Members.

Member identification.

The brightest group members were frequently identified in early galaxy group identification surveys. However, many of the dwarf galaxies in the group were only identified in more intensive studies. One of the first of these identified 145 faint objects on optical images from the UK Schmidt Telescope and followed these up in hydrogen line emission with the Parkes Radio Telescope and in the hydrogen-alpha spectral line with the Siding Spring 2.3 m Telescope. This identified 20 dwarf galaxies as members of the group. The HIPASS survey, which was a blind radio survey for hydrogen spectral line emission, found five uncatalogued galaxies in the group and also identified five previously-catalogued galaxies as members. An additional dwarf galaxy was identified as a group member in the HIDEEP survey, which was a more intensive radio survey for hydrogen emission within a smaller region of the sky. Several optical surveys later identified 20 more candidate objects to the group. In 2007, the Cen A group membership of NGC 5011C was established.  While this galaxy is a well-known stellar system listed with a NGC number, its true identity remained hidden because of coordinate confusion and wrong redshifts in the literature. From 2015 to 2017 a full optical survey was conducted using the Dark Energy Camera, covering 550 square degrees in the sky and doubling the number of known dwarf galaxies in this group. Another deep but spatially limited survey around Centaurus A revealed numerous new dwarfs.

Member list.

The table below lists galaxies that have been identified as associated with the Centaurus A/M83 Group by I. D. Karachentsev and collaborators. Note that Karachentsev divides this group into two subgroups centered on Centaurus A and Messier 83.  Additionally, ESO 219-010, PGC 39032, and PGC 51659 are listed as possibly being members of the Centaurus A Subgroup, and ESO 381-018, NGC 5408, and PGC 43048 are listed as possibly being members of the M83 Subgroup. Although HIPASS J1337-39 is only listed as a possible member of the M83 Subgroup in the later list published by Karachentsev, later analyses indicate that this galaxy is within the subgroup. Saviane and Jerjen found that NGC 5011C has an optical redshift of 647 km/s and thus is a member of the Cen A group rather than of the distant Centaurus galaxy cluster as believed since 1983.

The Centaurus A/M83 Group is a complex group of galaxies in the constellations Hydra, Centaurus, and Virgo. The group may be roughly divided into two subgroups. The Cen A Subgroup, at a distance of 11.9 Mly (3.66 Mpc), is centered on Centaurus A, a nearby radio galaxy. The M83 Subgroup, at a distance of 14.9 Mly (4.56 Mpc), is centered on the Messier 83 (M83), a face-on spiral galaxy.

Die M83-Gruppe ist eine der Lokalen Gruppe benachbarte Galaxiengruppe, die sich über die Sternbilder Wasserschlange (Hydra), Zentaur und den Südteil der Jungfrau erstreckt. Die Gruppe unterteilt sich in zwei Untergruppen: die "NGC-5128-Untergruppe", die eine Entfernung von 12 Mio. Lichtjahren (3,7 Mpc) hat und in deren Zentrum sich die Radiogalaxie Centaurus A (NGC 5128) befindet, sowie die "M83-Untergruppe", die etwa 15 Mio. Lichtjahre (4,6 Mpc) entfernt ist und sich um die "südliche Feuerradgalaxie" M83 gruppiert.


History.

Background: The Olive Tree.

Following "Tangentopoli" scandals, the end of the so-called First Republic and the transformation of the Italian Communist Party (PCI) into the Democratic Party of the Left (PDS) in the early 1990s, a process aimed at uniting left-wing and centre-left forces into a single political entity was started.  In 1995, Romano Prodi, a former minister of Industry on behalf of the left-wing faction of Christian Democracy (DC), entered politics and founded The Olive Tree ("L'Ulivo"), a centre-left coalition including the PDS, the Italian People's Party (PPI), the Federation of the Greens (FdV), Italian Renewal (RI), the Italian Socialists (SI) and Democratic Union (UD). The coalition in alliance with the Communist

Road to the Democratic Party.

The project of a Democratic Party was often mentioned by Prodi as the natural evolution of The Olive Tree and was bluntly envisioned by Michele Salvati, a former centrist deputy of the DS, in an appeal in "Il Foglio" newspaper in April 2013. The term "Partito Democratico" was used for the first time in a formal context by the DL and DS members of the Regional Council of Veneto, who chose to form a joint group named The Olive Tree – Venetian Democratic Party ("L'Ulivo – Partito Democratico Veneto") in March 2007.  The 2006 election result, anticipated by the 2005 primary election in which over four million voters endorsed Prodi as candidate for Prime Minister, gave a push to the project of a unified centre-left party. Eight parties agreed to merge into

Foundation and leadership election.

All candidates interested in running for the PD leadership had to be associated with one of the founding parties and present at least 2,000 valid signatures by 30 July 2007. A total of ten candidates officially registered their candidacy: Walter Veltroni, Rosy Bindi, Enrico Letta, Furio Colombo, Marco Pannella, Antonio Di Pietro, Mario Adinolfi, Pier Giorgio Gawronski, Jacopo Schettini, Lucio Cangini and Amerigo Rutigliano. Of these, Pannella and Di Pietro were rejected because of their involvement in external parties (the Radicals and Italy of Values respectively) whereas Cangini and Rutigliano did not manage to present the necessary 2,000 valid signatures for the 9pm deadline and Colombo's candidacy was instead made into hiatus

Leadership of Walter Veltroni.

After the premature fall of the Prodi II Cabinet in January 2008, the PD decided to form a less diverse coalition. The party invited the Radicals and the Socialist Party (PS) to join its lists, but only the Radicals accepted and formed an alliance with Italy of Values (IdV) which was set to join the PD after the election. The PD included many notable candidates and new faces in its lists and Walter Veltroni, who tried to present the PD as the party of the renewal in contrast both with Silvio Berlusconi and the previous centre-left government, ran an intense and modern campaign which led him to visit all provinces of Italy, but that was not enough.  In the 2008 general election on 13–14 April 2008, the PD–IdV coalition won 37.5% of the vote and

Leadership of Dario Franceschini.

After a crushing defeat in the February 2009 Sardinian regional election, Walter Veltroni resigned as party secretary. His deputy Dario Franceschini took over as interim party secretary to guide the party toward the selection of a new stable leader. Franceschini was elected by the party's national assembly with 1,047 votes out of 1,258. His only opponent Arturo Parisi won a mere 92 votes. Franceschini was the

Leadership of Pier Luigi Bersani.

The national convention and a subsequent open primary were called for October, with Franceschini, Pier Luigi Bersani and Ignazio Marino were running for the leadership, while a fourth candidate, Rutigliano, was excluded because of lack of signatures. In local conventions, a 56.4% of party members voted and Bersani was by far the most voted candidate with 55.1% of the vote, largely ahead of Franceschini (37.0%) and Marino (7.9%). Three million people participated in the open primary on 25 October 2009; Bersani was elected new secretary of the party with about 53% of the vote, ahead of Franceschini with 34% and Marino with 13%. On 7 November, during the first meeting of the new national assembly, Bersani was declared secretary, Rosy Bindi was elected party president (with Marina Sereni and Ivan Scalfarotto vice-presidents), Enrico Letta deputy secretary and Antonio Misiani treasurer.  In reaction to the election of Bersani, perceived by some moderates as an old-style social democrat, Francesco

Road to the 2013 general election.

A year after the pact of Vasto, the relations between the PD and IdV had become tense. IdV and its leader, Antonio Di Pietro, were thus excluded from the coalition talks led by Bersani. To these talks were instead invited SEL led by Nichi Vendola and the Italian Socialist Party (PSI) led by Riccardo Nencini. The talks resulted on 13 October 2012 in the Pact of Democrats and Progressives (later known as Italy. Common Good) and produced the rules for the upcoming centre-left primary election, during which the PD–SEL–PSI joint candidate for Prime Minister in the 2013 general election would be selected.  In the primary, the strongest challenge to Bersani was posed by a fellow Democrat, the 37-year-old mayor of Florence Matteo Renzi, a liberal moderniser, who had officially

2013 general election.

In the election, the PD and its coalition fared much worse than expected and according to pollsters predictions. The PD won just 25.4% of the vote for the Chamber of Deputies (–8.0% from 2008) and the centre-left coalition narrowly won the majority in the house over the centre-right coalition (29.5% to 29.3%). Even worse, in the Senate the PD and its allies failed to get an outright majority due to the rise of the Five Star Movement (M5S) and the centre-right's victory in key regions such as Lombardy, Veneto, Campania, Apulia, Calabria and Sicily (the centre-right was awarded of the majority premium in those regions, leaving the centre-left with just a handful of elects there). Consequently, the PD-led coalition was unable to govern alone because it lacked a majority in the Senate which has equal power to the Chamber. As a result, Bersani, who refused any

Leadership of Guglielmo Epifani.

After Bersani's resignation from party secretary on 20 April 2013, the PD remained without a leader for two weeks. On 11 May 2013, Guglielmo Epifani was elected secretary at the national assembly of the party with 85.8% of vote. Epifani, secretary-general of the Italian General Confederation of Labour (CGIL), Italy's largest trade union, from 2002 to 2010, was the first former Socialist to lead the party. Epifani's mission was to lead the party toward a national convention in October.  A few weeks after Epifani's

Leadership of Matteo Renzi.

Four individuals filed their bid for becoming secretary, namely Matteo Renzi, Pippo Civati, Gianni Cuperlo and Gianni Pittella. The leadership race started with voting by party members in local conventions (7–17 November). Renzi came first with 45.3%, followed by Cuperlo (39.4%), Civati (9.4%) and Pittella (5.8%). The first three were admitted to the open primary.  On 8 December, Renzi, who won in all regions but was stronger in the Centre-North, trounced his opponents with 67.6% of the vote. Cuperlo, whose support was higher in the South, came second with 18.2% while Civati, whose message did well with northern urban and progressive voters, came third with 14.2%. On

Premiership of Matteo Renzi.

In the 2014 European Parliament election, the party obtained 40.8% of the vote and 31 seats. The party's score was virtually 15 percentage points up from five years before and the best result for an Italian party in a nationwide election since the 1958 general election, when Christian Democracy won 42.4%. The PD was also the largest national party within the Parliament in its 8th term. Following his party's success, Renzi was able to secure the post of High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy within the European Commission for Federica Mogherini, his minister of Foreign Affairs.  In January 2015, Sergio Mattarella, a veteran left-wing Christian Democrat and founding member of the PD, whose candidacy had been proposed by Renzi and unanimously endorsed by the party's delegates, was elected President of Italy during a presidential election triggered

Road to the 2018 general election.

After a huge defeat in the 2016 constitutional referendum (59.9% no, 40.1% yes), Renzi resigned as Prime Minister in December 2016 and was replaced by fellow Democrat Paolo Gentiloni, whose government's composition and coalition were very similar to those of the Renzi Cabinet. In February 2017, Renzi resigned also as PD secretary in order to run in the 2017 leadership election. Renzi, Andrea Orlando (one of the leaders of the Remake Italy faction; the other leader Matteo Orfini was the party's president and supported Renzi) and Michele Emiliano were the three contenders for the party's leadership.  Subsequently, a substantial group of leftists (24 deputies, 14 senators and 3 MEPs), led by Enrico Rossi (Democratic Socialists) and Roberto Speranza (Reformist Area), backed by Massimo D'Alema, Pier Luigi Bersani and Guglielmo Epifani, left the PD and formed Article 1 –

2018 general election.

In the election, the PD obtained its worst result ever: 18.7% of the vote, well behind the M5S (32.7%) and narrowly ahead of the Lega (17.4%). Following his party's defeat, Renzi resigned from secretary and his deputy Martina started functioning as acting secretary.  After two months of negotiations and the refusal of the PD to join forces with the M5S, the latter and the Lega

Leadership of Maurizio Martina.

In July, Maurizio Martina was elected secretary by the party's national assembly and a new leadership election was scheduled for the first semester of 2019. On 17 November 2018, Martina resigned and the national assembly was dissolved, starting the electoral proceedings.  During Martina's tenure, especially after a rally in Rome in

Leadership of Nicola Zingaretti.

Three major candidates, Martina, Nicola Zingaretti and Roberto Giachetti, plus a handful of minor ones, formally filed papers in order to run for secretary. Prior to that, Marco Minniti, minister of the Interior in the Gentiloni Cabinet, had also launched his bid, before renouncing in December and supporting Zingaretti. Zingaretti won the first round by receiving 47.4% of the vote among party members in local conventions. He, along with Martina and Giachetti, qualified for the primary election, to be held on 3 March. In the event, Zingaretti was elected secretary, exceeding expectations

Coalition with the Five Star Movement.

In August 2019 tensions grew within Conte's government coalition, leading to the issuing of a motion of no-confidence on Prime Minister Conte by the League. After Conte's resignation, the national board of the PD officially opened to the possibility of forming a new cabinet in a coalition with the M5S, based on pro-Europeanism, green economy, sustainable development, fight against economic inequality and a new immigration policy. The party also accepted that Conte may continue at the head of a new government, and on 29 August President Mattarella formally invested Conte to do so. Disappointed by the party's decision to form a government with the M5S, Calenda decided to leave and establish We Are Europeans as an independent party.  The Conte II Cabinet took office on 5 September, with Franceschini as Minister of Culture and head of the PD's delegation. Gentiloni was contextually picked by the government as the Italian member of the von der Leyen Commission and would serve as European Commissioner for the Economy.  On 18 September, Renzi, who had been one of the earliest supporters of a M5S–PD

Ideology.

The PD is a big tent centre-left party, influenced by the ideas of social democracy and Christian left. The common roots of the founding components of the party reside in the Italian resistance movement, the writing of Italian Constitution and the Historic Compromise, all three events which saw the Italian Communist Party and Christian Democracy (the two major forerunners of the Democrats of the Left and Democracy is Freedom – The Daisy, respectively) cooperate. The United States Democratic Party and American liberalism are also important sources of inspiration. In a 2008 interview to "El País", Veltroni, who can be considered the main founding father of the party, clearly stated that the PD should be considered a reformist party and could not be linked to the traditional values of the left-wing.  There is also a debate on whether the PD is actually a social-democratic party and to what extent. For instance, Alfred Pfaller observed that the PD "has adopted a pronounced centrist-pragmatic position, trying to appeal to a broad spectrum of middle-class and working-class voters, but shying away from a determined pursuit of redistributive goals". For his part, Gianfranco Pasquino observed that "for almost all the leaders, militants and members of the PD, social democracy has never been part of their past nor should represent their political goal", but he also concluded that "its overall identity and perception are by no means those of an European-style social-democratic party".  The party stresses national and social cohesion, progressivism, a moderate social liberalism, green issues, progressive taxation and pro-Europeanism. In this respect, the party's precursors strongly supported the need of balancing budgets in order to comply to Maastricht criteria. Under Veltroni and more recently Renzi, the party took a strong stance in favour of constitutional reform and of a new electoral law on the road toward a two-party system.  While traditionally supporting the social integration of immigrants, the PD has adopted a more critical approach on the issue since 2017. Inspired by Renzi, re-elected secretary in April; and Marco Minniti, interior minister since December 2016, the party promoted stricter policies regarding immigration and public security. These policies resulted in broad criticism from the left-wing Democrats and Progressives (partners in government) as well as left-leaning intellectuals like Roberto Saviano and Gad Lerner. In August, Lerner, who was among the founding members of the PD, left the party altogether due to its new immigration policies.

Factions.

The PD includes several internal factions, most of which trace the previous allegiances of party members. Factions form different alliances depending on the issues and some party members have multiple factional allegiances.

2007 leadership election.

After the election, which saw the victory

2009 leadership election.

2010–2013 developments.

In the summer of 2010, Dario Franceschini, leader of AreaDem (the largest minority faction) and Piero Fassino re-approached with Pier Luigi Bersani and joined the party majority. As a response, Walter Veltroni formed Democratic Movement to defend the "original spirit" of the PD. In doing this he was supported by 75 deputies: 33 "Veltroniani", 35 Populars close to Giuseppe Fioroni and 7 former "Rutelliani" led by Paolo Gentiloni. Some pundits hinted that the Bersani-Franceschini pact was envisioned in order both to marginalise Veltroni and to reduce the influence of Massimo D'Alema, the party bigwig behind Bersani, whose 2009 bid was supported primarily by "Dalemiani". Veltroni and D'Alema had been long-time rivals within the centre-left.  As of September the party's majority was composed of those who supported Bersani since the beginning (divided in five main factions: "Bersaniani", "Dalemiani", "Lettiani", "Bindiani" and the party's left-wing) and AreaDem of Franceschini and Fassino. There were also two minority coalitions, namely Veltroni's Democratic Movement ("Veltroniani", Fioroni's Populars, ex-"Rutelliani", Democratic Ecologists and a majority of Liberal PD members) and Change Italy of Ignazio Marino.  According to "Corriere della Sera" in

2013 leadership election.

2014–2016 alignments.

After 2013 leadership election,

2017 leadership election.

2019 leadership election.

After the election which saw the victory of Nicola Zingaretti, the party's internal composition was as follows:  After the leadership election, supporters of Martina divided in two camps: the liberal and centrist wing close

Popular support.

As previously the Italian Communist Party (PCI), the PD has its strongholds in Central Italy and big cities.  The party governs ten regions out of twenty and the cities of Milan, Bologna, Florence and Bari. It also takes part to the government of the region of Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol, as well as several other cities, including Padua and Cagliari.  In the 2008 and 2013 general elections, the PD obtained its best results in Tuscany (46.8% and 37.5%), Emilia-Romagna (45.7% and 37.0%), Umbria (44.4% and 32.1%), Marche (41.4% and 27.7%), Liguria (37.6% and 27.7%) and Lazio (36.8% and 25.7%). Democrats are generally stronger in the North than the South, with the sole exception of Basilicata (38.6% in 2008 and 25.7% in 2013), where the party has drawn most of its personnel from Christian Democracy (DC).  The 2014 European Parliament election gave a thumping 40.8% of the vote to the party which was the first Italian party to get more than 40% of the vote in a nationwide election since DC won 42.4% of the vote in the 1958 general election. In 2014, the PD did better in Tuscany (56.6%), Emilia-Romagna (52.5%) and Umbria (49.2%), but made significant gains in Lombardy (40.3%, +19.0% from 2009), Veneto (37.5%, +17.2%) and the South.  The 2018 general election was a major defeat for the party as it was reduced to 18.7% (Tuscany 29.6%).  The electoral results of the PD in general (Chamber of Deputies) and European Parliament elections since 2008 are shown in the chart below.  The electoral results of the PD in the 10 most populated regions of Italy are shown in the table below and in the chart electoral results in Italy are shown.

The Democratic Party (, PD) is a social-democratic political party in Italy. The party's secretary is Nicola Zingaretti, who was elected in March 2019, while its president is Valentina Cuppi.

Die Demokratische Partei (, kurz PD) ist eine Partei im italienischen Mitte-links-Spektrum. Sie hat eine sozialdemokratische, linksliberale und christlich-soziale Ausrichtung. Auf europäischer Ebene ist sie Vollmitglied der Sozialdemokratischen Partei Europas (SPE). Gemessen an den Abgeordneten bildet sie eine der mandatsstärksten politischen Parteien im Europäischen Parlament, wo sie der S&D-Fraktion angehört. International ist sie Mitglied der Progressiven Allianz.


Problems with the HTTP.

DIME was defined the transmission format at the data link layer in the OSI model although it was typically transmitted over HTTP. One difficulty here was that it could form an HTTP message of, essentially, any size (the limit being the size information for each chunk, which was 32 bits so 1 gigabit). Many HTTP receivers were unused to messages as large as this, and if they buffered messages would simply fail, expecting a short message and receiving a huge one. Moreover, if the HTTP receiver was secured, it would, on receiving the message, send back a challenge message (400 code) to the sender. Because HTTP is connectionless, it would then entirely lose the possibly huge amount of data that had been sent to it, just to accept or deny the challenge. There was no entirely satisfactory solution to this. The response to the challenge could of course succeed, at the expense of sending the data twice, which if it were huge rather defeats its point. (It is fair to say any other method of sending data over HTTP suffers the same problem.) In the alternate, and probably better solution, the criteria for a successful challenge (e.g. a username and password) is established out-of-band, so it can be sent with the message the first time and not receive a challenge (the by-product of the connectionless HTTP protocol being that since each message is treated individual, "any" message must be able successfully to include its challenge response).  DIME was extremely fast compared to practical applications of other protocols. Because the data was binary rather than, say, Base64 encoded, it was relatively compact, and the chunking and packet methods built into the protocol meant it could be streamed and read by a suitable receiver before the whole message had been read.

Problems at the network layer.

Because DIME was defined at the data link layer, it was possible to encapsulate a DIME message in another DIME message. This would not help at all for compression purposes, but was occasionally useful to bypass networking infrastructure such as routers at the network layer of the OS model, that would otherwise block the encapsulated traffic (being binary they may treat it with suspicion). That being said, other protocols such as MIME may equally suffer such. Since DIME was generally used between well-trusted clients, a specific port could be opened at the router for the express purpose of sending and receiving DIME traffic. This did not subvert the security aspects, since the challenge would still occur, merely that it accepted that binary traffic was the norm on that port, and not give numerous false positives.

Direct Internet Message Encapsulation (DIME) was a Microsoft-proposed internet standard in the early 2000s for the streaming of binary and other encapsulated data over the Internet.

Direct Internet Message Encapsulation (DIME) ist ein von Microsoft vorgeschlagenes Nachrichtenformat für die Übertragung binärer Nachrichten mit SOAP. Es wurde inzwischen jedoch zugunsten von MTOM für obsolet erklärt.


Early life and family.

Deems Taylor was born in New York City to JoJo and Katherine Taylor. He attended New York University.  Taylor married three times. His first wife was Jane Anderson. They married in 1910, but divorced in 1918. In 1921, he married Mary Kennedy, who was an actress and a writer. They had a daughter, Joan Kennedy Taylor, in 1926, and divorced in 1934. Taylor married a third and last time in 1945, to costume designer Lucille Watson-Little. They divorced eight years later.

Career.

Composer.

Taylor initially planned to become an architect; however, despite minimal musical training he soon took to music composition. The result was a series of works for orchestra and/or voices. In 1916 he wrote the cantata "The Chambered Nautilus", followed by "Through the Looking-Glass" (for orchestra) in 1918, earning him public praise and recognition.  In 1921 Taylor secured a job as music critic for the "New York World", a post he held when approached by the Metropolitan Opera to suggest a composer to write a new opera. He put forth his own name, and was accepted, the result being "The King's Henchman", with the libretto by Edna St. Vincent Millay. "Peter Ibbetson" followed in 1929.  Taylor's compositions were met with great initial enthusiasm. The number of Metropolitan Opera performances for "The King’s Henchman" and "Peter Ibbetson" is greater than any opera of any other American composer, and he had as many large-scale works published as any of his American-born contemporaries. Taylor's music is often witty, always deftly formed, well-timed, and entertaining. The basic style of even his later works is academically post-Romantic, resisting any influence of progressive trends except perhaps in orchestration. This conservatism, lacking sharp individual profile or sense of deep conviction, may help to explain the initial enthusiastic acceptance of Taylor’s work but may also explain the fact that his music was virtually forgotten soon afterward.

Music commentator.

Taylor was a promoter of classical music throughout his life. His journalism career included posts as music critic for the "New York World" beginning in 1921, and editor of "Musical America" from 1927 to 1929.  Taylor also worked extensively in broadcasting, and as intermission commentator for the New York Philharmonic. He appeared in Walt Disney's 1940 film "Fantasia" as the film's Master of Ceremonies, and was instrumental in selecting the musical pieces that were used in the film, including the then-controversial "Sacre du Printemps". In the long-unseen roadshow version of "Fantasia", issued on DVD in 2000, and re-released on the 2010 "Fantasia"/"Fantasia 2000" Blu-ray release, all of Taylor's voice-over work was dubbed by veteran voice artist Corey Burton. The complete film was originally 124 minutes long, due almost entirely to the fact that Taylor's commentaries were more detailed in the roadshow version, but the original audio elements for these longer commentaries had deteriorated to the point that they could no longer be used, so Corey Burton was selected to re-record all of the dialogue for consistency. The general release version of "Fantasia", running 115 minutes, is the version most audiences are familiar with. In that version, Taylor's commentaries were severely abridged.  The same year, 1940, he served the same role as Master of Ceremonies for the classical portion of a "Carousel of American Music", a famous concert series held in San Francisco on September 24. The concert had Irving Berlin, George M. Cohan, Jerome Kern, Hoagy Carmichael, WC Handy, Johnny Mercer – and many more of America's top songwriting talents performing their own compositions. (The original release was titled "Cavalcade of American Music" and includes a performance of Taylor's own work "Circus Day".) The recording was added to the National Recording Registry in 2016.  He provided the commentary of the technical story behind the recording of actual cannon fire and carillon for the famous 1954 Mercury Records album, by Antal Dorati and the Minneapolis Symphony Orchestra, of Tchaikovsky's "1812 Overture"—still one of the most highly regarded recordings of that piece, and the best-selling classical LP of the 1950s. Taylor also recorded commentary for other Mercury recordings: Benjamin Britten's "The Young Person's Guide to the Orchestra"; the 1958 stereophonic re-make of the "1812 Overture" and Frederick Fennell's ground-breaking two-album "The Civil War," which featured original music played on period instruments and sound-montages, narrated by Taylor, of period weaponry and music.  He was also a frequent guest on the radio quiz program "Information Please".  Taylor's work as a broadcaster, critic, and commentator ultimately overshadowed his work as a composer. He hosted and narrated several television music series and documentaries. In the early 1950s, he was also a repeat panelist on the NBC game show, "Who Said That?", and he was a repeat panelist on "What's My Line?".  Taylor was also a friend of the Algonquin Round Table, a group of writers, actors and critics that met almost daily from 1919–1929 at Manhattan's Algonquin Hotel. He briefly dated Dorothy Parker. In the 1994 film "Mrs. Parker and the Vicious Circle", Taylor was portrayed by the actor James LeGros. Taylor's other personal friendships ranged from composers George Gershwin and Jerome Kern to novelists F. Scott Fitzgerald and Ayn Rand.

Deems Taylor Award.

Taylor was the third president of ASCAP, and held the post for six years. The ASCAP Deems Taylor Awards were established in 1967 to honor his memory. The Deems Taylor Award "recognizes books, articles, broadcasts and websites on the subject of music selected for their excellence."

List of compositions.

Other compositions

Joseph Deems Taylor (December 22, 1885 – July 3, 1966) was an American composer, music critic, and promoter of classical music. Nat Benchley, co-editor of "The Lost Algonquin Roundtable", referred to him as "the dean of American music."

Deems Taylor (eigentlich: "Joseph Deems Taylor"; * 22. Dezember 1885 in New York; † 3. Juli 1966 ebenda) war ein US-amerikanischer Komponist, Kritiker und Rundfunkmoderator.


Discovery.

The Mastabat al-Fir’aun was described for the first time by John Perring in the middle of the 19th century. Karl Richard Lepsius also sought out the tomb, but he did not carry out any close investigation. The first investigation of the subterranean parts of the structure was carried out by Auguste Mariette in 1858. A proper excavation of the whole tomb complex was first undertaken by Gustave Jéquier in 1924/5. He was also the first to be assign the structure to Shepseskaf, as a result of the discovery of a fragment of a stele. Before this, the tomb had erroneously been assigned to Unas, the last ruler of the Fifth Dynasty.

Description.

Mastaba.

The mastaba is 99.6 metres long and 74.4 metres wide. It is about 18 metres high and the sides have an incline of about 70°. For the core structure, the same red sandstone was used as in the nearby Red Pyramid of Sneferu. Only very sparse traces of the outer cladding remain today, but from these it can be concluded that the lowest layer was clad in pink granite and all other layers were clad in Tura limestone. It is readily apparent that the structure consists of two levels. In this respect, the Mastabat al-Fir’aun was modelled on the stepped mastabas of the early dynastic kings in north Saqqara.

Substructure.

The entrance to the subterranean system of chambers is located on the shorter, northern side. A passage with a slope of 23°30′ leads down into the ground. It was originally 20.75 metres long, but due to a collapse it is now only 16.3 metres long. After this descent, the passage continues on the horizontal. This portion forms a small chamber with a length of 2.67 metres and a height of 2 metres. After this chamber, three portcullis stones are still anchored in the ceiling. At this point the passage is 1.1 metres wide and its height decreases to 1.27 metres. The walls and ceiling are clad in granite. After the portcullis stones, the height of the passage increases again, but the floor is very uneven, since it was no longer plastered. After a further reduction of height to 1.2 metres and a total length of 19.46 metres, the horizontal passage finally reaches the ante-chamber.  The ante-chamber has an east–west length of 8.31 metres, a width of 3.05 metres and a height of 5.55 metres. It has a pointed roof made of granite. A, and passage with a slope of 10°30′ extends from its western end, leading to the burial chamber. This is 7.79 metres long, 3.85 metres wide and 4.9 metres high. It has a pointed granite roof, with a ceiling shaped like a barrel vault. Only fragments remain of the sarcophagus, which was probably made of greywacke or basalt. The ante-chamber and burial chamber were both clad with granite, but it was not smoothed or polished.  Another passage leads south from the southeast corner of the ante-chamber. It is 10.62 metres long, 1.14 metres wide and between 2.1 and 2.3 metres high. On its east side there are four small niches and there is another one on the west side, immediately opposite the southernmost of the eastern niches. The eastern niches are between 2.1 and 2.27 metres long, barely 0.8 metres wide and 1.4 metres high, the western niche is 2.65 metres long and 1.16 metres wide.

Tomb complex.

The mastaba is surrounded by two mudbrick walls. The innermost one is about ten metres away from the mastaba on all sides. It is 2.05 metres thick. The second wall encircles the whole funerary area at a distance of almost 48 metres. On the east side of the mastaba was a small funerary temple, of which only the foundations and a few remnants of the walls remain today. A causeway of which only the upper portion remains, terminated at this temple. The rest of the causeway and the valley temple are no longer in evidence.

References.

Footnotes Citations

The Mastabat al-Fir’aun (, also referred to in Egyptological literature as the "Mastaba el-Faraun", "Mastabat el-Faraun" or "Mastabat Faraun", and meaning "Bench of the Pharaoh") is the grave monument of the ancient Egyptian king Shepseskaf (reign "circa" 2510-2503 BC), the last king of the Fourth Dynasty documented to date. It is located in South Saqqara halfway between the Step Pyramid of Djoser at Saqqara and the pyramids of Sneferu, the founder of the fourth dynasty, at Dahshur. The structure is located close to the pyramid of Pepi II, a ruler of the Sixth Dynasty. The stone quarry for the structure is located west of the Red Pyramid of Sneferu.

Die Mastabat al-Firʿaun (, in der ägyptologischen Literatur meist als "Mastaba el-Faraun", "Mastabat el-Faraun" oder "Mastabat Faraun", zu deutsch: „Mastaba des Pharaos“, bezeichnet) ist das Grabmal des altägyptischen Königs Schepseskaf, des letzten zeitgenössisch belegten Herrschers der 4. Dynastie. Sie befindet sich in Sakkara-Süd, auf halbem Wege zwischen der Stufenpyramide des Djoser in Sakkara und den Pyramiden des Begründers der 4. Dynastie Snofru in Dahschur.


Biography.

Newton was born in St. Charles, Virginia, but after being diagnosed with asthma at the age of four, the Newton family moved to Arizona. Newton began drawing at a young age, with comic books being a major influence on his early artwork. He was a big fan of Batman and Daredevil, and an even bigger Captain Marvel fan.  By the mid–1960s, Newton was teaching art in Phoenix and worked part-time as a student art reviewer for the mail order ""Master Artist's Painting Course.""

Comics fandom.

Newton eventually discovered comic book fandom, while searching for a source to purchase old comics. Newton became involved with the Science Fiction and Comics Association (SFCA) and became an artistic staple in the organization's publications. Between 1968 and 1973 he produced almost two dozen covers for the "Rocket's Blast Comicollector" ("RBCC"). Newton did not limit himself exclusively to the publications of the SFCA; he also worked for most of the major fanzines during these years. In all Newton’s work appeared in over one hundred fanzines.  Newton did one major strip during this time, which ran for more than a year in the "RBCC" called "The Savage Earth". Over a period stretching from 1968 to 1970 the science fiction strip appeared in issues 60–70 of the "RBCC". Issue #65 of the "RBCC" sported a Newton "Savage Earth" painting as its cover.  Newton tried for years to leverage his connections in fandom into work at DC Comics or Marvel Comics, but he was at a distinct disadvantage living in Arizona. Marvel in particular wanted their artists close at hand. Newton finally set his sights a little lower and sent some sample pages to Nicola Cuti at Charlton Comics where his first professional comic book work was published.

Charlton Comics.

Newton's first work for Charlton appeared in "Ghost Manor" #18 (May 1974) and would work on Charlton horror books for the next year and half. Besides drawing for the Charlton horror comics, Newton also began painting covers for their horror and romance books. In October 1975 Newton's first issue of "The Phantom", #67, was published. Newton would pencil and ink all of his Phantom work and would supply a cover painting for every issue he drew. Newton’s short run on the book featured two classic Newton pieces at Charlton. Issue #70 of "The Phantom" stars Humphrey Bogart, Lauren Bacall, Sydney Greenstreet, Peter Lorre, and Claude Rains and is a mixture of "Casablanca", "The African Queen", "The Maltese Falcon", and "The Treasure of the Sierra Madre."  Newton’s final issue of "The Phantom" features the Phantom of 1776 meeting Benjamin Franklin. It has a Phantom cover, the Phantom of 1776, sword in one hand, flintlock pistol in the other in front of a smoky background of the Declaration of Independence and a tattered 13-star American flag.

After Charlton.

Newton had always seen Charlton as a stepping-stone to Marvel Comics. While still working for Charlton, Newton worked on an issue of "Giant-Size Defenders", did some small uncredited inking on a few issues of the "Deadly Hands of Kung Fu" magazine over Mike Vosburg's penciled artwork, a frontispiece for the "Savage Sword of Conan" and a single painting for Roy Thomas, which years later, became a cover for Thomas' magazine "Alter Ego". Newton inked an issue of "Ghost Rider" over Don Heck's pencils and produced a cover for Marvel's "Unknown Worlds of Science Fiction Annual."

DC Comics.

Newton began his career at DC with "DC Special" #28 (July 1977). Newton contributed the pencils on an Aquaman strip inked by his old friend Dan Adkins. Newton would draw Aquaman off and on for the next three years. That same month saw the release of Newton's first series at DC, "The New Gods" #12. Dan Adkins inked most of his work on the New Gods. It was during his tenure on this strip that Newton left his job as a junior high school art teacher to go work full-time as an artist. In the middle of Newton's run on "The New Gods", he and David Michelinie co-created the Star Hunters for DC but Newton dropped the feature after drawing two stories.  One of Newton’s lifelong ambitions was to draw Captain Marvel and he fulfilled this desire in 1978 when he was signed as the new penciler for the "Shazam!" title. He would draw this strip in its own title, as well as in "World's Finest Comics" and "Adventure Comics" until October 1982.  Newton began drawing the Batman character beginning with "Batman" #305 (November 1978), and would draw 79 stories featuring Batman or members of the Batman family during his tenure at DC. Newton and writer Dennis O'Neil co-created the Maxie Zeus character in "Detective Comics" #483 (April–May 1979). O'Neil and Newton produced the story "The Vengeance Vow" in "Detective Comics" #485 (Aug.–Sept. 1979) in which the original Batwoman is killed by the League of Assassins.

Marvel Comics.

In 1979 Newton returned to Marvel. He wanted to draw Captain America, but that title was unavailable at the time and "The Avengers" was the closest Marvel could do to fulfilling that request. Newton took the assignment when he was promised Joe Rubinstein as his permanent inker on the book. Newton finished the pencils for only two issues before returning to DC. Those two issues of "The Avengers" became "Avengers Annual" #9, half of which was inked by Rubinstein, half by Jack Abel. In 1981 Don Newton again left DC for Marvel. As was the case the first time, better money was one of the factors that pushed him to Marvel. Marvel had other artists, such as Val Mayerik, call Don to entice him into working at Marvel again. Unlike the previous time, Joe Rubinstein was not part of the deal. "The Avengers" #204 featured inks by Dan Green.

DC again.

During the time that Newton was drawing this second attempt at "The Avengers" book, he was contacted by Paul Levitz who promised him some additional advertising artwork, should Newton return to DC. After the "Avengers" inking by Green (which he had been unsatisfied with) and again the lack of scheduled work from Marvel, Newton agreed to accept a new contract with DC.  Newton did two issues of "Green Lantern" in 1982. Both were Green Lantern Corps stories, one of which contained the first appearance of Ch'p, the squirrel-like Green Lantern of H'lven. Two years later Newton returned to "Green Lantern" in the only DC comics work he inked. In Newton’s obituary, Dick Giordano said of this work, "To my mind, Don's final statement was the Green Lantern Corps story he penciled and inked that appeared in "Green Lantern" #181. He showed us how to do it right."  He drew the first appearance of Jason Todd in "Batman" #357 (March 1983), a character who became the second Robin.  Newton had always told DC that the only series he would like to draw other than "Batman" and "Captain Marvel" was "All-Star Squadron". Editor/writer Roy Thomas tapped into that interest by proposing that Newton draw "Infinity, Inc.", featuring the children of the original All-Star characters. The first issue scheduled to contain Newton's art was "Infinity Inc." #11 featuring a five-page framing sequence by Newton which surrounded a story drawn by George Tuska and Mike Machlan. Newton was to begin penciling the entire book with issue #12, but the letters page in issue #11 told of Newton's death. Newton suffered a massive heart attack in his home, after dealing with months of a debilitating throat ailment. He died three days later on August 19, 1984, in a nearby Mesa hospital.  While Newton was in the hospital in a coma, the first three pages of "Infinity Inc." #12 were sent to Thomas. Rubinstein was brought in to ink them and Newton’s Phoenix friend John Clark lettered the pages at Thomas' request. As a final tribute to Newton, Marvel Editor-in-Chief Jim Shooter let Rubinstein out of his contract for a month so that he could ink a fill-in issue Newton had done. It became "Infinity Inc." #13 (April 1985). This was Newton's last published original work.  In 2011, DC published "Tales of the Batman: Don Newton", a hardcover collection of Newton's Batman stories.

Death.

Newton died on August 19, 1984, after suffering a massive heart attack.

Awards.

Newton won the Comic Fan Art Award in 1973 in the category "Favorite Fan Artist".

Bibliography.

Comics work (interior pencil art) includes:

Don Newton (November 12, 1934 — August 19, 1984) was an American comics artist. During his career, he worked for a number of comic book publishers including Charlton Comics, DC Comics, and Marvel Comics. He is best known for his work on The Phantom, Aquaman, and Batman. Newton also drew several Captain Marvel/Marvel Family stories and was a fan of the character having studied under Captain Marvel co-creator C. C. Beck.

Donald „Don“ L. Newton (* 12. November 1934 in St. Charles, Virginia; † 19. August 1984 in Phoenix, Arizona) war ein US-amerikanischer Comiczeichner.


Life and career.

Quinn was born in London in 1964 to a French mother and a British father. He spent his early years in Paris, where his father was a physicist working at the BIPM (Bureau International des Poids et Mesures). Quinn recalls an early fascination with the scientific instruments in his father's laboratory, in particular atomic clocks. He studied history and history of art at Robinson College, Cambridge.  In the early 1990s, Quinn was the first artist to be represented by gallerist Jay Jopling. The artist had his first exhibition with Jopling in 1991, exhibiting "Self" (1991), a frozen self-portrait made out of nine pints of the artist's blood.  During the 1990s, Quinn and several peers were identified for their radical approach to the making and experiencing of art. In 1992, the loosely affiliated group was called the 'Young British Artists' by writer Michael Corris in "Artforum", and included Cornelia Parker, Sarah Lucas, Damien Hirst, Rachel Whiteread and Tracey Emin.  In 1995, Quinn was given a solo exhibition at Tate Britain where new sculptures were shown as part of the Art Now series. In 1997 Quinn's work "Self" (1991), was exhibited at the Royal Academy, London for the exhibition "Sensation". Quinn's "Self", along with works by Sarah Lucas and Damien Hirst, were already distinguished amongst the British public. The exhibition received widespread media attention and had a record number of visitors for a contemporary art exhibition. The exhibition then travelled to the Hamburger Bahnhof, Berlin, and to the Brooklyn Museum, New York.  In 1998, he was given a solo exhibition at the South London Gallery, and in 1999, he had a solo exhibition at Kunstverein Hannover. The Groninger Museum presented a solo exhibition of Quinn's work in 2000. The artist was then invited to present a solo exhibition at the Fondazione Prada in Milan in 2000, where he presented an ambitious new work "Garden." In 2002, he was given a solo exhibition at Tate Liverpool which included new works and photography, and coincided with the Liverpool Biennial, where Quinn presented "1+1=3." In 2001, the National Portrait Gallery gave Quinn a solo exhibition for his genomic portrait of Sir John Sulston.  In 2004 Quinn was awarded the first-ever commission for the Fourth Plinth in London's Trafalgar Square, for which he produced a marble sculpture of pregnant disabled artist, Alison Lapper.  In 2006, Museo d'Arte Contemporanea Rome presented Marc Quinn's works in a solo exhibition focused on his recent figurative sculpture, and in 2009, the Fondation Beyeler presented a solo exhibition of Marc Quinn's ongoing series "Self," including all sculptures from 1991 to 2006.  In 2012, Quinn was commissioned to produce a monumental work for the opening ceremony of the Paralympic Games at the London Olympics 2012, for which he produced "Breath", a monumental sculpture of Alison Lapper held up by air.  In 2013, Quinn presented a solo exhibition on the occasion of the 55th Venice Biennale for art, at Fondazione Giorgio Cini, Venice, curated by Germano Celant.  Quinn's first monograph "Memory Box" by Germano Celant was published in 2013. A feature length documentary about Quinn's life and work, "Making Waves", was released in 2014, produced and directed by Gerry Fox. London's Somerset House presented a solo exhibition of Quinn in 2015, focusing on recent sculptures.  In 2017, Marc Quinn staged a major exhibition at the Sir John Soane's Museum in London. The exhibition was the first in a new series of collaborations with contemporary artists, designers and architects, which, inspired by the spirit of Sir John Soane, sought to bring the collection to life in innovative ways.

Works.

Quinn's early work was concerned with issues of corporeality, decay and preservation. He experimented with organic and degradable materials including bread, blood, lead, flowers and DNA producing sculpture and installation, including "Bread Sculptures" (1988), "Self" (1991), "Emotional Detox" (1995), "Garden" (2000), and "DNA Portrait of John Sulston" (2001). In the 2000s, he began to focus on the use of marble, bronze and concrete. The artist explored the body and its extremes through the lens of classical and urban materials; works included "The Complete Marbles" (1999 - 2005), "Alison Lapper Pregnan"t (2004), "Evolution" (2005 - 2009) and "Planet" (2008). Since 2010 he has worked with metals including stainless steel, aluminium, graffiti paints, seaside detritus, tapestry and painting, as seen in "The History Paintings" (2009–present) and "The Toxic Sublime" (2014–present).

Early works: 1991–2000.

"Self", 1991 – present.

The first work for Marc Quinn to gain international fame was "Self", which was exhibited in 1991, when he was 27. "Self" (1991) is a self-portrait formed by a frozen cast of 10 pints of the artist's blood. It is an ongoing work, where the artist portrays himself every five years through a new cast with new blood. The artworks are placed in transparent plexiglass-glass boxes, on top of freezing cabinets. This highlights the nature of the works, which is dependency.  "Self" (2006) is owned by the National Portrait Gallery, London.

"Emotional Detox", 1995.

In 1995 Quinn stopped drinking. "Emotional Detox", a series of seven sculptures made of lead and cast from the artist's own body, were created at this time. Inspired by traditional iconography of the seven deadly sins, in each sculpture Quinn's body is being torn apart and reconfigured, reflecting detoxification as both a physical and psychological battle.  "Emotional Detox" has been exhibited at Tate Britain, London (1995), Groninger Museum, The Netherlands (2000), and Stedelijk Museum, Amsterdam (2015).

"Garden" (2000).

In 2000, Quinn was given a solo exhibition at the Fondazione Prada, Milan, which included his most ambitious works, involving organic matter. "Garden" is a 12-metre-long, 3-metre-high sculpture in which thousands of flowers are frozen in silicon (now belonging to the Fondazione Prada collection). The flowers in the sculpture can never bloom in the same time of year or in the same parts of the world.

Notable works: 2000–2010.

"Portrait of John E. Sulston" (2001).

His portrait of John E. Sulston, who won the Nobel prize in 2002 for sequencing the human genome on the Human Genome Project, is in the National Portrait Gallery. It consists of bacteria containing Sulston's DNA in agar jelly. "The portrait was made by our standard methods for DNA cloning", writes Sulston. "My DNA was broken randomly into segments, and treated so that they could be replicated in bacteria. The bacteria containing the DNA segments were spread out on agar jelly in the plate you see in the portrait."

"Alison Lapper, The Fourth Plinth" (2005–2007).

Quinn has made a series of marble sculptures of people either born with limbs missing or who have had them amputated. This culminated in his 15-ton marble statue of Alison Lapper, a fellow artist born with no arms and severely shortened legs, which was displayed on the fourth plinth in Trafalgar Square, London from September 2005 until October 2007. (The Fourth Plinth is used for rotating displays of sculpture.) In "Disability Studies Quarterly", Ann Millett writes, "The work has been highly criticized for capitalizing on the shock value of disability, as well as lauded for its progressive social values. Alison Lapper Pregnant and the controversy surrounding it showcase disability issues at the forefront of current debates in contemporary art".  A large reproduction of the sculpture was used as a central element of the 2012 Summer Paralympics opening ceremony.

"Siren" (2008).

Since 2006, Marc Quinn has made numerous studies of the supermodel Kate Moss. In April 2006, "Sphinx", a sculpture of Kate Moss by Quinn, was revealed. The sculpture shows Moss in a yoga position with her ankles and arms wrapped behind her ears. This body of work culminated in an exhibition at the Mary Boone Gallery in New York in May 2007. The sculpture is on permanent display in Folketeatret in Oslo, Norway.  In August 2008, Quinn unveiled another sculpture of Moss in solid 18-carat gold called "Siren", which was exhibited at the British Museum in London. The life-size sculpture was promoted as "the largest gold statue since ancient Egypt".

Notable works: 2010 – present.

In May 2010, Quinn revealed a series of new sculptures at London's White Cube gallery including "The Ecstatic Autogenesis of Pamela" based on film actress Pamela Anderson and "Chelsea Charms" based on pornography model Chelsea Charms.  Quinn's new models include "Catman" Dennis Avner (who has been tattooed to look like a cat) and transsexual people such as Thomas Beatie, Buck Angel, and Allanah Starr. Quinn's portrait sculpture "Buck & Allanah" depicts the two nude, standing hand in hand, in a pose reminiscent of Adam and Eve. The sculpture of Thomas Beatie depicts him at full-term pregnancy, bowing his head and cradling his abdomen with two hands.  The exhibition also included a new series of flower paintings executed in reversed colour and two large-scale orchid sculptures in white painted bronze, installed in Hoxton Square, opposite the gallery.

"The Toxic Sublime" (2015).

In 2015 Marc Quinn opened an exhibition of new work at White Cube Bermondsey, entitled "The Toxic Sublime". It featured new bodies of work that explore the ecological impact of man on nature. ‘The Toxic Sublimes’ are distorted, three dimensional seascapes. Alongside these paintings, a new series of sculptures, cast in stainless steel, including one measuring over 7.5 meters long, form part of a body of work titled "Frozen Waves". The sculptures originate from the core of shells, eroded by the endless action of waves.

"All About Love" (2016–2017).

In 2017, Quinn was given a solo exhibition at Sir John Soane's Museum in London. A display of 12 life-cast sculptures, the "All About Love" series explore the notion of love through the expression of classical fragmented sculpture. Created in collaboration with his partner at the time, the sculptures, which depict the two embracing one another, are works that echo sculptures of many periods from the Renaissance to Auguste Rodin.

Collections.

Quinn is represented in several museums across the world, including Tate Modern, in London, National Portrait Gallery, in London, Musée National d'Art Moderne, in Paris, Stedelijk Museum, in Amsterdam, Astrup Fearnley Museum of Modern Art, in Oslo, Berardo Collection Museum, in Lisbon, Musée d'art contemporain de Montréal, Museum of Modern Art, in New York, and Metropolitan Museum of Art, in New York.

Charity auctions.

Marc Quinn has participated in a number of charity auctions since 2010. Quinn’s work was auctioned for the UK’s homelessness charity, Crisis, in collaboration with Vogue at Christie’s in 2010. In 2013, Quinn donated work to the Mimi Foundation charity for cancer auction at Sotheby’s. Quinn donated work to the charity auction for Peace One Day at Bonhams, curated by Jake Chapman, in 2014 and 2015.  In 2013 Quinn was commissioned to make a work for RHS Chelsea Flower Show, marking the first time an artist collaborated with the flower show in its 100 year history. "The Rush of Nature" (2013) was auctioned at Sotheby’s to help raise money for RHS Chelsea Centenary Appeal.  Work by Quinn was auctioned at the Leonardo DiCaprio Foundation annual St. Tropez Gala in 2016, supporting environmental protection.

Marc Quinn (born 8 January 1964) is a British contemporary visual artist whose work includes sculpture, installation and painting. Quinn explores 'what it is to be human in the world today' through subjects including the body, genetics, identity, environment and the media. His work has used materials that vary widely, from blood, bread and flowers, to marble and stainless steel. Quinn has been the subject of solo exhibitions at Sir John Soane's Museum, Tate, National Portrait Gallery, Fondation Beyeler, Fondazione Prada and South London Gallery. The artist was a notable member of the Young British Artists movement.

Marc Quinn (* 8. Januar 1964 in London) ist ein britischer Künstler. Seine bekanntesten Werke sind "Alison Lapper Pregnant", eine Statue von Alison Lapper, die 2007 auf dem vierten Pfeiler des Trafalgar Square stand und "self", eine Skulptur seines Kopfes aus seinem gefrorenen Blut sowie "Garden" (2000).


Biography.

Born in 1878 in the Yekaterinoslav Governorate of Ukraine in Russian Empire to a Jewish Family (of possibly Sephardic lineage) he said at his trial near the end of his life that "my father was a Hebrew teacher. He knew Talmud... and wrote poetry in Hebrew. My mother was illiterate. My father taught me to read Hebrew, to pray, and to read Russian." Having left school at 11, he went back to complete his education when he was 20, served two years in the army, then joined the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP) in Yekaterinoslav in 1901, and spent two years organising railway workers. As was common for members of the underground movements of the time, he adopted a pseudonym, Lozovsky (from the town Lozovaya, near Kharkov, Ukraine). He moved to St Petersburg in August 1903, but was arrested soon after his arrival, and held in prison without trial for a year, before being exiled to Kazan. While in exile, in November 1904, he learnt about the split in the RSDLP, and joined the Bolsheviks. He was arrested in October 1905 for taking part in a raid on Kazan police station, released after three weeks, rearrested in St Petersburg in December, then arrested twice in quick succession after escaping to Kharkov. He was in prison from July 1906 to May 1908, then was deported to Irkutsk, but escaped while he was in transit. He spent 1908-17, in Paris, where at different times he ran an employment bureau for Russian emigres, an adult schools for electricians, a bakers' co-operative, and a garage. During this time, he was a prominent Bolshevik 'conciliator', who wanted to reunite all factions of the RSDLP, including the Mensheviks, with brought him into conflict with Lenin. By 1914, he had either left or been expelled by the Bolsheviks, and his closest political links were with the left wing of the French Socialist Party. He rejoined the Bolsheviks in June 1917, after his return to Russia.  Even after rejoining the party, Lozovsky retained an independent position as secretary of the central trade union council, and on 17 November 1917, ten days after the Bolshevik revolution, published a personal credo, a series of statements each beginning "I cannot, in the name of party discipline stay silent..." Each statement was a protest against an aspect of the embryonic dictatorship - official lawlessness, arbitrary arrests, conscription, one-party rule etc. He wanted the Bolsheviks to form a coalition with other socialist parties, and protested at the dissolution of the Russian Constituent Assembly and, later, the decision to sign a peace treaty with Germany. On 11 January 1918, he became the first prominent member to be expelled from the Russian Communist Party. He was removed from the central council of trade unions, but taken on as secretary of the textile workers' union. He founded the tiny International Social Democratic Party. When he tried to speak at the trade union congress in January 1919, to protest at the stifling of union independence, the communists shouted him down. He rejoined the Communist Party in December 1919, and never publicly questioned the party line again.  When, in July 1920, the communist authorities in Moscow decided to create the Red International Labour Union (Profintern), Lozovsky's experience in the French trade union movement made him the obvious choice for general secretary, even if he cut an incongruous figure among the trade union representatives from the west. Victor Serge remembered him as having "the air of a slightly fastidious schoolmaster amidst his world-wide assortment of trade union militants whose political horizons did not extend very far beyond their own working-class districts at home". He also held "ex officio" positions on the Central Council of the Russian trade unions and the executive of Comintern. When Mikhail Tomsky and other union leaders came out in opposition to the forced industrialisation drive inaugurated by Josif Stalin, Lozovsky was the only member of the council to support Stalin uncritically. He was equally loyal to the party line after the rise of Adolf Hitler, when the communists were denouncing the social democrats as'social fascists'.  His children were equally reliable Stalinists. His older daughter was assigned to keep watch over the family of the Old Bolshevik Gleb Krzhizanovsky, and his younger daughter, Vera Dridzo, was appointed to guard Nadezhda Krupskaya, widow of Vladimir Lenin, so that "every line Krupskaya wrote about Lenin or the party had to pass through the fine sieve of Vera Solomonovna's vigilance." Krupskaya called her "my gendarme". HIs grandson, Vladimir Shamberg, married Volya Malenkova, daughter of Georgy Malenkov (but was ordered to divorce her in January 1949)  Profintern was wound up in 1937, when the communist policy changed to advocating a United Front against fascism, and Lozovsky was appointed Deputy People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs, tasked with handling the Far East and Scandinavia. From 1939 to 1949, he was the oldest member of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. During World War II (Great Patriotic War) he was vice-chairman of Sovinformburo, tasked with handling all information from the Soviet battlefronts to foreign press. In this capacity, he became a familiar figure to Western correspondents based in Moscow, one of whom wrote that "with a smooth, cosmopolitan veneer...and with his "barbiche" and carefully cut clothes, (he) looked rather like an old "boulevardier", whom one could well imagine on the terrace of the Napolitain during "la belle epoque" In 1941, upon being told of foreign news reports that German soldiers could see Moscow with their binoculars, Lozovsky famously retorted: "the Germans would undoubtedly see Moscow, but as prisoners of war." He was also a member of the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee, organised as a part of Sovinformburo, which sought to influence international public opinion and organise political and material support for the war campaign, especially amongst Jews in Allied countries. From 1945 to 1948 he was chairman of Sovinformburo.  In 1943, the actor Solomon Mikhoels and others began pushing for the creation of a Jewish homeland within the borders of the USSR. Lozovsky advised that the best location would be Crimea, and helped Mikhoels draft a written appeal to the Kremlin in February 1944. After the creation of the state of Israel, Stalin interpreted this talk as a Jewish conspiracy, and ordered the police to organise a show trial with Lozovsky as the main defendant. He was arrested on 26 January 1949, and tortured. Despite incredible pressure and despite being over 70 years old, Lozovsky never admitted his guilt or accused others. The closed trial lasted for two and one-half months, during which Lozovsky's testimony "shines out of this primordial darkness as the most remarkable and moving oration of dignity and courage in all of Stalin's trials." The skill with which he destroyed the prosecution caused the judge, Alexander Cheptsov, to interrupt the trial for a week, twice, to ensure and appeal for the investigation to be reopened - something that never happened in any other political trial during the Stalin years. Even after he had carried out his instruction to return a verdict of guilty, on 18 July 1952, he refused to order that the death sentences be carried out immediately, he forwarded an appeal for clemency to Stalin, which was rejected. Lozovsky was executed on 12 August 1952, together with thirteen other members of Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee, an event known as the Night of the Murdered Poets. He was the last and oldest Old Bolshevik to be murdered on Stalin's orders. The stenographic report of the trial was published only in 1994 and in a highly edited form.  Following the release of the documents, it also emerged that Nikita Khrushchev issued a posthumous pardon to Lozovsky and all executed members of the Jewish Anti-Fascist committee stating that the trials were conducted in "flagrant violations of the law".

Solomon Lozovsky (, family birth name: Dridzo, 1878–1952) was a prominent Communist and Bolshevik revolutionary, a high-ranking official in the Soviet government, including as a Presidium member of the All-Union Central Council of Soviet Trade Unions, a Central Committee member of the Communist Party, a member of the Supreme Soviet, a deputy people's commissar for foreign affairs and the head of the Soviet Information Bureau (Sovinformburo). He was also the chair of the department of International Relations at the Higher Party School.

Solomon Abramowitsch Losowski (russisch Соломон Абрамович Лозовский, wiss. Transliteration Solomon Abramovič Lozovskij; eigentlich Dridso, russisch Дридзо; * 16./28. März 1878 in Danilowka, Ujesd Alexandrowsk, Gouvernement Jekaterinoslaw, Russisches Kaiserreich; † 12. August 1952 in Moskau) war ein sowjetischer Staats- und Gewerkschaftsfunktionär.


Early life.

Fazal Elahi Chaudhry was born on 1 January 1904 into an influential Gujjar family in Marala village, near the city of Kharian, Gujrat District in Punjab Province. After receiving his education from there, Chaudhry joined the prestigious Aligarh Muslim University in 1920, receiving his LLB in Civil law in 1924. Thereafter, Chaudhry returned to Punjab and attended the Punjab University's post-graduate school in law and political science. In 1925, Chaudhry obtained his MA in Political Science in 1925, and the advanced LLM in Law and Justice, in 1927.  After completing his education, Chaudhry established his law firm in Lahore, advocating for the civil law and liberties, and went back to Gujrat and started practising the civil law. In 1930, he started taking interest in politics and participated in the Indian general elections in 1930 for the Gujrat District Board and was elected unopposed.

Political career.

He joined the Muslim League in 1942. In 1945, he was elected from Gujrat as the President of Muslim League. He took part in the 1946 elections on Muslim League's ticket and played an important role in propagating the ideas of the Muslim League among the people of his area. Upon the independence of Pakistan, Chaudhry got involved in the new government, moving up to high ranking positions in the National Assembly.  After the successful promulgation of country's constitution in 1973, Chaudhry was elected as the president, succeeded Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, and became the first president of country from the Punjabi class of the Punjab Province. Taking an active role in the Pakistan Movement through the platform of the Muslim League, Chaudhry was appointed minister in the in 1947, and further joined the Pakistan permanent representative's delegation to the United Nations in 1951.  His presidency was a mere figurehead as per the constitution, since the heading of the government's operations remained the authority of prime minister. After the success of the "Fair Play"— a codename of the operation to remove Zulfikar Ali Bhutto from power – Chaudhry continued his presidency but had no influence in the government operations or the military and national affairs.  After contentious relations with the military, Chaudhry was relinquished from the office after resigning from his presidency, despite the urging of the Chief of Army Staff and Chairman of Joint Chiefs of Staff. On 16 September 1978, Chaudhry handed the charge of the presidency to ruling military general Zia-ul-Haq who succeeded him as the sixth president, in addition to being the Chief Martial Law Administrator and the Chief of Army Staff.

Speaker of the West Pakistan Assembly.

After Independence, he was given the post of Parliamentary Secretary. He was later appointed Minister for Education and Health. In 1951, he contested the elections of the Punjab Legislative Assembly on the Muslim League ticket and was elected as a member of the Punjab Assembly. In 1952, he represented Pakistan in the United Nations. In the 1956 elections, he was elected as member of the West Pakistan Assembly. Chaudhry was its Speaker from 20 May 1956 to 7 October 1958. In 1962, when Ayub Khan announced the elections, he was selected as the Deputy Opposition Leader of the House on the basis of his experience and knowledge about parliamentary proceedings. Chaudhry joined the Convention Muslim League, and after the 1956 elections, he was elected as the Deputy Speaker of the National Assembly.

President of Pakistan.

He was elected as member of the National Assembly in 1970 on the ticket of the Pakistan Peoples Party and was later elected as the Speaker of the National Assembly. He ended up joining the Pakistan Peoples Party. He contested the Presidential Elections of 1972 against s Khan Amirzadah Khan Of NAP & all opposition parties and was made President in 1973, when the head of the PPP, Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto was made Prime Minister.  Chaudhry was largely a figurehead, and was the first Pakistani President with less power than the Prime Minister. This was due to the new constitution of 1973 that gave power to the Prime Minister; previously, the President had been the chief leader of Pakistan and had the power to appoint Prime Minister.

Resignation.

Fazal Elahi Chaudhry remained President until 1978, when he resigned after the military took control of the government under General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq.

Death.

Chaudhry died on 2 June 1982 at the age of 78.

Fazal Elahi Chaudhry (Punjabi, ; 1 January 1904 – 2 June 1982), was a politician who served as the fifth President of Pakistan from 1973 until 1978, prior to the martial law led by Chief of Army Staff General Zia-ul-Haq. (see codename "Fair Play"). He also served as the Deputy Speaker of the National Assembly of Pakistan from 1965 to 1969 and the 8th Speaker of the National Assembly of Pakistan from 1972 to 1973.

Fazal Ilahi Chaudhry ( ; * 1. Januar 1904 in der Provinz Gujarat, Britisch-Indien; † 2. Juni 1982 in Lahore, Pakistan) war ein pakistanischer Politiker und Präsident Pakistans von 1973 bis 1978.


Seasons.

Season 1 (2007).

Season 1 was presented by Marco Schreyl (also the host of "Deutschland sucht den Superstar" – the German version of Pop Idol). The auditions took place in Cologne, Hamburg, Oldenburg and Munich and approximately 5000 people applied for the three-part show. The auditions took place in the first two programs on 20 and 27 October 2007, in the "Schiller Theater" in Berlin. The judges were Dieter Bohlen (also a judge on "Deutschland sucht den Superstar"), Ruth Moschner (comedian) and André Sarrasani (circus director). The show reached up to 6.72 million in audience figures. On 3 November 19-year-old opera singer Ricardo Marinello won in the final by singing and won 100,000 euros.

Season 2 (2008).

On 18 October 2008, the second season began. Due to good ratings, the number of episodes was increased to 7 episodes; 4 audition shows, each 1 hour long and 3 live shows, each 2 hours long. Dieter Bohlen remained as a judge but the two others were replaced by Bruce Darnell (an American model and choreographer who also judges Germany's Next Topmodel) and Sylvie Meis (a Dutch TV presenter and former wife of footballer Rafael van der Vaart). The last episodes were on 15 and 22 November. 44-year-old harmonica player Michael Hirte won the second season with 72.62 percent of the vote and won the 100,000 euros with it. On 5 December he released an album called "Der Mann mit der Mundharmonika" (The Man with the Mouth-organ) which placed No. 1 on the German Charts and did the same little later in Austria and Switzerland.

Season 3 (2009).

Season 3 began on 16 October 2009. The judge line-up remained the same from Season 2. Due to the high viewing figures in the second season, RTL Television increased the number of the audition episodes from 4 to 7 and the number of the semi-finalists from 24 to 30. On 20 December 2009, Yvo Antoni went on to win the show, for his act with his dog, which received a controversial response.

Season 4 (2010).

Season 4 began on 16 May 2010 in Frankfurt am Main. The first episode was screened on 24 September. The first episode had some of the best quotes of all the seasons: 7.47 million viewers. The second episode the following day topped that with 7.74 million viewers. The top 40 semi-finals began on 27 November. Freddy Sahin-Scholl won the competition and €100,000.

Season 5 (2011).

Season 5 started airing on 16 September 2011, while the castings started on 1 May in Hamburg. The judge line-up was changed as Bruce Darnell decided to leave the show to be replaced by professional dancer Motsi Mabuse. The first episode attracted 7,34 million viewers. On 24 November 2011, the show aired with a "special episode" on Thursday to compete with the new talent show "The Voice of Germany" from rival networks ProSieben/Sat.1. The episode hit a season low with only 5,83 million viewers and lost against "The Voice of Germany" in the target group 14–49.  The Final was aired on 17 December 2011. Juan Leonardo Santillia Rojas (27) won by 31.93%.  2nd: Sven Müller (13.68%), 3rd Ricky Kam (6) (13.23%), 4th Jörg Perreten (10.68%), 5th Julian Pecher (7.17%), 6th Mark Ashley (6.60%), 7th Miroslav Zilka (6.24%) 8th Desirée Capaldo (5.92%) 9th Dergin Tokmak (2.85%), 10th Oleksandr Yenivatov (1.70%)

Season 6 (2012).

The sixth season began on 15 September 2012. There have been significant changes to the show. Daniel Hartwich took over hosting duties, and Dieter Bohlen was the only judge to remain on the panel. On 22 June 2012 former host of the popular German show "Wetten, dass..?", Thomas Gottschalk, was confirmed as a new judge., while Michelle Hunziker, who previously worked with Gottschalk on ("Wetten, dass..?") and Bohlen on the local version of singing franchise Pop Idol ("Deutschland sucht den Superstar"). Auditions only took place in the Tempodrom in Berlin. 44,000 people auditioned for season six of "Das Supertalent". This season, a "golden buzzer" was introduced. If one of the judges pushes the buzzer the candidate comes to the next round, no matter what the other judges think. At the last day of taping the auditions, performer Rene Richter asked jury member Michelle Hunziker to get involved in the performance where she was being held by a lead with Rene holding it with his teeth. While holding Hunziker, the lead snapped which resulted Hunziker getting a brain concussion and bruises.  This season has featured a number of failed auditionees from international "Got Talent" shows such as Dan Sperry and Brad Byers of "America's Got Talent", Area 51 and Lucky Franco from "Britain's Got Talent". Sperry was one of the few audtioners who automatically made it through to the semi-finals due to the golden buzzer rule.  Former "DSDS" runner-up Juliette Schoppmann appeared on the show after 10 years she was last seen on RTL. Schoppmann, who originally saw success following her second place, had eventually been dropped by her label and failed to make a comeback. Schoppmann felt that this was a way to make it back into music. After successfully auditioning in front of the judges, she had to compete in a sing-off, in which she won a spot in the semi-finals.  The Final was aired on 16 December 2012. Jean-Michel Aweh (singer, pianist) won by 25.39%. of the vote. In second place was Christian Bakotessa (singer; 19.56%), and third Dan Sperry (illusionist; 13.75%).

Season 7 (2013).

The seventh season premiered in September 2013 and concluded in December 2013. The host was Daniel Hartwich, whilst Dieter Bohlen was the only returning judge from season six. Lena Gercke, Guido Maria Kretschmer and Bruce Darnell are new members on the jury panel.  Lukas and his dog Falco won the show.

Season 8 (2014).

The 8th season premiered in September 2014. The host was Daniel Hartwich, whilst Dieter Bohlen was the only returning judge from all seasons. Lena Gercke, Guido Maria Kretschmer and Bruce Darnell are also members on the jury panel. The bearded drag queen Marcel Kaupp won the show.

Season 9 (2015).

The 9th season was won by singer Jay Oh.

Season 10 (2016).

Season 10 has been confirmed. Inka Bause was replaced by Victoria Swarovski, while Bruce and Dieter returned. The Golden Buzzer returns as well in this season. However, this year there is a Golden Chair in the audience, this gives the opportunity to the audience to voice their opinion after each auditions, however, the audience has no obligation to use the Golden Buzzer or the red one.

Season 11 (2017).

Irish boy band Dúlamán, who only auditioned for Das Supertalent as a way of promoting their January 2018 tour of the country, unexpectedly made it to the final by singing in the Irish language, and secured a Sony Germany record deal for their album "Voice of the Celts".Alexa Lauenburger won.

Season 12 (2018).

The twelfth series premiered on 15 September 2018 in RTL. Dieter Bohlen returned for his twelfth series, Bruce Darnell returned for his seventh series and Sylvie Meis returned after six series and this series is her fifth series to be as a judge. Daniel Hartwich returned for his eleventh series as a host.

Season 13 (2019).

The thirteenth series premiered on 14 September 2019 in RTL. Sylvie Meis was replaced from singer Sarah Lombardi, while Dieter Bohlen returned for his thirteenth series and Bruce Darnell returned for his eighth series. Daniel Hartwich returned for his twelfth series as a host. American dog act Christian Stoinev and Percy won the season.

Season 14 (2020).

The fourteenth series will premiere on September 2020 on RTL. On 18 June 2020, it was announced that Evelyn Burdecki and Chris Tall will join Dieter Bohlen and Bruce Darnell as the two new judges. It was also announced that Victoria Swarovski will join Daniel Hartwich as the new host.

Reception.

Barbara Grofe of RP Online wrote in an early review: "Talents are little to see, but an awful lot of people with ego problems". In another review, it was criticized that also children at a very young age can present their talents. The youth protection also takes a close eye on the show for years now. Next to that, it has been highly criticized in recent seasons that candidates with no real talent are presented to the audience after a pre-casting to humiliate these people and push the ratings. Christian Richter writes about the show that the "performances are artificially drawn in the length" and the candidates "tell their personal tragic story with overly dramatic music", even repeating the crucial scenes again in slow motion. Richter goes on saying that "RTL characterizes the term 'Emotainments'". It was also published by the "Bild" as "super cheating" that RTL paid some of their talents money for their participation in the show. In spite of the critics, the show is very popular among viewers. In 2010, "Das Supertalent" also won the Golden Camera award as Best Entertainment Show.

Das Supertalent is a German talent show, part of the internationally successful "Got Talent franchise", presented by Daniel Hartwich and Victoria Swarovski. Just like in all other versions of the franchise, auditions take place and the judges review their talent and then later the home audience votes in an election to deem who wins.

Das Supertalent ist die deutsche Version des Castingshow-Formats "Got Talent". In einer jährlichen Staffel des Fernsehsenders RTL wird seit 2007 ein besonderes Talent gesucht.


Early life and education.

Marta Hillers was born in Krefeld, Germany, on May 26, 1911. After attending local schools, she studied in Paris at the Sorbonne. She later travelled extensively throughout Europe, including the Soviet Union. She spoke French and some Russian in addition to her native German.

Career.

Hillers worked as a journalist in Berlin, writing for magazines and newspapers. She also did some minor work for the Nazi regime but is not believed to have been a Party member.  In 1945 she was in Berlin when the Soviets captured it. During this period, she kept a diary, describing how the women, children, and elderly men survived in the city in those days. She describes that she and other women of any age were repeatedly raped by Red Army soldiers. To protect themselves, she and other women took Soviet soldiers as protectors; she chose the highest-ranking man she could find, and described this as "sleeping for food." An estimated 100,000 women in Berlin were raped during the occupation.  Following the war and encouraged by a friend, she had her memoir published in English in the United States in 1954. She kept her identity anonymous. Hillers married in the 1950s and moved to Geneva, Switzerland, abandoning journalism. In 1959, she had her memoir published in German in Switzerland, again anonymously. Based on the negative reviews it received in Germany and accusations about her having offended the honor of German women, she refused to have any new editions published in her lifetime. She died in June 16, 2001, in Basle. "A Woman in Berlin" was her only major work.

A Woman in Berlin.

With the aid of German author Kurt Marek, Hillers published her book in the United States in 1954. Marek agreed to her wish to be anonymous and arranged for a translation into English. In 1955 the book was published in the United Kingdom by Secker and Warburg.  In 1959 Hillers published her memoir in German, by a Swiss publisher, Kossodo, and again insisted on anonymity. The book received hostile reviews in Germany and did not sell well. Hillers (whose name was not revealed at this time) was accused of "besmirching the honour of German women", of "shameless immorality" and of anti-communist propaganda. One review accused her of falsifying her account and of doing a "disservice to Berlin women."  Hans Magnus Enzensberger, who published the 2003 German edition, wrote about the book's reception in the postwar years: "German readers were obviously not ready to face some uncomfortable truths... German women were not supposed to talk about the reality of rapes; and German men preferred not to be seen as impotent onlookers when the victorious Russians claimed their spoils of war. The author's attitude was an aggravating factor: devoid of self-pity, with a clear-eyed view of her compatriots' behaviour before and after the Nazi regime's collapse, everything she wrote flew in the face of the reigning post-war complacency and amnesia."  After this controversy, Hillers refused to allow the book to be republished in her lifetime. It circulated in Germany in photocopied form and was popular among German feminists in the 1970s. Hans Magnus Enzensberger, a poet and essayist, had learned that Hannelore Marek held the copyright and had agreed to Hillers' prohibition against publication in her lifetime. She contacted him when the former journalist died.  Enzensberger, a poet and essayist, arranged publication of a new edition of "Eine Frau in Berlin" as part of his "Die Andere Bibliothek" series. In 2005, the memoir was republished in a new English translation, by Virago Press, a feminist publishing house in London and in the United States by Macmillan. It became a best seller in both German and English editions.  Journalists quickly investigated in 2003 to determine the identity of the author. Jens Bisky, the literary editor of the "Süddeutsche Zeitung," wrote in September 2003 that Hillers may have been the anonymous author. He wrote a profile of her life, noting that she was a journalist who worked on magazines and newspapers during the Nazi era and had done some minor work for the Nazi government. He thought she was likely not a member of the Nazi Party. Hannelore Marek, who holds the copyright, did not confirm that Hillers was the author of "A Woman in Berlin." Enzensberger denounced Bisky's comments as ""Skandal-journalismus"". No other candidate for the authorship of the book has been suggested.  Marek had noted in his afterword to the 1954 English edition that the book was based on a typescript drawn from handwritten notes. His widow, Hannelore Marek, kept these after his death in 1971. At the time of the Bisky revelations in 2003, Christian Esch, writing in the "Berliner Zeitung", noted differences between the editions and the Marek-held notes. He said that if the diary were to be accepted as a fully authentic work, the originals would have to be examined by experts.  Subsequently an examination of the notes was done by Walter Kempowski on behalf of the publishing house. He concluded that it was a genuine diary of the war period. He noted the typescript and the published book contain material not in the diary, but this is not unusual as books are prepared for publication. Antony Beevor a British historian who wrote a "magisterial book" on the Battle of Berlin, confirmed his belief in the book's authenticity. He said it conformed to his own detailed knowledge of the period and the other primary sources he has accumulated. The book has been published in seven languages in addition to English and German.  The book was adapted as a German feature film. Max Färberböck directed "Anonyma - Eine Frau in Berlin" (2008), starring Nina Hoss as the Woman; it was first released in Germany and Poland. The film was released in the United States as "A Woman in Berlin" (2009).

Marta Hillers (Krefeld May 26, 1911 –Basel June 16, 2001) was a German journalist, and the author of the memoir, "Eine Frau in Berlin" ("A Woman in Berlin"), published anonymously in 1959 and 2003 in German. It is the diary of a German woman from 20 April to 22 June 1945, during and after the Battle of Berlin. The book details the author's rape, in the context of mass rape by the occupying forces, and how she and many other German women chose to take a Soviet officer as a protector.

Marta Hillers (* 26. Mai 1911 in Krefeld; † 16. Juni 2001 in Basel) war eine deutsche Journalistin. Bekannt wurde sie postum durch eine zu Lebzeiten nur anonym veröffentlichte autobiografische Erzählung mit dem Titel "Eine Frau in Berlin". In dieser berichtet sie vom Alltagsleben der Berliner während der sowjetischen Besatzung am Ende des Zweiten Weltkrieges, insbesondere von den Massenvergewaltigungen deutscher Frauen durch marodierende Rotarmisten.