Series L10A/L10B (1967–1972).

The first Mazda to bear the Cosmo name (called the 110S on models intended for export) was (along with the NSU Ro80) one of the first production cars to feature a 2-rotor Wankel engine. A prototype was presented at the 1964 Tokyo Motor Show, one month before the 1964 Summer Olympics, and after the introduction of the NSU Spider at the Frankfurt Motor Show; 80 pre-production Cosmos were produced for the Mazda test department (20) and for dealership testing (60) between 1965 and 1966. Full production began in May 1967 and lasted through 1972, though Cosmos were built by hand at a rate of only about one per day, for a total of 1,176 (343 Series I cars and 833 Series II cars). The car was also featured in the show "The Return of Ultraman".  Cosmos were built in five batches:

Racing.

In 1968, Mazda went racing with the Cosmo. They selected one of the most grueling tests in Europe to prove the reliability of the rotary engine, the 84-hour "Marathon de la Route" at the legendary Nürburgring circuit in Germany. Two mostly stock Cosmos were entered, along with 58 other cars. One major change to the cars' 10A engines was the addition of a novel side- and peripheral-port intake system: A butterfly valve switched from the side to the peripheral port as RPMs increased. The engines were limited to 130 PS to improve durability.  The cars ran together in fourth and fifth place for most of the race, but the all-Japanese car was retired with axle damage in the 82nd hour. The other car, driven by Belgians, completed the race in fourth overall. This was to be the only racing outing for the Cosmo—the next Mazda race car would be a Familia Rotary (R100).

Series I.

The Series I/L10A Cosmo was powered by a 0810 two-rotor engine with 982 cc of displacement and produced about 110 hp (thus the "110" name). It used a Hitachi four-barrel carburetor and an odd ignition design—two spark plugs per chamber with dual distributors. A four-speed manual transmission and 14-inch wheels were standard.  In Japan, the installation of a rotary engine gave Japanese buyers a financial advantage when it came time to pay the annual road tax in that they bought a car that was more powerful than a traditional inline engine, but without having the penalty for having an engine in the higher above-one-litre tax bracket.  The front suspension was a coil-sprung double-wishbone design with an anti-roll bar. The rear used a leaf-sprung de Dion tube. Unassisted 10 inch (254 mm) disk brakes were found in front with 7.9 inches (201 mm) drum brakes in the rear. Performance in the quarter-mile (400 m) was 16.4 s, with a 115 mph (185 km/h) top speed. The price was lower than the Toyota 2000GT at 1.48 million yen (US$4,100).

Series II.

The Series II/L10B was introduced in July 1968. It had a more-powerful 128 hp (95 kW)/103 lb·ft (140 N·m) 0813 engine, power brakes, 15 inch wheels and a 5-speed manual transmission. The wheelbase had been expanded by 15 inches (38.1 cm) for more room and a better ride. This Cosmo was good for over 120 mph (193 km/h) and could accelerate to cover a quarter-mile (400 m) in 15.8 s.  Visual changes included a larger grille under the front bumper with two additional vents to each side of this "mouth". Only 833 were ever made, and fewer than six Series II models were initially imported into the United States. The price was up a bit to 1.48 million yen (US$4,390).  Comedian and former talk show host Jay Leno owns a 1970 Series II Cosmo which was featured on the North American Speed Channel series "My Classic Car" in March 2006. It was believed to be the only remaining Series II Cosmo in the United States, though the original Cosmo 10a engine was replaced with an RX-7 12a.  However, Mazda's U.S. division "found another in the garage of Phoenix-area car collector Glenn Roberts and made an offer that he couldn't refuse," according to "Car and Driver" magazine's September 2007 issue ("A Tale of Two Rotaries"). There is a Series II Cosmo in a collection in Alberta, Canada as well.  A 1970 Mazda Cosmo Sport Series II L10B Coupe sold in January 2015 for inclusive premium at auction at Bonhams.

Series CD (1975–1981).

The second generation CD Cosmo appeared in 1975 and lasted until 1981. It was known as the Cosmo AP (Anti-Pollution) in Japan, and sold internationally as the Mazda RX-5, though in some export markets its piston-powered counterpart was called the Mazda 121 (a name later applied to Mazda's subcompact model).  Mazda America used the Mazda Cosmo name and offered it from 1976 through 1978, after which the Cosmo was replaced by the Mazda RX-7 as their rotary-powered sports coupe. The CD Cosmo/RX-5 series was positioned as a personal luxury car, offered as a notchback coupe, called the Landau, which included an "opera window" and padded vinyl roof covering, that appeared to be influenced by the 1970s era Lincoln Continental. It was also available as a fastback, but neither body style found many international buyers. It was however an enormous success in Japan where over 55,000 were sold in the first year alone. This new body style competed with the, Nissan Cedric, Nissan Gloria, and the Mitsubishi Galant Lambda coupes newly introduced to Japan.  Due to its poor sales as an export, the Series II version, built from 1979, was not exported and remained a Japanese domestic sale only. RX-4 exported to Europe saw very little competition in the rotary-engine equipped market, with the introduction of the short-lived Citroën GS Birotor, as well as any remaining NSU RO80 sedans.  The Cosmo was Mazda's largest rotary-powered coupe, based on the LA series Mazda Luce floor pan and mechanics, but slightly heavier due to body design and more luxurious appointments, including a five-link rear suspension and rear disc brakes. It was available with the 12A and 13B engines. This series Cosmo was joined by the short-lived Mazda Roadpacer, a large, heavy sedan powered only by a rotary engine.  A piston engine version, the Cosmo 1800, used a 1769 cc (80 x 88 mm) inline-four SOHC engine that produces and. There was also the bigger Cosmo 2000 with.  The rotary engine had financial advantages to Japanese consumers in that the engine displacement remained below 1.5 liters, a significant determination when paying the Japanese annual road tax which kept the obligation affordable to most buyers, while having more power than the traditional inline engines.

Series HB (1981–1989).

The third generation HB Cosmo from 1981 shared the Mazda HB chassis with its twin, the Mazda Luce (marketed overseas as the Mazda 929). The HB Cosmo was offered both as a coupe, and sedan, and was exported to Europe as the 929, alongside the Luce sedan, which shared the 929 export name. The HB Cosmo was the only car in automotive history to offer a choice of both Gasoline and Diesel piston engines and Rotary engines, and this was the last generation Cosmo to be exported.  The Cosmo sedan was a badge engineered version of the Luce sedan, with the Cosmo coupe and sedan sold at an exclusive dealership called "Mazda Auto", while the Luce was available as a sedan only, sold at previously established Japanese Mazda dealerships. All Cosmo-branded vehicles were installed with rotary engines only, while the Luce offered rotary, and piston-driven engines. Later in 1991, "Mazda Auto" locations were renamed Eunos.  When the FC series Mazda Savanna RX-7 was introduced in 1986 internationally, this series Cosmo coupe retained its top position as Mazda's largest rotary powered personal luxury car, with a comfortable backseat, trunk, and every luxury amenity available, while adopting the retractable headlights from the RX-7.  Mazda offered three different rotary engines for the HB series. A 12A-6PI (for "six-port induction"), 12A-turbo and 13B-RESI, with all using electronic multiport fuel injection. The latter available with automatic transmission only. The 1982 12A-turbo Cosmo coupé was officially the fastest production car in Japan until being overtaken by the FJ20ET powered R30 Skyline RS.  The rotary engine had financial advantages to Japanese consumers in that the engine displacement remained below 1.5 litres, a significant determination when paying the Japanese annual road tax which kept the obligation affordable to most buyers, while having more power than the traditional inline engines.  The HB Cosmo & Luce names were used in Japan, with the 929 being the export version (which was not available with the rotary engine options). While the Luce was updated in 1986, the Cosmo variant remained in production at a trickle until 1989.  The Mazda 929 Turbo EGI (Electronic Gasoline Injection) Luxury was available in Australia from 1986 to May 1987 (with these later cars produced in 1986). It used the FET engine and came only with a manual transmission. Not all two-door 929 models used the FET, most used other variants of the FE engine, either Carburetor or EGI with optional four-speed automatic transmission. The 2.0 L (1998 cc) fuel injected, turbocharged FET version of the FE produced 135 hp (100 kW) and 175 lb·ft (237 N·m). It was a water cooled 8-valve SOHC engine featuring a small turbocharger, and no intercooler.

Series JC (Eunos Cosmo, 1990–1996).

The Eunos Cosmo (loosely based on the 1985 MX-03 concept car) started production in 1990 on the new JC platform. The Eunos Cosmo was the top-line touring flagship of the Eunos luxury channel. It is the only Mazda to use a triple-rotor engine. The car was a 2+2 coupé and was loaded with power amenities. Following the Japanese luxury theme, only an electronically controlled 4-speed automatic transmission was available. In Japan, sales were affected by the fact that this series Cosmo no longer complied with Japanese government dimension regulations, and Japanese buyers were liable for yearly taxes for driving a larger car compared to previous generations. Compounding matters further was the Japanese asset price bubble burst.  Two engines were available, the twin turbo 13B-RE and the 20B-REW. The triple rotor 20B had 2 litres (1962 cc) of displacement, making it the largest capacity rotary offered for sale by Mazda. It produced and of torque with twin turbochargers.  The JC series Cosmo set several firsts in automotive history. Its 13B-RE and 20B-REW engines were the first Japanese built, series production twin sequential turbo systems to be offered for sale on a rotary engined car. The internationally known FD series RX-7 didn't receive the twin turbo 13B-REW engine until early 1992. The Eunos Cosmo was the first production car to have a built-in GPS navigation system, and the first in Japan to use the "Palmnet" serial data communication system for ECU-to-ECAT operation.  This 4th generation Cosmo was ahead of its time electronically as well by being offered with "Car Control System", a CRT colour touch-screen controlling climate control, mobile phone, GPS car navigation, NTSC TV, radio and CD player.  The Cosmo was speed limited to to suit Japanese regulations, but the 20B-REW version was capable of if given a free run. With over of torque available at just 1800 RPM, the Cosmo could launch from standstill to freeway speeds quickly; however, this came at the expense of heavy fuel consumption. The JC Cosmo was expensive even by today's standards, as Mazda still has not matched the sales price of this car some 22 years later for anything else in its range.  The Cosmo was manufactured from February 1990 until September 1995, and gathered a total of 8,875 sales. A split of 60/40 sales between 13B-REW and 20B-REW variants made the triple rotor 20B-REW version a rarer car. Although the Cosmo remained a Japanese market-only vehicle (export had been proposed originally under the Eunos sales channel, and under the stillborn Amati brand in the USA), used Cosmos have found their way to various RHD countries thanks to import regulations for private importers from these countries. The Cosmo appears in "Sega GT" and in the "Gran Turismo" and "Gran Turismo 2" games, as well as the arcade game series "Wangan Midnight: Maximum Tune 1", "2", "3", "3DX", "3DX+", "4", and "5".

The Mazda Cosmo is an automobile which was produced by Mazda from 1967 to 1995. Throughout its history, the Cosmo served as a "halo" vehicle for Mazda, with the first Cosmo successfully launching the Mazda Wankel engine. The final generation of Cosmo served as Mazda's flagship vehicle in Japan, being sold as the Eunos Cosmo through its luxury Eunos division in Japan.

Der Mazda Cosmo war eine Reihe von Limousinen, Hardtop-Limousinen und Coupés unter anderem mit Wankelmotor, die Mazda in Japan für den japanischen und US-amerikanischen Markt in den Jahren 1967 bis 1998 herstellte. Er wurde gefertigt in den Jahren:


Styling.

The Mazda Nagare is a celebration of proportions and surface language according to its designers. Its bodylines flow like liquid across its smooth seamless design and there are no distinguishing marks that detract from the overall theme of the car. It has a large windshield that rakes at a very steep angle molding itself into the glass roof of the car. Its large and aggressive wheels are wrapped into the wheel wells, incorporating them as a part of the body.  Two double-length doors hinge forward when opened and spread from the cabin like the wings of a butterfly. Inside, you find the driver’s seat centrally located in the front of the cabin and three passenger rear seats arranged in a "wrap-around lounge" in the back. The interior continues the Nagare’s organic themes with futuristic elliptical controls and dials relating information to the driver.

Engine.

Powertrain details are largely speculated at this time. Mazda has not released information on the specifics of the engine and its performance because they want to focus on the design elements of the car. Some believe that the Nagare could be equipped with a future Mazda hydrogen-fueled rotary engine.

Technical Details.

Mazda is maintaining the soul of a sports car, like all their products, with the design of the Nagare. The body work is not only form but functional in decreasing wind drag. The wheels of the Nagare are also positioned at the far corners of the envelope for quick steering response and agile maneuverability.

Production Applications.

The 2010 Mazda3 is advertised as having "nagare-inspired illuminated headlight details" on the top-of-the-line Grand Touring trim.  The 2012 Mazda5 is considered to have "Nagare-inspired body lines" on the sides of the vehicle.

The Nagare (pronounced “nah-gah-reh”) is a concept car that was introduced by Mazda at the 2006 Los Angeles Auto Show. The Nagare is considered to be an exercise in natural and organic car design to explore the future of Mazda automobiles. Its name “Nagare” translates into English as “flow” and the designers specifically studied motion and the effect it has on natural surroundings when creating this vehicle.

Der Mazda Nagare ist ein Konzeptfahrzeug, das Mazda 2006 auf der Los Angeles Auto Show vorstellte. Der Nagare stellt eine Übung für natürliches und organisches Autodesign dar, das die Zukunft der Mazda-Automobile ausloten soll. Sein Name bedeutet im Deutschen "Fluss" und die Konstrukteure studierten daran speziell die Bewegung und die Effekte, die es auf die natürliche Umgebung hat.


History.

At the end of the 13th century, Edward I commissioned Roger de Montgomerie to construct a centre for the hamlet of Llanfair-yng-Nghedewain. Situated near a River Severn ford below the Long Bridge and close to the church of St Mary in Bettws Cedewain gave Newtown its original Welsh name.  The foundation is connected to the fate of Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, Prince of Wales, whose new administrative centre at Dolforwyn Castle near Abermule so alarmed Edward I that it was besieged. He seized Llywelyn's lands and granted them to the Mortimers. They transferred the administration of the "cantref" of Cedewain and the "commote" of Ceri from Dolforwyn Castle to the new settlement at Newtown. The town grew in the 18th and 19th centuries around the textile and flannel industry, stimulated by completion of the Montgomeryshire Canal. In 1838, the town saw Wales's first Chartist demonstration.  The Cambrian Mills, opened in 1856, were the first steam-driven mills in Newtown. The mills stood beside the canal terminus on the east bank of the Severn. They expanded to become the largest of the Welsh woollen mills. However, by the end of the 19th century the Newtown mills were no longer competitive with those in the north of England. There was a disastrous fire in 1910 and another in 1912, after which the Cambrian Mills were not rebuilt. Thereafter Newtown was no longer an important centre of the woollen industry and many workers moved elsewhere. Newtown hosted the National Eisteddfod in 1965. In 1967, the town was designated a new town. It saw a large population growth as firms and people settled, changing its rural market town character.

Government.

Newtown was governed at local level by Newtown Urban District Council, until this was replaced by Newtown and Llanllwchaiarn Town Council under the Local Government Act 1972. The local government community is Newtown and Llanllwchaiarn, though commonly known as Newtown.  Today's Town Council has 16 elected members serving five-year terms, and employs a staff of about ten. It deals mainly with green spaces and public facilities, and as a representative voice for Newtown. The Council Chair or Mayor, elected by the councillors, has been Councillor Sue Newham since 2017.  The community is represented on Powys County Council by five county councillors, each representing a ward: Newtown Central, Newtown East, Newtown Llanllwchaiarn West, Newtown Llanllwchaiarn West and Newtown South.

Geography.

Newtown lies about 8 miles (13 km) from the Wales-England border, in the narrow valley of the River Severn, which restricts development north and south of the town. It is surrounded by small villages, often referred to collectively as the Newtown area. The Newtown post town area, including the villages, has a population approaching 16,000. The villages include Aberhafesp, Adfa, Bettws Cedewain, Bwlch-y-ffridd, Cefn-gwyn, Dolfor, Glanmule, Kerry, Llanllwchaiarn, Llanwyddelan, Mochdre, New Mills, Pentre, Rhydlydan, Sarn and Tregynon.

Buildings and monuments.

Built by Pryce Pryce-Jones, the Pryce Jones Royal Welsh Warehouse remains the tallest building in Newtown. The two towering structures housed the world's first mail order service depot.  Bear Lanes, the town's main shopping centre, has a Tudor-style entrance. The building was once a hotel, "The Bear", which contributes to the centre's appearance today.  The Robert Owen Museum is on the ground floor of the council offices in Brisco House, Broad Street. A statue of Robert Owen was erected in 1956 in a park off Shortbridge Street and Gas Street. A replica of this was later erected in Manchester.  The Free Library building designed by the architect Frank Shayler of Shrewsbury was built in 1902. The Baptist Chapel, dating from 1881, is a fine example of nonconformist architecture from that period. The Back Lane drill hall was completed in 1897.

Twinning.

Newtown is twinned with:

Transport.

Newtown's station is on the Shrewsbury–Aberystwyth line served by Transport for Wales. Trains run about once in two hours.  Most local bus services in and around the town are operated by local, privately owned companies. Newtown has one National Express bus per day in each direction, to Aberystwyth and to London. Two major roads meet at Newtown: the A483 from Swansea to Chester and the A489 from Machynlleth to Craven Arms. A bypass runs to the south of Newtown, it opened on the 14th February 2019, there had been plans for a bypass around Newtown since 1949.  The Montgomery Canal terminated in Newtown. After its closure in 1944, the Newtown section was sold for building land, but it gave its name to Canal Road and Lower Canal Road.

Notable people.

In birth order:

Sports.

Newtown A.F.C. is Newtown's association football club, and a founding member of the Welsh Premier League in 1992. The club was founded in 1875 as Newtown White Stars and won the Welsh FA Cup in 1879 and 1895. It also entered the qualifying stages of the UEFA Cup on three occasions. The club plays at Latham Park. This has a capacity of 5,000 (1,750 seated) and a full UEFA licence, allowing under-21 international games and European games to be played. In 2007, another 250-seat stand was built next to the media gantry. Further developments are planned.  Newtown RFC is the town's rugby union club, established in 1925. It currently fields first, second, third, youth and junior teams.  Newtown has facilities for lawn bowls, cricket, and for tennis. A basketball club, the Newtown Titans was set up in 2005, before being reconstituted as Mid-Wales Basketball Club in 2009.

Schools.

The Newtown schools are Ysgol Cedewain (special needs), Ladywell Green (ages 4–7), Hafren Junior (7–11), Ysgol Dafydd Llwyd (4–11), St Mary's (4–11), Penygloddfa (4–11), Maesyrhandir (4-11), Treowen (4–11), and Newtown High School and Sixth Form (12–18). The last recently received an outstanding Estyn inspection report in October 2015, praising many features, including teacher/sixth-form pupil relations and school support for a wide range of post-16 vocational and academic subjects. As of 2011, it was proposed that Newtown High School, along with several other schools in Powys, should merge with another county high school, as part of Powys County Council's secondary school and post-16 modernisation programme.

Newtown (), the largest town in the county of Powys, Mid Wales, lies on the River Severn in the community of Newtown and Llanllwchaiarn, within the historic boundaries of Montgomeryshire. It was designated a new town in 1967 and saw population growth as firms settled, changing its market town character. Its 2001 population of 12,783 eased to 11,357 at the 2011 census. It was the birthplace of Robert Owen in 1771, whose house stood on the present site of the HSBC Bank. The town has a theatre, Theatr Hafren, and a public gallery, Oriel Davies, displaying contemporary arts and crafts.

Newtown (walisisch "Y Drenewydd") ist die größte Stadt im walisischen County Powys beziehungsweise im traditionellen County Montgomeryshire. Sie wurde 1280 gegründet und liegt am Fluss Severn, 24 km südwestlich von Welshpool. Bekannt ist Newtown als Geburtsort des großen Sozialreformers Robert Owen, der auch hier begraben wurde. An sein Leben und sein Werk erinnert das "Robert Owen Memorial Museum".


Life.

Artémides Zatti was born in Reggio Emilia on 12 October 1880 as one of three sons of Luigi Zatti and Albina Vecchi. He had seven siblings: three brothers and four sisters. Zatti was baptized in 1880.  Zatti dropped out of school in 1889 due to the poorness of his parents and he commenced work for a rich neighbor. Zatti's parents believed the current economic climate was not appropriate and that their fortunes were too low. They decided to move elsewhere and arrived in Argentina at a port in Buenos Aires on 9 February 1897, settling in Bahía Blanca. An uncle of his lived in Argentina prior to their arrival. He worked in a hotel and also in a brick factory.  He met the priest Carlos Cavalli around this time who encouraged him to become a member of the Salesians of Don Bosco; he entered on 19 April 1900 to commence his novitiate as a secular member. He made his first profession on 11 January 1908. He made his solemn profession as a secular member on 11 February 1911.  Zatti contracted tuberculosis in 1901 as he tended to the priest Ernesto Giuliani – in Casa di Bernal – who had the disease and died of it on 4 January 1902; he looked after Giuliani since 1900. Sometime in 1902 he also cared for Blessed Ceferino Namuncurá. Zatti's ailment saw him move for recuperation to Viedma where he recovered after turning to the intercession of the Blessed Virgin Mary. On 5 March 1903 he became a manager of a chemist in the hospital of San José.  He attended frequent Mass and learnt the Spanish language in order to assimilate into his new home nation. His routine included morning Mass and meditation as well as a bike ride to the sick. He would also entertain the ill with a game of bocce and from 2:00 pm to 6:00 pm in the afternoon would visit hospital patients. He would read spiritual texts in the night following work. Zatti's work schedule spanned from 4:30 am until 11:00 pm. He also gained a diploma in nursing. One doctor said: "I believe in God since I know Mr. Zatti". He secured Argentine citizenship in 1914 in La Plata and on 23 May 1915 he began the publication "Flores del Campo" which was issued each week as a Christian publication.  He had a hospital constructed in 1913 and was most disappointed and displeased when it was torn down in 1941 and rebuilt into something else.  Zatti fell off a ladder on 19 July 1950 as he climbed to the roof to fix a water tank. He recovered in the hospital where he was not long after diagnosed with liver cancer after his livid skin color was assessed. He remained in the hospital from January 1951 until his death.  Zatti died due to liver cancer on 15 March 1951 in Videma. His remains were housed in a Salesian chapel in Viedma.

Beatification.

The beatification process commenced after "nihil obstat" was granted to the cause from the Congregation for the Causes of Saints on 1 June 1979 when he was titled as a Servant of God. The diocesan process opened on 22 March 1980 and concluded not long after, which allowed for the C.C.S. to validate the process on 14 December 1984 and later assume possession of the Positio in 1991.  Theologians approved the cause on 25 October 1996 and the C.C.S. followed this on 8 April 1997. Zatti became titled as Venerable – on 7 July 1997 – after Pope John Paul II confirmed the fact that the late religious had indeed lived a model Christian life of heroic virtue.  The process for investigating a miracle opened in Buenos Aires after Jorge Mario Bergoglio – the future Pope Francis – inaugurated the process on 14 April 1998 and closed it one month later on 14 May 1998. The C.C.S. validated this process in Rome on 20 November 1998. A medical board approved the miracle on 9 March 2000 and theologians followed this decision on 27 October 2000. The C.C.S. voted in favor as well on 6 February 2001 which led to papal approval on 24 April 2001.  Zatti was beatified on 14 April 2002 in Saint Peter's Square.  The current postulator of this cause is the Rev. Pierluigi Cameroni.

Blessed Artémides Zatti (12 October 1880 – 15 March 1951) was an Italian Roman Catholic professed religious of the Salesians of Don Bosco and a noted pharmacist that emigrated to Argentina in 1897. Zatti became a professed Salesian in 1911 and became well-known for his ardent faith and commitment to the sick.

Artemide Zatti (deutsch "Artemis", * 12. Oktober 1880 in Boretto; † 15. März 1951 in Viedma, Río Negro) war ein italienischer Salesianer Don Boscos und Missionar in Argentinien.


Early life.

Rami Said Malek was born in Torrance, California, on May 12, 1981, the son of Egyptian immigrant parents Nelly Abdel-Malek and Said Malek. He has said he is also "an eighth Greek". His parents and older sister left Cairo in 1978 after his father, a travel agent and tour guide, became intrigued with Western visitors. They settled in Sherman Oaks, mostly staying in the San Fernando Valley and rarely venturing into Hollywood. His father sold insurance, while his mother worked as an accountant. Malek was raised in his family's Coptic Orthodox faith, and spoke Egyptian Arabic at home until the age of four. He has an identical twin brother named Sami, who is younger by four minutes and later became an ESL and English teacher. His older sister, Yasmine, is an ER doctor. His parents emphasized to their children the importance of preserving their Egyptian roots, and his father would wake him up in the middle of the night to talk on the phone to his Arabic-speaking extended family in Samalut.  As a first-generation American, Malek found it difficult to assimilate during his childhood because of cultural differences, even spending most of his childhood having his name mispronounced: "It only took me 'til high school where I found the confidence to tell everybody, 'No, my name is Rami.' It's a very upsetting thing to think about, that I didn't have the confidence to correct anyone at that point." As a result, he said it was difficult to form a self-identity as a child and gravitated towards "creating characters and doing voices" as he searched for an outlet for his energy. He attended Notre Dame High School, where he was in the same class as actress Rachel Bilson. He is a year older than actress Kirsten Dunst, who also attended the school and shared a musical theater class with him. His parents harbored dreams of him becoming a lawyer, so he joined the debate team in his freshman year. Though he struggled to form arguments, his debate teacher noted his talent in dramatic interpretation and encouraged him instead to perform the one-man play "Zooman and The Sign" at a competition. Reflecting on the moment, he said, "On stage I'm having this moment with my dad with a bunch of other people [in the audience], but then I thought, 'Wow, something really special is happening here.'" It was the first time he saw his father become emotional, and his parents' positive reaction to his performance left him feeling free to pursue an acting career. He and his brother were both involved in the school's drama department.  After graduating in 1999, Malek went on to study theater at the University of Evansville in Evansville, Indiana. He also spent a semester abroad in England, where he studied at Harlaxton College in Harlaxton, Lincolnshire. During the summer before his senior year, he interned at the Eugene O'Neill Theater Center in Waterford, Connecticut, where he became an acquaintance of playwright August Wilson. Of his decision to attend the University of Evansville theater program, he said, "The level of talent at the University of Evansville was formidable from faculty to fellow actors. There's a commitment and dedication that the theater program required that unearthed a work ethic I didn't know I had." He completed his BFA in 2003. The college later honored him with a 2017 Young Alumnus Award, given to those who have "achieved personal success and contribute services to their community and to UE".

Career.

2004–2009: Early work.

After his college graduation, Malek wanted to attend grad school for theater; with college debt growing, he moved to New York, where he shared a one-bedroom Lower East Side apartment with friends who were also in the theater community. His network of friends included writers and directors, many of whom would come together to form the Slant Theatre Project, and they would perform their own plays around the city. While visiting his family in Los Angeles, Malek met casting director Mali Finn, who convinced him to stay and look for work in Hollywood. After moving back in with his parents, he took jobs delivering pizzas and making falafel and shawarma sandwiches at a restaurant in Hollywood to make ends meet. Despite sending his resume to production houses, he found it difficult to get work as an actor, which led to bouts of depression and a loss of confidence. He considered getting a real estate license instead of pursuing an acting career.  After a year and a half, Malek finally received a call from casting director Mara Casey. She asked to speak to his agent. When he confessed he did not have one, she told him to get one first. After having a pleasant conversation, however, Malek suggested they meet anyway. She agreed, and the meeting led to him getting his first role in the TV sitcom "Gilmore Girls"; the episode he acted in first aired in January 2004. That same year, he starred in the theater production "Johnny Boy" at the 130-seat Falcon Theatre in Burbank, California and, later, in the production "Shoes" opposite Kelli Giddish with the Slant Theatre Project in New York City. He also voiced "additional characters" for the video game "Halo 2", for which he was uncredited. In 2005, he received his Screen Actors Guild card for his work in two episodes of the Steven Bochco war drama "Over There". Later that year, he appeared in an episode of "Medium" and was cast in the prominent recurring role of Kenny, on the Fox comedy series "The War at Home". Kenny's "coming out" story earned accolades from GLAAD. In 2006, Malek made his feature film debut as Pharaoh Ahkmenrah in the comedy "Night at the Museum". He reprised this role in the sequels "" (2009) and "" (2014). In the spring of 2007, he appeared on-stage as Jamie in the Vitality Productions theatrical presentation of Keith Bunin's "The Credeaux Canvas" at the Elephant Theatre in Los Angeles.

2010–2015: Supporting roles.

Malek returned to television in 2010 in a recurring role as the suicide bomber Marcos Al-Zacar on the eighth season of the Fox series "24". Growing weary of playing characters he called "acceptable terrorists", he instructed his agent to reject any role that painted Arabs or Middle Easterners in a "bad light". Later that year, he received critical acclaim for his portrayal of Corporal Merriell "Snafu" Shelton in the Emmy Award-winning HBO World War II mini-series "The Pacific". After the intensity of filming "The Pacific", he chose to leave Hollywood and lived briefly in Argentina, though he says it was unsuccessful and he has "since found better ways of coping". During the filming of "The Pacific", Malek received a letter from executive producer Tom Hanks praising Malek's performance. Hanks would then cast him as college student Steve Dibiasi in the feature film "Larry Crowne", released in July 2011.  Those opportunities led to Malek securing supporting roles in a series of major films. In August 2010, it was announced that he had been cast as the "Egyptian coven" vampire, Benjamin, in "". In 2013 he played Nate, a new employee at a group home for youths, in the indie film "Short Term 12", opposite Brie Larson. He appeared in two Spike Lee films during this period, the 2012 remake of the South Korean film "Oldboy", in a part that was trimmed significantly, and later in the crowdfunded picture "Da Sweet Blood of Jesus". The two men have remained friends. He also had minor roles in "Battleship", the Oscar-nominated "The Master", and "Ain't Them Bodies Saints". He appeared as Josh, one of the main characters in "Until Dawn", a horror game released for the PlayStation 4 on August 25, 2015. He lent his voice and likeness to the character and was fully motion-captured for the game.

2015–present: Breakthrough and international recognition.

Screenwriter Sam Esmail had auditioned over 100 actors to play the lead character of Elliot Alderson (a mentally unstable computer-hacker) for a show he was developing. Having failed to cast the part, he considered re-writing the character altogether. However, after seeing Malek's audition in late summer 2014, Esmail said, "It opened my eyes to who Elliot really was". The resultant psychological drama, "Mr. Robot", premiered on June 24, 2015, on the USA Network, with Malek in the lead role. To accurately play the character, who suffers from mental and social disorders, he met with a psychologist. The role drew immediate acclaim from critics, with "USA Today" calling it his "breakout performance". "Entertainment Weekly" called Malek's "magnetic performance" the "best reason" to watch the show. "Backstage" remarked that Malek "anchored the drama" and that his "spin" on the anti-hero trope "promises a fresh direction for prestige TV". His performance earned him nominations for the Dorian Award, Satellite Award, Golden Globe Award, and Screen Actors Guild Award. He won the Critics' Choice Television Award for Best Actor in a Drama Series and the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series. He was the first non-white actor to win an Emmy in that category since 1998. The show concluded in December 2019 with its fourth season, for which Malek received a second Golden Globe nomination for Best Actor in a Television Series – Drama.  Though he was among 3000 actors considered to play Han Solo in "", "Buster's Mal Heart" was the first film in which Malek played a starring role. The film premiered in September 2016 at the Toronto International Film Festival to positive reviews. In it, Malek plays a man who leads two lives, one as Jonah and another as Buster. Casting him in the role before his success with "Mr. Robot", the director, Sarah Adina Smith, said, "I had no idea how huge and adored he would become". Reviewing the actor's performance, John DeFore of "The Hollywood Reporter" wrote, "Fans of "Mr. Robot" won't be disappointed in the least by this vehicle for Emmy-winning series star Rami Malek, which both fits in with Mr. Robot's delusion-prone paranoia and lets the charismatic actor stretch out in his first feature lead". Malek next starred as Louis Dega in "Papillon", a remake of the 1973 film, co-starring Charlie Hunnam. It premiered at the 2017 Toronto International Film Festival, and had a limited box office release in August 2018. In 2017, Malek joined the cast of the Netflix animated comedy series "BoJack Horseman" (season 4), voicing the character Flip McVicker, a writer who does not trust email. In 2018, Malek portrayed Freddie Mercury in the Queen biopic, "Bohemian Rhapsody". The film premiered in London on October 23, 2018, and became a major box office success, grossing over $900 million worldwide on a production budget of about $50 million. It became the sixth highest-grossing film of 2018 worldwide, and the highest-grossing musical biographical film of all-time. Though the film received mixed reviews overall, Malek's performance was acclaimed by critics. He won the Golden Globe for Best Actor in a Motion Picture Drama, the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Leading Role, the BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role and the Academy Award for Best Actor for his performance in the film. In preparation for the role as Mercury, Malek moved to London where he worked with a dialect coach and a movement coach, and took piano and singing lessons. For four hours each day, he studied videos of Mercury with his movement coach, Polly Bennett. This included watching the 1985 Live Aid concert video on YouTube at least 1,500 times to perfect his performance for the film. He also had to get used to speaking and singing with a set of false teeth that mimicked Mercury's overbite. Brian May, Queen's guitarist who often attended filming, is quoted as saying that Malek's performance was so accurate that "we sometimes forgot he was Rami". Malek considers his role as Mercury the most important of his career, saying: This is a role I don't think can be outdone. I think we're always searching for that next great role, and I guess I'm fortunate that I've already been met with it. I'd like to think that there is more out there for me to do, and there is, but I do doubt that there is anything that lives up to how precious this role and this human being have been in my life.  In December 2018, it was announced that Malek would produce and star in an eight-episode podcast called "Blackout". Scott Conroy was the writer of the podcast, a thriller about a small-town radio DJ who must "fight to protect his family and community from a coordinated attack that destroys the power grid and upends modern civilization". The podcast debuted with two episodes on March 19, 2019, with six subsequent episodes premiering weekly. It won the 2020 Webby Award for Best Scripted Podcast (Fiction). Malek also voiced a gorilla in "Dolittle", starring Robert Downey Jr.; the film was produced in 2018 and released in January 2020.

Upcoming projects.

Since 2018, Malek has been developing a film for Universal Pictures with "Mr. Robot" creator Sam Esmail based on the memoir "American Radical" by Tamer Elnoury and Kevin Maurer; the story centers on an undercover Muslim FBI agent working for the agency post-9/11. Malek and Esmail are also working together on another undisclosed project. During the press tour for "Bohemian Rhapsody", Malek said he is working on a film, one he plans to write, produce, and direct himself on a small budget, since it is a story that he says "might get passed on by studios looking for something a bit more broad and commercial". On April 25, 2019, Malek was cast as the main villain in the James Bond film "No Time to Die"; he plays the "supervillain" Safin. Principal photography on the film began in April 2019 and wrapped that October. It has a release date of November 2020. In May 2019, Malek joined the cast of the crime thriller "The Little Things", opposite Denzel Washington and Jared Leto. Production on the film began in fall 2019. The film is scheduled to be released on January 29, 2021.

Acting style.

Malek's early roles established him as a character actor. He has remarked that he enjoys the auditioning process, sees it as a "proving ground to test things out", and has created so many diverse characters for auditions that he wishes he could collect them as a package to show to others. After reading his own Wikipedia article, Malek elaborated and said, "I would take the time to prepare for auditions as if I was actually gonna perform. I would come with something fully formed and hope that that resonated. Sometimes it did, many times it didn't but that's the proving ground and I appreciate it". However, following his success with "Mr. Robot", he began to be regarded as a "leading man", though an "unconventional" one. He is portrayed by comedian Pete Davidson in "Saturday Night Live" sketches parodying the character. In 2017, Malek accepted an invitation to join the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, among 774 new members invited as part of the Academy's efforts to diversify its members after criticism over the lack of diversity of the 88th Academy Awards.  To prepare for a role, he describes an initial stage of panic, followed by research into the character to create a world for that person. This includes finding music he thinks the character would listen to, as well as creating and imagining past memories for that person to the point he has to perform as them. His most creative times are mornings and evenings. Malek likes to do experimental takes until he finds a take that will work. Director Sam Esmail noted that Malek is often dissatisfied with his work even when the director feels he has completed a perfect take. Because of their mutual insistence on getting a scene the best it can be, Esmail considers Malek a "co-creator". The actor has also been noted for his physical transformations to play his characters. He lost significant weight to play Elliot Alderson, Freddie Mercury, and Snafu Shelton, where Tom Hanks required that he maintain between six and eight-percent body fat. During the filming of "The Pacific", Malek found it difficult to separate himself from his character, Snafu Shelton, which led to "some pretty intense mental anguish during and after filming". He noted the most valuable lesson from that experience was learning to distance himself from his characters, otherwise he would not have been able to take on complex roles later in his career, like Elliot Alderson in "Mr. Robot".

Public image.

Malek's appearance has inspired commentary in the industry and in the media. "GQ Middle East" called Malek's aspect "vampiric... with one of those faces that looks young and mature, all at once. When you speak, Malek's oversized eyes give you full attention". In a letter to the producer after Malek's audition for "The Pacific", Tom Hanks remarked, "This guy's got haunting eyes". "The Globe and Mail", in an interview after the 2016 Toronto International Film Festival, described the actor as "startlingly handsome... with tawny skin and close-cropped curly hair.... He speaks in a slow, just-woke-up drawl that contrasts with his dazzling smile and anything-goes energy. And he's mostly eyes. Giant, chalky blue eyes, the colour of one of those preternaturally still mineral lakes in the Rockies. They seem to see both outwardly and inwardly. They're sad, yet amused. Thousand-mile eyes".  He has also garnered attention for his fashion sense, particularly for his bold color choices and "quirky touches". He was chosen (along with Boy George and A$AP Rocky) to be part of Dior Homme's Spring 2017 campaign, and the face of Saint Laurent's Spring/Summer 2020 campaign. "GQ Middle East" launched in October 2018 with Malek on its first cover. Fashion commentators have included him on their "best-dressed" lists, often at red-carpet events. Placing him at number 29 on its list of Best Dressed Men 2019, "GQ" called his looks, "neat, elegant and perfectly put together,... experimental on the surface, but underneath they're also surprisingly approachable". Ilaria Urbinati is his stylist.  Over time, Malek's prominence in the industry has grown. In 2015, "The Hollywood Reporter" included him on Next Gen 2015, its annual list of stars who are 35 and under and "on the rise." "Time" magazine named Malek one of the 100 most influential people in the world in 2019 under the category of Artists.

Personal life.

Malek tends to be reserved in interviews, mentioning in one his desire to stay "anonymous" abroad. He avoids social media. "The New York Times" called him "extremely reluctant to dish about himself". He says he is the opposite of the introverted character of Elliot that he plays in "Mr. Robot", saying, "I'm an exuberant person. I thrive on affection. I like chit chat... One of the great things about living in New York is that you meet so many strangers, and I love encounters with strangers, I love meeting people and hearing their stories".  During his acceptance speech for Breakthrough Performance of the Year at the 30th Annual Palm Springs International Film Festival, Malek confirmed his relationship with his "Bohemian Rhapsody" co-star Lucy Boynton. In an interview during the 2019 BAFTA Awards, he said he was searching for a home in London after "falling in love" with the city while filming "Bohemian Rhapsody".  The actor has lent his support to charities, such as the Epidermolysis Bullosa Medical Research Foundation and the ACLU. In September 2018, Malek started working with the (RED) organization after being inspired by his Freddie Mercury role. As an ambassador to raise awareness and funds to help eliminate HIV/AIDS, Malek traveled to Eswatini to "learn more about the state of HIV/AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa". During his visit, Malek said, "To collectively come together and tackle, you know, arguably one of the largest, most horrific diseases anyone has ever known. That can happen right now. I can't think of anything that I'd rather be a part of, more than fulfilling any personal dream or aspiration".

Awards and nominations.

Malek has been nominated for and won several major industry awards. For his work on "Mr. Robot", he has been nominated for three Golden Globes, an Emmy, two Satellite Awards, and two Screen Actors Guild Awards, among others, winning an Emmy for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series in 2016. He won an Academy Award for Best Actor, a Golden Globe for the Best Actor in a Motion Picture Drama, the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Leading Role, and the BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role for his performance as Freddie Mercury in "Bohemian Rhapsody".  He is the first actor of Egyptian heritage to win the Academy Award for Best Actor. While his win was celebrated in Egypt by the media and some government officials, Member of Parliament Mohamed Ismail criticized Malek's win: "I was surprised by the Egyptian media's celebration of Rami Malek, because the role played by Rami Malek in the film is far from his real character. He is trying to [spread] homosexuality among the youth... The award has a specific goal, which is to corrupt morality in the Arab world. Rami Malek is a bad example. If he was in Egypt, he would have been hanged". The organization Human Rights Watch stated that the country deserved an Oscar for hypocrisy for praising Malek, given its prohibition on LGBT people being celebrated in the media.

Rami Said Malek (;, ; born May 12, 1981) is an American actor and producer. He is best known for portraying computer hacker Elliot Alderson in the USA Network television series "Mr. Robot" (2015–2019), for which he received accolades such as the 2016 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series, and singer Freddie Mercury in the biopic "Bohemian Rhapsody" (2018), for which he received awards such as the Academy Award, Golden Globe Award, Screen Actors Guild Award, and British Academy Film Award for Best Actor. He has also received multiple other accolades, and is the first actor of Egyptian heritage to win the Academy Award for Best Actor. "Time" magazine named Malek one of the 100 most influential people in the world in 2019.

Rami Said Malek (* 12. Mai 1981 in Los Angeles, Kalifornien) ist ein US-amerikanischer Schauspieler. Er wurde 2015 durch die Rolle des Hackers "Elliot Alderson" in der Fernsehserie "Mr. Robot" bekannt, für die er mit einem Emmy und einem Critics’ Choice Television Award ausgezeichnet wurde.


Biography.

Benjamin Johnson Lang was born in Salem, Massachusetts, the son of a piano maker, music teacher and organist. By the age of 12 he was showing sufficient promise as a pianist to play Chopin's Ballade No. 3 in A flat. He began organ lessons at 12, and by 18 he was the organist of the largest instrument in Boston, the First Baptist Church on Somerset Street. He excelled in improvisation. In 1852, he took over his father’s organ teaching business. In 1855 he went to Europe to study in Berlin and elsewhere. He studied mainly under Alfred Jaëll, but also had some instruction from Franz Liszt. He had a lasting friendship with both Liszt and his daughter Cosima. He made his first public appearance as a pianist 1858, in Boston, where he spent the remainder of his life. That year he played the piano in the first Boston performance of Beethoven's Piano Trio in C minor, Op. 1, No. 3, with the Mendelssohn Quintette Club. From 1860 to 1870, Lang built a piano and organ teaching career of great success; he was considered a very thorough teacher and his pupils included Arthur Foote, Ethelbert Nevin, William F. Apthorp, and his own children, Margaret and Malcolm. His debut as a conductor was on May 3, 1862, when he gave Boston's first performance with orchestra of Mendelssohn's "Die erste Walpurgisnacht", which he presented twice in the same concert.  Louis Moreau Gottschalk was so impressed with Lang's piano playing that he hired him as a collaborator for a series of twenty concerts in which compositions for two pianos were featured.  On January 1, 1863, along with Carl Zerrahn, he conducted the jubilee concert in honour of Abraham Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation. The concert was attended by Ralph Waldo Emerson, who read one of his poems. From then on he appeared in public more often as a conductor than as a pianist. He was the founding conductor the Apollo Club, a men's singing society, from 1871 to 1901. He was also the conductor of Caecilia, a mixed voice choir, and of the Handel and Haydn Society from 1895 to 97.  Lang visited Richard Wagner (who was now married to Liszt's daughter Cosima) at Tribschen and Bayreuth in 1871 and offered his assistance in publicizing the Bayreuth Festival in America. In 1876 he and his wife were honored guests at the first performance of the Ring Cycle in Bayreuth. He later introduced many of Wagner’s works to America.  He is perhaps best remembered now for being the conductor of the world premiere of the original version of Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky's Piano Concerto No. 1, with Hans von Bülow (Cosima's former husband) as soloist, on October 25, 1875. Bülow had initially engaged a different conductor, but quarrelled with him, and Lang was brought in at short notice. George Whitefield Chadwick, who attended the performance, recalled in a memoir years later: "They had not rehearsed much and the trombones got in wrong in the ‘tutti’ in the middle of the first movement, whereupon Bülow sang out in a perfectly audible voice, "The brass may go to hell"". Lang himself appeared as soloist in a performance of the concerto with the Boston Symphony Orchestra on February 20, 1885.  Other first performances he conducted were:  With his experience and credentials, it surprised many that Lang was not named conductor of the newly formed Boston Symphony Orchestra (BSO). However, Lang appeared as a pianist in twelve concerts during the first years of the orchestra. On December 9, 1876 he was the soloist in the first U.S. performance of Saint-Saëns' Piano Concerto No. 2 in G minor with Leopold Damrosch conducting. With the Harvard Musical Association, he played "all the great concertos, many of them for the first time in Boston".  In 1888 Lang became organist of King's Chapel, and remained there until his death in 1909. It was Lang who in 1888 encouraged Edward MacDowell to resettle in Boston, then the centre of concert life in America. The Lang home entertained prominent guests such as Antonín Dvořák and Ignacy Jan Paderewski.  In 1891, at great personal expense he brought the entire New York Metropolitan Opera House Orchestra to Boston to present the first performance in Boston of Wagner's "Parsifal", conducted by Anton Seidl, who had assisted Wagner in the first complete performance of the Ring in 1876 and who in 1889 he led the first complete Ring in America.  His compositions included symphonies, overtures, an oratorio "David", chamber pieces, piano pieces and songs. Most of these were performed, however the only published work was by Chadwick who used a "melodic motive" of Lang's in the first of his "Drei Walzer fur das Pianoforte." He destroyed all his other manuscripts. In 1903, Yale University conferred on him the degree of Master of Arts.  His last appearance as a conductor was on February 12, 1909, when he conducted the BSO and a chorus for a commemoration of the centenary of the birth of Abraham Lincoln. He presented Mendelssohn’s "Lobgesang" ("Hymn of Praise"), which he had also conducted at the Emancipation Jubilee concert in 1862. He died only a few weeks later, on April 3 or 4, in Boston. His estate was valued at over $600,000, an enormous amount for that time. His bequests included a silver box containing Liszt's hair, which he left to his daughter Margaret.

Family life.

In 1861 he married Frances Morse Burrage (1839–1934). Although she never became a professional, she was well regarded as a singer. Their three children inherited their musical aptitudes: Margaret Ruthven Lang (1867–1972), a composer; Rosamond (1878–1971), a pianist; and Malcolm (1881–1972), a pianist and organist.  Many of Margaret's works were presented at concerts under her father's baton. Her "Dramatic Overture", Op. 12, was the first work by a woman played by a major American symphony orchestra (BSO, 1893, Arthur Nikisch).

Benjamin Johnson Lang (December 28, 1837April 3 or 4, 1909) was an American conductor, pianist, organist, teacher and composer. He introduced a large amount of music to American audiences, including the world premiere of Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky's Piano Concerto No. 1, which he conducted in Boston in 1875.

Benjamin Johnson Lang (* 28. Dezember 1837 in Salem, Massachusetts; † 3. April 1909 in Boston, Massachusetts) war ein US-amerikanischer Organist und Pianist, Dirigent und Komponist.


History of the reaction.

Kazuhiko Takai is a professor of applied chemistry at Okayama University and is the recipient of the 2013 Chemical Society of Japan Award. He primarily studies the use catalytic metals in synthesis reactions. He studied at Kyoto University and the University of California, Berkeley. The Takai olefination reaction was first described in a 1986 paper in the Journal of American Chemical Society, "Simple and selective method for aldehydes--> (E)-haloalkenes (RCH:CHX) conversion by means of a haloform-chromous chloride system." Written by Kazuhiko Takai, Kenji Nitta, and Kiitiro Utimoto, the paper discusses the limitations of existing reagents, such as the Wittig reagent, in creating solely E isomers. Nitta, a graduate student working in the Utimoto group, carried out the reaction.  Similar olefination reactions have been performed, using a variety of reagents such as zinc and lead chloride; however, these olefination reactions often lead to the formation of McMurry diols, not the methylenation or alkylidenation of aldehydes. To circumvent this issue, Takai researched the potential of chromium (II) salts.  The reaction primarily employs the use of aldehydes, but ketones may be used. However, ketones do not react as well as aldehydes; thus, for a compound with both aldehyde and ketone groups, the reaction can target just the aldehyde group and leave the ketone group intact.  The drawbacks to the reaction include the fact that stoichiometrically, 4 equivalents of chromium chloride must be used, since there is a reduction of two halogen atoms. Ways to limit the amount of chromium chloride exist, namely by utilization of zinc equivalent, but this method remains unpopular.

Takai–Utimoto olefination.

In a second publication the scope of the reaction was extended to diorganochromium intermediates bearing alkyl groups instead of halogens:

Takai olefination in organic chemistry describes the organic reaction of an aldehyde with a diorganochromium compound to form an alkene. In the original 1986 publication the aldehyde is benzaldehyde and the organochromium species is generated from iodoform or bromoform and an excess of chromium(II) chloride. The reaction product is a vinyl halide. The main selling point is the E-configuration of the double bond. According to the principal investigator Kazuhiko Takai, existing alternatives such as the Wittig reaction only yield mixtures.

Die Takai-Olefinierung ist eine organische Reaktion von Aldehyden mit Diorganochromverbindungen zur Synthese von Alkenen (Carbonyl-Olefinierung). Die Reaktion ist benannt nach seinem Entdecker, dem japanischen Chemiker Kazuhiko Takai. Im Jahr 1986 publizierte er das erste Mal die Reaktion von Benzaldehyden mit Organochromverbindungen, welche aus Iodoform oder Bromoform mit Überschüssen an Chrom(II)-chlorid hergestellt werden. Es entstehen hauptsächlich ("E")-Olefine, was diese Reaktion zu einer Alternative zur Wittig-Reaktion macht, welche in der Regel bedeutend unselektiver ist.


Plot.

Danny and Wheeler are salesmen who promote an energy drink called "Minotaur" in an attempt to encourage schoolchildren to stay off drugs. While Wheeler loves the job, Danny views it as a pointless, dead-end job which causes him to be depressed and jaded. Danny's misanthropy also results to the collapse of his relationship with his girlfriend, Beth, who breaks up with him after he impulsively proposed to her. After a presentation at an elementary school, the duo find their Minotaur truck being towed, as they were parked in a no-parking zone. Danny drives their truck free of the tow truck, damaging it and nearly running over a security guard and crashing into a statue. Danny and Wheeler are arrested and charged with assault and disorderly conduct.  Beth strikes a deal with the judge in which the guys have to log 150 hours of community service over the next 30 days, in lieu of 30 days in jail. They are to complete their service with Sturdy Wings, a big brother-big sister program led by Gayle Sweeny, a recovering addict. Gayle is aware of their court mandate and warns them that if they fail to meet her requirements they will be sent to prison. Wheeler is paired up with Ronnie Shields, a foul-mouthed streetwise miscreant obsessed with breasts, who has driven away all the other "Bigs" he has been paired with. Danny is assigned Augie Farks, a nerdy teenager obsessed with medieval live action role-playing games.  Danny is unable to find common ground with Augie, while Ronnie takes a disliking to Wheeler. Danny considers choosing the jail sentence, but Wheeler insists that if they go to jail, they will get raped. They gradually bond with their "littles"; Ronnie and Wheeler share the experience of having been abandoned by their fathers, while Danny learns about Augie's medieval fantasy realm. Ronnie takes an interest in Wheeler's favorite band, Kiss, and discovers that Wheeler shares his obsession with breasts, which Wheeler teaches him to control. Danny and Augie bond when they realize that they are both involved in the Sturdy Wings program against their will. Danny joins Augie's live action role playing game Live Action Interactive Role-playing Explorers (LAIRE) and unsuccessfully reconciles with Beth, who explains she must commit to the break-up because "it is for the best".  However, their good luck is short-lived. When Augie manages to sneak up on the King of LAIRE, Argotron, the King lies and tells everyone that he killed Augie. Defending Augie, Danny confronts and shoves the King, getting Augie and himself banned from LAIRE permanently. Later, Danny insults Augie's mother and her boyfriend for refusing to support Augie's hobby, earning their hatred. As soon as Augie's parents kick Danny out of their house, Danny retorts, "I'd be psyched if he was my kid." Meanwhile, Wheeler takes Ronnie to a party and leaves him unsupervised, resulting in Ronnie walking home alone and a series of angry messages from Ronnie's mother, Karen, on Wheeler's cellphone. Ronnie and Augie's parents ask Sturdy Wings for new mentors, and Danny and Wheeler are expelled from the program, thus failing to complete their community service. Beth says that she will defend Danny and Wheeler in court, but cannot make any promises, as they will most likely be sent to jail. Danny and Wheeler argue and go their separate ways.  Danny convinces King Argotron to allow himself and Augie to fight in the much-awaited battle royale. Wheeler gets permission from Karen to hang out with Ronnie after he gets out of jail, and earns Ronnie's forgiveness. However, the King secretly warns the other members of Augie's LAIRE "country" of Xanthia that allowing Augie to fight with them will lead to severe retribution in the game. They call Augie to tell him he is too much of a liability and he has nowhere to turn. To form a new LAIRE country, Danny and Augie need four members and matching costumes. Danny asks Wheeler and Ronnie to join them. They arrive with Wheeler's Kiss costumes and a Kiss-themed Minotaur truck, naming their new country "Kiss-My-Anthia". After a betrayal by his former Xanthian allies, Augie finally duels with the king, defeating him. Sarah, a hidden player who goes by Esplen in LAIRE, attacks and defeats Augie; she is crowned the new queen and chooses Augie as her king-consort. Augie's parents forgive Danny.  Impressed with having seen that Wheeler and Danny care for the children, Gayle clears their names with the judge. Danny serenades Beth with a rendition of the Kiss song "Beth" and they happily reconcile.

Production.

The film was originally announced in December 2006 under the title "Big Brothers", with Luke Greenfield directing and Timothy Dowling writing the script. A January 22, 2007, draft of the script credits Moses Port and David Guarascio as writers, with no listing of Dowling. During promotion for the film "Knocked Up", Paul Rudd revealed that shooting on "Big Brothers" was on hiatus while the script was being retooled. News was later revealed that Rudd was commissioned to write a new draft of the script and David Wain had signed on to direct. Wain later revealed the film was now titled "Little Big Men". UniversalPictures.com listed the film under the final title "Role Models", which made its release on November 7, 2008. It was pre-screened at the University of Maryland's Hoff Theater on October 30, 2008 to positive accord.  A running gag in the film is a song entitled "Love Take Me Down (to the Streets)", which is claimed by Martin to be by the band Wings. In the initial scene at the Sturdy Wings building, Martin begins singing the song, which he claims is "one of their hits from the '70s", a fact which Danny denies. This is a minor recurring joke throughout the film. During the credits, the song plays and is listed on the film soundtrack as being performed by "Not Wings." The song was written by Charles Gansa, a composer who worked on the film, and A. D. Miles, who plays Martin in the film. It was written to imitate the style of the music of Wings and performed by Joey Curatolo, a Paul McCartney soundalike who performs in the Beatles tribute band.

Release.

Box office.

"Role Models" opened #2 at the box office behind "" with $19.2 million. The film made a total of $67,300,955 domestically and $25,201,210 in foreign countries, for a total of $92,502,165 worldwide.

Critical response.

"Role Models" was met with generally positive reviews. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a rating of 77%, based on 162 reviews. The site's consensus reads, ""Role Models" is a frequently crude, always funny comedy with the cast providing solid work throughout." On Metacritic, the film holds a rating of 61 out of 100, based on 33 critics, indicating "generally positive reviews".  In their year end review, IGN awarded "Role Models" with "Best Comedy Film of 2008". Eye Weekly selected "Role Models" as one of the best films of 2008.

Home media.

The DVD was released on March 10, 2009 selling 1,028,207 during its first week generating $17,469,237 in revenue. As of August 10, 2011 the DVD sold 2,555,713 copies and brought in over $40 million in revenue.

Role Models is a 2008 American comedy film directed by David Wain, who co-wrote it with Timothy Dowling, Paul Rudd and Ken Marino. The film follows two energy drink salesmen who are ordered to perform 150 hours of community service as punishment for various offenses. For their service, the two men work at a program designed to pair kids with adult role models. The film stars Seann William Scott, Rudd, Christopher Mintz-Plasse, Bobb'e J. Thompson, Jane Lynch and Elizabeth Banks.

Vorbilder?! (Originaltitel: "Role Models)" ist eine Filmkomödie aus dem Jahre 2008 von Regisseur David Wain mit Seann William Scott und Paul Rudd in den Hauptrollen.


Geography.

Buffalo Soapstone is located at.  According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of, of which, of it is land and 0.04% is water.

Demographics.

Buffalo Soapstone first appeared on the 2000 U.S. Census as a census-designated place (CDP).  As of the census of 2000, there were 699 people, 233 households, and 171 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 31.0 people per square mile (12.0/km). There were 266 housing units at an average density of 11.8/sq mi (4.5/km). The racial makeup of the CDP was 89.70% White, 0.29% Black or African American, 4.43% Native American, 0.43% Asian, 1.14% from other races, and 4.01% from two or more races. 1.57% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.  There were 233 households, out of which 45.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 57.9% were married couples living together, 6.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26.2% were non-families. 19.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 1.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.00 and the average family size was 3.20.  In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 33.8% under the age of 18, 7.9% from 18 to 24, 33.8% from 25 to 44, 21.7% from 45 to 64, and 2.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 33 years. For every 100 females, there were 117.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 122.6 males.  The median income for a household in the CDP was $41,264, and the median income for a family was $40,678.09. Males had a median income of $45,208 versus $26,167 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $18,021. About 22.8% of families and 22.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 31.4% of those under age 18 and 14.3% of those age 65 or over.

Buffalo Soapstone is a census-designated place (CDP) in Matanuska-Susitna Borough, Alaska, United States. It is part of the Anchorage, Alaska Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 855 at the 2010 census, up from 699 in 2000.

Buffalo Soapstone ist ein census-designated place (CDP) im Matanuska-Susitna Borough in Alaska in den Vereinigten Staaten. Das Gebiet liegt an der Moose Creek Road nördlich von Palmer und Farm Loop und westlich des Glenn Highway.


History.

This company was founded in 1945 in southern California by engineer Henry Fuchs. Fuchs had been working with John Almen on new applications for shot peening of automobiles and military equipment companies produced before and during World War II. Fuchs and Almen worked at the Research Laboratory of General Motors Corporation before the start of MIC. The Almen strip or Almen system, a tool for duplicating the shot peening process, was named after John Almen.  Fuchs started in his garage accompanied by his son-in-law, Fred Landecker, with the idea of working in railways car suspensions and assemblies. Nevertheless, the shot peening industry was beginning and the automotive sector was not showing much interest. So it was the aircraft industry which first began to use the beneficial processes.  The company worked, for example, in the early 1950s with the famous Douglas DC-3 aircraft. In the mid-1950s, the company worked on the wing skins of Lockheed Super Constellation aircraft.  In 1968 the company was acquired by Curtiss-Wright which had begun an expansion program at its Buffalo extrusion facility, adding new forging and machining equipment for building aircraft and aerospace components.  In the 1970s, the idea of metal peening with light was explored in the company and in the metal treatment industry. Lawrence Livermore Laboratories at the end of the 1990s, working under a government contract for a laser to illuminate passing satellites, developed a process of peening with light with enough power to use it also for commercial purposes. Metal Improvement Company, under a CRADA agreement with Lawrence Livermore Laboratories, began to develop this technology for commercial customers and in 2003 the company introduced the laser peening to the market.  Henry Fuchs died in 1989. He was a Professor Emeritus of Stanford University. The Society of Automotive Engineers named an award "Henry O. Fuchs" in his honor.  In 2006 NASA worked with the company, and they together presented a study called: "Effects of Laser Peening, and Shot Peening on Friction Stir Welding".  Today, MIC is one of the business units of the Curtiss-Wright Surface Technologies Division. With 70 facilities in North America, Europe and Asia, they provide job shop surface treatments including shot peening, laser peening, thermal spray coatings, solid film lubricant and material testing services.

Metal Improvement Company (MIC) is a company specializing in metal surface treatments. Metal Improvement Company LLC is a business unit of the Surface Technologies Division of Curtiss-Wright Corporation (NYSE: CW).

Die Metal Improvement Company (kurz: MIC) ist ein Tochterunternehmen der amerikanischen Curtiss-Wright-Corporation. Die Metal Improvement Company wurde 1946 von einer emigrierten jüdischen Familien in Los Angeles als Werkstatt für die Anwendung des damals neuen Kugelstrahl-Verfahrens gegründet, das aus der Luftfahrtindustrie stammte. Heute betreibt MIC mehr als 70 Niederlassungen weltweit. Die Hauptniederlassung der MIC ist in Paramus, NJ. In Deutschland betreibt das Unternehmen vier Niederlassungen.


Geology.

It is believed that Alcedo volcano emerged from the sea approximately 313,000 years ago, based on its sub -aerial volume of 234 km and average eruption rate of 1x10 m per year. This has produced a volcano that is 1130m high with a caldera that measures 6.1 x 7.4 km. Alcedo volcano is similar to its neighbours to the north, Darwin and to the south, Sierra Negra which also have shallow slopes for the majority of their height. It is also similar to these two in that the depth of the caldera is less than 25% of the height of the volcano. This contrasts with the other major shield volcanoes, Cerro Azul, Wolf on Isabela and Fernandina that have much steeper slopes and have calderas that have a depth which is 40-60% of the sub-aerial height.  Alcedo, like the other volcanoes in the Galapagos, has been formed as part of the Galapagos hotspot which is a mantle plume resulting in a hotspot. The volcano is not directly on the hotspot, which is believed to be under the neighbouring island of Fernandina to the west. However, it is still active with the last eruption in 1993. Due to the remoteness of Alcedo historical eruptions are not well recorded. There was an eruption between 1946 and 1960, as determined from variation in photographs. Another eruption in 1954 is now believed to have taken place on neighbouring Sierra Negra. Even the 1993 eruption was not observed at the time and only recorded after an expedition discovered new craters in 1995  It is the only volcano in the Galapagos to have erupted Rhyolite lavas. Approximately 1 km of Rhyolite was erupted in total, a small amount compared to its sub-aerial volume. The eruption of this began about 120,000 years ago in a series of eruptions, the largest of these has resulted in a tephra covering on the eastern slopes. Following the rhyolite eruption there has been a return to basaltic lava eruptions. It is theorised that the change in volcanic output is due to the movement of Alcedo away from the hotspot, which has resulted in the changing chemical makeup of the magma being supplied to the magma chamber.  There is a hydrothermal system within Alcedo, the temperature of the water released is less than 97 degrees Celsius, though chemical analysis has shown that the reservoir temperature is over 260 degrees Celsius. The analysis has also shown that the residence time, the time that water remains in the hydrothermal system, is approximately 400 years and that the source of the water is from rainfall.

Wildlife.

In a 2003 study of the subspecies of Galapagos tortoise on Alcedo, "Geochelone nigra vandenburghi" the genetic diversity was shown to be much lower than would be expected in a population of its size, currently estimated to be approximately 4000. The Alcedo tortoise has the largest wild populations in the Galapagos Islands, however, the genetic diversity was 3-5 times less than that of other sub species of Galapagos tortoise. This low diversity is believed to be caused by a massive reduction in the population approximately 100,000 years ago. The reduction in population to only a few individuals is believed to have been caused by a large eruption of Alcedo volcano. The Alcedo tortoise has managed to rebuild its population since that time. Since the islands discovery by man it has come under new pressure, as have other Galapagos tortoises. They were hunted by early sailors to the islands as tortoises provided a food source on subsequent voyages. The introduction of non-native species also affected the habitat of the tortoise and other fauna and flora on Alcedo.  For many years it was believed that feral goats would not be able to cross the Perry Isthmus, a 12 km wide lava field, from southern Isabela to northern Isabela Island. However, goats were recorded as having crossed this in the early 1970s and by 1998 it was estimated that the population was between 75,000 and 125,000. The goats affected the environment that was detrimental to the native tortoises, eating plants that were the food source for them. The removal of the plants also meant that watering holes dried up. To combat this Project Isabela was undertaken to eradicate the goats from northern Isabela island by the National Park and the Charles Darwin Foundation. The project was completed in 2006 with all goats on northern Isabela Island being removed, following the project there has been a rapid recovery of small trees and shrubs that are associated with the native habitat.

Alcedo Volcano is one of the six coalescing shield volcanoes that make up Isabela Island in the Galapagos. The remote location of the volcano has meant that even the most recent eruption in 1993 was not recorded until two years later. It is also the only volcano in the Galapagos to have erupted rhyolite and basaltic lava.

Der Alcedo ist einer der kleinsten und niedrigsten von 6 Schildvulkanen auf der Galápagos-Insel Isabela. Er ist auch unter dem Namen Volcan Calderon bekannt.


History.

The predecessor state was founded in 1454 A.D. by Sheikh Sadruddin-i-Jahan, a pious man of the Sherwani tribe of Afghanistan area, and was ruled by his descendants.  Local tradition says that Behlol Lodhi (1451–1517), the Afghan king who had most of western India under his control, desired to rule Delhi and on his way, he was caught in a sand drift. In the darkness the King spotted a dim light of a lamp still burning in the wind. It was the hut of Sheikh Sadruddin and when the king found out he came to the hut to show his respect and asked the holy man to pray for him to bear a son and have victory. During 1451 and 1452, the king married off his daughter Taj Murassa to Shaikh Sadruddin after being enthroned in Delhi, and also gave him the area of Malerkotla as a "jagir".  The descendants of Shaikh Sadruddin branched into two groups. One started ruling the state and were given the title of "Nawab" when the Mughal Empire arose. The other branch lived around the Shrine of Shaikh Sadruddin, controlling its revenue from pilgrims.  The State of Malerkotla was established in 1657 by Bayazid Khan. After saving the life of Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb in a tiger attack, Bayazid Khan was granted the privilege to build a fort, which he named Malerkotla and eventually gave its name to the state. On 3 May 1809 Maler Kotla became a British protectorate and was made part of the Cis-Sutlej states until 1862. Malerkotla ranked 12th in the Punjab Darbar in 1890. During the 1947 riots when Punjab was in flames, the State of Malerkotla did not witness a single incident of violence; through it all, it remained a lone island of peace.  The roots of communal harmony in the area date back to 1705, when Sahibzada Fateh Singh and Sahibzada Zorawar Singh, 9- and 7-year-old sons of 10th Sikh Guru, Guru Gobind Singh, were ordered to be bricked alive by the governor of Sirhind, Wazir Khan. His close relative, Sher Mohammed Khan, Nawab of Malerkotla, who was present in the court, lodged a vehement protest against this inhuman act and said it was against Islam. Wazir Khan nevertheless had the Sahibzadas tortured and bricked into a section of wall while still alive. At this, the Nawab of Malerkotla walked out of the court in protest. Guru Gobind Singh on learning this kind and humanitarian approach profusely thanked the Nawab of Malerkotla and blessed him with his Hukamnama, Kirpan, etc. In recognition of this act, the State of Malerkotla did not witness a single incident of violence during partition. Many local people attribute this peaceful strain to the presence of the shrine of 'Baba Haidar Sheikh', the Sufi saint, who founded the town of Malerkotla more than 500 years ago.  Nawab Sher Mohammed Khan married a lady of Guru Gobind Singh's family who converted to Islam, hence all the succeeding Nawabs descend in the female line from Guru Hargobind Singh.  Following Indian independence and the signing of the instrument of accession to the Indian Union in 1948, Maler Kotla joined the newly established state of Patiala and East Punjab States Union (PEPSU) until its merger with Punjab in 1956.

Rulers.

The rulers were titled 'Nawab'. They had the right to an 11 gun salute.

The State of Malerkotla or Maler Kotla was a princely state in the Punjab region during the era of British India. The last ruler of Maler Kotla signed the accession to join the Indian Union on 20 August 1948. Its rulers belonged to a Pathan dynasty, and its capital was in Malerkotla. The state belonged to the Punjab States Agency.

Malerkotla ("Maler Kotla") war einer der Fürstenstaaten in der Punjab States Agency von Britisch-Indien. Seine Hauptstadt war der Ort Malerkotla. Die Fürsten waren muslimische Paschtunen, die von Shaikh Sadr ad-Dîn Sadr-i Jahan abstammen, der 1454 eine Tochter des Sultans Bahlul Lodi von Delhi heiratete und mit einigen Dörfern belehnt wurde. Unter den Großmoguln stiegen sie weiter auf, und Bayezid Khan (1800–57) wurde zum Nawab ernannt. Malerkotla war 1809–1947 britisches Protektorat.


Early life.

Gojdič (pronunciation Goydich) was born on July 17, 1888, at Ruske Peklany near Presov (Prjasev), the third child of the Byzantine Catholic priest Stefan Gojdic; his mother's name was Anna Gerberyova. He received the name of Peter in baptism.  Gojdič attended elementary school at Cigelka, Bardejov, and Presov, finishing his primary studies at Presov in 1907. He began his study of theology at Presov and continued them a year later at the major seminary in Budapest. He and his brother Cornelius were ordained on August 27, 1911, after which Gojdič worked for a brief period as assistant parish priest with his father.

Pastoral work.

In the autumn of 1912, after a short period of pastoral work, he was appointed prefect of the Eparchial Boarding School for boys in Presov, known as "The Alumneum." At the same time he became an instructor of religion in the city's higher secondary schools. He was also entrusted with the spiritual care of the faithful in Sabinov as assistant parish priest. Gojdič was appointed to the Bishop's Chancery Office, where eventually he achieved the rank of Chancellor. A career as a diocesan administrator did not attract him, so he decided to become a Basilian monk. On July 20, 1922, Gojdič entered St. Nicholas Monastery on Chernecha Hora, near Mukachevo, where taking the habit on January 27, 1923, he took the name Pavel.  Appointed Director of the Apostleship of Prayer, he became instrumental in spreading the practice of frequent confession and holy communion throughout the Eparchy of Mukachevo. He usually spent long hours, mostly at night, in the chapel before the tabernacle. In 1927 he was appointed titular Bishop of Harpasa and was consecrated on 25 March in the Roman Basilica of San Clemente by Bishop Dionisije Njaradi.  After his episcopal ordination he visited the Basilica of St. Peter in Rome, where he prayed on the tomb of the Apostle. On March 29, 1927, together with Bishop Njaradi, he was received in a private audience by Pope Pius XI. The pope gave Gojdič a gold pectoral cross, saying: "This cross is only a symbol of all those heavy crosses that you will have to carry during your episcopal ministry."  Gojdič had been named Apostolic Administrator of the Eparchy of Presov on September 14, 1926. His first official act in this office was to address a pastoral letter on the occasion of the 1100th anniversary of the birth of St. Cyril, apostle of the Slavs. Gojdič was proud of his Slavic heritage and was very fond of his oriental rite.

Bishop.

In 1940 the Pope appointed him Bishop of Presov, and for the year 1939 Apostolic Administrator of Mukacheve.  During the period before World War II, he decided to defend the Ruthenians and others against the onslaught of Slovak nationalism. From the beginning of their persecution in Slovakia, Gojdič spoke up openly in favor of the Jewish population. On January 25, 1939, two days after the establishment of a special committee by the Slovak autonomist government charged with defining the "Program for the Solution of the Jewish Question," the bishop wrote a letter addressed to all parishes in his Prešov diocese; in the letter, he predicted disastrous results caused by these discriminatory policies. After the Slovak parliament confirmed a special law permitting the expulsion of Jews from Slovakia, Gojdič wrote a protest against the cruel deportations which were being carried out by the clerical Hlinka Party. On 31 March 1942, Gojdič suggested to Giuseppe Burzio that President Jozef Tiso ought to resign, or if he refused, be laicized for his complicity in the deportation of Jews.  During the war the bishop helped refugees and prisoners, and rescued inmates of concentration camps. On October 26, 1942, Slovak security services informed the Ministry of the Interior of a high number of fictitious conversions taking place. The report pointed out several cases where only one member of a Jewish family converted to Christianity in order to protect all the other members. Out of 249 Jewish families, 533 Jews had converted to the Greek Catholic or Russian Orthodox faith in order to rescue some 1500 other members of their families, who had not converted; moreover, most of those who had converted continued to actively practice Judaism either in the open or undercover. According to the security service report, Gojdič had held a conversion ceremony in the town of Michalovce.  After the end of hostilities, those who had been saved by Gojdič foresaw that his wartime actions would not be well received by the new Communist government and offered to help him emigrate to the West. However, Gojdič refused to leave his post as bishop. Foreseeing the Communist takeover, with the help of a new auxiliary, Bishop Hopko, he launched a campaign to reinforce the faith of his people by mobilizing every possible means: visits, missions, retreats, the press and the radio. Gojdič resisted any initiative to submit the Greek Catholics to Russian Orthodoxy, assisted by the Communist Party, while he knew he was risking persecution, arrest and maybe even death. Even though he was put under severe pressure to renounce the Catholic faith and break unity with the Pope, he refused every offer. Gradually he was isolated from the clergy and the faithful. On April 28, 1950, the Communist state outlawed the Greek Catholic Church and Gojdič was arrested and interned. Jewish witnesses wrote a letter in his defense to the then-Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia Antonín Zápotocký, but to no avail. In January 1951, in a trial set up against three 'high treason' bishops (,, and Gojdič) he was given a life sentence. Transferred from one prison to another, he remained faithful, praying and saying Divine Liturgy in secret, despite facing torture. Following an amnesty in 1953, given by Zapotocký, his life sentence was changed to 25 years detention. He was then 66 and his health continued to deteriorate, yet all further requests for amnesty were refused.  At the prison of Ruzyň an official informed him that from there he could go straight to Prešov, on condition that he was willing to become patriarch of the Orthodox Church in Czechoslovakia. He rejected the offer as an infidelity to the Pope and the faithful, and remained in prison.  He died of terminal cancer in the prison hospital of Leopoldov Prison in 1960, on his 72nd birthday. He was buried in an anonymous grave, n. 681, in the cemetery.

Veneration.

In 1968, his remains were moved to Prešov, and since 1990 have been kept in a sarcophagus in the Greek-Catholic Cathedral of St. John the Baptist. On 4 November 2001, he was beatified by Pope John Paul II, who during his historic visit in Slovakia, while visiting Prešov, prayed at the tomb of this bishop-martyr in the chapel of the cathedral.  Gojdič was legally rehabilitated on September 27, 1990. Subsequently, he was decorated posthumously with the Order of T. G. Masaryk – Second Class, and with the Cross of Pribina – First Class.  He was officially honored in Bratislava by the Yad Vashem Holocaust Memorial in 2007 as one of the Righteous Among the Nations.

Legacy.

"I am certain that at the end truth will triumph over lies, and love will overcome hatred. I do not hate my enemies. I would like to bring them closer to Christ, of course not by force or deceit but by love and truth."  "Known to the people as 'the man with a heart of gold,' he became known to the representatives of the government of the time as a real 'thorn in the side.' After the Communist regime made the Greek Catholic Church illegal, he was arrested and imprisoned. Thus for him began a long calvary of suffering, mistreatment and humiliation which brought about his death on account of his fidelity to Christ and his love for the Church and the Pope."

Pavel Peter Gojdič (also known as Pavol Gojdič or Peter Gojdič) (17 July 1888 — 17 July 1960), was a Rusyn-Slovak Basilian monk and the eparch of the Slovak Catholic Eparchy of Prešov. He was martyred by the communist regime in Czechoslovakia. He was beatified by Pope John Paul II in 2001 and recognised as Righteous Among the Nations by Yad Vashem in 2007.

Pavol Peter Gojdič OSBM (* 17. Juli 1888 in Ruské Pekľany bei Prešov; † 17. Juli 1960 in Leopoldov, Tschechoslowakei) war von 1927 bis zu seinem Tod im Jahr 1960 griechisch-katholischer Bischof von Prešov und wurde am 4. November 2001 vom Papst Johannes Paul II. seliggesprochen.


History.

Prior to AIHL.

The Sydney Bears was founded on 1 July 1982 as the Macquarie Bears Ice Hockey Club Incorporated. The team was formed concurrently to the non-incorporated local ice hockey club sharing the same name. The Bears were based out of the Macquarie Ice Rink. The club competed in the NSW Super League (NSWSL) and then the East Coast Super League (ECSL). In 1989 the Bears claimed the NSWSL championship with star defenceman Glen Foll claiming top points scorer for the season. In 1997 the club decided to change its name to the Sydney Bears Ice Hockey Club in preparation for a new national competition.

AIHL era.

2000-10.

In 2000, the Australian Ice Hockey league (AIHL) was established. The league adopted a franchise arrangement for competing teams so the Sydney Bears set up their incorporation as The Bears AIHL Inc. and were granted an AIHL licence.  The Sydney Bears claimed the inaugural AIHL season premiership by finishing top of the round-robin season involving the Bears, Adelaide Avalanche and Canberra Knights. The Bears were defeated by the Avalanche, 6–5 in a shootout in the single match championship final.  The Sydney Bears backed up this performance and made the championship final in 2001. They were again defeated by the Adelaide Avalanche, 10–7. The Bears did find success in the Goodall Cup tournament in 2001. Held in Newcastle, it was the last Goodall Cup tournament held independently to the AIHL.  In 2002, the Bear's had a breakout AIHL season. The team left Macquarie and moved to the new Sydney Ice Arena in Baulkham Hills. The league doubled in size to six teams and the Bears finished the season first in the table to claim their second premiership. They faced a familiar foe, Adelaide Avalanche, in the first Goodall Cup Final for the AIHL. In Blacktown Ice Arena, the Bears defeated Adelaide 5–4 in a shootout to clinch the Goodall Cup and claim their first AIHL Championship.  In 2003, the AIHL adopted a new finals format that involved the top four teams from the regular season. The Sydney Bears were involved in and won the one and only third place play-off in an AIHL finals weekend. The Bears continued their rivalry with Adelaide and defeated them 10–5 in the match to claim third. From 2004 the AIHL tweaked the finals format to remove this match.  The Bears next found success in 2007 and 2008. In 2007, the Sydney Bears changed their name to the AIHL Bears (or simply the Bears) as the team left Sydney for Penrith. The team played out of the Penrith Ice Palace. The Bears won their second championship and Goodall Cup by defeating the Newcastle North Stars 3–2 in overtime in the final. The Bears also won the inaugural Wilson Cup in 2007. In 2008, the Bears claimed the H Newman Reid Trophy for the first time by finishing top of the league table ahead of the Western Sydney Ice Dogs. The Bears also claimed back-to-back Wilson Cup's after defeating the Ice Dogs in the pre-season tournament's final 6–4.

2010-20.

To start the new decade, in 2010, the team rebranded and renamed back to the Sydney Bears. The team switched between Penrith and Sydney ice Arena over the course of seven seasons. In 2017, Macquarie Ice rink, at a cost of $3 million, had been upgraded to AIHL standards providing the Bears the opportunity to return to their spiritual home. The Bears, along with the Ice Dogs, moved into the newly renovated arena located within the Macquarie Centre. The upgrade of Macquarie Ice Rink also brought back the Sydney Bears (IHNSW) club to Macquarie. Since the move in 2017, the AIHL team and the IHNSW club have increased cooperation and support between the two clubs. Ex AIHL Bear's players have been taking up coaching roles within the IHNSW club while the IHNSW Bears provides the AIHL team a pathway for local players. In 2018, prior to the season starting, the Bears unveiled a new team logo to signify their return home to Macquarie.  On the ice, the Bears struggled to find form. The team spent seven consecutive seasons failing to reach the AIHL finals weekend between 2011 and 2017. In 2018 the team's fortunes began to improve. The Bears finished second in the league and made their first appearance in the Goodall Cup final in eleven years. They were defeated 4–3 in overtime by the CBR Brave but their display and spirit was praised. In 2019, the Sydney Bears surprised many and went one better and clinched their third Goodall Cup. It was their second Cup success after finishing the regular season in fourth place. The Bears defeated the Perth Thunder, 5–2 in the final.

Season-by-season results.

Notes:  Notes References:

Players.

Player records.

These are the top-ten all-time player records in franchise history for the following categories: Appearances, Goals, Assists, Points, Penalty minutes

Team facilities.

The Sydney Bears current home venue is the Macquarie Ice Rink, located within the Macquarie Shopping Centre in Macquarie, Sydney. The Macquarie facility consists of an Olympic sized rink (60m x 30m) with seating for approximately 2,000 people.  Macquarie is the spiritual home of the Bears as the team called Macquarie home from foundation in 1982 till 2002. In 2002 the team moved to the recently constructed Sydney Ice Arena in Baulkham Hills, Sydney. After five years the team moved out of Sydney and into the Penrith Ice Palace, Penrith, New South Wales, out west of the city. In 2012 the Bears returned to Sydney and to the Sydney Ice Arena. In late 2013 / early 2014 it was announced that the ownership of the Sydney Ice Arena, Hillsong, had lodged a development application with the NSW Government to re-develop the site into a residential complex, removing the twelve year old ice rink. The Bears moved back to Penrith for the 2015 and 2016 AIHL seasons. In 2017 it was announced that the Bears would return home to Macquarie to play out of the newly upgraded Macquarie Ice Rink, which now met AIHL standards.

Broadcasting.

TV: Fox Sports (2013–present) - Part of the entire AIHL TV deal with Fox Sports to show one game a round, normally on Thursday's at 4:30 pm or after NHL games during NHL season.  Online audio streaming: Self-broadcast (2015 - Current) - Since 2015 the Sydney Bears has self-broadcast all home matches with an online audio stream utilising the Mixlr platform.  Eric Brook and Nicholas Kutnjak calls the play by play with various co commentators joining the team during the season.

The Sydney Bears (formally "Macquarie Bears") is an Australian amateur ice hockey team from Sydney, New South Wales. Established in 1982, the Bears are the only remaining founding member of the Australian Ice Hockey League (AIHL) still operating. The Bears are based at Macquarie Ice Rink, within the Macquarie Centre, in the northern suburbs of Sydney. The Sydney Bears have claimed three Goodall Cups in 2002, 2003 and 2019.

Die Sydney Bears sind ein semi-professioneller australischer Eishockeyclub aus Penrith, New South Wales der 2000 gegründet wurde und in der Australian Ice Hockey League spielt.