Herodotus' tale of Candaules, Gyges and the naked queen.

According to Herodotus in "The Histories", Candaules believed his wife to be the most beautiful woman on Earth. Herodotus does not name the queen but later artists and writers have called her Nyssia.  Candaules often told his favourite bodyguard, Gyges, how beautiful the queen was and, thinking Gyges did not believe him, urged Gyges to contrive to see her naked. Gyges initially refused as he did not wish to dishonor the queen. Nevertheless, Candaules was insistent and Gyges had no option but to obey his king. So Gyges hid in Candaules' bedroom and, when the queen entered, watched her undress. As she was getting into bed, he quietly left the room, but the queen saw him and realised what had happened. Herodotus commented: "For with the Lydians, as with most barbarian (i.e., non-Greek) races, it is thought highly indecent even for a man to be seen naked".  The queen silently swore revenge for her shame. Next day, she summoned Gyges to her chamber. Gyges thought it was a routine request, but she confronted him immediately and presented him with two choices. One was to kill Candaules and seize the throne with Nyssia as his wife. The second was to be executed immediately by her trusted servants. Gyges pleaded with her to relent but she would not. He decided to take the first course of action and assassinate the king. The plan was that he should hide in the royal bedroom as before but this time from the king. After Candaules fell asleep, Gyges crept forward and stabbed him to death.  Gyges married the queen as she had insisted but many Lydians did not at first accept him as their ruler. In order to prevent a civil war, Gyges offered to have his position confirmed or refused by the Delphic Oracle. He agreed that he would restore the throne to the Heracleidae if the Oracle declared against him. The Oracle supported him and his dynasty was established. The Priestess of the Shrine did add, however, that the Heraclids would have their revenge on Gyges in the fifth generation of the Mermnadae.

Modern view of the story.

The story is rejected by Bury and Meiggs, who assert that the family of Candaules, although descended from Heracles himself, had become degenerate. As a result, Candaules was assassinated 687 BC by Gyges, who ushered in a new era for Lydia ruled by his own Mermnadae clan.

Candaules (died c.687 BC;, "Kandaulēs"), also known as Myrsilos (Μυρσίλος), was a king of the ancient Kingdom of Lydia in the early years of the 7th century BC. According to Herodotus, he succeeded his father Meles as the 22nd and last king of Lydia's Heraclid dynasty. He was assassinated and succeeded by Gyges.

Sadyattes I. (aus dem Lydischen, etwa "„starker Vater“"), laut Herodot von den Griechen Myrsilos genannt, war ein sagenhafter König von Lydien (westliches Kleinasien, heute Türkei). Sein religiöser Titel war Kandaules (griechisch Κανδαύλης). Seine Herrschaftszeit ist unsicher, es finden sich unter anderem die Angaben 733–716 v. Chr., 728–711 v. Chr.; † 680 v. Chr.


Design.

Following the construction of the unprotected cruiser and the aviso for the German "Kaiserliche Marine" (Imperial Navy), the Construction Department of the "Reichsmarineamt" (Imperial Navy Office) prepared a design for a new small cruiser that combined the best attributes of both vessels. The designers had to design a small cruiser with armor protection that had an optimal combination of speed, armament, and stability, along with the endurance to operate on foreign stations in the German colonial empire. The resulting "Gazelle" design provided the basis for all of the light cruisers built by the German fleet to the last official designs prepared in 1914. After the first seven ships had been built or were under construction, the Construction Department improved the design slightly, strengthening the armor on the conning tower and increasing the beam, which allowed more space for coal storage, and thus a longer cruising radius. These changes were applied to the last three members of the class: "Frauenlob",, and.  "Frauenlob" was long overall and had a beam of and a draft of forward. She displaced normally and up to at full combat load. Her propulsion system consisted of two triple-expansion steam engines manufactured by AG Weser. They were designed to give, for a top speed of. The engines were powered by eight coal-fired Marine-type water-tube boilers. "Frauenlob" carried of coal, which gave her a range of at. She had a crew of 14 officers and 256 enlisted men.  The ship was armed with ten SK L/40 guns in single mounts. Two were placed side by side forward on the forecastle, six were located amidships, three on either side, and two were placed side by side aft. The guns could engage targets out to. They were supplied with 1,500 rounds of ammunition, for 150 shells per gun. She was also equipped with two torpedo tubes with five torpedoes. They were submerged in the hull on the broadside. The ship was protected by an armored deck that was thick. The conning tower had thick sides, and the guns were protected by thick gun shields.

History.

Early career.

"Frauenlob" was ordered under the contract name "G" and was laid down at the AG Weser shipyard in Bremen in mid-1901. She was launched of 22 March 1902; owing to space limitations, she was launched sideways, rather than stern-first. "Vizeadmiral" (Vice Admiral) Wilhelm Büchsel gave a speech at the launching ceremony, and the new ship was christened by Anna Reuss, Princess of Stolberg-Wernigerode. She was named for the schooner, launched in 1853, that had been paid for in part by the donations of women from the German lands; the name means "praise women." The cruiser was commissioned for sea trials on 17 February 1903 under the command of "Korvettenkapitän" ("KK"—Corvette Captain) Johannes Nickel. After a three-day endurance test passing through the Skagerrak, Kattegat, and the Danish straits, "Frauenlob" arrived in Kiel, where she was assigned to the reconnaissance force for I Squadron. She continued initial testing through 23 April, and on 7 May joined the fleet for a cruise to Spain that lasted until 10 June. A training cruise to Norwegian waters followed in July, and in September, the ship was drydocked in Wilhelmshaven for repairs and maintenance. She joined the fleet's battleships for their winter training cruise in November and December in the North and Baltic Seas.  In January 1904, "Frauenlob" took part in another winter training cruise in the Skagerrak, and in March, the fleet's reconnaissance cruisers conducted a training cruise in the North Sea. The fleet held training exercises in May and June in the North and Baltic Seas, which concluded with a naval review held in honor of the visit of King Edward VII of Great Britain. The German fleet made a visit to Britain, the Netherlands, and Norway in July and August. After their return to Germany in August, the ships conducted fleet maneuvers. Another winter cruise followed in November and December, this time in the Baltic. The year 1905 followed a similar pattern to the previous year with regard to training exercises and cruises abroad. On 2 May, she ran aground while departing Bremerhaven, damaging her rudder. From 26 to 28 August, she took part in a cruise in the Baltic with the British Channel Fleet on its way to visit Swinemünde. After the annual fleet maneuvers, she was drydocked in Wilhelmshaven for an overhaul, and in October, "KK" Robert Mischke took command of the ship. She was docked again in December to have her hull thoroughly inspected for damage that might have been incurred during the grounding.  The year 1906 passed largely uneventfully for "Frauenlob". She took part in a large naval review held in September after the end of the autumn fleet maneuvers; the review was held for "Grossadmiral" (Grand Admiral) Hans von Koester, who was retiring at the end of the year. "Frauenlob" won Kaiser Wilhelm II's "Schiesspreis" (Shooting Prize) for excellent gunnery during that year's maneuvers; up to this time, he had previously only awarded one to each of the fleet's battleship squadrons. During torpedo practice, she accidentally torpedoed and sank her own steam pinnace. In addition to the year's training activities, "Frauenlob" conducted a training cruise to familiarize navigation officers with the narrow waterways of the Danish straits in 1907. She also won the "Schiesspreis" for cruisers again that year. In October, "KK" Friedrich Boedicker replaced Mischke as the ship's captain. By 1908, she was the only member of her class still in active service, and on 19 January she, too, was decommissioned in Wilhelsmhaven. She spent the next six years in reserve, though beginning in mid-1912, she was thoroughly overhauled and four of her 10.4 cm guns were removed to install ten guns for training purposes, though she was not activated for this role.

World War I.

"Frauenlob" was recommissioned into the fleet on 2 August 1914 as a result of the outbreak of World War I. She was initially assigned to III Scouting Group before being transferred to the newly-created IV Scouting Group on 25 August. When the British raided the German defensive patrols in the Helgoland Bight on 28 August, resulting in the Battle of Heligoland Bight, "Frauenlob" was anchored off Helgoland as distant support of the patrol line. The British raiders—the Harwich Force—consisted of two light cruisers and thirty-three destroyers under Commodore Reginald Tyrwhitt. "Frauenlob" received reports of the attack at 08:00 from returning picket boats. At about 09:00, "Frauenlob" and the light cruiser were sent out to reinforce the beleaguered German patrols.  "Frauenlob" and "Stettin" shortly thereafter encountered the British cruiser and about six destroyers and they opened fire at 09:09. The ships quickly found the range and hit the British ship an estimated 25–35 times, disabling all but one of her guns and inflicting serious damage. One shell detonated a cordite charge and set "Arethusa" on fire. The ship's engine room flooded and her speed fell to. She turned away to starboard in order to escape from the punishing fire, but "Frauenlob" kept up with the badly damaged British cruiser until she disappeared in the fog. In return, "Frauenlob" was hit ten times, but was not seriously damaged; in all, five men were killed and another thirty-two were wounded. After the engagement ended, "Frauenlob" and the torpedo boat took the badly damaged minesweeper under tow and returned her to Heligoland, before proceeding to Wilhelmshaven.  After completing repairs, "Frauenlob" joined the High Seas Fleet when it sailed in support of the battlecruisers of I Scouting Group during the raid on Yarmouth on 3–4 November. A similar operation followed on 15–16 December, resulting in the raid on Scarborough, Hartlepool and Whitby. She also took part in fleet sorties in March, April, May, September, and October 1915; none of these resulted in contact with British warships. During the operation on 17–18 May, she steamed in front of the fleet to detonate any naval mines that might have been laid by British minelayers. In late October, she was drydocked for an overhaul, during which time her crew was sent to operate the cruiser. "Frauenlob" returned to service in time for another fleet operation on 23 March 1916 that resulted in no contact with enemy forces.

Battle of Jutland.

In late May, the German fleet commander, "VAdm" Reinhard Scheer, planned to conducted another fleet operation. The plan called for the battlecruiser squadron to steam north to the Skagerrak, with the intention of luring out a portion of the British fleet so it could be destroyed by Scheer's waiting battleships. The Germans had at their disposal sixteen dreadnought battleships, six pre-dreadnoughts, and five battlecruisers, along with numerous cruisers and torpedo boats. In the early hours of 30 May, the German fleet got underway "Frauenlob" remained with IV Scouting Group for the operation, which was at that time under the command of "Kommodore" (Commodore) Ludwig von Reuter and was tasked with screening the High Seas Fleet. Unknown to the Germans, the Royal Navy's Room 40 had intercepted and decrypted German radio traffic containing plans of the operation. The Admiralty ordered the Grand Fleet, totalling some 28 dreadnoughts and 9 battlecruisers, to sortie the night before to cut off and destroy the High Seas Fleet.  The initial action was fought primarily by the British and German battlecruiser formations in the afternoon, but by 18:00, the Grand Fleet approached the scene and the two main battle fleets engaged. "Frauenlob" was not actively engaged in the battle until later on the evening of 31 May; at around 21:15, IV Scouting Group encountered the British 3rd Light Cruiser Squadron and briefly engaged them, but due to the poor visibility, only "Stettin" and fired for long, and to no effect.  Later, during the chaotic night fighting, the battlecruisers and passed too closely in front of "Stettin", which forced all of the ships of IV Scouting Group to fall out of line, inadvertently bringing them into contact with the 2nd Light Cruiser Squadron. A ferocious firefight ensued, at a range of only. "Frauenlob" opened fire on and, as did the rest of IV Scouting Group. In return, "Southampton" launched a torpedo that struck "Frauenlob" at around 22:35, which cut her power and caused serious flooding. British shellfire set the deck alight, and the stricken cruiser quickly capsized and sank with heavy loss of life. John Campbell reports that twelve officers and 308 men were killed in the sinking, while Hans Hildebrand, Albert Röhr, and Hans-Otto Steinmetz state that 324 died when "Frauenlob" sank. Both agree that only 9 men from her crew survived, having been picked up after the battle by a Dutch steamer and interned in the Netherlands for the rest of the war.

Wreck.

In 2000, the wreck was located by Danish divers. The British marine archaeologist Innes McCartney led a subsequent dive and confirmed that the wreck sits upright on the sea floor and is largely intact. Skeletal remains from the ship's crew are scattered around the sunken cruiser. The wreck was positively identified when McCartney's team recovered the ship's bell in 2001, which they donated to the Laboe Naval Memorial near Kiel, where the bell is currently on display.

SMS "Frauenlob" ("His Majesty's Ship "Frauenlob"") was the eighth member of the ten-ship of light cruisers that were built for the German "Kaiserliche Marine" (Imperial Navy) in the late 1890s and early 1900s. The "Gazelle" class was the culmination of earlier unprotected cruiser and aviso designs, combining the best aspects of both types in what became the progenitor of all future light cruisers of the Imperial fleet. Built to be able to serve with the main German fleet and as a colonial cruiser, she was armed with a battery of ten guns and a top speed of. "Frauenlob" was a modified version of the basic "Gazelle" design, with improved armor and additional coal storage for a longer cruising range.

SMS "Frauenlob" war ein Kleiner Kreuzer der Kaiserlichen Marine. Sie war das Typschiff einer verbesserten Ausführung der "Gazelle"-Klasse und kam im Ersten Weltkrieg zum Einsatz und wurde während der Skagerrakschlacht versenkt.


Career.

Professional career.

Niebler practiced with Lovells from 1991 to 1997 and – as Salary Partner – with Beiten Burkhardt from 1997 to 2004. From 2004 to 2015, she worked at Bird & Bird’s Munich office. In September 2015, she joined Gibson, Dunn & Crutcher’s Munich office as of counsel, where she supports the firm’s Media, Entertainment & Technology Group as well as the Privacy, Cybersecurity and Consumer Protection Group.  In addition to practicing law, Niebler has been a visiting lecturer on Intellectual / Industrial Property Rights (IPR) at the Munich University of Applied Sciences (HM) since August 2016.

Member of the European Parliament, 1999–present.

Since 1999, Niebler has been a Member of the European Parliament, where she has since served as the CDU/CSU Group parliamentary business manager in the EPP-ED Group at the European Parliament, and as member of the CDU/CSU Group and EPP-ED Group Executive.  Niebler sits on the European Parliament's Committee on Industry, Research and Energy, and its Committee on Women's Rights and Gender Equality. She is a substitute for the Committee on the Internal Market and Consumer Protection and a member of the Delegation for relations with the Gulf States, including Yemen. In addition, she serves as a member of the European Parliament Intergroup on the Digital Agenda; the European Parliament's Sky and Space Intergroup (SSI); and the European Parliament Intergroup on Biodiversity, Countryside, Hunting and Recreational Fisheries.  Between 2007 and 2009, Niebler served as chairwoman of the Committee on Industry, Research and Energy; she was later replaced by Herbert Reul. In 2006, she was the author of the industry committee’s report on the seventh Framework Program for Research and Technological Development, totalling €50.5 billion. From 2010 to 2012, she led the European Parliament’s negotiations on overhauling European Union roaming regulations.  In early 2014, the CSU chose Niebler to be the party list’s number 2 for the 2014 European elections, following Markus Ferber. She later replaced Ferber as leader of the CSU MEPs after the party’s poor showing in the elections.

Role in national politics.

Ahead of the 2002 German federal election, Edmund Stoiber included Niebler in his shadow cabinet for the Christian Democrats’ campaign to unseat incumbent Gerhard Schröder as chancellor.  Niebler later was a CSU delegate to the Federal Convention for the purpose of electing the President of Germany in 2004, 2009, 2010 and 2012. In 2015, Bavaria's Minister President Horst Seehofer nominated her as one of his deputies in the office of CSU chairman, making her part of the party’s leadership. In the negotiations to form a fourth cabinet under Chancellor Angela Merkel following the 2017 federal elections, Niebler led the working group on families, alongside Annette Widmann-Mauz and Katarina Barley.

Angelika Niebler (née Rupertseder; born 18 February 1963) is a German politician and Member of the European Parliament (MEP) for Germany. She is a member of the Christian Social Union in Bavaria, part of the European People's Party.

Angelika Niebler (* 18. Februar 1963 in München) ist eine deutsche Politikerin (CSU). Sie ist stellvertretende Parteivorsitzende der CSU und seit 1999 Mitglied des Europäischen Parlaments. Als Landesvorsitzende der Frauen-Union setzte sie für die Parteiämter in der CSU eine Frauenquote durch. Seit November 2018 ist sie außerdem Präsidentin des Wirtschaftsbeirats der Union e.V.


Personal life.

Straczynski was born in Paterson, New Jersey, and is the son of Charles Straczynski, a manual laborer, and Evelyn Straczynski (née Pate). He was raised in Newark, New Jersey; Kankakee, Illinois; Dallas, Texas; Chula Vista, California, where he graduated from high school; and San Diego, California. Straczynski's family religion was Catholic, and he has Belarusian ancestry. His grandparents lived in the area which today belongs to Belarus and fled to America from the Russian Revolution; his father was born in the United States and has lived in Poland, Germany and Russia.  Straczynski is a graduate of San Diego State University (SDSU), having earned a BA with a double major in psychology and sociology (with minors in philosophy and literature). While at SDSU, he wrote for the student newspaper, "The Daily Aztec" at times penning so many articles that the paper was jokingly referred to as the "Daily Joe".  Straczynski met Kathryn M. Drennan while they were both at SDSU. They moved to Los Angeles in 1981 (where he still resides), married in 1983, separated in 2002, and they were divorced in 2008. Sometime after his separation from Drennan, Straczynski entered into a relationship with Patricia Tallman, whom he had met when she was acting in his 1990s series "Babylon 5". She served as CEO and executive producer of Studio JMS in partnership with him; both their relationship and partnership ended in 2013.

Career.

1970s–1980s.

Early work.

Straczynski began writing plays, having several produced at Southwestern College and San Diego State University before publishing his adaptation of "Snow White" with Performance Publishing. Several other plays were produced around San Diego, including "The Apprenticeship" for the Marquis Public Theater. During the late 1970s, Straczynski also became the on-air entertainment reviewer for KSDO-FM and wrote several radio plays before being hired as a scriptwriter for the radio drama "Alien Worlds". He also produced his first television project in San Diego, "Marty Sprinkle" for KPBS-TV as well as worked on the XETV-TV project "Disasterpiece Theatre". He worked as a journalist for the "Los Angeles Times" as a special San Diego correspondent and also worked for "San Diego Magazine" and "The San Diego Reader," and wrote for the "Los Angeles Herald-Examiner", the "Los Angeles Reader, TV-Cable Week," and ""People"" magazine"." Straczynski wrote "The Complete Book of Scriptwriting" for "Writer's Digest." Published in 1982, the book is often used as a text in introductory screenwriting courses, and is now in its third edition.  He and Kathryn M. Drennan, whom he met at San Diego State, moved to Los Angeles on April 1, 1981. They married in 1983 and separated in 2002. He spent five years from 1987 to 1992 co-hosting the "Hour 25" radio talk show on KPFK-FM Los Angeles with Larry DiTillio. During his tenure, he interviewed such luminaries as John Carpenter, Neil Gaiman, Ray Bradbury, Harlan Ellison and other writers, producers, actors and directors. In 2000, Straczynski returned to radio drama with "The City of Dreams" for scifi.com. Straczynski is the author of three horror novels—"Demon Night", "Othersyde", and "Tribulations"—and nearly twenty short stories, many of which are collected in two compilations—"Tales from the New Twilight Zone" and "Straczynski Unplugged".

Work in animation.

Straczynski was a fan of the cartoon "He-Man and the Masters of the Universe". He wrote a spec script in 1984 and sent it directly to Filmation. They purchased his script, bought several others, and hired him on staff. During this time he became friends with Larry DiTillio, and when Filmation produced the He-Man spinoff "", they both worked as story editors on the show. However, when Filmation refused to give them credit on-screen, both left, finding work with DIC on "Jayce and the Wheeled Warriors".  Straczynski and DiTillio also worked to create an animated version of "Elfquest", but that project fell through when CBS attempted to retool the show to appeal to younger audiences.  While working on "Jayce", Straczynski was hired to come aboard the Len Janson and Chuck Menville project to adapt the movie "Ghostbusters" to an animated version called "The Real Ghostbusters". When Janson and Menville learned that there was not only a 13-episode order but a 65-episode syndication order as well, they decided that the workload was too much and that they would only work on their own scripts. DIC head Jean Chalopin asked Straczynski to take on the task of story editing the entire 78-episode block as well as writing his own scripts. After the show's successful first season, consultants were brought in to make suggestions for the show, including changing Janine to a more maternal character, giving every character a particular "job" (Peter is the funny one, Egon is the smart one, and Winston, the only black character, was to be the driver), and to add kids into the show. Straczynski left at this point, Janson and Menville resuming the story editing job for the second network season. Straczynski then began development on a show called "Spiral Zone" but left after only one script, taking his name off the series, because management drastically altered his conception of show. substituting the pseudonym "Fettes Grey" (derived from the names of the grave robbers in "The Body Snatcher")  Straczynski also wrote for "CBS Storybreak", writing an adaptation of Evelyn Sibley Lampman's "The Shy Stegosaurus of Cricket Creek".

Live action and network shows.

After leaving animation, Straczynski freelanced for "The Twilight Zone" writing an episode entitled ("What Are Friends For") and, for Shelley Duvall's "Nightmare Classics", adaptating "The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde", which was nominated for a Writer's Guild Award.  Straczynski was then offered the position of story editor on the syndicated live-action science fiction series "Captain Power and the Soldiers of the Future". Straczynski constructed a season long arc with lasting character changes and wrote a third of the scripts himself. After one season, the toy company Mattel demanded more input into the show, causing Straczynski to quit. He recommended DiTillio to take over the job as story editor for a second season, but the toy company financing fell through and that season was never produced.  Soon after, the 1988 Writers Guild of America strike began. Straczynski met Harlan Ellison during this time and later became friends with him.  After the strike ended, the producers of the new "Twilight Zone" needed to create more episodes to be able to sell the series into syndication with a complete 65-episode package. They hired Straczynski as executive story editor to fill in the remaining number of needed episodes. Straczynski wrote many of the scripts himself. In addition, one episode, "Crazy as a Soup Sandwich", was written by Ellison.  After leaving "Twilight Zone", his agent of the time asked him to pitch for the show "Jake and the Fatman". Initially wary, Straczynski finally did and was hired on as story editor under Jeri Taylor and David Moessinger. When Taylor and Moessinger left the show, Straczynski left too as an act of solidarity.  When Moessinger was hired as executive producer for "Murder, She Wrote", he offered Straczynski a job as co-producer. Straczynski joined "Murder" for two seasons and wrote seven produced episodes. Moessinger and Straczynski moved the protagonist, Jessica Fletcher, from the sleepy Maine town of Cabot Cove to New York City to revitalize the show. The move effectively brought the show back into the top ten from the mid-thirties where it had fallen. Straczynski made Jessica an instructor in writing and criminology, and he emphasized her role as a working writer, with all the deadlines and problems involved in that profession.  Straczynski also wrote one episode of "Walker, Texas Ranger" for Moessinger between the pilot episode for "Babylon 5" and the start of its first season.  Straczynski wrote an adaptation of Robert Louis Stevenson's "The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde" for the Showtime network, which was nominated for a Writer's Guild of America award, and a "Murder, She Wrote" movie, "," which he produced.

1990s.

"Babylon 5" and "Crusade".

In late 1991, Warner Bros. contracted with Straczynski and Doug Netter as partners to produce "Babylon 5" as the flagship program for the new Prime Time Entertainment Network.  Straczynski and Netter hired many of the people from "Captain Power", as well as hiring Ellison as a consultant and DiTillio as a story editor. "Babylon 5" won two Emmy Awards, back-to-back Hugo Awards, and dozens of other awards. Straczynski wrote 92 of the 110 episodes, as well as the pilot and five television movies. The show is a character-driven space opera and features an intentional emphasis on realism in its portrayal of space operations. It also pioneered extensive use of CGI for its special effects. "Babylon 5" was produced and broadcast for five seasons completing Stracynski's planned story arc. Its sequel, "Crusade", was produced for the TNT Network, however it ended with only 13 episodes. Production was halted before the first episode aired.  He wrote the outlines for nine of the canonical "Babylon 5" novels, supervised the three produced "B5" telefilm novelizations ("In the Beginning", "Thirdspace", and "A Call to Arms"), and is the author of four "Babylon 5" short stories published in magazines, not yet reprinted ().  In 2005, Straczynski began publishing his "Babylon 5" scripts. This process ended in June 2008, with the scripts no longer being available from the end of July of that year. His scripts for the television movies were published for a limited time in January 2009.  Straczynski also wrote and produced the pilot "", a pilot for the SciFi Network, and wrote, directed and produced "" as a two-hour direct-to-DVD movie.

Joe's Comics.

Straczynski has long been a comic fan and began writing comics in the late 1980s. His work in comics includes the adaptations of "Captain Power and the Soldiers of the Future", "The Twilight Zone", "Star Trek" and "Babylon 5". In 1999 he created "Rising Stars" for Top Cow/Image Comics. Eventually he worked mostly under his own imprint – Joe's Comics – for which he wrote the "Midnight Nation" miniseries and the illustrated fantasy parable "Delicate Creatures".

2000s.

Marvel Comics.

Marvel Comics then signed him to an exclusive contract, beginning with a run on "The Amazing Spider-Man", from 2001–2007. He took over the series with Volume 2 issue #30 (cover dated June 2001). Straczynski and artist John Romita Jr. crafted an acclaimed story for "The Amazing Spider-Man" #36 (Dec. 2001) in response to the September 11 attacks. He wrote or co-wrote several major Spider-Man story arcs including "", "", and "". He later wrote several other Marvel titles including "Supreme Power", "Strange", "Fantastic Four", "Thor", and mini-series featuring the Silver Surfer and a "What If" scenario, "Bullet Points".

"Jeremiah".

Straczynski also ran "Jeremiah", loosely based on the Belgian post-apocalyptic comic of the same name, from 2002–2004. Straczynski ran the series for two seasons but was frustrated with the conflicting directions that MGM and Showtime wanted from the show, and even used the pseudonym "Fettes Grey" for the first time since "Spiral Zone" on one of the scripts. In the second season, Straczynski decided to leave the show if things did not improve, and the show ended after two seasons.

"Changeling".

Straczynski wrote "Changeling", a psychological drama film based partly on the "Wineville Chicken Coop" kidnapping and murder case in Los Angeles, California. Directed by Clint Eastwood, produced by Ron Howard, and starring Angelina Jolie, the film premiered in 2008 and subsequently received eight nominations for the BAFTA Award, including a nomination for Best Original Screenplay. The first draft script was written in eleven days, after Straczynski figured out "how to tell" the story, which ended up being the shooting draft, after Eastwood declined to make any changes. It was optioned immediately by Howard, who at first intended to direct the film but later stepped down after scheduling conflicts.  At first, Straczynski expressed disbelief at the story, but spent a year researching the case, compiling over six thousands pages of documentation. Straczynski claimed that 95% of the script's content came from the historical record, and went through the script with Universal's legal department, providing attribution for every scene so the film would be described as "a true story" rather than "based on" one. On how his journalistic background helped him write the film, Straczynski stated:

Feature screenwriter.

Straczynski announced on February 23, 2007 that he had been hired to write the feature film adaptation of Max Brooks's "New York Times"-bestselling novel "World War Z" for Paramount Pictures and Brad Pitt's production company, Plan B, taking screen story credit on the finished film.  In 2008, Straczynski wrote a draft of "Ninja Assassin" for Joel Silver, which he completed in just 53 hours. The film was produced by the Wachowskis and released on November 25, 2009.  Straczynski is credited as "story writer" along with Mark Protosevich for the 2011 film, "Thor". He also makes a cameo appearance in the film, his first appearance in a movie and his second appearance as an actor (the first being "Sleeping in Light", the final episode of "Babylon 5"). In March 2017, Legendary Entertainment announced that Straczynski had joined the writers room (along with Terry Rossio, Patrick McKay, J. D. Payne, Lindsey Beer, Cat Vasko, T.S. Nowlin, and Jack Paglen) to develop "Godzilla vs. Kong".

DC Comics.

When his exclusive contract with Marvel ended, he was announced as the writer for a run on "The Brave and the Bold" for DC Comics. He collaborated with artist Shane Davis on an out-of-continuity original graphic novel starring Superman titled "". The story features a young Superman and focus on his decision about the role he wants to assume in life. On March 8, 2010 it was announced he would be taking over writing duties for the monthly "Superman" title with a story arc entitled "", and the "Wonder Woman" title, beginning with issues 701 and 601 respectively. Less than a year later he was asked by DC to step away from both titles in order to concentrate on the second volume of "Superman: Earth One" and handed them over to Chris Roberson and Phil Hester to finish his Superman and Wonder Woman stories respectively. In 2012, Straczynski wrote "Before Watchmen: Dr. Manhattan" drawn by Adam Hughes and "Before Watchmen: Nite Owl" drawn by Andy Kubert and Joe Kubert. A second volume of "Superman: Earth One" was released later that same year.  At the San Diego Comic-Con in 2015, DC Comics announced "The Flash: Earth One", a new graphic novel of its Earth One line to be written by Straczynski, set to be published in 2016.

2010s.

Joe's Comics revival.

The Joe's Comics line was revived at Image Comics in 2013 with the launch of "Ten Grand" drawn by Ben Templesmith and "Sidekick" drawn by Tom Mandrake.  Dynamite Entertainment announced in July 2013 a new 12 issue "The Twilight Zone" comic book series penned by Straczynski. The series ran for its projected 12 issues, from December 2013 to February 2015, with art by Guiu Vilanova. Straczynski was announced as the writer of "", a 12 issue comic book series from Dark Horse Comics, along with artist Pete Woods.

"Sense8".

"Sense8", a new science fiction television series created by Straczynski and the Wachowskis was ordered straight-to-series by Netflix in March 2013. "Sense8"'s first season debuted in June 2015 on Netflix, from Studio JMS and Georgeville Television. Straczynski executive produced and co-wrote all 12 episodes of the first season with fellow creators, executive producers, and directors Lilly and Lana Wachowski. In August 2015, Netflix renewed "Sense8" for a second season.

Unrealized projects.

In 2004, Straczynski was approached by Paramount Studios to become a producer of the "" series. He declined, believing that he would not be allowed to take the show in the direction he felt it should go. He did write a treatment for a new "Star Trek" series with colleague Bryce Zabel.  After both "Babylon 5" and "Jeremiah" ended, Straczynski transitioned to working as a feature film screenwriter. In 2006, he was hired to write a feature film based on the story of King David for Universal by producers Erwin Stoff and Akiva Goldsman. In June 2007, it was announced that Straczynski had written a feature screenplay for the "Silver Surfer" movie for Fox, the production of which would depend on the success of the "". Additionally, he has written a script for Tom Hanks' Playtone Productions and Universal Pictures called "They Marched into Sunlight" based upon the Pulitzer nominated novel of the same name and an outline by Paul Greengrass, for Greengrass to direct, should it get a greenlight.  In June 2008, "Daily Variety" named Straczynski one of the top Ten Screenwriters to Watch. They announced Straczynski was writing "Lensman" for Ron Howard (to whom he had sold a screenplay entitled "The Flickering Light"), that he was selling another spec, "Proving Ground", to Tom Cruise and United Artists. In October 2008, it was announced that Straczynski was engaged to pen a remake of the science fiction classic "Forbidden Planet". In the fall of 2009, it was reported that Straczynski was writing a movie titled "Shattered Union" for Jerry Bruckheimer and Disney. The screenplay, based on the video game of that name, concerns itself with a present-day American civil war.  In October 2012, Valiant Entertainment announced a live-action feature film adaptation on its comic book series "Shadowman", written and executive produced by Straczynski. "The Flickering Light", Straczynski's directorial debut, was announced in February 2013, with the WWII drama set to be written and produced by Straczynski through his Studio JMS. Straczynski and Studio JMS optioned Harlan Ellison's short story "'Repent, Harlequin!' Said the Ticktockman", who granted the option only after reading a finished screenplay written by Straczynski.  On San Diego Comic-Con 2014, it was announced that Straczynski and Graphic India would team up with Chernin Entertainment to produce a feature film adaptation of his upcoming graphic novel "Titans", to be written and produced by Straczynski, through Studio JMS.  Straczynski was also hired to adapt "Red Mars" for Spike TV, based on the Kim Stanley Robinson novels, with Vince Gerardis as producer. In December 2015, Spike TV gave a 10-episode straight-to-series order to "Red Mars", set to premiere in January 2017, with Straczynski serving as writer, executive producer, and showrunner through Studio JMS, and production set to begin in Summer 2016. On March 25, 2016 "Deadline" reported that Straczynski had left his position as showrunner with Peter Noah replacing him but he too left due to creative differences with Spike. Spike has put the series on hold for further development.

Studio JMS.

In July 2012, J. Michael Straczynski announced the launch of Studio JMS to produce TV series, movies, comics and, down the road, games and web series. On March 27, 2013 Netflix announced they would produce the show "Sense8" with Studio JMS and the Wachowskis, which aired on June 5, 2015, and earned a season 2 announcement by August 10, 2015.

Selected accolades.

An asteroid, discovered in 1992 at the Kitt Peak National Observatory, was honorarily named 8379 Straczynski.

External links.

Joseph Michael Straczynski (; born July 17, 1954) is an American television and film screenwriter, producer and director, and comic book writer. He is the founder of Studio JMS and is best known as the creator of the science fiction television series "Babylon 5" (1993–1998) and its spinoff "Crusade" (1999), as well as the series "Jeremiah" (2002–2004) and "Sense8" (2015–2018).

Joseph Michael Straczynski (* 17. Juli 1954; in den Medien, insbesondere im Usenet, nach seinen Initialen häufig nur "JMS" genannt) ist ein US-amerikanischer Autor und Produzent von Fernsehserien, bekannt vor allem als Erfinder, ausführender Produzent und Chefautor für die Science-Fiction-Fernsehserien "Babylon 5" und "Crusade" sowie als Drehbuchautor von der "Netflix"-Serie "Sense8".


Education and career.

Quisthoudt-Rowohl studied Chemistry at University of Leuven. After graduating, she did a PhD at the Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry in Göttingen from 1972 to 1973.  From 1974 to 1978 Quisthoudt-Rowohl continued researching at the Hannover Medical School. From 1979 to 1989 she served as "Akademische Rätin" of the University of Hildesheim. There she also worked as an academic employee at the institute for applied glottology and later became an academic council at the institute for applied glottology. From 2002, she was teaching at its Institute of Social Sciences. On 6 March 2009, she became a professor at the department of education and social sciences. She gave guest lectures at the University of Kaliningrad, at the European Business School and at Harvard University.

Political career.

Career in national politics.

In 1990 Quisthoudt-Rowohl was a CDU board member in Lower Saxony. From 1994 to 2012 she was national board member for the CDU. She is counted as one of the principal supporters of Angela Merkel's bid for Chancellorship in 2004.  From 1990 to 1996 Quisthoudt-Rowohl was a national board member of the Frauen Union for the CDU. She was assistant member of the European committee of the German Bundestag. From 2005 to 2009 she was the leader of the city association CDU in Hildesheim.

Member of the European Parliament, 1989–2019.

From 1989 Quisthoudt-Rowohl was a member of the European Parliament where she was one of the senior deputies for the CDU in the European Parliament with Elmar Brok and Karl-Heinz Florenz. She was a member of the executive board (Quaestor) from 1997 to 2007 and was a member of the board of the EPP.  As member of the Committee on International Trade, she advocated European car manufacturers against dumping prices of aluminium rims by Chinese manufacturers. At her request, the committee decided to criticize Turkey urgently because Turkey still does not allow Cyprus to export goods to Turkey. Further, Turkey should ratify the Ankara Protocol as soon as possible. Finally she urged Turkey to enforce copyrights effectively and so to stop brand piracy. Quisthoudt-Rowohl holds the European ban on incandescent lamps for patronizing and undemocratic, because the parliament and the public were not involved. Ms Quisthoudt-Rowohl was also involved in the ceilings for the mobile phone fees in the EU.  She wants to strengthen small and medium enterprises (SMEs) by increasing participation in international trade and by an intensification of relations to the USA. She was involved in a new energy agreement between Russia and the EU.  Quisthoudt-Rowohl was formally a member of the Committee on Development. There, she brought European student exchanges and projects to promote democracy in China and India on the way (since 2010). In 1999 she enusured that the Commission gave higher priority to children's rights. Quisthoudt-Rowohl works on the implementation of the Gender-Mainstreaming, in particular she speaks up for boys and young men to end their current discriminiation. In 2003 she suggested a review of the use of EU funds for the Palestinian Authority, to ensure that the money is not wasted for corruption or funding of terrorist groups.  From 1994 to 1999, Quisthoudt-Rowohl was Deputy Chairman of the Committee on Energy, Research and Technology. 2005 she initiated the first talks between European institutes for oceanography and the European Parliament to discuss the rapidly advancing climate change, global sea level rise, marine resources, the increasing threat and damage from tsunamis, earthquakes and extreme weather events and the continuing destruction of the marine environment in order to discuss sustainable use and work on a consensus on priorities for future research.  In June 2018, Quisthoudt-Rowohl announced that she would not stand in the 2019 European elections but instead resign from active politics by the end of the parliamentary term.

Committee assignments and Delegations.

Committees  1989-1991 Committee on Industry, Research and Energy (Member)  1991-1999 Committee on Industry, Research and Energy (Vice-chairwoman and coordinator)  1989-1999 Committee for Commerce and Currency (Deputy member)  2004-2007 Committee on Development (Deputy member)  2004-today Committee on International Trade (Member)  2007-2009 Committee on International Trade (Vice-chairwoman)  2009-2014 Committee on Foreign Affairs (Member)  2009-2014 Subcommittee on Human Rights (Deputy member)  Today  Committee on International Trade (Member and coordinator)  Committee on Foreign Affairs (Deputy member)  Subcommittee on Human Rights (Member and vice-coordinator)  Delegations  2009-2014  Delegation for relations with the United States (Deputy member)  Delegation for the Euro-Latin American Parliamentary Assembly (Member)  Delegation for relations with the countries of Andean community (Member)  Delegation for relations with the NATO Parliamentary Assembly (Member)  2012-2014  Surveillance group for trade relations between Australia and New Zealand (Chairwoman)  Today  Delegation for relations with Canada (First vice-chairwoman)  Delegation for relations with India (Deputy member)

Political positions.

In 2011 Quisthoudt-Rowohl proposed changes to the Parliament's international trade committees (INTA) guidelines for the rights of foreign investors under future EU trade deals that were said to be in line with industry demands.

Recognition.

Transparency International awarded Quisthoudt-Rowohl in line of the Integrity Watch Program with best mark of 0 at the External Activity Indicator. Being present at 85% of the plenary sittings she is one of the front-runners in the EPP group.

Personal life.

Quisthoudt-Rowohl is married and has four adult children. She lives in Hildesheim in Lower-Saxony. Quisthoudt-Rowohl is chairman of the advisory board of the Hildesheim Episcopal Foundation "Gemeinsam für das Leben"(German: "Together for life"). She is decorated with the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany. Quisthoudt-Rowohl is a native Dutch and French Speaker as well as completely fluent in German, she can also speak English and Italian.

Godelieve Quisthoudt-Rowohl is a German politician who served as a Member of the European Parliament from 1989 until 2019. She is a member of the Christian Democratic Union in Lower Saxony, which is a part of the European People's Party. She most recently served as the European People's Party's coordinator of the International Trade Committee (INTA), chairwoman of the UK Monitoring Group of INTA, vice-coordinator of the Committee on Human Rights (DROI) and vice-chairwoman of the Delegation for relations with Canada.

Godelieve Quisthoudt-Rowohl (* 18. Juni 1947 in Etterbeek, Belgien) ist eine deutsche Politikerin der niedersächsischen CDU und war von 1989 bis 2019 durchgehend Mitglied des Europäischen Parlaments. Sie war Sprecherin der Europäischen Volkspartei (EVP) im Ausschuss für internationalen Handel (INTA), Vorsitzende der UK-Monitoring Group des INTA, Vizesprecherin im Unterausschuss für Menschenrechte (DROI) sowie Vizevorsitzende der Delegation des Europäischen Parlaments für die Beziehungen zu Kanada.


History.

In 1997 FYI Software, founded by Geoff Perlman, bought CrossBasic, which had been marketed by its author Andrew Barry as a shareware product. CrossBasic got its name from its ability to compile the same programming code for the classic Mac OS and the Java virtual machine (although the integrated development environment was Mac only). A public beta was released in April 1996. The CrossBasic name was trademarked by another company, so the product was renamed REALbasic.  Prior to version 2, the Java target was dropped and later replaced with a Windows target and database support. The option to compile for Linux was added in 2005 and the integrated development environment (IDE) was ported to Windows and as a free public beta for Linux platforms. The new IDE employed a redesigned user interface.  In 2004 REAL software announced the "Made with REALbasic Showcase" program to highlight applications created with the product. In 2009, a migration assistant was launched to help move code from Visual Basic. In 2010, to combat the perception that it was similar to the original BASIC, it was renamed Real Studio. The company announced Real Studio Web Edition, allowing developers to compile web applications without the knowledge of multiple web technologies.  On June 4, 2013 the company officially changed their name to Xojo, Inc. and Real Studio was renamed Xojo. Also on this date they released Xojo 2013 Release 1 which included an all-new user interface, full support for Cocoa on OS X, improved support for web applications, all new documentation and a new "Introduction to Programming Using Xojo" textbook that was designed for beginners to learn the fundamentals of object oriented programming. Xojo, Inc. calls it "the spiritual successor to Visual BASIC".  The Xojo IDE is currently available for Microsoft Windows, macOS, 32-bit x86 Linux, and can compile 32-bit and 64-bit applications for Windows (Windows XP and higher), macOS (running on Intel-based Macs using the Cocoa frameworks), x86 Linux, iOS, the web, and Raspberry Pi. Xojo is self-hosted: the Xojo IDE is built with the current release of Xojo. The 2015r3 release includes 64-bit support for Desktop, Web and Console targets as well as a new platform, Raspberry Pi. In 2016 Xojo was awarded the Big Innovation Award from the Business Intelligence Group for being an "innovative" development tool that has "brought new ideas to life".  Xojo added many new features in 2018 and 2019, including support for macOS and iOS light/dark modes, a GraphicsPath for drawing Bézier curves, and a new DateTime class.  Xojo has been listed several times among the top 150 programming languages as published by TIOBE, a company which rates the quality of software.

Editions of IDE.

The Xojo IDE is free to use for learning and development. Compiling or deploying applications with Xojo requires a license. Multiple license levels are available for purchase, enabling Desktop, Web and iOS. Xojo Pi for building applications for Raspberry Pi is free. Licenses can be purchased a la carte, in any combination required. Also available is Xojo Pro, a bundle that includes added support, guaranteed beta program access, access to a Xojo professionals' forum, 3x Feedback multiplier when ranking support cases, access to consulting leads, and a license that will work on three machines. The default database used with Xojo is sqlite.  Unlike most programming environments, project source code is not stored in plain text files by default, but in a proprietary, single-file format. However, source code can be saved to a plain-text format for use with version control systems and can be exported to XML format as well.

Xojo Cloud.

On March 11, 2014 Xojo launched Xojo Cloud, their cloud hosting service for Xojo web applications.

Example code.

The Xojo programming language looks similar to Visual Basic.  The following code snippet placed in the Open event of a Window displays a message box saying "Hello, World!" as the window loads:  // Display a simple message box that says "Hello, World!" MessageBox("Hello, World!") This code populates a ListBox with the values from an array:  Var names() As String = Array("Red Sox", "Yankees", "Orioles", "Blue Jays", "Rays") For i As Integer = 0 To names.LastRowIndex Next

The Xojo programming environment and programming language is developed and commercially marketed by Xojo, Inc. of Austin, Texas for software development targeting macOS, Microsoft Windows, Linux, iOS, the Web and Raspberry Pi. Xojo uses a proprietary object-oriented language.

Xojo (früher REALbasic und Real Studio) ist eine objektbasierte Programmiersprache mit Visuellen Entwicklungsumgebungen für macOS, Linux und Windows und basiert in ihren Befehlen und der Syntax auf der Programmiersprache BASIC.


Life and career.

Alexander was born in Memphis, Tennessee, the son of a preacher, and grew up near LeMoyne-Owen College. He dropped out of high school to join the U.S. Navy. Alexander was reportedly AWOL for much of his duty. After he was discharged, he joined Adolph Duncan's Band as a pianist. Alexander played around Beale Street in Memphis. The network of local musicians became known as the Beale Streeters, which included B. B. King, Bobby Bland, Junior Parker, Earl Forrest, Roscoe Gordon. Initially, they weren't an official band, but at times there was a leader and they played on each others records.  In 1951, Ike Turner, who was a talent scout and producer for Modern Records, arranged for Alexander and other Beale Streeters to record for Modern in 1951. Alexander played piano on some of B.B. King's records for RPM Records and backed King during broadcasts at WDIA. When King departed for Los Angeles and the vocalist Bobby Bland left the group, Alexander took over vocal duties and he also took over King's radio show on WDIA.  David James Mattis, program director at WDIA and founder of Duke Records, claimed he renamed Alexander Johnny Ace. "Johnny" for Johnny Ray and "Ace" for the Four Aces. However, Alexander's his younger brother, St. Clair Alexander, claimed that Alexander came up with the name Ace when Mattis changed his first name from John to Johnny.  Ace signed to Duke in 1952, and released his first recording, "My Song", an urbane "heart ballad", which topped the R&B chart for nine weeks beginning in September. He began heavy touring, often with Willie Mae "Big Mama" Thornton. In the next two years, he had eight hits in a row, including "Cross My Heart", "Please Forgive Me", "The Clock", "Yes, Baby", "Saving My Love for You" and "Never Let Me Go".  After Ace had success as a solo artists, the Biharis brothers at Modern released the single "Mid Night Hours Journey" on their subsidiary label Flair Records in September 1953. The flip side was "Trouble and Me" by Earl Forrest.  In November 1954, Ace ranked No. 16 on The "Billboard" 1954 Disk Jockey Poll for R&B Favorite Artists. In December 1954, Ace was named the Most Programmed Artist of 1954, according to the results of a national poll of disc jockeys conducted by the U.S. trade weekly "Cash Box". Ace's recordings sold very well for those times. Early in 1955, Duke Records announced that three of his 1954 recordings, along with Thornton's "Hound Dog", had sold more than 1,750,000 copies.

Personal life.

Ace met Lois Jean Palmer, a freshman at Booker T. Washington High School, in 1949. His parents did not know they were dating until she became pregnant. Ace and Plamer were married in Earle, Arkansas on July 17, 1950. She was sixteen and he was twenty-one. Their son, Glenn Alexander, was born later that year. Ace moved Palmer into his parents' home in Memphis. He was barred from the home for playing blues music, so he mostly took residence at the Mitchell Hotel, owned by Sunbeam Mitchell, in Memphis. Ace had another child with his wife, a daughter named Janet Alexander, but the couple were rarely together due to his womanizing lifestyle, and by 1953 he had abandoned his family.

Death.

After touring for a year, Ace had been performing at the City Auditorium in Houston, Texas, on Christmas Day 1954. During a break between sets, he was playing with a.32-caliber revolver. Members of his band said he did this often, sometimes shooting at roadside signs from their car.  It was widely reported that Ace killed himself playing Russian roulette. However, Big Mama Thornton's bass player, Curtis Tillman, who witnessed the event, said, "I will tell you exactly what happened! Johnny Ace had been drinking and he had this little pistol he was waving around the table and someone said ‘Be careful with that thing...’ and he said ‘It’s okay! Gun’s not loaded... see?’ and pointed it at himself with a smile on his face and ‘Bang!’ — sad, sad thing. Big Mama ran out of the dressing room yelling ‘Johnny Ace just killed himself!'"  Thornton said in a written statement (included in the book "The Late Great Johnny Ace") that Ace had been playing with the gun but not playing Russian roulette. According to Thornton, Ace pointed the gun at his girlfriend and another woman who were sitting nearby but did not fire. He then pointed the gun toward himself, bragging that he knew which chamber was loaded. The gun went off, shooting him in the side of the head.  According to his biographer Nick Tosches, Ace shot himself with a.32 pistol, not a.22, and it happened little more than an hour after he had bought a new 1955 Oldsmobile.  Ace's funeral was held on January 2, 1955, at Clayborn Temple AME church in Memphis. It was attended by an estimated 5,000 people. His remains were buried at New Park Cemetery in Memphis, Tennessee.  "Pledging My Love" was a posthumous R&B number 1 hit for 10 weeks beginning February 12, 1955. As "Billboard" bluntly put it, Ace's death "created one of the biggest demands for a record that has occurred since the death of Hank Williams just over two years ago." His single recordings were compiled and released as "The Johnny Ace Memorial Album".

Legacy.

Rock-and-roll historian Harry Hepcat noted that "Johnny Ace was a crooner who sounded like Johnny Mathis with soul....Soon after the death of Johnny Ace, Varetta Dillard recorded "Johnny Has Gone" for Savoy Records in early 1955. She incorporated many of Ace's song titles in the lyrics. This was the first of the many teen tragedy records that were to follow in the later 50s and early 1960s."  In addition to Varetta Dillard's "Johnny Has Gone", at least four other tribute records to Johnny Ace were released in 1955: Frankie Ervin's "Johnny Ace's Last Letter"; The Rovers' "Salute To Johnny Ace"; Linda Hayes' "Why, Johnny, Why?"; and The Five Wings’ "Johnny's Still Singing".  Bob Dylan and Joan Baez performed "Never Let Me Go" on tour with the Rolling Thunder Revue in 1975. The same song would also be covered by Luther Vandross in 1993, as the title track to his eighth studio album.  Elvis Presley recorded "Pledging My Love" in his last studio session, in 1976. The song appeared on the album "Moody Blue" in 1977.  Paul Simon wrote and performed the song "The Late Great Johnny Ace" (1983), in which a boy, upon hearing of the death of Ace, orders a photograph of the deceased singer: "It came all the way from Texas / With a sad and simple face / And they signed it on the bottom / From the Late Great Johnny Ace." The song develops a touching counterpoint with the death of two other Johnnies – John Lennon and John F. Kennedy. Simon also performed "Pledging My Love" on his tour of Europe and North America in 2000.  David Allan Coe covered "Pledging My Love", introducing the song with his own recollections of hearing the news of Ace's death.  Ace is mentioned in "House Band in Hell", by Root Boy Slim, and in the song "Johnny Ace", by Dash Rip Rock.  "Pledging My Love" was used in the 1973 film "Mean Streets", directed by Martin Scorsese; the 1983 film "Christine", directed by John Carpenter; the 1985 film "Back to the Future", directed by Robert Zemeckis; and the 1992 film "Bad Lieutenant", directed by Abel Ferrara.  The Teen Queens' song "Eddie My Love", originally entitled "Johnny My Love", was written in memory of Ace.  The Swiss singer Polo Hofer and the Schmetterband wrote the song "Johnny Ace" in 1985; it was released on the album "Giggerig". Will Oldham noted Ace's death in the lyrics of his song "Let the Wires Ring", on his 2000 albbum "Guarapero/Lost Blues 2".  Dave Alvin's 2011 album, "Eleven Eleven", contains the song "Johnny Ace Is Dead", about Ace's death.  The Squirrel Nut Zippers' Christmas album, "Christmas Caravan" (1998), contains the song "A Johnny Ace Christmas", a love song about Ace killing himself on Christmas.  On June 25, 2019, "The New York Times Magazine" listed Johnny Ace among hundreds of artists who lost material in the 2008 Universal fire.

Discography.

Singles.

Original singles, all issued simultaneously on 78- and 45-rpm discs by Duke Records One split single, issued on 78- and 45-rpm discs by Flair Records

Albums.

Studio albums and compilations containing only or mostly recordings by Ace

John Marshall Alexander Jr. (June 9, 1929 – December 25, 1954), known by the stage name Johnny Ace, was an American rhythm-and-blues singer and musican. He had a string of hit singles in the mid-1950s. He died of an accidental self-inflicted gunshot wound at the age of 25.

Johnny Ace, bürgerlicher Name "John Marshall Alexander junior", (* 9. Juni 1929 in Memphis, Tennessee; † 25. Dezember 1954 in Houston, Texas) war ein US-amerikanischer Rhythm-and-Blues-Sänger.


Geography.

The town is located on the Danubian Lowland, on the Nitra River, at an altitude of 119 metres. It is located around 100 km from Bratislava and around 25 km from the Hungarian border. It is a road and railway hub of southern Slovakia.  The town lies in the temperate zone and has a continental climate. Annual average temperature reaches around, with the warmest month being July with an average of and the coldest January with. Average annual precipitation is 556 mm.

History.

The town has a distinguished history. From the second half of the 10th century until 1918, it was part of the Kingdom of Hungary. A fortress was built as a defence against the Ottoman Turks, on the site of an older settlement in the years 1573–81. Between 1589 and 1663, the settlement was the seat of the Captaincy of Lower Hungary. The town developed around the fortress. The huge new fortress was one of the most modern in Europe when it was built, a prime example of the star fortress which was considered to be adapted to the advance in artillery in the preceding centuries. (In fact, the Hungarian name means "the archbishop's new castle".)  The Turks failed to conquer it six times (except Turkish rule between 1566–1595 and 1605–1606), but in 1663 they managed to do so. It was made the center of a Turkish eyalet in present-day southern Slovakia – with the subordinate sanjaks of Litra, Leve, Novigrad, Holok, Bukabak and Şefradi (probably Šahy).  The saying "Strong as a Turk in front of Nové Zámky", which means working with determination and stability, reflects the memory of conquest determination of the Turks.  In 1685 it was conquered by the imperial troops of Charles V, Duke of Lorraine. Six years later, it received town privileges from the Esztergom archbishop.  The town also played an important role in many anti-Habsburg uprisings in the northern parts of Royal Hungary in the 17th century. Emperor Charles VI had it razed in 1724–1725, to prevent potential further insurrections which would use the fortress as their base.  After the break-up of Austria-Hungary in 1918/1920, the town became part of the newly created Czechoslovakia. As a result of the First Vienna Award, it was occupied by Hungary between 1938 and 1945. Finally, during World War II (1944), the town was heavily damaged by bombings of the Allies. Only small parts of the fortress are still standing today. It is, however, still depicted on the city's coat of arms.

Culture.

Museums.

The Ernest Zmeták Art Gallery on Björnsonova Street has two permanent exhibitions. The first one, called "European Art of the 16th to 20th Century′′is based on the donation of a local painter and collector, Ernest Zmeták. The second one presents the works of art of a local Hungarian avant-garde artist and writer, Lajos Kassák.

Synagogue.

The orthodox synagogue is located at Česká bašta and dates from 1880. After reconstruction in 1992 it was registered as a historic landmark of Slovakia. It is one of only four synagogues in Slovakia (in Bratislava, Košice, Bardejov and Nové Zámky) that are used for religious purposes by the local Jewish community.

Franciscan church and monastery.

The Franciscan church and monastery was built in the early baroque style in the middle of the 17th century. The complex was renovated in the 18th and at the end of the 19th century.

Demographics.

The 2001 census recorded a population of 42 262 people, with 69.67% of them being Slovaks, 27.52% Hungarians and others. The most widespread religion was Roman Catholicism (71.72%), followed by a group without denomination (17.75%) and Evangelics (Lutherans) (3.36%).

Twin towns – sister cities.

Nové Zámky is twinned with:

Nové Zámky (; Hungarian:" Érsekújvár,", ) is a town in Nové Zámky District in the Nitra Region of in southwestern Slovakia.

Nové Zámky (deutsch "Neuhäus[e]l", ungarisch "Érsekújvár", osmanisch "Uyvar") ist eine Stadt in der Südslowakei und gibt einem Bezirk seinen Namen.


Background.

Official history.

The modern form of official military history began in the mid-nineteenth century with reports written as guides for later officers. The histories were detailed descriptions of events, were not easy reading for a lay audience and left judgements to the discretion of a mainly professional readership. After the First World War, the New Zealand government decided that its official histories should be written for the public, since it had fought in the war or supported the war effort. After the Second World War, the low academic standard of military education, especially in historical analysis, led to a view that professionally trained historians should write official histories, applying their academic training to explain why as well as describe what. Since many

British official history.

In 1906, official histories were being written by three departments at the War Office and one in the Admiralty. Lord Esher chairman of the Committee of Imperial Defence, suggested that a subcommittee be established as the Historical Section, to centralise the collection of army and navy archives, as a repository of the lessons of war for strategists. Esher thought that the lessons of the South African War (11 October 1899 – 31 May 1902) could not be shown unless

Histories of the Great War.

The Historical Section was busy on a history of the Russo-Japanese War (8 February 1904 – 5 September 1905) in August 1914 but work was suspended on the outbreak of the First World War. The section began to collect material being returned from France and Lieutenant-Colonel E. Y. Daniel was appointed as full-time secretary. Experience of writing the history of the South African War showed that delay made the task impossible and that the collection of material for the work should begin at once. In May 1915, Captain C. T. Atkinson was sent to France to collect unit diaries. Atkinson reported that the diaries were inadequate, because of the difficulty of writing them during events like the Great Retreat of 1914, when few were kept and those that were had big gaps. Although the diaries would not show "why" events occurred, Atkinson recommended that they should be indexed and grouped by unit, subject and chronology for later scrutiny to identify discrepancies caused by the organisation of the material.  A formal decision to

Prelude.

Finance.

The cost of producing the official history was raised in the House of Commons on 13 June 1922, during a proposal to farm out the work to private enterprise. Some MPs claimed to have heard nothing of the "History... " despite five volumes having been published to a very good press. Daniel was called before H. A. L. Fisher, the President of the Board of Education and pointed out that working on the "History..." would never pay a living wage and that for educational reasons the government must foot the bill, because

Commerce.

The price of the early volumes was set at 21 Shillings (21s) and another 21s for accompanying map cases but this was considered too costly for professional officers. In 1923, the price was cut to 12s 6d but this left no surplus for advertising and no incentive for booksellers to display them prominently; publishers also set a maximum number of pages per volume, a constraint that led the Committee for Control in 1924 to advise a price increase to 15s. In March 1933, Edmonds showed copies of French, German and Austrian histories to demonstrate their "elaborate and voluminous" nature. The comprehensive nature of the project was also determined by finance and proposals made by government departments from 1922 to 1939, for histories beyond the Western Front. In 1931, the War Office asked for a volume on the East African Campaign, because of lessons offered by a campaign in such a climate, at such a distance from Britain. The Treasury refused and suggested that the Colonial Office pay, as it had done for the West African volume. East Africa Part I was eventually published in 1941 with Colonial Office money. At the same meeting, the Foreign Office asked for a

Official documents.

The British Expeditionary Forces were the largest ever army the British state had raised and by 1924 it had generated more than documents; Edmonds thought they would take nine years to sort. When he took up his duties, Edmonds found the papers in heaps in the floor and apparently summarily sacked the Chief Clerk, for refusing to climb a ladder to retrieve a bundle. Edmonds complained that his predecessor, C. T. Atkinson, had let historians plunder the packets of documents and not return items; it had taken until June 1923 to catalogue the records. The first draft of a volume was

Content.

While finance determined the speed of the writing of volumes, Edmonds as Director had the greater influence on the literary and academic integrity of the work. In the first volume published in 1922, Edmonds wrote in the preface, that "no deviation from the truth nor misrepresentation will be found in the official histories on which my name appeared". Edmonds' claim has been challenged ever since, leading to a common assumption that the work is vapid at best and at worst fraudulent, a partial, misleading and exculpatory account of the military establishment. In 1934, Liddell Hart questioned the integrity of the writers, calling 1918 Part I "patriotic" and "parochial". Norman Brook, one

Publishing.

"Persia, 1914–1919".

In October 1920, the Government of India provided money for a record of the Indian contribution to the world war and chose Brigadier-General F. J. Moberly (15 September 1867 – 6 April 1952) to write the official account of the Mesopotamian Campaign (6 November 1914 – 14 November 1918). Moberly published it in four volumes from 1923–1927 and in 1926 the Government of India requested an additional volume on the Persian Campaign (December 1914 – 30 October 1918). The work was nearly finished by September 1927, when the Government of India had doubts about publication on political grounds, because it would be dangerous to disclose

"Rhineland, 1918–1929".

In 1930, Edmonds proposed a volume on the occupation in the Rhine Province by British Army on the Rhine (BAOR), to counter a recent German book but the Treasury refused to pay. Edmonds hoped that the War Office would find the money, began to collect information from former commanders and staffs of the BAOR and ensured the storage of BAOR records. By 1939, poor offices, lack of promotions and government parsimony, led him to complain that the official history, a national memorial, was being neglected. When Daniel retired in late 1939, Edmonds took on the duties of Secretary as well as Director and on 15 November, the Historical Section was evacuated to St. Anne's on Sea, Lancashire and thence to the National Library of Wales at Aberystwyth in April 1942. In February, the Committee for the Control of Official Histories decided to let Edmonds write the volume. R. A. Butler, President of the Board of Education, said that the volume would be useful as a historical background for the Armistice and disarmament terms to be imposed on Germany. In 1987, Bayliss wrote that utility was the main criterion but that it also kept Edmonds busy, having been passed over for the writing of the

1917 Part II.

Edmonds.

In the second volume of "Military Operations France and Belgium, 1917" (1917 Part II) Edmonds, wrote that Haig and General Hubert Gough (12 August 1870 – 18 March 1963) the Fifth Army commander (30 October 1916 – 27 March 1918), were at cross purposes before and during the early part of the Third Battle of Ypres (31 July – 10 November 1917). Edmonds described meetings between Gough and his corps commanders on at which deeper objectives than those of the "GHQ 1917" plan was decided and that an extra objective was added, to be attempted at the discretion of divisional commanders. This fourth objective (red line) was beyond the range of most of the Fifth Army field artillery, so all heavy artillery was to be on call to put a defensive barrage beyond advanced posts along it. An advance to the red

Travers.

In "The Killing Ground..." (1987), Tim Travers wrote that on the planning and conduct of the Battle of Pilckem Ridge (31 July – 2 August) and the Battle of Langemarck described in 1917 Part II, the volume reflected three controversies. Travers wrote that Gough believed that Haig had ordered him to plan a breakthrough offensive, particularly at the meeting on 28 June, yet a few days later, Haig changed his mind and wanted a step-by-step attack. Travers wrote that it was

Green.

In 2003, Green described the writing of 1917 Part II by Wynne and the circulation of the first draft to participants. Gough found the first draft highly objectionable and since so many other participants in the battle had died, his views were given considerable attention by Edmonds, during Wynne's absence on war work in 1943. Gough held that the draft exaggerated his intention to break through the German defences at Ypres. Gough described the meeting of 28 June 1917 by Haig, Gough and Plumer, as evidence of Haig's understanding and acceptance of the Fifth Army plan. Gough noted that General Headquarters had caused a road to be built and kept clear for the use of cavalry and that Haig had rejected Rawlinson's and Plumer's plans as too limited. Gough stressed that his plan was not limited by specific objectives, which had hampered attacks at Loos and Gallipoli in 1915 and the Somme in 1916. Wynne had referred to the Davidson memo of 26 June but Gough pointed out that reserves were available close by, to exploit advantages that emerged, rather than the first attacking troops were to advance indefinitely.  Green wrote that Edmonds told Wynne to include the points made by Gough but that Wynne objected, because Davidson had related how Haig revised his views after a 25 June meeting with the Cabinet in London and wrote "wear down the enemy but have an objective" on the Fifth Army plan. Wynne claimed that Gough had misunderstood Haig's intentions and that was the source of Gough's objections to the draft; Edmonds supported Wynne but later changed his mind. Green wrote that Haig had intended Gough to conduct a breakthrough attempt and that Edmonds had included this in the draft, as well as describing the changes in Haig's outlook during 1917, as the prospect of significant French support varied. Gough had added the red line to meet Haig's requirements but overlooked the importance of the Gheluvelt plateau, spreading his forces equally across the attack front. Green noted that Prior and Wilson had found this in their 1998 study and that in 2001 Simpson noted Prior and Wilson's emphasis on artillery and lack of analysis of infantry operations. Green also wrote that Edmonds referred to the continuity of Haig's optimism about the possibility of a deep advance on 4 August, 21 September and in early October, long after the likelihood had ended.  Edmonds changed the draft in Gough's favour, by showing that the weather in August was unusually wet, with extracts from a French study "Le Climat de La France" (Bigourdan) that contradicted the 1929 of Haig's Chief Intelligence Officer Brigadier-General J. Charteris (1915–1918). Edmonds wrote that the worst of the weather was from yet vividly described the wet and muddy conditions in August and their morale-sapping effect on British troops. Wynne had written extensively on the difficulties of the French Army after the Nivelle offensive and its effect on British strategy but Edmonds cut much of this. Edmonds left much of the remainder of Wynne's draft, despite Gough's objection that it implied that Haig had abrogated his authority, by delegating so much to Gough and not imposing changes, to allay his doubts about the Fifth Army plan for the Gheluvelt plateau. Edmonds noted the persistence with which Haig pursued objectives and that he advocated attacks regardless of their geographical progress, to keep pressure on the German army.  Green related an estrangement between Wynne and Edmonds, over Edmonds' willingness to accept Gough's objections. Edmonds sent Wynne to meet Gough, which led to a substantial change in Wynne's point of view. Wynne revised the draft to remove much of the blame from Gough, writing that Haig bore principal responsibility for the Fifth Army plan in the third (1945) draft. Edmonds then found this draft objectionable and quarrelled with Wynne, who declined to be named as an author. Green wrote that Edmonds and Wynne had changed their views about Gough and made the narrative of his role in the events of 1917 much more accurate, it being noticeably less defensive of Haig. Wynne's conclusion had been that the strategy of retaining the initiative to protect the French Army had worked and that the tactical intention to clear the Belgian coast had failed,

History of the Great War.

Military Operations.

Titles are on the front of dust jackets and on title pages, usually "History of the Great War based on Official Documents by Direction of the Committee of Imperial Defence", followed by the place and a description of the contents of the volume. On the spine "Military Operations" is used, followed by the location, year and asterisks showing the part

War in the Air.

All volumes with title page "History of the Great War Based on Official Documents

The History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Committee of Imperial Defence (abbreviated to History of the Great War or British Official History) is a series of concerning the war effort of the British state during the First World War. It was produced by the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence from 1915 to 1949; after 1919 Brigadier-General Sir James Edmonds was Director. Edmonds wrote many of the army volumes and influenced the choice of historians for the navy, air force, medical and veterinary volumes. Work had begun on the series in 1915 and in 1920, the first volumes of "Naval Operations" and "Seaborne Trade", were published. The first "army" publication, "Military Operations: France and Belgium 1914" Part I and a separate map case were published in 1922 and the final volume, "The Occupation of Constantinople" was published in 2010.

History of the Great War, dt. Geschichte des großen Krieges, ist der Titel eines 28-bändigen historischen Werkes über die militärischen Operationen der Britischen Armee im Ersten Weltkrieg.


Family.

Several different versions of Phineus's parentage were presented in ancient texts. According to Apollonius of Rhodes, he was a son of Agenor, but the "Bibliotheca" says that other authors named his father as Poseidon (who is the father of Agenor). The Hesiodic "Catalogue of Women", on the other hand, reported that Phineus was the son of Phoenix and Cassiopeia.  His first wife was Cleopatra, daughter of Boreas and Oreithyia, by whom he had a pair of sons, named either Plexippus and Pandion, or Gerymbas and Aspondus, or Polydector (Polydectus) and Polydorus, or Parthenius and Crambis, or Oryithus (Oarthus) and Crambis. His second wife, Idaea, daughter of the Scythian king Dardanus (less commonly Dia, Eidothea, sister of Cadmus, or Eurytia), deceived him into blinding these sons, a fate Phineus himself would suffer.  By his second wife, or by a Scythian concubine, Phineus had two more sons, Mariandynus and Thynus. According to some sources, he also had two daughters, Eraseia and Harpyreia while another daughter Olizone was called the wife of Dardanus, who was the son of Zeus and Electra, and became the mother of Erichthonius.

Mythology.

Phineus's own blinding was variously attributed to the outrage against his sons, his giving Phrixus directions on his journey, or because he preferred long life to sight, or, as reported in the "Argonautica" (thus the best-known version), for revealing the future to mankind. For this reason he was also tormented by the Harpies, who stole or defiled whatever food he had at hand or, according to the "Catalogue of Women", drove Phineus himself to the corners of the world. According to scholia on the "Odyssey", when asked by Zeus if he preferred to die or lose sight as punishment for having his sons killed by their stepmother, Phineus chose the latter saying he would rather never see the sun, and consequently it was the scorned Helios who sent the Harpies against him. However the Harpies plagued him, deliverance from this curse motivated Phineus's involvement in the voyage of the "Argo". Those accounts in which Phineus is stated to have blinded his sons, add that they had their sight restored to them by the sons of Boreas, or by Asclepius.  When the ship landed by his Thracian home, Phineus described his torment to the crew and told them that his brothers-in-law, the wing-footed Boreads, both Argonauts, were fated to deliver him from the Harpies. Zetes demurred, fearing the wrath of the gods should they deliver Phineus from divine punishment, but the old seer assured him that he and his brother Calais would face no retribution. A trap was set: Phineus sat down to a meal with the Boreads standing guard, and as soon as he touched his food the Harpies swept down, devoured the food and flew off. The Boreads gave chase, pursuing the Harpies as far as the "Floating Islands" before Iris stopped them lest they kill the Harpies against the will of the gods. She swore an oath by the Styx that the Harpies would no longer harass Phineus, and the Boreads then turned back to return to the Argonauts. It is for this reason, according to Apollonius, that the "Floating Islands" are now called the Strophades, the "Turning Islands". Phineus then revealed to the Argonauts the path their journey would take and informed them how to pass the Symplegades safely, thus partially filling the same role for Jason that Circe did for Odysseus in the "Odyssey".  A now lost play about Phineus, "Phineus", was written by Aeschylus and was the first play in the trilogy that included "The Persians", produced in 472 B.C.

References.

Apollodorus, 1.1.3

In Greek mythology, Phineus (; Ancient Greek: Φινεύς, ) was a king of Salmydessus in Thrace and seer who appears in accounts of the Argonauts' voyage. Some accounts make him a king in Paphlagonia or in Arcadia.

Phineus (), der Sohn des phönizischen Königs Agenor, war der König zu Salmydessos in Thrakien und ein Seher. Mit seiner ersten Frau Kleopatra, der Tochter des Boreas, hatte er zwei Söhne, Plexippos und Pandion.


Design and development.

Like the E-3 Sentry Airborne Warning and Control System (AWACS) aircraft, the E-6 is adapted from Boeing's 707-320 airliner. Rolled out at Boeing's Renton Factory on 18 December 1986, the first E-6 made its maiden flight on 19 February 1987, when it was flown to nearby Boeing Field in south Seattle for fitting of mission avionics; it was delivered to the Navy for testing on 22 July 1988.  The E-6A, which was initially named Hermes, entered service with VQ-3 on 3 August 1989, with the second squadron, VQ-4 receiving its first E-6As in January 1991, allowing the EC-130Q to be phased out in June that year. The E-6A was renamed Mercury in autumn 1991 by request of the Navy; sixteen were delivered from 1988 to 1992.  The E-6B is an upgrade of the E-6A. It includes a battlestaff area and updated mission equipment. The flight deck systems were later replaced with an off-the-shelf 737 Next Generation cockpit. This greatly increases the situational awareness of the pilot and saves significant cost over the previous custom avionics package. The first E-6B was accepted in December 1997. All 16 E-6A aircraft were modified to the E-6B standard, with the final delivery taking place on 1 December 2006.

Operational history.

Codenamed "Looking Glass", it is United States Strategic Command's (USSTRATCOM) Airborne Command Post (ABNCP), designed to take over in case the Global Operations Center (GOC), located at Offutt Air Force Base, Nebraska, is destroyed or incapable of communicating with strategic forces. The term "Looking Glass" is used because the ABNCP "mirrors" the abilities of the US Strategic Command GOC to control nuclear forces.  The E-6 fleet is based at Tinker Air Force Base, Oklahoma, and operated by Fleet Air Reconnaissance Squadron 3 (VQ-3), VQ-4, and VQ-7.

The Boeing E-6 Mercury (formerly E-6 Hermes) is an airborne command post and communications relay based on the Boeing 707-320. The original E-6A manufactured by Boeing's defense division entered service with the United States Navy in July 1989, replacing the EC-130Q. This platform, now modified to the E-6B standard, conveys instructions from the National Command Authority to fleet ballistic missile submarines (see communication with submarines), a mission known as TACAMO (TAke Charge And Move Out). The E-6B model deployed in October 1998 also has the ability to remotely control Minuteman ICBMs using the Airborne Launch Control System. The E-6B replaced Air Force EC-135Cs in the "Looking Glass" role, providing command and control of U.S. nuclear forces should ground-based control become inoperable. With production lasting until 1991, the E-6 was the final new derivative of the Boeing 707 to be built.

Die Boeing E-6, auch E-6 TACAMO ("Take Charge and Move Out") oder E-6 Mercury, ist ein Flugzeugtyp der US-Marine auf Basis der Boeing 707 und dient als Gefechtsleitplattform, speziell zum Übertragen von Statusmeldungen der strategischen und taktischen U-Boote der US-Marine.


Origin of its name and history.

The city of Goya originated from the purchase of land at the site by Gregoria Morales and her husband, Bernardo Olivera, in 1771. The city does not have foundation act and, in agreement with the oral tradition, its name is owed to the enterprising Gregoria Morales' nickname: Doña Goya. Following the couple's settlement in the proximities of the present "costanera" (riverfront), she opened a general store upon her arrival, and per historian José M. Cabrer, tradition held that this lady made exquisite cheeses, with the milk of cows fed with reedbeds and coconuts. Her canned goods were, in turn, purchased by visitors and merchants plying the Paraná River, popularizing the name of the delicacies to the extent that, by 1801, the site was popularly known as "Goya Port."  The settlement was informally established as such in 1807, and the local cathedral, Our Lady of the Rosary, was consecrated in 1884. Among Goya's historical anecdotes is having been where Camila O'Gorman and her forbidden love, Father Ladislao Gutiérrez, sought refuge; the couple were apprehended and executed in 1848.

Swallows.

In November migratory swallows arrive in Argentina from North America. According to local custom the swallows that come to Goya are from San Juan Capistrano, California. Local custom says the swallows arrive in Goya on November 24, having left San Juan Capistrano on October 23, following the Pacific coast on an 11,000 kilometer journey. When arriving in Goya, the swallows ("golondrinas") are received with a series of festivals at the "Monument to the swallows" located in San Martín Square, one of the birds' preferred nesting places. The return to Capistrano of the first swallows begins around February 18, to arrive in California around the traditional date of March 19 every year. This particular event encouraged the mayors of Goya and San Juan Capistrano to sign a declaration of brotherhood between the two cities in 1985; President Raúl Alfonsín contributed a framed Argentine flag in commemoration of the event to San Juan Capistrano.

Goya is a city in the south-west of the province of Corrientes in the Argentine Mesopotamia. It has about 77,349 inhabitants as of the.

Goya ist die Hauptstadt des gleichnamigen Departamentos Goya im Südwesten der Provinz Corrientes im Nordosten Argentiniens. Sie liegt am Río Paraná und ist mit 73.511 Einwohnern (2012) die zweitgrößte Stadt der Provinz.


Education.

He was born on 18 May 1941, and educated at Morgan Academy, Dundee, Scotland. He graduated in Electronic Physics from Queen's College, Dundee, which later became the University of Dundee, but was then part of the University of St Andrews, in 1963. He became a research student in the Radio Astronomy Group of the Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge, where he completed his Ph.D. in 1967 supervised by Martin Ryle.

Career and research.

From 1968 to 1969, he was a Royal Society Exchange Visitor to the Lebedev Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences, where he worked with Vitaly Ginzburg and Yakov Zeldovich.  He held a Fellowship of the Royal Commission for the Exhibition of 1851 from 1966 to 1968 and was a Fellow of Clare Hall, Cambridge from 1967 to 1980. He has held visiting professorships at the California Institute of Technology (1972), the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton (1978), the Harvard–Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics (1990) and the Space Telescope Science Institute (1997). From 1980 to 1990, he held the joint posts of Astronomer Royal for Scotland, Regius Professor of Astronomy of the University of Edinburgh and Director of the Royal Observatory, Edinburgh. He is a Professorial Fellow and Vice-President of Clare Hall, Cambridge. He was Deputy Head of the Cavendish Laboratory with special responsibility for the teaching of physics from 1991 to 1997, and Head of the Cavendish Laboratory from 1997 to 2005.  Longair's primary research interests are in the fields of high-energy astrophysics and astrophysical cosmology. He has written eight books and many articles on this work. His most recent publication is the second edition of his "Theoretical Concepts in Physics", released in December 2003. His other interests include music, mountain walking (completing the Munros in 2011), art, architecture and golf. he is the editor-in-chief of the "Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society" and has authored or co-authored biographies of John E. Baldwin, Vitaly Ginzburg, Brian Pippard, Geoffrey Burbidge and David J. C. MacKay.

Selected publications.

he had published 298 papers.  During his career he supervised numerous PhD students including Jim Dunlop, Stephen Gull, Simon Lilly and John Peacock.

Awards and honours.

Longair has received numerous awards, including:

Malcolm Sim Longair (born 18 May 1941) is a British physicist. From 1991 to 2008 he was the Jacksonian Professor of Natural Philosophy in the Cavendish Laboratory at the University of Cambridge. Since 2016 he has been editor-in-chief of the "Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society".

Malcolm Sim Longair (* 18. Mai 1941 in Dundee, Schottland) ist ein britischer Radioastronom, Astrophysiker und Kosmologe. Longair studierte an der University of St. Andrews (Queen ́s College Dundee) mit dem Abschluss in Elektronik und Physik 1963 und war dann an der Radioastronomiegruppe der Universität Cambridge (Cavendish Laboratory), an der er 1967 promoviert wurde. In dieser Zeit war er Exhibition of 1851 Stipendiat und ab 1967 Fellow des Clare Hall College in Cambridge. Als Post-Doktorand war er am Lebedew-Institut in Moskau bei Jakow Borissowitsch Seldowitsch und Witali Lasarewitsch Ginsburg. 1980 bis 1990 war er Astronomer Royal for Scotland und war gleichzeitig Regius Professor für Astronomie an der University of Edinburgh und Direktor des Royal Observatory Edinburgh. 1997 bis 2005 war er "Jacksonian Professor of Natural Philosophy" an der Universität Cambridge in England und Leiter des Cavendish-Laboratoriumsm, dessen stellvertretender Leiter er ab 1991 war, zuständig für Lehre. Er ist Professorial Fellow am und Vizepräsident des Clare Hall College.


Career.

Pötzsch represented the GDR (East Germany) in the ladies events at international championships. Her first coach was Brigitte Schellhorn. After Pötzsch was admitted into a sports academy, Gabriele Seyfert was assigned as her coach and later, Seyfert's mother, Jutta Müller, took over coaching duties. She was the Olympic Champion in 1980 and world champion in 1978 and 1980. She also won the European title four times, from 1977 to 1980; and the East German title five times, from 1976 to 1980. In 1981, she announced her retirement, saying in 2011, "I had knee problems and I was not motivated because I had reached all my goals" but she said she later regretted her decision.  Pötzsch was a judge at international skating events in the late 1980s but the ISU banned her after she appeared in "Skates of Gold" shows and Katarina Witt's film, Carmen. The ISU restored her eligibility in 1994, along with that of professional skaters. In the 1990s, Pötzsch worked at a bank but quit her job in 1999 in order to coach. She coaches in Chemnitz, Germany, and in 2004 became an ISU technical specialist. Her students include Daniel Dotzauer, the 2010 German Championships bronze medalist, and Sandy Hoffmann.

Personal life.

Pötzsch was born in Karl-Marx-Stadt, GDR (today renamed Chemnitz, Germany). She married Axel Witt, the brother of fellow German figure skater Katarina Witt, but the couple divorced in 1990. Their daughter, Claudia Rauschenbach, born in 1984, is the 2000 German pair skating champion with Robin Szolkowy. In 1993, Pötzsch married Axel Rauschenbach, who is the father of her second daughter, Cindy, and stepfather to Claudia.

Anett Pötzsch (later Witt, now Rauschenbach, born 3 September 1960) is a German former figure skater. She is the 1980 Olympic champion, two-time World champion (1978, 1980), four-time European champion (1977–1980), and five-time East German champion (1976–1980).

Anett Pötzsch-Rauschenbach (* 3. September 1960 in Karl-Marx-Stadt als "Anett Pötzsch") ist eine ehemalige deutsche Eiskunstläuferin, die im Einzellauf startete. Sie ist die Olympiasiegerin von 1980 und die Weltmeisterin von 1978 und 1980.


Mission objectives.

Research in space begun by two previous crews aboard the International Space Station (ISS) expanded during the Expedition Three mission. The third resident crew launched on 10 August 2001 on Space Shuttle Discovery during mission STS-105 and took control of the complex on 13 August 2001. The crew conducted a science-intensive increment and completed four spacewalks. The Expedition Three crew ended their 117-day residency on board the ISS on 8 December 2001 when their custom Soyuz seat-liners were transferred to Space Shuttle Endeavour for the return trip home during mission STS-108.  The Expedition Three crew of the International Space Station enjoyed a unique view of the 2001 Leonid meteor storm. "It looked like we were seeing UFOs approaching the earth flying in formation, three or four at a time," recalls astronaut Frank Culbertson. "There were hundreds per minute going beneath us, really spectacular!" News reports had warned sky watchers in advance: On 18 November 2001, Earth was due to plow through a minefield of debris shed by Comet Tempel-Tuttle. Innumerable bits of comet dust would become meteors when they hit Earth's atmosphere at. Experts predicted an unforgettable display... and it came. Millions of people saw the show, but only three of them—the ones on board the space station—saw it from above. "We had to look down to see the meteors," says Culbertson. "That's because the atmosphere (where comet dust burns up) is below the station."  An international crew of three were the third crew to live aboard the International Space Station. The team was led by American Commander Frank Culbertson, and joined by Russian crewmates Vladimir Dezhurov, mission pilot, and flight engineer Mikhail Tyurin. As a part of the STS-105 mission, "Discovery" delivered the Expedition 3 crew to the station. During their four-month stay, the crew saw the orbital complex expand and research work grow. The Expedition 3 crew returned home on mission STS-108.

Spacewalks.

All four of the spacewalks during Expedition 3 were completed using the Russian Orlan spacesuit and from the Pirs air lock on the Russian segment of the International Space Station.

Mission patch.

The Expedition 3 mission patch depicts the book of space history, turning from the chapter with the Russian space station Mir and the space shuttle to the next chapter, one that will be written on the blank pages of the future by space explorers working for the benefit of the entire world. Above the book is a layout of what the station will look like when completed, docked with the space shuttle.

9/11 satellite pictures.

On September 11, 2001, the International Space Station passed over New York City and astronaut Frank L. Culbertson Jr. photographed the smoke clouds billowing from the WTC site in Downtown Manhattan.

Expedition 3 was the third expedition to the International Space Station. Commander Frank L. Culbertson Jr. was the only American crew member, and as such the only American not on Earth during the 9/11 attacks, which the crew photographed and videoed from the ISS.

ISS-Expedition 3 ist die Missionsbezeichnung für die dritte Langzeitbesatzung der Internationalen Raumstation. Die Mannschaft lebte und arbeitete vom 12. August bis zum 15. Dezember 2001 an Bord der ISS.