sons, Richard and Remy Raisner. Raisner was a member of Mensa International, a social organization whose members are in the top 2% of intelligence as measured by an IQ test entrance exam. Raisner died aged 88 of respiratory insufficiency at Hôpital Ambroise-Paré in the Parisian suburb of Boulogne-Billancourt.

Awards.

Grand Prix du Disque (1952) Chevalier de l'ordre national du Mérite (1978) Médaille de la ville de Paris

Impact.

A harmonica pioneer, he contributed to popularize his instrument in France. He is considered as one of the best harmonicists of all times. He was among the first to create a TV show for teenagers. He was also among the first TV hosts to become a producer as well. He thereby contributed to change in the entertainment industry's functioning. Always avant-gardist, he was one of the first host/producers to propose shooting live in other or simultaneous countries. He launched countless artists who went on to earn international success.  His TV shows' excerpts are oftentimes relayed by media. A widely successful tour featuring 1960s and 1970s French and international artists was named "Age Tendre et Tetes de Bois" in his honor.  A harmonica song he wrote and played is decades later, the theme of a leading Japanese radio show.

Albert Raisner (30 September 1922 in Apolda, Germany – 1 January 2011 in Boulogne-Billancourt, France) was a French harmonica player, founder of the award-winning Trio Raisner and a TV and radio host and producer. He was the host of the hit show "Age Tendre et Tetes de Bois", which aired from 1961 to 1967 and featured world-renowned artists including The Beatles, Elvis Presley, Stevie Wonder, Isaac Hayes and French singers Johnny Hallyday and Claude Francois. He is regarded as an icon and a pioneer of French television, sometimes compared to Ed Sullivan, and was knighted by the French president in 1977.

Albert Raisner (* 30. September 1922 in Apolda; † 1. Januar 2011 in Boulogne-Billancourt, Frankreich) war ein französischer Harmonikaspieler, Begründer des preisgekrönten Trio Raisner sowie Fernseh- und Radio-Moderator. Er war der Gastgeber der von 1961 bis 1967 ausgestrahlten Hitparade Tendre et Tetes de Bois mit weltberühmten Künstlern wie den Beatles, Elvis Presley, Stevie Wonder, Isaac Hayes und den französischen Sängern Johnny Hallyday und Claude François. Er gilt als Symbol und Pionier des französischen Fernsehens, manchmal im Vergleich zu Ed Sullivan. Raisner wurde 1977 vom französischen Präsidenten in den Adelsstand erhoben.


Route.

So far the track has a length of. It has five stations.

History.

The decision to build a children's railway in Novosibirsk, was announced in August 2003 by the West Siberian Railway together with the city council of Novosibirsk, when the foundation stone was laid in Zayeltsovsky Park, although the planning had not yet been fully completed. The design of the track was contracted to the institutions Sibgiprotrans and Zheldorproekt.  On 4 June 2005 the first phase of the children's railway with a length of was inaugurated. It was formally taken in use on 30 June 2005 by the Director of the West Siberian Railway as the 23rd children's railway of Russia. The first phase contained a more than long steel pier, the stations Zoopark and Sportivnaya, a training centre at the Sportivnaya station as well as the halt Razyezd Eltsovskiy.  In summer 2005 only one train operated. The train had one locomotive at each end, and could change direction without de-coupling the locomotives. On 14 November 2005 the President of the Russian Railways Vladimir Yakunin visited the railway.  Starting from 6 August 2006 the second phase with a length of was constructed by the Russian Railways and the city council. The second phase contains a more than long steel pier, two bridges, the station Zayeltsovskiy Park and the halt Razyezd Lokomotiv.  In 2015 the railway announced at its 10th anniversary that it had transported already more than 480,000 passengers.

Rolling stock.

Locomotives.

The children's railway operates three TU7A diesel locomotives with a power of 294 kW (400 hp) each and a weight of 24 t as well as a newer TU10 diesel locomotive with a power of 170 kW (230 hp). Their serial numbers are as follows:

Carriages.

There are also six passenger carriages of Type 20,0011 and 048-051 „Metrovagonmash“ () and three of Type 43-0011 Kambarka () an eight-wheeler flat waggon for track maintenance -.in use. Each train has three passenger carriages. Each car has 36 seats at a weight of 11.0 or 12.5 t and a length from buffer to buffer of and a width of.  The trains have the names „Skazka“ (Сказка, "Fairy tale"), „Yunost“ (Юность, "Youth"), „Sibiryak“ (Сибиряк, "Sibirian") and „Mechta“ (Мечта, "Dream").

Operation.

The trains run daily with the exception of Mondays during the season from 1 June to 30 September.

The Small West Siberian Railway or Novosibirsk Children's Railway (Russian: Малая Западно-Сибирская железная дорога, "Malaya Zapadno-Sibirskaya zheleznaya doroga") is a narrow gauge miniature railway in the Russian city Novosibirsk. The first section of the railway line was opened on 4 June 2005 as one of the many children's railways in Russia. It is still in use every day in summer except Mondays.

Die Kleine Westsibirische Eisenbahn (, "Malaja Sapadno-Sibirskaja schelesnaja doroga") ist eine schmalspurige Parkeisenbahn im Sajelzowski-Park () in der russischen Stadt Nowosibirsk. Die Bahn wurde am 4. Juni 2005 als Kindereisenbahn eröffnet und ist heute im Sommer täglich außer montags in Betrieb.


Career.

He completed his medical studies at the "Kaiser-Wilhelms-Akademie für das militärärztliche Bildungswesen" and joined the medical service of the Royal Prussian Army as an officer in 1900. He worked as a military doctor in the colonial administration in German East Africa from 1902, and became director of the laboratory of the governmental hospital in Dar es Salaam from 1911. Kudicke was one of Nobel laureate Robert Koch's long-time collaborators and last surviving students, and participated in Koch's sleeping sickness expedition in German East Africa from 1906. He worked with sleeping sickness in the Lake Victoria area during the years 1907–1908 and 1910–1912, and later as director of the Institute for Sleeping Sickness in East Africa from 1913.  He served as a medical officer during the First World War. In 1921 he joined the Georg Speyer House, a medical foundation in Frankfurt, and he worked at the Institute for Tropical Medicine in Hamburg 1925–1927. He was then Professor of Bacteriology and dean of the medical faculty of the Sun Yat-sen University in Canton in the Republic of China from 1927 to 1933. He later worked in Frankfurt and after the occupation of Poland by the German Army as director of the State Institute of Hygiene in Warsaw. The former director Ludwik Hirszfeld was dismissed as a "non-Aryan" from the Institute and forced to move into the Warsaw ghetto. Within his role in November and December 1941 Kudicke tested a new Typhus vaccine on 228 Jews of the Warsaw ghetto. 24 developed severe adverse effects and died later on.  After the war he was Professor of Epidemiology at the Goethe University Frankfurt from 1945, and then Professor Emeritus there until his death. He was also acting director of the Institute for Medical Microbiology and Infection Control from October 1945 to October 1946, when he was succeeded by Hans Schlossberger.  From the late 1940s he also worked with several developing countries in connection with medical development aid programmes of the West German government.

Heinrich Robert Hellmuth Kudicke (born 12 December 1876 in Preußisch Eylau, East Prussia, died 8 May 1961) was a German physician, epidemiologist and one of the leading experts on tropical diseases in his lifetime. He worked in Africa and China for several years. A long-time collaborator of Nobel laureate Robert Koch, he is especially known for his work with African trypanosomiasis or sleeping sickness in the early 20th century. During the early Cold War era he worked in several developing countries in connection with medical development aid programmes.

Heinrich Robert Hellmuth Kudicke (* 12. Dezember 1876 in Preußisch Eylau, Ostpreußen; † 8. Mai 1961 in Frankfurt am Main) war ein deutscher Sanitätsoffizier. Zur Zeit des Nationalsozialismus war er als Mediziner für tödliche Menschenversuche verantwortlich.


Rush Township, Northumberland County, Pennsylvania

Rush Township (Northumberland County, Pennsylvania)

Geography.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 27.4 square miles (70.9 km2), of which, 26.8 square miles (69.3 km2) of it is land and 0.6 square miles (1.6 km2) of it (2.23%) is water.

Demographics.

As of the census of 2000, there were 1,189 people, 443 households, and 330 families residing in the township. The population density was 44.4 people per square mile (17.1/km2). There were 469 housing units at an average density of 17.5/sq mi (6.8/km2). The racial makeup of the township was 98.23% White, 0.25% African American, 0.67% Asian, 0.08% Pacific Islander, 0.17% from other races, and 0.59% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.25% of the population.  There were 443 households out of which 30.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 66.8% were married couples living together, 5.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 25.5% were non-families. 22.1% of all households were made up of individuals and 10.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.68 and the average family size was 3.16.  In the township the population was spread out with 26.4% under the age of 18, 6.3% from 18 to 24, 25.1% from 25 to 44, 27.7% from 45 to 64, and 14.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 101.6 males.  The median income for a household in the township was $43,098, and the median income for a family was $48,542. Males had a median income of $30,074 versus $23,077 for females. The per capita income for the township was $21,055. About 2.2% of families and 5.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 7.9% of those under age 18 and 3.1% of those age 65 or over.

Rush Township is a township in Northumberland County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population at the 2010 Census was 1,122, down from 1,189 at the 2000 census.

Rush Township ist eine Township im Northumberland County und eine von fünf Townships mit diesem Namen in Pennsylvania, Vereinigte Staaten. Zum Zeitpunkt des United States Census 2010 hatte die Rush Township 1122 Einwohner, gegenüber 1189 Einwohnern im Jahr 2000.


Strategic context.

The fort was constructed in response to a naval arms race between Britain and France. Britain's coastal defences had not been substantially upgraded since the Napoleonic Wars, but a new generation of accurate and powerful guns, mounted on fast-moving, manoueuvrable iron-clad warships, had obsoleted the existing 18th and early 19th century forts along the British coastline. The Thames was seen as particularly vulnerable; as well as being one of the country's most important trade routes, it possessed several naval installations of great importance, including the victualling yards at Deptford, the armaments works of Woolwich Arsenal, the shipbuilding yards at North Woolwich, and the magazines at Purfleet.  The government's response to the increased threat was to appoint a Royal Commission on the Defence of the United Kingdom, which published a far-reaching report in 1860. It recommended that many existing forts should be upgraded or rebuilt entirely, and that new forts should be constructed to guard particularly strategic or vulnerable points along the coast. In all, around 70 forts and batteries were constructed around the English coast as a result of the Royal Commission's report.  Garrison Point had long been fortified. A square blockhouse was constructed there by 1547, during the reign of Henry VIII. It was in the process of being replaced with a new fort when it was destroyed in the June 1667 Raid on the Medway during the Second Anglo-Dutch War. It was rebuilt by 1669 to a design by Bernard de Gomme, who also designed Tilbury Fort further upriver. Two additional fortifications, the Half Moon Battery and Cavalier Battery, were subsequently added to further strengthen the defences. The Royal Commission recommended that de Gomme's red brick fortification and the two later batteries, which were incapable of withstanding modern guns, should be replaced by an armoured artillery fort on the same site. Its arc of fire would overlap that of Grain Fort and Grain Tower (and later Grain Wing Battery and Dummy Battery) on the other side of the Medway on the Isle of Grain.

Construction and layout.

Construction began in February 1861 and continued until the last of its shielding was installed in June 1872, by which time about half of the guns were already in place. The new fort took the form of a semi-circular structure, one of only two built in the 1860s fortification programme (the other being Picklecombe Fort in Cornwall). It had two gun floors, each with 17 granite-faced casemates, in which 36 heavy guns were mounted behind 2,000 tons of iron shields. Another two gun turrets were planned for the roof but were not built. The magazines were located below ground in the basement of the fort. The bulk of the structure was built of brick, with concrete additions. The walls and piers are thick. The semi-circular row of casemates is closed off to the rear by a row of defensible buildings constructed from ashlar blocks of Kentish ragstone, with loopholes and gun ports in the flanks to facilitate close defence of the fort. A parade ground occupied the middle of the fort.

Operational history.

Garrison Point Fort was initially armed with 9-inch and 10-inch rifled muzzle loader (RML) guns. By 1880 its armament had been expanded to include 9-inch, 10-inch, 11-inch and 12.5-inch RMLs. A Brennan torpedo station, used to launch wire-guided torpedoes, was added to the fort's structure in 1884 and remained in use until around 1906. The RMLs were obsolete by the end of the 19th century and had been removed by 1896, when the casemates were all converted to barracks and stores. In 1909 two 6-inch Mk. VII breech-loading guns were mounted on the fort's roof and four 12-pdr. quick-firing guns were installed in a lower tier of the casemates.  A coastal artillery searchlight and concrete magazine were constructed to the east of the fort during the First World War, along with a machine-gun pillbox that no longer survives. Garrison Point Fort remained in service through the Second World War and was re-armed with two twin 6-pounder Quick Firing (QF) guns to defend against fast-moving attackers such as E-boats and destroyers. One of them was mounted on the fort's roof and the other was situated outside the front of the casemates. New gun emplacements, gun towers, a magazine and a searchlight emplacement were all constructed at this time. By 1944 the threat of invasion or seaborne attack had diminished to the point that the fort was reduced to care and maintenance status.  After the war, the fort was used by the Royal Navy Auxiliary Service as an emergency port control centre in the event of a nuclear war. Part of the fort's disused magazine was converted into a bunker housing nuclear defence officials. The fort was decommissioned in 1956 when the UK discontinued its coastal defence programme, and the structure was sold off to the owners of the adjacent Sheerness Docks.

Current status.

The fort has been a Grade II listed building since 1977 and is part of the wider system of the Sheerness defences, listed as a scheduled monument. It is owned by Medway Ports Ltd, the operators of the Sheerness Docks, and is not publicly accessible as it lies within the port area. Some alterations have been made to the fort to enable its use in connection with the port. It was used for a time in the 1980s as a terminal for a now-defunct ferry service to the Continent, which involved fitting a walkway to the ferries through one of the casemates. A navigational radar control tower was installed on the fort's roof in 1962.  Garrison Point Fort is reportedly in a state of "slow decay" which has led it to be listed on the Heritage At Risk Register. Although the interior has been largely stripped out, traces remain of the original fittings. A considerable amount remains of the Brennan Torpedo station and its launching rails, though it is corroding badly. While the fort's structure is still basically intact its roof and much of its interior are derelict and decaying.

Garrison Point Fort is a former artillery fort situated at the end of the Garrison Point peninsula at Sheerness on the Isle of Sheppey in Kent. Built in the 1860s in response to concerns about a possible French invasion, it was the last in a series of artillery batteries that had existed on the site since the mid-16th century. The fort's position enabled it to guard the strategic point where the River Medway meets the Thames. It is a rare example of a two-tiered casemated fort – one of only two of that era in the country – with a design that is otherwise similar to that of several of the other forts along the lower Thames. It remained operational until 1956 and is now used by the Sheerness Docks as a port installation.

Garrison Point Fort ist die Ruine eines Artillerieforts am Ende der "Garrison Point Peninsula", einer Halbinsel in Sheerness auf der Isle of Sheppey in der englischen Grafschaft Kent. Die in den 1860er-Jahren als Antwort auf eine befürchtete französische Invasion erbaute Anlage war die letzte einer Reihe von Artilleriebatterien, die seit dem 16. Jahrhundert an dieser Stelle existierten. Von dieser Position aus konnte man die strategisch wichtige Mündung des River Medway in die Themse überwachen. Es handelt sich um ein seltenes Beispiel für ein zweireihiges Kasemattenfort – eines von nur zwei seiner Art im Land. In anderer Hinsicht entspricht seine Anlage der verschiedener anderer Forts am Unterlauf der Themse. Das Fort blieb bis 1956 in Betrieb und dient heute den Docks in Sheerness als Hafeneinrichtung.


The beginning (1962–1967).

Cho was born into a very rich family of six children. His grandfather was a bank director. During the Korean War, the money the family had owned was burnt and they became impoverished. His father then sought the advice of a fortune teller. Originally called Pung-yeon, Cho's name was changed to Chihun, as the fortune teller told him to change his son's name to Chihun or else his mother would die, also saying that following the change, Chihun's younger brother would die but Chihun would become famous. Both predictions proved accurate.  His grandfather taught him Go when he was young. Seeing great talent in Cho, his father sent him to Japan in 1962. His rise to becoming one of the greatest Go players began when he

Breakthrough to shodan (1968–1972).

Cho broke through to shodan after beating Michihiko Azuma in May 1968. He became one of the youngest professionals ever in modern go history, at 11 years and 8 months. In the same year, he was promoted to 2 dan and was looking very promising. Within a mere two years, he climbed to 4 dan after winning almost every Oteai game possible. He reached 5 dan in 1971, at just

Victories and defeats (1973–1979).

Cho won the 5th Shin-Ei after beating Yasumasa Hane, who was an 8 dan at the time. Second prize was awarded to him after scoring an 83.75% winning percentage in the 5+ dan Oteai. He then took tenth place in the 11th Asahi Pro Best Ten tournament. He was also promoted to 6 dan in 1973 with a good record of 30 wins and 11 losses.  His most significant accomplishment of 1974 was qualifying for the 22nd Nihon Ki-in Championship, especially since this came after being beaten out of the Honinbo preliminaries by Takaho Kojima. He beat Kazuo Sometani, Masao Kato, Yoshio Ishida, and Rin Kaiho. His win against Ishida was something strange, as it came a week after Ishida achieved Meijin-Honinbo. He didn't make it past the second game in the 18th Prime Minister Cup, which again went to Kobayashi. He then took revenge on Kobayashi by beating him in the 6th Shin-Ei. He was awarded a Special Merit Prize by Kido magazine after his most impressive record thus far of 33 wins and 9 losses.  His career skyrocketed when Kido magazine named him the Number One Young Player. His power and composure shone through his strong endgame. He barely lost out in the final of the 22nd Nihon Ki-In Championship to Eio Sakata after making a critical mistake that led to his resignation. This loss fueled him to take the 12th Asahi Pro Best Ten undefeated, which made him look incredibly powerful, as all the opponents were 9-dan. The victory made him the youngest title holder ever in Japan. He lost in the second round of the 30th Honinbo preliminary to Toshihiro Shimamura 9-dan. Even though he had a second chance to take the match against Masao Kato—due to a triple ko—he still lost. He was on a roll in the 1st Tengen league, until he was defeated by Shuzo Ohira. He didn't get far in the rest of the tournaments that

Achieving the peak of his career (1980–1981).

He might have lost his newly won Gosei title, but he won what he was after: the Meijin title. Coincidentally, he won the title from Hideo Otake, who had taken Cho's Gosei the same year. There are rumors that said that Cho vowed that after moving to Japan, he wouldn't return to South Korea until the Meijin title was his. He made his first trip home on the New

Champion of Japanese Go (1981–1985).

Cho won the Honinbo for the first time in 1981. He won the Honinbo league undefeated with a score of 7 wins and 0 losses. His campaign was the first time someone won the Honinbo league undefeated. Things looked like they would be going Cho's way after finishing the year with 36 wins and 10 losses.  Along with his Meijin and Honinbo, he added another title to his collection—the Judan title. The Meijin title was held by Cho for the third year in a row. He also defended his Honinbo title, winning 3 games in a row to beat Kobayashi. He also made it into the final of the Kisei. The year ended on another high. 34 wins and 13 losses was the record this year.

The 7th Kisei.

Being up 3–0 in the Kisei final, it looked like Fujisawa Shuko would run away with the title – for a seventh time in a row. Cho left many flabbergasted after coming back to win three games to tie it at three a piece. It looked like Shuko had won the seventh game, but he made one of his famous blunders ("poka") and Cho won again. Cho was the first to hold the top four titles of Kisei, Meijin, Honinbo, and Judan. All the titles were of top order, but he would only hold all of them for forty days. He lost all the titles except the Meijin, but set a record. He was

Car accident (1986).

A cataclysmic event for Chikun happened at the beginning of 1986. At around lunch time on January 6, 1986, Cho was leaving in his car when a motorcyclist came around from his blind spot. He had avoided Cho's car, only to have slid and overturned on his motorcycle. Cho was helping the motorcyclist to stand up, and then he went to pick the bike up when a car hit him. His right thigh was broken and he suffered other injuries. He was sent into the emergency

Gains and losses of titles (1987–1990).

Cho lost his Gosei title in 1987 to friend Masao Kato. He also lost out on challenging for the Oza. Although losing out on two titles, he would win the Tengen from Kobayashi. The Tengen had a bigger prize than the Gosei and Oza, adding on the fact that Kobayashi is Cho's biggest rival is satisfaction for Cho. His record for the year was 40 wins and 23 losses.  1988 was showing small signs of an old Cho, adding inconsistency. He won the Judan from Kato and defended his Tengen. He

1991–2001.

Cho defended the Honinbo title once more, which would lead to him defending it again and again until 1999. He did terribly (in Cho terms) due to not making it through to the Meijin. In the same year, more international tournaments come to be. These include the Tong Yang Cup and the Fujitsu Cup. Cho wasn't very successful in these, winning only one in 1991, the Fujitsu Cup. He lucked out in the 1991 Fujitsu Cup because his opponent Qian Yuping had health issues to pay attention to and couldn't compete in the final. He lost the Judan once more and lost the play-off of the Kisei. His record looked better when he ended with 30 wins and 17 losses. 1992 was nothing special. The only events to note are his defending of the Honinbo and losing the semi-final of the Ing Cup. Remnants of the old Cho were coming back with his 31–16 record.

The 47th Honinbo.

Cho made another miraculous comeback, this time in 1992 against his biggest rival Kobayashi Koichi in the Honinbo. Kobayashi had challenged for the Honinbo in 1990 and 1991, but Cho was too stubborn to give it up. Cho had come back in both finals, being down 3 games to 1, but pulled back 3 wins to defend the Honinbo. In 1991, he was down 2 to 0 in 1990, then won 4 games in a row to defend once more. In 1992, it was even more unbelievable. Cho was losing 3 games to 0, but was so relentless, that he came back and won 4 straight games once more to take the Honinbo away from Kobayashi's grip. This certainly showed that Cho could come back from any deficit and win again.  1993 was the fifth year in a row Cho would hold the Honinbo. He would get far into the Tong Yang Cup, losing to Lee Chang-ho in the final.

The 25th Meijin.

He lost his most prized title, the Meijin, to Norimoto Yoda in 2000. Cho made his infamous comment during this time. The final was held in Amsterdam, where he was asked by a Dutch reporter why he loved Go so much. Cho replied ""I hate Go"". He continued saying that it was too tiring and tense for him. This led to his habit of ruffling his hair or constantly moving

34th Hayago championship.

Cho competed in 34th edition of the Hayago Championship in 2002. His campaign started against Naoki Hane. Taking black, Cho passed Hane by 5.5 points, Yoda being his next opponent.

2002–2005.

35th Hayago championship.

Cho competed in what would be the final edition of the Hayago Championship. Being the last year's winner, Cho was given an automatic berth into the second round. His first match was against his opponent for the final the year before, Koichi Kobayashi.

9th Agon Cup.

In the middle of 2002, Cho started in the 9th Agon Cup. He had never won the tournament before, but had a good record in hayago tournaments (16 hayago titles to date). At the time, Cho was holding the Oza title. His first match was against

The 50th Oza Match.

In this match, Cho was ahead and was determined not to let anything stop him from beating O Meien. It was move 145, and both players were in overtime. To Cho's surprise, the referee of the match, Kentaro Yamamato started counting down the seconds for Cho's

8th Samsung Cup.

2003 was the year of the Samsung Cup. It was his first big title in three years. Cho was known for not doing well in international tournaments, so when he progressed to the quarter-finals of the 8th Samsung Cup, many were surprised. The only time before the Samsung Cup in which he won an international cup was back in 1991 when he won the Fujitsu Cup because his opponent, Qian Yuping, fell ill. The quarter-final was a historical game for Cho, as it was the first time he beat Cho Hunhyun since 1981.

JAL Super Hayago championship.

In 2003, Cho competed in the JAL Super Hayago Championship. He wasn't very successful, losing in his first match to Naoki Hane by resignation.  In 2004, Cho competed in the JAL Super Hayago Championship again. It was the second edition of the tournament. This time Cho started off

43rd Judan.

Cho found himself in the Judan once more, this time 14 years after his last bid as challenger in 1991 against Masaki Takemiya (Cho lost 3–2). Cho found himself in a league with old friends and rivals, including Masao Kato, Rin Kaiho, and Yoda Norimoto. The league also included young guns Cho U, Shinji Takao, and Keigo Yamashita. Keeping this in mind, it was not going to be an easy campaign for Cho. His first match was against Yujiro Hashimoto. Cho, holding black, won the match by resignation. In his next match, he found himself against another young powerhouse, Kimio Yamada. This time, holding white, Cho squeezed by with a win of just half a point. Cho continued his run, his next opponent being Naoto Hikosaka. Again holding white, Cho went on to win by 2 and a half points.

2006.

44th Judan.

Cho won the first game of the 44th Judan against the then newly crowned Kisei, Keigo Yamashita. The game was won by resignation. The second game went well for Cho, as he would apply his shinogi skills into Yamashita's moyo. There was a large fight in the bottom left corner early in the game. Cho won the

2007.

Cho starts off the year by winning his first three games. The first coming against Toshiya Imamura in a Tengen preliminary match, the second against Hiroshi Yamashiro in a Gosei preliminary, and the third against Kunio Ishii in a Kisei preliminary. The games were played on January 11, 18 and 25 respectively, and all won by resignation. Cho lost in a Fujitsu Cup preliminary to Satoshi Yuki on February 8. He reached the final of the 54th NHK Cup by beating Norimoto Yoda in the semi final (). He played Satoshi Yuki on March 18, winning the match and title by 3.5 points. It is the third time Cho won the NHK Cup, and 70th of his career. He is the first modern Nihon Ki-in player to reach 70 career titles.  As of September 1, Cho's record for the year is 24–12.

45th Judan.

Cho won the first game of his second consecutive Judan defense against Keigo Yamashita by resignation. Cho won the second game by 2.5

Match against Zen.

In November 2016, 8 months after Lee Sedol was defeated by computer program AlphaGo, Cho Chikun played a 3-game challenge match against program Zen. Cho

1500 Wins Landmark.

In April 2017, Cho Chikun became the first Japanese player to record a 1500 official wins. His 1500th victory came from the second round of the 7th Igo Masters

Cho's dojo.

Cho has his own dojo where he teaches Go. It also serves as a Go club for many aspiring amateurs. Many students lived in with Cho, and they were given priorities.  Cho's dojo is known for having a strict schedule.  The dojo has a league also. Each of the students competes. The stronger a player is, the fewer games they have to play. Two different time limit rules are used in the league games. There is a longer time limit where each player has a minute to move, and hayago where the players are given just 10 seconds to make a move. There is no time limit, so any given player can play 1 or 10 games in one day. The league also has a rating system. The ratings are based on

Titles and runners-up.

Ranks first in total number of titles won in Japan.

Cho Chikun "25th Honinbo" "Honorary Meijin" (; born June 20, 1956 in Busan, South Korea) is a professional Go player and a nephew of Cho Namchul. His total title tally of 75 titles is the most in the history of the Japanese Nihon Ki-in. Cho is the first player to hold the top three titles—Kisei, Meijin, and Honinbo—simultaneously which he did for three years in a row. Cho is the first in history to win all of the "Top 7" titles in Japan (Kisei, Meijin, Honinbo, Judan, Tengen, Oza, and Gosei) which he achieved by winning the Oza in 1994. Cho U in 2011 and Iyama Yuta in 2013 would duplicate this feat, both by winning the Kisei. He is also one of the 'Six Supers' Japanese players that were most celebrated in the late twentieth century, along with Rin Kaiho, Otake Hideo, Takemiya Masaki, Kato Masao and his classmate and arch-rival Kobayashi Koichi.

Cho Chikun (* 20. Juni 1956 in Busan, Südkorea) ist ein japanischer Go-Spieler und ein Neffe von Cho Namchul. Im Laufe seiner Karriere konnte er 73 Titel erreichen, was eine Bestmarke im Japanischen Go-Bund Nihon Ki-in darstellt. Er war der erste Spieler überhaupt, der die drei wichtigsten Titel, Kisei, Meijin und Honinbo, gleichzeitig innehatte. Da er darüber hinaus auch die Titel Judan, Tengen, Oza und Gosei erwarb, war er der erste Spieler, der alle sieben Top-Titel in Japan erhalten konnte.


Introduction.

The Surah begins with an assertion, "Most certainly the Believers have attained true success", intending to put across a point that the criterion of success and failure which people who disbelieve in Islam, hold in mind is in fact erred because it is based on misconceptions and is transitory and limited in nature, in turn leading to eventual failure and not true success.  On the contrary, those who follow the teachings of Islam taught by Muhammad, regarded by the disbelievers as failures are actually the ones who are truly successful. Because by their acceptance of the invitation to Islam, they are guaranteed of true success and everlasting bliss in this world as well as in the Hereafter. By rejecting the message of Islam, the non-believers have incurred a profound loss and would meet with the evil consequences both in this world and the next.  This is the main theme of the Surah and the whole discourse, from the beginning to the end, is meant to impress the same.

Qualities of the believers (1–11).

The first eleven verses of this Surah hence mention the desired qualities of the believers, they are blessed and will attain victory:  A brief translation of the first 11 verses is as follows:  (1) The believers have indeed attained true success!  (2) Those who pray humbly,  (3) who shun idle talk,  (4) who pay the prescribed alms,  (5) who guard their chastity  (6) except with their spouses or their slaves ––with these they are not to blame,  (7) but anyone who seeks more than this is exceeding the limits––  (8) who are faithful to their trusts and pledges  (9) and who keep up their prayers,  (10) will rightly be given  (11) Paradise as their own, there to remain.

Possess "Al-Khushoo".

The first quality as described in verse 2 of this Surah is, "Those who are humble in their prayers"; the Arabic word used to describe the people is 'Khashi'oon' meaning those of who possess 'Al-Khushoo'.  According to Tafsir ibn Kathir, a classical Tafsir (i.e. a commentary of the Quran written by Islamic scholar Ibn Kathir), the Arabic word 'Khushoo' encompasses the meanings of calmness, serenity, tranquility, dignity, and humility.", while Ibn Abbas explains 'Khashi'oon' to mean, with fear and tranquility. Al-Khushoo is a necessary component of Salaah, however can be very easily lost. In a hadith, Muhammad said ""The first thing to be lifted up (taken away) from this Ummah will be al-Khushoo; until you will see n o one who has al-Khushoo.""  To attain al-Khushoo one must forget everything about the world and concentrate in the prayer acts, reciting the Qur'an and thinking of the verses one reads and bearing death, grave and the torment in mind so that he never loses concentration. In his Tafseer, Ibn Kathir writes, ""Khushoo is gained by the fear of Allah and the sense that He is always watching."" In another section he says, ""The site of al-Khushoo is in the heart and heart is the king of the limbs, so if one intends to pray wholeheartedly the limbs will follow the heart as Allah says (in the Qur'an): 'And seek help in patience and Salaat and truly it is extremely heavy and hard, except for Khashi'oon.' The meaning is that the burden of prayer is heavy indeed; except for those who have Khushoo.""  Regarding the same verse, i.e. 'And seek help in patience and Salaat and truly it is extremely heavy and hard, except for Khashi'oon.', Ibn Taymiyyah is of the opinion that ""This (verse) implies condemnation of those who are not Khashi'oon... Condemnation only applies when something obligatory is not done, or when something forbidden is done. If those who do not have Khushoo are to be condemned, this indicates that Khushoo is obligatory.""  In his book titled "Towards Understanding the Qur'an", Islamic thinker and philosopher Abul Ala Maududi cites a notion that ""Al-Khushoo of the heart is to fear and stand in awe of a powerful person, and al-Khushoo of the body is to bow one's head and lower one's gaze and voice in his presence. In Salaah one is required to show al-Khushoo, both of the heart and of the body, and this is the essence of this Islamic Prayer." It has been reported that when Muhammad once saw a person offering Salaah, as well as playing with his beard, he remarked: ""Had he khushu in his heart, his body would have manifested it.""  Maududi then continues, ""Though al-Khushoo is actually a condition of the heart, as stated by the above tradition, it is manifested by the body as a matter of course. The Shariah has enjoined certain etiquette which, on the one hand, helps produce al-Khushoo in the heart, and on the other, helps sustain the physical act of the Prayer in spite of the fluctuating condition of the heart. According to this etiquette, one should neither turn to the right or left, nor raise one's head to look up: one may, however, look around from the corner of the eye, but as far as possible, one must fix the gaze on the place where the forehead would rest in prostration; one is also forbidden to shift about, incline side ways, fold the garments or shake off dust from them. It is also forbidden that while going down for prostration, one should clean the place where one would sit or perform prostration. Similarly it is disrespectful that one should stand stuffy erect, recite the verses of the Qur'an in a loud resounding voice, or sing them, or belch or yawn repeatedly and noisily. It has also not been approved that one should offer the Prayer in a hurry. The injunction is that each article of the Prayer should be performed in perfect peace and tranquility, and unless one article has been completely performed, the next should not be begun. If one feels hurt by something during the Prayer, one may cast it aside by one hand, but moving the hand repeatedly or using both the hands for the purpose is prohibited. with this etiquette of the body, it is also important that one should irrelevant things during the Prayer. If thoughts come to the mind intention, it is a natural human weakness, but one should try one's best and try to ensure with one's utmost that the mind and heart are wholly turned towards Allah, and the mind is in full harmony and tune with the tongue, and as soon as one becomes conscious of irrelevant thoughts one should immediately turn the attention to the Prayer"."

Turn away from "Al-Lagw".

The next quality gathered from verse 3 is that the believers turn away from "Al-Lagw". The Arabic word "Al-Lagw", as explained by Ibn Kathir. in his "Tafseer", refers to falsehood, which encompasses all acts of sin, including the greatest of them i.e. Shirk in Islam, and any words or deeds that are of no benefit. In a Sahih hadith from the al-Tirmidhi collection of "aḥadīth", Muhammad is reported to have said: "Out of a person being a good Muslim is his leaving alone, what does not benefit him"; while in the Sahih al-Bukhari (the Sahih of Muhammad al-Bukhari) he is also reported to have said "Let he who truly believes in Allah and the Last Day speak good or be silent.".  In his "Musnad Ahmed", Imam Ahmed has reported, "The faith of a man cannot be straight unless his heart is straight, and his heart cannot be straight, unless his tongue becomes straight." It was from the manners of the Sahabah to speak very little, while Abu Dharr al-Ghifari said: "Adopt silence, this is the way of causing Shaytan to run away; it is a supporter to you in the matter of your religion." Abd Allah ibn Mas'ud is reported to have said: "By the One other than whom there is no God on this earth there is no one more deserving of long imprisonment that the tongue."  In another place, Surah 2:83 mentions that the covenant taken by Musa (i.e. Moses) from Bani Israel had also included the condition that they should indulge in good and worthwhile conversation, while being kind to parents, kindred, orphans and those in need, practice regular charity and to worship God alone. While, Sura 104:1-19 condemns those who are scandal/gossip-mongers and backbiters in strong terms, describing their punishment as ""Nay, but verily he will be flung to the Consuming One; And what will explain to thee what the Consuming One is! (It is) the Fire of (the Wrath of) Allah kindled (to a blaze), Which rises above the hearts. Surely it shall be closed over upon them, In outstretched columns."", thus hinting that believers need to steer clear of such acts.

Pay the "Zakat".

Verse 4 says that the believers pay "Zakat", i.e. poor-due that is paid on one's wealth. Commentators on the Qur'an, like Ibn Kathir are of the opinion that this verse could also be referring to the poor-due mentioned in Sura 6:141 which states ""pay the due thereof on the day of their harvest."", as well as that it could be that what is meant here by Zakaat is purification of the soul from Shirk and filth, as in Sura 91:9-10 which says ""Indeed he succeeds who purifies himself (Zakkaha). And indeed he fails who corrupts himself."" The commentators are hence of the opinion that probably both meanings are intended, purification of the soul as well as purification of one's wealth, because that is also part of the purification of the soul, and the true believer is one who pays attention to both matters.  Surah 9:60 lists those who are eligible to receive Zakaat by saying ""Alms are for the poor and the needy, and those employed to administer the (funds); for those whose hearts have been (recently) reconciled (to Truth); for those in bondage and in debt; in the cause of Allah; and for the wayfarer: (thus is it) ordained by Allah, and Allah is full of knowledge and wisdom"", while Sura 17:26 commands the believers to ""Render to the kindred their due rights, as (also) to those in want, and to the wayfarer: But squander not (your wealth) in the manner of a spendthrift. ""  The believers are also advised to "listen and obey and spend in charity" for "the benefit of your own soul" and be from the ones who "achieve prosperity", as mentioned in Sura 64:16.

Avoid Zina, i.e. guard their chastity.

Verses 5 through to 7 of this Surah says ""And who guard their modesty; Save from their wives or the (slaves) that their right hands possess, for then they are not blameworthy, But whoso craveth beyond that, such are transgressors". Zina (extramarital sex) is one of the major sins in Islam concerning which stern warnings have been issued in the Qur'an as well as authentic "aḥadīth" attributed to Muhammad. In Surah 17:32, God says "...come not near to Zina. Verily, it is Fahishah (immoral sin) and an evil way." The Qur'an also says that Homosexuality too is "Haraam" (sinful) and it is against the natural inclination which God has placed in man, whereby the male is inclined towards female and vice versa. In an authentic hadith from the Tirmidhi collection, Muhammad is reported to have said: ""There is nothing I fear for my Ummah more than the deed of the people of Lot."".  Surah 27:54-58 refers to the punishment that befell the people of Lut: "And (remember) Lut when he said to his people, 'Do you commit al-Fahishah (evil, great sin, every kind of unlawful sexual intercourse, sodomy) while you see (one another doing evil without any screen) Do you practice your lusts on men instead of women? Nay, but you are a people who behave senselessly.' There was no other answer given by his people except that they said: 'Drive out the family of Loot from your city. Verily, these are men who want to be clean and pure!' So We saved him and his family, except his wife. We destined her to be of those who remained behind. And We rained down on them a rain (of stones). So evil was the rain of those who were warned." Muhammad has also thus said: "Whoever of you finds (someone) doing the deed of the people of Lot, kill the one who does it and the one to whom it is done."  Ibn Qayyim Al-Jawziyya is of the opinion that: ""Both of them - fornication and homosexuality - involve immorality that goes against the wisdom of Allah's creation and commandment. For homosexuality involves innumerable evil and harms, and the one to whom it is done would be better off being killed than having this done to him, because after that he will become so evil and so corrupt that there can be no hope of his being reformed, and all good is lost for him, and he will no longer feel any shame before Allah or before His creation...The scholars differed as to whether the one to whom it is done will ever enter Paradise. There are two opinions which I heard Shaikh al-Islam (rahimahullah) narrate.""

Are faithful to their covenants.

The next verse, i.e. Sura 23:8 stresses on the quality trust that the believers' are to possess describing them as "Those who faithfully observe their trusts and their covenants". A similar message is found in Sura 4:58 where the Qur'an ordains God's command as, "Verily, Allah commands that you should render back the trusts to those, to whom they are due..."  The believers in Islam are thus ordered fulfill the terms and conditions of the trusts which are placed in their charge. The Arabic word "al-Amanah" (or "al-Amanat") includes all kinds of trusts which are placed in their charge including those placed by God as well as those placed by the society or individuals. Similarly, the Arabic term '`ahd' encompasses all compacts, pledges, and promises made between God and man, and amongst men themselves. Muhammad would always impress the importance of the fulfillment of pledges in his addresses to the people. On one occasion he is reported to have said "The one, who does not fulfill the terms of his trust, has no Faith, and the one, who does not keep promises and pledges has no Islam."".  Muhammad, in Sahih Muslim is also reported to have said "The rights will be rendered back to those to whom they are due, and even the sheep that does not have horns will take revenge from the horned sheep." And on another occasion he is reported to have said "Certainly, al-Amanah (the trust or moral responsibilities, etc. and all the duties which Allah has ordained) descended from the Heaven and settled in the roots of the hearts of the faithful believers, and then the Qur'an was revealed, and the people read the Qur'an (and learnt al-Amanah from it) and also learnt it from the Sunnah. (i.e. Both the Qur'an and As-Sunnah strengthen the faithful believers' 'Amanah')."  Regarding the verse 8 from Surah Al-Mu’minoon, Tafsir ibn Kathir says "When they (the Believers) are entrusted with something, they do not betray that trust, but they fulfill it, and when they make a promise or make a pledge, they are true to their word."

Four characteristics of a hypocrite.

According to a tradition reported both by Sahih al-Bukhari and Sahih Muslim, Muhammad is reported to have said: ""Four characteristics are such that if a person has all the four in him, he is beyond any doubt a hypocrite, and the one who has one of these, is a hypocrite to that extent till he gives it up:

Strictly guard their Salaat.

In the next verse, i.e. verse 9, Allah mentions preserving of Salaah (the formal Islamic prayer) as one of the important characteristics of successful believers. Verse 2 implied the believers' humility during act of performing Salaah, while verse 9 refers to the individual prayers offered in their own times. Believers are described as those strictly adhering to the prescribed times, performing them with due regard to their pre-requisites, conditions and articles with clean body and dress, and necessary ablutions. Believers are required to not regard their prayers as an unnecessary burden, completing the task mechanically, but are to understand their recital while being conscious that they are supplicating like humble servants.  Prophet Muhammed is reported to have said ""The first duty that Allah, the Supreme, has ordained upon my nation is that of offering Prayer, and indeed Prayer is the first thing that will be taken account of on the Day of Resurrection."" as well as ""Whoever keeps the Prayer established, has kept his religion established - and whoever leaves Prayer has demolished religion (i.e. left the fold of Islam)"". While, the Qur'an makes it clear that the purpose for creation is to worship Allah alone, and that the most excellent way of praying is to offer Salaah standing before Allah in devout obedience. The Islamic Adhaan (call for prayer) which is recited at time of each prayer contains two verses (each recited twice) "Hayya’ala-Salaah" and" "Hayya’ala-Falaah" "which translate to" "Come to Salaah" "and ""Come to success"" respectively, indicating that by performing Salaah, one may attain eternal success.  In a Hadith reference, Abdullah ibn Mas'ud narrates "I asked Allah's Messenger, Prophet Muhammed: ""O Messenger of Allah, which deed is most beloved to Allah?"" He said: ""Prayer at the appointed time."" I said: ""Then what?"" He said: ""Kindness to parents."" I said: ""Then what?"" He said: ""Jihad (struggle) in the way of Allah.""". Prophet Muhammed is also reported to have likened the Salaah to five daily baths that cleanse a persons sins; Abu Huraira narrates that ""I heard Allah's Apostle saying, "If there was a river at the door of anyone of you and he took a bath in it five times a day would you notice any dirt on him?" They said, "Not a trace of dirt would be left." The Prophet added, "That is the example of the five prayers with which Allah blots out (annuls) evil deeds.""  The Qur'an has also pointed out that believers perform Salaah only to earn the pleasure of Allah and not to impress anyone else, calling anyone who does so a hypocrite. Moreover, those who abandon Salaah are warned of dire consequences, while only those who humbly submit themselves to Allah alone are said to have ease in offering it. In Surah Al-Ma'arij, Allah uses the word "halu’an" to describe the restless and impatient nature of man, stating that whenever he is afflicted with trouble he lacks patience and trembles in despair. This occurs due to shortcomings in his faith, whereas when he is given in abundance he becomes ungrateful towards Allah. He is also arrogant and uncaring towards those less fortunate than him. The Qur'an then assures the observance of Salaah as way to preserve hope in times of grievance and humbleness as well as humility in periods of bountiful life. Salaah thus has the power to erase the roots of evil deeds which bring barriers in the society giving birth to racial as well as financial discriminations and sinful intentions.

Good news of paradise for the believers.

After mentioning the characteristics of the successful believer, God gives them the good news of "Firdaus" (Ajma' (عجماء)). Muhammad said: "If you ask Allah for Paradise, then ask him for Firdaus, for it is the highest part of Paradise, in the middle of Paradise, and from it spring the rivers of Paradise, and above it is the (Mighty) Throne of the Most Merciful."  Abu Hurairah said: "The Messenger of Allah (sallallahu alaihe wa-sallam) said: "There is not one among you who does not have two homes; a home in Paradise and a home in Hell. If he dies and enters Hell, the people of Paradise will inherit his home, and this is what Allah said: 'These are indeed the heirs.'"

Al-Mu’minūn (, "The Believers") is the 23rd chapter (sūrah) of the Qur'an with 118 verses (āyāt). Regarding the timing and contextual background of the supposed revelation ("asbāb al-nuzūl"), it is an earlier "Meccan surah", which means it is believed to have been revealed in Mecca, instead of later in Medina.

Al-Muʾminūn () ist die 23. Sure des Korans, sie enthält 118 Verse. Ihr Titel bezieht sich auf den ersten Vers. Westliche Islamwissenschaftler und muslimische Kommentatoren stimmen darin überein, dass sie der zweiten mekkanischen Periode (615–620) zuzurechnen ist, in der die Zeichen Gottes in der Schöpfung sowie sein Eingreifen in die menschliche Geschichte in Form von Strafgerichten zur Sprache kommen.


Formal definition.

The dimension of a poset "P" is the least integer "t" for which there exists a family  of linear extensions of "P" so that, for every "x" and "y" in "P", "x" precedes "y" in "P" if and only if it precedes "y" in all of the linear extensions. That is,  An alternative definition of order dimension is as the minimal number of total orders such that "P" embeds to the product of these total orders for the componentwise ordering, in which formula_3 if and only if formula_4 for all "i" (, ).

Realizers.

A family formula_1 of linear orders on "X" is called a realizer of a poset "P" = ("X", <) if  which is to say that for any "x" and "y" in "X", "x" < "y" precisely when "x" < "y", "x" < "y",..., and "x" < "y". Thus, an equivalent definition of the dimension of a poset "P" is "the least cardinality of a realizer of "P"."  It can be shown that any nonempty family "R" of linear extensions is a realizer of a finite partially ordered set "P" if and only if, for every critical pair ("x","y") of "P", "y" < "x" for some order < in "R".

Example.

Let "n" be a positive integer, and let "P" be the partial order on the elements "a" and "b" (for 1 ≤ "i" ≤ "n") in which "a" ≤ "b" whenever "i" ≠ "j", but no other pairs are comparable. In particular, "a" and "b" are incomparable in "P"; "P" can be viewed as an oriented form of a crown graph. The illustration shows an ordering of this type for "n" = 4.  Then, for each "i", any realizer must contain a linear order that begins with all the "a" except "a" (in some order), then includes "b", then "a", and ends with all the remaining "b". This is so because if there were a realizer that didn't include such an order, then the intersection of that realizer's orders would have "a" preceding "b", which would contradict the incomparability of "a" and "b" in "P". And conversely, any family of linear orders that includes one order of this type for each "i" has "P" as its intersection. Thus, "P" has dimension exactly "n". In fact, "P" is known as the "standard example" of a poset of dimension "n", and is usually denoted by "S".

Order dimension two.

The partial orders with order dimension two may be characterized as the partial orders whose comparability graph is the complement of the comparability graph of a different partial order. That is, "P" is a partial order with order dimension two if and only if there exists a partial order "Q" on the same set of elements, such that every pair "x", "y" of distinct elements is comparable in exactly one of these two partial orders. If "P" is realized by two linear extensions, then partial order "Q" complementary to "P" may be realized by reversing one of the two linear extensions. Therefore, the comparability graphs of the partial orders of dimension two are exactly the permutation graphs, graphs that are both themselves comparability graphs and complementary to comparability graphs.  The partial orders of order dimension two include the series-parallel partial orders. They are exactly the partial orders whose Hasse diagrams have dominance drawings, which can be obtained by using the positions in the two permutations of a realizer as Cartesian coordinates.

Computational complexity.

It is possible to determine in polynomial time whether a given finite partially ordered set has order dimension at most two, for instance, by testing whether the comparability graph of the partial order is a permutation graph. However, for any "k" ≥ 3, it is NP-complete to test whether the order dimension is at most "k".

Incidence posets of graphs.

The incidence poset of any undirected graph "G" has the vertices and edges of "G" as its elements; in this poset, "x" ≤ "y" if either "x" = "y" or "x" is a vertex, "y" is an edge, and "x" is an endpoint of "y". Certain kinds of graphs may be characterized by the order dimensions of their incidence posets: a graph is a path graph if and only if the order dimension of its incidence poset is at most two, and according to Schnyder's theorem it is a planar graph if and only if the order dimension of its incidence poset is at most three.  For a complete graph on "n" vertices, the order dimension of the incidence poset is formula_7. It follows that all simple "n"-vertex graphs have incidence posets with order dimension formula_8.

"k"-dimension and 2-dimension.

A generalization of dimension is the notion of "k"-dimension (written formula_9) which is the minimal number of chains of length at most "k" in whose product the partial order can be embedded. In particular, the 2-dimension of an order can be seen as the size of the smallest set such that the order embeds in the inclusion order on this set.

In mathematics, the dimension of a partially ordered set (poset) is the smallest number of total orders the intersection of which gives rise to the partial order. This concept is also sometimes called the order dimension or the Dushnik–Miller dimension of the partial order.

In der Ordnungstheorie, einem der Teilgebiete der Mathematik, versteht man unter der Ordnungsdimension eine bestimmte Kardinalzahl, die jeder teilweise geordneten Menge zugeordnet ist. Grundlage dieser Zuordnung ist ein auf die beiden Mathematiker Ben Dushnik und Edwin W. Miller zurückgehender Lehrsatz, der als "Satz von Dushnik-Miller" bekannt ist und besagt, dass jede teilweise Ordnung die Schnittmenge von linearen Ordnungen ist. Die Ordnungsdimension einer teilweise geordneten Menge formula_1 ist dann definiert als die kleinste Mächtigkeit von allen Systemen linearer Ordnungsrelationen auf formula_2, durch die formula_3 als Durchschnitt gemäß dem Satz von Dushnik–Miller dargestellt werden kann. Sie wird kurz mit formula_4 oder formula_5 bezeichnet.


Career.

Li, nicknamed "Li Da Yan" ("big-eyed Li"), began his career as a journalist and first rose to prominence for covering on corruption within China's professional soccer establishment. Li later coauthored a book on the subject, "Chinese Soccer: The Inside Story", which documented allegations of pervasive match-fixing involving coaches, players, referees and officials. The book asserted that nearly every professional Chinese soccer player had faced varying degrees of pressure or coercion by gambling syndicates to participate in fixing games. He says his coverage of the issue prompted persistent and anonymous threats against him and his family.  His profile grew in the aftermath of the 2008 Sichuan earthquake. Having experienced the tremors in his apartment in Chengdu, Li committed himself to assisting in rescue efforts in the areas most severely impacted. He traveled to the Sichaun earthquake region as a volunteer and wrote an essay: "The True Story of the Miracle Survival of the Students and Teachers of Longhan Elementary School in Beichuan". He also published a novel titled, "Li Kele Protests Demolitions" in 2011, which took a critical look at forced demolitions in China.  In 2011, Li announced he would be running as an independent candidate to serve in the People's Congress of Wuhou district, Chengdu. Although China's constitution protects the rights of any citizens over the age of 18 to vote and run for local election, in practice these positions are generally filled by Communist Party-appointed candidates. Individuals who attempt to run as independents or self-nominated candidates sometimes face repercussions. A number of prominent cultural figures, writers, and academics endorsed Li's candidacy including blogger Han Han, film director Feng Xiaogang, and legal scholar Yu Jianrong and He Weifang.

Li Chengpeng () (born September 22, 1968) is a prominent writer and social critic in the People's Republic of China. Well known in China for his reportage and social commentary—Li's Sina Weibo blog had nearly six million followers — (it is offline now) Li made international headlines in 2011 when he announced that he would seek political office as an independent candidate in his hometown of Chengdu, Sichuan province. While not technically illegal, the decision represented a rare and bold move in a country where candidates for political office are typically appointed by the Communist Party of China.

Li Chengpeng (chinesisch: 李承鹏; Pinyin: Lǐ Chéngpéng) (geboren am 22. September 1968) ist ein bedeutender Schriftsteller und Sozialkritiker in der Volksrepublik China. In China für seine Reportagen und Sozialkommentare bekannt, hatte Lis Sina-Weibo-Blog beinahe über sieben Millionen Anhänger, ist jetzt jedoch offline. Li machte im Jahr 2011 international Schlagzeilen, als er verkündete, dass er in seiner Heimatstadt Chengdu, Provinz Sichuan ein politisches Amt als unabhängiger Kandidat anstreben würde. Obwohl nicht illegal, stellte die Entscheidung einen seltenen und mutigen Schritt in einem Land dar, in dem Kandidaten für politische Ämter typischerweise von der Kommunistischen Partei Chinas ernannt werden.


Strategic context.

The fort was constructed in response to a naval arms race between Britain and France. Britain's coastal defences had not been substantially upgraded since the Napoleonic Wars, but a new generation of accurate and powerful guns, mounted on fast-moving, manoeuvrable iron-clad warships, had obsoleted the existing 18th and early 19th century forts along the British coastline. The Thames was seen as particularly vulnerable; as well as being one of the country's most important trade routes, it possessed several naval installations of great importance, including the victualling yards at Deptford, the armaments works of Woolwich Arsenal, the shipbuilding yards at North Woolwich, and the magazines at Purfleet.  The government's response to the increased threat was to appoint a Royal Commission on the Defence of the United Kingdom, which published a far-reaching report in 1860. It recommended that many existing forts should be upgraded or rebuilt entirely, and that new forts should be constructed to guard particularly strategic or vulnerable points along the coast. In all, around 70 forts and batteries were constructed around the English coast as a result of the Royal Commission's report.  An existing gun battery, Grain Tower, already existed just off the shoreline at Grain, about away from the site of the later Grain Fort. It had been built in the style of a Martello tower between 1848–55 but the introduction of powerful and accurate rifled muzzle loader (RML) guns during the 1850s made it obsolete as soon as it was completed. The 1860 Commission report recommended that Grain Tower should be turned into a fully casemated fort, which would be built around the existing structure. However, the cost of doing this was seen as excessive and the proposal was dropped as part of a cost-cutting exercise to reduce the overall cost of the fort-building programme. Instead, a new land fort was built at Grain, while the existing battery at Garrison Point on the Isle of Sheppey was upgraded and fortified to create Garrison Point Fort.

Construction and layout.

Grain Fort was constructed between 1861–68 to a heptagonal design. It initially had thirteen open emplacements carried on an earthwork, under which lay the magazines and linking passages. A semi-circular brick keep on a north-south alignment stood at the centre of the fort. It provided barrack accommodation for the garrison and was designed to be defensible, with loopholes in its front face to facilitate musket fire. Similarly, its gorge at the rear, where the main entrance stood, had crenelations to provide protection for defenders faced with a rearward attack. In front of the keep was a ditch, accessed via a gate at the rear of the fort. It had four caponiers that guarded the angles and were accessed via passages through the underlying structure. An inner ditch around the keep was covered by a further three caponiers and two demi-caponiers which led into the earthwork ramparts in one direction and into the keep in the other. The keep could also be accessed via a bridge which connected it with the terreplein.

Operational history.

Grain Fort's initial armament consisted of 13 heavy RMLs (six 11-inch, four 9-inch and three 64-pdr. guns). By the end of the 19th century these had been replaced by four much more powerful guns: two 9.2-inch Mark X breech-loading guns and two 4.7-inch guns. The original thirteen emplacements were reduced to five by 1895. The fort continued in use during the Second World War and underwent further alterations when its two existing 6-inch close defence guns were enclosed within bomb-proof shelters. Fire control positions were also added, along with spigot mortars at each end of the terreplein. In 1956 the fort was decommissioned and sold to the local authority five years later, following which the surface buildings were demolished.  To supplement the fort's firepower, two additional gun batteries were subsequently constructed nearby. These were Grain Wing Battery (constructed 1890–95) south of Grain Fort, and Dummy Battery (constructed 1861–68), about south of the fort. Neither was used for long before they were disarmed and used for other purposes, and both were decommissioned and sold off along with Grain Fort.

Current status.

Little is now visible of Grain Fort above the ground. In addition to the keep's demolition, the spaces within which the surface buildings once stood have been filled with rubble and rubbish. The fort's earthworks and a brick revetment still survive and a path links the concrete aprons of the infilled gun emplacements. The front caponiers are buried but have also survived mostly intact. Magazines and tunnels still exist within the subsurface structure and have been visited by urban explorers. Many of the fittings are reported to still survive. The site of the fort is now within the Isle of Grain Coastal Park, which is managed by the Friends of the Coastal Park in partnership with its owners, St James Parish Council. The fort is part of a scheduled monument designated in 1976 to cover "coastal artillery defences on the Isle of Grain, immediately east and south east of Grain village".

Grain Fort is a former artillery fort located just east of the village of Grain, Kent. It was constructed in the 1860s to defend the confluence of the Rivers Medway and Thames during a period of tension with France. The fort's location enabled its guns to support the nearby Grain Tower and Garrison Point Fort at Sheerness on the other side of the Medway. It was repeatedly altered and its guns upgraded at various points in its history, before being decommissioned in 1956 when the UK abolished its coastal defence programme. It was subsequently demolished. The remnants of the fort are still visible and have been incorporated into a coastal park.

Grain Fort ist die Ruine einer Artilleriefestung unmittelbar östlich des Dorfes "Grain" auf der Isle of Grain in der englischen Verwaltungsgrafschaft Medway. Das Fort wurde in den 1860er-Jahren, einer Zeit der Spannungen mit Frankreich, zum Schutz der Mündung des River Medway in das Ästuar der Themse errichtet. Die Lage der Festung ermöglichte es, mit ihren Kanonen den nahegelegenen Grain Tower und das Garrison Point Fort in Sheerness auf der anderen Seite des River Medway zu unterstützen. Mehrmals wurde Grain Fort umgebaut und seine Bewaffnung auf den jeweils neuesten Stand der Technik gebracht. 1956, als das Vereinigte Königreich sein Küstenverteidigungsprogramm aufgab, wurde es außer Dienst gestellt. Anschließend wurde es abgerissen. Die Überreste des Forts sind heute noch sichtbar und in einen Park an der Küste integriert.