History.

Before the establishment of the Executive Yuan in 1928, the premier of the ROC was created as Premier of Cabinet () in 1912. It was changed to the Secretary of State () in 1914 and Premier of State Council () in 1916 in the Beiyang Government. In 1928, the Kuomintang (KMT) Government established the Executive Yuan and Tan Yankai served as the first President of the Executive Yuan.  In the People's Republic of China, the Premier is labelled as the Executive Chief of the Taiwan Area or Executive Chief. Those terminologies are used by the PRC media to reflect the PRC's official stance of not recognizing the ROC as a sovereign state.

Powers and responsibilities.

The premier presides over the Executive Yuan Council, which makes up the official cabinet. The vice premier, ministers, and chairpersons of the Executive Yuan Council are appointed by the president on the recommendation of the premier. The premier's official duties also include presenting administrative policies and reports to the Legislators, responding to the interpellations of legislators (much like Question Time in some parliamentary systems), and, with the approval of the president, asking the Legislators to reconsider its resolutions. Laws and decrees promulgated by the President must also be countersigned by the Premier.  In the event of vacancies in both the presidency and the vice presidency, the premier serves as Acting President of the Republic for up to three months.  One-third of the Legislators may initiate a no-confidence vote against the premier. If approved with simple majority, the premier must resign from office within ten days and at the same time may request that the President dissolve the Legislative Yuan. If the motion fails, another no-confidence motion against the same premier cannot be initiated for one year. This power has never been used. In practice, the President has enough legitimacy and executive authority to govern in the face of a legislature controlled by the opposition, and would likely respond to a vote of no-confidence by nominating another person with similar views.

Premier as head of government.

The Constitution of the Republic of China did not originally define strictly the relation between the premier and the president of the Republic and it was not clear whether the government would lean towards a presidential system or parliamentary system when divided. Power shifted to Premier Chiang Ching-kuo after President Chiang Kai-shek's death but shifted to the presidency again when Chiang Ching-kuo became president. After President Lee Teng-hui succeeded Chiang as president in 1988, the power struggle within the Kuomintang extended to the constitutional debate over the relationship between the president and the premier. The first three premiers under Lee, Yu Kuo-hwa, Lee Huan and Hau Pei-tsun, were mainlanders who had initially opposed Lee's ascension to power. The appointment of Lee and Hau were compromises by President Lee to placate the conservative mainlander faction in the party. The subsequent appointment of premier Lien Chan was taken as a sign of Lee's consolidation of power. Moreover, during this time, the power of the premier to approve the president's appointments and the power of the Legislative Council to confirm the president's choice of premier was removed (out of fears that the Democratic Progressive Party would one day gain control of the legislature), clearly establishing the president as the more powerful position of the two.  The relationship between the premier and the legislature again became a contentious issue after the 2000 Presidential election, which led to the election of the Democratic Progressive Party's Chen Shui-bian to the presidency, while the legislature remained under the control of the Pan-Blue Coalition. Initially, President Chen Shui-bian appointed Tang Fei, a member of the Kuomintang, to the premiership; however, this arrangement proved unworkable, and subsequent appointments were from the Democratic Progressive Party. The established constitutional convention is that the premier is responsible to the President and does not have any responsibility to the legislature other than to report on his activities. However, the Pan-Blue Coalition contended that Chen's actions were unconstitutional, and proposed to name its own choice of premier. There are calls for a constitutional amendment to better define the relationship between the executive and legislative branches of government.

Seán Mac Eoin (30 September 1893 – 7 July 1973) was an Irish Fine Gael politician and soldier who served as Minister for Defence briefly in 1951 and from 1954 to 1957, Minister for Justice from 1948 to 1951, and Chief of Staff of the Defence Forces from February to October 1929. He served as a Teachta Dála (TD) from 1921 to 1923, 1929 to 1957, and 1961 to 1965.

Der Premierminister der Republik China (Taiwan) ist der Vorsitzende des Exekutiv-Yuans, des Kabinetts der Republik China (Taiwan). Aktueller Premierminister ist seit dem 14. Januar 2019 der DPP-Politiker Su Tseng-chang.


History.

In the mid 18th century, Mdewakanton Dakota tribes lived in the vicinity of New Brighton's marshy lakes, harvesting wild rice. The Dakota eventually settled a village near Long Lake at Rice Creek and a smaller encampment just east of Silver Lake Road on 3rd Street NW. Immigrants from Britain and France settled a small village in 1858 which included a general store, school and mission church. As railroads were established in the area, millers in Minneapolis formed the Minneapolis Stockyards and Packing Company in 1888. The company supplied home, agriculture, and business needs. The venture included Minneapolis figures such as streetcar magnate Thomas Lowry, flour millers John Sargent Pillsbury, Senator William D. Washburn, ex-Minneapolis Mayor W.H. Eustis, and industrialist W.H. Dunwoody. As the village grew in prominence, it was incorporated on January 20, 1891. The city was given the name Brighton after Brighton, Massachusetts. The founding population was primarily English-American. Each August, a city festival celebrates this heritage, called the "Stockyard Days" and is held at Long Lake Park.  As the streetcar system expanded in the early 20th century, immigrant and first-generation groups from Eastern Europe and Germany began moving outwards from Northeast Minneapolis. New Brighton and St. Anthony residents also continue to celebrate this ethnic heritage with an annual "Polka Dance Party" which began in 1892.  In the 1920s, a local farmer said he heard a rumor that gold bars were buried along the eastern shore of Long Lake by bootleggers. This rumor spread and in the following years launched a mini "gold rush" along Long Lake to find the treasure.

Geography.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of, of which is land and is water. Rice Creek flows through the northern part of the city.  New Brighton is located at the intersection of Interstate Highways 35W and 694. It is geographically incongruent. From north to south it is not even, and east to west it is even in only a few places. A piece of the city sits on the east side of Interstate 35W isolated from the rest of the city.  Nearby places include Arden Hills, Shoreview, Roseville, Saint Anthony Village, Columbia Heights, Fridley, Mounds View, and Minneapolis.  New Brighton has several parks, including Richard J. Hansen Park, Freedom Park, Sunny Square Park, Creek View Park, Meadow Wood Park, Hidden Oaks Park, Silver Oaks Park, Innsbruck Park, Veterans Park, Vermont Park, and Long Lake Regional Park. Bur oak trees over 200 years old and native prairie grass such as Big Bluestem can be found in Long Lake Park. Remnants of old farmsteads can be found at Long Lake Park as well (look for lilacs and rose bushes in the middle of the woods).  New Brighton is almost exactly halfway between the equator and the north pole, with a latitude of 45 degrees.  New Brighton is part of east–central Minnesota's glacial plain sandpile, which was flattened by glaciers during the most recent glacial advance. During the last glacial period, massive ice sheets at least thick ravaged the landscape of the town and sculpted its current terrain which can be easily seen in Long Lake Regional Park within the city. The Wisconsin glaciation left 12,000 years ago. These glaciers covered all of Minnesota except the far southeast, an area characterized by steep hills and streams that cut into the bedrock. Since the New Brighton landscape is still recovering from the weight of the glaciers and going through post-glacial rebound and the turmoil this created, the landscape is poorly drained created the numerous lakes and rivers found in the city. Long Lake itself is the remnants of the glaciers, as it was a chunk of ice that was left behind, melted, and created the lake in the hole it occupied.

Demographics.

2010 census.

As of the census of 2010, there were 21,456 people, 8,915 households, and 5,731 families residing in the city. The population density was. There were 9,479 housing units at an average density of. The racial makeup of the city was 84.2% White, 4.1% African American, 1.4% Native American, 4.8% Asian, 2.2% from other races, and 2.1% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.2% of the population.  There were 8,915 households of which 28.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.3% were married couples living together, 10.8% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.2% had a male householder with no wife present, and 35.7% were non-families. 28.8% of all households were made up of individuals and 10.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.35 and the average family size was 2.89.  The median age in the city was 40.7 years. 21.1% of residents were under the age of 18; 9.4% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 24.5% were from 25 to 44; 27.2% were from 45 to 64; and 17.7% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48.3% male and 51.7% female.

2000 census.

As of the census of 2000, there were 22,206 people, 9,013 households, and 5,903 families residing in the city. The population density was 3,343.9 people per square mile (1,291.2/km2). There were 9,121 housing units at an average density of 1,373.5 per square mile (530.4/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 88.19% White, 3.02% African American, 2.62% Native American, 3.38% Asian, 0.06% Pacific Islander, 0.84% from other races, and 2.20% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.77% of the population.  There were 9,013 households out of which 28.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.4% were married couples living together, 10.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.5% were non-families. 26.1% of all households were made up of individuals and 7.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.40 and the average family size was 2.91.  In the city the population was spread out with 22.2% under the age of 18, 11.3% from 18 to 24, 28.3% from 25 to 44, 25.6% from 45 to 64, and 12.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females there were 94.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.4 males.  The median income for a household in the city was $52,856, and the median income for a family was $68,724. Males had a median income of $45,291 versus $32,021 for females. The per capita income for the city was $27,574. About 3.3% of families and 4.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 5.5% of those under age 18 and 3.9% of those age 65 or over.

Economy.

New Brighton has four public schools, several lakes (Long Lake and Silver Lake, Pike Lake, among others), one seminary, and many churches and places of worship (Lutheran, Catholic, LDS, Jehovah's Witness, Apostolic, Baptist, United Church of Christ, Korean Methodist, Christian Science, Non-denominational, and others). The town is mostly residential and split into different sections of residence. Sections of apartments, as well as Wexford Heights, an upper-middle-class housing development, dominate the southern end of the town. The apartments are often referred to collectively as "Polynesian," the name of one apartment complex in the center of the area. "Downtown New Brighton" is distinguishable from other areas of the town because of the old-fashioned street lights set approximately apart down the entire road. Northern New Brighton has a small commercial area and is mostly middle-class homes built from the 70s to 90s.

Government.

City Council.

New Brighton has a Council / Manager form of city government. The City Council meets the second and fourth Tuesdays of the month at New Brighton City Hall, 803 Old Highway 8 NW. Meetings are open to the public and are televised live on New Brighton's Government-access television (GATV) cable TV channel 16. Meetings are held in the Council Chambers on the lower level off the rear parking lot. Agendas and Minutes are available online. Archived cable rebroadcasts are available at: www.ctv15.org  The following five citizens are the elected City Council:

Public safety.

The New Brighton Department of Public Safety provides police, fire, and emergency management services to the City. The Department is led by Public Safety Director Tony Paetznick, Deputy Director Trevor Hamdorf, and Deputy Director Dan Olson. The Police Division consists of 30 full-time police officers, 20 reserve police officers, four public safety officers, and three civilian support personnel. The Police Division responds to over 11,000 calls for service annually. Officer assignments include uniformed patrol, criminal investigations, crime prevention, and school resources officers (SRO) at Irondale High School and Highview Middle School. The Fire Division consists of 42 paid-on-call firefighters who respond to over 400 calls for service per year, a full-time fire marshal, and one civilian support staff. Several members of the Police Division also serve in the Fire Division. The Department also includes a Volunteers in Public Safety (VIPS) civilian volunteer team and a Community Emergency Response Team (CERT), both part of the Citizen Corps organization. The agency is headquartered in the state-of-the-art New Brighton Public Safety Center, which opened in 2003, and maintains a modern fleet of police and fire vehicles.  The influence of the Department of Public Safety extends far beyond New Brighton's. The agency is well known regionally and nationally for its successful community policing efforts and is a leading organization in Minnesota's crime prevention and emergency management communities. In 2004 New Brighton was awarded the prestigious International Community Policing Award by the International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP), given to just five cities in the world. The following year the National League of Cities bestowed its James C. Howland Award for community enrichment on New Brighton for its groundbreaking community policing partnership, which substantially reduced crime at the Polynesian Village apartment complex. In 2005, 2009, 2013, and 2015 New Brighton was named First Place in the nation for participation in National Night Out (population category four: 15,000-49,999) by the National Association of Town Watch. Over 10,000 cities compete annually for the award. New Brighton's first-place finish followed years of work by the Police Division's Crime Prevention Unit to build a strong network of neighborhood crime watch captains and agency volunteers and to promote participation in National Night Out by citizens from all segments of the community.

Education.

Four public schools are located in New Brighton: Bel Air Elementary School, Sunnyside Elementary, Highview Middle School, and Irondale High School; additionally, until 2005, when it was converted into a community education center, there was a fifth public school located in New Brighton: Pike Lake Elementary School, now known as Pike Lake Education Center. All of these schools are part of the Mounds View Public Schools (District 621).  Nearby private high schools attended by residents include Totino-Grace in Fridley, Minnehaha Academy in Minneapolis, or Breck School in Golden Valley. High school students in a portion of eastern New Brighton attend nearby Mounds View High School. Students from southern New Brighton formerly attended Mounds View, but the district lines were redrawn to send more students to Irondale to alleviate overcrowding. A small fraction of New Brighton students attend Wilshire Park Elementary and Saint Anthony Village Middle and High Schools in nearby Saint Anthony Village, as part of New Brighton is served by ISD 282.  Irondale High School was listed as one of the top 500 schools in the country by Newsweek in 2000 and 2003, although it had a notoriously bad football team in the late 1990s. They won only 4 games during all of the 1996–1999 seasons. Although, in 2007 Irondale had its best season for football, winning 8 games and defeating Totino-Grace (the current state champions) although this great season was a nice change of pace for the Irondale community, they were bounced from the playoffs in their first game losing to White Bear Lake. However, the school has one of the most renowned marching bands in the state of Minnesota/USA. After bringing home top honors during the 1990s at many large state competitions, the Marching Knights are nationally recognized as being a high-ranking, proficient marching band. They often make finals at regional Bands of America competitions. B.O.A. is the largest national contest for many marching bands across America. The band placed second at the 2006 Youth in Music Band Championships held at the Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome. Irondale also has the largest Drama program in the Mounds View School District. Four productions are put on yearly, as well as a competition one act play. This high school was also mentioned in the movie In the Line of Fire starring Clint Eastwood. The assassin Mitch Leary tells a bank teller he grew up in Minneapolis and went to New Brighton high school.

Media.

The local newspaper of New Brighton, "The Bulletin", keeps New Brighton residents informed on various events in the city, and it is particularly thorough on two accounts: it details all of the crime in the northern suburbs and it reports on sporting events of New Brighton's Irondale High School. (Another local newspaper, the Sun Focus, details events occurring in the tri-city New Brighton-Mounds View-St. Anthony Village area.) The Bulletin ceased publication in late 2019.

Water.

Groundwater is pumped from 12 deep wells, ranging from 300 to deep. The groundwater is located in three aquifers: Prairie du Chien, Jordan and Mt. Simon/Hinckley. New Brighton's water is classified as very hard with 17 to 20 grains per gallon (290 to 340 g/m3). Water hardness is due principally to calcium and magnesium and water is generally harder in areas where calcium and magnesium rich limestone rocks are present. New Brighton pumps some of its water from aquifers in dolomite/limestone rock formation.  Groundwater pollution was discovered in the late 1980s in New Brighton along with Arden Hills and St. Anthony, which came from chemical dumping at the nearby Twin Cities Army Ammunition Plant. Following litigation settlement, the U.S. Army provided New Brighton and the surrounding northern suburbs with clean water supplies and new systems to monitor and filter pollution.  Additional contamination was discovered in 2015. The city has switched wells until the contaminants can be cleaned.

References in popular culture.

In the 1993 film "In the Line of Fire", assassin-in-training Mitch Leary (John Malkovich) pretends to be from Minneapolis. He is unprepared when asked by a Minneapolitan which high school he attended. Leary answers "New Brighton High School". The questioner replies that there is no New Brighton High School, but she can't remember the name of the high school in New Brighton. This exchange proves to be important to the plot.

New Brighton is a city in Ramsey County, Minnesota, United States. It is a suburb of the Twin Cities. The population was 21,456 at the 2010 census.

New Brighton ist eine Stadt (mit dem Status „City“) im Ramsey County im US-amerikanischen Bundesstaat Minnesota. Im Jahr 2010 hatte New Brighton 21.456 Einwohner.


Description.

"Corymbia gummifera" is a tree that typically grows to a height of, rarely a mallee, and forms a lignotuber. Young plants and coppice regrowth have leaves that are paler on the lower surface, egg-shaped to lance-shaped, long and wide, and petiolate. Adult leaves are glossy dark green, paler on the lower surface, lance-shaped, long and wide, tapering to a petiole long. The flower buds are arranged on the ends of branchlets on a branched peduncle long, each branch of the peduncle with seven buds on pedicels long. Mature buds are oval to pear-shaped, long and wide with a conical to rounded or slightly beaked operculum. Flowering occurs from December to June and the flowers are creamy white. The fruit is a woody urn-shaped capsule long and wide with the valves deeply enclosed in the fruit.

Taxonomy.

The red bloodwood was first formally described in 1788 by Joseph Gaertner who gave it the name "Metrosideros gummifera" and published the description in his book "De Fructibus et Seminibus Plantarum". (The name is often given as "Metrosideros gummifera", but Gaertner did not ascribe the name to Solander.)  The name "Eucalyptus corymbosa", published by James Edward Smith in his 1795 "A Specimen of the Botany of New Holland", is regarded as a synonym by the Australian Plant Census. "Eucalyptus corymbosus", published in 1797 by Cavanilles in his book "Icones et Descriptiones Plantarum" is an orthographical variant. "Eucalyptus oppositifolia", published in 1804 by Desfontaines is a nomen nudum because no description was provided. "Eucalyptus purpurascens" var. "petiolaris", published in 1828 by de Candolle is regarded as a synonym. "Eucalyptus longifolia", published in 1920 by Joseph Maiden is an invalid name because it had already been used for a different species.  In 1995 Ken Hill and Lawrie Johnson changed the name to "Corymbia gummifera".

Distribution and habitat.

"Corymbia gummifera" mainly occurs on flats and low hills along the coast between the extreme eastern corner of Victoria and south-eastern Queensland. It grows best on moist, rich, loamy soil, but is also commonly found on poorer sandy soils.

Uses.

The heartwood of "C. gummifera" is very strong and durable, but has extensive gum lines. It is used for rough construction purposes, such as poles, sleepers, fencing and mining timbers.

Corymbia gummifera, commonly known as red bloodwood, is a species of tree, rarely a mallee, that is endemic to eastern Australia. It has rough, tessellated bark on the trunk and branches, lance-shaped adult leaves, flower buds in groups of seven, creamy white flowers and urn-shaped fruit.

Corymbia gummifera ist eine Pflanzenart aus der Gattung "Corymbia" innerhalb der Familie der Myrtengewächse (Myrtaceae). Sie kommt an der Ostküste Australiens, vom südöstlichen Queensland bis zum östlichen Victoria vor und wird dort „Red Bloodwood“ genannt.


Setting and plot.

An unknown, transdimensional force called Exotic Matter (XM) was discovered as a byproduct of the Higgs boson research (Large Hadron Collider) by a team of scientists at CERN in Switzerland. This substance has been associated with the Shapers, a mysterious phenomenon or alien race.  Within the game, human reactions to this discovery fall into two factions known as the Enlightened and the Resistance. The Enlightened faction embrace the powers of XM to transcend mankind and believe their mission is to assist in the enlightenment of mankind by harnessing this energy. The Resistance faction see XM as a potential threat to humanity and believe their mission is to defend the human race by resisting the effects of those seeking to control others with XM. These two factions are the opposing "sides" or "teams" in the game: the Resistance is represented in the game by the color blue and the Enlightened by green. Both teams have naturally tended to balance each other out in population.

Gameplay.

The gameplay of "Ingress" has been described as combining elements of geocaching with capture the flag.

Play environment.

A player using their mobile device (or "scanner") is presented with a map representing the surrounding area. The map has a black background and is completely unmarked, except for buildings and roads which are outlined in grey but not labeled, and bodies of water. These geographical features are supplied by OpenStreetMap and formerly Google Maps. Visible on the map are portals, Exotic Matter, links, and control fields. Distances from the player to in-game locations are displayed in metric units.  Players must be physically near objects on the map to interact with them. The scanner represents the player as a small arrowhead in the center of a circle in radius, which represents the perimeter within which direct interaction is possible. A player sees only their own location and not any other player's. The color of the arrowhead corresponds with the player's faction. A player can "hack" a nearby portal to acquire items, some of which can also be used to replenish XM.  Players are rewarded with Action Points (AP) for actions within the game. Accumulating AP beyond certain thresholds grants higher access levels. The access levels are numbered 1 through 16, with 16 being the highest. The game usually rewards more AP for taking over enemy portals than for maintaining your own team's; if a player is outnumbered by members of the other faction, they will tend to accumulate AP at a faster rate as a way of leveling the playing field.  In addition to earning AP, certain actions within the game can earn a player a medal. Medals are typically multi-tiered (ranked Bronze, Silver, Gold, Platinum, and Onyx respectively) and become a requirement for level advancement beyond Level 8. Most medals are statistic-based: for instance, capturing portals, total MUs captured, fields and links created, various offensive actions, and even successfully discovering new portals. Some badges are exclusive and can only be obtained by attending special events.  In September 2014, Niantic introduced missions to the game. A mission is a user-created set of places to visit ("waypoints") and interact with in specified ways. Some missions list all the waypoints from the start, while others only reveal them one at a time as the user progresses from one to the next. Completing missions rewards the player with a mission medal displayed on their agent profile.

Portals.

In the game, Earth has a large number of "portals", made visible by the scanner. They are colored green, blue, or grey, depending respectively on whether they are currently controlled by the Enlightened, by the Resistance, or are unclaimed. Players claim portals for their faction by "deploying" at least one "resonator" on them. They can also add "mods" (modifications) to protect the portals or increase their power in various ways. If a portal is claimed by the enemy, the player must first neutralize it by destroying the opponents' resonators with weapons called XMP ("Exotic Matter Pulse") Bursters. Players acquire game items (resonators, XMP bursters, etc.) by maneuvering themselves, typically by walking, biking, or driving, to within of a portal and "hacking" it by selecting this option on their scanners. Players can also earn additional items and AP for "glyph hacking" a portal, where they are briefly shown several patterns and retrace them within a time limit.  Portals are typically associated with buildings and landmarks of historic or architectural significance — such as sculptures, murals, and other public art, libraries, post offices, memorials, places of worship, public transit hubs, parks, and other recreational or tourist spaces, or with business locations. Players may submit requests for the creation of new portals if they meet the level requirements. It was thought upon at the game's launch that this would allow Google to generate data for its location-based services. As of July 2016, 15 million portals had been submitted by the Ingress community, and five million of those had been included in the game. At the time of Ingress Prime's release in November 2018, Niantic stated that "agents in more than 200+ countries have participated in more than 2,000 real-world events and visited more than 1.2 billion Portals".

Operation Portal Recon.

In November 2016, "Operation Portal Recon" (OPR) was launched in beta in San Francisco, Tohoku and Kyushu. Operation Portal Recon is a service where high-level Ingress players can evaluate Portal candidates for the Portal Network. OPR exited beta in May 2017 and became available for all Level 16 players. The level requirement for OPR has been reduced several times with the most recent change made in July 2017, making OPR available for all Level 12 players or above. Portal Submissions returned to Ingress in September 2017, after a two-year hiatus, as a result of Operation Portal Recon.  Niantic announced in September 2018 the ability to submit PokéStop nominations through "Pokémon Go" with an initial beta test in South Korea and Brazil. The nominations from the PokéStop Nomination Beta are reviewed by Operation Portal Recon users. In October 2019, Niantic announced Niantic Wayfarer as an expansion to OPR, where eligible players can review and submit nominations through other Niantic products such as "Pokémon Go" and "".

Links and control fields.

Two portals that have all eight resonators deployed and are controlled by the same faction can be linked by a player from that faction who stands within range of one and has a portal key for the other. The maximum possible length of a link depends on the average level of the portal and any mods that amplify the portal's link range. However, links cannot cross an existing link regardless of faction. Portals can maintain the links and/or fields connected to them when the portal contains at least three resonators. Once the portal has less than three resonators, all links and fields on the portal are destroyed.  Links between portals can range from several meters to thousands of kilometers, created in operations of considerable logistical complexity. In more complex operations, links and fields can span across countries and oceans.  When three portals are linked in a triangle, they create a control field, claiming the Mind Units (MU) within that field for their faction. In the game's context, control fields align the population’s thoughts with the faction. Control Fields are measured by the size of the human population that lives under the field. Therefore, the larger the Control Field, the more the Mind Units earned. The opposing faction can destroy a control field by destroying one or more of the links that form it. The largest control field formed had points between Germany, Greece, and Ukraine, and took four months of planning involving 200 players.

Development and release.

"Ingress" was released in closed beta on November 15, 2012, with an accompanying online viral marketing campaign. The latter was noticed as early as November 8, and earlier publicity efforts had been noted at events such as San Diego's Comic-Con on July 12, 2012. At the time of Ingress's release to Niantic's separation from Google in 2015, Niantic had 35 employees.  An interview in 2013 described Ingress as a "proof of concept" for other AR games built on Google Maps' data. It was designed to be aimed at a niche market of gamers. Data from "Ingress" was used to populate the locations for PokéStops and Gyms within "Pokémon Go" released in July 2016. (See also.) Niantic views "Ingress Prime" as an opportunity to innovate in augmented reality gameplay design, which can be applied to its other games based on licensed intellectual properties. Niantic has also adjusted the initiation of new players into "Ingress Prime" to be more thorough, based on the response to the initiation procedures of "Pokemon Go".

"Ingress Prime".

In December 2017, Niantic announced a thoroughly revamped version of the game, branded as Ingress Prime, would be released in 2018 using a completely rewritten new client and the lessons learned from the massive popularity of "Pokémon Go". The new version features a subtly different back story akin to a superhero origin theme and a more florid graphic design. Technologically the new version uses Apple's ARKit and Google's ARCore, and the network layer transitioned from JSON to Protobuf in keeping with the engineering style of "Pokémon Go". Prime launched on November 5, 2018 as an update to the existing Ingress game. Niantic also retained the older Ingress game and retroactively named the older app as "Scanner [REDACTED]". The intention of the older Ingress app was to help aid the transition to Prime as feature parity was reached between both apps in 2019. Niantic retired the older app on September 30, 2019.

Business model.

"Ingress" is supported by advertising. Companies would be able to pay for their locations to be used as portals in the game, thus making their stores a pilgrimage site for Ingress players, which may translate into real-world sales. In Germany, Vodafone offered an Ingress phone plan with a large amount of data to support the game, in addition to its physical store locations becoming portals. In France, Niantic partnered with Unibail-Rodamco, and several of its shopping centers were incorporated in the game. In the U.S., the Jamba Juice and Zipcar chains have both had sponsored locations in "Ingress". Niantic CEO John Hanke describes the number of commercial sponsors in "Ingress" as being "limited", stating that the developers do not want to take away from the experience of discovering interesting places in their local area.  Another form of advertising is sponsorship of in-game equipment. Players can virtually acquire various tools and weapons to use in the game. Sponsored versions of these include the "AXA Shield", the "Lawson Power Cube", the "Circle K Power Cube", the "Ito En Transmuter (+/-)", the "SoftBank Ultra Link" and the "MUFG Capsule", all categorized as "Very Rare" and performing significantly better than non-sponsored versions. In-game sponsorship with AXA and MUFG ended in December 2017. The in-game sponsorship with Lawson and Circle K ended in December 2019.  In October 2015, Niantic added an in-game store for microtransactions of in-game items and also opened a merchandise shop for physical items. Niantic's Ingress shop sells physical merchandise such as T-shirts and patches.  An anime based on the game premiered on Fuji TV's +Ultra anime programming block on October 18, 2018. The anime series premiered on Netflix worldwide on April 30, 2019.

Special events.

In addition to the ongoing competition between the factions, there are several kinds of special events held on specific dates.

Anomalies.

XM Anomalies are events where players from both factions compete in portal-based games in order to win points for their faction. The format of an XM Anomaly event occurs over the extent of a weekend with Saturday consisting of the main event. A "series" for the XM Anomalies usually spans two different weekends. Anomaly locations may be chosen based on the player activity in a region. Players organize within their faction into squads based on player level, local knowledge, and mode of transport (for example, walking or biking). The largest event, in Japan, attracted over 10,000 players.  Anomaly sites are divided into two categories: Primary and Satellite locations. Niantic employees, as well as characters from the story, often attend events at Primary anomaly locations. More points are awarded to the prevailing faction at Primary sites than at Satellite sites. Players who participate in an anomaly are awarded a unique badge with the emblem of that anomaly. The outcome of XM Anomalies often influences future events in the plot.

Reception.

Scholarship and reviews.

"Ingress" has been the subject of academic study on the relationship between regionalism and globalism, and its badge system has been used as an example in a case study of gamification. Erin Stark argues that the game's system of players nominating portals based on street art is in effect the players curating a sense of place and a more flexible cultural heritage. Spanner Spencer, writing for PocketGamer, noted that there was no casual way of playing "Ingress" and that it demanded dedication and teamwork.  "Ingress" has been read as a gift economy in which players swap datafication of their physical location for gameplay.  "Ingress" is considered to be a location-based exergame. Niantic offers a set of guidelines for players that warn against trespass in its Terms of Service and reinforces that the player is responsible for their own conduct while playing the game. Legal expert Brian Wassom regards this as an important factor in AR games reducing the legal risk they bear when directing players to go to a location.  Kai-Uwe Werbeck argues that the role-playing of the "Ingress" storyline challenges and reinforces postmodernism.

Community and cultural impact.

According to Alex Dalenberg of American City Business Journals, as of May 2013 there were about 500,000 players globally. In an interview in August 2013 with the fan site "Decode Ingress", Niantic founder John Hanke said "There have been over 1M downloads and a large chunk of those are active." In February 2014 there were 2 million players. As of 2015, the game had been downloaded over 8 million times. In 2015, Niantic told Tom's Hardware that they had 7 million players.  Speaking with CNN, CEO John Hanke said he didn't expect players to start talking to each other and forming clubs. The game has attracted an enthusiastic following in cities worldwide amongst both young and old, to the extent that the gameplay is itself a lifestyle for some, including tattoos. Players have leased airplanes, helicopters, and boats to reach portals in remote areas of Siberia and Alaska.

Cross-faction cooperation.

There are times when the game's backstory is ignored and agents from both factions cooperate for the sake of real-life gameplay and game balance: for example, by establishing neutral zones and rules of engagement; for training new players; for socializing; and occasionally for serious real-life purposes such as honoring fallen heroes.  The game has received local media coverage, including for players organizing events such as creating links between portals at war memorials for Memorial Day. On July 31, 2016, 49 players from both factions in South Africa collaborated to create a work of field art, a way to create control fields to form a picture or artistic design, of a rhinoceros, covering approximately to raise awareness of rhino poaching in Southern Africa.

Criticism and incidents.

At the time of Ingress's launch in 2012, users noted and criticized "Ingress" for appearing very similar to "Shadow Cities", an older, now-defunct, augmented reality game. Both have two factions that are fighting for the future of the world with smartphones. Though the games have similar game mechanics and look-and-feel, there are clear differences. In "Shadow Cities", players are in the virtual world, which is dynamically mapped around them, and can teleport within the virtual world, whereas in "Ingress", the portals are real-world locations that players generally have to actually move to in order to play. "Shadow Cities" was shut down on October 7, 2013 due to lack of popularity.  Portals which had been approved within the Nazi concentration camps of Dachau and Sachsenhausen were removed in July 2015; Gabriele Hammermann, director of the memorial site at Dachau, told the Deutsche Presse-Agentur that Google's original approval of these portals was a humiliation for victims of the Nazi camps and their relatives, and Niantic founder John Hanke stated that "we apologize that this has happened."  Some players have attracted the attention of law enforcement while playing the game, and hence commentary on the interaction of augmented reality games with real life. Because it can take some time for players to successfully "hack" a portal, they can draw the attention of law enforcement. In addition, some players play while driving slowly around an area, which is not recommended by the game developers and attracts the attention of law enforcement. The Center for Internet Security recommended that law enforcement officers be apprised of the game, and warned that it may be difficult to determine if a malicious actor is using the game as a cover. Furthermore, players have used unofficial apps to stalk each other.  In 2014, a 16-year-old player in Brazil died after being hit by a bus while playing. In 2015, an Irish player fell into the sea and drowned while trying to capture Poolbeg Lighthouse at night.  In September 2019, Niantic informed their player base that XM anomaly events would be a paid event going forward. This was done as a surprise with the next anomaly approaching four weeks. Another criticism for the paid events is the events are organized by players with what can be seen as minor involvement from Niantic.

Ingress (or Ingress Prime) is an augmented reality (AR) mobile game developed and published by Niantic for Android and iOS devices. The game first released on December 14, 2013 for Android devices and then for iOS devices on July 14, 2014. The game is free-to-play, uses a freemium business model, and supports in-app purchases for additional in-game items. The mobile app has been downloaded more than 20 million times worldwide as of November 2018.

Ingress ist ein von der Firma Niantic Labs, heute Niantic, Inc., für mobile Geräte mit den Betriebssystemen Android und iOS entwickeltes Augmented-Reality-/Alternate-Reality-Computerspiel. Das Spiel wird unter Zuhilfenahme von Standortdaten des GPS im Freien gespielt und nutzt Gebäude, Denkmäler und andere auffällige Objekte der realen Welt zur Einteilung und Gestaltung der virtuellen Spielwelt. Im Spiel existieren zwei Gruppierungen, die mit dem Ziel gegeneinander antreten, möglichst große öffentliche Bereiche unter ihre virtuelle Kontrolle zu bringen.


Early life.

Reyne came from England. Soon after her birth, her parents moved with her to New Zealand. Reyne grew up in an isolated community on the west coast of New Zealand's South Island, 30 km south of Westport. As a teenager, Reyne moved to New Zealand's North Island where she studied software engineering at the Central Institute of Technology in Wellington. She later moved to Auckland to study philosophy at the University of Auckland before leaving for Germany in 2006. Jordan remained in Germany until 2011, when she relocated to the UK.

Musical career.

Jordan Reyne's first album release (Birds of Prey) was in 1997, and earned the New Zealand born musician a Tui nomination for most promising female musician. Reyne has since released 11 more albums of her own work to critical acclaim worldwide, earning two more Tui nominations and a Sounz commendation award.  Reyne's music draws on folklore and story telling to depict political themes and the lives of ordinary characters in often extraordinary situations Her use of "Found Sound," percussion and drones, often in the form of factory noise, aims at grounding the stories in their time. The album "How the Dead Live" was commissioned by the New Zealand Arts Council and Wild Creations initiative and follows the life of one of New Zealand's first pioneer women, Susannah Hawes. The album draws on Susannah's archived letters, and the sounds of farming machinery and the environment at the time. Similarly, "Children of a Factory Nation" follows a Welsh family from the ports of Cardiff to the workhouses and Factories of London. Jordan's most recent project "Maiden, Mother, Crone" looks specifically at how pagan archetypes affect the roles and perceptions of women in the present day.  Along with her own releases, Jordan has performed and written with other musicians and bands as well as featuring on projects such as Capcom's soundtrack, written and arranged by Michael A. Levine. Her vocals also feature on releases from Cafe Del Mar, Breaks Co-op, The Strawpeople, and The Eden House where she contributed vocals to the album "Half Life" and was part of the band's live lineup until 2014. Her own album "The Annihilation Sequence" (2013) also features the voice of Tony Pettit and the mixing / mastering of Stephen Carey from the band.  Between 1999 and 2005 Jordan wrote under the moniker "Dr Kevorkian & the Suicide Machine", and also performed live under this name. Two of her CDs were also released under this title, which gained her attention and a following internationally in the darkwave and steampunk scenes, and prompted a move to Germany in 2006. As well as the dark-folk, industrial and gothic scenes, Jordan has also been involved in several notable New Zealand electronic music projects including Strawpeople, Zane Lowe's Breaks Co-op project, and Baitercell and Schumacher. Reyne also performed as a vocalist on one of the scenes in Peter Jackson's second Lord of the Rings film, in a scene that depicted Theodred's funeral. This scene, however, was not included in the final edit of the film.

Jordan Reyne is an experimental musician currently residing in Toruń, Poland. Jordan's sound has been variously described as "industrial-tinged folk" and "antipodean Steampunk" yet defies any cut and dried genre description. She combines the two usually disparate genres of folk and industrial, bringing in Celtic vocal melody, historically-based narrative and the sounds of steam, iron and industrial "found sound". Several of her releases are set in the time of the Industrial Revolution.

Jordan Reyne (* in Neuseeland) ist eine experimentelle Musikerin. Reynes Stil wurde verschiedentlich als „industrial-tinged Folk“ und „antipodischer Steampunk“ beschrieben. So kombiniert sie meistens die zwei grundverschiedenen Musikgenres Folk und Industrial, wobei sie mit keltisch-melodischer Stimme historische Geschichten erzählt und mit „Klängen von Dampf, Eisen und Industrie“ kombiniert. Mehrere ihrer Veröffentlichungen spielen in der Zeit der industriellen Revolution.


Works.

Postmodernism.

Hutcheon's publications reflect an interest in aesthetic micro-practices such as irony in "Irony's Edge" (Routledge, 1994), parody in "A Theory of Parody" (Meuthen, 1985), and adaptation in "A Theory of Adaptation" (Routledge, 2006). Hutcheon has also authored texts which synthesize and contextualize these practices with regard to broader debates about postmodernism, such as "The Politics of Postmodernism" (Routledge, 1989), "A Poetics of Postmodernism" (Routledge, 1988), and "Rethinking Literary History" (OUP, 2002). She also edited influential texts on post-modernity, chief among them being "A Postmodern Reader" (SUNY, 1993), co-edited with Joseph P. Natoli.  Hutcheon's version of postmodernism is often contrasted with that of Fredric Jameson in North America: while the latter laments the lack of critical capacities to which postmodern subjects have access, and analyses present capitalist cultural production in terms of a dehistoricized spatial pastiche, Hutcheon highlights the ways in which postmodern modalities actually aid in the process of critique.  Specifically, Hutcheon suggests that postmodernism works through parody to "both legitimize and subvert that which it parodies" (Politics, 101). "Through a double process of installing and ironizing, parody signals how present representations come from past ones and what ideological consequences derive from both continuity and difference" (Politics, 93). Thus, far from dehistoricizing the present or organizing history into an incoherent and detached pastiche, postmodernism can rethink history and offer new critical capacities.  Hutcheon coined the term historiographic metafiction to describe those literary texts that assert an interpretation of the past but are also intensely self-reflexive (i.e. critical of their own version of the truth as being partial, biased, incomplete, etc.) (Poetics, 122-123). Historiographic metafiction, therefore, allows us to speak constructively about the past in a way that acknowledges the falsity and violence of the "objective" historian's past without leaving us in a totally bewildered and isolated present (as Jameson has it).

Canadian studies.

Many of Hutcheon's writings on postmodernism are reflected in a series of books she has written and edited on Canada. "The Canadian Postmodern" is a discussion of postmodern textual practices used by Canadian authors of the late twentieth century such as Margaret Atwood and Robert Kroetsch. More than the other forms she discusses, Hutcheon sees irony as particularly significant to Canadian identity.  Hutcheon argues irony is a "...semantically complex process of relating, differentiating, and combining said and unsaid meanings - and doing so with an evaluative edge" that is enabled by membership in what she describes as "discursive communities". It is through membership in a shared discursive community that the listener is able to recognize that a speaker might be attempting offer an unsaid evaluation. She argues that Canadians lack of a clear nationalist metanarrative and international influences such as history as a British colony, proximity to the United States of America, and immigration, are disposed to seeing their identities as ironic – caught up in multiple discursive communities. For Hutcheon's work on ethnic minority writing see "Other Solitudes: Canadian Multicultural Fiction". Eds. Linda Hutcheon and Marion Richmond. (Oxford U.P. 1990).

Opera.

Since the mid-1990s, Linda Hutcheon has published a number of books on opera with her husband Michael Hutcheon. These works often reflect her interests as a literary critic combined with his interests as a practicing physician and medical researcher.

Linda Hutcheon, FRSC, O.C. (born August 24, 1947) is a Canadian academic working in the fields of literary theory and criticism, opera, and Canadian studies. She is a University Professor Emeritus in the Department of English and of the Centre for Comparative Literature at the University of Toronto, where she has taught since 1988. In 2000 she was elected the 117th President of the Modern Language Association, the third Canadian to hold this position, and the first Canadian woman. She is particularly known for her influential theories of postmodernism.

Linda Ann Hutcheon (* 24. August 1947 in Toronto) ist eine kanadische Literaturtheoretikerin. Sie ist emeritierte Professorin für Englisch und Vergleichende Literaturwissenschaft an der University of Toronto. Bekannt sind insbesondere ihre einflussreichen Theorien der Postmoderne, die sie wesentlich positiver sieht als etwa Fredric Jameson.


Geography.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of, of which, is land and is water. Only 44% of the land within the city was developed in 2010 compared to 37% in 2000.  Rice Creek flows through the city. Rice Creek Chain of Lakes Regional Park Reserve is located within Lino Lakes.  Lino Lakes' main shopping area is the Town Center at the intersection of Interstate 35W and County 23–Lake Drive. It includes a SuperTarget and Kohl's, a YMCA, civic complex and other office, medical and retail.  Nearby places include Forest Lake, Hugo, White Bear Township, Shoreview, Circle Pines, Lexington, Blaine, Ham Lake, and Columbus. The city of Centerville is an enclave within Lino Lakes—that is, entirely surrounded on all borders by Lino Lakes.

Demographics.

2010 census.

As of the census of 2010, there were 20,216 people, 4,174 households, and 3,683 families living in the city. The population density was. There were 5,323 housing units at an average density of. The racial makeup of the city was 94.14% White, 1.1% African American, 2.03% Native American, 2.6% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 0.3% from other races, and 0.6% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.7% of the population.  There were 6,174 households of which 48.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 73.2% were married couples living together, 7.2% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.5% had a male householder with no wife present, and 16.1% were non-families. 12.0% of all households were made up of individuals and 2.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.05 and the average family size was 3.37.  The median age in the city was 37.44 years. 28.8% of residents were under the age of 18; 7.8% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 27.1% were from 25 to 44; 31.6% were from 45 to 64; and 4.8% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 53.8% male and 46.2% female.

2000 census.

As of the census of 2000, there were 11,791 people, 3,857 households, and 3,162 families living in the city. The population density was 475.1 people per square mile (229.7/km2). There were 4,021 housing units at an average density of 174.4 per square mile (67.3/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 95.56% White, 0.9% African American, 1.0% Native American, 1.4% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 0.68% from other races, and 1.22% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.54% of the population.  There were 3,857 households out of which 55.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 77.6% were married couples living together, 5.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 14.3% were non-families. 10.0% of all households were made up of individuals and 2.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.20 and the average family size was 3.44.  In the city, the population was spread out with 33.7% under the age of 18, 6.6% from 18 to 24, 39.8% from 25 to 44, 16.7% from 45 to 64, and 3.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 33 years. For every 100 females, there were 118.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 124.8 males.  The median income for a household in the city was $75,708, and the median income for a family was $79,183. Males had a median income of $56,088 versus $37,220 for females. The per capita income for the city was $25,419. About 1.1% of families and 2.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 2.6% of those under age 18 and 1.4% of those age 65 or over.

History.

Settlement.

When the first settlers arrived, Native Americans were already making their home in the area where Reshanau, Baldwin, Rice and Marshan Lakes cluster. The Dakota Indians found this to be a land of plenty with an abundance of wild rice and small game. Today, several Indian burial grounds are located in the area. White hunters and trappers began coming to this area from both Canada and the eastern states around 1850. Those who settled on the west side of the lake had names like Ramsden, Speiser, and Wenzel. The east side of the lake was settled by families including the Cardinals, LaMottes, Houles and Dupres. Many of their descendants still live in the area today. The first unit of local government in the area was the township of Centerville, organized August 11, 1857, encompassing an area of 36 square miles. The population of just under 300 people was organized into three loosely knit communities known as the "German settlement" west of the lakes, the "Swede settlement" south of the lakes, and the "French settlement" east of the lakes. In the 1950s neighboring villages started annexing land away from Centerville Township. To protect the boundaries and allow for the financing of public improvements, the residents of the township voted to incorporate into a village.

Naming.

Several names were suggested for the new village, and most contained the word "lakes". Although the origin of the word "Lino" is unknown, a Lino post office operated for about 10 years in the late 1800s. The town board decided to name the new village "Lino Lakes". On May 11, 1955, the Village of Lino Lakes was incorporated. It covered the original Centerville Township, with the exception of the Village of Centerville, and comprised 21,000 acres of land and 1,800 citizens. In 1972, the State Legislature passed a law changing all Minnesota villages to cities, hence Lino Lakes' current status.

Education.

A majority of the city is served by the Centennial School District which was ranked as having better public schools than 90% of the country, and 95% of the rest of the state in 2011. Lino Lakes Elementary is also located within the city, but falls within the adjacent Independent School District 831 in Forest Lake.

Recreation.

Parks.

The Lakes Parks and Recreation Department is responsible for the development and maintenance of the parks and trails system. Development of the parks system includes installing playground equipment, and benches, irrigation, landscaping projects. Staff maintains 11 softball/baseball fields, 12 soccer fields and 3 ice rinks as well as approximately 30 miles of trails. The 5,500-acre Rice Creek Chain of Lakes Regional Park Reserve is located in Lino Lakes and is one of the largest parks in the seven-county metropolitan area and contains some of the most significant native wildlife habitat and water resources in the regional area.

Controversies.

English Only Resolution.

On July 26, 2010, the Lino Lakes City Council voted 4–1 in favor of establishing English as the official language in Lino Lakes. The resolution simply stated that all official documents would be prepared in English and that the city would not pay for any translation of its official documents into any other language. Proponents stated that the expenses related to translation of governmental expenses were unnecessary. On the other hand, the resolution has been perceived as a connection to the English-only movement. The MetroNorth Chamber of Commerce president Lori Higgins stated "it makes the area appear unwelcoming."

Lino Lakes ( ) is a city in Anoka County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 20,216 at the 2010 census. Interstates 35W and 35E are two of the main routes in the community. It is an outer suburb north of the Twin Cities.

Lino Lakes ist eine Stadt (mit dem Status „City“) im Anoka County im US-amerikanischen Bundesstaat Minnesota. Im Jahr 2010 hatte Lino Lakes 20.216 Einwohner.


History.

In 1838 the Main-Neckar Railway was planned to connect Frankfurt to Mannheim and Heidelberg. The Bensheim–Heidelberg section was opened together with the branch from Mannheim and thus the whole length of the Main-Neckar Railway was completed on 1 August 1846 in Friedrichsfeld. In order for both cities to be treated equally, a break-of-gauge station had to be built by the Main-Neckar Railway and the Grand Duchy of Baden State Railway.  On 1 June 1880 the line from Mannheim-Friedrichsfeld to Schwetzingen was put into operation, which is almost exclusively used by freight traffic. In preparation for it, the station was substantially rebuilt in 1879/80. Electric lighting was installed in Friedrichsfeld station in 1896. In 2016, Mannheim-Friedrichsfeld station was renamed "Neu-Edingen/Mannheim-Friedrichsfeld".

Platforms.

Friedrichsfeld station has an extensive system of tracks. Five of the seven platform tracks that were previously available for passenger services are still in use at the “home” platform and two island platforms.  The numbering begins on the east side of the station building.  The former island platform between tracks 6 and 7 has been largely removed.  The platforms of the Mannheim-Friedrichsfeld station are not barrier-free for the disabled. To get to the platforms of tracks 2 to 5, it is necessary to use an underpass from platform 1. A door of the entrance building leads to a staircase leading to the pedestrian underpass to the platforms.

Rail services.

Mannheim-Friedrichsfeld station belongs to the fare zone of the Verkehrsverbund Rhein-Neckar (Rhine-Neckar Transport Association, VRN). The first continuous test run from Frankfurt to Heidelberg took place on 27 July 1846.  Mannheim-Friedrichsfeld station is now (2013) used by Regionalbahn trains from Mannheim towards Bensheim in preparation for the future operations of the Rhine-Neckar S-Bahn as well as Regionalbahn services (designated as Stadt-Express services) from Heidelberg to Frankfurt am Main. The station is also the starting point of Regionalbahn services via Mannheim to Mainz, which in the weekday peak hour occasionally begin or end in Bensheim. From Monday to Friday, in the morning a Regional-Express service from Frankfurt to Mannheim stops at the station and in the evening a Regional-Express service from Frankfurt to Heidelberg stops at the station.

Neu-Edingen/Mannheim-Friedrichsfeld station (formerly "Mannheim-Friedrichsfeld") is a separation station in the Mannheim district of Friedrichsfeld on the border with the municipality of Edingen-Neckarhausen in the German state of Baden-Württemberg. All rail tracks are in Mannheim, only the station building is located on the territory of the Edingen-Neckarhausen hamlet of Neu-Enghien. It is classified by Deutsche Bahn as a category 3 station. It has been served by the Rhine-Neckar S-Bahn since December 2018.

Der Bahnhof Neu-Edingen/Mhm-Friedrichsfeld (kurz "N-Edingen/F-feld", auch "Neu-Edingen/Friedrichsfeld" oder "Neu-Edingen/Mannheim-Friedrichsfeld" genannt, bis 10. Dezember 2016 "Mannheim-Friedrichsfeld") ist ein Trennungsbahnhof im Mannheimer Stadtteil Friedrichsfeld, auf der Gemarkungsgrenze zur baden-württembergischen Gemeinde Edingen-Neckarhausen. Sämtliche Gleisanlagen liegen auf Mannheimer Gemarkung, lediglich das Bahnhofsgebäude befindet sich auf dem Gebiet des Edingen-Neckarhausener Ortsteils Neu-Edingen. Der Bahnhof der Kategorie 4 besitzt fünf Bahnsteiggleise und wird ausschließlich von Nahverkehrszügen der DB Regio AG bedient.


Early life.

Skandagupta was a son of the Gupta emperor Kumaragupta I. His mother may have been a junior queen or a concubine of Kumaragupta. This theory is based on the fact Skandagputa's inscriptions mention the name of his father, but not of his mother. For example, Skandagupta's Bhitari pillar inscription lists the chief queens ("mahadevis") of his ancestors Chandragupta I, Samudragupta, and Chandragupta II, but does not mention the chief queen of his father Kumaragupta. J. F. Fleet read a line of the Bhitari inscription to state that Skandagupta was "raised to Aryan status by the panegyrics of bards". Based on this, A. L. Basham theorized that his mother was from a low-caste Shudra background.  Others, such as Dasharatha Sharma have criticized this theory, pointing out that the Bhitari inscription clearly suggests that Skandagupta's mother held a very exalted status in the eyes of her son. The inscription states that after restoring the fallen fortunes of his family by defeating his enemies, he visited his mother just like the legendary hero Krishna had visited his mother Devaki. Jagannath Agrawal theorizes that the composer of the inscription deliberately departed from convention and devoted a line to the king's mother: this was not because of the inferior status of the mother. Agrawal disputes Fleet's reading of the "Aryan status" line, providing an alternative reading: "whom nobility causes to blush by reason of the narrations of his exploits by means of songs and eulogies". This line seems to be inspired from a verse in Kalidasa's "Raghuvaṃśa". Agrawal further argues that the Bhitari inscription is a "prashasti" aimed at glorifying the king, and its composer would not have made a derogatory insinuation about the low status of the king's mother.  Based on the inscription, some scholars have theorised that Devaki was the name of his mother. However, according to historian R. C. Majumdar, it is more likely that the description aims to highlight the degraded position of his mother just like that of the legendary Devaki, before Skandagupta restored her to a position of prestige and power, just like Krishna did for Devaki.

Ascension to the throne.

Skandagupta ascended the throne in year 136 of the Gupta era (c. 455-456 CE). According to the Bhitari pillar inscription, he restored "the fallen fortunes of his family". The inscription states that when he prepared to do so, he spent a night on the bare earth, and then defeated his enemies, who had grown wealthy and powerful. After defeating his enemies, he visited his widowed mother, whose eyes were "full of tears from joy".  Many scholars read the name of the enemies mentioned in the Bhitari inscription as "Pushyamitras", who according to the Puranas, were a tribe, and probably ruled an area located on the banks of the Narmada River. However, an alternative interpretation of the inscription reads "Yudhyamitras" (a generic term for enemies) instead of "Pushyamitras".  According to one theory, these enemies invaded the Gupta empire during the last years of Kumaragupta's reign, or shortly after his death, and Skandagupta defeated them. According to another theory, the conflict referred to in the Bhitari inscription resulted from a disputed succession to the throne. This theory is based on the following points:  Another argument cited in favour of the disputed succession theory is that the records of the subsequent Gupta kings omit Skandagupta's name from the royal genealogy, listing Purugupta's name after that of Kumaragupta. An example is the Bhitari seal of the 6th century king Kumaragupta III. However, this omission may be explained by the fact that these subsequent kings were descendants of Skandagupta's half-brother Purugupta, and the genealogical lists in their records intend to list only their direct ancestors, rather than provide a comprehensive list of the earlier Gupta kings.

Conflict with the Hunas.

During Skandagupta's period, the Indo-Hephthalites (known as the Hunas) invaded India from the northwest, advancing as far as the Indus River.  The Bhitari pillar inscription states that Skandagupta defeated the Hunas:  The date of the Huna invasion is not certain. The Bhitari inscription mentions it after describing the conflict with the Pushyamitras (or the "Yudhyamitras"), which suggests that it happened later during Skandagupta's reign. However, a possible reference to this conflict in the Junagadh inscription suggests that it may have happened at the beginning of the Skandagupta's reign or during the reign of his father Kumaragupta. The Junagadh inscription, dated to the year 138 of the Gupta era (c. 457-458 CE) mentions Skandagupta's success against the mlechchhas (foreigners):  The victory against the mlechchhas happened in or before the year 136 of the Gupta era (c. 455-456 CE), when Skandagupta ascended the throne and when he appointed Parnadatta as the governor of the Saurashtra region, in which Junagadh is located. Since Skandagupta is not known to have fought against any other foreigners, these mlechchhas were probably the Hunas. If this identification is correct, it is possible that as a prince, Skandagupta was sent to check the Huna invasion at the frontier, and Kumaragupta died in the capital while this conflict was happening; Skandagupta returned to the capital and overcame rebels or rival claimants to ascend the throne.  A sentence in the Sanskrit text "Chandra-Vyakarana" (c. 7th century) states "Ajayad-Gupto Hunan", literally, "The Gupta conquered the Hunas". This may be a reference to Skandagupta's victory over the Hunas, although an alternative reading by scholar K. P. Jayaswal has "Jato" instead of "Gupto". A story in the "Kathasaritsagara" (11th century) states that the legendary king Vikramaditya ascended the throne after his father Mahendraditya abdicated it, and inflicted a crushing defeat on the mlechchhas. Since Mahendraditya was a title of Kumaragupta, and Vikramaditya that of Skandagupta, this may be a reference to Skandagupta's victory over the Hunas.

Western India.

The Junagadh rock, which contains inscription of the earlier rulers Ashoka and Rudradaman, has an inscription engraved on the orders of Skandagupta's governor Parnadatta. The inscription states that Skandagupta appointed governors of all provinces, including Parnadatta as the governor of Surashtra. It is not clear if the verse refers to routine appointments made by the king, or his actions after a political turmoil resulting from a war of succession or invasion. The inscription outlines several qualifications required to be the governor of Surashtra, stating that only Parnadatta met these requirements. Again, it is not clear if these were actual qualifications required to be a governor under Skandagupta's rule, or if the verse simply aims to eulogise Parnadatta.  Parnadatta appointed his son Chakrapalita as the magistrate of the Girinagara city (near modern Junagadh-Girnar area), which was presumably the capital of Surashtra. The Junagadh inscription records Chakdrapalita's repairs to the Sudarshana lake, an ancient reservoir originally constructed by Chandragupta Maurya, and later improved by his grandson Ashoka. The dam was subsequently re-built by Rudradaman in c. 150, but burst in c. 456-457 (year 137 of the Gupta era). Chakrapalita is said to have spent an "immeasurable" amount of wealth to build an embankment, and is also credited with the construction of a Vishnu temple.  An inscription of the Vakataka king Narendrasena claims that his commands were obeyed by the rulers of Kosala, Mekala and Malava. The regnal dates of Narendrasena are not certain, but he is generally thought to be a contemporary of Skandagupta. Since Malava was a part of the Gupta Empire at one time, it is possible that Narendrasena raided Gupta territories during Skandagupta's reign. Skandagupta would have restored Gupta control over the region soon after. A c. 460-461 inscription refers to the "tranquil reign of Skandagupta, the lord of hundred kings."

Succession.

The last known date of Skandagupta is c. 467-468 CE (year 148 of the Gupta era), and he probably ruled for a few more years.  Skandagupta was most probably succeeded by Purugupta, who appears to have been his half-brother. Purugupta was a son of Kumaragupta I from his chief queen, and therefore, must have been his legitimate successor. It is possible that he was a minor at the time of Kumaragupta I's death, because of which Skandagupta ascended the throne. Skandagupta appears to have died heirless, or his son may have been dethroned by Purugupta's family.

Coinage.

Compared to his predecessors, Samudragupta issued fewer gold coins, and some of these coins feature relatively less quantity of gold. It is possible that the various wars fought by him strained the state treasury, although this cannot be said with certainty.  Skandagupta issued five types of gold coins: Archer type, King and queen type, Chhatra type, Lion-slayer type and Horseman type. His silver coins are of four types: Garuda type, Bull type, Altar type and Madhyadesha type. The initial gold coinage was on the old weight standard used by his father Kumaragupta of approximately 8.4 gm. This initial coinage is quite scarce. At some point in his reign, Skandagupta revalued his currency, switching from the old dinar standard to a new "suvarna" standard that weighed approximately 9.2 gm. These later coins were all only of the Archer type, and this standard and type was followed by all subsequent Gupta rulers.

Skandagupta (Gupta script: "Ska-nda-gu-pta", r. c. 455-467) was a Gupta Emperor of northern India. His Bhitari pillar inscription suggests that he restored the Gupta power by defeating his enemies, who may have been rebels or foreign invaders. He repulsed an invasion by the Indo-Hephthalites (known as Hunas in India), probably the Kidarites. He seems to have maintained control of his inherited territory, and is generally considered the last of the great Gupta Emperors. The Gupta genealogy after him is unclear, but he was most probably succeeded by Purugupta, who appears to have been his half-brother.

Skandagupta (reg. ca. 455–467) war der letzte bedeutsame Heerführer beziehungsweise Herrscher des nordindischen Gupta-Reiches, welches von etwa 320 bis 550 n. Chr. weite Teile im Norden und Osten Indiens kontrollierte.


Life and early career.

Edmundo Mireles was born in Alice and grew up in Beeville, Texas. He served in the United States Marine Corps from 1971 to 1974 and fought in two tours in Vietnam War, then graduated with a Bachelor of Business Administration from the University of Maryland in January 1979, and joined the FBI in September of the same year.  After an initial posting in the FBI in Washington, DC, he was transferred in 1985 to Miami. He married fellow FBI agent Elizabeth "Liz" Mireles with who he had a son.

Shootout.

In late 1985 and early 1986 two armed men had robbed a series of banks, and killed a number of people near Florida. The FBI assembled a stakeout team searching for the car they were believed to be travelling in.  On April 11, 1986, the two suspects were sighted and forced off the road. Immediately, fierce shooting broke out between the two suspects and the eight FBI agents. Within minutes, Special Agents Jerry Dove and Benjamin P. Grogan were killed and five others were seriously injured. Edmundo Mireles was hit in his left arm, but fired back at them with a shotgun, hitting one of the perpetrators in the feet, and was himself wounded again. After the two had gotten into a police vehicle, Mireles stood up, went towards them and shot the two of them dead at short range with his personal.357 Magnum S&W Model 686 revolver.  He collapsed shortly thereafter and was sent to the South Miami Hospital. His left arm remained impaired, but he returned to the service after a year of recovery and became an instructor at the FBI Academy in Quantico, Virginia. Later, he returned to his former Miami office and also served in the Omaha, Nebraska, Field Office.

Discrimination suit.

Along with more than half the agency's Hispanic staff, he was involved in a 1988 discrimination suit against the FBI.

Aftermath.

Mireles and his wife continued their work with the FBI until their retirement in March 2004. he is living now with his family in Garrisonville, Virginia.

Edmundo "Ed" Mireles Jr (born March 4, 1953 in Alice, Texas) is a former special agent of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), known for his part in the 1986 FBI Miami shootout. He was awarded the Medal of Valor (FBI Medal of Valor), and elected the Police Officer of the Year.

Edmundo „Ed“ Mireles junior (* 1953 in Alice, Texas) ist ein ehemaliger "Special Agent" des Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). Für seinen Einsatz bei der Miami-Schießerei 1986 wurde er als erster Beamter mit der Tapferkeitsmedaille des FBI (FBI Medal of Valor) ausgezeichnet und zum Polizisten des Jahres gewählt.


Biography.

Early life.

Born as Yi San (李<unk>), he was the son of Crown Prince Sado (who was put to death by his own father, King Yeongjo) and Lady Hyegyeong (who wrote an autobiography, "The Memoirs of Lady Hyegyeong" detailing her life as the ill-fated Crown Princess of Korea). His elder only brother Crown Prince Uiso died in childhood, he was secure of throne successions. His mother Lady Hyegyeong's collection of memoirs serves as a significant source of historical information on the political happenings during the reigns of King Yeongjo (her father-in-law), King Jeongjo (her son), and King Sunjo (her grandson).  In 1762, his father, Crown Prince Sado, was executed by King Yeongjo, Sado's father and Yi San's grandfather, after long time conflicts and Sado's years of mental illness. Crown Prince Sado opposed the ruling party Noron party. Eight years later Yi San asked to visit Sado's living quarter but his Grandfather King Yeongjo refused. So he refused to attend Crown Prince Sado's funeral. In February 21, 1764, Yi San became the adoptive son of Crown Prince Hyojang and Princess Consort Hyosun by the order of King Yeongjo. Crown Prince Hyojang was the elder half-brother of his father, Crown Prince Sado. Crown Prince Hyojang though, had died during his childhood. King Yeongjo made Yi San a part of Hyojang's family because he was concerned that Yi San, who was Sado's son and successor. would be opposed. Noron would pose a problem, and say that Yi San was the Son of a prisoner or Son of a psycho and thus would become ineligible to succeed the throne, and rendered King Yeongjo worried for an extended period.  After 1762 to 1777, some members of Noron attempted to deport Jeongjo for his relation to Crown Prince Sado's title, thus succeeding the thrones, there was access to Prince Eunjeon and Prince Euneon, Prince Eunshin. They were his half-brothers. His grand uncle Hong In-han and Chung Hu-kyom, adopted son of Princess Hwa wan was one of them. When he was the Crown Prince, King Jeongjo met Hong Guk-yeong (홍국영, 洪國榮), a controversial politician who first strongly supported Jeongjo's accession and toiled to improve the king's power, but ended up being expelled because of his desire for power. Another helper was Kim Jong-su(김종수, 金鍾秀), he was one member of Noron but he was principled.  In 1775, one year before King Yeongjo's death, King Yeongjo was appointed regent for him, also Yeongjo gave no military power for him.  Jeongjo spent much of his reign trying to clear his father's name. He also moved the court to the city of Suwon to be closer to his father's grave. He built Hwaseong Fortress to guard the tomb. It is now a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Accession.

The era before his rule was in disorder as his father was killed by royal decree of his own father, King Jeongjo's grandfather. King Yeongjo's ultimate decision to execute Crown Prince Sado was greatly influenced by other politicians who were against the Crown Prince. After King Yeongjo's death and on the day that Jeongjo became the King of Joseon, he sat on his throne in the throne room and looked at everyone and said, "I am the son of the late Crown Prince Sado..." This was a bold statement that sent shivers down the spines of all the politicians who were complicit in his father's death.  During his accession, he also issued a royal decree that his mother, Lady Hyegyeong, be a Dowager Queen since his father, her husband, was supposed to be the King before him. Thus, she became the Queen Dowager, the widow of Crown Prince Sado. From then on, King Jeongjo experienced many turbulent periods, but overcame them with the aid of Hong Guk-yeong, Kim Chong-su.  In 1776, Hong Sang-beom, Hong Kye-neung and other some member of Noron was attempted of a military coup d'etat and kill him, but their plans was exposed early. Some assassins were secretly in royal palace but Jeongjo repulsed assassins and personally arrested a suspect. Jeongjo executed Hong Sang-beom, Hong Kye-neung, other some member of Norons, but put to death Prince Eunjeon, Hong In-han, and Chung Hu-kyom.  In 1785 he erected Changyongyeong (장용영, 壯勇營), this is the King's royal bodyguards. Before In 1782, Jeongjo selected by competitive examination some officers, who were then organized into the unit of Changyongyeong. Before this time was the Naekeunwe, royal bodyguards of Joseon dynasties created by Taejong of Joseon in 1407. But Jeongjo mistrusted the Naekeumwi, so he personally created Changyonegyeong.

Renaissance.

King Jeongjo led the new renaissance of the Joseon Dynasty, but was initially stopped by continuing the policy of Yeongjo's Tangpyeong rule. He tried to control the politics of the whole nation to advance and further national progress.  He made various reforms throughout his reign, notably establishing Kyujanggak (규장각), a royal library. The primary purpose of Kyujanggak was to improve the cultural and political stance of Joseon and to recruit gifted officers to help run the nation. Jeongjo also spearheaded bold new social initiatives, including opening government positions to those who were previously barred because of their social status.  He had some knowledge of humanities and philosophy, Neo-Confucianism. One of the King's gentlemen, Kim Jong-su, imprinted onto the king and in tandem became a great father and a great teacher for him. He studied for a long time and read various books. Jeongjo had the support of the many Silhak scholars who supported Jeongjo's regal power, including Scholars Jeong Yak-yong, Pak Ji-won, Pak Je-ga and Yu Deuk-gong. His reign also saw the further growth and development of Joseon's popular culture.  Jeongjo was resolutely selected for member of Soron and Namin party, reason selection background was checks and balances, strengthening of royal authority.  He was opposed to new fashions in the composition style of Korean writing and personally taught composition to some intellectuals and bureaucrats called Munchebanjong(문체반정 文體反正).

Death.

In his final years, Jeongjo arranged for the marriage of his second son and successor Sunjo of Joseon to Lady Kim of the Andong clan, daughter of Kim Cho-sun, but did not live to see his son's marriage. In 1800, Jeongjo died suddenly under uncertain circumstances at the age of 47, without seeing much of his life's work come to fruition under his son, Sunjo. There are many books regarding the mystery behind his death, and speculation as to the cause of his death continues even today.  He is buried with his wife, Queen Hyoui, at the royal tomb of Geolleung (건릉, 健陵) in the city of Hwaseong.  “Introduction.” A Unique Banchado: The Documentary Painting, with Commentary, of King Jeongjo's Royal Procesion to Hwaseong in 1795, by Han Young-woo and Chung Eunsun, Renaissance Books, Folkestone, 2017, pp. 1–6. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1s17p7t.7.

Jeongjo of Joseon (28 October 1752 – 18 August 1800) was the 22nd ruler of the Joseon Dynasty of Korea (r. 1776–1800). He made various attempts to reform and improve the nation of Korea. He was preceded by his grandfather King Yeongjo (r. 1724–1776) and succeeded by his son King Sunjo (r. 1800–1834).

Jeongjo (koreanisch: ) (* 28. Oktober 1752 im Palast Changgyeonggung (), Hanseong; † 18. August 1800 in der Festung Hwaseong () in Suwon (), Provinz Gyeonggi-do ()) war der 22. König der Joseon-Dynastie () (1392–1910) in Korea.


Planetary system.

Kepler-37b is the closest planet to the Kepler-37. At the time of its discovery in February 2013, it was the smallest known exoplanet. At in diameter, it is slightly larger than the Moon. It orbits Kepler-37 once every 13 days at a distance of about 0.1 astronomical units (AU). Kepler-37b has a rocky surface and is believed to be too small and too close to its star to support water or maintain an atmosphere. Surface temperature is estimated at.  Kepler-37c is around three-quarters of the diameter of Earth and orbits approximately every 21 days at a distance of just under 0.14 AU. Kepler-37d is about twice the diameter of Earth. It orbits in around 40 days at a distance of nearly 0.21 AU. Neither is able to support water due to their proximity to Kepler-37.  The periods of the three inner planets are close (within one per cent) to a 5:8:15 mean-motion resonance relationship.

Discovery.

The Kepler planets were discovered in September 2012 with the aid of transit events detected by the Kepler space telescope, and announced to the public in February 2013. Computer simulation was used to rule out other astronomical phenomenon mimicking planetary transit with probabilities of error <0.05% (3σ) for each potential planet. Additionally, simulation demonstrated that the proposed planetary configuration was stable. The exoplanets were considerably smaller than any previously detected, leading "Science World Reports" to state that "a major technological improvement for the telescope" had been achieved.  Thomas Barclay, an astrophysicist on the Kepler space telescope team, said the discovery was "really good news" in the search for hospitable planets, a prime objective of the project, because it demonstrated the telescope was capable of detecting Earth-sized planets. However, he does not anticipate finding many planets as small as Kepler-37b due to the very small amount of light such planets obscure. According to NASA scientist Jack Lissauer, the discovery of Kepler-37b "suggests such little planets are common, and more planetary wonders await as we continue to gather and analyze additional data." Astronomer John Johnson of Caltech university said the discovery would have been "unimaginable" a few years ago and that the telescope had revolutionized astronomers' picture of the universe.  The asteroseismology work was, in part, paid for by White Dwarf Research Corporation, a crowd funded non-profit organization.  In 2014, a fourth planet with orbital period of 51 days was confirmed through transit timing variations. Previously this signal was thought to be a false positive.

Kepler-37, also known as UGA-1785, is a G-type main-sequence star located in the constellation Lyra 209 light years from Earth. It is host to exoplanets Kepler-37b, Kepler-37c, Kepler-37d and Kepler-37e, all of which orbit very close to it. Kepler-37 has a mass about 80.3 percent of the Sun's and a radius about 77 percent as large. It has a temperature similar to that of the Sun, but a bit cooler at 5,417 K. It has about half the metallicity of our Sun. With an age of roughly 6 billion years, it is slightly older than the Sun, but is still a main-sequence star. Until January 2015, Kepler-37 was the smallest star to be measured via asteroseismology.

Kepler-37 ist ein ca. 210 Lichtjahre von der Erde entfernter Stern. Der Stern befindet sich im Sternbild Leier und ist geringfügig kleiner als die Sonne.


Taxonomy.

British botanist Samuel Frederick Gray first described the genus in his 1821 work "A Natural Arrangement of British Plants".  Parsimony analysis of internal transcribed spacer sequences of various "Albatrellus" species show that the genus is not monophyletic, and that the species may be divided into two clades. This corroborates prior phylogenetic analysis that suggested that "Albatrellus" consists of two separate groups with affinity to the Russuloid and Polyporoid clades.

Description.

Species of "Albatrellus" are terrestrial, with fleshy fruit bodies that differentiate into caps and stipes; the stipe is either central or eccentric to lateral. Fruit bodies are solitary or in clusters with stem bases or cap margins fused. Context mostly tough-fleshy, white or becoming brightly colored. The hymenophore is regularly poroid. The hyphal system is monomitic, the generative hyphae septate with or without clamp connections, with thin or somewhat thick, amyloid or inamyloid, indextrinoid and acyanophilous walls; the majority of hyphae are distinctly inflated (the fundamental hyphae). The basidiospores are ellipsoid to roughly spherical in shape, thin-walled to slightly thick-walled, with smooth, amyloid or inamyloid, indextrinoid and acyanophilous walls.

Distribution.

Twelve species of "Albatrellus" occur in North America. The edible "Albatrellus ovinus" is sold commercially in Finland. The "Dictionary of the Fungi" estimates there to be 16 species in the genus, but three new species ("A. fumosus", "A. microcarpus", "A. tibetanus") were described from China in 2008.

See also.

Extensive comparative discussion of some species at Albatrellus subrubescens

Albatrellus is a genus of 19 species of mushroom-producing fungi in the family Albatrellaceae. Species are common in northern temperate forests, producing medium to large fleshy fruit bodies of various colors.

Die Schafporlinge ("Albatrellus") sind die Typgattung der Familie der Schafporlingsverwandten (Albatrellaceae). Die Gattung enthält bodenbewohnende Ectomykorrhizapilze, die mit Laub- und Nadelbäumen vergesellschaftet sind. Die fleischigen, meist nur kurzlebigen Fruchtkörper sind in einen Hut und einen zentralen oder exzentrischen Stiel gegliedert. Das Hymenophor ist röhrig. Die für die Ordnung typischen gloeoplere Hyphen kommen häufig vor, Zystiden hingegen fehlen. Die Sporen sind glatt, mehr oder weniger elliptisch und hyalin. Sie können amyloid oder inamyloid sein. Nachdem molekularbiologische Untersuchungen gezeigt hatten, dass die Gattung polyphyletisch ist, wurden zahlreiche Arten in neue Gattungen gestellt. Die Typusart der Gattung ist "Albatrellus ovinus"


Life.

Thích Quảng Độ was born Đặng Phúc Tuệ in Thanh Chau village in Thái Bình Province in northern Vietnam, and became a monk at age 14. During the Vietnamese famine of 1945, he walked for two days from Thanh Sam Temple, where he was training to his home village, where he carried his gravely-malnourished oldest brother from the home to the local temple and nursed him back to health. At age 17 he witnessed his religious master Thích Đức Hải executed by the revolutionary People's Tribunal. He quoted in open letter to Communist Party Secretary-General Do Muoi in 1994 that "Then and there I vowed to do all that I could to combat fanaticism and intolerance and devote my life to the pursuit of justice through the Buddhist teachings of non-violence."  In the 1950s, Thích Quảng Độ travelled to India, Sri Lanka and other parts of Asia to further his Buddhist training and serve as an academic at various universities, spending seven years abroad before returning to Saigon in South Vietnam to teach Buddhism. He was a professor at the Van Hanh Buddhist University and Saigon University among other institutions in the 1960s and 1970s. He translated various Buddhist texts into Vietnamese and wrote Buddhist textbooks, notably a two-volume Buddhist dictionary between Vietnamese and Sino-Vietnamese, and oversaw a nine-volume Vietnamese language Buddhist encyclopedia.

Political opposition.

While a member of the leadership of the UBCV, Thích Quảng Độ became an activist, fighting against the anti-Buddhist policies of the Catholic President of South Vietnam Ngô Đình Diệm. After a military raid of Buddhist monasteries in Hue and Saigon, Thích Quảng Độ was arrested on 20 August 1963. He and thousands of other Buddhists endured torture and persecution while imprisoned by the Diem government. He was released after Diem regime was toppled in military coup in November 1963. As a result of imprisonment, Thích Quảng Độ struggled with tuberculosis before having a lung operation in Japan in 1966.  In 1965, Thích Quảng Độ was appointed as the Secretary-General of the Viện Hóa Đạo (Institute for the Dissemination of Dharma) of the UBCV.  In 1975 Vietnam was under communist control, and the UBCV was once again unwelcome in Vietnam. As a result, the UBCV facilities were seized, and documents burned. Thích Quảng Độ was active in protesting the government's actions, and after attempting to gather Buddhists from other regions in non-violent opposition, he was arrested on charges of 'anti-revolutionary activities' and 'undermining national solidarity'. He spent 20 months at the Phan Dang Luu Prison in solitary confinement in a cell approximately 2m2 in size with a hand-sized window, before he was tried and released in December 1978. Later that year he was nominated by Betty Williams and Mairead Maguire to receive the Nobel Peace Prize.  In 1982 the Vietnamese Government created a Buddhist alternative, called the Vietnam Buddhist Church, which was state sponsored and controlled by the Vietnam Fatherland Front. Because of Quảng Độ's opposition to the new church, he was again jailed. At one meeting of the Viện Hóa Đạo, he stated to the attendees that 'If you want to pursue glory, then go ahead, but this boat, regardless of whether it is disintegrating, broken or unsteady, let us look after it'. He rejected an approach from the Minister of Public Security Mai Chi Tho to take up a leadership role in the government-backed Buddhist organisation. Quảng Độ would spend the next 10 years in exile in the village of Vu Doai, in Thai Binh. His 84-year-old mother was expelled with him, and died in 1985 due to inadequate medical care and malnutrition. In 1992, he returned to the Thanh Minh Pagoda in Saigon.  Yet again in 1995, while attempting to send a fax to overseas Buddhists to expose government abuse of the UBCV by obstructing UBCV flood relief effors, he was arrested and sentenced to five years in prison and a further five years of probation on the grounds of 'undermining the policy of unity and exploiting the rights of freedom to impede the interests of the state'. This led to condemnation by the likes of Nobel laureates the 14th Dalai Lama, Jose Ramos Horta, Mairead Maguire and Francois Jacob, and the US Secretary of State Madeleine Albright. He was released in September 1998 in response to international pressure on the communist government, and returned to Thanh Minh Monastery. In October 2000 he led a delegation of monks to provide relief in An Giang Province in the Mekong Delta but they were detained by communist police before being forced to return to Saigon after being accused of threatening national security.  Thích Quảng Độ became the President of the UBCV's Institute for the Dissemination of the Dharma in 1999, meaning that he was the second-ranking UBCV dignitary after patriarch Thich Huyen Quang.  In February 2001, just before the 9th Congress of the Vietnamese Communist Party, Thích Quảng Độ started a pro-democracy campaign as part of an eight-point program, including free elections as part of a multi-party democracy, trade union membership and 'the abolition of all degrading forms of imported culture and ideologies that pervert Vietnamese spiritual and moral values'. The communist government responded by detaining him, before releasing him in June 2003. In February he published an open letter advocating multi-party democracy and civil rights. He further stated that they were “more important than economic development” and without them “we cannot make any progress in the real sense.” In a 2003 interview, he stated "People are very afraid of the government... Only I dare to say what I want to say. That is why they are afraid of me". However, he was again detained in October 2003 after an unauthorised UBCV meeting. He was officially released in 2005, but a UN Working Group on Arbitrary Detention reported that he was still effectively under detention.  In 2008, as one of his last wishes Patriarch Thich Huyen Quang named Thích Quảng Độ as the new patriarch of the Unified Buddhist Church of Vietnam, a position he would occupy until his death. Upon succeeding Thich Huyen Quang, Thích Quảng Độ stated that 'The best way to honour our late Patriarch is by putting his words into practice in our daily lives. The Supreme Bicameral Council pledges to do its utmost to re-establish the legal status of the UBCV and maintain its historic tradition of independence'.  After 20 years at Thanh Minh, where he remained under continuous surveillance, he returned north to Thai Binh, before returning to Saigon to stay at Tu Hieu Temple in November 2018. The communist authorities continued to send police to the temple to harass Thích Quảng Độ and the abbot Thích Nguyên Lý about the residency status of the former, and tried to restrict access by his disciples.

Death.

Thích Quảng Độ died on 22 February 2020 at age 91 at Từ Hiếu Temple in District 8, Ho Chi Minh City. In his later years, he had been afflicted by diabetes, high blood pressure and a heart condition, the last of which required an operation in 2003. Thích Quảng Độ asked for his ashes to be scattered at sea. The exiled Vietnamese dissident blogger Điếu Cày stated that his death was 'a great loss for the UBCV as well as the movement for freedom and democracy in Vietnam. The Most Venerable Thích Quảng Độ dedicated his entire life to struggling for freedom religion for Vietnam'. Điếu Cày described him as 'one of the main pillars of the UBCV, withstanding many oppressions and persecutions from the communist authorities but nevertheless remaining steadfast in maintaining the independence of the UBCV and not accepting the administration of the communist regime'. Thích Quảng Ba, the Vice Chairman of the UBCV in Australia and New Zealand, stated that Thích Quảng Độ's contributions extended beyond his work as a scholar and translator, and that his greatest legacy was his 'indomitable spirit', which made him the 'conscience' of the Vietnam people and'shown the path to our generation'. The United States Commission on International Religious Freedom called his death 'an incredible loss for the people of Vietnam' and said that 'With his quiet strength and grace, he fought for decades to preserve and promote religious freedom in Vietnam'.

Awards.

In 2001, Thích Quảng Độ received the Hellman-Hammet Award from Human Rights Watch for persecuted writers. In 2003, Thích Quảng Độ was honored with the Homo Homini Award for human rights activism by the Czech group People in Need, which he shared with Thích Huyền Quảng and Father Nguyễn Văn Lý.  In 2006, Thích Quảng Độ was awarded the Thorolf Rafto Memorial Prize, in recognition of "personal courage and perseverance through three decades of peaceful opposition against the communist regime in Vietnam, and as a symbol for the growing democracy movement". Thích Quảng Độ was unable to the receive the award, as the government prevented him from attending the ceremony.  In 2006, Thích Quảng Độ was also awarded the Democracy Courage Tribute by the World Movement for Democracy.

Thích Quảng Độ (; 27 November 1928 – 22 February 2020) was a Vietnamese Buddhist monk and scholar who was the patriarch of the Unified Buddhist Church of Vietnam (UBCV) from 2008 until his death. Since the execution of his master at the hands of the communist Viet Minh in his teenage years, Thích Quảng Độ had been involved in political activism, firstly against the anti-Buddhist policies of the Catholic President of South Vietnam Ngo Dinh Diem. After the fall of Saigon, the UBCV was banned by the communist government, and as one of the senior monks in the organisation, Thích Quảng Độ was at the forefront of the UBCV's defiance of the government, refusing to join the government-endorsed Vietnamese Buddhist Church. He was detained repeatedly by the communist authorities in the last 45 years of his life for his resistance and criticism of their policies, particularly his calls for multi-party democracy. During the Vietnam War period, he also served as a university academic in Buddhism, translated sutras and wrote books, notably a nine-volume Buddhist encyclopedia, and two-volume dictionary between Vietnamese and Sino-Vietnamese.

Thích Quảng Độ, auch "Thich Quang Do", (* 27. November 1928 in der Provinz Thái Bình; † 22. Februar 2020 in Ho-Chi-Minh-Stadt) war ein vietnamesischer buddhistischer Mönch und Menschenrechtler.