Magizoology.

In the "Harry Potter" franchise, Magizoology (a portmanteau of "magic" and "zoology") is the study of magical creatures. A person who studies Magizoology is known as a magizoologist. There are magizoologists who work in the Ministry of

Regulation and classification.

The Department for the Regulation and Control of Magical Creatures of the Ministry of Magic is responsible for overseeing and regulating magical creatures. It is divided into three divisions: the Beast Division, the Being Division, and the Spirit Division.  A "being" is generally defined, according to "Fantastic Beasts", as "any creature that has sufficient intelligence to understand the laws of the magical community and to bear part of the responsibility in shaping those laws." This includes humans, dwarves, house-elves, giants, goblins, hags, veelas, and vampires. Fairies, pixies, gnomes, and most other creatures are classified as "beasts." Affairs related to ghosts come under the auspices of the Spirit Division.  The definition is

List of magical creatures.

Below is a list of magical creatures mentioned in the "Harry Potter" universe. For a list of magical plants mentioned in the series, such as mandrakes and devil's snares, see List of fictional plants.

Luna Lovegood's creatures.

Luna Lovegood, a pupil at Hogwarts, and her father Xenophilius Lovegood profess belief in a

Prominent creatures.

Acromantula.

In the "Harry Potter" universe, the Acromantula is a monstrous spider capable of human speech. It originated in Borneo, where it inhabits dense jungle. Its distinctive features include the thick black hair that covers its body; its legspan, which may reach up to fifteen feet; its pincers, which produce a distinctive clicking sound when the Acromantula is excited or angry; and a venomous secretion. The Acromantula is carnivorous and prefers large prey. It spins dome-shaped webs on the ground. The female is bigger than the male and

Basilisk.

In the "Harry Potter" universe, a Basilisk is a monstrous serpentine creature. Larger than counterpart from real-life legends, this Basilisk is capable of reaching a length up to fifty feet and living up to hundreds of years. Basilisks are uncontrollable except by Parselmouths, and the first basilisk is believed to have been created by a Greek Dark wizard and Parselmouth named Herpo The Foul. Herpo made this discovery by hatching a chicken egg under a toad. A male basilisk has a scarlet plume on its

Boggarts.

In the "Harry Potter" universe, a Boggart is an amortal shape-shifter non-being that takes on the form of its intended victim's worst fear. While British mythology describes boggarts as house-elves who cause trouble or malevolent beings inhabiting marshes or other lonely spots, Rowling's boggarts are more like Brollachans, magical creatures originating from Scotland. However, there is one record of an English (Lancashire) boggart which could take the form of various animals, or indeed more fearful creatures. The word "boggart" was recorded in the Survey of English Dialects across Cheshire, Derbyshire, Lancashire and Yorkshire as a bogey

Centaurs.

Centaurs in the Harry Potter universe are wild creatures who claim to possess intelligence greater than humans. Their heads and torsos resemble those of humans but they possess the four legs, lower bodies and tail of a horse. Although sentient, they have not requested assignment as beings, preferring to remove themselves entirely from human affairs. Centaurs who decide to associate with humans, such as Firenze, who agrees to teach Divination at Hogwarts, can be seen as traitors to their kind and attacked by other centaurs. Firenze's interest in human affairs resulted in violent reprisals by other centaurs and were it not for Hagrid's intervention, Firenze could have been killed.

Dementors.

The dementors are "soulless creatures... among the foulest beings on Earth": a phantom species who, as their name suggests, gradually deprive human minds of happiness and intelligence. They are the guards of the wizard prison, Azkaban, until after the return of antagonist Lord Voldemort. Albus Dumbledore harbors an intense dislike of dementors, noting he has long felt the Ministry of Magic erred in "allying" with such creatures, implying that dementor society in general exists apart from the general wizarding world. Dumbledore forbade dementors from entering Hogwarts but this ban was ultimately broken

Ghosts.

Ghosts play an important secondary role, mainly as advisors to the leading characters. Unlike the ghosts in a traditional ghost story, these ghosts are neither frightening nor necessarily ghoulish. Ghosts in the novels appear silvery and translucent. They can fly and pass through walls, tables, and other solid objects, but nonetheless have some ability to physically affect, and be affected by, the living world. (Moaning Myrtle, for instance, can splash the water in her toilet.) Ghosts' banquet tables are laden with rotten food, as the decomposition increases their ability to smell and taste it. Touching or walking through a ghost induces a sensation "like walking through an icy shower." Ghosts can be affected by magic and curses, though not to the same degree that living beings can.  In the "Harry Potter"

Giants.

Giants in the "Harry Potter" universe are capable of interbreeding with humans – Rubeus Hagrid is half-giant, as is his love interest Olympe Maxime – but wizards as a population have engaged in an active campaign to hunt giants out of civilisation. The last giants in Britain were killed apparently by Ministry decree, but most deaths have been due to territorial aggression among themselves, as wizards force them to live in ever more confined spaces. The last few giants remaining in the world (the total number is between 70 and 80) are collected together in an isolated region east of Belarus. Giants range in height from twenty to

Goblins.

Goblins are magical creatures chiefly involved with metalwork and the running of Gringotts bank. They are represented by the Goblin Liaison Office in the Department for the Regulation and Control of Magical Creatures. Goblins are anthropoid, described as having long, thin fingers and feet, black eyes, and domed heads much larger than human heads in proportion to the body. Goblins eat a diet of largely raw meat, roots, and fungi and converse in a language known as Gobbledegook. They consider the true owner of an object to be its maker rather than

House-elves.

House-elves are small elves used by wizards as slaves. They are 2–3 feet tall, with spindly limbs and oversized heads and eyes. They have pointed, bat-like ears and high, squeaky voices. Their names are usually pet-like diminutives, and they do not appear to have surnames. They habitually refer to themselves in the third person. House-elves are generally obedient, pliant, and obsequious; and when enslaved, wear discarded items such as pillowcases and tea-towels draped like a toga. House-elves' masters can free them by giving them an item of clothing, much like the Hob of English Folklore. House-elves can become intoxicated by drinking Butterbeer.  House-elves possess magic distinct from

Obscurials/Obscurus.

Obscurials are magical children who attempt to repress their magical abilities. If kept unchecked, this repression corrupts the user's magic, creating a dark parasite force known as an obscurus. The host obscurial keeps the form of the child, appearing normal, if emotionally distressed due to their forced hiding of their magical nature. When their power is unleashed, the child and obscurus share a form of a large shadowy ethereal cloud, usually causing destruction due to the child themselves having little to no control over the obscurus. The host and parasite may retake the form of the child later, again with almost no input from the obscurial. Due to its consuming nature, obscurials rarely live past childhood, and obscurials who do make it to adolescence are considered outstandingly powerful magic users, though they still will have no control.  Obscurials first came into notice when wizard-kind was persecuted by non-magical users. In an attempt to hide their true nature and blend in with society, their pain would cause their magic to manifest into an obscurus. As such,

Thestrals.

Thestrals are an elusive, carnivorous species of winged horse, visible only to those who have witnessed and embraced a death, and described as having "blank, white, shining eyes," a "dragonish face," "long, black manes," "great leathery wings," and the "skeletal body of a great, black, winged horse"; also described by Hagrid as "dead clever an' useful". They have acquired an undeserved reputation as omens of evil. The High Inquisitor from the ministry of magic, Dolores Umbridge, asserted that Thestrals are considered "dangerous creatures" by the Ministry of Magic, although this might be due to her prejudice against 'half-breeds', as Hagrid is half-giant and is showing thestrals in class.  Thestrals have fangs and possess a well-developed sense of smell, which will lead them to carrion and fresh blood. According to Hagrid, they will not attack a human-sized target without provocation. They are capable of very fast flight for several hours at a time, though they usually spend their time on the ground; and they have an excellent sense of direction. The breed is domesticable, given a willing trainer (Hagrid suspects that he has the only domesticated herd in Britain), after which they may pull loads, and make a serviceable if

Werewolves.

The werewolf is a humanoid wolf-like creature that can exist only for a brief period around the full moon. At any other time, a werewolf is a normal human. However, the term werewolf is used for both the wolf-like creature and the normal human. A werewolf can be distinguished from a true wolf physically by several small distinguishing characteristics, including the eyes, claws, fangs, ears, snout, and tufted tail. A person becomes a werewolf when bitten by another werewolf in wolf-form. Once this happens, the person must learn to manage the condition. The Wolfsbane Potion controls some of the effects of the condition; by allowing the sufferer to maintain their human mind in wolf form, it prevents them from harming others. The potion tastes horrible and very few are skilled enough to brew it,

Characters.

Below is a list of magical creatures who have some significant role in the series.

Crookshanks.

From the third book to the sixth, Crookshanks is Hermione Granger's pet cat. Crookshanks was purchased by Hermione in a shop called Magical Menagerie in the third Harry Potter book, "Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban". Crookshanks

Dobby.

Dobby is a "house-elf" in the Harry Potter series. He was once owned by the Malfoy family, and he first appears in "Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets" to discourage Harry from returning to Hogwarts. Dobby later tries to keep Harry away from Hogwarts by magically sealing off the hidden entrance to Platform 93⁄4, only to be foiled when the protagonists pilot Arthur's flying Ford Anglia to school. During a Quidditch match, Dobby enchants a Bludger to chase Harry, hoping to cause him enough injury to be sent home; but the Bludger only manages to break Harry's arm. Dobby discloses that when an enslaved house-elf is presented with an article of clothing by his or her master, that house-elf is subsequently set free; and when Harry (after returning from the Chamber of Secrets) discovers that Dobby's master is Lucius Malfoy, he tricks Malfoy into setting Dobby free, a feat that secures him the house-elf's undying loyalty. He was now willing to save Harry Potter no matter if it would mean risking his life, because after all, "Harry Potter set Dobby free!"  Dobby returns in "Goblet of Fire". Now a free elf,

Fawkes.

Fawkes is Albus Dumbledore's pet phoenix, a mythological bird which cyclically bursts into flame upon its death and is then reborn from the ashes. Phoenix tail feathers are suitable for inclusion in some wands (both Harry and Voldemort's wands contain a feather from Fawkes' tail, the only two he ever gave) and their tears have healing powers. Fawkes can also teleport himself and others in a burst of flame.  In "Chamber of Secrets", Harry's display of loyalty to Dumbledore results in his summoning Fawkes to his aid against Salazar Slytherin's basilisk in the Chamber of Secrets; whereupon Fawkes punctures the basilisk's eyes, eliminating her ability to kill with her gaze. Fawkes later

Firenze.

Firenze is a centaur and, after "Order of the Phoenix", a Divination teacher at Hogwarts. He is described in the book as a palomino centaur with astonishingly blue eyes. He first appears towards the end of "Philosopher's Stone", in which he rescues Harry from Voldemort in the Forbidden Forest. Having carried Harry to safety on his back, Firenze quarrels with other centaurs who object to the symbolic suggestion that centaurs are subservient to humans.  The character does not make another appearance until "Order of the Phoenix", in which he is appointed by Dumbledore to teach Divination at Hogwarts in

Frank.

Frank is a thunderbird that was kidnapped and trafficked to Egypt in the 1920s. In the film "Fantastic Beasts and Where To Find Them", Frank is the reason Newt went to America. After rescuing Frank from the traffickers, Newt stored Frank with his other magical creatures in his suitcase. Newt brings Frank to America in hopes of returning him to his native land of Arizona.  In the climax of the film, the

Griphook.

Griphook is a goblin and an employee at Gringotts until the Second Wizarding War. In "Philosopher's Stone", after Hagrid presents Harry's key and Dumbledore's letter to an unnamed goblin in the Gringotts lobby, Griphook is called to escort Harry and Hagrid through the underground rail-system to Harry's vault, and afterwards to Vault 713 to retrieve the "Philosopher's Stone". He is not heard of again until "Deathly Hallows", when the Snatchers holding him captive also capture Harry, Ron, and Hermione. When Hermione lies under torture to Bellatrix Lestrange that the sword of Gryffindor is a fake, Bellatrix asks Griphook for

Hedwig.

Hedwig is Harry's snowy owl, given to him in "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone" as an eleventh birthday present by Rubeus Hagrid, who purchases the owl in Diagon Alley at the Eeylops Owl Emporium. Harry gives her this name after reading it in a book on the history of magic. Hedwig is used for delivering messages throughout the series, and also serves as a companion to Harry, especially when he is unable to interact with other wizards. It is implied throughout

Hokey.

Hokey is a house-elf who works for Hepzibah Smith, an old woman deceived by Tom Riddle into showing him Slytherin's locket and Hufflepuff's cup, which he uses as two of his Horcruxes.

Kreacher.

Kreacher is a house-elf who serves the House of Black for generations and whose name is a play on the word "creature". Kreacher first appears in "Order of the Phoenix" as an unwilling servant to Sirius Black. Kreacher disdains Sirius, mainly due to his devotion to his former masters (Regulus Black in particular), whose pure-blood values Sirius has rejected. Sirius also treats him harshly because the elf is a living reminder of a home to which he earlier had no intention of returning. Knowing too much of the Order of the Phoenix's activity, Kreacher is not allowed to leave Grimmauld Place. Kreacher has lived alone in the house for years with only the screaming portrait of Mrs. Black for company. Despite obeying Sirius, he is insolent and rude, insulting in undertones all present who he refers to as ""Blood traitors, Mudbloods and scum"". Hermione comments on this: "I don't think he realises we can hear him."  Kreacher desires to leave Sirius and serve his next of kin, Bellatrix Lestrange and the Malfoys. He betrays Sirius and persuades Harry to go to the Department of Mysteries, where a trap has been

Nagini.

Nagini, is Voldemort's snake and living Horcrux who is introduced in "Goblet of Fire".. According to Indian mythology, the name Nagini means a female serpent that occasionally takes human form. The "Fantastic Beast" film prequel series reveals Nagini, portrayed by Claudia Kim, was originally a type of person known as a Maledictus whose blood curse permanently transformed her into her current state.  Voldemort is able to communicate with Nagini due to his ability to speak Parseltongue, the language of snakes. Nagini is first sighted when the snake alerts Voldemort to the presence of an eavesdropping Frank Bryce, an old gardener who had worked for the Riddle family. During the fourth year Harry spends at Hogwarts, Voldemort's temporary body is sustained by Nagini's venom, harvested by Peter Pettigrew. In "Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix", Harry assumes Nagini's viewpoint during her attack on Arthur Weasley in one of his dreams; Albus Dumbledore believes this an effect of Harry's special connection to Voldemort, with Harry's witnessing the attack by virtue that Voldemort's mind "happened to be" in Nagini at the time. This is the first indication of Nagini and Voldemort's deeper connection, having the ability to share thoughts and connect with Harry.

Peeves.

Peeves is a poltergeist who causes trouble in Hogwarts and is therefore often pursued by the sole caretaker at the school, Argus Filch. He is capable of flight and can choose whether to be tangible; and is able to manipulate objects, a trait not generally possible with ghosts, but common among poltergeists. Peeves' existence is essentially the embodiment of disorder, which he is observed to constantly cause. In appearance, he is a small man with a mischievous face and a wide mouth, dressed in vibrantly coloured clothing. He derives joy from disaster and mischievous acts, usually causing disruptions to daily activity.  Peeves only listens to a select few: Dumbledore; the Bloody Baron; in the second book Nearly Headless Nick; and in the fifth book, Fred and George Weasley. Filch, who is usually left with cleaning up the mess and damage that Peeves causes, tries repeatedly to remove him; however, Rowling has stated in an interview that not even Dumbledore would be able to rid Hogwarts of Peeves forever. Peeves is vulnerable to some magic; in "Prisoner of Azkaban", Professor Lupin uses magic to teach Peeves a lesson by making the gum Peeves was

Winky.

Winky is a house-elf who originally served the Crouch family, described as having enormous brown eyes and a large, round, soft nose. She viewed herself as a dutiful servant and guarded the family's many secrets. When Barty Crouch Jr is rescued from Azkaban by his mother, he is supervised and nursed back to health by Winky. In "Goblet of Fire", she persuades Barty Crouch Sr to let his son attend the Quidditch World Cup; she attends it with the younger Crouch, who is hiding under an Invisibility Cloak, and claims the apparently empty seat beside her is being saved

The Weasleys' creatures.

Many pets and animals

Hagrid's pets.

Over the course of the series, Hagrid cares for a large number of animals, many of them dangerous, including Aragog (a giant spider or 'Acromantula'), Buckbeak (Hippogriff), Fang (boarhound), Fluffy (Three-Headed Dog), Norbert ('Norwegian Ridgeback' Dragon; later found to be female and re-named Norberta), and Tenebrus (Thestral). Hagrid's love for

Magical creatures are an aspect of the fictional wizarding world contained in the "Harry Potter" and "Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them" series, both by British author J. K. Rowling. Throughout the seven books of the series, Harry and his friends come across many of these creatures on their adventures, as well as in their Care of Magical Creatures lessons at Hogwarts. The Care of Magical Creatures Class take care of creatures such as Hippogriffs, Unicorns and Owls. Rowling has also written "Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them", a guide to the magical beasts found in the series. Many of these are derived from folklore, primarily Greek mythology, but also British and Scandinavian folklore. Many of the legends surrounding mythical creatures are also incorporated in the books. "Children... know that I didn't invent unicorns, but I've had to explain frequently that I didn't actually invent hippogriffs," Rowling told Stephen Fry in an interview for BBC Radio 4. "When I do use a creature that I know is a mythological entity, I like to find out as much as I can about it. I might not use it, but to make it as consistent as I feel is good for my plot."

In diesem Artikel werden wichtige Tiere und Tierwesen aus den sieben Bänden der Harry-Potter-Romanreihe von Joanne K. Rowling beschrieben. In Klammern steht jeweils die englische Bezeichnung, wie sie in der Originalausgabe der Romane verwendet wird. Fehlt diese Angabe, so ist der Name in der deutschen und englischen Ausgabe identisch.


History.

The company originated from a Slovene Partisan workshop that operated during the Second World War, when skis were produced for the Yugoslavian Partisan forces. Begunje fielded the only specialized Partisan ski-unit of Yugoslavia during the war. In 1949, the company started with production of small boats, like canoes and kayaks which was later expanded into the production of FRP boats and yachts. The company has also started the production of wide range of gym equipment and sports clothing. In 1978, the production of license-built DG gliders was started. In 1991 Elan company was split into several subdivisions which continue the production. Glider production was later transferred to AMS Flight using the former Elan manufacturing facilities.

Elan SCX.

Elan SCX changed the world ski industry by inventing sidecut skis, which made carve turns possible at low speeds and with a short turn radius. They were first developed in 1988 by Jurij Franko (not to be confused with the skier Jure Franko), who calculated a suitable flex pattern for new kind of skis with his colleague Pavel Škofic. They organized a project dubbed SideCut Extreme (SCX) and set out to build prototypes. Introduced in 1993, the concept was initially ridiculed by other companies, but in secret they quickly started working on similar designs and such shaping was common by the 1995/96 model year.

Company.

The Elan Group consists of 20 interlinked companies under the joint ownership of the Skimar company. Most of the group’s companies use the Elan brand-name and logo as part of their projects, products and services. The company's headquarters are located in Begunje na Gorenjskem, while its various manufacturing companies are scattered throughout Central Europe: Elan skis and sailing yachts are made in Slovenia, Elan snowboards are manufactured in Austria, and its motor yachts are produced in Croatia. The group markets its products through independent distributors in 46 countries over the world, with marketing taken over by Elan’s own companies in North America, Japan, Germany, and Switzerland. On 13 March 2013 Elan’s Austrian subsidiary company named „Elan Sportartikelerzeugungs- und Handelsgesellschaft m.b.H.“ located in Carinthia announced bankruptcy. Elan Austria had liabilities of 8.7 million euro and assets of 6.5 million euro. 78 employees and 120 creditors were affected by this bankruptcy.  The Slovenian state organisation SDH, which is in charge of privatisation activities in Slovenia on behalf of the government, gave its approval for the sale of the "state-owned ski maker Elan to Merrill Lynch International and Wiltan Enterprises Limited" The sale for 100% of the company including the snow sports and yachting divisions with the agreed purchase price not known.

In popular culture.

In the 1985 James Bond series film "A View to a Kill" with Roger Moore, Russians were skiing on Elan skis.  Elan skis were clearly shown in the romantic comedy "Working Girl". The character Katharine Parker (Sigourney Weaver) was skiing with RC Elan skis and poles.

Elan is a Slovenian company, located in Begunje na Gorenjskem, specializing in the production of sporting goods. It is best known for its skis and snowboards. Other products include sailboats from length, motor yachts, apparel (mostly sportswear), and equipment for sports facilities. The brand became better known in the late 1970s, when Swedish alpine skiing ace Ingemar Stenmark won three consecutive World Cup overall titles on Elan skis. The company also manufactured license-built DG gliders from 1978.

Elan ist ein slowenisches Unternehmen aus Begunje, das Sportartikel – hauptsächlich für den Skisport – herstellt. Das Unternehmen wurde 1945 von dem Schreiner und Skispringer Rudi Finžgar (1920–1995) gegründet. Zunächst wurde hauptsächlich für den jugoslawischen Markt produziert; erst als in den 1970er Jahren der schwedische Skiläufer Ingemar Stenmark Skier der Marke Elan verwendete, erlangte das Unternehmen breitere Bekanntheit. Die Mitarbeiterzahl in Begunje verdoppelte sich zwischen 1970 (668 Mitarbeiter) und 1987 (1351 Mitarbeiter).


English Parliament (First Civil War).

At the time, the Protestant leaders of the English Parliament were in conflict with King Charles I. Fearing Irish Catholic troops could join the Royalist army, Parliament requested the aid of the Scots. The Presbyterian Covenanters promised their aid, on condition that the Scottish system of church government was adopted in England. This was acceptable to the majority of the English Long Parliament, as many MPs were Presbyterians, while others preferred allying with the Scots to losing the Civil War. After some haggling a document called """" was drawn up. This was in effect a treaty between the English Parliament and its Scottish counterpart for the preservation of the reformed religion in Scotland, the reformation of religion in England and Ireland "according to the word of God and the example of the best reformed churches", and the "extirpation of popery [and] prelacy". It did not explicitly mention Presbyterianism, and included some ambiguous formulations which left the door open to the English Independents, another strong faction on the English Parliamentary side, particularly in the parliamentary armies. It was subscribed to by many in England, Scotland, and Ireland, approved by the English Long Parliament, and, with some slight modifications, by the Westminster Assembly of Divines.  However, not all those on the English Parliamentarian side were happy with this arrangement and some, like John Lilburne, chose to leave the parliamentary armies rather than take the oath prescribed in the Act enforcing the "Solemn League and Covenant".  The agreement meant that the Covenanters sent another army south to England to fight on the Parliamentarian side in the First English Civil War. When the Scots army entered England by invitation of the English Parliament in January 1644 the Parliamentary Committee of Safety was replaced by an ad hoc committee representative of both kingdoms which, by parliamentary ordinance of 16 February, was formally constituted the Committee of Both Kingdoms. Its object was the management of peace overtures to, or making war on, King Charles I. The Scots withdrew from the Committee after the end of the First Civil War, although it continued to sit and from then on was known as the Derby House Committee (as it sat in Derby House in London).

Engagement and Charles I (Second Civil War).

After the Royalists had lost the First Civil War, Charles I was able to enter into an "Engagement" with the majority of the Covenanters in which they agreed to support him in the Second English Civil War against their mutual enemy the English Independents, in return for Charles imposing Presbyterianism for three years on England. In 1648 the Royalists and the Covenanters were defeated at the Battle of Preston, and Charles was executed in January 1649.

Charles II (Third Civil War).

After the Kirk Party seized power from the unsuccessful and therefore discredited Engagers, the new Scottish Covenanter government persuaded the exiled Charles II to agree to the terms of the "Solemn League and Covenant" in the Treaty of Breda (1650). However, the defeat of the Royalist and Scottish army at the Battle of Worcester in 1651 ended the relevance of the "Solemn League and Covenant" as the power of the Presbyterians was broken on both sides of the border.

Restoration and the Sedition Act.

After the Restoration the English Parliament passed the Sedition Act 1661, which declared that the "Solemn League and Covenant" was unlawful, was to be abjured by all persons holding public offices, and was to be burnt by the common hangman.

The Solemn League and Covenant was an agreement between the Scottish Covenanters and the leaders of the English Parliamentarians in 1643 during the First English Civil War. On 17 August 1643 the Church of Scotland (the Kirk) accepted it and on 25 September 1643 so did the English Parliament and the Westminster Assembly.

Grand Theft Auto IV (kurz GTA IV bzw. GTA 4) ist das neunte Spiel der "Grand-Theft-Auto"-Reihe. Das Spiel wurde vom schottischen Hersteller Rockstar North entwickelt und ist am 29. April 2008 für die Xbox 360 und PlayStation 3 erschienen. Die PC-Version wurde am 3. Dezember 2008 veröffentlicht.


Regierung der Palästinensischen Autonomiebehörde vom März 2007

Background.

After the 2006 elections which Hamas won, Fatah developed a plan to replace the Hamas-government. According to the plan, a national unity government or a "government of technocrats" would be formed and prepare early presidential and legislative elections. If the establishment of a government meeting the Quartet conditions would fail, President Abbas would announce a state of emergency, dismiss the present cabinet and form an emergency government, or call for early elections. The plan was, for the time being, not carried out in full, as indeed a "unity government" was formed in March 2007.

Timeline.

On 25 January 2006, Hamas won the parliamentary elections. Israel, the United States, the European Union and several Western states then imposed sanctions suspending all foreign aid, upon which Palestinians depend.  In March 2006, the previous Government was installed.  On 8 February 2007, negotiations in Mecca brokered by Saudi Arabia produced the Fatah–Hamas Mecca Agreement, an agreement to form a Palestinian national unity government. The agreement was signed by Mahmoud Abbas on behalf of Fatah and by Khaled Mashal on behalf of Hamas. The agreement also contained a "letter of commission" from Abbas to Prime Minister Ismail Haniyeh of Hamas, calling on Haniyeh as premier of the next government to achieve Palestinian national goals as approved by the Palestine National Council, the clauses of the Basic Law and the National Reconciliation Document (the Prisoners' Document) as well as the decisions of the Arab summit.  On 17 March, Ismail Haniyeh presented his new national unity government before the Palestinian Legislative Council. The Parliament approved the government, with 83 representatives voting in favor and three against. The 25 ministers were sworn in by President Mahmoud Abbas at the ceremony, which was held simultaneously in Gaza and Ramallah. The program of the national unity government included ending the Israeli occupation of the Palestinian territories and recognizing the right to self-determination of the Palestinian people, and the establishment of the independent Palestinian state with full sovereignty within the 1967 borders, with al-Quds as its capital, implementation of the Cairo Agreement pertaining to the PLO, and commitment to the Palestinian right of return. Israel rejected the new government, while Norway recognized it and other countries reacted with reserve. On that moment, 41 of 132 Members of Parliament, nearly a third of the PLC, were in Israeli detention.  After fierce battles between Fatah and Hamas on 10 to 14 June 2007, Hamas took control of the Gaza Strip during the Battle of Gaza. On 14 June, Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas declared the state of emergency by Presidential decree, and dismissed Haniyeh's 2007 National Unity Government. He appointed an emergency government and suspended articles of the Basic Law, to circumvent the needed parliamental approval.  Following the takeover of the Gaza Strip, Egypt and Israel largely sealed their border crossings with Gaza, ostensibly because Fatah had fled and was no longer providing security on the Palestinian side. Egypt assisted in the blockade, allegedly because it feared a spill-over of Hamas-style militancy into their territory.

Members of the Government.

March to June 2007

The Palestinian National Unity Government of March 2007 () was a Palestinian Authority unity government from March to June 2007, headed by Ismail Haniyeh, the Prime Minister of the Palestinian National Authority.

Die Regierung der Palästinensischen Autonomiebehörde wurde durch Ministerpräsident Ismail Haniyya am 17. März 2007 gebildet. Nach der Regierungsumbildung bestand das Kabinett aus Mitgliedern von Hamas, Fatah und Mitgliedern weiterer Parteien, sowie Unabhängigen. Wegen der Zusammenarbeit der beiden großen, miteinander rivalisierenden Fraktionen Hamas und Fatah war diese Regierung auch als Regierung der nationalen Einheit bekannt.


Early career.

Barbosa started his career with Palmeiras, when he was 17. He played in the regional São Paulo State Championship, under the command of Lula Ferreira, who went on to become the senior Brazilian national team's head coach.  At 19, while playing in the regional São Paulo State Championship with Palmeiras, he averaged 14.2 points per game. After that, he was traded to the Brazilian club Bauru, in January 2001.  During his first season as a professional in Brazil, while playing with Tilibra/Bauru, he was coached by Jorge "Guerrinha" Guerra. He averaged 15.8 points, 6.4 assists, and 1.7 steals per game. He was named the São Paulo State Championship's 2001 Rookie of the Year. Barbosa ended the season as the regional competition's fourth-ranked player in three-point field goal percentage, sixth in assists, and eleventh in field goals. In 2002, he won Brazil's top-tier level league, the Brazilian Championship, as a member of Bauru. Barbosa was also selected to the senior Brazilian national team, and he played at the 2002 FIBA World Championship.

Professional career.

Phoenix Suns (2003–2010).

At 6'3" with a 6'10" wingspan, Barbosa was selected 28th overall in the 2003 NBA draft by the San Antonio Spurs, but his rights were acquired by the Suns in a trade for a future protected first-round draft pick.  Barbosa holds the Suns record for points scored in a game by a rookie as a first-time starter, with 27 against the Chicago Bulls on January 5, 2004. He set the Suns' record for three-point field goals by a rookie in consecutive games when he hit at least one three-pointer per game during a ten-game streak from January 2 to 19.  During the 2006–2007 season, Barbosa averaged 18.1 points, 2.7 rebounds, 4.0 assists and 32.7 minutes per game despite playing off the bench and was the recipient of the 2006–07 NBA Sixth Man of the Year Award.  He scored a career-high of 41 points against the Oklahoma City Thunder on February 20, 2009.

Toronto Raptors (2010–2012).

On July 14, 2010, Barbosa was traded along with Dwayne Jones to the Toronto Raptors in exchange for Hedo Türkoğlu.  On August 18, 2011, Barbosa signed with Flamengo Basketball of Brazil for the duration of the 2011 NBA lockout. His deal had an out-clause that would allow him to return to the NBA once the lockout ended. With the lockout concluding in December 2011, he returned to the Raptors.

Indiana Pacers (2012).

On March 15, 2012, Barbosa was traded to the Indiana Pacers for a future second-round pick. With the help of Barbosa, Indiana improved significantly enough to make it to the second round of the playoffs before losing to the Miami Heat.

Boston Celtics (2012–2013).

On October 18, 2012, Barbosa signed with the Boston Celtics.  On February 12, 2013, after a game against the Charlotte Bobcats on February 11, it was confirmed that Barbosa had suffered a torn ACL in his left knee. This injury ruled him out for the rest of the 2012–13 season. He was the third member of the team whose injury ended his season early in a span of three weeks, joining Rajon Rondo and Jared Sullinger.

Washington Wizards (2013).

On February 21, 2013, Barbosa and Jason Collins were traded to the Washington Wizards in exchange for Jordan Crawford. Despite being on the team during that time, he'd never play for the Wizards in the process.

Esporte Clube Pinheiros (2013–2014).

On November 19, 2013, Barbosa signed with the Esporte Clube Pinheiros of Brazil for the 2013–14 season. During this time, he averaged over 20 points, 3 rebounds, and 3 assists for the team. In January 2014, he returned to the United States to play in the NBA once again.

Second stint with Phoenix (2014).

On January 8, 2014, Barbosa signed a 10-day contract with the Phoenix Suns. Barbosa would immediately play for the Suns in their 104–103 close victory over the Minnesota Timberwolves. He'd have his best night during the first 10-day contract on January 13 against the New York Knicks when Barbosa would score 21 points, which was his first 20+ point game since 2012, back when he played for Boston. However, Barbosa would have a right shoulder strain after the game.  On January 18, Barbosa signed a second 10-day contract with the Suns. He'd make his first home debut with the Suns in over 4 years a day later in a 117–103 blowout victory against the Denver Nuggets. During his second 10-day contract, Barbosa's best performance came on January 24 at home against the Washington Wizards, where he would score 10 points against them.  On January 28, 2014, following the Suns' road game against the Philadelphia 76ers, which subsequently marked the end of his second 10-day contract, the Suns liked Barbosa's production for the team and they decided to sign him for the rest of the 2013–14 NBA season. On March 4, 2014, in a game against the Los Angeles Clippers at home, Barbosa fractured his right hand, and as a result, he missed the rest of the season.

Golden State Warriors (2014–2016).

On September 10, 2014, Barbosa signed with the Golden State Warriors following his great performance at the 2014 FIBA Basketball World Cup. On December 30, 2014, he scored a season-high 17 points in a 126–86 win over the Philadelphia 76ers. Barbosa won his first NBA championship with the Warriors after they defeated the Cleveland Cavaliers in the 2015 NBA Finals in six games.  On July 13, 2015, Barbosa re-signed with the Warriors. In 2015–16, Barbosa helped the Warriors win an NBA record 73 games to eclipse the 72 wins set by the 1995–96 Chicago Bulls. The Warriors made it to the 2016 NBA Finals after overcoming a 3–1 deficit against the Oklahoma City Thunder in the Western Conference Finals. In Game 1 of the NBA Finals against the Cleveland Cavaliers, Barbosa returned from a minor back injury to score 11 points on 5-of-5 shooting off the bench in a 104–89 win. Despite the Warriors going up 3–1 in the series following a Game 4 win, they went on to lose the series in seven games to become the first team in NBA history to lose the championship series after being up 3–1.

Third stint with Phoenix (2016–2017).

On July 19, 2016, Barbosa signed a multi-year deal with the Phoenix Suns, returning to the franchise for a third stint just weeks before playing for his home nation at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro. On December 9, 2016, Barbosa scored a season-high 21 points and hit five three-pointers in a 119–115 win over the Los Angeles Lakers. On December 28, 2016, in a loss to the San Antonio Spurs, Barbosa played his 517th game with the Suns, moving him past Amar'e Stoudemire in to 10th on the Suns' all-time games played list. On March 3, 2017 against the Oklahoma City Thunder, Barbosa made his 544th appearance in a Suns jersey, passing Mark West for 9th all-time in games played. His 14 points also pushed him passed Connie Hawkins for 14th in all-time scoring with Phoenix. On July 3, 2017, he was waived by the Suns.

Franca Basquetebol Clube (2017–2018).

On November 17, 2017, Barbosa returned to Brazil and signed with Franca.

Minas Storm Basquete (2018–2019).

On December 13, Barbosa signed with Minas.

National team career.

Barbosa was a long-time member of the senior Brazilian national basketball team. With Brazil, he played at the following major tournaments: the 2002 FIBA World Cup, the 2003 FIBA AmeriCup, the 2005 FIBA AmeriCup, the 2006 FIBA World Cup, the 2007 FIBA AmeriCup, the 2009 FIBA AmeriCup, the 2010 FIBA World Cup, the 2012 Summer Olympics, the 2014 FIBA World Cup, and the 2016 Summer Olympics.  He was the top scorer of the 2007 FIBA AmeriCup.

Personal life.

Barbosa lived with Brazilian actress Samara Felippo from 2008 to 2013. They have two daughters, Alícia (born June 25, 2009) and Lara, born in May 2013.  Barbosa is engaged to the international top model Talita Rocca. Recently, they announced their wedding. The ceremony was held on July 6, 2019, in Brazil.

Leandro Mateus Barbosa (; born November 28, 1982), also known as Leandrinho Barbosa, is a Brazilian professional basketball player for Minas of the Novo Basquete Brasil (NBB). He also represented the senior Brazilian national basketball team. He previously won the NBA Sixth Man of the Year Award, with the Suns in 2007, and an NBA championship with the Golden State Warriors, in 2015. In Brazil, he is also commonly known by his nickname "Leandrinho" ("Little Leandro") Barbosa, and in the USA he was nicknamed "The Brazilian Blur", referring to his playing speed. At a height of 1.92 m (6' 3") tall, he plays at the shooting guard position.

Leandro Mateus Barbosa (teils auch: "Leandrinho Barbosa"; * 28. November 1982 in São Paulo) ist ein brasilianischer Basketballspieler, der zurzeit bei Minas in der Novo Basquete Brasil (NBB) in Brasilien unter Vertrag steht.


Biography.

His involvement with STEIM goes back until 1969, when it had been co-founded by his mentor and friend Dick Raaymakers. He has been a member of Amsterdam's Electric Music Theatre scene of the 1970s, performing intensively and raising critical voices against the upcoming high-tech culture. He co-founded and organised the first sound festival in the Netherlands:The Claxon Sound Festival.  Waisvisz had a passionate dedication to a physical, bodily approach to electronic music which he has expressed in the use and presentation of his many developments of hardware and software instruments. From his point of view electronic music is created in direct musical interaction with individual technology, allowing for instant travels into sound through improvisation. This multidimensionality in electronic musical practice has been summed up in the expression of Touch in an essay together with Joel Ryan and Sally Jane Norman in 1998.

Musical instruments.

Hardware Instruments: "TapePuller (1970):" an instrument to play seated, pulling a tape with both feet over the tapehead, thus using the recording medium in a performative manner.  "CrackleBox (1974):" a portable instrument with batteries and a built-in speaker. The oscillator is played by the direct touch of the fingers on the exposed contacts of the circuit. The player's skin becomes part of the circuit.  "CrackleSynth (1974):" Michel Waisvisz' individual synthesizer. After bending a VCS3 Synth (the "Putney") in the early 70s to play it with a touchable "crackle" surface, this three voiced instrument became Michel Waisvisz' synthesizer development. It has 12 keys with tuning knobs combined with three crackle-patches.  "The Hands (1984):" One year after the MIDI standard had been introduced, Waisvisz built the first experimental interface making use of sensor data converted into MIDI. The two wooden frames attached to both hands let him play music with hand and arm movements, tilting gestures, and fingered playing. Converting analog sensor data into digital musical data has become a major issue at STEIM in the 1990s, introducing the mini computer The SensorLab.

Software instruments.

He has also worked on the creation of software instruments, developed with STEIM's programmer Frank Baldé: Software for the Mac, processing live audio input, or data from the memory in a most versatile way. Converting sensor data into musical data today can be done by every laptop computer.  The Energetica Project (since 2005) "Energetica" is Waisvisz' vision of electricity provided for electronic instruments by the effort of the player him/ herself, theoretically developed in the last years of his life. As he has always fought pre-configurations and built-in directions in technology, the subjection to the communal power supplies.  Michel Waisvisz' collaborations include performances with Maarten Altena, Laurie Anderson, Tarek Atoui, Frank Baldé, Lodewijk de Boer, Willem Breuker, Peter Brötzmann, Najib Cheradi, John Cameron (Claw Boys Claw), Truus de Groot, Gunter Hampel, Paul Hubweber, Shelley Hirsch, Mazen Kerbaj, Steve Lacy, Misha Mengelberg, Patrizia van Roessel, Joel Ryan, Christine Sehnoaui, Fausto Senese, Shusaku, Laetitia Sonami, DJ sniff, DJ Spooky, Richard Teitelbaum, Moniek Toebosch, Jan St. Werner, Frans Zwartjes.

Michel Waisvisz (8 July 1949, Leiden – 18 June 2008, Amsterdam) was a Dutch composer, performer and inventor of experimental electronic musical instruments. He was the artistic director of STEIM in Amsterdam from 1981, where he collaborated with musicians and artists from all over the world.

Michel Waisvisz (* 8. Juli 1949 in Leiden, Südholland; † 18. Juni 2008 in Amsterdam) war ein holländischer Komponist, Improvisator und Entwickler elektronischer Musikinstrumente.


Professional wrestling career.

Mil Máscaras made his professional wrestling debut on July 20, 1963 in Pachuca. Máscaras became popular in Mexico for being one of the best conditioned luchadores in the heavyweight division, which was dominated by foreigners at the time. It was also his size which permitted him to wrestle in the US and Japan under the heavyweight division. Máscaras was one of the first masked luchadores outside of Mexico to play a non-heel role. He rarely resorted to rule breaking, instead relying on his repertoire of moves and counter-moves. Máscaras was also one of the first wrestlers to introduce the high-flying moves of lucha libre, such as the plancha and tope suicida, to Japanese fans. This brought him international fame as one of the first high-flyers, something he was not considered in Mexico where he fell under the mat-power category.  Máscaras made his international wrestling debut in 1968 at the Olympic Auditorium in Los Angeles, getting involved in rivalries against the likes of Ernie Ladd, John Tolos, Black Gordman and Goliath. In Mexico City, he unmasked El Halcon in a triangular tournament that included Alfonso Dantés in the 1970s. Owing to the limited spread of news at the time, he repeated the feat in a Japanese ring, winning by submission.  Máscaras performed for All Japan Pro Wrestling (AJPW) during the '70s. In his Japanese debut on February 19, 1971, he defeated Kantaro Hoshino in Tokyo. It was during this time that he had his best known international feud with American masked wrestler The Destroyer. During the '70s, Máscaras also had feuds with Mexican wrestlers such as TNT, Canek, El Halcon, and Angel Blanco. These feuds took place mostly in Mexico and the US, and were broadcast on Spanish language stations in the U.S. Máscaras was also the heavyweight champion of the IWA wrestling promotion, which was founded by Eddie Einhorn, and still holds the title to this day.  In 1974, Máscaras was World Champion for the short-lived International Wrestling Association promotion based in New York City. He had major title defenses against competitors such as Ivan Koloff and Ernie Ladd.  Mil Máscaras appeared in World Wrestling Federation (WWF, now called WWE). He performed at Madison Square Garden several times after a ban on masked wrestlers was lifted for him, making him the first masked wrestler in the Garden, he defeated The Spoiler (who was not permitted to wear his mask). During this time, he feuded with Superstar Billy Graham over the WWF World Heavyweight Championship. Máscaras made many appearances during the 80s and the 90s at the World Wrestling Council in Puerto Rico.  Máscaras also wrestled in World Championship Wrestling (WCW), where his most notable match was a match with Cactus Jack at "" on February 6, 1990 in the Memorial Coliseum in Corpus Christi, Texas.  On September 10, 1991, at the age of 49, Máscaras won his final title, the WWA (Mexico) World Heavyweight Championship. He held the title until 1994 and assumed a state of semi-retirement after his final reign.  Máscaras' first American pay-per-view appearance was competing in WWF's 1997 "Royal Rumble" match. He eliminated himself, diving off the top rope out of the ring onto Pierroth Jr., whom he himself had just eliminated. Such a move is common in lucha libre but it is technically a mistake in the Royal Rumble as it leads to elimination.  On December 5, 2002, Máscaras defeated Manny Fernandez at the inaugural show for Legacy Wrestling Enterprises in Fort Worth, TX. On July 25, Mascaras celebrated his 50th in-ring anniversary to the day by teaming with his brother Sicodelico and his nephew El Hijo De Dos Caras to face one of his greatest rivals, Canek, along with Negro Navarro and Rey Bucanero in a special six man tag.

Film career.

Máscaras also starred in a series of 20 luchador action films beginning with his self-titled debut in 1966 at age 24. In 1966, Mexican movie producer Luis Enrique Vergara was looking for a new "enmascarado" to star in his wrestling/horror movies which were then the rage of Mexican cinema. Mil Máscaras was the first Lucha Libre personality that was created specifically to be a movie star, since his whole persona and flashy look was designed initially for the movies. (His real life wrestling career followed and grew out of the excitement generated by his film appearances.) Vergara's two regular movie stars had suddenly become unavailable. Santo had walked out on him over a contract dispute, and Blue Demon was injured unexpectedly and would require a prolonged time-out. Not wanting to stop making his successful cinematic quickies, Vergara decided to transform Lucha Libre newcomer Mil Máscaras as the star of his next two movies. Mil began a movie career that has continued to this day, appearing in a total of 20 Mexican horror/wrestling/action films.  The first film, simply entitled "Mil Mascaras" (1966) was shot in black & white, and made Mil out to be a sort of super-hero. The film gave Mil Máscaras a comic book-style origin story, which seems to have been somewhat swiped from the then-popular "Doc Savage" pulp novels that were selling very well in science-fiction bookstores in the mid-60's. According to the script, Mil was an infant who was found clutched in his dead mother's arms in a war-torn area of Europe during World War 2 and was sent to an orphanage. A group of scientists (not affiliated with any particular country) adopts the boy, secretly using him as a guinea pig, subjecting the child to an intensive regimen of physical exercise and mental training as he matures.  When he reaches adulthood, Mil is something of a superman (although without actual super powers); both his mind and his body have been developed to perfection. The scientists then send him out into the world to help downtrodden people everywhere, to fight criminals and to right wrongs, and just basically help make the world a better place.  The plots of the first two films were rather lackluster. In both "Mil Mascaras" (1966) and its sequel "Los Canallas" (also 1966), Mil gets to fight a rather ordinary gang of thugs and a crooked fight promoter who are bullying the locals in some backwater burg in Mexico. Mil's second film "Los Canallas" and all of them thereafter were shot in Color.  Federico Curiel directed Mil's next two films in 1968, both of which feature American horror star John Carradine as a bad guy. Mil's missions were becoming a bit more meaningful by this time. In "Enigma of Death", Mil faces off against Carradine who plays the leader of an underground Nazi organization (who disguises himself as a circus clown!), while in "Las Vampiras", Mil goes up against a secret cult of female vampires led by a very manic Carradine.  In 1970, Curiel directed Mil in two of his team-up movies. "The Mummies of Guanajuato" teamed Mil up with both Blue Demon and El Santo in what became the highest-grossing Mexican wrestler film of all time, pitting the three enmascarados against a group of re-animated mummies.  "The Champions of Justice" (also 1970) saw Mil in action with fellow wrestlers Blue Demon, Tinieblas, El Medico Asesino and La Sombra Vengadora (who all joined together as sort of a super-team to fight monsters, mad scientists, criminals, evil dwarves or whatever else crossed their paths.) The producers employed a gaggle of masked midget wrestlers in a number of their luchador films in the 70s.  Over the next few years, a number of other team-up movies were made, most co-starring Mil Máscaras, who by this time was becoming the King of the Team-up Movies. "Champions of Justice Return" (1972) was very similar to the first Champions film, only with El Fantasma Blanco sitting in for El Medico Asesino, El Rayo de Jalisco replacing Tinieblas, and El Avispon Escarlata replacing La Sombra Vengadora. (Mil didn't appear in the third and final "Champions" film because it would've involved traveling to a foreign country where it was filmed.)  However, in 1973, he teamed up again with Tinieblas and El Fantasma Blanco in two more films, "Macabre Legends of the Colony" and "The Mummies of San Angel" (which both resemble "Champions Of Justice" films, in spite of the Blue Demon's conspicuous absence from the casts). "Theft of the Mummies of Guanajuato" (1972) teamed up Mil with the Blue Angel and El Rayo De Jalisco.  Mil then co-starred with super-star strongman Sergio Oliva in "Black Power" (1973). He fought alongside the then-famous Superzan in "Vampires of Coyoacan" (1973) and later joined forces once again with El Santo and Blue Demon in 1977's "Mystery in Bermuda", which most Mexi-cinema fans consider to be the last real entry in the then fading Mexican wrestling/horror genre.  Mil also appeared in a solo movie of his own, "A Rose in the Ring" (1972) and years later, he even teamed up with Santo's son El Hijo del Santo in "The Lawless Frontier" (1983), making Mil Máscaras the only Mexican superhero to ever co-star with both Santos, father and son. In the late 80's, Mil appeared in two more wrestling films, "La Verdad de la Lucha" and "La Llave Mortal".  Mil's film career lay dormant after 1990 for 17 years, but he more recently resumed appearing in movies. In 2007, Máscaras starred in "Mil Mascaras vs. the Aztec Mummy" (also known as "Mil Mascaras: Resurrection"), the first lucha film featuring any of the so-called "Big Three" stars of the genre (Máscaras, Blue Demon, Santo) to be produced in English. The film screened at festivals around the world garnering awards and award nominations along with positive critical reviews. The film enjoyed almost continuous popularity and publicity for several years after its debut, including two magazine cover articles as late as 2012. He also appeared in a 2008 film entitled "Academy of Doom", and a 2015 film called "Aztec Revenge".

Criticism.

Máscaras has drawn criticism from fellow wrestlers such as Mick Foley and Chris Jericho for his unwillingness to sell moves and put opponents over. In a 2007 shoot interview, Superstar Billy Graham said that, during their series of matches, Máscaras was unwilling to sell properly. In September 2012, while announcing an Alberto Del Rio match at WWE's "Night of Champions" pay-per-view, John Layfield called Máscaras "the most egomaniacal, selfish human being that ever lived."  Máscaras has attributed these claims to cultural differences in the sport, saying:

Legacy.

In 1975, Máscaras was voted "The Most Popular Wrestler of the Year" by the company that now publishes the US magazine Pro Wrestling Illustrated. Satoru Sayama, the original Tiger Mask, has described Máscaras' impact on Japanese professional wrestling, "If it weren't for Mil Máscaras, there would be no Jushin Liger, no Último Dragón or the Great Sasuke today,". Máscaras' success in the US also paved the way for other luchadors such as Rey Mysterio Jr., who has become one of the most popular luchadors in US wrestling. Even after reaching the age of 70 Máscaras continues to perform sporadically. In 2001, he was inducted into the Southern California Pro-Wrestling Hall of Fame.  In 2006, Máscaras was honored by the Cauliflower Alley Club, a fraternal organization of both retired and active wrestlers. The Destroyer, one of Máscaras legendary rivals, presented him with an award at the event. The Destroyer also commented on Máscaras' wrestling style, "He was the best competitor that I ever wrestled. He never gave you anything – it's true – but I didn't give him anything either. You talk about a shoot or a half-shoot, and that's the kind of match that it was."  On October 7, 2011, Máscaras returned to Japan to celebrate the 40th anniversary of his debut in the country. He teamed with Dos Caras and Original Tiger Mask to defeat CIMA, Último Guerrero and Tiger Mask IV in a six-man tag team match.  In April 2012, Máscaras was inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame by his nephew Alberto Del Rio.

Personal life.

Máscaras has never been unmasked in the ring, and like most masked luchadores, he goes to great lengths to conceal his true appearance and personal life. Máscaras has two brothers who wrestled, Dos Caras and Sicodélico. He has two sons and two daughters with his first wife, who died in 1975, and two daughters with his second wife, whom he married in 1995. His nephews are Alberto Del Rio (also known as Dos Caras Jr., El Hijo de Dos Caras, and Alberto El Patrón); the current El Hijo de Dos Caras; Sicodélico Jr.; and Hijo Del Sicodelico.  Máscaras is an avid golfer and plays in many charity golf tournaments around the world, including the annual Los Angeles Police Memorial Foundation Celebrity Golf Tournament.  Along with pro wrestling, Máscaras is a fan of Japanese martial arts, and has practised judo, aikido, jujutsu, karate and kendo, among others. He trained jujutsu under a Mitsuyo Maeda student, and also trained under Professor Tanaka. Máscaras started learning martial arts as a counter to shoot attempts, and recalls several wrestlers who tried to shoot on him and whom he had to legitimately submit.

Mil Máscaras (born Aarón Rodríguez Arellano, July 15, 1942) is a Mexican luchador (professional wrestler). He is regarded as one of the greatest wrestlers of the lucha libre tradition in Mexico - along with El Santo and Blue Demon - and has been described as the first international superstar of Lucha Libre. Máscaras is considered one of the most influential wrestlers of all time for enhancing and popularizing the lucha libre style around the world, both in the ring and as the star of 20 films. He is also an accomplished artist and cultural ambassador for his native country and has appeared on three of its postage stamps. Although he has never been unmasked and his true identity is generally kept a secret out of respect for Lucha Libre traditions, his real name is known due to appearing in the credits of the films he has starred in. His ring name is Spanish for "Thousand Masks".

Aaron Rodriguez Arrelano (* 15. Juli 1942 in San Luis Potosí, Mexiko) bekannt als Mil Máscaras ist ein ehemaliger Wrestler und Schauspieler.


History.

The channel was launched in summer 2005 and aired internationally from 2006. In 2014 the channel had a new logo. That same year its sister channel Ariana News, broadcasting news all day, was launched.

Programming.

ATN has social, cultural, political and entertaining programs focusing to show pure Afghan culture. Some long running shows include "Entekhāb-e Binendahā" ("Viewer's Choice", a music show), Parwāna-hā ("Butterflies", a children's show), "Cinemā", "Warzesh" ("Sports"), "Setārahā-ye Rangin" ("Colored stars", a music show) and the annual "ATN Awards".  "59-Minute Duel" is a popular cooking show airing since 2011 in which two rival cooks have exactly 59 minutes to cook a three part course for the judges. Every week, a unique ingredient would be provided, and the meals had to be based around it. The prize is the title of "The Golden Chef", awarded to the winner after the scores had been given by the usually celebrity judges. On many occasions, the chefs would be an Afghan and a foreigner, such as a soldier from the American or British base.  Ariana has also been the product of a well known comedy character "Motakhases", who appeared on the former "Khanda Hāy-e Girya Dār" comedy show and later on "Hekāyat Hāye Motakhases".  Other airing programs of Ariana Television Network are:

Former notable programming.

Ariana Television Network has aired various Indian soap dramas, some of which achieved high popularity in Afghanistan.

2008 journalist arrest.

Ariana Television Network gained international attention when Mohammad Nasir Fayyaz, a journalist and presenter of Ariana's hard-talk political debate show "Haqiqat" ("The Truth" in English), was detained by Afghan authorities on July 29, 2008. Fayyaz was critical of members of the country's cabinet at the time. He was detained by the intelligence agency National Directorate of Security (NDS) whilst he was presenting the show, and was released after one day but again returned to detention. Amnesty International warned the Afghan government to protect press and media freedom from the NDS. He was eventually released without charge and continued to present "Haqiqat".

Ariana Television Network (ATN) (Persian/Pashto: ) is a private television network based in Kabul, Afghanistan. The channel was launched by Afghan-American Ehsan Bayat (owner of Afghan Wireless Communication Company) in 2005 and started broadcasting internationally the following year. ATN is one of the leading television channels in Afghanistan and has terrestrial coverage in 33 of 34 provinces in the country. Viewers in Europe and North America can watch ATN's programs via Hotbird and Galaxy 25 satellites.

Ariana Television Network (ATN) auch Ariana TV genannt, ist eine private Fernsehstation in der afghanischen Hauptstadt Kabul, die zusammen mit der Ariana Radiostation das Ariana Television Network bildet. Das Programm von ATN umfasst die Bereiche Ausbildung, Gesundheit, Kinder, Frauen sowie weltweite Themen.


Battle.

The Wu king Sun Quan ordered Zhou Fang to lay a trap for the Wei general Cao Xiu by pretending to defect to Wei. Cao Xiu was deceived into leading his troops straight into Wan (皖; present-day Qianshan County, Anhui). Sun Quan then appointed his general Lu Xun as Grand Chief Controller and ordered him to lead an attack on Cao Xiu. On the way to Wan, Cao Xiu fell into an ambush by Wu forces. He was unable to gain the upper hand in battle so he ordered a retreat to Shiting. In the middle of the night, the Wei soldiers started panicking and many of them deserted and abandoned their weapons, armour, and equipment.  After his defeat, Cao Xiu wrote a memorial to the Wei emperor Cao Rui to apologize for his failure and requesting to be punished. After realising that he had been tricked by Zhou Fang, Cao Xiu felt too ashamed to turn back. Thinking that he had more troops and supplies, he chose to engage Lu Xun's army. Lu Xun personally led the central force and ordered Zhu Huan and Quan Cong to take the left and right flanks. The three armies advanced simultaneously, and decisively took on Cao Xiu's army. Following that, the Wu troops pursued the fleeing Wei forces until they reached Jiashi, where they annihilated some 10,000 enemy soldiers and obtained over 10,000 spoils of war; in addition, all of the Wei army's equipment and weaponry were looted. Lu Xun regrouped his men; and when he passed by Wuchang (武昌; present-day Ezhou, Hubei), Sun Quan instructed his attendants to shield Lu Xun with his own canopy when entering and leaving the palace doors.  Sun Quan bestowed upon Lu Xun as reward were imperial items, precious items of the finest grade. The honours Lu Xun received were matched by no one in that era.  Cao Xiu barely escaped the battlefield with his life. He died some months later from skin infections on his back resulting from the wounds he sustained during the battle.  According to legend, Cao Xiu did not believe Zhou Fang at first. Zhou Fang cut off locks of his hair to prove his "loyalty". In any case, Zhou Fang knew the terrain well, so he started to lead Cao Xiu into a clearing, where Cao Xiu could set up camp. However, before they left, Jia Kui advised Cao Xiu not to trust Zhou Fang. Cao Xiu not only did not heed Jia Kui's words, but went ahead and fell for Zhou Fang's ruse. He also removed Jia Kui from command and moved on with his 70,000 troops.  Jia Kui, who had come along with Cao Xiu, helped Cao Xiu retreat from the ambush. For this, Jia Kui received praise from the Wei emperor Cao Rui.

The Battle of Shiting (literal meaning stone pavilion) was fought between the states of Cao Wei and Eastern Wu in 228 during the Three Kingdoms period of China. The battle concluded with a Wu victory.

Die Schlacht von Shiting () fand im Jahr 228 zwischen den Streitkräften der Wei-Dynastie unter Cao Xiu und denen der Wu-Dynastie unter Lu Xun statt.


Biography.

Benjamin McLane Spock was born May 2, 1903, in New Haven, Connecticut; his parents were Benjamin Ives Spock, a Yale graduate and long-time general counsel of the New Haven Railroad, and Mildred Louise (Stoughton) Spock. His name came from Dutch ancestry; they originally spelled the name "Spaak" before migrating to the former colony of New Netherland.  As did his father before him, Spock attended Phillips Andover Academy and Yale University. Prior to that he attended Hamden Hall Country Day School. Spock studied literature and history at Yale, and also was active in athletics, becoming a part of the Olympic rowing crew (Men's Eights) that won a gold medal at the 1924 games in Paris. At Yale, he was inducted into the Eta chapter of the Zeta Psi fraternity and then into the senior society Scroll and Key. He attended the Yale School of Medicine for two years before shifting to Columbia University's College of Physicians and Surgeons, from which he graduated first in his class in 1929. By that time, he had married Jane Cheney.  Jane Cheney married Spock in 1927 and assisted him in the research and writing of "Dr. Spock's Baby & Child Care", which was published in 1946 by Duell, Sloan & Pearce as "The Common Sense Book of Baby and Child Care." The book has sold more than 50 million copies in 42 languages.  Jane Cheney Spock was a civil liberties advocate and mother of two sons. She was born in Manchester, Connecticut, and attended Bryn Mawr College. She was active in Americans for Democratic Action, the American Civil Liberties Union and the National Committee for a Sane Nuclear Policy. Jane and Benjamin Spock divorced in 1976. Following their divorce, she organized and ran support groups for older divorced women.  In 1976, Spock married Mary Morgan. They built a home in Arkansas, on Beaver Lake, where Spock would row daily. Mary quickly adapted to Spock's life of travel and political activism. She was arrested with him many times for civil disobedience. Once they were arrested in Washington, D.C. for praying on the White House lawn, along with other demonstrators. When arrested, Morgan was strip searched; Spock was not. She sued the jail and the mayor of Washington, D.C. for sex discrimination. The American Civil Liberties Union took the case, and won. Morgan also introduced Spock to massage, yoga, and a macrobiotic diet, and meditation, which reportedly improved his health. Mary scheduled his speaking dates and handled the legal agreements for "Baby and Child Care" for the 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th, and 9th editions. She continues to publish the book with the help of co-author Robert Needlman. "Baby and Child Care" still sells worldwide.  For most of his life, Spock wore Brooks Brothers suits and shirts with detachable collars, but at age 75, for the first time in his life, Mary Morgan got him to try blue jeans. She introduced him to Transactional analysis (TA) therapists, joined him in meditation twice a day, and cooked him a macrobiotic diet. "She gave me back my youth", Spock would tell reporters. He adapted to her lifestyle, as she did to his. There were 40 years difference in their ages, but Spock would tell reporters, when questioned about their age difference, that they were both 16.  For many years Spock lived aboard his sailboat, the "Carapace", in the British Virgin Islands, off Tortola. At age 84, Spock won 3rd place in a rowing contest, crossing 4 miles (6.4 km) of the Sir Francis Drake Channel between Tortola and Norman Island in 2.5 hours. He credited his strength and good health to his life style and his love for life.  Spock had a second sailboat named "Turtle", which he lived aboard and sailed in Maine in the summers. They lived only on boats, with no house, for most of 20 years. At the very end of Spock's life, he was advised to come ashore by his physician, Steve Pauker, of New England Medical Center, Boston. In 1992, Spock received the Peace Abbey Courage of Conscience Award at the John F. Kennedy Presidential Library for his lifelong commitment to disarmament and peaceable child-rearing.  Spock died at a house he was renting in La Jolla, California, on March 15, 1998. His ashes are buried in Camden, Maine.

Books.

In 1946, Spock published his book "The Common Sense Book of Baby and Child Care", which became a bestseller. Its message to mothers is that "you know more than you think you do." By 1998 it had sold more than 50 million copies, and had been translated into 42 languages.  According to the "New York Times", "Baby and Child Care" was, throughout its first 52 years, the second-best-selling book, next to the Bible. According to other sources, it was among best-sellers, albeit not second-best-selling.  Spock advocated ideas about parenting that were, at the time, considered out of the mainstream. Over time, his books helped to bring about major change. Previously, experts had told parents that babies needed to learn to sleep on a regular schedule, and that picking them up and holding them whenever they cried would only teach them to cry more and not to sleep through the night (a notion that borrows from behaviorism). They were told to feed their children on a regular schedule, and that they should not pick them up, kiss them, or hug them, because that would not prepare them to be strong and independent individuals in a harsh world. In contrast Spock encouraged parents to see their children as individuals, and not to apply a one-size-fits all philosophy to them.  By the late 1960s however, Spock's opposition to the Vietnam War had damaged his reputation; the 1968 edition of "Baby and Child Care" sold half as many copies of the prior edition. Later in life Spock wrote a book entitled "Dr. Spock on Vietnam" and co-wrote an autobiography entitled "Spock on Spock" (with Mary Morgan Spock), in which he stated his attitude toward aging: "Delay and Deny".  In the seventh edition of "Baby and Child Care," published a few weeks after he died, Spock advocated for a bold change in children's diets, recommending that all children switch to a vegan diet after the age of 2. Spock himself had switched to an all-plant diet in 1991, after a series of illnesses that left him weak and unable to walk unaided. After making the dietary change, he lost 50 pounds, regained his ability to walk and became healthier overall. The revised edition stated children on an all-plant diet will reduce their risk of developing heart disease, obesity, high blood pressure, diabetes and certain diet-related cancers. Studies suggest that vegetarians children are leaner, and adult vegetarians are known to be at lower risk of such diseases.  Spock's approach to childhood nutrition was criticized by a number of experts, including his co-author, Boston pediatrician Dr. Steven J. Parker, as too extreme and likely to result in nutritional deficiencies unless it is very carefully planned and executed, something that would be difficult for working parents.

Views.

Sudden infant death syndrome.

Spock advocated that infants should not be placed on their back when sleeping, commenting in his 1958 edition that "if [an infant] vomits, he's more likely to choke on the vomitus." This advice was extremely influential on health-care providers, with nearly unanimous support through to the 1990s. Later empirical studies, however, found that there is a significantly increased risk of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) associated with infants sleeping on their abdomens. Advocates of evidence-based medicine have used this as an example of the importance of basing health-care recommendations on statistical evidence, with one researcher estimating that as many as 50,000 infant deaths in Europe, Australia, and the US could have been prevented had this advice been altered by 1970, when such evidence became available.

Male circumcision.

In the 1940s, Spock favored circumcision of males performed within a few days of birth based on a belief that it would lower the chance of cervical cancer and avoid psychological trauma to older children. However, in the 1976 revision of "Baby and Child Care" he concurred with a 1971 American Academy of Pediatrics task force that there was no medical reason to recommend routine circumcision, and in a 1989 article for "Redbook" magazine he stated that "circumcision of males is traumatic, painful, and of questionable value." He received the first Human Rights Award from the International Symposium on Circumcision (ISC) in 1991 and was quoted saying, "My own preference, if I had the good fortune to have another son, would be to leave his little penis alone".

Social and political activism.

In 1962, Spock joined The Committee for a Sane Nuclear Policy, otherwise known as SANE. Spock was politically outspoken and active in the movement to end the Vietnam War. In 1968, he and four others (including William Sloane Coffin, Marcus Raskin, Mitchell Goodman, and Michael Ferber) were singled out for prosecution by then Attorney General Ramsey Clark on charges of conspiracy to counsel, aid, and abet resistance to the draft. Spock and three of his alleged co-conspirators were convicted, although the five had never been in the same room together. His two-year prison sentence was never served; the case was appealed and in 1969 a federal court set aside his conviction.  In 1967, Spock was pressed to run as Martin Luther King Jr.'s vice-presidential running mate at the National Conference for New Politics over Labor Day weekend in Chicago.  In 1968, Spock signed the "Writers and Editors War Tax Protest" pledge, vowing to refuse tax payments in protest against the Vietnam War, and he later became a sponsor of the War Tax Resistance project, which practiced and advocated tax resistance as a form of anti-war protest. He was also arrested for his involvement in anti-war protests resulting from his signing of the anti-war manifesto "A Call to Resist Illegitimate Authority" circulated by members of the radical intellectual collective RESIST. The individuals arrested during this incident came to be known as the Boston Five.  In 1968, the American Humanist Association named Spock Humanist of the Year. On 15 October 1969, Spock was a featured speaker at the Moratorium to End the War in Vietnam march.  In 1970, Dr. Benjamin Spock was active in The New Party serving as Honorary co-chairman with Gore Vidal. In the 1972 United States presidential election, Spock was the People's Party candidate with a platform that called for free medical care; the repeal of "victimless crime" laws, including the legalization of abortion, homosexuality, and cannabis; a guaranteed minimum income for families; and for an end to American military interventionism and the immediate withdrawal of all American troops from foreign countries. In the 1970s and 1980s, Spock demonstrated and gave lectures against nuclear weapons and cuts in social welfare programs.  In 1972, Spock, Julius Hobson (his Vice Presidential candidate), Linda Jenness (Socialist Workers Party Presidential candidate), and Socialist Workers Party Vice Presidential candidate Andrew Pulley wrote to Major General Bert A. David, commanding officer of Fort Dix, asking for permission to distribute campaign literature and to hold an election-related campaign meeting. On the basis of Fort Dix regulations 210-26 and 210-27, General David refused the request. Spock, Hobson, Jenness, Pulley, and others then filed a case that ultimately made its way to the United States Supreme Court (424 U.S. 828—"Greer, Commander, Fort Dix Military Reservation, et al., v. Spock et al."), which ruled against the plaintiffs.  Spock was the party's 1976 nominee for Vice President.

Conservative backlash.

Norman Vincent Peale was a popular preacher who supported the Vietnam War. During the late 1960s, Peale criticized the anti-Vietnam War movement and the perceived laxity of that era, placing the blame on Dr. Spock's books: "The U.S. was paying the price of two generations that followed the Dr. Spock baby plan of instant gratification of needs."  In the 1960s and 1970s, blame was placed on Spock for the disorderliness of young people, many of whose parents had been devotees of "Baby and Child Care". Vice President Spiro Agnew also blamed Spock for "permissiveness". These allegations were enthusiastically embraced by conservative adults, who viewed the rebellious youth of that era with disapproval, referring to them as "the Spock generation".  Spock's supporters countered that these criticisms betrayed an ignorance of what Spock had actually written, and/or a political bias against Spock's left-wing political activities. Spock himself, in his autobiography, pointed out that he had never advocated permissiveness; also, that the attacks and claims that he had ruined American youth only arose after his public opposition to the Vietnam war. He regarded these claims as ad hominem attacks, whose political motivation and nature were clear.  Spock addressed these accusations in the first chapter of his 1994 book, "Rebuilding American Family Values: A Better World for Our Children." The Permissive Label: A couple weeks after my indictment [for "conspiracy to counsel, aid and abet resistance to the military draft"], I was accused by Reverend Norman Vincent Peale, a well-known clergyman and author who supported the Vietnam War, of corrupting an entire generation. In a sermon widely reported in the press, Reverend Peale blamed "me" for all the lack of patriotism, lack of responsibility, and lack of discipline of the young people who opposed the war. All these failings, he said, were due to my having told their parents to give them "instant gratification" as babies. I was showered with blame in dozens of editorials and columns from primarily conservative newspapers all over the country heartily agreeing with Peale's assertions.  Many parents have since stopped me on the street or in airports to thank me for helping them to raise fine children, and they've often added, "I don't see any instant gratification in "Baby and Child Care"". I answer that they're right--I've always advised parents to give their children firm, clear leadership and to ask for cooperation and politeness in return. On the other hand I've also received letters from conservative mothers saying, in effect, "Thank God I've never used your horrible book. That's why my children take baths, wear clean clothes and get good grades in school."  Since I received the first accusation twenty-two years after "Baby and Child Care" was originally published--and since those who write about how harmful my book is invariably assure me they've never used it--I think it's clear that the hostility is to my politics rather than my pediatric advice. And though I've been denying the accusation for twenty-five years, one of the first questions I get from many reporters and interviewers is, "Doctor Spock, are you still permissive?" You can't catch up with a false accusation. In June 1992, Spock told Associated Press journalist David Beard, there was a link between pediatrics and political activism: People have said, "You've turned your back on pediatrics." I said, "No. It took me until I was in my 60s to realize that politics was a part of pediatrics."  Conservatives also criticize Spock for being interested in the ideas of Sigmund Freud and John Dewey and his efforts to integrate their philosophies into the general population. Spock wrote: John Dewey and Freud said that kids don't have to be disciplined into adulthood but can direct themselves toward adulthood by following their own will

Family.

Spock had two children: Michael and John. Michael was formerly the director of the Boston Children's Museum and since retired from the museum profession; John is the owner of a construction firm. Spock's grandson Peter, Michael's son, committed suicide on Christmas of 1983 at the age of 22 by jumping from the roof of the Children's Museum. He had been employed at the museum part-time and had long suffered from schizophrenia. This story has often been misreported as his son's suicide.

Olympic success.

In 1924, while at Yale, Spock was part of the all-Yale Men's eight rowing team at the Paris Olympics, captained by James Rockefeller, later president of what would become Citigroup. Competing on the Seine, they won the gold medal.

Benjamin McLane Spock (May 2, 1903 – March 15, 1998) was an American pediatrician whose book "Baby and Child Care" (1946) is one of the best-selling volumes in history. The book's premise to mothers is that "you know more than you think you do."

Benjamin McLane Spock (* 2. Mai 1903 in New Haven, Connecticut; † 15. März 1998 in La Jolla, Kalifornien) war ein US-amerikanischer Kinderarzt und Psychiater, der die Psychoanalyse Sigmund Freuds für die Kindererziehung anwendbar gemacht und popularisiert hat. Sein 1946 veröffentlichtes Buch "Säuglings- und Kinderpflege" hat die Erziehung der Babyboomer geprägt und ist bis heute mehr als 50 Millionen Mal verkauft worden.


Early life.

Susan Alexandra Weaver was born in the Manhattan borough of New York City on October 8, 1949, the only daughter of English actress Elizabeth Inglis (born Desiree Mary Lucy Hawkins) and American television executive Sylvester Laflin "Pat" Weaver Jr., who was president of NBC between 1953 and 1955. Her mother was from Colchester, Essex, while her father was born in Los Angeles and had Dutch, English, Scots-Irish, and Scottish ancestry, as well as roots in New England. Her uncle, Winstead Sheffield Glenndenning Dixon "Doodles" Weaver (1911–1983), was a comedian and actor. Weaver began using the name "Sigourney" in 1963, taking it from the minor "Great Gatsby" character Mrs. Sigourney Howard. She attended the Ethel Walker School, a girls' preparatory school in Simsbury, Connecticut. She also attended the Chapin School and Brearley School in Manhattan. She was reportedly tall by the age of 14, although she only grew another inch during her teens to her adult height of.  In 1967, at the age of 18, Weaver visited Israel and volunteered on a kibbutz for several months. She attended Sarah Lawrence College in Yonkers, New York. In 1972, she graduated with a BA in English from Stanford University, where she first began her involvement in acting while living in the co-ed Beta Chi Community for the Performing Arts. She earned her MFA at Yale University's School of Drama in 1974, where one of her appearances was in the chorus in a production of Stephen Sondheim's version of the musical "The Frogs", and another was in a mob of Roman soldiers alongside Meryl Streep in another production. Weaver later acted in original plays by her friend and classmate Christopher Durang. She appeared in an off-Broadway production of Durang's comedy "Beyond Therapy" in 1981, which was directed by then-fledgling director Jerry Zaks.

Career.

Weaver's first role is often said to be in Woody Allen's comedy "Annie Hall" (1977) playing a non-speaking role opposite Allen. Weaver appeared two years later as Warrant Officer / Lieutenant Ripley in Ridley Scott's blockbuster film "Alien" (1979), in a role initially designated to co-star British-born actress, Veronica Cartwright, until a late change in casting. Cartwright stated to World Entertainment News Network (WENN) that she was in England ready to start work on "Alien" when she discovered that she would be playing the navigator Lambert in the project, and Weaver had been given the lead role of Ripley. She reprised the role in the three sequels of the "Alien" movie franchise, "Aliens", "Alien 3", and "Alien Resurrection". Ty Burr of "The Boston Globe" states, "One of the real pleasures of "Alien" is to watch the emergence of both Ellen Ripley as a character and Sigourney Weaver as a star."  In the sequel "Aliens" directed by James Cameron, critic Roger Ebert wrote, "Weaver, who is onscreen almost all the time, comes through with a very strong, sympathetic performance: She's the thread that holds everything together." She followed the success of "Alien" appearing opposite Mel Gibson in "The Year of Living Dangerously" released to critical acclaim and as Dana Barrett in "Ghostbusters" and "Ghostbusters II".  By the end of the decade, Weaver appeared in two of her most memorable and critically acclaimed performances. In 1988, she starred as primatologist Dian Fossey in "Gorillas in the Mist". The same year, she appeared opposite Harrison Ford in a supporting role as Katharine Parker in the film "Working Girl". Weaver won Golden Globe Awards for Best Actress and Best Supporting Actress for her two roles that year. She received two Academy Award nominations in 1988, for Best Supporting Actress for her role in "Working Girl" and Best Actress for "Gorillas in the Mist".  She gave birth to a daughter in 1990, taking a few years' break from the movie business and focusing on her family. She returned to the big screen with "Alien 3" (1992) and Ridley's Scott's "" (1992) in which she played the role of Queen Isabella. In the early 1990s, Weaver appeared in several films including "Dave" opposite Kevin Kline and Frank Langella. In 1994, she starred in Roman Polanski's drama "Death and the Maiden" as Paulina Escobar. She played the role of agoraphobic criminal psychologist Helen Hudson in the movie "Copycat" (1995).  Throughout the 1990s decade, Weaver also concentrated on smaller and supporting roles such as "Jeffrey" (1994) with Nathan Lane and Patrick Stewart. In 1997, she appeared in Ang Lee's "The Ice Storm". Her role in "The Ice Storm" as Janey Carver, earned her another Golden Globe nomination for Best Supporting Actress (1997), and won her a BAFTA Award for Actress in a Supporting Role. In 1999, she co-starred in the science fiction comedy "Galaxy Quest" and the drama "A Map of the World", earning her another Golden Globe nomination for Best Actress, for the latter film.  In 2001, Weaver appeared in the comedy "Heartbreakers" playing the lead role of a con-artist alongside Jennifer Love Hewitt, Ray Liotta, Gene Hackman and Anne Bancroft. She appeared in several films throughout the decade including "Holes" (2003), the M. Night Shyamalan horror film "The Village" (2004), "Vantage Point" (2008), and "Baby Mama" (2008).  In 2007, Weaver returned to Rwanda for the BBC special "Gorillas Revisited", in which Weaver reunites with the Rwandan apes from the film "Gorillas in the Mist", some 20 years later.  In 2009, Weaver starred as Mary Griffith in her first made-for-TV movie, "Prayers for Bobby", for which she was nominated for an Emmy Award, Golden Globe Award, and Screen Actors Guild Award. She also made a rare guest appearance on television playing herself in season 2 episode of the television series "Eli Stone" in the fall of 2008. She reunited with "Aliens" director James Cameron for his film "Avatar" (2009), with Weaver playing a major role as Dr. Grace Augustine, leader of the AVTR (avatar) program on the film's fictional moon Pandora.  Weaver has done voice work in various television series and in animated feature films. In February 2002, she featured as a guest role in the "Futurama" episode "Love and Rocket", playing the female Planet Express Ship. In 2006, she was the narrator for the American version of the BBC Emmy Award-winning nature documentary series "Planet Earth", with the original British series version was narrated by David Attenborough. In 2008, Weaver was featured as the voice of the ship's computer in the Pixar and Disney release, "WALL•E". In 2008, she voiced a narrating role in the computer-animated film, "The Tale of Despereaux" (2008), based on the novel by Kate DiCamillo. The film opens with Weaver as narrator recounting the story of the pastel-hued Kingdom of Dor.  Weaver has hosted two episodes of the long-running NBC sketch show "Saturday Night Live": once on the 12th-season premiere in 1986, and again, on a season 35 episode in January 2010. In March 2010, she was cast for the lead role as Queen of the Vampires in Amy Heckerling's "Vamps". She was honored at the 2010 Scream Awards earning The Heroine Award which honored her work in science fiction, horror and fantasy films.  In September 2011, it was confirmed that Weaver will be returning to "Avatar 2", with James Cameron stating that "no one ever dies in science fiction." In 2014, he revealed that she would be featured in all three sequels.  In 2014, Weaver reprised the role of Ripley for the first time in 17 years by voicing the character in the video game "". Her character has a voice cameo in the main story, and has a central role in the two DLCs set during the events of "Alien", with most of the original cast voicing their respective characters.  Weaver appeared in the film "" (2014) playing Tuya, directed by Ridley Scott, alongside Christian Bale, Joel Edgerton and Ben Kingsley.  In 2015, she co-starred in Neill Blomkamp's science-fiction film "Chappie", and stated that she would agree to appear in an "Alien" sequel, provided that Blomkamp directs. On February 18, 2015, it was officially announced that an "Alien" sequel will be made, with Blomkamp slated to direct. On February 25, 2015, Weaver confirmed that she would reprise her role as Ellen Ripley in the new "Alien" film. On January 21, 2017, in response to a fan question on Twitter asking what the chances were of his Alien project actually happening, Blomkamp responded "slim".  Principal photography for "Avatar 2" and "Avatar 3" started on September 25, 2017, with Weaver returning; however, she stated that she would portray a different, currently unknown character.  On June 7, 2019, Weaver confirmed that she will be reprising her role as Dana Barrett in "" which is due for release in March 2021.  On September 23, 2019 Variety reported that Sigourney Weaver and Kevin Kline are set to reunite once more (after "Dave" and "The Ice Storm") for "The Good House", a drama from Steven Spielberg's Amblin Partners and Universal Pictures.

Personal life.

Weaver has been married to stage director Jim Simpson since October 1, 1984. They have one daughter, born in 1990.  After making "Gorillas in the Mist", Weaver became a supporter of the Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund and is now its honorary chairwoman. She was honored by the Explorers Club for this work, and is considered to be an environmentalist. In October 2006, she drew international attention through a news conference at the start of a United Nations General Assembly policy deliberation. She outlined the widespread threat to ocean habitats posed by deep-sea trawling, an industrial method for catching fish. On April 8, 2008, she hosted the annual gala of the Trickle Up Program, a non-profit organization focusing on those in extreme poverty, mainly women and disabled people, in the Rainbow Room.  In 2009, Weaver signed a petition in support of Roman Polanski, calling for his release after he was arrested in Switzerland in relation to his 1977 charge for drugging and raping a 13-year-old girl; she had previously starred in his 1994 film "Death and the Maiden".  Weaver is a longtime friend of Jamie Lee Curtis, with whom she starred in the romantic comedy "You Again" (2010). In a 2015 interview together, Curtis admitted to Weaver that she never saw "Alien" in its entirety because she was too scared. In 2017, Weaver made a cameo on the English television series "Doc Martin". She revealed that the reason behind her appearance was her 40-year friendship with "Doc Martin" star Selina Cadell.

Susan Alexandra "Sigourney" Weaver (born October 8, 1949) () is an American actress. Weaver is considered to be a pioneer of action heroines in science fiction films. She is known for her role as Ellen Ripley in the "Alien" franchise, which earned her an Academy Award nomination in 1986 and is often regarded as one of the most significant female protagonists in cinema history.

Sigourney Weaver (* 8. Oktober 1949 als "Susan Alexandra Weaver" in New York) ist eine US-amerikanische Schauspielerin. Seit ihrem Mitwirken in der "Alien-Saga" gilt sie als einer der ersten weiblichen Actionstars der internationalen Kinogeschichte. Sie war dreimal für einen Oscar nominiert.


History of use.

Classical.

The name Irminones or Hermiones comes from Tacitus's "Germania" (AD 98), where he categorized them as one of the tribes descended from Mannus, and noted that they lived in the interior of Germany. Other Germanic groups of tribes were the Ingvaeones, living on the coast, and Istvaeones, who accounted for the rest. Tacitus also mentioned the Suebi as a large grouping who included the Semnones, the Quadi and the Marcomanni, but he did not say precisely to which (if any) of the three nations they belonged.  Pomponius Mela wrote in his "Description of the World" (III.3.31) in reference to the Kattegat and the waters surrounding the Danish isles (see the Codanus sinus): "On the bay are the Cimbri and the Teutoni; farther on, the farthest people of Germania, the Hermiones." Mela then begins to speak of the Scythians.  Pliny's "Natural History" (4.100) claimed that the Irminones included the Suebi, Hermunduri, Chatti, and Cherusci.

Medieval.

In the so-called Frankish Table of Nations (c. 520), probably a Byzantine creation, the son of Mannus who was the ancestor of the Irminones is named Erminus (or Armen, Ermenius, Ermenus, Armenon, Ermeno, as it appears in various manuscripts). He is said to have fathered the Ostrogoths, Visigoths, Vandals, Gepids and Saxons. In a variation on the table that appears in the "Historia Brittonum", the Vandals and Saxons have been replaced by the Burgundians and Langobards.  They may have differentiated into the tribes Alamanni, Hermunduri, Marcomanni, Quadi, Suebi by the first century AD. By that time the Suebi, Marcomanni and Quadi had moved southwest into the area of modern-day Bavaria and Swabia. In 8 BC, the Marcomanni and Quadi drove the Boii out of Bohemia.  The term Suebi is usually applied to all the groups that moved into this area, though later in history (around 200 AD) the term Alamanni (meaning "all-men") became more commonly applied to the group.  "Jǫrmun", the Viking Age Norse form of the name "Irmin", can be found in a number of places in the "Poetic Edda" as a by-name for Odin. Some aspects of the Irminones' culture and beliefs may be inferred from their relationships with the Roman Empire, from Widukind's confusion over whether Irmin was comparable to Mars or Hermes, and from Snorri Sturluson's allusions, at the beginning of the "Prose Edda", to Odin's cult having appeared first in Germany, and then having spread up into the Ingvaeonic North.

The Irminones, also referred to as Herminones or Hermiones (), were a large group of early Germanic tribes settling in the Elbe watershed and by the 1st century AD expanding into Bavaria, Swabia and Bohemia. Notably this included the large sub-group of the Suevi, that itself contained many different tribal groups, but the Irminones also for example included the Chatti.

Die Herminonen (lat. "Herminones") waren eine Gruppe germanischer Stämme. Der Name wird nur von drei antiken Autoren des 1. Jahrhunderts n. Chr. überliefert, Tacitus, Plinius und Pomponius Mela.