Background.

The concert was part of Columbia Records' push to promote Springsteen in the UK and Europe following the success of his third album, "Born to Run" (1975) in the US. The large amount of publicity accompanying these appearances, especially the one in London, famously caused Springsteen to pull down from the front of the Odeon a promotional poster proclaiming "Finally London is ready for Bruce Springsteen and The E Street Band."  This performance marked the European concert debut of Springsteen and the E Street Band, kicking off a four-date mini-tour which also featured shows in Stockholm, Sweden and Amsterdam, the Netherlands, as well as a second concert at the Hammersmith Odeon on November 24 that was added due to the huge ticket demand for the first London gig.  In the liner notes, Springsteen himself writes that after the show had been recorded, "I'd paid no attention to it. I never looked at it... for 30 years." In his autobiography, "Born to Run", he reveals that during and after the concert he experienced an angst-ridden sense of doubt as to performing in general, and his performance that evening in particular. However, in the same book, he recognizes that "whatever happened, that first night at the Hammersmith Odeon became one of our 'legendary' performances", despite calling the return gig on November 24 at the end of the European tour "a blaze of a show" by comparison.  After The Rising Tour, Springsteen had an inkling to dig into film of the early part of his career, the vast majority of which remained "a blank spot," with little or nothing ever released. He found the film and the 24-track audio recordings. The two-and-a-half-hour concert film was spliced together from 32 reels of silent 16-mm footage, digitally restored frame by frame in a painstaking process that took editor Thom Zimny a full year to complete. Bob Clearmountain, a veteran of several Springsteen projects, mixed the audio for the CD and film.  Actor, writer and Monty Python member Michael Palin was in attendance and devoted an entire diary entry (dated "Tuesday, November 18, 1975") to the concert and his first impression of Springsteen and the band. He notes that the hype by CBS Records was met with a certain scepticism by the ticket-buying public. He notes that the concert did not start until 45 minutes after the scheduled start time, that the PA system made it difficult for him to make out the lyrics, but Springsteen and the band "kept the evening alive – and he did three encores." Contemporary and later reports seem to agree with Bruce Springsteen that the first performance on November 18 was in fact the inferior one, and was outshone by the repeat concert at the same venue on November 28 at the end of the European shows. This view may deem to have been borne out by the respective number of encores; three on November 18 and nine on November 28.  The album debuted on the "Billboard" 200 album chart on March 18, 2006 at number 93 with sales of approximately 12,000 copies sold. It spent two weeks on the chart. "Hammersmith Odeon '75", with the exception of some songs on the "Live/1975-85" box set, stands so far as the only full-length, official release that gives a snapshot of Springsteen and the E Street Band in concert at this early point in their musical career.

Track listing.

All songs by Bruce Springsteen, except where noted.

Disc two.

Note

Hammersmith Odeon, London '75 is a concert video and the fourth live album by Bruce Springsteen and The E Street Band, released in 2006. It is a full-length recording of their performance on November 18, 1975 at the Hammersmith Odeon in London, during their Born to Run tours. It was first released as a DVD on November 14, 2005 as part of the "Born to Run 30th Anniversary Edition" package, and then several months later on February 28, 2006 released as an audio CD. The album was reissued on vinyl for the first time for Record Store Day on April 22, 2017.

Hammersmith Odeon, London ’75 ist ein Livealbum, das den ersten Auftritt von Bruce Springsteen in London dokumentiert, der bald nach der Veröffentlichung von "Born to Run" stattfand. Der Auftritt erschien zwar illegal schon auf Bootlegs, jedoch ist dies die erste offizielle Auflage. Die Doppel-CD erschien 2006 auf Columbia Records.


Early life, education, and early political career.

John Richard Kasich Jr. was born and raised in the Pittsburgh suburb of McKees Rocks, Pennsylvania. He is the son of Anne (née Vukovich; 1918-1987) and John Kasich Sr. (1919-1987), who worked as a mail carrier.  Kasich's father was of Czech descent, while his mother was of Croatian descent. Both his father and mother were children of immigrants and were practicing Roman Catholics. He has described himself as "a Croatian and a Czech".  After attending public schools in his hometown

Ohio Senate career.

In 1978, Kasich ran against Democratic incumbent Robert O'Shaughnessy for State Senate. A political ally of Kasich remembers him during that time as a persistent campaigner: "People said, 'If you just quit calling me, I'll support you.'" At age 26, Kasich won with 56% of the

U.S. House of Representatives (1983–2001).

In 1982, Kasich ran for Congress in Ohio's 12th congressional district, which included portions of Columbus as well as the cities of Westerville, Reynoldsburg, Worthington, and Dublin. He won the Republican primary with 83% of the vote and defeated incumbent Democratic U.S. Congressman Bob Shamansky in the general election by a margin of 50%–47%. He would never face another contest nearly that close, and was re-elected eight more times with at least 64 percent of the vote.  During his congressional career, Kasich was considered a fiscal conservative, taking aim at programs supported by Republicans and Democrats. He worked with Ralph Nader in seeking to reduce corporate tax loopholes.  Kasich was a member of the House Armed Services Committee for 18 years. He developed a "fairly hawkish" reputation on that committee, although he "also zealously challenged" defense spending he considered wasteful. Among the Pentagon projects that he targeted were the B-2 bomber program (teaming up with Democratic representative Ron Dellums to cut the program, their efforts were partly successful) and the A-12 bomber program (ultimately canceled by defense secretary Dick Cheney in 1991). He participated extensively in the passage of the Goldwater–Nichols Act of 1986, which reorganized the U.S. Department of Defense. He also pushed through the bill creating the 1988 Base Realignment and Closure Commission, which closed obsolete U.S. military bases, and successfully opposed a proposed $110 million expansion of the Pentagon building after the end of the Cold War. He also "proposed a national commission on arms control" and "urged tighter controls over substances that could be used for biological warfare."  Kasich said he was "100 percent for" the first Persian Gulf War as well as the 2001 invasion of Afghanistan, but said that he did not favor U.S. military participation in the Lebanese Civil War or in Bosnia. In 1997, with fellow Republican representative Floyd Spence, he introduced legislation (supported by some congressional Democrats) for the U.S. to pull out of a multilateral peacekeeping force in Bosnia. In the House, he supported the Comprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act, a U.S. Representative Ron Dellums (D- CA)-led initiative to impose economic sanctions against apartheid-era South Africa.

Ranking member of the House Budget Committee.

In 1993, Kasich became the ranking Republican member of the House Budget Committee. Kasich and other House Budget Committee Republicans proposed an alternative to President Bill Clinton's deficit reduction bill, the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1993. That proposal included funds to implement Republican proposals for health care, welfare, and crime control legislation and for a child tax credit. The Penny-Kasich Plan, named after Kasich and fellow lead sponsor Tim Penny, was supported by Republicans and conservative Democrats. It proposed $90 billion in spending cuts over five years, almost three times as much in cuts as the $37 billion in cuts backed by the Clinton administration and Democratic congressional leaders. About one-third ($27 billion) of the proposed Penny-Kasich cuts would come from means-testing Medicare, specifically by reducing Medicare payments to seniors who earned $75,000 or more in adjusted gross income. This angered the AARP, which lobbied against the legislation. Another $26 billion of the Penny-Kasich plan's cuts would have come from the

Chairman of the House Budget Committee.

In 1995, when Republicans gained the majority in the United States Congress following the 1994 election, Kasich became chairman of the House Budget Committee. In 1996, he introduced the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act in the House, an important welfare reform bill signed into law by President Clinton.  During the 1996 presidential campaign, Republican nominee Bob Dole was reported to

2000 presidential campaign.

Kasich did not seek re-election in 2000. In February 1999, he formed an exploratory committee to run for president. In March

Private sector career (2001–2009).

After leaving Congress, Kasich went to work for Fox News, hosting "Heartland with John Kasich" on the Fox News Channel and guest-hosting "The O'Reilly Factor", filling in for Bill O'Reilly as needed. He also occasionally appeared as a guest on "Hannity & Colmes".

Business career.

Kasich served on the board of directors for several corporations, including Invacare Corp. and the Chicago-based Norvax Inc. In 2001, Kasich joined Lehman Brothers' investment banking division as a managing director, in Columbus, Ohio. He remained at Lehman Brothers until it declared bankruptcy in 2008. That year, Lehman Brothers paid him a $182,692 salary and a $432,200 bonus. He stated

Political activities from 2001 to 2009.

Republicans made efforts to recruit Kasich to run for Ohio governor in 2006, but he declined to enter the race.  In 2008, Kasich formed Recharge Ohio, a

Governor of Ohio.

2010 election.

On May 1, 2009, Kasich filed papers to run for governor of Ohio against incumbent Democratic governor Ted Strickland. He formally announced his candidacy on June 1, 2009. On January 15, 2010, Kasich announced Ohio State Auditor Mary Taylor as his running mate.  During a speech before Ashtabula County Republicans in March 2009, Kasich talked about the need to "break the back of organized labor in the schools," according to the Ashtabula "Star Beacon". Ohio teachers' unions supported Strickland,

2014 re-election campaign.

In November 2014, Kasich won re-election, defeating Democrat Ed FitzGerald, the county executive of Cuyahoga County, 64% to 33%. He won 86 of 88 counties.  Kasich, who was elected with Tea Party support in 2010, faced some backlash from some Tea Party activists. His decision to accept the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act's expansion of Medicaid caused some Tea Party activists to refuse

Political positions and record.

"The Guardian" reports that Kasich is sometimes "billed as a moderate" due to his "unassuming image," but has a record in the House and as Ohio governor that "puts him a big step to the right of what many Americans would consider in the middle." Larry Sabato, the director of the University of Virginia Center for Politics, who has known Kasich for years, says that "If you had asked me in the 90s about Kasich I would have said he was a Gingrich conservative." Kasich's friend Curt Steiner, former chief of staff to former Republican Ohio governor and U.S. senator George Voinovich, described Kasich as a "solid Republican" with "an independent streak."

Abortion.

Kasich opposed the fetal heart beat law and says abortions should only be performed in cases of rape, incest, and when the mother's life is in danger. Since taking office, he has signed 18 abortion restrictive measures into law. In June 2013, Kasich signed into law a state budget, HB 59, which stripped some $1.4 million in federal dollars from Planned Parenthood by placing the organization last on the priority list for family-planning funds; provided funding to crisis pregnancy centers; and required women seeking abortions to undergo ultrasounds. The budget also barred abortion providers from entering into emergency transfer agreements with public hospitals, requiring abortion providers to find private hospitals willing to enter into transfer agreements. Another provision of the bill requires abortion

Climate change, energy, and environment.

In a speech in April 2012, Kasich acknowledged that climate change is real and is a problem. In the same speech, however, Kasich said that the Environmental Protection Agency should not regulate carbon emissions and that instead states and private companies should be in charge of regulating coal-fired power plant emissions. In 2015, Kasich stated that he did not know all the causes of climate change, and that he did not know the extent to which humans contribute to climate change.  In 2014, Kasich signed into law a bill freezing Ohio's renewable portfolio standard (RPS) program for two years. Ohio's RPS program was created

Policing and criminal justice.

Prison privatization.

To offset a state budget deficit, Kasich proposed selling five state prisons to the for-profit prison industry. The Lake Erie prison was sold for $72.7 million to the Corrections Corporation of America (CCA), generating savings of $3 million. Kasich's Director of Corrections, Gary Mohr, whom he had hired in January

Policing standards.

Following the separate fatal police shootings of John Crawford III and Tamir Rice, a 12-year-old boy in Ohio, while each were holding BB guns, grand juries decided not to indict any of the officers involved. Following this, Kasich created the Ohio Collaborative Community-Police Advisory Board "to address what he described as frustration and distrust among some Ohioans toward their police departments, particularly among the black community." The 23-member task force (with 18 members appointed by Kasich) was appointed in January 2015 and issued its 629-page final report and recommendations in April 2015. The report recommended greater accountability and oversight for police agencies and officers, further community education and

Capital punishment.

As governor, Kasich has presided over the executions of fifteen inmates, and commuted the death sentences of seven inmates. The last execution in Ohio took place in July 2018. In January 2015, Kasich announced that, due to pending litigation and

Executive clemency.

Kasich used his power of executive clemency sparingly. He has the lowest clemency rate of any Ohio governor since at least the 1980s, when records began to

Criminal justice reform issues.

Kasich supports various criminal justice reform efforts; according to conservative "Washington Post" columnist George Will, Kasich "favors fewer mandatory minimum sentences and has instituted prison policies that prepare inmates for re-integration into communities." In 2011, Kasich signed sentencing reform legislation which allowed judges to sentence defendants convicted of non-violent fourth- and fifth-degree felonies to "community-based halfway house facilities" instead of prison; expanded the earned credit system to allow inmates to reduce their sentences; and allowed felons who have already served 80

Drug policy.

Kasich initially expressed opposition to medical marijuana in 2012, saying "There's better ways to help people who are in pain." However, in late 2015 and early 2016, Kasich said he was open to legalization of medical marijuana.  In March 2014, in an effort to address the opioid epidemic, Kasich signed legislation (passed unanimously in both chambers of the state legislature) expanding the availability of naloxone, a lifesaving antidote to opioid overdoses; the measure allowed friends and family members of addicts to obtain access to naloxone and for first responders to carry naloxone. In July 2015, Kasich signed legislation further expanding the availability of naloxone, making it available without a prescription.

Economic policy.

State budgets and taxation.

During Kasich's tenure, the state has eliminated a budget shortfall that his administration has estimated at $8 billion, but which the "Cleveland Plain Dealer" estimated at closer to $6 billion. (The "New York Times" put the number at $7.7 billion). Ohio also increased its "rainy day fund" from effectively zero to more than $2 billion.  Kasich "closed the budget shortfall in part by cutting aid to local governments, forcing some of them to raise their own taxes or cut services. And increasing sales taxes helped make the income tax cuts possible." An analysis by the "Plain Dealer" in March 2016 found that more than 70 cities and villages had lost at least $1 million a year due to Kasich's budget and taxation policy.  In March 2008, Kasich called for "phasing out" Ohio's state income tax.  During Kasich's time as governor, Ohio ranked 22nd out of the 50 states for private-sector job growth,

Senate Bill 5 and labor issues.

On March 31, 2011, in his first year as governor, Kasich signed into law Senate Bill 5, a controversial labor law which restricted collective bargaining rights of public employees, such as police officers, firefighters, and teachers. The legislation, championed by Kasich, prohibited all public employees from striking and restricted their ability to negotiate health care and pension benefits. The final version of the legislation signed by Kasich had passed the state Senate in a 17-16 vote (with six Senate Republicans joining all of the Senate Democrats in voting no) and the state House in a 53-44 vote, with two members abstaining.  Democrats and labor unions opposed the legislation and placed a referendum on the November 2011 ballot to repeal SB 5. SB 5 also "sparked numerous protests with thousands of union workers and other opponents descending on the Statehouse,

Balanced budget amendment.

Kasich has campaigned for a balanced budget amendment to the U.S. Constitution. Kasich created a 501(c)(4) group, Balanced Budget Forever, to promote the cause.

Free trade.

Kasich said in 2016 that "I have never been an ideological supporter of free trade," but has long

Civil liberties and electronic surveillance.

In speaking in the 2016 campaign on domestic surveillance, Kasich has "straddled the line," praising Rand Paul for saying that "we need to get warrants," but also saying "if there's information they need, the government needs to get it." Kasich has said there needs to be "a balance between good intelligence

Education.

Kasich proposed new legislation which would increase funding to charter schools and poor school districts. He canceled the school-funding formula put into place by his Democratic predecessor, Governor Ted Strickland.  During Kasich's tenure as governor, he pushed to expand charter schools, increase the number of school vouchers that use public money to pay for tuition at private schools, implement a "merit pay" scheme for teachers, and evaluate teachers by student standardized test scores in math and reading. Kasich supports the Common Core State Standards and has criticized Republicans who turned against it.  During Kasich's tenure, funding for traditional public schools declined by about $500 million, while funding for charter schools has increased at least 27 percent. As calculated by the Howard Fleeter/Education Tax Policy Institute, total school funding under Kasich (including both charter and district schools) has ranged from a low of

Foreign and defense policy.

In November 2002, Kasich urged the invasion of Iraq, telling a crowd of students at The Ohio State University: "We should go to war with Iraq. It's not likely that (Saddam) Hussein will give up his weapons. If he did he would be disgraced in the Arab world." In an interview in August 2015, Kasich said: "I would never have committed ourselves to Iraq." A Kasich spokesman subsequently said that "Kasich was not revising history" but was instead saying that the Iraq War was a mistake given the facts available now.  Kasich has said that the U.S. "should've left a base in Iraq" instead of withdrawing troops in 2011.  In 2015, Kasich said that airstrikes were insufficient to combat the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, and he would send U.S. ground troops to fight ISIL.  Kasich opposed the landmark 2015 international

LGBT issues.

In recent years, Kasich has become much more liberal towards LGBT rights than many of his Republican counterparts. However, during his time in Congress, Kasich voted for the Defense of Marriage Act, which barred federal recognition of same-sex marriage. During this period, Kasich supported a ban on same-sex marriage in Ohio and stated that he did not approve of the "gay lifestyle." As governor of Ohio, Kasich signed an executive order banning discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation for state

Gun policy.

While in the U.S. House of Representatives, Kasich had a mixed record on gun policy. He was one of 215 Representatives to vote for the Federal Assault Weapons Ban, which became law in 1994, but voted against the Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act ("Brady Bill"), which established current background check laws.  As governor, Kasich shifted to more pro-gun positions. In 2011, he signed

Health care.

Kasich opted to accept Medicaid-expansion funding provided by the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA or "Obamacare") in Ohio. This decision angered many Statehouse Republicans, who wanted Kasich to reject the expansion.  Total spending on Medicaid by the state was almost $2 billion (or 7.6 percent) below estimates for the fiscal year ending in June 2015, according to a report by Kasich's administration. The lower-than-expected costs were attributed to expanded managed care, shorter nursing home stays and increased in-home care for seniors, capitated reimbursement policies, increased automation

Immigration and refugees.

In 2010, while running for governor, Kasich expressed support for amending the U.S. Constitution to abolish the Fourteenth Amendment's guarantee of "jus soli" (birthright) citizenship for people born in the United States. Kasich also told the "Columbus Dispatch" at the time that "One thing that I don't want to reward is illegal immigration."  In 2014, Kasich acknowledged that his stance on immigration has "evolved" because "maybe [I'm] a little smarter now," stating: "I don't want to see anybody in pain. So I guess when I look at this now, I look at it differently than I did in '10.... When I look at a group of people who might be hiding, who may be afraid, who may be scared, who have children, I don't want to be in a position of where I make it worse for them." That year, Kasich expressed openness to a path to citizenship for undocumented immigrants, saying at a Republican Governors Association (RGA) meeting in Florida, "I

Lieutenant governor.

Kasich has a "long-standing political partnership" with his lieutenant governor, Mary Taylor. In 2014, Kasich defended Taylor after her chief of staff, and that chief of staff's administrative assistant, resigned following a timesheet probe. Kasich said of Taylor's handling of the matter: "Mary did the right thing and I support her."

Racial diversity in Cabinet.

Upon taking office in 2011, Kasich received criticism for appointing an initial all-white cabinet of 22 members. Responding to criticism for not appointing any black, Hispanic, or Asian Cabinet members, Kasich said: "I don't look at things from the standpoint of any of these sort of metrics that

Transportation.

Throughout his first gubernatorial campaign, Kasich opposed the Ohio Hub higher-speed passenger rail project (a proposed 258-mile Cleveland-to-Cincinnati train) and promised to cancel it, claiming that it would average speeds of merely 36 mph. In his first press conference following his election victory, Kasich declared "That train is dead...I said it during the campaign: It is dead."  As governor-elect, Kasich lobbied the federal government to use $400 million in federal dollars allocated for high-speed rail for freight rail projects instead. In a November 2010 letter to Kasich, Transportation Secretary Ray LaHood wrote that the federal funding was specifically allocated by the 2009 economic stimulus act for high-speed rail, and could not be used for other purposes. In a December 2010 meeting with President Barack Obama, Kasich again unsuccessfully lobbied to use

Voting rights.

In February 2014, Kasich signed into law a bill which cut six days from Ohio's early voting period, including the "golden week" (a period at the beginning of early voting when voters could both register to vote and cast an in-person absentee ballot). The measures were hotly contested in the state legislature, passing on a party-line vote, with Republicans in favor and Democrats opposed. This measure prompted two federal lawsuits. The first lawsuit, brought by the American Civil Liberties Union of Ohio on behalf of the NAACP and League of Women Voters of Ohio, resulted in a settlement in April 2015, in which the state agreed to provide evening and Sunday hours for early voting in elections in Ohio through 2018. The second lawsuit, "Ohio Democratic Party v. Husted", was brought in

Judicial appointments.

In Ohio, justices of the Ohio Supreme Court are elected, but the governor can fill unexpired terms. In May 2012, Ohio Supreme Court Associate

Impeachment of Donald Trump.

On October 18, 2019, Kasich publicly stated that Donald Trump

2016 presidential campaign.

In April 2015, Kasich announced the formation of his "New Day For America" group. Formerly a 527 group, it filed as a super PAC in July 2015. Between April 20 and June 30, 2015, the super PAC raised over $11.1 million from 165 "reportable contributions," including 34 contributions of $100,000 or more. Major contributors to the PAC include Floyd Kvamme, who donated $100,000, and Jim Dicke, chairman emeritus of Crown Equipment Corporation, who donated $250,000. According to FEC filings, Kasich's campaign had $2.5 million on hand at the beginning of 2016.  In May 2015, sources close to him had said he was "virtually certain" to run for the Republican nomination for president. On July 21, 2015, Kasich announced his candidacy for the Republican presidential nomination during a speech at the Ohio Union, the student union of his alma mater, the Ohio State University.  On January 30, 2016, the "New York Times" endorsed Kasich for the Republican nomination. The "Times" editorial board strongly rebuked leading candidates Donald Trump and Senator Ted Cruz and wrote that Kasich, "though a distinct underdog, is the only plausible choice for Republicans tired of the extremism and inexperience on display in this race."  On the campaign trail, Kasich sought to project a sunny, optimistic message, describing himself as "the prince of light and hope." This marked a change in tone for Kasich, who had developed a reputation as an abrasive governor. Viewed as a long-shot contender, Kasich took an "above-the-fray approach to his rivals" and "ran unapologetically as a candidate with experience" even as others ran as "outsider" contenders. Kasich came in second place in the New Hampshire primary on February 9, 2016, behind winner Trump. The "Cincinnati Enquirer" reported that this was "the best possible result" for Kasich and lent "credence to the notion that he can emerge" as a Republican alternative to Trump and Cruz.  Ultimately, however, Kasich's message "never caught on in a campaign that... exposed the anger and frustration coursing through the electorate" and he "found himself stuck in fourth place in a three-man race, trailing Senator Marco Rubio of Florida in the delegate count" although Rubio had dropped out of the race in March. The only state won by Kasich was his home state of Ohio, which gave him 66 delegates in its March 2016 winner-take-all primary but still left him with "a steep delegate deficit against his rivals." Kasich's unsuccessful campaign strategy hinged on the possibility of a contested (or brokered) Republican National Convention, in which no single candidate has enough delegates to win the nomination on the first ballot, something that has not happened in either of the two major parties' presidential nominating conventions since 1952. Kasich suspended his campaign for the Republican presidential nomination on May 4, 2016, one day after Trump won the Republican primary in Indiana. The third remaining contender, Cruz, quit the race shortly before Kasich did, leaving Trump as the only candidate remaining in the Republican field and hence the party's presumptive nominee.  A 2018 study on media coverage of the 2016 election noted "the paradox of the Kasich campaign's longevity while it lacked public interest provides some evidence for the idea that Kasich's biggest supporters were the media".

Personal life.

Kasich has been married twice. His first marriage was to Mary Lee Griffith from 1975 to 1980, and they had no children. Griffith has campaigned for Kasich since their divorce. Kasich and his current wife, Karen Waldbillig, a former public relations executive, were married in March 1997 and have twin daughters, Emma and Reese.  Kasich was raised a Catholic, but considers denominations irrelevant, while stating that "there's

Published works.

Kasich has authored four books :

John Richard Kasich Jr. ( ; born May 13, 1952) is an American politician, author, and television news host who served as the 69th Governor of Ohio from 2011 to 2019. Kasich is a Republican.

John Richard Kasich (* 13. Mai 1952 in McKees Rocks, Allegheny County, Pennsylvania) ist ein US-amerikanischer Fernseh-Kommentator und ehemaliger Politiker der Republikanischen Partei. Er war von 2011 bis 2019 Gouverneur des Bundesstaates Ohio. Von 1983 bis 2001 war er Mitglied des Repräsentantenhauses der Vereinigten Staaten, wo er Schlüsselpositionen in wichtigen Ausschüssen innehatte. Zwischen seiner Zeit als Abgeordneter und Gouverneur war Kasich mehrere Jahre in der Privatwirtschaft tätig. Im Juli 2015 kündigte er seine Kandidatur für die Präsidentschaftswahl 2016 an. Angesichts der Vorwahlergebnisse gab er am 4. Mai 2016 seine Kandidatur auf. Kasich gilt als gemäßigter Vertreter seiner Partei, der eine pragmatische Politik verfolgt.


First round.

The draw for the First Round took place at the headquarters of the TFF in İstanbul on 23 August 2010. The matches were played on 1 September 2010.

Second round.

The draw for the Second Round was conducted at the headquarters of the TFF in İstanbul on 14 September 2010. The matches were played on 22 September 2010.

Play-off round.

The draw for the Third Round was conducted at the headquarters of the TFF in İstanbul on 30 September 2010. The matches will be played on 26-27–28 October 2010.

Group stage.

The group stage consists of four groups with five teams each. The top three teams that finished from 1st place to 3rd in the 2009–10 Süper Lig and the previous cup winners were seeded as group heads: Bursaspor, Fenerbahçe, Galatasaray, and cup winners Trabzonspor. The sixteen teams who qualified through the first two rounds of elimination matches were randomly drawn into one of the four groups.  Every team will play every other team of its group once, either home or away. The winners and runners-up of each group will qualify for the quarterfinals.

Group A.

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Group B.

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Group C.

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Group D.

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Quarter-finals.

In this round the winners and runners-up of all of the previous round's groups were entered. The draw was conducted by the TFF in the Ataköy Olympic House in İstanbul on 28 January 2011 at 11:00 local time. There were no seedings in the draw, and consequently teams from the same groups were drawn against each other. The teams competed in two-leg playoffs. The first leg matches were played on 2 and 3 February while the second leg matches were played on 2 and 3 March 2011. The lowest-ranked, and incidentally the only non-Süper Lig team to qualify for this stage of the competition was Gaziantep Büyükşehir Belediyespor, at that time competing in the TFF First League, the 2nd tier of Turkish football.

Semi-finals.

The draw was conducted by the TFF in the Ataköy Olympic House in İstanbul on 28 January 2011 at 11:00 local time. The teams competed in two-leg playoffs. The first leg matches were played on 6 and 7 April while the second leg matches were played on 20 and 21 April 2011.

Final.

The final was played in Kadir Has Stadium, Kayseri on 11 May 2011. This was the first time for Kayseri Kadir Has Stadium to host a cup final, which opened its gates on March 2009. The kick-off was at 20:00 EEST. The match ended on a 2-2 draw and there were no goals in the extra time. Beşiktaş J.K. went on to win the final on penalties.

The 2010–11 Turkish Cup was the 49th season of the Turkish Cup. Beşiktaş defeated İstanbul B.B. in the final. The winner also secured a berth in the play-off round of the 2011–12 UEFA Europa League and qualified for the 2011 Turkish Super Cup. The defending champions were Trabzonspor who were eliminated in the group stage. Trabzonspor (champions), Bursaspor (1st, Süper Lig), Fenerbahçe (2nd), and Galatasaray (3rd) automatically qualified for the group stage.

Der Ziraat Türkiye Kupası 2010/11 ist ein türkischer Fußball-Pokalwettbewerb. Er begann am 1. September 2010 mit der 1. Hauptrunde und endete am 11. Mai 2011 mit dem Finale. Der türkische Pokal wurde in dieser Saison zum 49. Mal ausgetragen. Das Finale wurde am 11. Mai 2011 in Kayseri im Kayseri-Kadir-Has-Stadion zwischen Beşiktaş Istanbul und Istanbul BB ausgetragen.


Plot.

A hard-working mom and wife splits her time between a job she doesn’t particularly like, running the kids around and managing the household. She believes that if she can just get a few hours a week to herself, she can figure a few things out. After finding her old guitar in the garage and the prompting of a new friend, they start up a weekly jam session and are joined by a neighbor, the mail-woman and her daughter’s boyfriend for nightly rehearsals. The plot is set in the Metropolitan Detroit area, most likely the Southfield area as Shannon attends Southfield Elementary School, which is shown throughout season 1.  In a February 2009 interview on "Anytime with Bob Kushell", Sullivan agreed the main character is going through a midlife crisis, but she does not like using the term "midlife".  - The Jealous Kind (2009)... (production staff)

Characters.

Production Crew.

- Sympathy for the Devil (2009)... (production staff) - Jingle All the Way (2009)... (production staff) - Shower the People (2009)... (production staff) - Is She Really Going Out with Him? (2009)... (production staff) - Mother and Child Reunion (2009)... (production staff) - Anchors Aweigh (2009)... (production staff) - Why Can't We Be Friends? (2009)... (production staff) - Bad Company (2009)... (production staff) - The Crying Game (2008)... (assistant to producer) - Take This Job and Shove It (2008)... (assistant to producer) - Pilot (2008)... (assistant to producer) http://ryanmouritsen.nowcasting.com/,

Home media.

"Rita Rocks: The Complete 1st Season" was released on a 3-disc combo pack on April 27, 2010.

Rita Rocks is a Lifetime original sitcom that ran from 20 October 2008 to 7 December 2009. It was the network's first original comedy in over a decade. The series debuted alongside re-runs of "Reba" as part of a new comedy hour for Tuesday nights, which later changed to Monday nights. The show stars Nicole Sullivan as Rita, Tisha Campbell-Martin, Richard Ruccolo, Raviv Ullman, and Kelly Gould.

Rita Rockt ist eine US-amerikanische Sitcom, welche am 20. Oktober 2008 auf Lifetime Premiere feierte. Die deutsche Erstausstrahlung war ab dem 29. Oktober 2010 auf VOX im Nachtprogramm zwischen 4 und 6 Uhr zu sehen. Seit April 2011 wurde die Serie auch auf ORF eins ausgestrahlt. Aufgrund mangelnder Quoten wurde die Produktion der Serie nach zwei Staffeln eingestellt.


Biography.

Lawrence was born in Bayside, Queens, New York, in 1820. He was a descendant of John Lawrence and John Bowne, both Quakers and pioneer English settlers of Queens, NY.  Lawrence moved to Louisiana in 1843 and engaged in the planting and refining of sugar. He served in the Louisiana State House of Representatives for some time and then successfully contested the re-election of Jacob Hale Sypher. Lawrence then served for one day in Congress but was not reelected. He died at Magnolia Plantation, Plaquemines Parish, Louisiana in 1878.

Contested election.

The voting in the 1872 election was characterized by a number of irregularities, with Sypher initially being declared the winner and returned to Congress while Lawrence appealed the election results. Lawrence's belated replacement of Sypher, after courts intervened to nullify the original results and instead deliver the seat to Lawrence, marked the first time since the Civil War that a Democrat had defeated a Republican for a seat in Congress from Louisiana.  The 1874 voting in which Lawrence failed "re-election" to the seat had already been held before he was seated for the term to which he had, by the later court-order, been elected in 1872. Thus, under the congressional calendar in effect at the time, Lawrence was able to serve for one day of the 1873–1875 term to which he had, in the end, been elected. On the following day—March 4, 1875—he was succeeded by Randall Lee Gibson, a Democrat who had defeated him during the preceding autumn.

Effingham Lawrence (March 2, 1820 – December 9, 1878) was an American politician known for serving for the shortest term in congressional history, serving for just one day in the U.S. House of Representatives.

Effingham Lawrence (* 2. März 1820 auf Long Island, New York; † 9. Dezember 1878 im Plaquemines Parish, Louisiana) war ein US-amerikanischer Politiker. Im Jahr 1875 vertrat er für einen Tag den Bundesstaat Louisiana im US-Repräsentantenhaus.


Orbit and classification.

"Perth" is a member of the Flora family (), a giant asteroid family and the largest family of stony asteroids in the main-belt. It orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 1.8–2.7 AU once every 3 years and 5 months (1,242 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.19 and an inclination of 5° with respect to the ecliptic.  The asteroid was first identified as at Crimea–Nauchnij in October 1969. The body's observation arc begins at Nauchnij with its identification as in October 1979, more than seven years prior to its official discovery observation at Anderson Mesa.

Physical characteristics.

"Perth" is an assumed S-type asteroid, which corresponds with the overall spectral type of the Flora family.

Rotation period.

In February 2008, a rotational lightcurve of "Perth" was obtained by a collaboration of astronomers in a photometric survey of the Flora region. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 5.083 hours with a brightness variation of 0.28 magnitude (). Other photometric observations at the Palomar Transient Factory in October 2010, and by Wiesław Wiśniewski in December 1993, gave a period of 5.087 and 5.2 hours with an amplitude of 0.92 and 1.09, respectively ().

Diameter and albedo.

According to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, "Perth" measures 4.80 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.335, while the "Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link" assumes an albedo of 0.24 – taken from 8 Flora the Flora family's largest member and namesake – and derives a diameter of 4.18 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 14.06.

Naming.

This minor planet was named after the Australian Perth Observatory for its many contributions to astronomy including the "Perth 70 meridian catalogue", the co-discovery of the rings of Uranus, and observational work on Comet Halley both in 1910 and 1986. The observatory was founded near the city of Perth in 1896, and moved to Bickley in 1965. The observatory is known for its astrometry and photometry on small Solar System bodies. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 17 August 1989 ().

3953 Perth, provisional designation, is a stony Florian asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately in diameter. It was discovered on 6 November 1986, by American astronomer Edward Bowell at the Anderson Mesa Station near Flagstaff, Arizona. The asteroid was named for the Australian Perth Observatory.

(3953) Perth ist ein Asteroid des Hauptgürtels, der am 6. November 1986 vom US-amerikanischen Astronomen Edward L. G. Bowell an der "Anderson Mesa Station" (IAU-Code 688) des Lowell-Observatoriums in Coconino County entdeckt wurde.


B1.

The B1 was the first car of the series, and also the first car produced by Marussia Motors. The chassis was built on an aluminum semi-monocoque design, and the engines were produced by British engineering company Cosworth. Marussia plan to only produce 2999 B1s. Engine power is, top speed is 305 km/h (190 mph) and it accelerates from 0–100 km/h (0-62 mph) in 3.2 seconds.

B2.

The B2 is the B1's successor, first shown to the public at the 2009 Frankfurt Motor Show. The differences between the B1 and the B2 are only cosmetic; the B2 offers a new, edgier design and a new, almost space-age interior. The design was meant to give the car a more aggressive look. Some design features include highlighting the grille and intakes in black to contrast them to the car's body colour and emphasize some of the car's geometric elements, as well as styling the car's face to the shape of the "M" in the Marussia Motors logo. Engine power is, top speed is and acceleration from 0–100 km/h is in 3.8 seconds.  The B2 was featured in "" in 2012, "Need for Speed Rivals" in 2013. In 2014 the car was also featured in "Driveclub" as a playable vehicle and at the official cover art for the PlayStation 4 exclusive.  In March 2012, Finnish contract manufacturer of specialty automobiles, Valmet Automotive, and Marussia Motors entered into an agreement on production of Marussia B2 sports cars at the Valmet car factory in Uusikaupunki, Finland. 500 units were built and until 2012 all has been sold out.

The Marussia B-Series was a series of sports cars built by Russian automaker Marussia Motors (pronounced ma-rus-ya). The series consists of the B1 and the B2; the cars are very similar technically, but are very different in design. The two vehicles had the same engines, layout, features, suspension, brakes. Priced at over 4,000,000 ruble (from 120,000 € to 185,000 €), they were the first Russian sports cars ever built. It featured a full carbon fiber car with aluminium chassis. About 3500 units were planned to be built.

Der Marussia B2 ist ein Sportwagen des russischen Herstellers Marussia Motors. Das auf der Internationalen Automobil-Ausstellung in Frankfurt am Main im September 2009 vorgestellte Auto verfügt im Gegensatz zum technisch eng verwandten Modell B1 über ein eigenwilliges und stark zerklüftetes Design, in dem sich der Buchstabe "M" widerspiegeln soll.


Location.

The Memorial was built approximately to the south-east of the former Thiepval Château, which was located on lower ground, by the side of Thiepval Wood. The grounds of the original château were not chosen as this would have required the moving of graves, dug during the war around the numerous medical aid stations.

Design and inauguration.

Designed by Sir Edwin Lutyens, the memorial was built between 1928 and 1932 and is the largest Commonwealth Memorial to the Missing in the world. It was inaugurated by the Prince of Wales (later King Edward VIII) in the presence of Albert Lebrun, President of France, on 1 August 1932. The unveiling ceremony was attended by Lutyens.  The memorial dominates the rural scene and has 16 brick piers, faced with Portland stone. It was originally built using French bricks from Lille, but was refaced in 1973 with Accrington brick. The main arch is aligned east to west. The memorial is high, above the level of its podium, which to the west is above the level of the adjoining cemetery. It has foundations thick, which were required because of extensive wartime tunnelling beneath the structure.  It is a complex form of memorial arch, comprising interlocking arches of four sizes. Each side of the main arch is pierced by a smaller arch, orientated at a right angle to the main arch. Each side of each of these smaller arches is then pierced by a still smaller arch and so on. The keystone of each smaller arch is at the level of the spring of the larger arch that it pierces; each of these levels is marked by a stone cornice. This design results in 16 piers, having 64 stone-panelled sides. Only 48 of these are inscribed, as the panels around the outside of the memorial are blank.  More succinctly, according to the architectural historian Stephen Games, the memorial is composed of two intersecting triumphal arches, each with a larger central arch and two smaller subsidiary arches, the arches on the east-west facades being taller than those on the north-south, and all raised up from what is loosely a square four-by-four tartan grid plan. The main arch is surmounted by a tower. In the central space of the memorial a Stone of Remembrance rests on a three-stepped platform.  The memorial represents the names 72,246 officers and men (see below), and Lutyens's ingenious geometry arises out of the attempt to display these names in compact form, rather than in the longer, lower and linear form taken by other memorials to the missing of the war, such as those at Loos, Pozières and Arras.

Inscriptions.

The inscription of names on the memorial is reserved for those missing, or unidentified, soldiers who have no known grave. A large inscription on an internal surface of the memorial reads:  On the Portland stone piers are engraved the names of over 72,000 men who were lost in the Somme battles between July 1915 and March 1918. The Commonwealth War Graves Commission states that over 90% of these soldiers died in the first Battle of the Somme between 1 July and 18 November 1916. The names are carved using the standard upper-case lettering designed for the Commission by MacDonald Gill.  Over the years since its inauguration, bodies have been regularly discovered on the former battlefield and are sometimes identified through various means. The decision was taken that to protect the integrity of the memorial as one solely for those who are missing or unidentified, that if a body were found and identified the inscription of their name would be removed from the memorial by filling in the inscription with cement. For those who are found and identified, they are given a funeral with full military honours at a cemetery close to the location at which they were discovered. This practice has resulted in numerous gaps in the lists of names.  On the top of the archway, a French inscription reads: "Aux armées Française et Britannique l'Empire Britannique reconnaissant" (To the French and British Armies, from the grateful British Empire). Just below this, are carved the years 1914 and 1918. On the upper edges of the side archways, split across left and right, is carved the phrase "The Missing / of the Somme". Also included on this memorial are sixteen stone laurel wreaths, inscribed with the names of sub-battles that made up the Battle of the Somme and subsequent actions in which the men commemorated at Thiepval fell. One is simply titled 'Somme 1916'. Thirteen battles so-named on the other roundels are Ancre Heights, Ancre, Albert, High Wood, Delville Wood, Morval, Flers–Courcelette, Pozières Wood, Bazentin Ridge, Thiepval Ridge, Transloy Ridges, Ginchy, and Guillemont. The final two roundels are for 'Bapaume' and 'Miraumont', most likely referring to battles or actions in the Somme frontline in 1917 as the Thiepval Memorial includes the missing dead that fell before 20 March 1918. The Actions of Miraumont took place from 17–18 February 1917, and Bapaume was occupied by the British on 17 March 1917 (see Operations on the Ancre, January–March 1917).

Notable people commemorated on the memorial.

Seven Victoria Cross recipients are listed on the memorial, under their respective regiments. All British unless otherwise noted:  Also commemorated are:

Anglo-French memorial.

The Thiepval Memorial also serves as an Anglo-French battle memorial to commemorate the joint nature of the 1916 offensive. In further recognition of this, a cemetery, Thiepval Anglo-French Cemetery, containing 300 British Commonwealth and 300 French graves lies at the foot of the memorial. Most of the soldiers buried here – 239 of the British Commonwealth and 253 of the French – are unknown, the bodies having been reburied here after discovery between December 1931 and March 1932, mostly from the Somme battlefields but some from as far north as Loos and as far south as Le Quesnel. The British Commonwealth graves have rectangular headstones made of white stone, while the French graves have grey stone crosses. On the British headstones is the inscription "A Soldier of the Great War/ Known unto God". The French crosses bear the single word ""Inconnu"" ('unknown'). The cemetery's Cross of Sacrifice bears an inscription that acknowledges the joint British and French contributions:

Ceremonies and services.

Each year on 1 July (the anniversary of the first day on the Somme) a major ceremony is held at the memorial. There is also a ceremony on 11 November, beginning at 1045 CET.

References.

Works cited

The Thiepval Memorial to the Missing of the Somme is a war memorial to 72,337 missing British and South African servicemen who died in the Battles of the Somme of the First World War between 1915 and 1918, with no known grave. It is near the village of Thiepval, Picardy in France. A visitors' centre opened in 2004. Designed by Sir Edwin Lutyens, Thiepval has been described as "the greatest executed British work of monumental architecture of the twentieth century".

Das Thiepval-Denkmal ist ein Ehrenbogen in der nordfranzösischen Gemeinde Authuille. Es ist benannt nach dem nahe gelegenen Dorf Thiepval. Der 45 Meter hohe, auf 16 Pfeilern ruhende Bogen wurde von Edwin Lutyens im Auftrag der britischen Regierung entworfen und 1932 in Ziegelbauweise errichtet. Das Monument erinnert an Soldaten der britischen und südafrikanischen Armee-Einheiten, die im Ersten Weltkrieg in der Schlacht an der Somme gefallen sind und nicht mehr in einem eigenen Grab bestattet wurden. Unter den derzeit (2010) 72.090 eingemeißelten Namen findet sich auch der britische Komponist George Butterworth. Der Soldatenfriedhof hinter dem Denkmal markiert die Frontlinie am 1. Juli 1916, dem ersten Tag der Schlacht. Später aufgefundene und identifizierte Gefallene werden hier mit militärischen Ehren beigesetzt, ihre Namen danach vom Denkmal entfernt. Eine eigene Grabstätte birgt die sterblichen Überreste von je 300 gefallenen französischen und Commonwealth-Soldaten.


History.

In 1979, The Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation bought a Vancouver-based acceptance company that financed machinery and equipment for small companies operating in British Columbia. In 1981, The Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation incorporated Hongkong Bank of Canada (HBC), in Vancouver as a chartered bank effective July 1, 1981, under the Bank Act of Canada using the acceptance company as a base for the new bank. HBC had a few retail branches primarily focused on Asian-Canadians whose primary business centred on commercial enterprises. HBC opened branches in major cities in western Canada and in Toronto and Montreal but growth was slow. HBC sought to grow by acquisition, but the first three attempts to buy an existing institution were unsuccessful. HBC acquired the assets of Bank of British Columbia on November 27, 1986, which had essentially failed. This acquisition gave HBC an additional $2.6 billion in assets and 41 branches in British Columbia and Alberta propelling it overnight from the 20th largest to 9th largest bank in Canada.  On May 20, 1988, HBC amalgamated with Midland Bank Canada, gaining many new corporate banking relationships, combined assets of $472 million, and expanding to Eastern Canada. It acquired Lloyds Bank Canada on May 29, 1990, thereby adding another $4.4 billion in assets and 53 branches. Lloyds Bank had acquired Continental Bank of Canada in 1986. Continental Bank began in 1973 as Niagara Finance Company, later became IAC Limited, and then Continental Bank.  By October 31, 1990, HBC's assets were $10.2 billion and its branch network had doubled with most of its newly acquired branches located in Ontario and Quebec. The acquisition of Lloyds also made the company Canada's largest foreign bank and a bilingual operation with branches in eight Quebec communities. On April 30, 1993, HBC acquired ANZ Canada consisting of one office in Toronto, which it combined with the existing HBC branch at 70 York Street. ANZ had acquired Grindlays Bank Canada with its 1984 acquisition of Grindlays Bank, but management sold the component to HBC to focus on expansion in the Asia-Pacific area. The purchase of ANZ made HBC the seventh largest bank in Canada with branches in every province except Prince Edward Island. HBC acquired the single-office Metropolitan Trust Company of Canada on August 1, 1995.  HBC acquired Barclays Bank Canada on August 31, 1996. Barclays had re-entered Canada in 1979 and developed a diversified but modest range of activities. In 1985, Barclays bought the assets of Wells Fargo Bank (Canada), consisting of its operations in Alberta and Florida, so that Wells Fargo could re-focus on its home market. In 1993, Barclays Bank Canada closed its Edmonton branch and the following year, it closed six additional branches in Vancouver, Calgary, Winnipeg, London, Montreal and Halifax, retaining only its head office. Barclays' Canadian operations lost approximately $120-million between 1992 and 1996.  In response to the growing north-south trade occasioned by the adoption of the 1994 North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), HBC acquired the Seattle, Washington and Portland, Oregon branches of Marine Midland Bank in 1996. This move into the United States seemed a natural expansion that followed the business interests of many of the bank's customers. HBC acquired National Westminster Bank of Canada on May 1, 1998, which had assets of C$844.5 million. NatWest had entered Canada in 1982. On June 21, 1999, HBC changed its name to HSBC Bank Canada, consistent with the HSBC Group's strategy of creating the global brand, HSBC. On December 3 of that year, it acquired Prenor Trust Company of Canada.  In 2000, HSBC Bank Canada acquired Republic National Bank of New York (Canada) after HSBC acquired the parent bank. Republic had entered Canada in 1982, and was an amalgamation of several banks. Republic's purchases included Bank Leumi Le Israel (Canada) in 1993; Israel-based Bank Hapoalim (Canada) in 1994; and Israel Discount Bank of Canada's in 1996. On April 1, 2001, HSBC Canada acquired CCF Canada after HSBC Holdings acquired CCF Canada's parent company, Crédit Commercial de France (CCF). CCF had just acquired Crédit Lyonnais Canada. Credit Commercial de France (Canada) had entered Canada in 1982 when it established an office in Montreal. Société Genérale (Canada) acquired it in 1990. CCF had returned to Canada in 2000. In 2002, HSBC Holdings merged its Canadian and US operations to create a North American transnational bank. HSBC Bank USA of New York, with assets of US$87 billion, and HSBC Canada, with assets of C$34 billion, share some operating resources but remain separate units. On June 1, 2004, HSBC Bank Canada completed its acquisition of Intesa Bank's Canadian unit, which had 11 branches and total assets of C$1.1 billion.  On September 20, 2011, HSBC Canada sold its full-service brokerage division, HSBC Securities (Canada) Inc., to National Bank Financial Group for C$208 million.

Divisions.

Operating divisions of HSBC:

Membership.

HSBC Canada is a member of the Canadian Bankers Association (CBA) and registered member with the Canada Deposit Insurance Corporation (CDIC), a federal agency insuring deposits at all of Canada's chartered banks. It is also a member of:  Effective March 15, 2010, BMO Bank of Montreal ceased accepting deposits at its ATMs from HSBC customers and resumed charging a convenience fee after five years of an ATM sharing agreement with HSBC Bank Canada. HSBC continues as a member of The Exchange Network. This was a decision HSBC took as part of a restructuring of its personal banking strategy. Instead, HSBC will rebate the convenience fee charged to its HSBC Premier qualified customers to a maximum of $2.00 per instance for using any ATM in Canada.

HSBC Bank Canada (), formerly the Hongkong Bank of Canada (HBC), is a bank in Canada that is a subsidiary of British banking giant HSBC - one of the largest banking groups in the world. HSBC Canada is the seventh largest bank in Canada, with offices in every province except Prince Edward Island, and is the largest foreign-owned bank in the country. Corporate headquarters are in the financial district of Vancouver, British Columbia. HSBC Bank Canada's Institution Number (or bank number) is 016.

Die HSBC Bank Canada ("The Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation") ist ein Tochterunternehmen der britischen Großbank HSBC, einer der größten Banken weltweit. HSBC Canada ist die siebtgrößte Bank in Kanada mit Niederlassungen in jeder größeren Stadt. Der Hauptsitz der Bank befindet sich in Downtown Vancouver.


Playing career.

Kozek played collegiately at the University of North Dakota from 2005 to 2009. He helped UND capture the WCHA championship in 2006, followed by a trip to the NCAA Frozen Four, where the Fighting Sioux were defeated by Boston College. In 2007, UND again made it to the NCAA Frozen Four and again fells short in the semifinal against Boston College. Kozek reached a third NCAA Frozen Four with North Dakota in 2008, but for the third consecutive year the Fighting Hawks did not get passed BC in the semis. Kozek was named to the WCHA All-Academic Team his junior year.  After his NCAA career, Kozek played for the Chicago Wolves in the American Hockey League, seeing action in five games of the 2008-09 season. He then signed a deal with the Atlanta Thrashers and was assigned to their affiliate, the Chicago Wolves, where he made 126 AHL appearances. On March 7, 2011, Kozek was sent by the Thrashers on loan to the Hershey Bears, affiliate of the Washington Capitals, in exchange for Capitals prospect Josh Godfrey.  In the following season, Kozek embarked on his career abroad, first agreeing to a one-year stint in the Asia League Ice Hockey with the Nikko Ice Bucks. He then moved to the more competitive Austrian top-flight EBEL with Dornbirner EC for the 2012-13 campaign. He led the league in goalscoring that season, chipping in with 38 goals (plus 20 assists) in 54 games. After one year at Dornbirn, Kozek moved to EBEL rivals EHC Linz prior to the 2013-14 season. He led the Austrian top-flight in goals scored in 2012-13 and 2015-16.  In April 2016, Kozek penned a deal with the Nürnberg Ice Tigers of the German top-tier Deutsche Eishockey Liga (DEL).

Andrew Kozek (born May 26, 1986) is a Canadian professional ice hockey player. He is currently playing with EC KAC in the Austrian Hockey League (EBEL). Kozek was drafted 53rd overall by the Atlanta Thrashers in the 2005 NHL Entry Draft.

Andrew Jacob Kozek (* 26. Mai 1986 in Revelstoke, British Columbia) ist ein kanadischer Eishockeyspieler, der seit Januar 2018 beim EC KAC in der Erste Bank Eishockey Liga spielt.


Playing career.

As a youth, Caron played in the 2003 and 2004 Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournaments with the Rimouski Océanic minor ice hockey team..

Junior.

Caron played for the Athol Murray College of Notre Dame in 2005–06 prior to being drafted by the Rimouski Océanic in the first round, eighth overall in the 2006 QMJHL Draft. In his rookie season with the team, Caron finished fifth in team scoring, earning 40 points in 56 games, and led Rimouski with a +11 rating.  In his second year in Rimouski, Caron would miss some time due to injuries, appearing in only 46 games, however, he would improve on his point total from the previous year, scoring 20 goals and adding 23 assists for 43 points, helping the Océanic make the playoffs. Caron added four points in nine playoff games.  In 2008–09, Caron would once again improve with his numbers, appearing in 56 games, scoring a team high 36 goals, while earning 67 points, third highest on the club. In the playoffs, Caron earned 11 points in 13 games. Since Rimouski was hosting the 2009 Memorial Cup, the team had an automatic berth in the tournament. In four games, Caron scored two goals, as Rimouski was eliminated after losing to the Windsor Spitfires of the Ontario Hockey League (OHL) in the tie-breaking game.  Caron began the 2009–10 season with Rimouski, where in 20 games, he had 9 goals and 20 points. At the trade deadline, Caron was traded (along with teammate Patrice Cormier) to the Rouyn-Noranda Huskies. Caron finished the season with Huskies, where in 23 games, he scored 17 goals and 33 points. Caron then added 7 goals and 18 points in 11 playoff games for Rouyn-Noranda.

Professional.

Caron signed with the Boston Bruins on March 31, 2010. He began the 2010–11 season in the Bruins' NHL roster. He scored his first NHL goal on October 16, 2010, against Martin Brodeur of the New Jersey Devils. When Boston won the Stanley Cup in 2011, Caron received a Stanley Cup ring and was included in the team picture, although did not meet the requirement to have his named engraved on the Cup.  On July 16, 2014, Caron re-signed for his fifth season with the Bruins organization on a one-year contract. At the beginning of the 2014–15 season, despite making the Bruins' opening night roster, Caron was placed waivers on October 4, 2014. Going unclaimed, Caron was later reassigned to the Bruins' American Hockey League (AHL) affiliate, the Providence Bruins. Caron maintained his scoring touch in the AHL and appeared in 11 games over two call-ups with the Bruins before March 2, 2015, when he was traded )along with a sixth-round pick in the 2016 NHL Entry Draft) to the Colorado Avalanche in exchange for Maxime Talbot and Paul Carey. Caron made his Avalanche debut on March 4, 2015, in a 3–1 victory over the Pittsburgh Penguins. Initially promoted to play on the top scoring lines, Caron was unable to produce and endured a diminishing role to end the season, going scoreless in 19 games with the Avalanche. As an impending restricted free agent, Caron was not offered a new contract by Colorado, after which he became a free agent.  On July 2, 2015, Caron signed a one-year, two-way contract with the St. Louis Blues. At the conclusion of his contract with the Blues, Caron was not extended and left as a free agent. On September 25, 2017, Caron accepted an AHL invitation to attend the Toronto Marlies' 2017 training camp. On October 9, he signed with Krefeld Pinguine of the Deutsche Eishockey Liga (DEL). He was limited to just 8 games with Krefeld due to injury, posting 10 points.  In the following 2018–19 season, Caron returned for his second campaign with Krefeld. He continued to display his offensive prowess in the DEL, collecting 11 points in 12 games before leaving the club to take up a two-year contract with Russian outfit, HC Sibir Novosibirsk of the Kontinental Hockey League, on November 2, 2018.  On February 13, 2020, Caron left German club, Schwenninger Wild Wings of the Deutsche Eishockey Liga and joined Swiss club, Genève-Servette HC of the National League (NL) to provide depth for the remainder of the regular season and the playoffs.

International play.

Caron played for Canada at the 2010 World Junior Championships in Saskatchewan. He won a silver medal with the team while scoring four assists.

Jordan Julien Caron (born November 2, 1990) is a Canadian professional ice hockey forward who is currently an unrestricted free agent. He last played for Genève-Servette HC of the National League (NL). He was drafted in the first round, 25th overall, by the Boston Bruins in the 2009 NHL Entry Draft from the Rimouski Océanic of the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League (QMJHL).

Jordan Julien Caron (* 2. November 1990 in Sayabec, Québec) ist ein kanadischer Eishockeyspieler, der seit Februar 2020 beim Genève-Servette HC in der Schweizer National League unter Vertrag steht und dort auf der Position des rechten Flügelstürmers spielt.


Early life.

Rafferty was born in Newry, Northern Ireland. He won the Boys Amateur Championship aged 15, qualified for the Open Championship at age 16, and played in the 1981 Walker Cup aged 17. He tied for first place with Peter McEvoy in the 1980 English Open Amateur Stroke Play Championship for the Brabazon Trophy. According to Rafferty, as an amateur he and future pro Philip Walton had the best handicaps in the country.

Professional career.

Rafferty was briefly one of the best professional golfers in Europe. Between 1987 and 1993, he won 12 official tournaments around the world: five in Australia, seven in Europe. He led the 1989 European Tour Order of Merit and qualified for the 1989 Ryder Cup team. By the early 1990s, he came close to breaking the then-record for consecutive cuts made on the European Tour. He also spent over 100 weeks ranking inside the top 25 of the Official World Golf Ranking between 1989 and 1993.  Rafferty joined the European Tour in 1982. He first year was solid (if unremarkable) with one top ten and 48th ranking on the Order of Merit. His second season, in 1983, inaugurated an excellent stretch that lasted throughout the 1980s. In eight straight seasons, he finished in the top 30 of the Order of Merit and recorded at least six top-10s per year.  He struggled at coming through down the stretch, however. He recorded an astonishing 62 top-10s before his first European Tour victory. This included a playoff loss to compatriot David Feherty at the 1986 Lancia Italian Open.  He had better luck winning down under, however, recording two wins on the 1987 Australasian Tour. The second victory was at the New Zealand Open where he defeated defending PGA Championship winner Larry Nelson in a playoff. He was the first European to win New Zealand's national open since the 1920s. He also won the 1988 Australian Match Play Championship, defeating Australian Michael Clayton in the finals.  After knocking on the door for years, Rafferty would finally win in Europe in 1989. He avenged his 1986 playoff loss at the Italian Open with a one stroke win over Sam Torrance. This would be Rafferty's best season, as he would win an additional two events and record a 15 top-10 finishes. At the end of the year he won the Volvo Masters, the most prestigious win of his career, defeating Nick Faldo by one shot. He would go on to win the European Tour Order of Merit. He would also finish atop the 1989 Ryder Cup standings and play in his only Ryder Cup that year at The Belfry. Although Rafferty did not play great (he lost both team matches he played) he won his singles match against defending Open Championship winner Mark Calcavecchia on the 18th hole for a 1up win. This tight win proved indispensable as the European team struggled on the last day and only barely retained the cup with a 14–14 tie.  In 1990 was another great season for Rafferty. He won the Coca-Cola Classic, PLM Open, and Ebel European Masters Swiss Open, recorded two runner-ups, and had 12 top-10s in 30 official tour events. His excellent play earned him a special foreign invitation to play the Masters for the first time. In the spring he reached his career peak of #16 in the Official World Golf Ranking after a tie for 6th at the Belgian Open. He also qualified for the U.S. Open and PGA Championship; he was the first Irish pro to play in the U.S. Open since the 1940s.  The remainder of the early 1990s would see Rafferty vacillate between brief stretches of greatness and longer stretches of mediocrity. Although he recorded six official top-10s, including a distant runner-up finish at the European Pro-Celebrity pro-am, 1991 was a bit of a letdown. For the first time in five years, Rafferty did not win an official international event. He missed a European Tour cut for the first time in years at the Spanish Open. His play at the majors was especially weak. He missed the cut at the Masters, abruptly withdrew from the U.S. Open in the middle of the second round, and failed to qualify for the Open Championship for the first time since the beginning of his career. His withdrawal from the U.S. Open was particularly contentious and he was fined by the European Tour. By the end of season he was in danger of leaving the top 50 in the world rankings.  The beginning of the 1992 season suddenly saw Rafferty go on perhaps the hottest stretch of his career. He finished no worse than second place in five consecutive worldwide events: a victory at the Daikyo Palm Meadows Cup for his final win in Australia; a tie for second at the European-sanctioned Johnnie Walker Classic in Bangkok, Thailand; a playoff loss to Seve Ballesteros at the Dubai Desert Classic; a runner-up to American legend Tom Watson at the Hong Kong Open; and finally a victory at the Portuguese Open. His world ranking would peak again at #16 after his win in Portugal.  The culmination of this period also marked the beginning of a slow decline that would persist to the end of his career. In the heart of the season, playing in more challenging European and American events, Rafferty could not keep up, missing the cut in most of the events he played and, when he made the cut, usually finishing near the bottom.  1993 marked a brief return to form. After recording some high finishes in minor European and South African events in late 1992/early 1993, Rafferty recorded a number of top-10s in the middle of the 1993 European season. This would culminate with a victory at the 1993 Hohe Brucke Austrian Open. Rafferty would finish the season ranked inside the global top 50.  The 1994 season, however, would mark the beginning of the end of his career as a touring professional. His victory in Austria would be his last. He recorded only two top-10s in 26 European events and failed to finish in the top 50 of the Order of Merit for the first time.  Rafferty maintained full-time status for three more years and recorded a spate of top 10s but could come close to matching his 1980s heyday. In 1997 broken bones in his left hand severely affected his play. After the 1997 season, he failed to enter the top 100 of the Order of Merit again. He would retire as a touring professional after the 2003 season.

Personal life.

Rafferty is married to Claire and has two adult children, Jonathan and Emma. Though from Northern Ireland, he now lives in Ascot, England.  In 1987, while playing on the Australasian Tour during the European Tour offseason, he lived with the family of Australian pro Ian Baker-Finch. During this time, Rafferty became a connoisseur of Australian wine. He remains a noted wine collector.  Rafferty now plays few tournaments, and is involved in broadcasting, where he works as a commentator and analyst, and golf course design. He regularly appeared on Setanta golf's coverage.

Legacy.

Rafferty is known for prefiguring the rise of professional golf Northern Ireland. He and David Feherty were the first Northern Irish golfers to win consistently on the European Tour. Shortly after they retired golfers like Graeme McDowell, Rory McIlroy, and Darren Clarke would go onto greater success, winning major championships.  Although never a household name, Rafferty was one of the best European golfers during the 1980s and early 1990s. He won 12 official worldwide tour events between 1987 and 1993. By comparison, Nick Faldo, the best European golfer of that era, won 17 tour events during that timespan. Paul Azinger, the most victorious American golfer during that timespan, won only one more event than Rafferty during these years.

Professional wins (14).

European Tour wins (7).

European Tour playoff record (1–4)

PGA Tour of Australasia wins (5).

PGA Tour of Australasia playoff record (1–0)

Results in major championships.

CUT = missed the half-way cut
 WD = Withdrew
 "T" indicates a tie for a place

Team appearances.

Amateur  Professional

Ronan Patrick Rafferty (born 13 January 1964) is a Northern Irish professional golfer who formerly played on the European Tour.

Ronan Rafferty (* 13. Januar 1964 in Newry, Nordirland) ist ein nordirischer Berufsgolfer, der 1989 die Order of Merit der European Tour als Gesamtsieger abschließen konnte.


Early life.

Eckstein was born on 14 June 1868 in Coburg to Johann Nikolaus Eckstein and Anna Barbara Eckstein, "née" Götz. Her father was a porter and assistant telegraphist at the "", a railway company. Eckstein had a younger brother named Ernst and an older sister named Antonie ("Toni"), who was born with a disability. Financial reasons limited her formal education to attending a girl's school from 1874 to 1882. However, Eckstein's teacher Ottilie Frese supported her in learning English and French, which made her want to become a teacher herself. She was confirmed in the main church of Coburg in 1882.  At the age of 16, in September 1884, Eckstein left Germany to visit relatives in New York. The reasons for this are unclear. Her parents might have wanted to prevent her from forming a relationship with an aristocrat who was out of her range, or it was to support her teaching career. For the first few years she worked as a maid or teacher at various places and then took on a job as a private teacher for the daughter (Mamie) of a Jewish merchant (Godfrey Mannheimer) who had immigrated from Germany. While working in this household from December 1887 to October 1893 she joined the Mannheimer family on three trips to Germany.

Peace activism.

Eckstein moved to Boston in 1894, at first living with the novelist Martha "Mattie" Griffith Browne and still working as a teacher. In response to her disappointment at the outcomes of the Hague Conventions she joined the American Peace Society, of which she became vice president between 1905 and 1911. She collected over one million signatures, signed by supporters from the US, UK, and Germany, for a proposal she had written prior to the second peace conference in The Hague. On 4 July 1907 she handed this document to the chairman of the conference. Since Eckstein did not see the treaties of this second conference as a success, she organised her own version funded by her own money. She went on to collect six million signatures which she planned to present at the third Hague peace conference in 1914 but the outbreak of the First World War prevented this. This setback caused her to suffer a breakdown but her ideas eventually influenced the Kellogg–Briand Pact of 1928.  With the support of the American publisher Edwin Ginn, Eckstein travelled through Canada and Europe to promote her ideas. In 1909, Eckstein attended the second National Peace Congress in Chicago, USA, where she read a "World Petition to the Third Hague Conference". The same year, she moved back to her birthplace Coburg. From there she continued to travel to most European countries, and also Australia, New Zealand, Japan, and China, where she gained increasing support for her cause. She used to wear white dresses as a symbol of peace. Amongst others, Eckstein worked with Bertha von Suttner, Alfred Hermann Fried, Ludwig Quidde, and Jean Jaurès. Especially in France and Germany she also had to deal with opposition and criticism, but was nevertheless nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize in 1913.

World War I.

During the First World War, Eckstein wrote articles for a magazine on international law, whose editor was the German expert for international law, Theodor Niemeyer. She also published the book "Staatenschutzvertrag zur Sicherung des Weltfriedens" ("State Protection Treaty to Preserve World Peace").

Later life and death.

After the end of World War I Eckstein worked with the "Deutsche Liga für den Völkerbund" (German League of Nations) and set up regional groups of it, including in her home town Coburg. There she was very active in trying to keep the rise of National Socialism at bay. Eckstein also helped establishing a local society of the German Democratic Party, an adult education centre, a community club, and a society for literature and music. In addition to that, Eckstein was active in the Protestant church, and was a member of the state synod.  Eckstein stayed in Switzerland from March to September 1933, and then returned to Coburg. In order to maintain awareness of the Kellogg–Briand Pact, she continued writing letters, and in 1942, she attempted to publish a manuscript titled "The Will to Power Harmonized", but the Reich Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda, under Goebbels, denied her permission. She died on 16 October 1947 at her home in Coburg.

Legacy.

The city of Coburg honoured Eckstein and her accomplishments by naming a green space after her in 1987.  In 2013 a primary school in Meeder was renamed to Anna-B.-Eckstein-Schule. The school has a peace museum on the ground floor and a room dedicated to the life of Anna Eckstein.

Anna Bernhardine Eckstein (14 June 1868 – 16 October 1947) was a German champion of world peace, who trained as a teacher and campaigned for peace across the world. She gathered six million signatures on a petition and, in 1913, was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize. The outbreak of the First World War interrupted her plans but her ideas influenced the Kellogg–Briand Pact of 1928.

Anna Bernhardine Eckstein (* 14. Juni 1868 in Coburg; † 16. Oktober 1947 ebenda) war eine deutsche Lehrerin und Pazifistin von internationaler Bedeutung. Sie war im Jahr 1913 für den Friedensnobelpreis im Gespräch; heute trägt die Grundschule in Meeder im Landkreis Coburg ihren Namen.


Playing career.

Lawson started his career as a hockey player at the Olds Grizzlys, where he was active from 2001-04 in the Alberta Junior Hockey League. He then spent three years at the University of Alaska Anchorage, and played in parallel for their hockey team in the National Collegiate Athletic Association play. In the 2007-08 season the goalkeeper made his debut in professional hockey, initially for the Phoenix RoadRunners and then for the Utah Grizzlies in the ECHL.  From the 2008-09 season through 2010–11, Lawson was goaltender for the Bridgeport Sound Tigers in the American Hockey League (AHL), the affiliate of the New York Islanders of the NHL. Lawson made his NHL debut with the Islanders on December 18, 2010 in a 4-3 shootout loss to the Phoenix Coyotes, and played a total of ten games for the Islanders in the 2010–11 season.  On July 5, 2011, Lawson signed a one-year, two-way contract with the Montreal Canadiens. He spent the season with the Hamilton Bulldogs, playing 57 games and recording five shutouts. He signed a one-year, two-way contract with Ottawa on July 16, 2012.  On October 2, 2014, Lawson as a free agent ventured abroad to sign an initial try-out contract with Austrian club, Dornbirner EC of the EBEL. Lawson secured the starting position with the Bulldogs, and appeared in 37 games in the 2014–15 season, recording 19 wins.  On May 30, 2015, Lawson opted to continue in the EBEL, signing a one-year contract with fellow Austrian club, the Vienna Capitals. He made 44 EBEL appearances for the Vienna team during the 2015–16 season. He left the club after the season to move to Finland, where he penned a deal with HPK of the country's top-tier Liiga.

Nathan Lawson (born September 29, 1983) is a Canadian professional ice hockey player. Lawson is currently playing with HPK in the Finnish top-flight Liiga.

Nathan Lawson (* 29. September 1983 in Calgary, Alberta) ist ein kanadischer Eishockeytorwart, der zuletzt beim slowakischen Erstligisten HK Nitra unter Vertrag stand.


Description.

PAHO has scientific and technical expertise at its headquarters, in its 27 country offices, and its three Pan American centers, all working with the countries of the Americas in dealing with priority health issues. The health authorities of PAHO's Member States set PAHO's technical and administrative policies through its Governing Bodies. PAHO Member States include all 35 countries in the Americas; Puerto Rico is an Associate Member. France, the Kingdom of the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland are Participating States, and Portugal and Spain are Observer States.  The Organization's essential mission is to strengthen national and local health systems and improve the health of the peoples of the Americas, in collaboration with Ministries of Health, other government and international agencies, nongovernmental organizations, universities, social security agencies, community groups, and many others.  PAHO promotes universal health coverage and universal access to health and strengthening of health systems based on primary health care strategies. It assists countries in fighting infectious diseases such as malaria, cholera, dengue, HIV and tuberculosis as well as the region's growing epidemic of noncommunicable diseases such as cardiovascular disease, cancer and diabetes. PAHO engages in technical cooperation with ministries of health and facilitates coordination with other sectors to promote health in all policies. PAHO also promotes the use of research evidence to inform health care decisions and policymaking through the implementation of knowledge translation strategies such as the Evidence Informed Policy Network - EVIPNet Evipnet. In its efforts to improve health, PAHO targets the most vulnerable groups including mothers and children, workers, the poor, the elderly, and refugees and displaced persons. It focuses on issues related to equity for those who lack access to health, and on a Pan American approach, encouraging countries to work together on common issues and build lasting capacities.  Specific initiatives spearheaded by PAHO include the Expanded Program on Immunization, which played a major role in the elimination of smallpox and polio from the Americas; the Tobacco-free Americas initiative; the Regional Coalition for Water and Sanitation to Eliminate Cholera in Hispaniola; the Salt Smart Consortium; the Pan American Network for Drug Regulatory Harmonization; and a blood safety initiative that seeks to improve blood safety and efficiency by helping countries reach 100% blood supplies from unpaid voluntary donors.  A major priority for the Americas is cutting infant mortality, and PAHO is mobilizing new political, institutional and financial resources to prevent an additional 25,000 infant deaths every year through application of the Integrated Management of Childhood Illness strategy, a simple and practical approach in which primary health care workers are taught a complete process to evaluate the health status of children brought to a health post or clinic. They learn to recognize signs of disease and evaluate and treat them. They learn to give parents information on how to prevent disease in the home. If they see danger signs indicating the infant could die, they are taught to treat the child immediately or take him or her to a hospital.  Improvement of drinking water supplies, adequate sanitation, and increased access to health care for the poor are still top priorities for PAHO, with a focus on equity. The Organization is intensifying its efforts to have countries know the true state of health of their populations and where the inequalities lie. Program efforts focus on correcting inequality, taking into account decentralization and change of state functions, on showing that health has a role to play in the success of other sectors, and on how attention to health affects positively other aspects of human development. Advocacy in this area is also directed to reducing pernicious gender inequity, which reflects in some health problems of women.  The Pan American approach is a part of PAHO history and the spirit of Panamericanism continues to stimulate technical cooperation among countries in health. PAHO has helped countries work together toward common goals, and to initiate multi-country health ventures in Central America, the Caribbean, the Andean Region, and the Southern Cone. Experience has shown practical benefits such as the solidarity that helped Central America after hurricane Mitch, and there are numerous other examples. Health collaboration found expression at the highest political level when American heads of state in their Summit in Santiago accepted a health initiative called "Health Technology Linking the Americas."  The countries of Latin America and the Caribbean joined together over 20 years ago to buy vaccines through a revolving fund, bringing them tangible benefits and helping advance PAHO's efforts to eliminate or control vaccine-preventable diseases. These are among the Organization's most notable successes, starting with the eradication of smallpox from the Americas in 1973; a triumph followed five years later by global eradication of the dreaded disease.  A major effort committing the Americas to embark on polio eradication in 1985 succeeded in September 1994, when a distinguished International Commission declared the Americas officially polio-free. The last case of polio in the Americas was identified August 23, 1991 in a young boy named Luis Fermín Tenorio Cortez, in Junín, Peru. Since then, despite intensive surveillance, no cases of polio have been detected anywhere in the Americas, and the World Health Organization is now working toward the goal of eradicating polio globally. PAHO assists the countries in mobilizing the necessary resources to provide immunization and treatment services for all vaccine-preventable diseases. PAHO is close to accomplishing the goal of eliminating measles from this hemisphere and is pressing on with the introduction of new vaccines that are currently available, such as Haemophilus influenzae B. to reduce meningitis and respiratory infections. PAHO works to reduce the toll of death and illness from diarrheal diseases, including cholera, through case management and oral rehydration therapy to prevent deaths from dehydration, and to provide adequate diagnosis and treatment of acute respiratory infections, thus saving the lives of hundreds of thousands of children each year.  PAHO disseminates scientific and technical information through its publications program, its Internet site, and a network of academic libraries, documentation centers, and local health care libraries.  The Organization provides technical collaboration in a variety of specialized public health fields, and organizes emergency preparedness and disaster relief coordination. It supports efforts to strengthen national health systems, develop national health research systems, control malaria, Chagas' disease, urban rabies, leprosy, and other diseases that affect the people of the Americas. PAHO collaborates with governments, other agencies, and private groups to address major nutritional problems including protein-energy malnutrition, and is now working to eliminate iodine and vitamin A deficiencies.  It engages in and facilitates health promotion to help countries deal with health problems typical of development and urbanization, especially non-communicable diseases (NCDs) such as cardiovascular diseases, cancer, accidents, smoking, addiction to drugs and alcohol, and injuries among others. Beyond health promotion, PAHO also addresses health systems and quality of care issues in support of national efforts to respond to the NCD pandemic.  The Organization also executes projects for other United Nations agencies, for international organizations such as the World Bank and Inter-American Development Bank, for official development cooperation agencies of various governments, and for philanthropic foundations.  PAHO strengthens the health sector capacity in the countries to advance their priority programs through intersectoral action, promoting an integral approach to health problems. It also works to improve women's health, promoting the greater integration of women in society, as well as awareness of their importance as both recipients and providers of health services.  PAHO trains health workers at all levels, through fellowships, courses and seminars, and the strengthening of national training institutions. It leads in the use of advanced communications technologies for information, health promotion, and education, working with journalists in many countries.  The Organization recognizes the role of the private sector in the delivery of services, and fosters dialogue and partnerships with the Ministries of Health. In addition to its core budget financed by quota contributions from its Member Governments, PAHO also seeks outside funding to help implement special programs and initiatives in response to vital health needs. Voluntary tax-deductible contributions for PAHO health and education projects in the Americas may be made to the PAHO Foundation.  Dr. Carissa F. Etienne of the Commonwealth of Dominica was elected as the new director of PAHO on January 31, 2013. PAHO's Deputy Director is Dr. Mary Lou Valdez, of the United States, and the Assistant Director is Jarbas Barbosa, from Brazil.

History.

The organization was founded in December 1902. It was originally called the Pan-American Sanitary Bureau. In 1949, PAHO and WHO signed an agreement making PAHO the American Regional Office (AMRO) of WHO. Today the usual phrasing is "Regional Office for the Americas".

Headquarters building.

In March 1960, President Eisenhower signed into law a bill passed by the U.S. Congress authorizing the U.S. government to purchase and donate a lot for the PAHO headquarters in Washington, D.C. At the meeting of its Executive Committee in April 1960, the PAHO decided to accept the USG's offer and set forth parameters for proceeding with the project of a new headquarters building. PAHO decided to use an international open competition as the means of selecting an architect for the project, following the recently successful model of other international organizations (most notably the United Nations New York headquarters inaugurated in 1952, and the UNESCO Paris headquarters in 1953 – both resulting in landmark designs of modernist architecture). PAHO framed the competition based on standards developed by the International Union of Architects, and determined that the competition should be open to architects from all countries of the Americas. The vision was that “the new building should be a monument to international health cooperation.”  Following a review of 58 entries, the PAHO in October 1961 declared Uruguayan architect Román Fresnedo Siri the winner of its competition. At the ceremony announcing him as winner, the organization's Director Abraham Horwitz said “this beautiful building will become a monument to the ideal of better health for the peoples of the Americas.” He described the winning design as one of “both grace and utility,” and said “it reflects the high ideals of the Pan-American spirit in an age when we must move ahead to build a better future for our peoples.”  The building was designed in a modernist style by Fresnedo Siri in part as a tribute to Le Corbusier, a key influence on Fresnedo Siri's work. Constructed in 1965, the exterior features 29 round bronze seals of the founding nations of the Pan American Health Organization set in black stone. Each medallion is in diameter and were designed by American sculptor Michael Lantz. They were originally meant to be carved in granite. The east side of the south facade (left to right) seals are for: France, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, the Netherlands, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Trinidad and Tobago, United Kingdom, United States, Uruguay, and Venezuela. The west side of the south facade seals are for: Argentina, Barbados, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, and El Salvador. In 1993 the seals were surveyed by the Smithsonian Institution's Save Outdoor Sculpture! program and were described as needing conservation treatment.  The building is situated on a triangular lot of just over one acre nestled between Virginia Avenue, E Street and 23rd Street, Northwest, in the Foggy Bottom neighborhood of Washington. Constructed of reinforced concrete over a steel frame with an exterior of glass and marble, the building is one of Washington's most recognized examples of midcentury modern architecture. The building is divided into two distinct volumes: a gracefully curved ten-story building that hosts the organization's main offices, and an adjoining four-story cylindrical annex that serves as the congress hall for formal assemblies of the PAHO member state delegates, as well as other meetings and events. It is surrounded by George Washington University to the north and east, the Columbia Plaza office/residential complex to the west, and the State Department to the south across the E street expressway underpass.  The main building features soaring white vertical columnar ribs evenly separating dark vertical columns of glass. There are no horizontal lines to compete with the vertical symmetry; the building's vertical ribs disappear along “blind gables” into an invisible roofline. In the formalism and attention to symmetry, Fresnedo Siri said he was trying to stay true to the “classic spirit of the city of Washington.” The interplay of light and dark is accentuated by the use of white American marble, black Mexican granite, and dark gray glass. The building's slender, windowless west and east sides are clad in the white marble, while the black granite frames all the ground floor elements, including the entry portico, the hidden downward ramp to an underground garage, and the reflecting pool and garden elements.  Fresnedo Siri placed the main building on 20 rounded pilotis (columns) that lift it a full story above ground level. He employed this signature element of midcentury modernist design to maximize the open pedestrian plaza space on the relatively small and unusually shaped lot, while enhancing visual transparency and flow. He added reflecting pools with fountains at the base of each building – his vision was that the cylindrical congress hall in particular would appear to be “emerging from the water.” The thin vertical streams spurting up from the fountains would echo the symmetry of the columns and vertical ribbing of the main building. A row of 42 flag poles (representing each PAHO member state) reinforces still further the building's dancing array of vertical symmetries, while also gracefully delineating the northeastern edge of the property site. Unfortunately, the reflecting pools years later were eliminated, filled in and replaced by garden plots.  Fresnedo Siri purposefully placed the convex side of the curved main office building to the north, smoothly integrating it into the urban streetscape of similarly sized office, university and residential buildings. This allowed the concave side of the building to face the open side of the lot, gently cradling the congress hall annex while framing the contours of the small but appealing pedestrian plaza area that flows toward the site's open southern side.  The cylindrical annex's round central congress hall is about in diameter and seats up to 300 people. The single open space soars upward, filling the top three levels of the building. Fresnedo Siri designed a dramatic spider web-like steel structure to support the building, allowing the entire interior space to be free of any supporting columns. The resulting internal space, naturally lit by windows throughout the cylinder's full 360 degrees, achieves an impressive sense of openness and purity of design. The cylindrical building is encased on the outside by a lattice-like grill of diamond-shaped hexagons composed of white marble, quartz and Portland cement. The recessed ground floor space of the cylinder is encased in the same Mexican black granite used for all the site's ground level elements, creating a striking contrast with the white honeycomb grill of the upper levels it supports.  After studying the main diplomatic congress halls at the UN, State Department, the OAS and elsewhere, Fresnedo Siri devised a “floating seat” solution for the chairs in the PAHO's hall. The seats are all anchored to the floor in the rear to curved latitudinal support elements running behind each row (and serving as hidden conduits for the simultaneous translation cabling), achieving what he described as “a great functional and aesthetic purity.” All of the furnishings for the main halls and meeting rooms were designed under his specifications by Knoll Associates, a leading New York-based producer of modernist furniture including landmark designs of the era like the Saarinen womb chair and Mies Van de Rohe's Barcelona chair. Fresnedo Siri designed the magisterial backdrop to the presidium of the Congress hall, using vertical slats of six different woods including Honduran mahogany, Brazilian jacaranda, American walnut and oak, arranged in his words “to accentuate the dimension of the space and the importance of the function it served.” Fresnedo Siri also designed the central chandelier of the Congress hall, calling the piece “a sculpture in light.” Measuring 20 feet in diameter and weighing, it consisted of 3000 long rectangular pieces of Lucite, the translucent acrylic resin invented by Dupont in the 1930s for industrial and military uses then enjoying an early-60's boom as a “space age” material for vanguard furniture and art.

Public Health Heroes of the Americas.

PAHO recognizes individuals as "Public Health Heroes" to honour noteworthy contributions to public health in the Americas. On the occasion of its 100th anniversary in 2002, PAHO named 12 individuals to the list. The award is considered PAHO's highest honour.

The Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) is an international public health agency working to improve health and living standards of the people of the Americas. It is part of the United Nations system, serving as the Regional Office for the Americas of the World Health Organization and as the health organization of the Inter-American System. It is known in Latin America as the OPS or OPAS (; ).

Die Organización Panamericana de la Salud (OPS;, PAHO; ) ist die am 2. Dezember 1902 gegründete internationale Organisation beider Amerika. Neben der Zentrale in Washington, D.C. gibt es 27 Landesbüros in verschiedenen Ländern und neun Forschungslabors bzw. -zentren.