Early life.

Mutombo was born on June 25, 1966, in Leopoldville (today Kinshasa), Democratic Republic of the Congo, one of 10 children of Samuel and Biamba Marie Mutombo. He speaks English, French, Spanish, Portuguese, and five Central African languages, including Lingala and Tshiluba. He is a member of the Luba ethnic group. For high school, Mutombo went to Boboto College in Kinshasha, DR Congo to lay the groundwork for his medical career as the classes were more challenging there. At around age 16, Mutombo decided to also work on his basketball career. He moved to the United States in 1987 at the age of 21 to enroll in college.

College.

Mutombo attended Georgetown University on a USAID scholarship. He originally intended to become a doctor, but the Georgetown Hoyas basketball coach John Thompson recruited him to play basketball. He spoke almost no English when he arrived at Georgetown and studied in the ESL program. During his first year of college basketball as a sophomore, Mutombo once blocked 12 shots in a game. Building on the shot-blocking power of Mutombo and teammate Alonzo Mourning, Georgetown fans created a "Rejection Row" section under the basket, adding a big silhouette of an outstretched hand to a banner for each shot blocked during the game. Mutombo was named the Big East Defensive Player of the Year twice, in 1990 (shared with Mourning) and in 1991.  At Georgetown, Mutombo's international background and interests stood out. Like many other Washington-area college students, he served as a summer intern, once for the Congress of the United States and once for the World Bank. In 1991, he graduated with bachelor's degrees in linguistics and diplomacy.

NBA career.

Denver Nuggets.

In the 1991 NBA draft, the Denver Nuggets drafted Mutombo with the fourth overall pick. The Nuggets ranked last in the NBA in opponent points-per-game and Defensive Rating, and Mutombo's shot-blocking ability made an immediate impression across the league. He developed his signature move in 1992 as a way to become more marketable and gain product endorsement contracts. After blocking a player's shot, he would point his right index finger at that player and move it side to side. That year, Mutombo starred in an Adidas advertisement that used the catchphrase "Man does not fly... in the house of Mutombo", a reference to his prolific shot-blocking. As a rookie, Mutombo was selected for the All-Star team and averaged 16.6 points, 12.3 rebounds, and nearly three blocks per game.  Mutombo began establishing himself as one of the league's best defensive players, regularly putting up big rebound and block numbers. The 1993–94 season saw Denver continue to improve with Mutombo as the franchise cornerstone. During that season, Mutombo averaged 12.0 points per game, 11.8 rebounds per game, and 4.1 blocks per game. With that, he helped the Nuggets finish with a 42-40 record and qualify as the eighth seed in the playoffs. They were matched up with the top-seeded 63–19 Seattle SuperSonics in the first round.  After falling to an 0-2 deficit in the five-game series, Denver won three straight games to pull off a major playoff upset, becoming the first eighth seed to defeat a number one seed in an NBA playoff series. At the end of Game 5, Mutombo memorably grabbed the game-winning rebound and fell to the ground, holding the ball over his head in a moment of joy. Mutombo's defensive presence was the key to the upset victory; his total of 31 blocks remains a record for a five-game series. In the second round of the playoffs, the Nuggets fell to the Utah Jazz, 4-3.  The following season, he was selected for his second All-Star game and received the NBA Defensive Player of the Year Award. But Denver failed to build on its success from the previous playoffs, as Mutombo lacked a quality supporting cast around him. During his last season with the Nuggets, Mutombo averaged 11.0 points per game, 11.8 rebounds per game and a career-high 4.5 blocks per game.  At the conclusion of the 1995–96 season, Mutombo became a free agent, and reportedly sought a 10-year contract, something the Nuggets considered impossible to offer. Bernie Bickerstaff, then the Nuggets' general manager, later said not bringing back Mutombo was his biggest regret as GM.

Atlanta Hawks.

After the 1995–96 NBA season, Mutombo signed a 5-year, $55 million free agent contract with the Atlanta Hawks. He and Hawks All-Star Steve Smith led Atlanta to back-to-back 50+-win seasons in 1996–97 (56–26) and 1997–98 (50–32). The Hawks defeated the Detroit Pistons in five games in the first round of the 1997 NBA Playoffs, but lost in five games in the second round to the defending champion Chicago Bulls. Mutombo won Defensive Player of the Year both years, continuing to put up excellent defensive numbers with his new team. During the lockout-shortened 1998–99 season, he was the NBA's IBM Award winner, a player of the year award determined by a computerized formula. That year, the NBA banned the Mutombo finger wag, and after a period of protest, he complied with the new rule.  In what would be his last full season with the Hawks during the 1999-00 season, Mutombo averaged 11.5 points per game, a career and league-high 14.1 rebounds per game, and 3.3 blocks per game. On December 14, 1999, Mutombo scored 27 points, on 11-for-11 shooting from the field, grabbed a season-high 29 rebounds and recorded a game-high 6 blocks to pull out the win over the Minnesota Timberwolves.

Philadelphia 76ers.

At the February 2001 trade deadline, the Hawks traded Mutombo to the Eastern Conference-leading Philadelphia 76ers, along with Roshown McLeod, in exchange for Pepe Sánchez, Toni Kukoč, Nazr Mohammed, and injured center Theo Ratliff. One week earlier, Mutombo played in the All-Star game; he led the game with 22 rebounds and 3 blocks. Along with game MVP Allen Iverson and coach Larry Brown, both of the 76ers, the East rallied from a 95–74 fourth-quarter deficit to win 111-110 on Mutombo and Iverson's strong performances. After the game, rumors began of a trade sending Mutombo to Philadelphia. With Ratliff out for the remainder of the year, the Sixers needed a big man to compete with potential matchups against Western Conference powers Vlade Divac, Tim Duncan, David Robinson or Shaquille O'Neal, should they reach the finals.  In arguably his best season as a pro, Mutombo earned his fourth Defensive Player of the Year award that season. During the 2001 Playoffs, they defeated the Indiana Pacers in 4 games, Toronto Raptors in 7 games and Milwaukee Bucks in a 7-game series. During Game 7 against the Bucks, Mutombo scored 23 points, grabbed 19 rebounds and blocked 7 shots to win the series. Mutombo helped the Sixers reach the NBA Finals. After pulling off an upset and winning Game 1 against the Los Angeles Lakers (the only playoff game the Lakers lost in 2001), the Sixers lost the next four games and the series. Matched up against Shaq, Mutombo averaged 16.8 points, 12.2 rebounds and 2.2 blocks. A free-agent, he re-signed with the Sixers after the season to a four-year, $68 million contract.

New Jersey Nets.

The 2001–02 season saw a change in the Eastern conference hierarchy; the Sixers were eliminated in the first round of the playoffs, while the New Jersey Nets surged to the top of the standings, making it all the way to the Finals against the Lakers (the Nets were swept). Looking for a big man to compete with the likes of Shaquille O'Neal and Tim Duncan, the Nets sent Keith Van Horn and Todd MacCulloch to Philadelphia in exchange for Mutombo. But Mutombo spent most of that season with a nagging injury that limited him to just 24 games. He was generally unable to play in the playoffs, typically serving as a sixth man during the Nets' second consecutive Finals run (they lost to the Spurs in six games). After one contentious season in New Jersey, the Nets bought out the remaining two years on his contract.

New York Knicks.

In October 2003, he signed a two-year deal with the New York Knicks. After a dominant performance against the crosstown rival New Jersey Nets that included 11 blocks, Knicks fans began waving their fingers at Mutombo. He chose to respond in kind after a referee told him that as long as the gesture was not directed at a particular player, the league would not punish him. In August 2004, the Knicks traded him to the Chicago Bulls, along with Cezary Trybański, Othella Harrington, and Frank Williams in exchange for Jerome Williams and Jamal Crawford.

Houston Rockets.

Prior to the 2004–05 season, the Bulls traded Mutombo to the Houston Rockets for Mike Wilks, Eric Piatkowski and Adrian Griffin. Yao Ming and Mutombo formed one of the NBA's most productive center combos. In his first season with the Rockets, Mutombo averaged 15.2 MPG, 5.3 RPG, 4.0 PPG, and 1.3 BPG. The Rockets lost in the first round to the Dallas Mavericks.  On March 2, 2007, in a win over the Denver Nuggets at age 40, Mutombo became the oldest player in NBA history to record more than 20 rebounds in a game, with 22.  In the 2007–08 season, Mutombo received extensive playing time when Yao went down with a broken bone and averaged double digits in rebounding as a starter. In midst of a 10-game winning streak at the time of Yao's injury, Mutombo stepped in and helped the Rockets win 12 more games to complete a 22-game winning streak, then a team record.  On January 10, 2008, in a 102–77 rout of the Los Angeles Lakers, Mutombo recorded 5 blocked shots and surpassed Kareem Abdul-Jabbar in total career blocked shots, trailing only Hakeem Olajuwon.  After contemplating retirement and spending the first part of 2008 as an unsigned free agent, on December 31, 2008, Mutombo signed with the Houston Rockets for the remainder of the 2008–09 season. He said that the 2009 would be his "farewell tour" and his final season; he was the oldest player in the NBA in 2009. In Game 1 of Houston's first-round playoff series against Portland, Mutombo played for 18 minutes and had nine rebounds, two blocks, and a steal.  In the 2nd quarter of Game 2, Mutombo landed awkwardly and had to be carried from the floor. After the game, he said, "it's over for me for my career" and that surgery would be needed. It was later confirmed that the quadriceps tendon of his left knee was ruptured in Game 2. Mutombo announced retirement on April 23, 2009, after 18 seasons in the NBA.

Player profile.

The, Mutombo played center, where he was regarded as one of the top inside defenders of all time. Nicknamed "Mt. Mutombo", his combination of height, power, and long arms led to a record-tying four NBA Defensive Player of the Year awards, a feat equaled only by Ben Wallace. Mutombo was among the top three players in Defensive Player of the Year voting for nine consecutive seasons from 1994 to 2002. Staples of Mutombo's defensive prowess were his outstanding shot-blocking and rebounding power. Over his career, he averaged 2.8 blocks and 10.3 rebounds per game. He is second all-time in registered blocks, behind only Hakeem Olajuwon, and is the 20th most prolific rebounder ever. He was also an eight-time All-Star and was elected into three All-NBA and six All-Defensive Teams. Along with his defensive prowess, Mutombo also contributed offensively, averaging at least 10 points per game until he reached age 35.  Mutombo also achieved a certain level of on-court notoriety. After a successful block, he was known for taunting his opponents by waving his index finger, like a parent reproaching a disobedient child. Later in his career, NBA officials would respond to the gesture with a technical foul for unsportsmanlike conduct. To avoid the technical foul, Mutombo took to waving his finger at the crowd after a block, which is not considered taunting by the rules. Additionally, his flailing elbows were known for injuring several NBA players, including Michael Jordan, Dennis Rodman, Charles Oakley, Patrick Ewing, Chauncey Billups, Ray Allen, Yao Ming, LeBron James and Tracy McGrady. His former teammate Yao Ming made a joke about it: "I need to talk to Coach to have Dikembe held out of practice, because if he hits somebody in practice, it's our teammate. At least in the games, it's 50/50."

Personal life.

In 1994, Mutombo was to marry Michelle Roberts, a medical student, but the wedding was canceled when Roberts refused to sign a prenuptial agreement the day before the wedding.  In 1987, Mutombo's 6'10" older brother, Ilo, began playing college basketball in Division II for the Southern Indiana Screaming Eagles as a 26-year-old freshman. The brothers played against each other in a 1990 game at the Capital Centre.  He eventually married his wife, Rose, who is also from the Democratic Republic of the Congo. They have six children, four of whom are adopted.  Mutombo was awarded an honorary Doctor of Humane Letters by the State University of New York College at Cortland in 2004 for his humanitarian work in Africa. More recently, he was awarded an honorary doctorate by Georgetown University in 2010. There he delivered the commencement address for Georgetown College of Arts and Sciences, of which he is an alumnus. He also received an honorary doctorate from Haverford College in May 2011.  In November 2015, the NCAA announced Mutombo as a recipient of its Silver Anniversary Awards for 2016. The awards are presented annually to six former NCAA athletes on the 25th anniversary of the final academic year of their college careers, recognizing both excellence of play while in college and professional achievement after college. The announcement cited both his basketball career and extensive humanitarian work.  Mutombo's nephew Harouna Mutombo played college basketball for the Western Carolina Catamounts and professionally in Europe. Harouna was the team's leading scorer for the 2009 season and was named Southern Conference Freshman of the Year. His nephew Haboubacar Mutombo also committed to play basketball at Western Carolina beginning in 2013. His nephew Mfiondu Kabengele played college basketball at Florida State University and was the 2018-19 ACC Sixth Man of the Year. He later was drafted in the first round of the 2019 NBA draft and signed a playing contract with the Los Angeles Clippers.  Mutombo was among those who witnessed the 2016 Brussels bombings at Brussels Airport on March 22, 2016. Shortly after the bombings, he posted a report on his Facebook page saying that he was safe. His first post said, "God is good. I am in the Brussels Airport with this craziness. I am fine."

Media.

Mutombo made a cameo appearance in the 2002 films "Juwanna Mann" and "Like Mike", which also mentioned his name in its theme song "Basketball".  In 2012, Mutombo lent his voice and likeness to a 16-bit style Flash game released by Old Spice.  Mutombo appeared in a GEICO auto insurance commercial in February 2013, parodying his shot-blocking ability by applying it to real world situations.  Mutombo co-starred with Kevin Harvick in a Mobil 1 commercial for its annual protection brand, saying "Don't change your oil."

Humanitarian work.

A well-known humanitarian, Mutombo started the Dikembe Mutombo Foundation to improve living conditions in his native Democratic Republic of Congo in 1997. His efforts earned him the NBA's J. Walter Kennedy Citizenship Award in 2001 and 2009. For his feats, "Sporting News" named him as one of the "Good Guys in Sports" in 1999 and 2000, and in 1999, he was elected as one of 20 winners of the President's Service Awards, the nation's highest honor for volunteer service. In 2004, he participated in the Basketball Without Borders NBA program, where NBA stars like Shawn Bradley, Malik Rose and DeSagana Diop toured Africa to spread the word about basketball and to improve the infrastructure. He paid for uniforms and expenses for the Zaire women's basketball team during the 1996 Centennial Olympic Games in Atlanta. Mutombo is a spokesman for the international relief agency, CARE and is the first Youth Emissary for the United Nations Development Program.  Mutombo is a longtime supporter of Special Olympics and is currently a member of the Special Olympics International Board of Directors, as well as a Global Ambassador. He has been a pioneer of Unified Sports, which brings together people with and without intellectual disabilities. He also played in the Unity Cup in South Africa before the 2010 World Cup Quarterfinal, along with South African President Jacob Zuma and Special Olympics athletes from around the world. Mutombo joined his second Unity Cup team in 2012.  In honor of his humanitarianism, Mutombo was invited to President George W. Bush's 2007 State of the Union Address and was referred to as a "son of the Congo" by the President in his speech. Mutombo later said, "My heart was full of joy. I didn't know the President was going to say such great remarks."  On April 13, 2011, the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health gave Mutombo the Goodermote Humanitarian Award "for his efforts to reduce polio globally as well as his work improving the health of neglected and underserved populations in the Democratic Republic of Congo." Michael J. Klag, dean of the Bloomberg School of Public Health, said "Mr. Mutombo is a winner in many ways—on the court and as a humanitarian. His work has improved the health of the people of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and the Biamba Marie Mutombo Hospital and Research Center is a model for the region. Likewise, Mr. Mutombo has been instrumental in the fight against polio by bolstering vaccination efforts and bringing treatment to victims of the disease."  In 2012, the Mutombo Foundation, in partnership with Mutombo's alma mater, Georgetown University, began a new initiative that aims to provide care for visually impaired children from low-income families in the Washington, D.C. region.

Biamba Marie Mutombo Hospital.

In 1997, the Mutombo Foundation began plans to open a $29 million, 300-bed hospital on the outskirts of his hometown, the Congolese capital of Kinshasa. Ground was broken in 2001, but construction didn't start until 2004, as Mutombo had trouble getting donations early on although he personally donated $3.5 million toward the hospital's construction. Initially Mutombo had some other difficulties, almost losing the land to the government because it was not being used and having to pay refugees who had begun farming the land to leave. He also struggled to reassure some that he did not have any ulterior or political motives for the project. The project has been on the whole very well received at all social and economic levels in Kinshasa.  On August 14, 2006, Mutombo donated $15 million to the completion of the hospital for its ceremonial opening on September 2, 2006. It was by then named Biamba Marie Mutombo Hospital, for his late mother, who died of a stroke in 1997.  When it opened in 2007, the $29 million facility became the first modern medical facility to be built in that area in nearly 40 years. His hospital is on a site on the outskirts of Kinshasa in Masina, where about a quarter of the city's 7.5 million residents live in poverty. It is minutes from Kinshasa's airport and near a bustling open-air market.

National Constitution Center.

Mutombo serves on the Board of Trustees of the National Constitution Center in Philadelphia, which is a museum dedicated to the U.S. Constitution.

SportsUnited.

In 2011, Mutombo also traveled to South Sudan as a SportsUnited Sports Envoy for the U.S. Department of State. In this capacity, he worked with Sam Perkins to lead a series of basketball clinics and team-building exercises with 50 youth and 36 coaches. This helped contribute to the State Department's mission to remove barriers and create a world in which individuals with disabilities enjoy dignity and full inclusion in society.

Dikembe Mutombo Mpolondo Mukamba Jean-Jacques Wamutombo (born June 25, 1966) is a Congolese American retired professional basketball player. Mutombo played 18 seasons in the National Basketball Association (NBA). Outside basketball, he has become well known for his humanitarian work.

Dikembe Mutombo, (* 25. Juni 1966 in Kinshasa, Zaire als Dikembe Mutombo Mpolondo Mukamba Jean-Jacques Wamutombo) ist ein ehemaliger kongolesisch-US-amerikanischer Basketballspieler, der von 1991 bis 2009 in der nordamerikanischen Profiliga NBA aktiv war.


Biography.

Wharton was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. From "a poor, hard-working, Catholic family", he graduated from Upper Darby High School in 1943, and was inducted into the school's Wall of Fame in 1997. During World War II, Wharton served in the United States Army and was first assigned to an engineering unit. He was transferred to the infantry, and was severely wounded in the Battle of the Bulge. His memoirs included an account of his role in the killing of German prisoners during the war - "War for me, though brief, had been a soul-shaking trauma. I was scared, miserable, and I lost confidence in human beings, especially myself." After his discharge, he attended the University of California, Los Angeles, where he received an undergraduate degree in art and a doctorate in psychology, later teaching art in the Los Angeles Unified School District.  His first novel "Birdy" was published in 1978 when he was more than 50 years old. "Birdy" was a critical and popular success and it won the U.S. National Book Award in category First Novel. Alan Parker directed a film version starring Nicolas Cage and Matthew Modine. After the publication of "Birdy" and through the early 1990s, Wharton published eight novels, including "Dad" and "A Midnight Clear", both of which were also made into films. "Dad" starred Jack Lemmon and Ethan Hawke in one of his first movie roles. Hawke also starred in "A Midnight Clear".  In 1988, Wharton's daughter, Kate, his son-in-law Bill, and their two children, two-year-old Dayiel and eight-month-old Mia, were killed in a 23-car motor vehicle accident near Albany, Oregon, that was caused by smoke generated by grass-burning on nearby farmland. Wharton wrote a (mostly) non-fiction book, "Ever After: A Father's True Story" (1995), which recounts the incidents leading to the accident, his family's subsequent grief, and the three years which he devoted to pursuing redress in the Oregon court system for the field-burning that caused the accident. "Houseboat on the Seine", a memoir, was published in 1996, about Wharton's purchase and renovation of a houseboat.  It is worth noting that he gained an enormous and unusual popularity in Poland, where many extra editions as well as visits followed and eventually some works were prepared and published only in Polish (see the Bibliography).  Wharton died on 29 October 2008 in a hospital in Encinitas, California.

Novels.

The following titles were only published in Polish - includes English translation of title  "Beyond the Closet" was also published in Bulgarian with the title "Отвъд килера" (2007)  Al was also published in Bulgarian with the title Ал (2019)  Website: http://wharton-duaime.wixsite.com/williamwharton/

External links.

Book you can order: http://www.blurb.com/b/8259743-invitation-into-a-neighborhood (the PDF is on the website)

William Wharton (7 November 1925 – 29 October 2008), the pen name of the artist Albert William Du Aime, was an American-born author best known for his first novel "Birdy", which was also made into a critically acclaimed film by the same name in 1984.

William Wharton (* 7. November 1925 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; † 29. Oktober 2008 in Encinitas, Kalifornien; eigentlich "Albert William Du Aime") war ein amerikanischer Schriftsteller. International bekannt wurde er mit seinem ersten Roman "Birdy", der auch erfolgreich verfilmt wurde.


Life and writings.

Aëtius grew up in poverty or slavery. He later worked as a goldsmith in Antioch to support his widowed mother and studied philosophy. After his mother died, Aëtius continued his trade and extended his studies into the Christian scriptures, Christian theology, and medicine.  After working as a vine-dresser and then as a goldsmith, he became a traveling doctor, and displayed great skill in disputations on medical subjects; but his controversial power soon found a wider field for its exercise in the great theological question of the time. He studied successively under the Arians Paulinus, bishop of Antioch, Athanasius, bishop of Anazarbus, and the presbyter Antonius of Tarsus. In 350 he was ordained a deacon by Leontius of Antioch, but was shortly afterwards forced by the trinitarian party to leave that town. At the first synod of Sirmium he won a dialectic victory over the homoiousian bishops, Basilius and Eustathius, who sought in consequence vainly to stir up against him the enmity of Constantius Gallus. In 356 he went to Alexandria with Eunomius in order to advocate Arianism. Here he is said to have debated Manichean Aphthonius of Alexandria so vigorously that the latter died after the encounter. Aëtius was afterwards banished from Alexandria by Constantius II. Julian recalled him from exile, bestowed upon him an estate in Lesbos, and retained him for a time at his court in Constantinople. Being consecrated a bishop, he used his office in the interests of Arianism by creating other bishops of that party. At the accession of Valens (364), he retired to his estate at Lesbos, but soon returned to Constantinople, where he died in 367.

Anomoean sect.

The Anomoean sect of the Arians, of whom he was the leader, are sometimes called after him "Aetians". His work "De Fide" has been preserved in connection with a refutation written by Epiphanius ("Haer." lxxvi. 10). Its main thought is that the homoousia, "i.e." the doctrine that the Son (therefore the Begotten) is essentially God, is self-contradictory, since the idea of unbegottenness is just that which constitutes the nature of God.  In one of his treatises, Saint Basil the Great writes against the Anomoeans led by Aëtius, whom he describes an instrument in the hands of "the enemy of truth". Aëtius is said to have been the first to articulate the doctrine that the Father and the Only Begotten Son do not share the same divine substance.

Aëtius of Antioch (; ; ; ), surnamed "the Atheist" by his trinitarian enemies, founder of Anomoeanism, was a native of Coele-Syria.

Aëtios von Antiochia (, auch bekannt als "Aetius von Antiochia" bzw. "von Konstantinopel"; † 367 in Konstantinopel) war ein spätantiker christlicher Theologe, auf den im so genannten arianischen Streit die Positionen der „Heterousianer“, auch manchmal noch „Radikalarianer“ oder „Anhomöer“ genannt, zurückgehen.


Design.

German Type VIIB submarines were preceded by the shorter Type VIIA submarines. "U-74" had a displacement of when at the surface and while submerged. She had a total length of, a pressure hull length of, a beam of, a height of, and a draught of. The submarine was powered by two MAN M 6 V 40/46 four-stroke, six-cylinder supercharged diesel engines producing a total of for use while surfaced, two BBC GG UB 720/8 double-acting electric motors producing a total of for use while submerged. She had two shafts and two propellers. The boat was capable of operating at depths of up to.  The submarine had a maximum surface speed of and a maximum submerged speed of. When submerged, the boat could operate for at ; when surfaced, she could travel at. "U-74" was fitted with five torpedo tubes (four fitted at the bow and one at the stern), fourteen torpedoes, one SK C/35 naval gun, 220 rounds, and one anti-aircraft gun The boat had a complement of between forty-four and sixty.

Service history.

"U-74" conducted eight patrols, sinking four ships totalling 25,619 tons and damaging two others, totalling 11,525 tons. She was a member of three wolfpacks.

1st patrol.

Having first moved from Kiel to the German controlled island of Helgoland (sometimes called 'Heligoland') and Bergen in Norway, "U-74" departed for her first patrol on 5 March 1941. Her route took her through the gap between Iceland and the Faroe Islands and into the Atlantic Ocean, although one source - Uboat.net - gives her position as off the Belgian coast on 21 March. She sank "Leonidas Z. Canbamis" on 3 April southwest of Iceland, followed by damage to the armed merchant cruiser close by on the same day. The auxiliary warship was fortunate because Kentrat, in "U-74", had run out of torpedoes.  "U-74" docked in St. Nazaire in occupied France on 11 April.

2nd patrol.

The boat's second foray was in a northwesterly direction, toward Greenland. She was attacked by two British warships on 21 May 1941; the vessels were the corvette and the destroyer. A mix of gunfire and depth charges (about 125 of them), were used. The damage inflicted was such that "U-74" was obliged to return to France, but to Lorient, on the 30th.

"U-74"s involvement with the "Bismarck".

On 24 May 1941, the German battleship and the heavy cruiser sank the British battlecruiser and damaged the accompanying battleship, beginning a three-day hunt that would involve nearly a hundred ships.  That concentration of ships was a very attractive set of targets; Kentrat was ordered to attack the British forces in this area. In the evening "U-74" dived in order to listen for contact and detected another U-boat. She surfaced; a hundred meters away, another U-boat appeared -, commanded by "Kapitänleutnant" Wohlfarth.  Earlier, "Flottenchef" Admiral Lütjens requested that "Befehlshaber der Unterseeboote" (Commander-in-Chief for Submarines, Karl Dönitz) provide a U-boat to recover "Bismarck"s war diary. BdU had given the order to Wohlfarth, but "U-556" was both out of torpedoes and very low on fuel. Using a megaphone, Wohlfarth now passed the order on to Kentrat. He accepted and proceeded toward "Bismarck"s last known position.  By dawn on 27 May, "Bismarck" was crippled and under fire from the battleships and and the cruisers and. It was clear to her crew that she would not survive.  At 10:36 "U-74" heard sinking sounds but Kentrat could not determine whether it was "Bismarck" or a British ship. He came to periscope depth and saw battleships and cruisers directly in front of him. He tried to maneuver into an attack position, but the weather was too bad and the seas too high to remain at periscope depth or to fire a torpedo. Wreckage and yellow life-jackets were visible.  After the British ships left, Kentrat surfaced amid debris and dead bodies. The sounds they had heard that morning was "Bismarck"s destruction. They searched but they could find no one alive until that evening when they came across a raft carrying three sailors, Georg Herzog, Otto Höntzsch, and Herbert Manthey. "U-74" searched for another day but found no one else alive and was ordered to return to Lorient. On the return trip, the three survivors recovered from their shock and gave the first statements of "Bismarck"s loss.

3rd patrol.

For her third sortie, "U-74" sank "Kumasian" on 5 August 1941 west of Ireland. She returned to St. Nazaire on the 12th.

4th patrol.

Departing St. Nazaire on 8 September 1941, the boat about east of Cape Farewell (Greenland) on 19 September 1941. This success was followed the next day when she sank the Catapult Armed Merchantman.

5th patrol.

On 7 November 1941 "U-74" sank southeast of Cape Farewell. This ship was on her maiden voyage, which was from Glasgow to New York. There were no survivors. The U-boat returned to St. Nazaire for the last time on 12 November 1941.

6th patrol.

"U-74"s next patrol was into the Mediterranean. Leaving St. Nazaire on 9 December 1941, she had slipped past the heavily defended Straits of Gibraltar by the 16th. She entered La Spezia in Italy on 24 December.

7th patrol.

The German submarine's first patrol in new surroundings was between Sicily and the Italian mainland and toward the British controlled port of Alexandria, which was reached on 3 January 1942. She returned to La Spezia on the 8th.

8th patrol and loss.

Having been ordered to operate against Allied aircraft carriers at the western end of the Mediterranean, "U-74" was diverted to search for (which had been damaged in an air attack), when she was bombed by a Lockheed Hudson of No. 233 Squadron RAF on 1 May 1942. That evening, she also had torpedoes fired at her by the British submarine off the southeastern Spanish coast. Both attacks were unsuccessful.  "U-74" was detected and sunk by depth charges and 'Hedgehog' from the British destroyers and east southeast of Cartagena in Spain on 2 May 1942.  47 men died; there were no survivors.

Wolfpacks.

"U-74" took part in three wolfpacks, namely.

Previously recorded fate.

"U-74" was sunk by the British destroyers HMS "Wishart" and HMS "Wrestler" and a PBY Catalina of 202 Squadron east southeast of Cartagena in Spain on 2 May 1942.

German submarine "U-74" was a Type VIIB U-boat of Nazi Germany's "Kriegsmarine" during World War II. Her keel was laid down on 5 November 1939, by Bremer Vulkan of Bremen-Vegesack, Germany as yard number 2. She was launched on 31 August 1940 and commissioned on 31 October, with "Kapitänleutnant" ("Kptlt.") Eitel-Friedrich Kentrat in command until March 1942, when he was succeeded by "Oberleutnant zur See" ("Oblt.z.S.") Karl Friederich, who remained in charge until the U-boat's loss.

U 74 war ein deutsches U-Boot vom Typ VII B, das im Zweiten Weltkrieg von der deutschen Kriegsmarine eingesetzt wurde.


E-1027 and Le Corbusier.

The Swiss born-French Modernist architect Le Corbusier was a friend of Badovici and visited the house several times after Badovici and Gray had parted. While staying as a guest in the house in 1938 and 1939, Le Corbusier painted bright murals on its plain white walls, and sometimes painted in the nude. This intrusion onto her design infuriated Gray, who considered the murals outright vandalism. Whether he painted these murals out of admiration for her work or jealousy of her accomplishment, Le Corbusier became intricately tied with the future of the house. Failing to purchase it himself, he eventually bought a piece of property just east of E-1027, where he built a small, rustic cabin, his Cabanon de vacances. The architecture critic Rowan Moore said of the painting of the murals that "As an act of naked phallocracy, Corbusier's actions are hard to top...", adding that Le Corbusier was "seemingly affronted that a woman could create such a fine work of modernism" so he "asserted his dominion, like a urinating dog, over the territory". Here he would go for work and quiet contemplation, taking daily swims on the beach outside the house. After he died in those very waters, the whole area was declared a "Site Moderne," or "Modern Site," and deemed an area of cultural and historical importance and international interest. Today, E-1027 is recognized as the founding element of this site. Furthermore, Eileen Gray was so slow at putting her name forward as being the architect of the house that for many years it was assumed by many historians and journalists that Le Corbusier was in fact its designer.

E-1027 today.

E-1027 is currently undergoing restoration. Gray's original furniture has been removed from the house, and was sold in the early 1990s at the auction house Sotheby's. Replica furniture will be supplied for the house by Zeev Aram, a champion of Gray's work. Plans for its renovation are being prepared by the French government, who have designated it as a French National Cultural Monument. As a result, the state of France and the city of Roquebrune Cap Martin - through the national agency "Conservatoire du littoral" - bought the villa in 1999 and made it secure provisionally. A signboard informs that E-1027 will be restored: the restoration is an initiative of the state of France, the department "Alpes Maritimes" and the city of Roquebrune (expenses to be borne 50% / 10% / 40% respectively).  The house is owned by the Conservatoire du littoral, who have delegated responsibility for it to the local commune of Roquebrune-Cap-Martin. It was the wish of Roquebrune-Cap-Martin that the restoration of E-1027 be managed by the architect Renaud Barres, who had previously produced a study on a possible restoration of the house, and that Barres should work with Burkhardt Rukschcio, an architect who had restored modernist buildings. The French Ministry of Culture wished that the restoration be managed by Pierre-Antoine Gatier, the chief architect for historic monuments in the south of France, who had little experience of modern buildings.  By 2013 the restoration had cost €600,000, and was criticised by Barres and Rukschcio who had produced a "dossier which details, with convincing photographic evidence, departures from Gray's intent: thickening of metal rails, original glazing and light switches replaced by standard 21st-century products, a stair clumsily misplaced and mis-dimensioned, a colour scheme different from the 1929 version." In 2016, the Getty Foundation contributed a $200,000 grant to the ongoing restoration work.  Visits are by guided tour only and for groups of no more than 12 persons.  A biographical film about Gray, "The Price of Desire", directed by the Irish film director Mary McGuckian, and starring Shannyn Sossamon and Alanis Morissette, and Vincent Pérez as Le Corbusier, is currently in production. The production of the film has enabled the restoration of certain parts of E-1027.

E-1027 is a modernist villa in Roquebrune-Cap-Martin, in the Alpes-Maritimes department of France. It was designed and built from 1926-29 by the Irish architect and furniture designer Eileen Gray. L-shaped and flat-roofed with floor-to-ceiling windows and a spiral stairway to the guest room, E-1027 was both open and compact. This is considered to be Gray's first major work, making indistinct the border between architecture and decoration, and highly personalized to be in accord with the lifestyle of its intended occupants. The name of the house, E-1027, is a code of Eileen Gray and Jean Badovici, 'E' standing for Eileen, '10' Jean, '2' Badovici, '7' Gray. The encoded name was Eileen Gray's way of showing their relationship as lovers at the time when built.

E.1027 (auch "„Maison en Bord de Mer“") ist die Bezeichnung für das Wohnhaus der irischen Designerin und Architektin Eileen Gray, das sie gemeinsam mit dem rumänischen Architekten Jean Badovici plante. Die Architekturikone mit dem rätselhaften Namen wurde zwischen 1926 und 1929 in Roquebrune-Cap-Martin an der Französischen Riviera errichtet. Der Name des Hauses ist ein Zahlenspiel. Er fügt zur persönlichen Identifikation der Autoren deren Initiale des Namens über einen Zahlenschlüssel des Alphabets zusammen: E=Eileen, 10=Jean, 2=Badovici, 7=Gray.


Professional career.

Early career.

Ilgauskas made his professional debut in his birthplace of Kaunas, with local club Atletas in 1993. He averaged 20.3 points, 12.8 rebounds and 2.8 blocks per game in the 1994–95 season.

Cleveland Cavaliers.

Ilgauskas was selected by the Cleveland Cavaliers with the 20th overall pick in the 1996 NBA draft. On August 1, 1996, he signed a multi-year deal with the Cavaliers. In the earliest parts of his career he suffered through a myriad of foot and ankle injuries. He spent the entire 1996–97 season on the injured list due to a broken bone in his right foot.  He was named the most valuable player of the Rookie Challenge during All-Star Weekend and selected to the All-Rookie First Team in 1997–98. He signed a contract extension in 1998 that was worth $70.9 million over 6 years. However, Ilgauskas played in only 5 games over the next two seasons. On January 26, 2000, he had a surgery on a fractured navicular bone in his left foot.  He re-gained the starting center spot for the Cavaliers in 2000–01. He was injured again in December 2000 and was out for the season. The injury dealt a blow to the Cavaliers. After winning 15 out of 23 games with Ilgauskas, they finished with a 30–52 record.  He returned in December 2001 and was mostly used as a backup to Chris Mihm for the rest of the season.  Ilgauskas averaged 17.2 points and 7.5 rebounds in 2002–03. He was selected as an All-Star, but the Cavaliers finished with the third-worst record in team history (17–65) and landed the number one draft pick.  The Cavaliers drafted high school phenomenon and future NBA MVP LeBron James in 2003. James teamed up with Ilgauskas and Drew Gooden to form the core of the team. Ilgauskas only missed 9 games over the next three seasons and was selected as an All-Star again in 2005. On July 12, 2005, Ilgauskas signed a contract extension with the Cavaliers. The deal was reportedly worth over $55 million over 5 years.  For the next four seasons, Ilgauskas was the starting center for the team, which had turned into a contender. They reached the NBA Finals in 2007 and the Eastern Conference Finals in 2009. In summer 2009, the Cavaliers acquired Shaquille O'Neal. When asked about the trade, Ilgauskas responded: "I was just reading the news. That means I'll probably be coming off the bench." On December 2, 2009, Ilgauskas came off the bench in a game against Phoenix Suns to break the team record for career games played, overtaking General Manager Danny Ferry.  On February 17, 2010, Ilgauskas, along with a 2010 first round pick and the rights to Emir Preldžič, was traded from the Cavaliers to the Washington Wizards as part of a three-team, six-player trade that sent Antawn Jamison from Washington to Cleveland, Al Thornton from the Los Angeles Clippers to Washington, Drew Gooden from Washington to Los Angeles, and Sebastian Telfair from Los Angeles to Cleveland. On February 25, 2010, the Wizards bought out his contract, making him a free agent. Ilgauskas did not play in any games for the Wizards. It was possible for Ilgauskas to return to the Cavaliers, but only after a 30-day waiting period policy required for players traded from their former teams after being bought out of their contract by their new team. He was still free to sign with any other team.  On March 23, 2010 Ilgauskas signed a one-year deal for the remainder of the 2009–10 season with the Cleveland Cavaliers. He made his return a day later in a win over the New Orleans Hornets. In his first home game back with the team, against the Sacramento Kings, Ilgauskas received huge ovations and support from the crowd. Quicken Loans Arena was affectionately renamed "The Z" for the day, in honor of the Lithuanian.  The 2010 NBA Playoffs marked the first time in Ilgauskas' career in which he was not a significant part of the Cavaliers' rotation. Ilgauskas saw only 69 minutes of floor time in the entire postseason, resulting in averages of 1.7 PPG and 1.6 RPG, far below his career playoff production. The Cavaliers were eliminated by the Boston Celtics in the Eastern Conference semifinals.

Miami Heat.

On July 17, 2010, Ilgauskas signed with the Miami Heat. The Heat's signings of Chris Bosh, Dwyane Wade and long-time teammate LeBron James influenced Ilgauskas' decision to join the Heat. On December 2, 2010, during the Heat's first game in Cleveland, the fans cheered Ilgauskas in pre-game introductions, while booing the rest of the starters, including James. The Heat made it to the 2011 NBA Finals, but fell short to the Dallas Mavericks in six games.  In September 2011, Ilgauskas announced that he was retiring from basketball, saying he wanted to spend more time with his family as well as citing long-term personal physical fatigue and basic bodily wear-and-tear.

National team career.

Ilgauskas made his debut with the Lithuania national team in 1994, when the team was qualifying for a spot in the EuroBasket 1995. He averaged 7.7 points and 7 rebounds per game. He later wanted to play for the Lithuania national team in the 2008 Summer Olympics, but the Cavaliers did not permit him to play due to his injury history.  During a press conference in 2008 he said: "I would like to thank to everyone, especially federation, all the insurers for all their efforts and determination. They have been working in days and in nights so that my dream – to play for the national team in the Olympics would come true... It's a pity that I was unable to do that previously... I think everyone of us aren't friends with Cleveland currently, but that is the way we had to go and we did... During the season I got elbowed into my back... After the season I rested a few weeks and began training because I wished to arrive the training camp from the beginning and to prepare, however the pain returned... Doctors told that there are two moves: resting or operation after which you have to rest for two months... I really wished to play a lot and it would hurt in my heart if I would have to sit and would be unable to play. If I did not want that, I wouldn't have gone through all these roads of the cross... Of course, the club and the NBA didn't helped, were throwing sticks into the wheels... It's a business for them. The life doesn't end with this".  Žydrūnas Ilgauskas played only three official matches with the Lithuania national basketball team in his whole career.

Front office work.

On January 11, 2012, Ilgauskas made a return to Cleveland when he was hired by then Cleveland Cavaliers GM Chris Grant to serve as his assistant. His duties included evaluating amateur and pro talent prospects.  On March 8, 2014, Ilgauskas' number 11 was retired by the Cleveland Cavaliers, making him just the third European to be honored in this way by an NBA team, after Dražen Petrović and Vlade Divac.

Coaching career.

On September 18, 2015, Ilgauskas joined Saint Ignatius High School as the assistant coach for the boys' team.

Personal life.

Ilgauskas married his wife, Jennifer, during the summer of 2004. In 2007, the couple lost a set of twins due to pregnancy complications that caused the infants to be born four months premature. In the summer of 2009, Ilgauskas adopted two Lithuanian brothers (aged five and four at the time) from his hometown of Kaunas.  Ilgauskas is an avid reader, of military history in particular, and often read in the locker room before games.  Ilgauskas became a United States citizen in 2014. Due to that, he lost his Lithuanian citizenship, as the country limits the possibility of dual citizenship.

Zydrunas Ilgauskas (; ; born June 5, 1975) is a Lithuanian American retired professional basketball center of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He played for the Cleveland Cavaliers from 1996 to 2010, and is the team's career leader in blocks. He also played for the Miami Heat during the 2010–11 season.

Ilgauskas wurde auf der Position des Centers eingesetzt und trug während seiner gesamten Zeit in der NBA die Rückennummer 11. Diese wird zu Ehren des Spielers von den Cleveland Cavaliers nicht mehr vergeben. Ilgauskas gehörte lange zu den besten Spielern der NBA auf seiner Position und war außerdem mit einer Größe von 2,21 Metern einer der größten Spieler der Liga.


Electromagnetic.

LIM / LSM.

Linear induction motor (LIM) and linear synchronous motor (LSM) coasters use propulsion via electromagnets, which utilize large amounts of electricity to propel the coaster train along its track into the ride elements (e.g. inversions, twists, turns and short drops). Nine design companies managing these types of rides are Vekoma, Intamin, Gerstlauer, Premier Rides, Maurer, Zierer, Mack Rides, Bolliger & Mabillard, Rocky Mountain Construction and S&S Worldwide. Both Rocky Mountain Construction and Bolliger & Mabillard established their first LSM launched coasters recently with the RMC Topper Track Coaster, Lightning Rod, at Dollywood, and B&M's wingrider, Thunderbird, at HolidayWorld.  An example of an LSM launched roller coaster is Maverick at Cedar Point in Sandusky, Ohio.  These launch systems transfer electricity through a motor on the roller coaster's track so that it controls the speed at which it will urge the cars and train either forward or backward on a segment. LIMs are mainly used in Premier Rides roller coasters and Intamin impulse and blitz coasters. However, LIMs can also be used for general transport, such as the Tomorrowland Transit Authority PeopleMover in Magic Kingdom or monorail and maglev trains.

Fluid pressure.

Hydraulic Fluid.

Hydraulic-launched roller coasters give the riders high acceleration, yet with improved smoothness, over the electromagnetic and catapult launch mechanisms. The Swiss manufacturer Intamin pioneered this new style.  The heart of the system is several (usually eight) powerful hydraulic pumps, each capable of producing around 500 horsepower (373 kW). Hydraulic fluid is pumped into several different hydraulic accumulators (energy storing devices) containing two compartments separated by a piston. As the incompressible hydraulic fluid is pumped into one compartment, nitrogen in the other compartment is compressed.  At launch, the fluid under pressure from the accumulators is used to drive a number (typically 16 or 32) of hydraulic motors, which spin a large winch drum that rewinds a cable attached to a catch-car under the train in a matter of seconds. The catch-car moves in a groove in the center of the launch track with the motor at one end, and the waiting train at the other.  While the train inches forward, the pusher moves back from the motor towards the train. Once the pusher connects, the anti-rollback braking system drops beneath the track, giving the train the green light to be launched. In the "Kingda Ka" roller coaster, the system as a whole can produce a peak power of up to 20,800 hp (15.5 MW) for each launch.  These launches are considered capable of giving a far greater and smoother acceleration than the LIM/LSM styles. The acceleration from a LIM/LSM launch is greatest at the beginning and dies off rapidly towards the end of the launch, but the acceleration from a hydraulic launch remains nearly constant throughout the launch.  The first hydraulic launch coaster was "Xcelerator" reaching in 2.3 seconds. The world's current tallest and 2nd fastest coaster "Kingda Ka" at Six Flags Great Adventure, which opened in the spring of 2005 is capable of reaching 128 mph (206 km/h) in 3.5 seconds. The fastest roller coaster in the world Formula Rossa, which reaches in 4 seconds, is also launched using this method.  Hydraulic launched rides usually have a tower after the launch, with differing layouts afterwards depending on the park's financial resources. "Top Thrill Dragster" brakes after the tower and "Kingda Ka" features a single hill after the tower, while "Storm Runner" at Hersheypark offers a series of overbanked turns and inversions after its 180 foot (55 m) tower drop. "Rita" at Alton Towers does not have a tower, only airtime hills and banked turns. "Stealth" at "Thorpe Park" has a large tower that travels to the left over the top hat, and then slows on an airtime hill with magnetic brakes. "Xcelerator" at Knotts Berry Farm offers two overbanked turns after the tower. Along with the height and speed, these coasters, named "Rocket Coasters" in the industry, are considered more comfortable because of a smoother launch than LIM-style launches.  A recent newcomer to the hydraulic launch industry is Vekoma, who opened a coaster in 2004 called "Booster Bike" at Toverland in the Netherlands, said to give riders a sensation of racing on high performance motorcycles over a low twisted layout, at speeds up to 47 mph (75 km/h). The cars imitate real motorcycles, and the riders sit in the same posture as real bikers.

Pneumatic (Compressed Air).

Using the same type of system as a Hydraulic launch, a pneumatic launch uses compressed air to launch the vehicle. The technology was developed by S&S as the "Thrust Air 2000" model. The first coaster of this type was the "Hypersonic XLC", opened at Kings Dominion in Doswell, Virginia, USA in 2001. This coaster closed in 2007. Another incarnation, the Ring Racer was open for only 4 days. Compressed air launches are able to provide more acceleration than traditional pneumatic launches, with Do-Dodonpa at Fuji-Q Highland in Japan holding the acceleration record since it opened as Dodonpa in 2001, launching passengers from 0 to 112 mph (180 km/h) in 1.56 seconds.

Other styles.

Catapult.

In the catapult launch, a dropped weight winds a cable to pull the train until it accelerates to its full speed. Dropped weights were used in early installations of Shuttle Loop.  These rides are often not very tall, and usually achieve speeds of 60 mph (96 km/h).

Flywheel.

Flywheel launches are used on some Anton Schwarzkopf designed shuttle loop coasters and Zamperla Motocoasters. A large flywheel is spun at high speeds and is attached to a cable that propels the train forward.

Electric motor and spring tension.

Arrow Dynamics' Launched Loop coasters, which were popular in the 1970s and 1980s, use a powerful electric motor and tensioned springs to propel a launch car forward. The launch car pushes the train outward to a drop, and then returns to its position. After the train reaches the opposite platform, another catch car works the same way. An example of this is Irn Bru Revolution.

Friction wheels.

Another type of launch is by friction wheels. The launch track consists of a series of horizontal tires that pinch the brake fins on the underside of the train. One example of this is the "Incredible Hulk Coaster" at Universal's Islands of Adventure.

Examples.

Belgium.

Brazil

The launched roller coaster is a modern form of roller coaster. In place of a traditional chain lift, the launched coaster initiates a ride with high amounts of acceleration via one or a series of linear induction motors (LIM), linear synchronous motors (LSM), catapults, or other mechanisms employing hydraulic or pneumatic power. This mode of acceleration powers many of the fastest rollercoasters in the world.

Als Launched Coaster (dt. Katapult-Achterbahn oder Abschuss-Achterbahn) bezeichnet man eine Achterbahn, bei der der Zug nicht einen Hügel (Lifthill) hinaufbefördert wird, um dann durch Lageenergie zu beschleunigen, sondern auf einer meist geraden Strecke katapultartig beschleunigt wird.


Design.

Like all Type XXI U-boats, "U-3008" had a displacement of when at the surface and while submerged. She had a total length of (o/a), a beam length of, and a draught length of. The submarine was powered by two MAN SE supercharged six-cylinder M6V40/46KBB diesel engines each providing, two Siemens-Schuckert GU365/30 double-acting electric motors each providing, and two Siemens-Schuckert silent running GV232/28 electric motors each providing.  The submarine had a maximum surface speed of and a submerged speed of. When running on silent motors the boat could operate at a speed of. When submerged, the boat could operate at for ; when surfaced, she could travel at. "U-3008" was fitted with six torpedo tubes in the bow and four C/30 anti-aircraft guns. She could carry twenty-three torpedoes or seventeen torpedoes and twelve mines. The complement was five officers and fifty-two men.

Service history.

Kriegsmarine.

"U-3008" left Wilhelmshaven for patrol on 3 May 1945, but returned to port after the surrender. On 21 June 1945 she was taken by the Allies from Wilhelmshaven to Loch Ryan, thence transferred to the United States, reaching New London, Connecticut, on 22 August. Unterseeboot "3008" was then formally renamed USS "U-3008".

United States Navy.

On 13 September, she moved to the Portsmouth Navy Yard in Kittery, Maine, where she began an extensive overhaul the following day. Work proceeded on an intermittent basis due to the lack of final and total approval of the vessel's allocation to the United States by the Allied powers concerned. However, by the spring of 1946, the naval shipyard received orders to proceed with the overhaul as expeditiously as possible and to place the submarine in service immediately upon its completion. "U-3008's" overhaul was completed by mid-summer, and she was commissioned into U.S. Navy service as USS "U-3008" on 24 July 1946 with Commander Everett H. Steinmetz in charge.  "U-3008" was assigned initially to Submarine Squadron 2 and operated along the New England coast out of New London and Portsmouth. That duty continued until 31 March 1947, when she departed New London bound ultimately for Key West, Florida, and duty with the Operational Development Force. En route, the U-boat stopped off at Norfolk, Virginia, for three weeks of underway operations with Task Force 67. She continued south on 19 April and arrived at Key West on 23 April. There, she reported for duty with Submarine Squadron 4 and began working with the Operational Development Force. That duty involved the development of submarine and antisubmarine tactics and lasted until October 1947 when she returned to New London.  The U-boat conducted operations out of New London and Portsmouth between October 1947 and February 1948. On 28 February, she stood out of New London to return to Florida. She reached Key West on 5 March and resumed duty with the Operational Development Force. She remained so engaged until the end of the first week in June. On 7 June, she headed north once more and arrived in Portsmouth on 11 June. On 18 June 1948 "U-3008" was decommissioned and placed out of service at the Portsmouth Navy Yard in New Hampshire.  Though out of service, "U-3008" remained a Navy test hulk for several years. She was scuttled in a series of demolition tests in 1954. The hulk was raised and towed to the Navy drydock at Roosevelt Roads where she was offered up for sale in 1955. She was sold to Loudes Iron & Metal Company on 15 September 1955, and the purchaser took possession of her on 17 January 1956. She was subsequently scrapped.

The German submarine "U-3008" was a Type XXI U-boat of Nazi Germany's "Kriegsmarine" that served in the United States Navy for several years after World War II.

U 3008 war ein deutsches U-Boot vom Typ XXI, das im Zweiten Weltkrieg von der deutschen Kriegsmarine und danach von der US Navy eingesetzt wurde.


Plot.

In a village live two men called Claus. In order to tell them apart, the one who owns only one horse is called Little Claus, and the other one, who owns four horses, is called Big Claus. Each week, Little Claus lends the horses from Big Claus to his field. During this, he constantly calls them his five horses. Angry at this, as only one horse really belongs to Little Claus, Big Claus tells him to stop saying this. However, he does it again, so Big Claus kills his neighbour's only horse. Little Claus skins it, puts the horse into a sack and carries the sack with him to sell it.  At the evening, he comes to a farm and asks for a place to sleep, but the farmer's wife refuses to let him in. He soon discovers that she's being visited by the sexton, who came during her husband's absence as he hates sextons. When the farmer arrives, she hides the wine and all the food she and the sexton were drinking and eating and the sexton hides in a chest. When the farmer sees Little Claus, he invites him to spend the night in his house. While eating gruel, Little Claus accidentally kicks his sack, causing a noise. Little Claus claims that inside of the sack is a wizard, and that the wizard had filled the oven with food and wine for them. Fascinated by the wizard and drunken from the wine, the farmer demands to see the devil. Little Claus tells him to look in the chest, where the devil would hide, disguised as a sexton. Seeing the sexton in the chest, the farmer is convinced that there's a wizard in Little Claus' sack and buys it, giving him a bushel filled with money as well as the chest with the sexton inside.  When crossing a bridge, Little Claus pretends that he plans to throw the chest into the river, but the sexton convinces him not to and offers him money. Little Claus accepts and returns home with two bushels filled with money. Big Claus asks him how he got so much money, and Little Claus tells him that this is the money he got from selling his horse's skin, but he doesn't tell him about the circumstances. Greedy, Big Claus kills and skins his own horses and tries to sell them, but as he demands two bushels filled with money for it, the tanners don't buy them and beat him instead.  Soon after this, Little Claus' grandmother is dead. Despite the fact that she wasn't very nice to him, he puts her in his bed as a sign of a last honour. At the night, Big Claus comes in and hits the dead grandmother with an axe, believing her to be Little Claus. Little Claus takes his dead grandmother with him in order to bury her. When he halts at an inn, he tells the innkeeper, who has a bad temper, that his grandmother was relaxing and that he should bring her a glass of wine, but he should shout as she was deaf. Believing him, the innkeeper goes to the dead grandmother with the glass. When she doesn't answer him, he hits her on the nose. Little Claus rushes outside and claims that the innkeeper killed his grandmother, showing him the hole in her head that was actually caused by the axe from the night before. The innkeeper offers to bury her as if she was his grandmother and also offers him bushel full of money for staying silent.  Hearing that Little Claus is alive, Big Claus meets him and asks him what happened. Little Claus claims that Big Claus killed his grandmother which he sold for yet another bushel. Believing him again, Big Claus kills his own grandmother and asks the local chemist if he wants to buy a corpse. When asked about its origin, he tells him that it is his grandmother whom he killed to be paid a huge sum. The chemist tells him what a terrible crime this is, resulting in Big Claus fleeing from the scene.  Angry at his neighbour, Big Claus puts him in a sack and carries him away to drown him in a river. When passing a church, Big Claus goes inside, leaving the sack with Little Claus near the street. An old man with his cattle passes him by. Hearing Little Claus whining that he is not meant to die while being so young, the old man comments that he's so old and still can't go to heaven. Little Claus asks him to take his place in the sack, then he would go to heaven, and promises the old man to take care of his cattle. The old man accepts. Later, Big Claus comes out of the church and throws the sack with the old man inside into the river. When going homewards, he meets Little Claus with the cattle, who claims that he got it from a mermaid at the bottom of the river and that he was promised another herd at the other end. However, he claims, he is now walking there on land so he can avoid the river's curves and be faster. Big Claus wonders if he could also get cattle from the mermaid, so Little Claus offers to put him in a sack and throw him into the river. Big Claus agrees and Little Claus even puts a big stone into the sack to make sure he would reach the bottom. After having dropped his neighbour into the river, Little Claus leads his herd homewards, commenting that he fears that Big Claus will not find any cattle.

Reception.

The first review, which was published anonymously in Denmark in the newspaper "Dannor" in 1836, is not very positive:No one can reasonably claim that the respect of life among children is encouraged by the reading of episodes such as Big Claus killing his grandmother and Little Claus killing him. This is told as if it is about slaughtering a bull.Furthermore, in "Dansk Litteraturtidende", another anonymous reviewer reproached Andersen for not having a sufficiently literary style, making a comparison to the writings of the Danish poet Christian Frederik Molbech, who, unlike Andersen, exposes a lesson in his stories.

"Little Claus and Big Claus" () is a tale by Hans Christian Andersen, published in Danish in 1835 in the first instalment of his booklet "Fairy Tales Told for Children. First Collection." (Danish title: "Eventyr fortalte for børn. Første Samling.").

Der kleine Klaus und der große Klaus (dänisch: "Lille Claus og Store Claus") ist ein Kunstmärchen des dänischen Schriftstellers Hans Christian Andersen.


Concept.

Fort de Mutzig was part of a network of forts surrounding Strasbourg and Metz that had been built by the Germans after the end of the Franco-Prussian War. Earlier forts built from 1872 to 1880 used masonry, which did not resist high explosives, or concrete. The Mutzig works were planned as a demonstration of new technology.  The western fort, built in 1895, was built of concrete from the beginning, while the 1893 eastern fort, which had been built in masonry, was reinforced and covered in concrete. Armored observation points and 150mm howitzer turrets were installed, while Mutzig was the first German fort with its own electricity generating plant. It also was equipped with a radio link to Strasbourg, infantry shelters and underground living quarters. Costs were estimated at 15 million marks.

Description.

The fortifications comprise three main portions. The newest section, and the place used for tours, is located in the northwestern fort. The 1895 west fort is located somewhat to the south, and the eastern fort about one kilometer to the east of the western fort. Together they comprise a "Feste", or fortification, a concept which was later developed in the construction of the French Maginot Line fortifications.  In 1914, the fort comprised 50 buildings, with an underground space of approximately 40,000 square meters (400,000 square feet). With 22 turrets equipped with 10 cm and 15 cm howitzers at a maximum rate of fire of 6.5 tons of shells per minute, Mutzig was one of the strongest forts in Europe. 8,000 troops of the German army manned the defenses of Strasbourg at the time. Forces were disposed in the ring of forts around Strasbourg, as well as the Vosges mountains for defense against French forces around Belfort.  The fort's armament included:  Three concrete barracks for the garrison and 18 concrete shelters for infantry were provided, along with four wells, bakeries and other support facilities distributed around the fortification.

History.

The province of Lorraine had been captured during the Franco-Prussian War, prompting an arms race in the form of fixed fortifications on the parts of France and Germany. The fortress saw no significant fighting during the First World War, and was handed over intact to the French Army after the Armistice of 1918, with the exception of about half of its 105 mm guns, salvaged in 1917 by the Germans. The French Army designated Mutzig a rear defense of the Rhine frontier.  During the Second World War the fortress was occupied for a time by German artillery and infantry regiments but on June 13, 1940 forces were ordered to evacuate the area and all the guns were decommissioned. Despite this, it was later bombed by the German Luftwaffe when it was suspected that French troops had taken possession. However, part of the Wehrmacht's 215th Infantry Division was in fact in the fortress at the time and more than 70 German soldiers were killed in the Stuka attack.  In November 1944 the US Third Infantry Division took the fortress, which was then thinly occupied by German forces who were forced to surrender after a short time for want of ordnance and reinforcements.

The Fortress today.

After the Second World War the fortress was used by the French Army for exercises up until the 1960s when it was abandoned but remained in the possession of the military. As the fortress never saw substantial military action, it remains one of the best preserved pre-World War I sites in existence. This enormous site, which retains almost all its original equipment, has been under a process of restoration by a joint German–French group since 1984 and in 1995 a Museum was opened to the public together with some restored areas of the site. Local historical reenactment groups also make use of the fortress. Since 2014 the fortress has been known by its original name, the Kaiser Wilhelm II fortress.

The Fort de Mutzig, also known as Feste Kaiser Wilhelm II, is located near the town of Mutzig, in the Bas-Rhin department of France. It is one of the fortifications built by Germany at the end of the 19th century to defend Strasbourg.

Die Feste Kaiser Wilhelm II. (, vormals ) ist eine zwischen 1893 und dem Ersten Weltkrieg etwa 20 Kilometer westlich von Straßburg erbaute Befestigung im Reichsland Elsaß-Lothringen, das von 1871 bis 1918 zum Deutschen Kaiserreich gehörte. Mit einem Umfang von sechs Kilometern war die 254 ha große Festung beim Ausbruch des Ersten Weltkriegs im Deutschen Reich die flächengrößte geschlossene Festungsanlage. Zwischen dem Ende des Ersten Weltkriegs und Juni 2014 hieß die Festung offiziell "Position de Mutzig".


Early life.

Miyanda begun his early schooling in Kitwe at Kitwe Main School. He later attended Buseko and Kawama Primary schools in Kitwe. He later attended Katete and Munali secondary schools up to form five. He also attended a one year part-time course in Business Management at Evelyn Hone College of Higher Education.

Career.

Miyanda is a career soldier. He attended an officers course at Mons Officer Cadet School in Aldershot, England. He did further training at Hythe in Kent and another course at Warminster in England. He attended a Staff Officers course in Canada in 1968.  Miyanda has attended several leadership courses and programmes. He has held several positions in the Army, including Platoon Commander, Emplaning, Intelligence Officer, Adjutant, Battalion Second-In-Command, Battalion Commander, General Staff Officer Grade One, and Colonel General Staff at Army Headquarters. His last position in the Army was Chief of Logistics. Miyanda established the Zambia Military Academy, being its first head at Kohima Barracks based in Kabwe, central province of Zambia. His contemporaries in military training include General Kingsley Chinkuli, Zambia's first black army chief, General Benjamin Mibenge, late Colonel Patrick Kafumukache, late General Christon Tembo, former Zambian vice president.  He is a trained Caterpillar salesman, having attended intensive earth-moving science and sales courses in Nairobi, Kenya and Malaga, Spain. He learnt to operate most Caterpillar earth moving equipment. He is also a qualified Public Service Vehicle Driver. In 1980, Miyanda was dismissed from the army by Kenneth Kaunda for involvement an alleged coup plot. He was blacklisted for many years and drove a taxi cab. He was subsequently cleared of all the charges.

Political career.

He joined the growing opposition to Kenneth Kaunda and was later one of the senior members of the Movement for Multi-Party Democracy (MMD). He subsequently served under President Frederick Chiluba as Minister without Portfolio and National Secretary of the MMD until 1995. In 1993, after the resignation of Levy Mwanawasa, Miyanda was appointed as Vice President. At the 1995 MMD party convention he was elected the party's vice president. In 1997, he was demoted to the post of Minister of Education, although he remained the vice president of the MMD.  Miyanda was expelled from the MMD, together with the famous 22 senior party officials, in 2001 for opposing President Chiluba's third presidential term bid. The third term bid was actively supported and led by Michael Sata, the National Secretary of the MMD.

Heritage Party.

Since 2001 Miyanda is serving as president of the Heritage Party in Zambia. It was formed after his expulsion from the Movement for Multi-Party Democracy (MMD) in May 2001 for opposing the third term bid for president. In 2001 general elections, the party won four parliamentary seats in a unicameral Zambian parliament. The party also won a few local councilors positions across the country. However, the four members of parliament were poached by the then late Zambian president Levy Mwanawasa by including them in government ministerial positions to strengthen parliament numbers. In subsequent elections in 2006, the four members joined then ruling MMD party and heritage party lost all seats in parliament.  Miyanda can be described as a perennial candidate. He has unsuccessfully run for president four times (2001, 2006, 2008 and 2011).

Godfrey Miyanda (born 1944) is a Zambian politician and former military figure. In 1993, he became Vice-President of Zambia under Frederick Chiluba's administration. Miyanda professes to be a born-again Christian. He is married to Angela Miyanda. They have four children.

Godfrey Miyanda (* 1950 in Nampeyo, Monze) ist ein Politiker aus Sambia. 1969 trat Godfrey Miyanda in die sambische Armee ein und wurde bis 1977 Brigadegeneral der Sambischen Streitkräfte, als solcher Direktor des M.S.B. der Armee. Nach seiner Pensionierung 1977 vertrieb er Traktoren und wandte sich der Politik zu. Er war Gründungsmitglied des Movement for Multiparty Democracy (MMD). 1981 und 1989 verdächtigte ihn der damalige Präsident Kenneth Kaunda der Beteiligung an einem Putschversuch. Miyanda wurde Vizepräsident Sambias von 1993 bis 1997, Erziehungsminister von 1998 bis Anfang 2001. Er wurde aus dem MMD ausgeschlossen, als er gemeinsam mit anderen Frederick Chilubas Plan hintertrieb, eine dritte Amtszeit als Präsident in die Verfassung zu schreiben. Er trat zur Wahl 2001 selbst als Präsidentschaftskandidat der Heritage Party an, in der er 8,09 Prozent der Stimmen auf sich vereinigen konnte. Seine Partei konnte in der Nationalversammlung Sambias vier Mandate erringen. Bei der Wahl 2006 hatten sich die politischen Gewichte im Land aber so verschoben, dass er als Präsidentschaftskandidat nur 1,57 Prozent erzielte und seine Partei den Einzug in die Nationalversammlung verfehlte. Seine Hochburg ist die Südprovinz, in der er 2006 74,35 Prozent erzielte.


Plot.

On Mardi Gras in New Orleans, the ferry "Sen. Alvin T. Stumpf" is carrying hundreds of U.S. Navy sailors and their families across the Mississippi River from their base to the city. Suddenly, the ferry explodes and sinks, killing 543 passengers and crew members.  Special Agent Douglas Carlin (Denzel Washington) from the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF) is sent to investigate and discovers evidence of a bomb planted by a domestic terrorist. Arriving at the scene he meets with local investigators and FBI Special Agent Paul Pryzwarra (Val Kilmer), and informs them of his findings. He learns about and is invited to examine a partially burned body pulled from the river, identified as Claire Kuchever (Paula Patton), which was reported to the authorities minutes before the explosion.  Pryzwarra is impressed with Doug's detective expertise, and asks him to join a newly formed governmental detective unit whose first case is to investigate the bombing. Led by Dr. Alexander Denny (Adam Goldberg), they investigate the events before the explosion by using a program called "Snow White", which enables them to look into the past (4 days, 6 hours, 3 minutes, 45 seconds, 14.5 nanoseconds) in detail by (according to Pryzwarra) using several satellites to form a triangulated image of events. The system is limited in that they can only see past events once; there is no fast forwarding or rewinding, although they can record what they see in the process. Convinced that Claire is a vital link, Doug persuades them to focus on her. While the team observes Claire's past through "Snow White", the bomber calls her to talk about the SUV that she advertised for sale. He doesn't buy her car, but the "Snow White" team now knows exactly where and when he was during the call.  Doug finds out "Snow White" is actually a time window, and can send inanimate objects into the past. Despite Denny's protests against tampering with the past, Doug has the team send a note back to his past self with the time and place to stop the ferry bomber. Instead, his partner Larry Minuti (Matt Craven) gets the note and while following up on it is shot by the terrorist. The team attempts to follow the fleeing terrorist, who takes Minuti with him, but he moves outside of Snow White's range. However, Doug is able to follow him in the present using a specially equipped vehicle with a mobile Snow White unit. In the past time, the bomber takes Minuti to his bayou shack where he kills him and sets fire to his body. Still needing a vehicle big enough to hold the bomb the terrorist goes to Claire's address, kidnaps her and takes her car.  Using a facial recognition system, the ferry bomber is identified and taken into custody. He turns out to be Carroll Oerstadt (Jim Caviezel), who is angry at the military because he attempted to join both the Marines and Army, and was rejected after their psychological screening tagged him as unstable. Considering the case now closed, the government shuts down the Snow White investigation. Despite the killer having been caught, Claire and the ferry victims remain dead, which unsettles Doug since he is convinced that the Snow White team can actually alter history. Doug persuades Denny to do one last experiment: send Doug to the past to save Claire and stop the bombing; a risky procedure, since no human has ever been sent back. Doug survives the trip, because he was sent back to a hospital emergency room, where they were able to revive him. He steals an ambulance and gun and races to Oerstadt's shack just in time to stop Claire's murder, while Oerstadt flees with the bomb.  Doug and Claire go to the ferry. Doug boards to try to find and disarm the bomb, but meanwhile Oerstadt captures Claire and restrains her inside the vehicle in which he has placed the bomb. A brutal gunfight ensues which culminates with Doug attempting to negotiate with Oerstadt but finally catching him off guard and killing him. He gets into the vehicle to try to free Claire but police surround them and threaten to open fire. To save everyone, Doug purposely drives the vehicle off the end of the ferry before it explodes. Claire escapes but Doug, unable to get out, dies in the subsequent underwater explosion. As Claire mourns Doug's death, she is approached by an identical Doug Carlin, the one from her present, who consoles her.

Background and production.

Script.

The idea of a time travel thriller film originated between screenwriters Bill Marsilii and Terry Rossio, who were friends. Rossio had a one-page idea for a film called "Prior Conviction" about a cop who uses a Time Window to look seven days into the past to investigate his girlfriend's murder. As they were talking about it, Marsilii says "I had this explosive kind of epiphany—"NO! He should fall in love with her *while* he's watching the last few days of her life. The first time he sees her should be at her autopsy!"  Rossio later wrote, "The first concept was good, and the second concept was good, too, and together they were great. Ideas and issues and themes seemed to resonate, and in the end the screenplay felt as if it was telling a single powerful story."  Marsilii and Rossio wrote the film together. They communicated via email in attempts to develop the plot due to communication difficulties.  However, the creation of "Déjà Vu"s progenitor was set aside by the September 11, 2001 attacks that disrupted New York-native Marsilii, and the advent of the 2003 film "", which occupied Los Angeles-native Rossio. However, by 2004, the two screenwriters had completed the concept. Brian Greene from Columbia University was brought in as a consultant to help create a scientifically plausible feel to the script. Greene stated "the way I try to explain wormholes in terms of bending paper and connecting the corners, that's there in the film and it was fun to see that that made it in."  The script was sold for a record $4.5 million.  It was bought by Jerry Bruckheimer who got Denzel Washington to star and Tony Scott to direct. Rossio later wrote that Scott was "Completely the wrong choice, in that Tony had stated he had no interest in making a science fiction film, and suggested the time travel aspect be dumped.... My hope was that we had a screenplay that could be the next Sixth Sense. Tony wanted to make just another also-ran surveillance film."  Rossio says at one point Scott quit the project and he and Marsilii had to work on the script so that Denzel would not quit. They reworked the script over two weeks and "the revision was deemed so good that not only did Denzel re-commit, he called Tony and talked him into coming back on board. Reportedly Denzel made Tony look him in the eye and swear he wouldn't quit the movie again. Tony said yes, but on one condition—he wanted to bring on his own writers."

Filming.

Principal photography in New Orleans, Louisiana, was delayed following Hurricane Katrina because of the devastation caused by the storm and the collapse of the levees. Many of the exteriors were set to be shot in New Orleans, including a key sequence involving the Canal Street Ferry across the Mississippi River. After the city was reopened, the cast and crew returned to New Orleans to continue filming. Some scenes of the post-Katrina devastation were worked into the plot, including those in the Lower 9th Ward; additionally, evidence of Katrina's impact on the city was worked into the script. The filming crew spent two weeks filming a scene at the Four Mile Bayou in Morgan City, Louisiana.  According to director Tony Scott, "Déjà Vu" was written to take place on Long Island, but after a visit to New Orleans Scott felt that it would be a far better venue. Jerry Bruckheimer reportedly said that Denzel Washington was "adamant about returning to New Orleans to film after Hurricane Katrina devastated the region", but Washington recalled being neutral on the subject, while agreeing that it was "a good thing to spend money there and put people to work there".  To create a sense of realism, Scott and Washington interviewed numerous men and women whose real-life occupations pertained to positions in the Federal Bureau of Investigation and the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives; Washington has noted that he and Scott conducted similar research during the productions of "Man on Fire" and "Crimson Tide".

Visual effects.

Visual effects editor Marc Varisco, who had previously collaborated with director Scott on the 2005 film "Domino", worked again with Scott to develop "Déjà Vu" into a fully-fledged work. In total, approximately 400 visual effects scenes were shot during the production of "Déjà Vu". They had acquired a LIDAR device, which incorporated lasers to scatter light with the intent of mapping out a small region, during the production of "Domino"; Scott and Varisco decided to use the apparatus again during the production of "Déjà Vu". Additionally, the two utilized the Panavision "Genesis" high definition camera to film the shots that would encompass the past that the Snow White team would peer at throughout the film, as well as the various night scenes. The LIDAR apparatus, which was operated by a hired Texan company devoted to the device, performed scans of Claire Kuchever's apartment, the ferry, the ATF office, and actress Paula Patton, among others. Effects editor Zachary Tucker combined the elements created by the Texan LIDAR company with computer-generated graphics to make possible the scenes of time-travel experienced in the film.  The explosion of the "Stumpf" was filmed using an actual New Orleans ferry in a portion of the Mississippi River sectioned off especially for the event; the occurrence took over four hours to prepare. Under the supervision of pyrotechnics expert John Frazier, the ferry was coated entirely with fire retardant and rigged with fifty gasoline bombs including black dirt and diesel, each one set to detonate within a five-second range. People and cars were added in later as elements of computer-generated graphics. Chris Lebenzon was largely responsible for moving clips from each of the sixteen cameras in place to create the sensation of an extended explosion sequence. The spectacular explosion actually caused no significant structural damage to the ferry; after a bout of sandblasting and repainting, the ferry was very similar to its previous state. The ferry was returned into service four days after the production of the film's scene concluded. During filming of the underwater car scenes, actual cars were dropped into the water; computer-generated effects were later added, simulating the entities' explosions. Compositing was done on the Autodesk "Inferno" special effects program.

Similarities between Timothy McVeigh and Carroll Oerstadt.

Jim Caviezel's character, Carroll Oerstadt, seemed to mirror in several ways the story of Timothy McVeigh, a domestic terrorist who destroyed the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City with a bomb in 1995. Caviezel and Scott did not deny this, and both admitted that the Oerstadt character was at least partly based on McVeigh. Ross Johnson of "The New York Times" also compared the ferry bombing at the film's beginning to the Oklahoma City bombing.

Home media.

"Déjà Vu" was released on DVD and home video approximately five months after its release in American theaters, on April 24, 2007. In the two weeks succeeding the day of the DVD's release, the film was the second most purchased DVD in the United States. It was second only to "Night at the Museum" during this period in time.  Special features on the disc include an audio commentary from director Tony Scott for both the film and its deleted scenes. The DVD cover also includes a "Surveillance Window" feature, which includes featurettes on the film's production in New Orleans.

Soundtrack.

The track listing for "Déjà Vu" largely borrows music not originally produced for the film; three of the songs that make an appearance in "Déjà Vu" uphold elements of soul and gospel. "Don't Worry Baby" by The Beach Boys simulated the actual concept of déjà vu, as detailed in the plot. Songwriters such as Harry Gregson-Williams contributed music to the film; artists like Charmaine Neville and Macy Gray performed music especially for the film. The music featured in the film's trailer was titled "Hello Zepp", the main theme for "Saw". The soundtrack was released by Hollywood Records.

Reception.

Box office.

"Déjà Vu" premiered in New York City on November 20, 2006, two days before its wide release in all of the United States and Canada. Alongside Mexico, the three countries were the sole nations to open the film in November. The United Kingdom opened the film on December 15, 2006, and was followed shortly thereafter by New Zealand on December 22. Australia was the last English-speaking country where the film premiered, on January 18, 2007.  The film opened in the #3 spot with $20.5 million in 3,108 theaters, an average of $6,619 per theater. "Déjà Vu" ran for fourteen weeks, staying in the top ten for its first three weeks. It grossed $64 million in the United States and Canada and $116.5 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $180.6 million, against a production budget of $75 million. These earnings made "Déjà Vu" the 23rd most successful film of 2006 worldwide.

Critical response.

On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, "Déjà Vu" has an approval rating of 55% based on 160 reviews and an average rating of 5.92/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Tony Scott tries to combine action, science fiction, romance, and explosions into one movie, but the time travel conceit might be too preposterous and the action falls apart under scrutiny." On Metacritic, the film has a score of 59 out of 100, based on 32 reviews, indicating "mixed or average reviews".  Joel Siegel of "ABC News" called the film technically "well-made," but criticized its attempt to describe a supposedly scientific basis for time travel as both silly and dull, as did Manohla Dargis of "The New York Times", who additionally found the depiction of parishes decimated by Hurricane Katrina "vulgar". Todd Gilchrist from IGN rated the film eight out of ten, calling it a "bravura set piece", despite an ending that "feels inappropriate given the urgency (and seeming inevitability) of the story's dénouement." Likewise, Michael Wilmington of the "Orlando Sentinel" rated the film three out of four stars, citing the "good cast, Tony Scott's swift direction, and unyielding professionalism" as rationale for his rating. Kenneth Turan of the "Los Angeles Times" described the film's exploration of the nature of time and the implications of time travel as having been a "sci-fi staple for generations".

Criticism.

Both Terry Rossio and Bill Marsilii have acknowledged that the film was not shot the way they had wanted it to be, shifting the blame to director Tony Scott and his goal to focus more on the action aspect of the film than on the more meaningful plot the screenplay had called for. Marsilii, although "quite critical of the mistakes made," said he was proud of the finished product. Rossio, however, was so put off during filming that he, as of May 2008, had not seen the film. Rossio complained that Scott had ignored the inclusion of important plot details from the screenplay whenever "there was something he wanted to do" instead. In the DVD commentary, Scott admits that he thought he did a mediocre job shooting [the chase scene].  Rossio and Marsilii believe that many of the negative reviews of "Déjà Vu" are a direct result of Scott's direction of the film, and have stated that "Tony Scott added nothing to "Déjà Vu" and made several hundred small mistakes and about eight or nine deadly mistakes", which makes the film seem like it has many unforgivable plot holes, when it should not have had any. "[T]here are no plot holes at all, and scrutiny reveals the plot to be air tight." says Rossio. "We had years to think of all this and work it out." It was felt there were many misunderstandings that Scott's take on the plot introduced into the film. In his own defense, Scott cited in an interview with Iain Blair of BNET that only nineteen weeks were provided for the production of the film, which "isn't a lot for a film like "Déjà Vu"."

Awards.

Although reviews from critics were mixed, "Déjà Vu" was nominated for six different awards, winning one. "Déjà Vu" was nominated for the Saturn Award in the category "Best Science Fiction Film", but lost to "Children of Men".  Paula Patton, who played Claire Kuchever, was nominated for "Best Breakthrough Performance" for the Black Reel Awards. The award was won by Brandon T. Jackson for his performance in the film "Roll Bounce".  Harry Gregson-Williams, the composer of the film's soundtrack, was nominated for the "Film Composer of the Year" division of the World Soundtrack Academy Awards (the award was won by Alexandre Desplat for his score with "The Queen").  "Déjà Vu" received two nominations pertaining to the "Best Fire Stunt" and the "Best Work with a Vehicle", while it won the International Gold Reel Award at the Nielsen EDI Gold Reel Awards ceremonies.

Déjà Vu is a 2006 American science fiction action film directed by Tony Scott, written by Bill Marsilii and Terry Rossio, and produced by Jerry Bruckheimer. The film stars Denzel Washington, Paula Patton, Jim Caviezel, Val Kilmer, Adam Goldberg and Bruce Greenwood. It involves an ATF agent who travels back in time in an attempt to prevent a domestic terrorist attack that takes place in New Orleans and to save a woman with whom he falls in love.

Déjà Vu – Wettlauf gegen die Zeit ist ein US-amerikanischer Action-Thriller von Tony Scott aus dem Jahr 2006. Die Gemeinschaftsproduktion von Touchstone Pictures und Jerry Bruckheimer Films hatte am 20. November 2006 in New York Weltpremiere. Deutschlandstart war der 27. Dezember 2006.


Career.

Born in 1896, Fritz von Scholz served in World War I with the Austro-Hungarian Army in 1914. Discharged from the army in 1919, Scholz was a member of the paramilitary "Freikorps" since 1921. He joined the Austrian branch of the Nazi Party (NSDAP) in 1932 (Nr. 1304071), and then the Austrian SA. Following his involvement in street violence, Scholz fled to Nazi Germany in late 1933 to avoid arrest. He joined the SS in 1937 (Nr. 135638), serving with the Austrian SS Legion.  Scholtz started World War II as a battalion commander in the SS-Regiment "Der Führer", taking part in the Western campaign of 1940 and later taking command of the SS Regiment Nordland, which in 1941 became part of a new SS Division Wiking. Attached to Army Group South, the division took Tarnopol in Galicia in late June, 1941. In early 1943, he took command of first 1 SS Infantry Brigade, attached to Army Group Centre, then 2 SS Infantry Brigade composed of mostly Latvian recruits, under Army Group North. On 20 April, Scholz was appointed commander of a new SS Division Nordland. The division was soon moved to Croatia where it saw action against Yugoslav partisans.  In January 1944, the division was transferred to the Oranienbaum front near Leningrad and attached to the III SS Panzer Corps under Army Group North. The division retreated to Narva and participated in the battles for the Narva bridgehead.  Scholz was awarded the Oakleaves to the Knight's Cross on 12 March 1944. In late July, after the launch of the Soviet Operation Bagration and the collapse of Army Group Centre, the corps retreated to behind the Narva river. On 27 July 1944, Scholz was wounded in an artillery barrage and died the next day. He was posthumously awarded the Swords to the Knight's Cross on 8 August 1944.

Fritz von Scholz (9 December 1896 – 28 July 1944) was a high-ranking member of the Waffen-SS during World War II and a recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords of Nazi Germany.

Fritz von Scholz (eigentlich "Friedrich Max Karl Scholz Edler von Rarancze"; * 9. Dezember 1896 in Pilsen; † 28. Juli 1944 bei Sinimäe, Estnische SSR) war ein österreichischer SS-Gruppenführer und Generalleutnant der Waffen-SS im Zweiten Weltkrieg.


Porcellanite.

Mullite (porcelainite) can be found as a constituent mineral in a type of thermally-metamorphosed rock called porcellanite.

Use in porcelain.

Mullite is present in the form of needles in porcelain.  It is produced during various melting and firing processes, and is used as a refractory material, due to its high melting point of 1840 °C.  In 2006 researchers at University College London and Cardiff University discovered that potters in the Hesse region of Germany since the late Middle Ages had used mullite in the manufacture of a type of crucible (known as Hessian crucibles), that were renowned for enabling alchemists to heat their crucibles to very high temperatures.  The formula for making it (using kaolinitic clay and then firing it at temperatures above 1100 °C) was kept a closely guarded secret.  Mullite morphology is also important for its application. In this case, there are two common morphologies for mullite. One is a platelet shape with low aspect ratio and the second is a needle shape with high aspect ratio. If the needle shape mullite can form in a ceramic body during sintering, it has an effect on both the mechanical and physical properties by increasing the mechanical strength and thermal shock resistance. The most important condition relates to ceramic chemical composition. If the silica and alumina ratio with low basic materials such as sodium and calcium is adjusted, the needle shape mullite forms at about 1400 °C and the needles will interlock. This mechanical interlocking contributes to the high mechanical strength of porcelain.

Use as a catalyst.

Recent research indicates that a synthetic analogue of mullite can be an effective replacement for platinum in diesel engines for exhaust management.

Mullite or porcelainite is a rare silicate mineral of. It can form two stoichiometric forms: 3AlO2SiO or 2AlO SiO. Unusually, mullite has no charge balancing cations present. As a result, there are three different aluminium sites: two distorted tetrahedral and one octahedral.

Mullit ist ein eher selten vorkommendes Mineral aus der Mineralklasse der „Silikate und Germanate“ mit der komplexen chemischen Zusammensetzung AlAl[OSiO], wobei x ≈ 0,2 entspricht. Strukturell gehört Mullit zu den Inselsilikaten.


Names.

There are several alternative names used for this city:,,,,.

Demographics.

In 2001, the population included:

About the city.

The city of Perechyn is nestled between the Carpathian Mountains some twenty kilometers north of Uzhgorod. With a population of around 7000 people, this small city swells to larger numbers on the weekends when people from neighboring villages come to shop in this rayon center and during summer when tourists traverse the lovely mountain road on their way North to Lviv. There are many different nationalities living in harmony with one another including Ukrainians, Russians, Belarusians, Slovaks, and Hungarians.  In the main square, is a statue built in honor of Fedor Feketa who traveled 30 kilometers by foot each week carrying the mail to villages throughout the region. Legend has it he started his route, while waiting for a letter from his parents.

Schools.

Perechyn has three schools a regional school (specializing in language studies), a middle/high school, and a boarding school (orphanage).  The Perechyn Humanitarian Gymnasium (a regional high school) is housed in the Palace of Culture, centrally-located and distinguished by its highly visible castle-like architecture. In addition to preparing students for university, the gymnasium has a special focus on the development of specialized language skills including Ukrainian, Russian, Slovakian, German, and English. Foreign visitors are very likely to find English-speakers here who will gladly help provide advice and information about the region.  Also distinguished by its architecture, the Perechyn Boarding School or "shkoli internat" sits in a U-shaped building on the outskirts of Perechyn on the road to Uzhgorod. It houses some 135 students. In partnership with the Charitable Foundation Opika (which means "guardian" in Ukrainian), students from this school regularly perform traditional dances, music concerts and shows, including "Perechyn Day" which is celebrated each year on the 28th of June. The school houses a culture museum with one of the best displays of vyshyvanki (embroidery) in Zakarpattia. Children who attend the school are taught ancient embroidery techniques and their work is often on display and for sale in the museum.

Industry.

One of the largest industries in town is a factory that makes charcoal and other products. Perechyn also has a metal recycling plant.

Perechyn (, ) is a city in Zakarpattia Oblast, Ukraine. It is the administrative center of Perechyn Raion (district). Population:.

Peretschyn (ukrainisch ; russisch /"", tschechisch und slowakisch "Perečín" bzw. älter "Perečany", ungarisch "Perecseny") ist eine Stadt in der Ukraine in der Oblast Transkarpatien. Die Stadt mit etwa 7.000 Einwohnern ist Verwaltungssitz des nach dem Ort benannten Rajon Peretschyn und liegt nahe der Grenze zur Slowakei am Zusammenfluss der Usch und der Turja in den Karpaten. Am Ort vorbei führt die Regionalstraße R39 von Uschhorod nach Sambir, welche im Norden den Uschok-Pass überquert.