Early life.

Donald Johnston was born in Ottawa, Ontario. He attended McGill University receiving his BA and graduating as a Gold Medallist from the University's Faculty of Law in 1958, receiving his BCL. In 1958, Johnston went on to pursue advanced studies in economics and political science in Grenoble.

Early legal career.

In 1961, he joined the Montreal-based law firm of Stikeman Elliott, practicing business and tax law. In 1973, he was a founding partner of Johnston Heenan Blaikie, along with Roy Heenan and Peter Blaikie. From 1964 to 1977, he was a lecturer in fiscal law in the Faculty of Law of McGill University.

Political career.

Johnston was first elected to the House of Commons of Canada in a 1978 by-election in Westmount in Montreal, Quebec, as a candidate of the Liberal Party of Canada. As a member of the cabinet of Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau from 1980 to 1984, Johnston successively held the positions of President of the Treasury Board, Minister of State for Science and Technology, and Minister of State for Economic and Regional Development.  When Trudeau announced his retirement in 1984, Johnston ran to succeed him as Liberal leader and prime minister in that year's Liberal leadership convention. Johnston came in third in a field of seven behind John Turner and Jean Chrétien. Johnston served as Minister of Justice and Attorney General in the short-lived Turner government until its defeat in the 1984 federal election.  In opposition Johnston and Turner split over the issue of the Canada-U.S. Free Trade Agreement and the Meech Lake Accord: In an attempt to reconcile the divided Liberal caucus on these issues, Turner decided to support the Accord and oppose Free Trade. Johnston was opposed to the Accord and for Free Trade, and, on January 18, 1988, resigned from the Liberal caucus to sit as an "Independent Liberal" until retiring from Parliament when the 1988 general election was called.  Johnston returned to the Liberal fold in 1990, after Turner's resignation as leader, and served two terms as president of the Liberal Party of Canada from 1990 to 1994, seeing the party through its victory in the 1993 general election.

OECD.

In 1994, the government of Prime Minister Jean Chrétien proposed Johnston for the position of Secretary-General of the OECD. Johnston was elected to the post in November 1994 by the organization's member governments.  As the first non-European to occupy this prestigious position, Johnston began his mandate in 1996 and was elected to a second term in 2001. During his administration, the OECD represented 30 of the most advanced national economies and expanded its engagement to more than 70 non-members, with special country programs for Russia, China, Brazil and India. While the OECD is a forum for macroeconomic policy issues, it also deals with virtually all underlying structural issues including financial markets, trade and investment, taxation and corporate governance.  Under Johnston’s stewardship, the OECD took the global lead in establishing the Principles of Corporate Governance (now the world standard) and revised the Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises, the bedrock of what is now known as corporate social responsibility. The Organisation also championed the correction of international harmful tax practices and the international harmonization of competition policy, while at the same time fostering sustainable development, which Johnston introduced to the OECD shortly after his arrival. He also created the Education Directorate which introduced the Program of International Student Assessment (PISA), now the leading reference for international educational comparisons.  OECD recommendations in these areas have been critical in enabling countries to structurally adapt to the challenges of globalization while maximizing its benefits to their economies.  Johnston stepped down from his position at the OECD on May 31, 2006.

Current legal career.

In 2006, Johnston rejoined Heenan Blaikie as a member of the International Business Law Group (the firm was dissolved in 2014). He focused his practice on national and international business law, working with clients to expand their businesses in an increasingly complex and competitive global environment. He is a frequent speaker around the world, addressing a broad range of issues including climate change and energy initiatives.

Awards and distinctions.

In recognition of his accomplishments at the OECD, Johnston was awarded the Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun, the second most prestigious Japanese decoration and the highest one that can be bestowed on a non-Japanese citizen. He received the Grand-Croix de l’Ordre de Léopold II, one of the highest honorific distinctions in Belgium, given by royal decree and generally reserved for heads of state. He was also presented with the Commander’s Cross with the Star of the Order of Merit of the Republic by the President of Hungary and the Order of the White Double Cross, First Class, by the President of the Slovak Republic.  In July 2008, Johnston was appointed Officer of the Order of Canada, in recognition of his contributions to public service in Canada as well as his achievements at the OECD. He was made an Officer of the National Order of the Legion of Honour in 2011.  He has also received several honorary doctorates from McGill University, Bishop’s University, University of King’s College, McMaster University and the Economics University of Bratislava, Slovakia.  He was given the Canadian version of the Queen Elizabeth II Golden Jubilee Medal in 2002Queen Elizabeth II Golden Jubilee Medal and the Canadian Version of the Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Medal in 2012Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Medal for service to Canada.  Johnston was chair and is currently an advisor to McCall MacBain Foundation in Geneva. In addition, from 2006 until 2010, he was Chairman of the International Risk Governance Council (IRGC) in Geneva. From 2006 to 2009 he was a Distinguished Visiting Professor at Yonsei University in Seoul, South Korea, where he lectured on Sustainable Development.

Musical Composition.

"Montreal" composed by Donald Johnston (BCL ’58, BA’60, LLD’03); arranged, orchestrated and adapted by Marc Beaulieu (BMus ’80, MMus ’97); based on an earlier setting for piano and string quartet by Rafael Zaldivar (MMus ’10, DMus ‘17). Performed October 18 and 19, 2019 in Pollack Hall by the McGill Symphony Orchestra and Artistic Director Alexis Hauser. <iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/wnSBlbd9pfA" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe

Donald James Johnston, (born June 26, 1936) is a Canadian former politician, lawyer, and was Secretary-General of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) from 1996 to 2006.

Donald „Don“ James Johnston PC OC QC (* 26. Juni 1936 in Ottawa, Ontario) ist ein kanadischer Rechtsanwalt, Autor und Politiker der Liberalen Partei Kanadas, der mehrere Jahre Abgeordneter des Unterhauses, zeitweilig Minister sowie zwischen 1996 und 2006 Generalsekretär der Organisation für wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit und Entwicklung (OECD) war.


Synopsis.

Fafnismal begins with Reginn egging on Sigurd to slay Fáfnir, a golden hoard guarding dragon. Sigurd hides in a pit near Fafnir's lair and springs out of it stabbing Fáfnir in the heart. Fáfnir, mortally wounded, converses with Sigurd in riddle-like conversation. Initially, Sigurd withholds his name because it was a belief that a mortally wounded man had special powers if he cursed his slayer by name. Fáfnir then answers Sigurd's questions of wisdom about the gods. Before dying, Fáfnir warns Sigurd that his golden hoard is cursed and that Reginn will betray him. Reginn praises Sigurd for slaying the dragon, but takes credit for making the sword that allowed him to do it. Sigurd replies saying courage is more important than a weapon and blames Reginn for tricking him into killing Fáfnir. Reginn cuts out Fáfnir's heart and drinks the blood, and Sigurd cooks the heart over the fire for Reginn to eat. Sigurd accidentally ingests Fáfnir's blood and gains the ability to understand birds. He overhears the birds saying he should eat the heart for wisdom. Sigurd also hears them say Reginn will betray him. He decapitates Reginn in anticipation, eats Fáfnir's heart, and drinks both Reginn and Fáfnir's blood. The birds then tell him of his future wife Guðrún, and suggest he use the golden hoard to win her hand. They also tell of an imprisoned Valkyrie named Brynhildr. Sigurd loads two chests with gold, takes the Helm of Terror, and takes the sword Hrotti.

"The Hobbit".

There are striking similarities between J.R.R. Tolkien's Smaug and Fáfnir. According to Ármann Jakobsson, Tolkien translates the epic poem into a modern representation of Fáfnir through Smaug. Fáfnir and Smaug are most alike in that they speak in riddles, have wisdom, and guard golden hoards. They also are very human-like, unlike dragons from other stories such as Beowulf. Further, Tolkien makes a point to show that the master of Esgaroth “fell under the dragon sickness” and died. This is similar to Fáfnir's transformation from human to dragon in order to protect his own hoard. Tolkien clearly draws inspiration from Fáfnismal for both Smaug and greed in "The Hobbit". Another similar representation of a talking Dragon written by Tolkien and clearly inspired in part by Fafnir and certainly by the larger Volsungr Saga is that of Glaurung, found in his work "The Silmarillion" (and now edited as a separate work by his son Christopher as "The Children of Hurin"). The Dragon Glaurung also speaks, uses curses and magic but most similar is the death of Glaurung by Turin Turambar stabbed from below with a cursed sword.

Fáfnismál ("Fáfnir's sayings") is an Eddic poem, found in the Codex Regius manuscript. The poem is unnamed in the manuscript, where it follows "Reginsmál" and precedes "Sigrdrífumál", but modern scholars regard it as a separate poem and have assigned it a name for convenience.

Fáfnismál (altnordisch für „Fáfnirs Rede(n)“) ist ein Heldenlied der im Codex Regius überlieferten Liederedda. Das Fáfnismál behandelt zusammen mit dem "Reginsmál" und dem "Sigrdrífomál" die Jugendtaten des Helden Sigurðr, in diesem Fall die Tötung des Drachen Fáfnir (vergleiche auch den Helden Siegfried in der Nibelungensage).


Life.

Theodorus Moretus was born in Antwerp as the son of Pieter and Henrica Plantin. Both his parents were from prominent printing families: his mother was a daughter of Christophe Plantin, the founder of the famous Plantin Press in Antwerp while his father was the brother of Jan Moretus who was initially an assistant of Plantin, married another Plantin daughter and, after taking over the Plantin Press from his father-in-law, steered the business to further success well into the 17th century. Theodorus Moretus' father was a diamond trader and cutter.  Moretus studied mathematics at the Jesuit school in Antwerp founded by François d'Aguilon. He was a student at this school for seven years. He joined the Jesuit order in Mechelen as a novice on 15 November 1618. He then studied at the University of Leuven. He took physics in 1622–1623 and studied theology from 1623 to 1627. In 1627–28 Moretus is mentioned as a teacher of syntax in Bruges. His title was Magister, which indicates he had not been formally ordained yet. His aptitude for science (particularly mathematics) was appreciated early on by Father Gregorius van St-Vincent, who had arranged for Moretus to be able to continue his studies in Louvain without first having to spend a few years in colleges. Gregorius van Vincent also arranged for Moretus to send dissertations on mathematical subjects to Christoph Grienberger, the chair of mathematics at the Collegio Romano in Rome who reviewed them. Moretus was possibly ordained as a priest in 1628–29.  In 1629–30 Moretus was teaching in Münster. The next year he moved to Prague to join Gregorius van Vincent who had been sent there to teach mathematics. Moretus was to assist the ailing Gregorius in his teaching duties. The following year, the invasion of the Swedes and the sacking of Prague during the Thirty Years' War forced both to leave Prague. While van Vincent first went to Vienna to recover, Moretus was sent to Olomouc (now in the Czech Republic), where he taught philosophy and other subjects until 1634. By that time Moretus had acquired the title of Master in Liberal Arts and Philosophy, but it is not clear when or where he obtained the title. He returned to Prague at the end of 1634. Moretus was the author of the first mathematical dissertation ever defended in the College of St. Clement (the 'Clementinum') in Prague. The dissertation was entitled "Propositiones mathematicae de celeri et tardo, naturae et armorum" and was defended by Moretus in 1633 or 1635. The present whereabouts of the manuscript of the dissertation is not known. From 1642 to 1645, Theodorus left his teaching post as he was sent as a preacher and missionary to the home that the Jesuits owned in Brzezenica, a small town in Galicia. In 1646 he was sent back to Prague as a professor, initially, of Holy Scripture and no longer of mathematics. He also was appointed to the office of councilor of the provincial council of Bohemia. Moretus left Prague in 1653, and on 19 August of the same year, he took over the rectorate of the college of Klatovy. It was a difficult task as the little college had fallen into ruin and the new rector had to rebuild it with funds he had to find himself. He managed the college for three years. He spent the year 1657 at Neisse (now Nysa, in Poland), occupied in various apostolic ministries. From there he went to Głogów in 1658. The same year he embarked on a long journey through Bohemia, Moravia and Austria. In 1660 Moretus was for the first time attached to the College of Breslau, where he joined the apostolic ministry for the teaching of mathematics. He remained in this college for two years. He spent the year 1662 at Kłodzko but soon returned to Breslau, probably as early as 1663. It was during his stay at Kłodzko that he published his "Principatus incomparabilis primi filii hominis messiae et primae parentis Matris Virginis : in conceptione illius immaculata exhibitus" in Cologne. The "Principatus" is a work of both theology and piety and was intended to defend the thesis of the Immaculate Conception.  Moretus submitted in 1664 a paper entitled "Propositiones mathematicas ex harmonica de Soni Magnitude", which was later published. This treatise provided a mathematical analysis of the harmony of sounds. The work shows Moretus to be a follower of Pythagoras who was much attached to the old music. It is from Breslau that Moretus sent the "Tractatus physico-mathematicus de aestu mari" (Physio-mathematical Treatise of the Tides), one of his best-known works, to Antwerp for publication. In this work he explains the tides as a result of the magnetism of the moon.  Moretus died in Breslau (Wroclaw).  The lunar crater Moretus was named after him.

Work.

The scientific work undertaken by Moretus was very successful: he made various discoveries in physics and astronomy, hydraulics and music theory but mainly mathematics. His research in optics brought him even fame among such scientists as was Robert Hooke, Athanasius Kircher, Cornelis Drebbel and Jan Marek Marci.  Moretus' scientific diaries containing technical notes and drafts as well as his correspondence with eminent European scholars of that time such as Athanasius Kircher, Balthasar Conrad, Giovanni Battista Riccioli are preserved in the National Library of the Czech Republic. His extensive correspondence with his family members Balthasar Moretus I and Balthasar Moretus II who had taken over management of the Plantin Press is partially preserved in the Plantin-Moretus Museum in Antwerp.

Theodorus Moretus, also known as Theodor or Theodore Moretus (1602 in Antwerp – 1667 in Breslau) was a Flemish Jesuit priest who was also a mathematician, geometer, theologian and philosopher. He spent most of his working life in Prague and Breslau (now Wroclaw) where he taught philosophy, theology and mathematics. He published a number of treatises on these three subjects and also on physics and music theory.

Theodorus Moretus, auch bekannt als Theodor oder Theodore Moretus (* 9. Februar 1602 in Antwerpen; † 6. November 1667 in Breslau) war ein flämischer Mathematiker, Physiker und Astronom und gehörte dem Jesuiten-Orden an. Er war Professor an den Jesuiten-Hochschulen in Prag, Olmütz und Breslau.


Playing career.

Jaccard played his youth football with Étoile-Sporting and advanced to their first team in 1924. He stayed with Étoile-Sporting, who were playing in the Swiss Serie A, for two seasons. He then moved on to lower tier CS La Tour de Peilz and stayed there for nine seasons. Jaccard was called up to the Swiss national team in the 1933–34 season and played in the 1934 FIFA World Cup. After returning from Italy he was surprised by the fact that the club had transferred him to FC Montreux-Sports without him being involved or even knowing about it. Jaccard then played this one season for Montreux-Sports and at the end of the season he forced a transfer to Basel.  Jaccard joined Basel's first team, with German trainer Alwin Riemke, in their 1935–36 season. Jaccard played his domestic league debut for his new club in the away game on 22 December 1935 as Basel played against Young Boys.<ref name="fcb-achiv-yb-fcb 1935/36"></ref> He scored his first goal for Basel on 29 March 1936 in the away game against Young Fellows Zürich, where his team was beaten 2–4.<ref name="fcb-achiv-yf-fcb 1935/36"></ref>  In Basel's 1936–37 season Austrian trainer Heinz Körner took over as team manager. Körner was the tenth professional team manager/trainer in Basel's history, and their tenth foreign trainer, but he left during the season. After that Jaccard took over as player-manager. Jaccard was the club's first professional Swiss trainer. Only four consecutive victories towards the end of the campaign lifted the team to finish in joint second-last position in the league table. Because La Chaux-de-Fonds and Basel both had 20 points, they had to compete in a play-off against relegation. This play-off ended in a draw after extra time and so a replay was required. The replay was played in the Stadion Neufeld in Bern on 20 June 1937 and ended in a 1–0 victory for Basel, and so they prevented relegation.<ref name="fcb-achiv-play off fcb-lcdf 1936/37"></ref>  The following season Jaccard led his team to finish in fourth position in the league table. Jaccard himself played only in 10 of the 22 games and 9 of these were in the first half of the season. Jaccard and the team finished the 1938/39 season in last position in the table and were relegated to the 1 Liga. Jaccard then left the club and joined FC Locarno. Between the years 1935 and 1939 Jaccard played a total of 79 games for Basel scoring a total of six goals. 62 of these games were in the Swiss Serie A, six in the Swiss Cup and 11 were friendly games. He scored four goal in the domestic league and the other two were scored during the test games.

Trainer/Manager career.

After four seasons with FC Locarno Jaccard moved on and signed for Servette FC. During his first two seasons with Servette Jaccard worked as player-manager, playing at least one game in each season. In the 1945/46 season Jaccard and his team won the Swiss championship.<ref name="rsssf-Switzerland 1945/46"></ref> He stayed with Servette until the summer of 1948.  For the 1948/49 season Jaccard was appointed manager of Cantonal Neuchatel in the Nationalliga B, the second highest tier of Swiss football at that time. In their first season they finished the league in 5th position. A year later, 1949/50, they were division champions winning 19 of the 26 league games, suffering just two defeats. Jaccard had three top goal scorers in his team, Traugott Oberer scored 21 goals, André Facchinetti netted 19 times and Numa Monnard scored 10.<ref name="rsssf-Switzerland 1949/50"></ref> Cantonal suffered relegation in the 1950–51 Nationalliga A season, but Jaccard remained with the club.  One year later, however, Jaccard left and became manager of Chiasso. He remained their boss for three years, before moving to Lausanne-Sport in the summer of 1955. Two years later, Jaccard retired from football. During his time in La Tour de Peilz, Jaccard had worked in a shoe shop. During his time as Servette manager, after World War II, he opened his own shoe store, which he ran as manager even beyond his retirement age.

Titles and Honours.

Servette as manager

Fernand Alfred Jaccard (8 October 1907 – 15 April 2008) was a Swiss footballer and manager. He played as midfielder. He was born in La Chaux-de-Fonds and died in Lutry.

Fernand Jaccard (* 8. Oktober 1907 in La Chaux-de-Fonds; † 15. April 2008 in Lutry) war ein Schweizer Fussballspieler und -trainer.


The plan.

Anglo-American cooperation was prompted by the availability of British artillery and the specialised armour support of "Hobart's Funnies" (such as flail and flamethrower tanks). A two-pronged attack was planned on the salient and the temporary attachment of the 84th Infantry Division to XXX Corps, avoided problems of divided command. The British part of the operation was coordinated from 13 November to 24 November in a house at "Laurastraat" 67 in Eygelshoven (now Kerkrade).  The operation was planned to take four phases. First, on 18 November the U.S. 84th Division – commanded by Major General Alexander R. Bolling – would pass through the troops manning the frontline, advance north-east and take Prummern and the surrounding high ground, east of Geilenkirchen. Second, at midday, the British 43rd (Wessex) Infantry Division – commanded by Major-General Ivor Thomas – was to advance and capture the high ground north and west of the town (around Bauchem and Tripsrath). Once done, Geilenkirchen would be virtually encircled, and the 84th Division would occupy the town and its north-eastern suburbs (third phase) before, in the fourth phase, both divisions would advance north-east about, clearing both sides of the Wurm. The final objectives were the villages of Hoven, Müllendorf, Würm and Beeck.  For aerial support the operation had aircraft from RAF Second Tactical Air Force and the XXIX Tactical Air Command.

The defences.

The German defenders consisted of the bulk of the 176th Infantry Division, northwest of Geilenkirchen, and the extemporised 183rd "Volksgrenadier" Division, in the town and southeast of it. "General der Infantrie" Günther Blumentritt—commander of the XII SS Corps which the 176th and 183rd were subordinate to —had placed the bulk of his artillery in the area.  South-east of Geilenkirchen, deep minefields had been laid from Geilenkirchen to Jülich, via Immendorf and Puffendorf, about. The area was at the point where a new section of the "Westwall", built while Aachen held out, joined the established defences. "Westwall" used the compact, stone-built buildings in the villages, which had been fortified, and purpose-built concrete bunkers.

The attack.

Opening moves.

At 06:00, before dawn, on 18 November, giant searchlights ("canal defence lights") of the 357th Searchlight Battery, Royal Artillery provided hazy indirect light for the mine-clearing flail tanks supporting the infantry. These tanks moved toward the German mine field between Geilenkirchen and Immendorf, but, on the wet ground, mud lessened the flails′ effectiveness and so engineers followed with mine detectors.  After a brief artillery bombardment, the 334th Infantry Regiment advanced through the cleared strips at 07:00 and easily secured the high ground east of Geilenkirchen. The right flank gave some concern to U.S. commanders as a counter-attack was expected and fresh German troops appeared to be in the area; the advance to Prummern was delayed until the flank was secured. When the attack resumed, supported by British Sherman tanks, there was steady progress and the regiment′s objectives were achieved by late afternoon.  The British attack north and west of the town also achieved its objectives by nightfall. The Worcestershire Regiment advanced on Tripsrath, capturing its intermediate objectives of Rischden and intervening woods with little opposition and few casualties. The preparatory bombardment had reduced the Germans′ will to resist and rain had exposed much of the minefields. The rain, however, also made it difficult to bring-up armoured support, anti-tank guns and supplies. An unsupported British advance on a copse—using Universal Carriers—was engaged by two self-propelled guns and forced back, with heavy casualties.  Despite further counter-attacks and "friendly fire" casualties, the Worcestershires occupied Tripsrath after dark, aided by artillery, and held most of the village sometimes with Germans as next-door neighbours.

Increased resistance.

Given the first day′s success, XXX Corps′ commander—Lieutenant General Brian Horrocks—directed that the last two phases—3 and 4—should be combined on the 19th. In order to facilitate this, the U.S. 84th Division continued its advance toward Süggerath, instead of consolidating overnight. A reconnaissance patrol toward Beeck, however, reported an impending German counter-attack on Prummern by two companies of the 9th "Panzer" Division′s 10th "Panzergrenadier" Regiment, with six tanks. The night attack was fought off, but the American advance toward Beeck was delayed until just before dawn on the 19th. Resistance in Prummern continued until 20 November, when it was finally cleared with the support of British Churchill Crocodile flamethrower tanks: the adjacent high ground, "Mahogany Hill", which had held out for two days, was finally captured by an American surprise attack on 22 November.  On the 19th, the Worcestershires had been denied supply and support by the lack of a usable supply route, but they fought off a counter-attack by the 104th Panzer Grenadier Regiment of the 15th "Panzergrenadier" Division. Five Shermans of the 4th/7th Royal Dragoon Guards—equipped for traversing mud—arrived, but four were almost immediately knocked out by artillery and a "Panzerfaust". A second German attack, on Rischden, this time supported by two Tiger II tanks and two self-propelled guns, was engaged by PIATs, anti-tank guns and tanks that had arrived and by flanking fire from Tripsrath and it was beaten off with severe losses for the Germans.  Events in the Prummern area had made American commanders cautious, particularly as there was now a gap in the American line between the 84th Division and the U.S. 2nd Armored Division distant at Apweiler. This was plugged by the temporary attachment of the 405th Infantry Regiment.

Geilenkirchen captured.

Geilenkirchen itself was subdued relatively easily by the 333rd Infantry Regiment on 19 November, but the Allied advance suffered from the lack of artillery support which had been held back by the fear of friendly fire incidents, as had occurred earlier in the British sector. Two troops of tanks from the British Sherwood Rangers Yeomanry provided close support, although they could not make up entirely for lack of artillery. From Geilenkirchen, the advance continued northeast along the Wurm toward Süggerath. Crocodiles subdued the increasing German resistance, especially two pillboxes guarding the road into Süggerath. "A few squirts from the flame-throwers, and the Germans poured out... The bastards are afraid of those flame-throwers and won’t be caught inside a pillbox...", said one U.S. company commander. The capture of Geilenkirchen opened a supply route to Tripsrath. German artillery heavily bombarded Tripsrath for the next four days, but, sheltering in basements, the British infantry suffered few losses. On the other hand, German defenders of the neighbouring hamlet of Bauchem were subdued by a ferociously effective and uniquely concentrated four-hour artillery bombardment on the 20th, and advancing infantry occupied it with no effective resistance.  The lead battalion of the 333rd passed through Süggerath, by-passing determined German strongholds. Augmented by a second, fresh battalion, Süggerath was cleared during the night of 19/20 November. The 333rd Infantry was still over a mile short of its final objective of Würm, but there was the possibility of establishing a coherent frontline with XXX Corps on its left and 334th Infantry Regiment on its right. The weather, however, intervened.

Rain intervenes.

Intermittent showers were followed by a downpour on 21 November, turning the fields into mudbaths that rendered the tanks ineffective and vulnerable. The direct road to Würm was mined and an alternative side road was blocked by debris and could not be cleared until a bulldozer was used. The U.S. infantry attempted to advance but, without tanks, they were beaten back. When the British Crocodiles were able to advance and assault the defences, there was rapid progress, with defenders surrendering. The mud intervened again, however, bogging down the Crocodiles′ armoured trailers. Without their support, infantry attacks on Müllendorf failed, particularly as the German defences had been strengthened by the 15th "Panzergrenadier" Division.  A flanking attack by the U.S. 405th Infantry Regiment toward Beeck on 22 November similarly bogged down against prepared defences. On the other side of the Wurm, British assaults were also beaten off by strengthened resistance.

Operation ended.

Despite the frustrations of 21–22 November, and the failure to capture the final objectives, the purpose of the operation had, in fact, now been achieved. The Geilenkirchen salient had been substantially removed and the U.S. XIII Corps now had room to manoeuvre. The 84th Infantry Division reverted to U.S. command and further attacks were abandoned on the 23rd.  On 23 November, the Worcestershires were relieved by 5th Battalion of the Wiltshire Regiment, who had been holding the village of Birgden for the last 12 days. This was welcome for the Worcester men who had suffered continuous shelling in their forward positions in Tripsrath and Rischden.

Order of battle.

Allied.

British XXX Corps

German.

XII SS Corps

References.

Citations  Bibliography

During the Second World War, Operation Clipper was an Allied offensive by the British XXX Corps (which included the American 84th Infantry Division) to reduce the Geilenkirchen salient in mid-November 1944. "Clipper" was the preliminary to a wider Allied operation, Operation Queen, to gain control of the Roer valley and of the Hürtgen Forest.

Die Operation Clipper war eine alliierte Offensive an der Westfront des Zweiten Weltkriegs im November 1944. Sie wurde geführt vom britischen XXX Corps, dem die US-amerikanische 84th Infantry Division angeschlossen war. Die Offensive fand vom 10. bis zum 22. November 1944 statt. Dabei wurde der deutsche Frontvorsprung um Geilenkirchen () beseitigt, der in die Front der Alliierten hineinragte.


Early years.

Urecal was born in Eureka, California in 1894. She later formed her stage name by combining letters from the names of her hometown and state.

Career.

Urecal was originally a vaudeville performer before venturing into radio and stage, later making her film debut in 1933. She played largely uncredited roles such as secretaries, laundresses and frontierswomen. She began working in television in the 1950s, favoring Westerns.  From 1932 to 1937, Urecal portrayed Mrs. Pasquale on the "Sunday Night Hi-Jinks" radio program.  On television Urecal played Maw Bowie, mother of the title character, in "The Adventures of Jim Bowie" (1956-1958). She guest-starred on CBS's "My Friend Flicka", "The Roy Rogers Show", The Lone Ranger, and the syndicated "The Range Rider". She also had a recurring role in the 1953-1954 situation comedy "Meet Mr. McNutley" in the role of Josephine Bradley, the dean of a women's college. The program was broadcast on CBS radio and CBS-TV. She also played Billie the Barber in the 1950 episode of "The Lone Ranger" as "Billie the Great".  In 1957, Urecal had her only starring television role on the syndicated "The Adventures of Tugboat Annie", playing the title character originally performed by Marie Dressler in the film "Tugboat Annie" in 1933 and continued by Marjorie Rambeau and Jane Darwell in two movie sequels. Later, in 1957, Urecal appeared as a landlady in the "Perry Mason" episode "The Case of the Fan Dancer's Horse". She then succeeded actress Hope Emerson, as nightclub owner "Mother", on the private detective series "Peter Gunn".  Urecal appeared on the Walter Brennan ABC sitcom "The Real McCoys" in the series' 1960 episode "The Gigolo" and in the Western series "Whispering Smith" in the episode "Swift Justice". She was cast as a maid in the 1961 episode "Call Me Mother" of the CBS sitcom "Angel", starring Annie Fargé. In 1965 she made her second appearance on "Perry Mason", this time as Martha Glenhorn in "The Case of the Lover's Gamble". Her final television appearance was the following year, when she played Mrs. Griffin on an episode of the rural sitcom "Petticoat Junction".

Personal life and death.

Urecal was married to Max Holtzer.  Urecal died in 1966 from a heart attack in Glendale, California, aged 71.

Minerva Urecal (born Minerva Dunnock; September 22, 1894 – February 26, 1966) was an American stage and radio performer as well as a character actress in Hollywood films and on various television series from the early 1950s to 1965.

Minerva Urecal (* 22. September 1894 in Eureka, Kalifornien; † 26. Februar 1966 in Glendale, Kalifornien; eigentlich "Minerva Holzer") war eine US-amerikanische Schauspielerin.


Overview.

The European Market Infrastructure Regulation (EMIR) is a body of legislation for over-the-counter (OTC) derivatives, central counterparties and trade repositories. EMIR was introduced by the European Union (EU) as implementation of the G20 commitment to reduce systemic, counterparty and operational risk, and increase transparency in the OTC derivatives market. It was also designed as a preventative measure to avoid fallout during possible future financial crises similar to the collapse that followed the Lehman Brothers bankruptcy in 2008.  It establishes common rules for central counterparties, which interpose themselves between involved parties in a contract to serve as the focal point of each trade, and trade repositories, which collect and maintain all records of trades. EMIR requires the reporting of all derivatives, whether OTC or exchange traded, to a trade repository. EMIR covers entities that qualify for derivative contracts in regards to interest rate, equity, foreign exchange, or credit and commodity derivatives. It also outlines three sets of obligations, including the clearing, reporting and risk mitigation of applicable products.  EMIR's set of obligations were designed to take effect on a phased basis over a period of several years.

Key aspects.

Entities that qualify for EMIR must report every derivative contract they enter into to a trade repository. They must also implement new risk management standards according to EMIR, including operational processes and margining related to their bilateral OTC derivatives. EMIR also covers trades that are not cleared by a central counterparty, and entities that qualify must submit all OTC derivatives subject to a mandatory clearing obligation for review. Counterparties must file reports wherever they enter into derivatives transactions, in the European Economic Area or elsewhere.

Clearing.

The European Securities and Markets Authority (ESMA) applies mandatory clearing obligations for specific OTC derivative contracts if a contract has been assigned a central counterparty under EMIR. The obligations require that over-the-counter derivatives trades are cleared through central counterparties. EMIR granted a temporary exemption from these guidelines to pension funds until August 2017. This exemption was further extended in a review of the regulation until 18 June 2021.  All parties involved in trades must submit timely notifications of approaching, exceeding, and no longer exceeding the clearing threshold as defined by EMIR. This clearing regulation applies to financial counterparties such as banks, insurers, and managers of assets, as well as non-financial counterparties.

Reporting.

EMIR requires that all entities entering into derivative contracts must submit reports to their corresponding trade repositories, outlining each over-the-counter trade. These mandatory reports must also include a Unique Transaction Identifier (UTI), legal entity identifier (LEI), information on the trading capacity of the counterparty, and the marked-to-market valuation of the position. The counterparty data in a report includes 26 fields for data and the common data includes 59 fields of data. These fields include an LEI, or a unique 20 digit alphanumeric code that may be used for eight of the 26 counterparty data fields, and the unique trade identifier, which are generated based on the report's LEI.  Block trades, which are large-scale transactions of shares, and any subsequent allocations must be reported to the fund manager, but block trades concluded by a TR are not subject to the obligation. If the block trade is allocated to the manager’s individual funds on the trade date, only the allocations need to be reported. In the event that the block trade is not allocated on the trade date, the block itself must be reported with the fund manager as counterparty.

Risk mitigation.

One of EMIR's central purposes is to manage and avoid systemic risk. EMIR, and other legislation like it, aim to reduce systemic risk in part by increasing regulations on clearing and trading, which decreases returns and industry efforts. Under EMIR, the risk mitigation regime applies to contracts involving both EU countries and over the counter derivative contracts involving third country entities. The risk mitigation standards outlined in EMIR's Article 11 impose risk management regulation on bilaterally cleared derivatives, as these derivatives are not appropriate for standard central counterparty clearing.  EMIR also advises against front-loading over the counter derivatives, or applying any associated fees to sellers alone, as this practice typically increases systemic risk. Other risk mitigation techniques as defined by EMIR include timely submission of reports and confirmations of adherence to regulation by all counterparties, and open reconciliation and compression of portfolios between involved parties. Other techniques include a new dispute resolution process, daily market reports and exchanges and the public exchange of collateral between parties.

History.

Level 1.

EMIR Regulation No 648/2012, as EMIR is referred to in European legal documentation, was implemented in 2012 through the standard co-decision procedure of the Council of the European Union, and the European Parliament, which set out a detailed framework for the legislation.  The European Securities and Markets Authority (ESMA) began developing technical standards on regulation of OTC derivatives, central counterparties and trade repositories to implement EMIR in February 2012. ESMA released a discussion paper on the topic, and in March 2012, the Authority held a public discussion in Paris to receive input on the questions put forth in the discussion paper.

Level 2.

On June 25, 2012, ESMA released a consultation paper publicizing its proposed technical standards. In July, ESMA hosted another open hearing in Paris. The authority released a final draft technical standards to the European Commission on September 27, 2012.  EMIR entered into force on August 16, 2012, but most of its provisions only began to apply after a regulation's technical standards take place. These technical standards were adopted by the European Commission on December 19, 2012.  After more discussion and public reports, EMIR was published in the Official Journal of the European Union on July 27, 2012, and the technical standards of EMIR came into effect on March 15, 2013.  Many involved parties expressed difficulty reporting during the first six months of the regulations being in effect, and many experienced delays in reporting.  In July 2013, the European Commission adopted a Delegated EMIR Regulation to include the central banks and debt management offices in Japan and the United States to be exempt from EMIR. On July 12, 2013, ESMA published a discussion paper specifically describing the clearing obligation as defined by EMIR. The discussion was closed on September 16, 2013.  In August 2013, UK Parliament reviewed a second EMIR statutory instrument, which outlines additional supervisory and enforcement powers allotted to central counterparties during trading and clearing.  In September 2013, new obligations embedded into EMIR took effect, requiring EU banks and their counterparties to discuss and agree on processes and procedures for portfolio reconciliation and dispute resolution of derivatives executed in the OTC market. In October 2013, in response to the reported difficulties, ESMA announced that trade repositories should send back incomplete reports to counterparties, asking for their rectification, instead of trying to reconcile them. In November 2013, ESMA published the final draft on EMIR's technical standards in regards to non-EU counterparties. In January 2014, mandatory transaction reporting for OTC derivatives began under EMIR.  On October 1, 2014, ESMA began a consultation on EMIR's clearing obligation. The consultation closed on November 6, 2014. ESMA published the eleventh iteration of its Q&A report on EMIR on October 24, 2014. In the report, ESMA announced that any third country firm not originally subject to EMIR trade reporting obligations that subsequently becomes a financial counterparty subject to EMIR must comply with the EMIR reporting obligation in respect of all outstanding derivatives contracts.  ESMA conducted another consultation on the technical standards of reporting under EMIR between November 10, 2014 and February 3, 2015.  Mandatory reporting for exchange-traded derivatives began in January 2015, and in February of the same year, a European Commission report recommended an extension to the exemption until August 2017. As of March 2015, EMIR's regulations are under analysis in regards to pension funds, with the possibility of extending the extension to 2018. As of May 5, 2015, ESMA has been discussing a fourth consultation, this time revisiting the clearing obligation under EMIR. The 2013 report on clearing indicated a need for further analysis of the classes of OTC interest rate derivatives denominated in other currencies than the ones included in the first report, and the 2015 consultation is expected to present new analysis and invite discussion on these other currencies. The consultation is expected to conclude on July 15, 2015.

Level 1 Review.

A review of the regulation was published in the EU Official Journal on May 28, 2019. The review, known as EMIR Refit, was proposed by the European Commission to minimise the compliance burden on small financial and non-financial counterparties. Among other changes, the thresholds to be subject to the clearing obligations have been revised and a obligation for financial counterparties to report trades on behalf of non-financial counterparties has been introduced.

The European Market Infrastructure Regulation (EMIR) is a body of European legislation for the regulation of over-the-counter derivatives. It was originally adopted by the EU legislature on July 4, 2012 and came into force on August 16, 2012. Its full technical standards were adopted by the European Commission on December 19, 2012 and came into effect on March 15, 2013.

Die Verordnung (EU) Nr. 648/2012 (Marktinfrastrukturverordnung), Langname Verordnung (EU) Nr. 648/2012 des Europäischen Parlaments und des Rates vom 4. Juli 2012 über OTC-Derivate, zentrale Gegenparteien und Transaktionsregister, ist eine EU-Verordnung zur Regulierung des außerbörslichen Derivatehandels. Über die Abkürzung EMIR für die inoffizielle englische Bezeichnung'hat auch die Kurzbezeichnung EMIR-Verordnung weite Verbreitung gefunden. Die Verordnung regelt den außerbörslichen Handel mit Derivaten. Kern der Regulierung ist die Verpflichtung der Marktteilnehmer zum Clearing ihrer außerbörslichen Standard-Derivatgeschäfte über einen Zentralen Kontrahenten sowie die Meldung dieser Geschäfte an ein Transaktionsregister. Mit der Umsetzung der Marktinfrastrukturverordnung ist die Europäische Wertpapier- und Marktaufsichtsbehörde (ESMA) betraut.


History.

Prior to the discovery of the microbial loop, the classic view of marine food webs was one of a linear chain from phytoplankton to nekton. Generally, marine bacteria were not thought to be significant consumers of organic matter (including carbon), although they were known to exist. However, the view of a marine pelagic food web was challenged during the 1970s and 1980s by Pomeroy and Azam, who suggested the alternative pathway of carbon flow from bacteria to protozoans to metazoans.  Early work in marine ecology that investigated the role of bacteria in oceanic environments concluded their role to be very minimal. Traditional methods of counting bacteria (e.g., culturing on agar plates) only yielded small numbers of bacteria that were much smaller than their true ambient abundance in seawater. Developments in technology for counting bacteria have led to an understanding of the significant importance of marine bacteria in oceanic environments.  In the 1970s, the alternative technique of direct microscopic counting was developed by Francisco "et al." (1973) and Hobbie "et al." (1977). Bacterial cells were counted with an epifluorescence microscope, producing what is called an "acridine orange direct count" (AODC). This led to a reassessment of the large concentration of bacteria in seawater, which was found to be more than was expected (typically on the order of 1 million per milliliter). Also, development of the "bacterial productivity assay" showed that a large fraction (i.e. 50%) of net primary production (NPP) was processed by marine bacteria.  In 1974, Larry Pomeroy published a paper in BioScience entitled “The Ocean’s Food Web: A Changing Paradigm”, where the key role of microbes in ocean productivity was highlighted. In the early 1980s, Azam and a panel of top ocean scientists published the synthesis of their discussion in the journal "Marine Ecology Progress Series" entitled “The Ecological Role of Water Column Microbes in the Sea”. The term ‘microbial loop’ was introduced in this paper, which noted that the bacteria-consuming protists were in the same size class as phytoplankton and likely an important component of the diet of planktonic crustaceans.  Evidence accumulated since this time has indicated that some of these bacterivorous protists (such as ciliates) are actually selectively preyed upon by these copepods. In 1986, "Prochlorococcus", which is found in high abundance in oligotrophic areas of the ocean, was discovered by Chisholm, Olson, and other collaborators (although there had been several earlier records of very small cyanobacteria containing chlorophyll b in the ocean). Stemming from this discovery, researchers observed the changing role of marine bacteria along a nutrient gradient from eutrophic to oligotrophic areas in the ocean.

Factors controlling the microbial loop.

The efficiency of the microbial loop is determined by the density of marine bacteria within it (Taylor and Joint 1990). It has become clear that bacterial density is mainly controlled by the grazing activity of small protozoans and various taxonomic groups of flagellates. Also, viral infection causes bacterial lysis, which release cell contents back into the dissolved organic matter (DOM) pool, lowering the overall efficiency of the microbial loop. Mortality from viral infection has almost the same magnitude as that from protozoan grazing. However, compared to protozoan grazing, the effect of viral lysis can be very different because lysis is highly host-specific to each marine bacteria. Both protozoan grazing and viral infection balance the major fraction of bacterial growth. In addition, the microbial loop dominates in oligotrophic waters, rather than in eutrophic areas - there the classical plankton food chain predominates, due to the frequent fresh supply of mineral nutrients (e.g. spring bloom in temperate waters, upwelling areas). The magnitude of the efficiency of the microbial loop can be determined by measuring bacterial incorporation of radiolabeled substrates (such as tritiated thymidine or leucine).

Importance in marine ecosystems.

The microbial loop is of particular importance in increasing the efficiency of the marine food web via the utilization of dissolved organic matter (DOM), which is typically unavailable to most marine organisms. In this sense, the process aids in recycling of organic matter and nutrients and mediates the transfer of energy above the thermocline. More than 30% of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) incorporated into bacteria is respired and released as carbon dioxide. The other main effect of the microbial loop in the water column is that it accelerates mineralization through regenerating production in nutrient-limited environments (e.g. oligotrophic waters). In general, the entire microbial loop is to some extent typically five to ten times the mass of all multicellular marine organisms in the marine ecosystem. Marine bacteria are the base of the food web in most oceanic environments, and they improve the trophic efficiency of both marine food webs and important aquatic processes (such as the productivity of fisheries and the amount of carbon exported to the ocean floor). Therefore, the microbial loop, together with primary production, controls the productivity of marine systems in the ocean.  Many planktonic bacteria are motile, using a flagellum to propagate, and chemotax to locate, move toward, and attach to a point source of dissolved organic matter (DOM) where fast growing cells digest all or part of the particle. Accumulation within just a few minutes at such patches is directly observable. Therefore, the water column can be considered to some extent as a spatially organized place on a small scale rather than a completely mixed system. This patch formation affects the biologically-mediated transfer of matter and energy in the microbial loop.  More currently, the microbial loop is considered to be more extended (Kerner, Hohenberg, Ertl, Reckermannk, Spitzy 2003). Chemical compounds in typical bacteria (such as DNA, lipids, sugars, etc.) and similar values of C:N ratios per particle are found in the microparticles formed abiotically. Microparticles are a potentially attractive food source to bacterivorous plankton. If this is the case, the microbial loop can be extended by the pathway of direct transfer of dissolved organic matter (DOM) via abiotic microparticle formation to higher trophic levels. This has ecological importance in two ways. First, it occurs without carbon loss, and makes organic matter more efficiently available to phagotrophic organisms, rather than only heterotrophic bacteria. Furthermore, abiotic transformation in the extended microbial loop depends only on temperature and the capacity of DOM to aggregate, while biotic transformation is dependent on its biological availability (Kerner, Hohenberg, Ertl, Reckermannk, Spitzy 2003).

The microbial loop describes a trophic pathway in the marine microbial food web where dissolved organic carbon (DOC) is returned to higher trophic levels via its incorporation into bacterial biomass, and then coupled with the classic food chain formed by phytoplankton-zooplankton-nekton. The term microbial loop was coined by Farooq Azam and Tom Fenchel et al. to include the role played by bacteria in the carbon and nutrient cycles of the marine environment.

Die Mikrobielle Schleife (aus dem englischen: "microbial loop") beschreibt einen Stoffkreislauf im Nahrungsnetz des marinen Planktons, in dem gelöste, organische Kohlenstoffverbindungen durch Bakterien aufgenommen und entlang der klassischen Nahrungskette Phytoplankton-Zooplankton-Nekton weitergereicht werden. Der Begriff Mikrobielle Schleife wurde durch Farooq Azam "et al." (1983) geprägt, um die Bedeutung von Bakterien in den Stoffkreisläufen mariner Ökosysteme zu beschreiben.


Plot.

The film's story intercuts between a Nazi concentration camp in Poland, in 1944 and New York City in 1976.  In 1944, Tomasz Limanowski, a captured member of the Polish resistance, manages to aid the resistance from inside a concentration camp, where his slave labor includes supervising distribution of loaves of bread. His resistance task in the camp has been to capture photos of the horrifying war crimes taking place and smuggle out the negatives that will reveal the crimes to the outside world.  This is unknown to Hannah Silberstein, a young German Jew in the work camp with whom Tomasz is in love and who has recently discovered she is pregnant. Every night, Tomasz buys off his officemate with a bottle of vodka so that he and Hannah can be alone together in the office in which Tomasz works with the SS, and they share bread that Tomasz has stolen for them.  In 1976, interwoven scenes open the story on the day that Hannah Levine, living in Brooklyn, New York with a successful husband and their grown daughter, discovers that Tomasz, who for 30 years she had believed was dead, is alive. While preparing for a celebratory dinner party for her husband and running an errand at a local dry cleaners, Hannah sees Tomasz in an interview on TV and instantly recognizes him as he shares his story about their love with the interviewer. In a daze, Hannah rushes home, experiencing reactivated trauma that she had shelved, unable to keep her mind on the evening's party and raising the concerns of her family and guests at her distractedness. She desperately calls the Red Cross that day, for the first time since 1946, when her initial search for Tomasz had led to a dead end.  Cutting back to 1944, we see Tomasz implementing a plan for their salvation with the help of fellow inmates, gaining access to an SS uniform and paperwork. On the day of the escape, terrified that it is happening too quickly to be fully prepared, Tomasz dresses up as an SS officer and demands that Hannah follow him, all the while terrified that he will be exposed as a Polish prisoner. Tomasz walks her to the exit of the camp where another SS officer comments that he'd like to rape her; Tomasz barely holds his cover and coldly insists that he have Hannah first. The guard, not picking up on Tomasz's limited German, acquiesces, and Tomasz and Hannah successfully march down the road until out of sight and run off into the woods.  They run for weeks, ending up in Tomasz's hometown, at his mother's house. Tomasz's mother, Stefania, does not approve of Hannah, as the latter is both German and a Jew, and furiously insists that Hannah will cause trouble for their family. Hannah, weak and distressed by the outburst, miscarries the same night that a car is ready to take Tomasz to Warsaw, where he must deliver the photos to his brother, who is in the homeland army. With no other option, Tomasz leaves Hannah in his mother's care and tells his neighbor and family friend, Janusz, to take Hannah to the home of Tomasz's sister-in-law, Magdalena, where Hannah can hide more safely. Tomasz assures Hannah he will only be gone for a few days.  Tomasz winds up being gone for a long while. During her recovery at Stefania's, Hannah comes to experience the woman's full animosity when Stefania attempts to have a German officer discover Hannah, but Hannah suspects her motives and hides. Disgusted at this betrayal, Hannah leaves immediately afterward, taking a photo of Tomasz that his mother had kept framed in a place of honor. Hannah goes to Magdalena's home to wait for Tomasz but is still forced to hide from the world.  When Czeslav, Tomasz's brother, returns home from Warsaw, hopes for Tomasz's return are high. However, after a month of the three living together, Czeslav comes to believe that Tomasz must be dead, a belief that Hannah refuses to accept.  Things are tense but harmonious until Stefania shows up at their home, claiming that the Russians took over her home. She soon turns against Magdalena, accusing her of having brought misfortune to the family and criticizing her for letting Hannah live in the house.  Shortly afterward, the Russians show up at their home and take Czeslav and Magdalena to a Soviet work camp; Stefania and Hannah are left behind. Hannah cannot stay with Tomasz's mother, knowing she cannot trust her, and believes it will be for the best if she returns home to Berlin. She trudges off in winter snow and nearly dies but for a passing Red Cross van that happens upon her.  Back to 1976, Hannah has success - the Red Cross has tracked Tomasz down in Poland. She works up the courage to call him; both are in complete shock that the other has survived. Tomasz initially thinks it is a hoax, but Hannah persists. They speak briefly, and Hannah tells him for the first time that she had been pregnant, a revelation too much for her to bear herself, and she hangs up, promising to call again. A brief flashback reveals that long after Hannah returned to Berlin, Tomasz returned home to find only his mother, who told him that Czeslav and Magdalena had been sent to a work camp, and (disingenuously) that Hannah had died.  Back in 1976, after a wrenching outing of her secret search that anguishes her husband and daughter, Hannah's husband encourages her to go see this man who saved her. Hannah travels to Poland to visit Tomasz, who has a grown daughter of his own and is separated from his wife. The movie ends with Hannah and Tomasz seeing each other after Hannah has just gotten off the bus and Tomasz has come by car to pick her up.

Production.

The filmmakers call "Remembrance" "a story about the effects of chance and the notion of the path not taken and the life not lived."  Pamela Katz, who wrote the screenplay, has extensively researched Germany's pre-war and wartime history but admitted to feeling some trepidation about the prospect of writing a film about Auschwitz, especially one that entertained the possibility of love and freedom. However, her research unearthed four instances of couples who escaped the camp in 1944, the year in which "Remembrance" is set, and she incorporated into the script some of the facts she found.

See also.

Jerzy Bielecki (1921-2011)

Remembrance ( "The Lost Time") is a 2011 German drama film directed by Anna Justice. A German-Jewish young woman and Polish young man fall in love and escape a Nazi concentration camp. As the film prologue notes, it is based on the true story of Jerzy Bielecki and Cyla Cybulska.

Die verlorene Zeit heißt ein 2011 unter der Regie von Anna Justice gedrehtes deutsches Filmdrama zum Holocaust. Die Hauptrollen sind mit Alice Dwyer, Mateusz Damiecki, Dagmar Manzel und Susanne Lothar besetzt. Das Drehbuch von Pamela Katz orientiert sich an Jerzy Bieleckis Buch "Wer ein Leben rettet – Die Geschichte einer Liebe in Auschwitz". Im Vorspann des Films heißt es „Nach wahren Ereignissen“ und im Nachspann „Unser besonderer Dank gilt Jerzy Bielecki“.


Biography.

Nabia Abbott was born on January 31, 1897 in Mardin, Ottoman Empire. Her father was a Christian merchant whose business activities brought his family first to Mosul, then to Baghdad and finally to Bombay. There she attended various English-language schools. In 1919 she completed her undergraduate studies with honours at the Isabella Thoburn College in Lucknow.  After her graduation, Nabia returned for a short time to Mesopotamia. She worked there in education for women. The politician and orientalist Gertrude Bell offered her friendship and supported her in her research.  In 1923, Abbott moved with her family to the United States. She received a master's degree in 1925 from Boston University. From 1925 to 1933, she taught history at Asbury College in Wilmore, Kentucky, rising to head of the Department of History. In 1933 she joined the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago to begin her doctoral studies under Martin Sprengling. She became a Professor of Islamic Studies at the Oriental Institute in 1949. In 1963, after retirement, she became Professor Emerita.  Nabia Abbott died in Chicago on 15 October 1981.

Research.

Papyrology.

Nabia Abbott's concentration was in Arabic and Islamic studies. The Oriental Institute had a large collection of early Islamic papyri and documents on paper and parchment. Abbott published these documents and helped expand the Institute's collection.

Arabian Nights.

In al-Maqqari's "History of Spain Under the Moslems", there is a reference to the existence of a 12th-century work titled "Thousand and One Nights". Abbott notes this in her documentation of the early evolution of the tales. Among other conclusions, she showed that the Arabian Nights borrows the framing tale (around which are accumulated Arabised and original Arabian stories) from the "Hezar Afsaneh", an Indo-Persian collection of tales.  Abbott published an essay in 1949 about a 9th-century fragment of the Arabian Nights, which contains the title and first page of the works. She demonstrated its assistance in elucidating early Arabic palaeography as well as the development of early Islamic books in paper. She proved it was nearly a century older than earliest known references to the Arabian Nights, and established a chronology of the evolution of the Arabian Nights, which has remained valid since then.

Hadiths.

Early generations of Western scholars of Islam, notably Ignác Goldziher and Joseph Schacht, had introduced a scepticism to the hadith tradition, which - as actions or habits by the Prophet Muhammad - was supposedly the basis for Islamic Law. They claimed that these originated, instead, in the first few centuries of Islam (therefore, not contemporaneous with Muhammad), and that these were attempts to shoehorn authority atop a legal foundation that had already been laid. Indeed, the hadith had been traditionally held to be of higher consequence than the opinions of the Prophet's Successors or Companions, and over time, the desire to promote certain laws over others resulted in the attribution of Successors' arguments to the Companions, and the Companions' opinions to the Prophet himself. Nabia Abbott, on the other hand, argued that hadith was an original practice in Islam, held in written form until they entered the canonical books. In answer to the question of the unavailability of these early manuscripts, she blamed the Caliph Umar, who ordered the destruction of these writings to prevent a parallel development of holy literature that might contend against the Qur'an. After his death, however, the remaining hadiths compiled by some of the Prophet's companions, formed the basis of the later collections.

Nabia Abbott (born 31 January 1897 in Mardin, Ottoman Empire; died 15 October 1981 in Chicago) was an American scholar of Islam, papyrologist and paleographer. She was the first woman professor at the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. She gained worldwide recognition for her researches into the emergence of the Arabic script and the oldest written documents of Islam. She was also a pioneer in the study of early Muslim women. Especially noteworthy was her biography of Aisha, one of the wives of the prophet Muhammad.

Nabia Abbott (* 31. Januar 1897 in Mardin, Südosttürkei; † 15. Oktober 1981 in Chicago) war eine US-amerikanische Islamwissenschaftlerin, Paläografin und Papyrologin. Sie war die erste Professorin für Orientalistik an der University of Chicago. Durch die Forschung erlangte sie auf dem Gebiet alter islamischer Schriftdokumente weltweite Anerkennung.


Tennis career.

In 1898 he reached the final of the Austrian Championship but lost in four sets to Jorge André. In 1901 he won the Adriatic Championships in Triest in a three-set match. His opponent in the final had been Miklós Horthy who later became the Regent of Hungary.  In 1903 he won the international tournament of the Magyar Athletikai Club in Budapest with a victory over Josiah Ritchie. With his compatriot Kurt von Wessely he celebrated his first important doubles title in the German International Championships. In 1904 he was defeated in the semifinals of the Austrian Championship by Josiah Ritchie in straight sets. He and von Wessely also lost the doubles final to Herbert Roper-Barrett and B.W. Frost.  Kinzl played for the Austrian Davis Cup team during the 1905 World Group semifinal against Australasia. He lost both his singles matches against Norman Brookes and Anthony Wilding as well as the doubles match with his partner Kurt von Wessely. His best result at a Grand Slam tournament was reaching the third round at the 1907 Wimbledon Championships. In 1907 he was the finalist of the Budapest International Doubles Championships partnering von Wessely but eventually lost it to Tony Wilding and Oscar Kreuzer.  In May 1908 he was runner-up at the Wiesbaden Cup having lost the final in straight sets to Anthony Wilding. In July he participated in the singles event at the Summer Olympics but lost in the first round to Wilberforce Eaves. In 1912 he clinched the title of the inaugural Academic Sports Association international tournament in Wawel.  In 1913 he captured his second German International Championships doubles trophy in Hamburg alongside von Wessely. The same year they reached the semifinals of the World Hard Court Championships.

Other.

In football, he played as the center-forward of the DFC Prague. He was an occasional football referee as well.  In civil life he was an editor-in-chief for a sport magazine called "Wiener Sporttagblattes".  He died in Vienna on 14 November 1938 of a sudden heart attack.

Rolf Kinzl, (; 19 October 1878 – 14 November 1938) was an Austrian tennis player, football player and cyclist who was active during the beginning of the 20th century.

Rolf Kinzl (* 19. Oktober 1878 in Prag; † 14. November 1938 in Wien) war um die Jahrhundertwende einer der besten Tennisspieler Österreichs.


Club career.

Arminia Bielefeld.

In the 2000–01 season, Friedrich signed his first professional contract. Hermann Gerland, head coach of Arminia Bielefeld at the time, scouted Friedrich while playing for Regionalliga club SC Verl. Because of his convincing performance, Gerland decided to bring Friedrich to Bielefeld, where he immediately became a regular starter.

Hertha BSC.

In 2002, he accepted an offer from Hertha BSC. With the Berlin club, Friedrich won the DFB-Ligapokal that year, defeating FC Bayern Munich, Borussia Dortmund, and FC Schalke 04.  In 2004–05, Falko Götz named Friedrich captain, a role he kept for the remainder of his time at Hertha. He renewed his contract with Hertha twice which was due to run until 2012 with a performance-based option for an additional year. He made 231 matches in the German top-flight for the club from the capital.

VfL Wolfsburg.

However, after Hertha's relegation in 2010, he left the club in a €2million transfer to VfL Wolfsburg, signing a three-year contract.  On 19 September 2011 he was released from his contract at Wolfsburg due to long term injury.

Chicago Fire.

In March 2012, he signed with the Chicago Fire of Major League Soccer. Friedrich made his competitive debut for Chicago in a match against the Houston Dynamo on 16 April 2012. The game ended in a 1–1 draw. Friedrich scored his first MLS goal on 12 August 2012 in a match against Philadelphia Union. Friedrich was named the club's 2012 season's Defender of the Year. At the end of 2012 season, Friedrich extended his contract with Chicago Fire until the end of 2013. Due to recurring injuries, Friedrich did not appear in any matches in 2013.

Retirement.

On 23 June 2013, Friedrich announced his retirement from professional football.

International career.

Friedrich played a total of five games for the German U-21 team, and once for the B-team known as "Team 2006".  On 21 August 2002, Friedrich made his debut for the senior team against Bulgaria with in a 2–2 draw in Sofia. His first major tournament for the national team was Euro 2004 where he appeared in all three group matches that saw the German team was eliminated. On 21 December 2004, Friedrich captained Germany in a 5–1 friendly win over Thailand in Bangkok. He has captained the team three more time since.  In 2005, Germany took part in the Confederations Cup, as upcoming World Cup hosts. Friedrich took turns with Andreas Hinkel on the right wing back position. The following year, he was part of the 23-man squad for the 2006 World Cup. Except the match for third place, which he missed due to an injury, Friedrich started all of Germany's games.  At Euro 2008, Friedrich was once again part of the German team, but was initially intended as a substitute. Following an injury to Marcell Jansen, he started the final group game and all three knock-out stage matches. The quarter-final was one of Friedrich's best international matches where he successfully shut down Portuguese star Cristiano Ronaldo.  In March 2009, German coach Joachim Löw explained that he now planned Friedrich as a centre back instead of the right wing back position.  He was part of Germany's squad in the 2010 World Cup in South Africa. After a Bastian Schweinsteiger solo run, he scored his very first international goal on his 77th appearance for Germany on 3 July 2010 in the 2010 World Cup 4–0 quarter-final win over Argentina.

After retirement.

On 28 August 2014 it was confirmed, that Friedrich was the new assistant coach of the German U18 national team. He left the position at the end of 2015. On 27 November 2019, Friedrich was hired as a performance manager at Hertha BSC under manager Jürgen Klinsmann, who was hired earlier on the same day.

Arne Friedrich () (born 29 May 1979) is a German football coach and former footballer who played as a defender. He is currently the Performance Manager of Hertha BSC.

Arne Friedrich (* 29. Mai 1979 in Bad Oeynhausen) ist ein ehemaliger deutscher Fußballspieler sowie heutiger -trainer und -funktionär. Seit dem 27. November 2019 ist er "Performance Manager" bei Hertha BSC.


Life.

Robert Goffin was born in Ohain, Belgium in 1898. His mother was unmarried, and his pharmacist grandfather supported them. In 1916, Goffin completed his humanities study at the Athenaeum of Saint-Gilles where Paul Delvaux was his classmate. Two years later, he published his first collection of poetry, "Rosaire des soirs" (Evening Rosary), while he was studying law at the Free University of Brussels (now split into the Université Libre de Bruxelles and the Vrije Universiteit Brussel).  By 1923, he was a lawyer at the Court of Appeal of Brussels, and in 1928, he married Suzanne Lagrange. During this period, his focus shifted to the new American art form, jazz, and in 1932 he published what is considered the first serious book on the new genre, "Aux Frontières du Jazz".  He was active in the Belgian resistance against the nazis, whose invasion of his country he predicted twelve months in advance, creating in 1939 the magazine "Alert", in which he advocated the abandonment of the Belgian neutrality for an alliance with France. He left Belgium for the United States at the outset during World War II, supporting himself through lectures and writing, including essays such as "Jazz: from the Congo to the Metropolitan", and novels set in German-occupied Belgium, including "La colombe de la Gestapo" ("the dove of the Gestapo") and "The White Brigade" (published in French as "Passeports pour l'Audelà").  In 1942, he collaborated with Leonard Feather to teach what is considered the first course ever on jazz history and analysis, held at the New School for Social Research in New York City.  After the war, he returned to Belgium to again take up his legal activities at the Court of Appeal of Brussels. In 1952, he joined the Royal Academy of French Language and Literature, becoming director in 1971, and director of the Belgian Pen Club in 1956. His wife Suzanne died in 1965 and in the late 1970s, Goffin began a life of semi-retirement on the shores of Lake Genval, dying in 1984.

Selected works.

Excerpt.

From the "Best Negro Jazz Orchestra":

Robert Goffin (21 May 1898 – 27 June 1984) was a Belgian lawyer, author, and poet, credited with writing the first "serious" book on jazz, "Aux Frontières du Jazz" in 1932.

Robert Goffin (* 21. Mai 1898 in Ohain (Lasne); † 27. Juni 1984 in Genval) war ein belgischer Anwalt und Schriftsteller, bekannt als Autor des ersten Sachbuchs über Jazz, "Aux Frontières du Jazz" (1932).


Club career.

Arkady Andreasyan was born in Baku, Azerbaijan SSR to an Armenian family. He was a pupil of the Neftchi Baku football school. Andreasyan moved to the Armenian SSR for his senior career when he joined Shirak Leninakan in 1965. He left Shirak after one season. Andreasyan became a member of Ararat Yerevan in 1966. He didn't get to play for Araray at all his first year and moved to Sevan Hoktemberyan in 1967 and played for the team until 1968. Once the 1969 season began, Andreasyan moved back to Ararat Yerevan. His debut match took place on 4 April 1969 in Yerevan in a match against Dynamo Kyiv. Ararat Yerevan won the 1973 Soviet Top League and the Soviet Cup in 1973 and 1975. These achievements are considered among the greatest milestones in the history of Armenian football to this day. Andreasyan played as one of the main midfielders of Ararat during these years. In the 1974–75 European Cup, Andreasyan scored the fifth and final goal in a dominant 5-0 victory over Cork Celtic. Ararat Yerevan advanced to the quarterfinals, where the team played two games against Bayern Munich, losing the first 0-2. At the second match, in Hrazdan Stadium, Yerevan, Andreasyan scored the only goal of the game at the 35th minute and Ararat Yerevan won 1-0. Bayern moved on due to aggregate and went on to win the European Cup. Andreasyan retired as a football player in 1978. He played a total of 242 matches and scored a total of 62 goals for Ararat Yerevan.

International career.

Andreasyan made his debut for the Soviet Union Olympic football team on 2 June 1971 in a match against the Netherlands, which the Soviet team won 4-0. He was a member of the Soviet Union Olympic football team that competed at the 1972 Summer Olympics. Following the Soviet national squad's only loss to Poland, they tied with East Germany in the bronze medal match, and thus both teams won bronze medals.

Managerial career.

Andreasyan became a football manager in 1979. Over the years, he managed Kotayk Abovyan, Ararat Yerevan, Spartak Hoktemberyan, Zvartnots Echmiadzin, Homenmen Beirut and Mika Yerevan. Ararat Yerevan won the 1996–97 Armenian Cup when Andreasyan was managing the team. Andreasyan became the Vice-President of Ararat Yerevan in 2009 and currently still holds the position. He assumed the role of acting manager of Ararat on March 2009 when Ashot Kirakosyan left the manager position. Andreasyan upheld the role for the rest of the year, after which Tigran Yesayan became the new manager. On 16 February 2010, Yesayan had resigned from his post as manager of Ararat Yerevan. The reason for this was because of the low quality of the preparatory process for the team during the fall and spring collections team and the lack of serious recruitment of players that would seriously strengthen the team in matches of the Armenian Premier League. A short time before the start of the next Premier League, the team training process was led by a former assistant coach Edgar Safaryan and Alyosha Abrahamyan. However, on 5 March, in the first round of the 2011 Armenian Premier League in a match against Banants Yerevan, Andreasyan was coaching Ararat Yerevan. At that time, he had not been the official head coach. Three days later, Andreasyan officially became the manager of Ararat Yerevan once again. During a break in the 6th round match between Ararat Yerevan and Pyunik Yerevan, Andreasyan, with a group of unknown assailants, reportedly beat up a photojournalist when he photographed Andreasyan. Later, Andreasyan and a group of unidentified people were prosecuted for this event. On 28 April, during a regular meeting of the Disciplinary Committee of the Football Federation of Armenia, the question of recognizing Andreasyan an unwelcome person in Armenian football for his hooliganic, obscene and unsportsmanlike conduct was discussed. In addition, for his disruptive behavior at halftime of the Ararat and Pyunik match, Andreasyan was banned for five matches and the club was fined 115,000 drams ($275). At the same time, the Ararat fan club demanded Andreasyan's resignation from the positions of head coach and vice-president of Ararat. In February 2012, Andreasyan was replaced by Albert Safaryan, a previous assistant coach of the club, as manager of Ararat Yerevan. Andreasyan didn't participate in the training and coaching duties in the previous month of January. This work was carried out by Safaryan then as well.

Personal life.

Andreasyan comes from a family of football players. His father, George Andreasyan, was a football player who played for Lokomotiv Baku in the 1937 Soviet Second League B in Group D and for Dinamo Yerevan, which won the 1936 Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic championships. He later coached Lokomotiv Baku. Arkady's uncle, Hayk Andriasyan, played for Lokomotiv Moscow and coached a number of Armenian teams. Andreasyan is married and has a son named George, who was also a football player and played for a number of Armenian clubs, including for Ararat Yerevan.

Honours.

Club.

Player  Ararat Yerevan  Manager  Ararat Yerevan

Country.

Soviet Union

Arkady Georgievich Andreasyan (, ; born on 11 August 1947) is a former Soviet Armenian football player and manager. He played as midfielder for Ararat Yerevan in most of his club career and for the Soviet Union national football team. He was a member of the Ararat Yerevan team that won the Soviet Top League in 1973 and the Soviet Cup in 1973 and 1975 and a member of the Soviet Olympic football team that won bronze at the 1972 Summer Olympics. Andreasyan was awarded the Master of Sport of the USSR title in 1971, the Honoured Coach of the Armenian SSR title in 1982 and the Order For Merit to the Fatherland of Armenia in 2011. He is currently the manager of Ararat Yerevan.

Arkadi Georgijewitsch Andreasjan (auch "Andriasjan"; ; ; * 11. August 1947 in Baku, Aserbaidschanische SSR) ist ein ehemaliger sowjetisch-armenischer Fußballspieler und heutiger -trainer.


Biography.

Henry Jones was born in London, the eldest son of surgeon Henry Derviche Jones. He attended King's College School, Wimbledon from 1842 to 1848, and entered St Bartholomew's Hospital as a student during the 1849/50 session. His signature can be seen in the hospital’s archives in the student signature book (a book that students signed when they began their studies) for the 1849/50 and 1850/1 sessions, where his address is given as 23 Soho Square.  Jones qualified MRCS (Member of the Royal College of Surgeons) in 1852 and practised medicine as a general practitioner (GP) until 1869 when he changed tack and became a full-time writer on games and sport. His writing career can be traced back to 1857 when he began writing about whist. Jones's father had been a keen devotee of this trick-taking card game, and under his tutelage, Jones had become a good player at an early age. He was a member of several whist clubs, among them the New Cavendish Club, and in 1862 he published "The Laws and Principles of Whist: Stated and Explained and its Practice Illustrated on an Original System by Means of Hands Played Completely Through by "Cavendish"", which became the leading treatise on the game. This work was followed by treatises on the laws of the card games piquet and ecarte. Jones became widely known as "Cavendish" and wrote extensively in "The Field", the world's original country and fieldsports magazine, which was founded in 1853. As "Cavendish" he also wrote on billiards, lawn tennis and croquet, and contributed articles on whist and other table games to the ninth edition (1889) of the "Encyclopædia Britannica". "Cavendish was not a law-maker, but he codified and commented upon the laws which had been made during many generations of card-playing." One of the most noteworthy points in his character was the manner in which he kept himself abreast of improvements in his favourite game.

Lawn tennis.

In 1869 Jones joined the "All England Croquet Club", which had been founded the previous year. He was later voted onto the club's committee and was Secretary for a brief period in 1871. In 1875 Jones proposed that one of the club's croquet lawns should be set aside for playing lawn tennis, which proved to be a significant step. In 1877, Club Secretary John Walsh proposed that a lawn tennis championship be held, and "Wimbledon" was born. Jones and two other prominent men, Julian Marshall and John Moyer Heathcote, formed a sub-committee to frame the rules, many of which survive today, and Jones was referee at The Championships from 1877 to 1885.  The only tournament of the inaugural 1877 Wimbledon Championship was the Gentlemen's Singles, which was won from a field of 22 competitors by Spencer Gore, an old Harrovian rackets player. The final attracted a crowd of about 200 spectators, who each paid one shilling. Today, centre court tickets for Gentleman's Finals Day cost £75.  The Ladies' Singles tournament was inaugurated in 1884 when Maud Watson became the champion from an entry of just 13 players. The same year, the Gentlemen's Doubles was started, with a trophy donated to the club by Oxford University Lawn Tennis Club following the cessation of their own doubles championship.  Henry Jones died in 1899 when the fortunes of Wimbledon were at a low ebb. Public affection for the championships had waned in the 1890s and Jones' obituaries largely ignored his role in lawn tennis.

Legacy.

Cavendish Road in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia was named after his nom de plume "Cavendish" by early residents who were keen whist players.

Henry Jones (2 November 1831 – 10 February 1899) was an English writer under the name "Cavendish", an authority on whist and other card games, tennis and other lawn games.

Henry Jones (* 2. November 1831 in London; † 10. Februar 1899 ebenda) war ein englischer Arzt und Autor. Er war maßgeblich an der Vorbereitung und Ausrichtung der ersten Wimbledon Championships beteiligt.


Design and operation.

The lower reservoir for the power station has an elbow shape and was formed with two embankment dams, one high and the other. The maximum reservoir elevation of this reservoir is. Nestled in the hills above and west of the lower reservoir are the upper reservoirs, Coo I and Coo II. Each reservoir was formed with an earth-fill dike. Coo I and Coo II have maximum reservoir elevations of and, respectively. The active (or usable) storage of the combined upper Coo reservoirs is. The lower reservoir has the same active capacity as well. Water is transferred between the reservoirs by means of two penstocks, Coo I's being long and Coo II's at in length. The power station is located underground and contains the plant's six generators. The Coo I reservoir powers three 158 MW Francis pump turbines (FPT) with Coo II consisting of three 230 MW FPTs. The change in elevation between the two reservoirs affords a hydraulic head that varies between and, the effective head is.  The plant can go from a standstill to full operation in two and half minutes and switch to pumping mode in about seven minutes. It generates about 1 million MWh annually and consumes about 20 percent more in pumping mode. The plant usually pumps during periods of low demand, such as night time, when energy is cheap which makes it profitable. Its ability to quickly adjust to power demand makes it a peaking power plant.

The Coo-Trois-Ponts Hydroelectric Power Station is a pumped-storage hydroelectric power station located in Trois-Ponts, Province of Liege, Belgium. Located next to the Amblève River, the power station uses its water to support a power scheme where water is pumped from a lower reservoir to one of two upper reservoirs known as Coo I and Coo II. When energy demand is high, water can be released from these reservoirs for power generation. The water then returns to the lower reservoir and the process repeats as needed. The same machines that pump the water to the upper reservoirs at a higher elevation are also used as generators. The plant was commissioned in two stages, Coo I (1969) and Coo II (1978). It is owned by Electrabel and has an installed capacity of 1,164 MW.

Coo-Trois-Ponts ist das größte belgische Pumpspeicherkraftwerk. Es liegt in den Ardennen und hat eine Turbinenleistung von 1.164 Megawatt, die über eine Zeit von fünf Stunden abgegeben werden kann. Es ist das neuntleistungsstärkste Pumpspeicherwerk Europas.


Geography.

Location.

The Leininger Sporn lies between the valleys of the river Isenach in the south and the Eckbach stream in the north, and has an area of around 44.8 km2. From north to south it is about 10 kilometres long, and from east to west it is about 4 to 5, and at its northern tip, only about 2 to 3 kilometres wide.The outer boundary of this hill ridge runs from the Kleinkarlbach in the northeast, southwards along the edge of the Rhine Graben, before swinging southwest at Leistadt. Here it follows the Lambrecht Fault, a fracture line that crosses the Isenach valley at Hausen between Peterskopf and Teufelsstein, and separates the mountain range of the Haardt from the Leininger Sporn and the Limburg-Durkheim Forest that lies to the southwest. At the "Alten Schmelz" it turns north and reaches the valley of the Höninger Bach and village of Höningen after crossing the Rahnfels hill (517 m AMSL (NHN)). Here the natural region transitions smoothly in the west into the foothills of the Inner Palatine Forest and, in the northwest, into the Stumpfwald and the forest clearances of the Eisenberg Basin. From Altleiningen the boundary follows the valley of the Eckbach as far as Kleinkarlbach in a northeasterly direction.

Name.

The name "Leininger Sporn" was coined by the geographer, Adalbert Pemöller, who in the 1960s developed a detailed internal subdivision of the Palatine Forest for the Handbook of Natural Region Divisions of Germany. In doing so, Pemöller gave the historic name, Leiningerland, for this natural sub-region, which in turn was derived from the formerly important noble family of the House of Leiningen. From a geographic perspective, the Leiningerland, and the low mountain country of the Leininger Sporn are also part of the wine route region and the zone of low, rolling hills on the edge of the mountain region and the Upper Rhine Plain.

Landscape character.

The relief of the natural environment is characterized by a distinctive ridge with steep hillsides, extending from the Pickelhaube (360.7 m above sea level (NHN)) in the north to the Rahnfels and the Heidenfels (496.0 m) in the south, and which drops steeply to the Eckbach valley, the Upper Rhine Plain and, especially, into the Isenach valley by 250 to 300 metres in altitude. Rivers both large and small have cut deeply into the sandstone beds, so that the landscape has a varied topography with V-shaped valleys, rock formations and cliffs. Larger valleys include the Langental to the northwest of the spur and the Krumbach valley beginning at the Ungeheuersee and running in a northeasterly direction as far as the Kleinkarlbach stream. In the south, on the other hand, the hill range is only drained by a few smaller streams that flow in narrow V-shaped valleys into the Isenach. The landscape of the Leininger Sporn is mainly characterized by dense forest which, in the east, is mainly dominated by conifers, especially pine monocultures or mixed stands of pine and mixed beech whose ground flora is often composed of heather, simple grasses and blueberry bushes. These pine forests were created in the 19th and 20th centuries through targeted reforestation of land that had been used for intensive farming over long periods of time - for example for the production of wooden poles for viticulture and had become over-exploited wasteland. In addition to these typical Haardt forests, chestnuts are also found in warmer sites at the eastern foot of the hills, often occurring in large stands. Wine and fruit growing also demonstrate the favourable climate of Weinstraße region and create a varied landscape alternating with foothills of the Haardt Forest. The forest areas in the west of this natural region, by contrast, are of somewhat different composition. Here, "inter alia" in the area of the Rahnfels and Heidenfels, there are larger mixed stands with a higher proportion of Hardwood and a more balanced age range, so that these areas in terms of forest cover and composition are similar to the remaining natural areas of the Central Palatinate Forest.  Human settlement activity is restricted to the peripheral regions of the Leininger Sporn; the hill country itself is not settled. One area that stands out is an isolated clearing at the northeastern edge of the spur in the municipality of Battenberg, which includes Battenberg Castle, at a height of about 300 metres above sea level (NHN). This open area is mainly used for agriculture, since the dominating loam-clay soils, a weathering product of the erosion of Upper Bunter sandstone are rich in nutrients and so, unlike other regions of the Middle Palatinate Forest, allow higher yields. In contrast, the formerly widespread vineyards are in decline, something that is apparent from the old vineyard terraces in the north of the municipal territory. In addition, orchards and waste land can be found on hillsides in the parish of Battenberg. A geological feature and classified as natural monument, are the "Blitzröhren" below Battenberg Castle. These are tubular iron bands of rock, embedded in an ochre-coloured sandstone rock face several metres high caused and by precipitation and the sintered formation of iron solutions.

Historic iron region.

To the west, settlements are concentrated in the valleys of the Eckbach, with the village and castle of Altleiningen, and the Höninger Bach with the village of Höningen and ruins of a former monastery, encouraged by the former ironworks. In places, there are recoverable iron ore deposits geologically dependent on faults along the edge of the Leininger Sporn.  The Eckbach valley was part of the historic iron processing of the region, e.g. there was a big ironworks below Altleiningen (Maihof-Drahtzug). The stream was impounded to create reservoirs for the ironworks and also drove several sawmills. Upstream, it has the character of a meadow valley.

The Leininger Sporn is a highly prominent ridge in the northeast of the Palatinate Forest in western Germany, mainly composed of the rock formations of the Middle and Upper Bunter. It forms the western edge of Upper Rhine Plain between Grünstadt in the north and Leistadt, a village in the county of Bad Durkheim, in the southeast. In the natural region system of the German Central Uplands it is considered one of the four sub-units of the Middle Palatinate Forest.

Der Leininger Sporn ist ein stark herausgehobener, bis (Rahnfels) aufsteigender Gebirgsvorsprung im Nordosten des Pfälzerwaldes. Der Gebirgssporn, der in erster Linie durch die Gesteinsformationen des Mittleren und Oberen Buntsandsteins aufgebaut wird, bildet zwischen Grünstadt im Norden und Leistadt, einem Ortsteil von Bad Dürkheim, im Südosten die westliche Begrenzung der Oberrheinischen Tiefebene.