Early life.

Deverell was born the son of Lieutenant John Baines Seddon Deverell and Harriet Strappini Deverell (née Roberts) and educated at Bedford School.

Military career.

Deverell was commissioned into the Prince of Wales's West Yorkshire Regiment on 6 March 1895. He served in the Fourth Anglo-Ashanti War in 1896 and was then promoted to lieutenant on 3 August 1898. He was appointed adjutant of his regiment on 9 February 1904 before being promoted to captain on 23 February 1904.  He served in the First World War initially as brigade major for 85th Brigade, in which role he joined the British Expeditionary Force and saw action at the Second Battle of Ypres in April 1915 before being promoted to major on 3 June 1915.  Deverell became Commanding Officer of the 1/4th Battalion, East Yorkshire Regiment in July 1915 and was then asked to command the 20th Brigade from 29 October 1915. Promoted to lieutenant colonel on 26 August 1916, he took part in the Battle of the Somme in Autumn 1916. It held a position on the 21st Division's right flank during the Battle of Bazentin Ridge and attacked the Switch Line to the east of High Wood. Promoted to the substantive rank of colonel and temporary major general on 1 January 1917, Deverell was given command of the 3rd Division after its commander, Sir Aylmer Haldane, took over VI Corps.  He led the division at Arras in 1917, then participated in the latter stages of the Battle of Passchendaele. He returned to the Somme in 1918, before fighting alongside the Portuguese at the Battle of the Lys. The division participated in the Hundred Days Offensive, finally leading to the German surrender on 11 November 1918. He was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath in 1918 and awarded the Croix de guerre in 1919. He commanded that division until 1 January 1919, when, having been promoted to substantive major general, he took over command of the 53rd (Welsh) Division.  On 13 December 1921 he moved to India. where he commanded the United Provinces District. Having been appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire in the 1926 Birthday Honours, he served as Quartermaster-General of India from 25 February 1927 and, having been promoted to lieutenant general on 13 March 1928 and advanced to Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath in the Kings Birthday Honours 1929, he became Chief of the General Staff in India in 1930. He became General Officer Commanding-in-Chief of Western Command on 11 April 1931 and then, having been promoted to general on 21 April 1933, he was appointed General Officer Commanding-in-Chief of Eastern Command on 8 May 1933. He was appointed aide-de-camp general to the King on 10 February 1934, and promoted to field marshal on 15 May 1936, before assuming the position of Chief of the Imperial General Staff that same day. In that capacity he advised the Government on the importance of maintaining the capability to mount an expeditionary force for operations on mainland Europe. He was also colonel of the Prince of Wales's West Yorkshire Regiment from 21 March 1934. In May 1937 Leslie Hore-Belisha, the newly appointed Secretary of State for War, sought to implement a new policy of limiting expenditure on the Army, particularly on the development of tanks, and when Deverall failed to show enthusiasm for that policy in the context of an increasing threat from Nazi Germany, Hore-Belisha wrote to him advising him that he had been removed from office. Deverell wrote a reply to the Secretary of State, strongly objecting to the adverse comments that had been made on his own performance, and retired from the British Army on 6 December 1937.

Retirement.

On leaving the British Army he became Deputy Lieutenant of Southampton. His interests included local politics, he served on a borough council, and chaired the local defence committee during the World War 2. He lived at Court Lodge in Lymington, where he died on 12 May 1947 at the age of 72. His body was cremated at Bournemouth crematorium.

Family.

In 1902 he married Hilda Grant-Dalton; they had a son and a daughter.

External links.

Sir Cyril John Deverell (9 November 1874 – 12 May 1947) was a British Army Field Marshal, who served as Chief of the Imperial General Staff from 1936 to 1937. He fought in the Fourth Anglo-Ashanti War and the First World War and later advised the Government on the importance of maintaining the capability to mount an Expeditionary Force for operations on mainland Europe.

Sir Cyril John Deverell GCB, KBE, ADC (* 9. November 1874 in Saint Peter Port, Guernsey; † 12. Mai 1947 in Lymington, Hampshire) war ein britischer Offizier, der im Ersten Weltkrieg als Brigade- und Divisionskommandeur diente und in der Zwischenkriegszeit zum Feldmarschall und Chef des Imperialen Generalstabes aufstieg.


Plot.

Megan Paige (Eliza Dushku), an investigator for the Rochester Police Department, is investigating the murder of a young girl named Carla Castillo. Her body was found in the nearby village of Churchville, New York, along with traces of white cat hair. Opposing her colleagues and boyfriend Kenneth Shine (Cary Elwes), Megan insists that the murder is the work of a serial killer. Despite Megan’s considerable efforts, she fails to catch the killer. Stress and obsession over the investigation causes Megan to hallucinate the victim's image. She ultimately has a nervous breakdown after being kicked off the case and unsuccessfully tries to commit suicide.  Following two years of medical treatment and attending a support group headed by a wheelchair-bound man named Richard Ledge (Timothy Hutton), Megan rejoins the police department in an office job. Following a similar murder of another young girl, Wendy Walsh, whose body is found in Webster along with some white cat hair, Megan successfully lobbies to rejoin the investigation. Partnered with Steven Harper (Tom Malloy), they try to find links between the victims.  Then another girl, Melissa Maestro, is killed in Macedon. They find a number of commonalities between Wendy and Melissa but fail to connect these to the first victim. The Webster Police Department, who has jurisdiction over the latest murder but are uncooperative, receive a call from 19-year-old Elizabeth Eckers who tells them she is being held hostage in a house. Megan is convinced the suspect is not the Alphabet Killer and breaks procedure to preempt a police raid. Megan almost defuses the situation but an officer shoots the suspect through a window and kills him. Webster police declare that the Alphabet Killer is dead and announce the discovery of white cat hair in the house. Megan spirals into another nervous breakdown.  Certain that the Webster police planted the evidence in order to justify killing an innocent, Megan continues the investigation on her own. Megan discovers that all three girls attended St. Michael's Church in Rochester. Still suffering from hallucinations of the victims, Megan visits the church and tries to question the pastor but suffers another breakdown and is hospitalized.  Megan escapes the hospital and takes refuge in Ledge's home. There, she finds out that he used to work as the math teacher for the St. Michael's Church, which finally reveals that he is the Alphabet killer. Before she can act, he leaps from his wheelchair - having only pretended to be disabled - and attacks her. Ledge knocks her unconscious and drives to a remote spot near the Genesee River to drown her. Before Ledge can inject her with a sedative and dump her into the river, Megan breaks free and, after a struggle, shoots him in the foot with his own gun. Ledge falls into the river just past a large waterfall, though it's unclear if he is dead or not. Unsure whether Ledge is dead and confused by her surroundings, Megan is driven by the intense situation to another, longer breakdown.  Megan is again hospitalized and kept under intensive psychiatric care. The final scenes of the film show Megan wearing a patient gown, heavily sedated and strapped to a bed in a psychiatric ward. There is no one else in the room, but in her state, she envisions the spirits of the victims waiting for her to return and seek justice for them.  The final scenes of Megan are intercut with scenes of a survived Ledge altering his appearance. He is shown in church, receiving communion and exchanging glances with a potential victim. It is unclear if these scenes of Ledge are actually occurring or are part of Megan's psychosis.  A title card announces: "In 2006, police exhumed a fireman's body and posthumously cleared him as a suspect. To date, the Alphabet Killer has not been found."

Production.

From 1970 to 1973, three girls in and around Rochester, New York, were brutally raped and strangled, their bodies dumped in neighboring villages. Each girl's first and last names started with the same letter and matched the initial of the name of the village where their body was found. The film deviates significantly from established facts, most evident by establishing a modern-day setting. (See Cheri Farnsworth's book, "Alphabet Killer: The True Story of the Double Initial Murders," for a detailed look at the real Alphabet murders.)  In the movie, the filmmakers chose to focus on the personal aspect of the story and its impact on the lead character instead of police procedure in the investigation. Writer Tom Malloy developed the script with the help of a homicide investigator who had worked on the original case. The writer noted that he saw the film as a cross between "A Beautiful Mind" and "Zodiac".  Dushku was an immediate choice for the lead role. The filmmakers also deliberately chose certain actors who had earlier played the role of a killer in other films. The film was shot in and around Rochester. The climactic scene was shot near the High Falls of Genesee River.

Reception.

Release.

The film was screened at multiple film festivals, including European Film Market and Screamfest Horror Film Festival. The film had a limited theatrical release in the United States on Friday, November 7, 2008 when it was released in 2 theaters, only in New York. As of December 14, 2008, the film's domestic earnings are $29,784 while it grossed $76,812 in the foreign markets for a worldwide total of $106,596.

Critical response.

The film received negative reviews from critics, earning a 13% "Rotten" rating on Rotten Tomatoes. Gary Goldstein of the "Los Angeles Times" commended the actors' performances but thought the end was very unsatisfactory. "LA Weekly"'s Luke Thompson said the plot was quite predictable, but he also said that the presence of multiple supporting characters keeps viewers guessing, which made the film very interesting. Jeannette Catsoulis of "The New York Times" praised Dushku's skills and Schmidt's choice to be "more interested in facts than in frights".

The Alphabet Killer is a 2008 thriller-horror film, loosely based on the Alphabet murders that took place in Rochester, New York between 1971 and 1973. Eliza Dushku stars alongside Cary Elwes, Michael Ironside, Bill Moseley and Timothy Hutton. The film is directed by Rob Schmidt, director of "Wrong Turn", also starring Dushku, and written by Tom Malloy, who also acted in a supporting role.

Alphabet Killer (Originaltitel: "The Alphabet Killer") ist ein US-amerikanischer Thriller aus dem Jahr 2008. Regie führte Rob Schmidt, das Drehbuch schrieb Tom Malloy.


Early life.

He was the eldest son in the Quaker family of Job Allen (1734–1800), a silk manufacturer and his wife Margaret Stafford (died 1830). He was educated at a Quaker school in Rochester, Kent, and then went into his father's business. As a young man, in the 1790s, he became interested in science. He attended meetings of scientific societies, including lectures at St. Thomas's Hospital and Guy's Hospital, becoming a member of the Chemical Society of the latter establishment. On Job Allen's death, the family silk firm was taken over by his father's assistant.  Allen had concentrated on his own career in the field of pharmacy, taking over the Plough Court chemical business of Joseph Gurney Bevan who retired in 1795. In 1802 he was elected a Fellow of the Linnean Society and lectured on chemistry at Guy's Hospital. A year later he was made president of the Physical Society at Guy's, and on the advice of Humphry Davy and John Dalton also accepted an invitation from the Royal Institution to become one of its lecturers.  In 1807, Allen's original research (on carbon) enabled him to be successfully proposed for election to Fellowship of the Royal Society, bringing him into contact with those who were publishing much of the original scientific research of the day. This strengthened his ties with the eminent Humphry Davy, and in due course with his long-standing friend Luke Howard, who was likewise elected to Fellowship of the Royal Society, though some years later.

Pharmacist.

Allen was known in commerce for his pharmaceutical company at 2 Plough Court, trading in 1795 as Mildred & Allen while he was in partnership with Samuel Mildred. It was situated off Lombard Street in the City of London. In 1797 Allen brought in Luke Howard as a partner. A later partner of Allen was Daniel Bell Hanbury, father of Daniel Hanbury the botanist. By 1856 the company had become Allen & Hanburys. It was acquired in 1958 by Glaxo Laboratories, who retained the Allen & Hanburys name as a separate marque within the GSK group.  Allen strengthened the company's links with medical institutions, particularly Guy's Hospital where he was elected to its Physical Society. Using Plough Court for meetings, he also co-founded the Askesian Society. There new ideas for research and experimentation could be discussed with others such as Luke Howard, Joseph Fox, William Hasledine Pepys, William Babington, and the surgeon Astley Cooper. A second laboratory was opened for the development of new chemicals, a few miles away in Plaistow.  In 1841, Jacob Bell pressed for a professional body for pharmacists. Allen co-founded The Pharmaceutical Society, which later became "The Royal Pharmaceutical Society". He was its first president.

Abolitionist.

As a teenager, Allen gave up sugar as a reaction to the Atlantic slave trade, under the influence of Quaker abolitionists and abstained from it to 1834. He became interested in the politics of abolitionism in 1790/1, and in 1792, made a speech on the topic at the Worshipful Company of Coachmaker's Hall. The speech was published as a pamphlet by Martha Gurney. It was influenced by the writer William Fox. In 1794 he befriended Thomas Clarkson.  In 1805, after some years of assisting the Society for the Abolition of the Slave Trade, William Allen was elected to its committee.The society had always been strongly influenced by Quakers, and particularly by those based in or near London. All the members of its predecessor committee (1783–87) had been Quakers, and nine of the twelve founders of the subsequent non-denominational Society for the Abolition of the Slave Trade were Quakers, including two - Samuel Hoare Jr and Joseph Woods Sr (father of the botanist Joseph Woods Jr) - who lived close to William Allen in Stoke Newington, the village near London where Allen had family interests after his second marriage in 1806.  Perhaps the best known committee member of the new non-denominational abolition society, founded in 1787, was William Wilberforce, who, unlike its Quaker members, was eligible as an Anglican to be elected to, and sit in, the House of Commons. Wilberforce visited William Allen at his experimental gardens on several occasions in his role as the Society's parliamentary representative. He had long been familiar with the village, owing to family connections. His sister Sarah had married the lawyer James Stephens, whose family home was the Summerhouse, a large house adjoining Abney Park in the very grounds of the mansion that later, in the 1820s, was to become William Allen's novel girls' school.  William Allen was also a founder member and a Director of the African Institution; the successor body to the Sierra Leone Company, sponsored by philanthropists to establish a colony in West Africa for slaves freed on a voluntary basis, through the abolitionists' efforts, in America. The work of the successor body began in 1808, when the colony had been handed to the Crown in return for the British Parliament passing legislation for its protection at about the same time as the passing in 1807 of the Act for the abolition of the slave trade.  William Allen's active interest in the abolitionist cause continued until his death. In the mid-1830s he was passionate about abolition of the apprenticeship clause, and achieving the complete freedom of African-Caribbean people on 1 August 1838. His biographer James Sherman records, 'the apprenticeship clause in the Bill... had been greatly abused by the planters. Mr Allen was indefatigable in his efforts, by interviews with Ministers and official persons.. His account of the spirit-stirring time is graphic:',  In 1838, the Friends sent a party to France. Allen went with Elizabeth Fry and her husband, Lydia Irving, and Josiah Forster. They were there on other business but despite the language barrier Fry and Lydia Irving visited French prisons.  In 1839, William Allen became a founding Committee Member of the "British and Foreign Anti-slavery Society for the Abolition of Slavery and the Slave-trade Throughout the World", which is today known as Anti-Slavery International. In this role he was an organiser of, and delegate to, the world's first anti-slavery convention, which was held in London in 1840 - an event depicted in a large painting by Benjamin Haydon that hangs in the National Portrait Gallery, London.

Pacifist.

Allen made an approving note in his diary, during 1798, on a pacifist tract, "The Lawfulness of Defensive War upon Christian Principles Impartially Considered". It was by "A Clergyman of the Church of England", on the basis of a later publication thought to be J. Bradley Rhŷs, but not further identified.> In 1811, with the support of James Mill, he started a publication entitled "The Philanthropist". It published articles by Mill and by Jeremy Bentham. At the end of the Napoleonic Wars, it printed peace petitions.  In 1814, about a month after Napoleon was exiled to Elba, a Peace Committee met at Allen's house in Plough Court. A leading activist who attended was Joseph Tregelles Price. The idea of a "peace association" was in the air, supported by pseudonymous writers. One of those, certainly known to Allen, was the Unitarian William Pitt Scargill, associated also with Richard Phillips of "The Monthly Magazine". In 1816, Allen became a founding member of the Peace Society, at another meeting in his home. By 1823, however, his earlier trust in the Holy Alliance, and in particular Alexander I of Russia, to uphold peace in Europe, had given way to disillusionment.

Other philanthropic works and interests.

Allen's philanthropic work was closely allied to his religious beliefs, and began at an early age. In 1814 he became a partner in New Lanark. In the area of penal reform, prompted by Basil Montagu, he founded a Society for the Diffusion of Knowledge Respecting the Punishment of Death and the Improvement of Prison Discipline, in 1808.

Nutrition and self-sufficiency.

In 1798 Allen set up a Soup Society in Spitalfields. His later interest in agricultural experiments was also aimed improving the nutrition and diet of ordinary people. Using only small plots, he carried out trials at Lordship Lane in Stoke Newington, and later put into practice some of his findings at the model agricultural settlement of Lindfield that he helped establish.  Allen's self-sufficient settlement was described in detail in his pamphlet "Colonies at Home", where he stated "instead of encouraging emigration at enormous expense per head let the money be applied to the establishment of Colonies at Home and the increase of our national strength". At the time (1820s) the familiar colonies were in the Americas so the whole area became known as "America". This identity remains in the local street names and people's memories of the cottages in what is now America Lane.

Education.

Allen was approached to help fund the ideas of Joseph Lancaster and his monitorial system, under which one teacher supervised several senior pupils, who in turn instructed many junior ones. In 1808 Allen, Joseph Fox and Samuel Whitbread co-founded the Society for Promoting the Lancasterian System for the Education of the Poor, from 1814 the British and Foreign School Society. In 1810 Allen became treasurer of the Society, whose aim was to open progressive schools in England and abroad.  In 1824 Allen founded the Newington Academy for Girls, also known as the Newington College for Girls, a Quaker school. The headmistress was Susanna Corder. Quaker views on women had from the beginning tended towards equality, with women allowed to minister, but still, at the time, girls' educational opportunities were limited. His school offered a wide range of subjects "on a plan in degree differing from any hitherto adopted", according to the prospectus. Here Allen was able to ensure that the new sciences were covered (he taught astronomy, physics, and chemistry himself), as well as many languages. Allen hired Ugo Foscolo, a revolutionary and poet, to teach Italian. The school was situated at Fleetwood House and made much use of Abney Park, the grounds in which it sat. It was also innovative in commissioning the world's first school bus, designed by George Shillibeer, to transport the pupils to Gracechurch Street meeting house on Sundays. The school was the subject of a poem by Joseph Pease, a railway pioneer who later became the first Quaker MP.

Evangelism and travel.

From 1818 to 1820 Allen toured Europe with the Quaker evangelist Stephen Grellet. In 1818 they were in Norway. After his third wife's death, Allen travelled extensively. In 1840, for example, he spent five months in Europe with Elizabeth Fry and Samuel Gurney.

Family life.

William Allen married Mary Hamilton in 1796. They had a daughter, who bore the same name. The mother did not recover from the childbirth, and died just two days later.  In 1806, Allen married for the second time. His new wife, Charlotte Hanbury of Stoke Newington, was the daughter of the wealthy Quakers Cornelius and Elizabeth Hanbury. The marriage led to a long-standing association between Allen and her home village, a few miles north of London. The couple visited the continent in 1816, but Charlotte died during their travels, leaving him to bring up his adolescent daughter Mary. In 1823, Mary, who had married to another Cornelius Hanbury, gave birth to a son, but died nine days later.  William Allen married for the third time in 1827. Grizell was the eldest sister of another family of well-off Stoke Newington Quakers, of whom the best-known is Samuel Hoare Jr (1751–1825), one of the twelve founding members of the Society for the Abolition of the Slave Trade. She had been nurse and companion to her father, a merchant in the City of London, and then married Wilson Birkbeck in 1801. As a wealthy widow, she contributed to the 1824 foundation of Newington Academy for Girls, and three years later she and William Allen, both co-founders of this novel educational establishment, married. She was 72, and the marriage was greeted by a satirical cartoon entitled "Sweet William & Grizzell-or- Newington nunnery in an uproar!!!" by Robert Cruikshank.  Grizell Allen died in 1835.

Death and memorial.

William Allen died on 30 December 1843 and was buried in Stoke Newington, London, in the grounds of the Yoakley Road Quaker Meeting House. Today this has been replaced by a Seventh Day Adventist chapel, the other half of its grounds becoming a small Council-maintained park for the nearby public housing estate.

William Allen (29 August 1770 – 30 September 1843) was an English scientist and philanthropist who opposed slavery and engaged in schemes of social and penal improvement in early nineteenth-century England.

William Allen (* 29. August 1770 in Spitalfields, London; † 30. September 1843 in Stoke Newington, London) war ein britischer Wissenschaftler (Chemie, Pharmazie), Unternehmer, Sozialreformer, Abolitionist, Quäker und Philanthrop.


Plot.

Eight people, all total strangers to each other, are invited to a small, isolated island off the coast of Devon, England, by a Mr. and Mrs. Owen. Ferried over by a sailor called Narracott, they settle in at a mansion tended by two newly-hired servants, Thomas and Ethel Rogers, but their hosts are absent. When the guests sit down to dinner, they notice the centerpiece, ten figurines of Indians in a circle. Afterward, Thomas Rogers puts on a gramophone record, from which a voice accuses them all of murder:  It turns out that none of the ten knows or has even seen "U. N. Owen," as he signed his instructions to Rogers; they suddenly realize it stands for "unknown." The guests decide to leave, but Rogers informs them that the boat will not return until Monday, and it is only Friday.  Starloff admits to running down a couple while speeding. Then he takes a drink and dies from poison. The next morning, the guests learn that Mrs. Rogers has died in her sleep. Quinncannon reports that Rogers found one figurine broken after Starloff's demise. Now another is missing. With two deaths matching the Ten Little Indians nursery rhyme, they search the island for "Mr. Owen" without success. After General Mandrake is stabbed in the back, the judge arrives at the only explanation: Owen must be one of them.  Another day passes. Everyone votes secretly for whom they suspect. Only Rogers receives two votes, and is sent to spend the night in the woodshed. After locking the dining room, they give Rogers the key. The next morning, however, they find him dead, his head split open with an axe. Miss Claythorne persuades Miss Brent to reveal that she had her nephew placed in a reformatory, where he hanged himself. Later that day, Miss Brent's body is found with a hypodermic needle nearby. Armstrong discovers that his is missing. Lombard admits he had a revolver, but it is lost as well.  At dinner, Quinncannon confesses he sentenced an innocent man to death to ruin the defending counsel's reputation. Armstrong then admits to operating while drunk, with fatal results. Blore grudgingly discloses that he perjured himself to put an innocent man in prison, where he died. Lombard merely states that the accusation against him is true. When it is Miss Claythorne's turn, she excuses herself to get her coat. The others hear her shriek and rush to her. In the confusion, a single gunshot is heard. They find her shaken after being brushed by seaweed hanging from the ceiling. They eventually find Lombard's gun, and Quinncannon dead from a shot to the head.  Miss Claythorne insists she is innocent, but Armstrong contends that only a person who had not committed a crime would want to mete out "justice", and locks her in her room. Later that night, she wakes to find Lombard outside her window. After he gives her his gun, she lets him inside. He persuades her to admit that it was her sister who killed her own fiancé, and that Miss Claythorne helped her cover up the crime and unofficially took the blame. They hear someone going downstairs. Upon investigation, they realize that Armstrong is missing.  The next morning, Blore goes outside to look for Armstrong and is struck by stonework toppled from the floor above. Lombard takes binoculars found beside the body and sees what Blore had—a corpse on the beach. It is Armstrong. Miss Claythorne pulls out the gun, now certain that Lombard is the killer. He tells her that his real name is Charles Morley, and that the real Lombard was his friend and had committed suicide. Morley has a flash of insight and urges Vera to shoot him.  Miss Claythorne fires and Morley drops. Returning to the mansion, she finds a noose hanging in the parlor and discovers who Owen is: Quinncannon, very much alive. The judge tells her that all his life he had searched for perfect justice. After learning that he was terminally ill, he concocted this plan. He persuaded Armstrong to fake his (Quinncannon's) death, supposedly to help catch Owen, then murdered Armstrong. He tells Miss Claythorne that she can either hang herself or be sent to the gallows (as the only possible perpetrator). He drinks poisoned whiskey, and Morley suddenly appears behind him. Vera missed the shot intentionally. Seeing a shadow by the door, they think that it is Owen, but discover it is Narracott. They leave him to discover what is going on and rush to the boat.

Cast.

The cast included many well-known actors.

Reception.

On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 100% based on, with a weighted average rating of 8.1/10. Author and film critic Leonard Maltin awarded the film four out of four stars, calling it "Highly suspenseful" and praised the film's script, music score, and visuals.  On its release in 1945, Bosley Crowther said that "Rene Clair has produced an exciting film and has directed a splendid cast in it with humor and a light macabre touch." The film kept its audience involved "from fear and trembling, not from gore." Several performances were highlighted, including Walter Huston and Barry Fitzgerald.

Awards.

The film won the Golden Leopard and the Best Direction Award at the 1946 Locarno International Film Festival.

Distribution and copyright.

Though it was distributed by a major studio, 20th Century Fox, the copyright was allowed to lapse and the film is now in the public domain. Several different editions of varying quality have been released to home video formats.  The name of the film sometimes varies with who listed it. In 1960, "Radio Times" altered the title to "Ten Little Niggers" for an airing on BBC television on 9 July. That is the original title of the novel as released in the UK. The film being shown was this 1945 American film directed by Rene Clair.  Sensitivity to the original title of the novel was remarked by Sadie Stein in 2016, commenting on a BBC mini series with the title "And Then There Were None", which she said "has been an enormous hit in the UK.". In general, "Christie’s work is not known for its racial sensitivity, and by modern standards her oeuvre is rife with casual Orientalism." The original title was based on a rhyme from minstrel shows and children's games, "a rhyme so macabre and distressing one doesn’t hear it now outside of the Agatha Christie context." Stein quotes Alison Light as to the power of the original name of the island in the novel, Nigger Island, "to conjure up a thrilling ‘otherness’, a place where revelations about the ‘dark side’ of the English would be appropriate". Speaking of the "widely known" 1945 movie, Stein added that "we’re merely faced with fantastic amounts of violence, and a rhyme so macabre and distressing one doesn’t hear it now outside of the Agatha Christie context." She felt that the original title of the novel in the UK, seen now, "that original title, it jars, viscerally."

Later film versions.

Christie's mystery has been filmed a number of times, including as "Ten Little Indians" (1965), "Ten Little Indians" (1974), "Desyat Negrityat" (1987) and "Ten Little Indians" (1989), with variations to its characters and locale.

And Then There Were None is a 1945 film adaptation of Agatha Christie's best-selling 1939 mystery novel of the same name, directed by René Clair. It was released in the United Kingdom as Ten Little Indians, in keeping with a later United Kingdom title of Christie's novel.

Das letzte Wochenende ist ein US-amerikanischer Spielfilm von René Clair aus dem Jahre 1945, gestaltet nach dem berühmten Kriminalroman "Und dann gabs keines mehr" von Agatha Christie. Dieser Film gilt weithin als die gelungenste Adaption der Vorlage.


Diagnosis.

The adequate diagnosis of fluorosis can be diagnosed by visual clinical examination. This requires inspection of dry and clean tooth surfaces under a good lighting. There are individual variations in clinical fluorosis manifestation which are highly dependent on the duration, timing, and dosage of fluoride exposure.There are different classifications to diagnose the severity based on the appearances. The clinical manifestation of mild dental fluorosis is mostly characterised a snow flaking appearance that lack a clear border, opaque, white spots, narrow white lines following the perikymata or patches as the opacities may coalesce with an intact, hard and smooth enamel surface on most of the teeth. With increasing severity, the subsurface enamel, all along the tooth becomes more porous. Enamel may appear yellow/ brown discolouration and/ or many and pitted white-brown lesions that look like cavities. They are often described as “mottled teeth”. Fluorosis does not cause discolouration to the enamel directly, as upon eruption into the mouth, affected permanent teeth are not discoloured yet. In dental enamel, fluorosis causes subsurface porosity or hypomineralizations, which extend toward the dentinal-enamel junction as severity increases. Hence, affected teeth are more susceptible to staining. Due to diffusion of exogenous ions (ex, iron and copper), the stains would develop into the abnormally porous enamel.  The differential diagnosis for this condition includes:

Classification.

The two main classification systems are described below. Others include the tooth surface fluorosis index (Horowitz et al. 1984), which combines Deans index and the TF index; and the fluorosis risk index (Pendrys 1990), which is intended to define the time at which fluoride exposure occurs, and relates fluorosis risk with tooth development stage.

Dean's index.

Dean's fluorosis index was first published in 1934 by H. Trendley Dean. The index underwent two changes, appearing in its final form in 1942. An individual's fluorosis score is based on the most severe form of fluorosis found on two or more teeth.

TF index.

Proposed by Thylstrup and Fejerskov in 1978, the TF index represents a logical extension of Dean's index, incorporating modern understanding of the underlying pathology of fluorosis. It scores the spectrum of fluorotic changes in enamel from 0 to 9, allowing more precise definition of mild and severe cases.

Causes.

Dental fluorosis is caused by a higher than normal amount of fluoride ingestion whilst teeth are forming. Primary dentine fluorosis and enamel fluorosis can only happen during tooth formation, so fluoride exposure occurs in childhood. Enamel fluorosis has a white opaque appearance which is due to the surface of the enamel being hypomineralised.  The most superficial concern in dental fluorosis is aesthetic changes in the permanent dentition (the adult teeth). The period when these teeth are at highest risk of developing fluorosis is between when the child is born up to 6 years old, though there has been some research which proposes that the most crucial course is during the first 2 years of the child's life. From roughly 7 years old thereafter, most children's permanent teeth would have undergone complete development (except their wisdom teeth), and therefore their susceptibility to fluorosis is greatly reduced, or even insignificant, despite the amount of intake of fluoride. The severity of dental fluorosis depends on the amount of fluoride exposure, the age of the child, individual response, weight, degree of physical activity, nutrition, and bone growth. Individual susceptibility to fluorosis is also influenced by genetic factors.  Many well-known sources of fluoride may contribute to overexposure including dentifrice/fluoridated mouthrinse (which young children may swallow), excessive ingestion of fluoride toothpaste, bottled waters which are not tested for their fluoride content, inappropriate use of fluoride supplements, ingestion of foods especially imported from other countries, and public water fluoridation. The last of these sources is directly or indirectly responsible for 40% of all fluorosis, but the resulting effect due to water fluoridation is largely and typically aesthetic. Severe cases can be caused by exposure to water that is naturally fluoridated to levels above the recommended levels, or by exposure to other fluoride sources such as brick tea or pollution from high fluoride coal.  Dental fluorosis has been growing in the United States concurrent with fluoridation of municipal water supplies, although disproportionately by race. A 2010 CDC report acknowledges an overall incidence of dental fluorosis of 22% from 1986-87 increased to 41% in the early 21st century, with an increase in moderate to severe dental fluorosis from 1% to 4%. The 2011-12 NHANES figures documented another 31% overall increase among American teens since the previous decade, with a total adolescent population impact of 61% afflicted. More than one in five American teens (23%) have moderate to severe dental fluorosis on at least two teeth.

Mechanism.

Teeth are the most studied body tissues to examine the impact of fluoride to human health. There are a few possible mechanisms that have been proposed. It is generally believed that the hypomineralization of affected enamel is mainly due to in-situ toxic effects of the fluoride on the ameloblasts in the enamel formation, and not caused by the general effects of fluoride on the calcium metabolism, or by the poisoning effects that suppress the fluoride metabolism. However, despite decades of research and studies, there have yet to be any studies that substantiates the believed mechanism whereby dental fluorosis is a result of alteration in the mineralisation that takes place when fluroide interacts with mineralising tissues.  In the extra-cellular environment of maturing enamel, an excess of fluoride ions alters the rate at which enamel matrix proteins (amelogenin) are enzymatically broken down and the rate at which the subsequent breakdown products are removed. Fluoride may also indirectly alter the action of protease via a decrease in the availability of free calcium ions in the mineralization environment. This results in the formation of enamel with less mineralization. This hypomineralized enamel has altered optical properties and appears opaque and lusterless relative to normal enamel.  Traditionally severe fluorosis has been described as enamel hypoplasia, however, hypoplasia does not occur as a result of fluorosis. The pits, bands, and loss of areas of enamel seen in severe fluorosis are the result of damage to the severely hypomineralized, brittle and fragile enamel which occurs after they erupt into the mouth.  Hydroxyapatite is converted to fluoroapatite in a three step process. Dental fluorosis can be prevented at a population level through defluoridation. It is the downward adjustment of the level of fluoride in drinking water.

Management.

Dental fluorosis may or may not be of cosmetic concern. In some cases, there may be varying degrees of negative psychosocial effects. The treatment options are:

Epidemiology.

Fluorosis is extremely common, with 41% of adolescents having definite fluorosis, and another 20% "questionably" having fluorosis according to the Centers for Disease Control.  The U.S. Centers for Disease Control found a 9 percentage point increase in the prevalence of confirmed dental fluorosis in a 1999-2002 study of American children and adolescents than was found in a similar survey from 1986-1987 (from 22.8% in 1986-1987 to 32% in 1999-2002). In addition, the survey provides further evidence that African Americans suffer from higher rates of fluorosis than Caucasian Americans.  The condition is more prevalent in rural areas where drinking water is derived from shallow wells or hand pumps. It is also more likely to occur in areas where the drinking water has a fluoride content greater than 1 ppm (part per million).  If the water supply is fluoridated at the level of 1 ppm, one must consume one litre of water in order to take in 1 mg of fluoride. It is thus improbable a person will receive more than the tolerable upper limit from consuming optimally fluoridated water alone.  Fluoride consumption can exceed the tolerable upper limit when someone drinks a lot of fluoride-containing water in combination with other fluoride sources, such as swallowing fluoridated toothpaste, consuming food with a high fluoride content, or consuming fluoride supplements. The use of fluoride supplements as a prevention for tooth decay is rare in areas with water fluoridation, but was recommended by many dentists in the UK until the early 1990s.  In November 2006 the American Dental Association published information stating that water fluoridation is safe, effective and healthy; that enamel fluorosis, usually mild and difficult for anyone except a dental health care professional to see, can result from ingesting more than optimal amounts of fluoride in early childhood; that it is safe to use fluoridated water to mix infant formula; and that the probability of babies developing fluorosis can be reduced by using ready-to-feed infant formula or using water that is either free of fluoride or low in fluoride to prepare powdered or liquid concentrate formula. They go on to say that the way to get the benefits of fluoride but minimize the risk of fluorosis for a child is to get the right amount of fluoride, not too much and not too little. "Your dentist, pediatrician or family physician can help you determine how to optimize your child’s fluoride intake."

Prevention.

Dental fluorosis can be prevented by lowering the amount of fluoride intake to below the tolerable upper limit. This can be achieved by consuming de-fluorinated water and improving the general nutritional status of the people.

History.

In ancient times, Galen describes what is thought to be dental fluorosis. However, it was not until the early 20th century that dental fluorosis became increasingly recognized and scientifically studied.  In 1901 Eager published the first description of the "mottled enamel" of immigrants from a small village near Naples, Italy. He writes that the condition is called "Denti di Chiaie" (Chiaie teeth), named after Stefano Chiaie, an Italian professor. In the United States of America, a dentist, Frederick McKay, set up practice in Colorado Springs in 1901 and discovered a high proportion of the residents had stained teeth, locally termed the "Colorado brown stain". He took this information to Greene Vardiman Black, a prominent American dentist of the time. After examining specimens of affected enamel, in 1916 Black described the condition as "[a]n endemic imperfection of the enamel of the teeth, heretofore unknown in the literature of dentistry." They made the interesting observation that although the mottled enamel was hypomineralized, and therefore should be more susceptible to decay, this was not the case. Gradually, they became aware of existing and further reports of a similar condition worldwide.  In 1931, 3 different groups of scientists around the world published their discoveries that this condition was caused by fluoride in drinking water during childhood. The condition then started to become termed "dental fluorosis". Through epidemiological studies in the US, Henry Trendley Dean helped to identify a causal link between high concentrations of fluoride in the drinking water and mottled enamel. He also produced a classification system for dental fluorosis that is still used in modern times, Dean's Index. As research continued, the protective effect of fluoride against dental decay was demonstrated.

Dental fluorosis is a common disorder, characterized by hypomineralization of tooth enamel caused by ingestion of excessive fluoride during enamel formation.

Zahnfluorose, (auch: Dentalfluorose, Colorado Brown Stain oder Texas Teeth; aus Fluor und "-ose", Medizin: meist eine nichtentzündliche Erkrankung; engl.: Mottled teeth bzw. Mottling, gesprenkelte Zähne), entsteht durch zu hohe Fluoridzufuhr während der ontogenetischen Entwicklung der Zähne.


History.

Søborg Castle is first known from the 12th century, when ownership of the castle passed from the king to the Bishop of Roskilde. Queen Margaret I of Denmark was born at the prison of Søborg Castle, where her father, King Valdemar IV of Denmark, had confined her mother, Helvig of Schleswig.  Traditionally, Archbishop Eskil of Lund is said to have expanded the previous buildings to a real castle with defensive walls and a moat. As Eskil was in close contact with Esrum Abbey, it is considered likely that he lived nearby at Søborgby. Saxo Grammaticus wrote that Eskil had built a castle in the "den lethriske mose", but it is unknown whether that is a reference to Søborg. No-one has so far been able to make a clear connection between Eskil and Søborg either by archaeological finds or written sources. Such a connection is therefore a hypothesis only.  In 1985, Robert Egevang and Søren Frandsen took the initiative of digging two trenches to make clear the conditions between the octagon tower and the castle proper. A rampart approximately wide is the oldest encirclement of the castle. In the rampart, as well as in the octagon tower which was built at the same time, tiles have been found. The excavations show that the castle proper was erected in the late 13th century, which would make it unlikely that Eskil was the builder, as he died in 1181. The tiles are very unevenly made, evidence of their novelty in Denmark, after having only recently arrived from Lombardy.  In the Middle Ages, the castle was on an island in a fjord with an outlet to the Kattegat by Gilleleje. Later, the fjord became Søborg Sø, which was drained 1872-1896 when a canal was dug to Gilleleje.

Søborg Castle (, ) is a ruined castle south of Gilleleje in North Zealand, Denmark. In its heyday, it was the strongest castle in Denmark, and was also used as a prison (Jens Grand was imprisoned here in the 13th century). It was inhabited until the Count's Feud in 1535, when it is speculated that it was destroyed. In 1577, the feudal tenant was granted permission to use the ruins as a quarry.

Schloss Søborg ist eine Burgruine in Dänemark. Die einst stärkste Burg Dänemarks spielte eine bedeutende Rolle in der dänischen Geschichte.


Plot.

Nan Cooley (Sylvia Sidney), the daughter of racketeer Pop Cooley (Guy Kibbee), is in love with The Kid (Gary Cooper), a shooting gallery showman. Cooley tries to urge him to join the gang, in order to earn enough money to support her in the lifestyle she is accustomed to, but The Kid refuses. Soon her father kills bootlegging chief Blackie (Stanley Fields), at the urging of Big Fella Maskal (Paul Lukas), because Blackie was against Maskal's involvement with Blackie's gun moll Aggie (Wynne Gibson).  After Pop shoots Blackie, he passes the gun to Nan, thus implicating her in the murder. She naïvely takes the rap, believing the mob will arrange for her acquittal, but is sent to prison. Pop Cooley tries to convince The Kid to join the gang to free Nan, and he does so out of love for her. However, her attitude had changed since she was railroaded to prison. When The Kid visits Nan in prison in a fur coat, she becomes terrified of his involvement with Pop's gang after witnessing a fellow inmate's mobster boyfriend being gunned down outside the prison gate. When Nan is released, having served her term, she wants nothing more to do with the mob. She tries to persuade The Kid to quit the gang, but he refuses. Things go downhill from there. She finds that her father is unrepentant and involved with a loose, gold-digging woman named Pansy (Betty Sinclair). Maskal soon takes a strong liking to Nan and throws her a homecoming party, forcing her to dance with him all evening. When The Kid finally asserts his claim over Nan, Maskal threatens him, then later sends his thugs to kill him, but The Kid successfully disarms them, then goes after Maskal.  Terrified her lover will be killed, Nan goes to Maskal to warn him and offers herself to him in exchange for The Kid's life. Aggie, now Maskal's mistress, shoots him with Nan's gun after he leaves her for Nan, and Nan is accused of murder. The Kid then names himself mob chief and escapes with Nan in a car with three of Maskal's men, but they aim to kill him. The Kid and Nan are then taken "for a ride" by rival thugs. They race a train and maintain high speeds. Nan pulls a gun on the men and disarms them. Dropping the thugs off with "no hard feelings", The Kid tells them he has quit the beer business, and he and Nan drive off.

Reception.

In 2008, the American Film Institute nominated this film for its Top 10 Gangster Films list.

City Streets is a 1931 American Pre-Code film noir directed by Rouben Mamoulian from a story by Dashiell Hammett and starring Gary Cooper, Sylvia Sidney and Paul Lukas.

Straßen der Weltstadt (deutscher Verleihtitel 1931) bzw. Straßen der Großstadt (deutscher Nachkriegstitel bei der ersten Fernsehausstrahlung 1969) ist ein US-amerikanisches Spielfilmdrama aus dem Jahre 1931 von Rouben Mamoulian mit Gary Cooper und Sylvia Sidney in den Hauptrollen.


Description.

The yellow-cheeked chipmunk is the largest species in the genus "Neotamias" and grows to a total length of including a tail of. It is a dark, tawny olive with five dark longitudinal stripes on the body, the central one along the spine being the most prominent, and three on the head, where the dark stripe running across the eye has pale stripes on either side. A pale patch of fur is found immediately behind the ear. The sides of the body are ochre which gradually fades to the paler underparts, where dark gray guard hairs are tipped with white. The bushy tail is dorsoventrally flattened, the upper surface being the same color as the body and the underside being reddish-brown to orange. The guard hairs on the tail are also tipped with white. It moults in the fall and the fur in the winter is duller colored, longer, and silkier.

Distribution and habitat.

The yellow-cheeked chipmunk is endemic to the coast region of northern California, where it is present in a strip of land nowhere wider than. The southern end of its range is a few kilometers north of Bodego Bay and Freestone in Sonoma County and the northern end is the Eel River in Humboldt County. It occurs at altitudes up to in the humid coastal strip of coniferous forest where an understory of shrubby growth occurs.

Behavior.

The yellow-cheeked chipmunk is secretive in its habits and rarely seen, but it can be heard emitting its characteristic shrill double-syllable "chuck-chuck" call which is relatively low-pitched compared to other chipmunk species. This is repeated at regular intervals and is most similar to the call of Townsend's chipmunk ("Neotamias townsendii"). Little is known of the reproductive habits of the yellow-cheeked chipmunk, but a female carrying four fetuses was caught in March and the testes of males are largest from March to June.  The yellow-cheeked chipmunk feeds on the seeds and fruits of a variety of plants. Grass seeds have been found in its cheek pouches, so it may store some food for later use. In the early part of the year, fungi are eaten and the acorns from oak trees and the seed capsules of stoneseed are eaten over a long period of the year. Insect wings have been found among the stomach contents, so some animal food may also be consumed.

Status.

Although the yellow-cheeked chipmunk has a limited range with a total area of occupancy of only, the population is steady and it faces no particular threats, so the International Union for Conservation of Nature assesses it as being of "least concern".

The yellow-cheeked chipmunk ("Neotamias ochrogenys"), also known as the redwood chipmunk, is a species of rodent in the squirrel family, Sciuridae. It is endemic to areas near the coast of northern California in the United States where it inhabits coastal coniferous forest.

Das Gelbwangen-Streifenhörnchen ("Tamias ochrogenys", Syn.: "Neotamias ochrogenys") ist eine Hörnchenart aus der Gattung der Streifenhörnchen ("Tamias"). Es kommt im Küstengebiet im Norden des amerikanischen Bundesstaates Kalifornien vor.


Background.

The Jordan Archaeological Museum was established in 1951 hosting Jordan's most important archaeological findings. However, the old site became too small and the idea of developing a new modern museum emerged in 2005. A joint committee headed by Queen Rania, became responsible for developing the idea of a new modern museum by international standards. Construction started in 2009 and the museum was officially opened in 2014, spanning over 10,000 square meters.

Location.

The museum is located in the Ras Al-Ein area near downtown Amman, adjacent to the Greater Amman Municipality headquarters. The Museum is only a street away from major archaeological sites in Amman such as the Roman theater, Nymphaeum, Amman Citadel and The Hashemite Plaza.

Major artifacts.

The museum hosts animal bones dating back to 1.5 million years, 'Ain Ghazal lime plaster statues, Copper Scroll from the Dead Sea Scrolls, a copy of Mesha Stele. The Mesha Stele is a large black basalt stone that was erected in Moab and was inscribed by Moabite king Mesha, in which he lauds himself for the building projects that he initiated in Moab (modern day Al-Karak) and commemorates his glory and victory against the Israelites. The stele constitutes one of the most important direct accounts of biblical history. The original Mesha Stele is on display at the French Louvre Museum and Jordan has been constantly demanding return. The human statues found at 'Ain Ghazal constitute one of the world's oldest human statues ever made by human civilization dating back to 7000 BC. 'Ain Ghazal is a major Neolithic village in Amman that was discovered in 1981. The Dead Sea Copper Scroll was found near Khirbet Qumran, which is an inventory of hidden gold and silver in specie, but also some vessels, presumably taken from the Temple in Jerusalem in "circa" 68 CE. It is written in a Mishnaic-style of Hebrew.

The Jordan Museum is located in Ras Al-Ein district of Amman, Jordan. Built in 2014, the museum is the largest museum in Jordan and hosts the country's most important archaeological findings.

Das Jordanische Museum (engl. "Jordan Museum"; ) ist das größte Museum Jordaniens. Es befindet sich im Stadtteil Ras al-Ein von Amman und beherbergt die wichtigsten archäologischen Fundstücke des Landes.


Premise.

Set in 1989, school is out for the summer, and a sun-drenched season of firsts beckons the counselors at Camp Stillwater, a seemingly idyllic Midwestern summer camp, including first loves, first kisses—and first kills. Stillwater’s dark, ancient mythology awakens, and what was supposed to be a summer of fun soon turns into one of unforgettable scares and evil at every turn.

Production.

Development.

"Dead of Summer" was ordered to series on November 18, 2015, along with an announcement that ABC Family would be transforming into Freeform in January 2016. The show is a reunion for "Once Upon a Time" creators Edward Kitsis and Adam Horowitz and one-time-writer Ian B. Goldberg. In February 2016 it was reported that "Lost" and "Once Upon a Time" stars Elizabeth Mitchell and Elizabeth Lail would headline the show, initiating another reunion between writers and cast. In April 2016, Freeform announced that the series would premiere on June 28, 2016.  On November 8, 2016, Freeform cancelled the series after one season. The series would have set its second season in 1970, with a third season to be set in the early 2000s.

Filming.

The series began principal photography on March 21, 2016 in Vancouver, British Columbia. Horowitz directed the pilot episode, only his second episode of television as director, the first being the thirteenth episode of "Once Upon a Time"s fourth season, "Unforgiven".

Reception.

"Dead of Summer" has initially received mixed reviews from television critics. The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 54% approval rating, with an average rating of 5.6 out of 10, based on 13 reviews. The website's critical consensus reads, ""Dead of Summer" sets a spooky stage for a silly period creepfest, but its lack of actual scares adds up to an altogether underwhelming experience."  Molly Freeman of ScreenRant gave the series premiere a positive review stating, "While the premise of "Dead of Summer" sounds familiar to any horror movie fan, the show benefits from not being directly tied to an existing horror franchise since it won't suffer for being compared to movies beloved by generations." Sonia Saraiya of Variety also wrote a positive review: ""Dead of Summer" makes for a schlocky hour that never quite gets boring. At the very least, while escaping the dog days of summer inside with the air-conditioning, there's plenty of fun to be had in laughing at how bad it is."  Alex McGown of The A.V. Club gave the first episode a C rating, stating "Its story is so clunky, and characters so wafer-thin, it all but evaporates into a haze of trite jump-scare beats and hoary teen tropes." Dan Fienberg of The Hollywood Reporter gave a more negative review: ""Dead of Summer" is just run-of-the-mill unintentionally bad -- a mishmash of genres and structures and stock characters that maybe aspires to something original and falls flat."  As the series continued, reviews became more positive. Paul Dailly of TV Fanatic gave a perfect score of 5.0/5.0 to the fifth episode saying, "'How to Stay Alive in the Woods' was a stellar episode of the freshman drama. We got so many reveals and the pace was brisk. Fingers crossed the rest of the season plays out in this manner."

Dead of Summer is an American supernatural horror television series created by Adam Horowitz, Edward Kitsis and Ian Goldberg for Freeform. The series is set in the 1980s at Camp Stillwater, a Midwestern summer camp. In November 2015, Freeform gave a straight-to-series order. The series was conceived as an anthology, with each season conceived as a self-contained miniseries, following a different set of characters in similar settings.

Dead of Summer ist eine US-amerikanische Fernsehserie, die ab dem 28. Juni 2016 auf Freeform ausgestrahlt wurde. Sie spielt in den 1980ern und wurde von Adam Horowitz, Edward Kitsis und Ian Goldberg entwickelt.


Biography.

Fraser was the second son of William Fraser, of Glasgow, the founder of the Pumpherston Oil Company, and his wife Janet Loch. He joined his father's firm in 1909 and became a director in 1913 and joint managing director in 1915. He was awarded the MBE in 1918 for his work in increasing oil supply during the First World War. Fraser joined the board of the Anglo-Persian Oil Company in 1923. He became deputy chairman (to John Cadman) in 1928, and played a great role in expanding the oil production in Iran, Iraq and Kuwait, becoming known as a leading expert on Middle East oil. In 1941 he succeeded Cadman as chairman, a post he retained until 1956 (the firm was renamed the British Petroleum Company in 1954). Fraser was also an adviser on oil affairs to the British government for many years, notably as petroleum adviser to the War Office and as chairman of the Oil Advisory Committee.

Honours.

Fraser was knighted in 1939 and in 1955 he was raised to the peerage as Baron Strathalmond, of Pumpherston in the County of Midlothian.

Marriage & Children.

Lord Strathalmond married Mary Roberton McLintock (born 11 April 1892, died 17 October 1963), daughter of Thomas McLintock, in 1913. They had one son and one daughter:  Lord Strathalmond died in April 1970, aged 81. He was succeeded in the barony by his only son, William.  He is buried at Putney Vale Cemetery in London.

William Fraser, 1st Baron Strathalmond, MBE (3 November 1888 – 1 April 1970), was a Scottish businessman and a leading expert on the oil industry. He served as chairman of the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company (known as BP from 1954) from 1941 to 1956.

William Milligan Fraser, 1. Baron Strathalmond (* 3. November 1888; † 1. April 1970) war ein schottischer Geschäftsmann und Manager. Fraser amtierte von 1941 bis 1956 als Vorsitzender der Anglo-Iranian Oil Company (seit 1954 BP).


Career.

College and amateur.

Roldan was named the 2013 Gatorade National Player of the Year in soccer while attending El Rancho High School in Pico Rivera, California.  Roldan spent his college career at the University of Washington. In his two seasons with the Huskies, Roldan made a total of 41 appearances and tallied 10 goals and seven assists and helped lead the team to a Pac-12 title in 2013.  Roldan also played in the Premier Development League for the Washington Crossfire.

Professional.

On January 8, 2015, it was announced that Roldan had left college early to sign a Generation Adidas contract with Major League Soccer. On January 15, he was selected 16th overall in the 2015 MLS SuperDraft by Seattle Sounders FC. After making two substitute appearances the first two weeks of the season against the New England Revolution and the San Jose Earthquakes, Roldan made a substitute appearance for USL affiliate club Seattle Sounders FC 2 on March 21 and scored an 89th-minute goal in a 4–2 victory over defending USL champion Sacramento Republic FC. Due to injuries and international call-ups, he made his first MLS start the following week in a goalless draw away to FC Dallas.  Roldan scored his first career MLS goal on July 13, 2016, during a 5–0 win over FC Dallas.  On November 10, 2019, Roldan featured for Seattle in a 3–1 home win over Toronto FC in the 2019 MLS Cup Final; he was involved in the build-up to his team's opening goal, after colliding with Jonathan Osorio, who lost the ball, while Seattle went on to score with Kelvin Leerdam.

International.

Roldan represented the United States at under-20 level. He was also eligible to represent either Guatemala or El Salvador through his parents, and mentioned in an interview that he had been offered senior callups from both nations. On July 12, 2017, he was cap-tied to the United States national team by starting their 2017 CONCACAF Gold Cup group stage match against Martinique.

Personal life.

Roldan was featured in an Adidas commercial as a nine-year-old, selected for his soccer ball juggling skills from 110 kids who tried out for the commercial. Roldan is of Salvadorian and Guatemalan descent, and has an older brother named Cesar Jr., who works as a trainer for the LA Galaxy, and a younger brother Alex who also plays for the Seattle Sounders as of 2019.

Cristian Roldan (born June 3, 1995) is an American professional soccer player, who currently plays as a midfielder for Seattle Sounders FC in Major League Soccer.

Cristian Roldan (* 3. Juni 1995 in Artesia, Kalifornien) ist ein US-amerikanischer Fußballspieler, der meist als Mittelfeldspieler eingesetzt wird. Er steht derzeit bei den Seattle Sounders unter Vertrag.


Olympische Sommerspiele 2016/Teilnehmer (Schweiz)

Competitors.

The Swiss Olympic Association selected a roster of 104 athletes, 59 men and 45 women, to compete across seventeen different sports at these Games; it was the nation's largest delegation ever sent to the Summer Olympics since 1984, without any association to the traditional team-based sports. Moreover, the Swiss team featured the largest share of women in its Summer Olympic history, constituting about 43 percent of the total. Roughly three quarters of the nation's roster made their Olympic debut in Rio de Janeiro, with the remainder having attended at least a single edition.  These Games also witnessed the Swiss male gymnasts compete for the first time in the team all-around tournament since 1992. Athletics and cycling accounted for the largest number of competitors on the Swiss roster, with 16 entries each, respectively.  Three of the nation's medalists from London 2012 returned, with equestrian show jumper Steve Guerdat and triathlete Nicola Spirig Hug looking to defend their titles in Rio de Janeiro, and with mountain biker Nino Schurter hoping to complete his collection of Olympic medals for gold at his third attempt. Professional road cyclist and 2008 time trial champion Fabian Cancellara joined an exclusive club of Swiss athletes, along with Guerdat, Spirig Hug, and 2004 bronze medalist Sven Riederer (men's triathlon), who earned four consecutive trips to the Games, aiming to close out his stellar sporting career with another golden finish in the same event.  Other notable athletes on the Swiss team included the rowing quartet of Mario Gyr, Simon Niepmann, Simon Schürch, and Lucas Tramèr, who entered the Games as the defending world and two-time European champions in the men's lightweight four; former single-handed sailor Nathalie Brugger and her Argentine-born partner Matías Bühler in the inaugural Nacra 17 catamaran; pole vaulter Nicole Büchler; European Games champion Heidi Diethelm Gerber in the women's pistol shooting; and former world-number-one tennis player Martina Hingis, who returned to the Olympic scene from her 20-year absence to compete alongside her partner Timea Bacsinszky in the women's doubles. Artistic gymnast and 2015 European all-around champion Giulia Steingruber was selected by the association to carry the Swiss flag in the opening ceremony, the first by a female since 1988 and third overall in Summer Olympic history.  New York-based golfer Albane Valenzuela (aged 18) was Switzerland's youngest competitor of the Games, with lone dressage rider Marcela Krinke-Susmelj rounding out the lineup as the oldest member (aged 50). The following is the list of number of competitors in the Games. Note that reserves in fencing, field hockey, football, and handball are not counted as athletes:

Athletics.

Swiss athletes have so far achieved qualifying standards in the following athletics events (up to a maximum of 3 athletes in each event):  On May 5, 2016, the Swiss Olympic Association had selected three marathon runners (Abraham, Kreienbühl, and Neuenschwander), who achieved the federation's entry standards, for the Olympics. Fourteen more athletes (one man and thirteen women) rounded out the Swiss track and field team for the Games at the end of the qualifying period on July 11, 2016.

Badminton.

Switzerland has qualified one badminton player for the women's singles into the Olympic tournament. London 2012 Olympian Sabrina Jaquet picked up one of the spare athlete berths from the doubles as the next highest-ranked eligible player in the BWF World Rankings as of 5 May 2016.

Canoeing.

Slalom.

Switzerland has qualified a pair of canoeists in the men's C-2 class by obtaining a top finish and an outright Olympic berth at the 2016 European Canoe Slalom Championships in Liptovský Mikuláš, Slovakia. The slalom canoeists were named to the Swiss team on May 26, 2016.

Sprint.

Switzerland has received a spare berth from the International Canoe Federation to send one canoeist competing in the men's K-1 1000 m, as a response to the "multiple positive" cases on doping that provoked a one-year suspension for Belarus and Romania.

Cycling.

Road.

Swiss riders qualified for the following quota places in the men's and women's Olympic road race by virtue of their top 15 final national ranking in the 2015 UCI World Tour (for men) and top 22 in the UCI World Ranking (for women). The road cycling team, led by two-time Olympic medalist Fabian Cancellara, was officially named to the Swiss cycling roster for the Games on July 1, 2016.

Track.

Following the completion of the 2016 UCI Track Cycling World Championships, Swiss riders have accumulated spots in the men's team pursuit, as well as the men's omnium. The Swiss Olympic Association announced the track cycling squad for the Olympics on March 15, 2016.

Mountain biking.

Swiss mountain bikers qualified for three men's and two women's quota places into the Olympic cross-country race, as a result of the nation's top finish for both men and women in the UCI Olympic Ranking List of May 25, 2016. The mountain biking team, highlighted by double Olympic medalist Nino Schurter, was named to the Swiss roster on June 6, 2016.

BMX.

Swiss riders qualified for one men's quota place in BMX at the Olympics, as a result of the nation's ninth-place finish in the UCI Olympic Ranking List of May 31, 2016. BMX rider David Graf was selected to the Swiss team for the Olympics on June 10, 2016.

Equestrian.

Switzerland has qualified a full squad in the team jumping competition after having achieved one of the three Olympic quota places available from the 2015 European Championships. Three more Swiss riders have formed a composite squad to compete in the Olympic team eventing by virtue of the following results in the individual FEI Olympic rankings: a top two finish from European combined ranking, and two top nine finishes from the combined overall FEI Olympic rankings.

Dressage.

Marcela Krinke-Susmelj and her Danish Warmblood Molberg were named to the Swiss roster on June 10, 2016.

Fencing.

Swiss fencers have qualified a full squad each in the men's team épée by virtue of their top 4 national finish in the FIE Olympic Team Rankings. Meanwhile, London 2012 Olympian Tiffany Géroudet had claimed the sole Olympic spot as the winner of the women's épée at the European Zonal Qualifier in Prague, Czech Republic. The fencing team was named to the Olympic roster on May 31, 2016.

Golf.

Switzerland has entered two golfers into the Olympic tournament. Fabienne In-Albon (world no. 408) and Albane Valenzuela (world no. 378) qualified directly among the top 60 eligible players for the women's event based on the IGF World Rankings as of 11 July 2016.

Gymnastics.

Artistic.

Switzerland has fielded a full squad of five artistic gymnasts (five men and one woman) into the Olympic competition. The men's team qualified through a top eight finish at the 2015 World Artistic Gymnastics Championships in Glasgow, making its first trip to the Games since 1992. Meanwhile, an additional Olympic berth had been awarded to the Swiss female gymnast, who participated in the apparatus and all-around events at the Olympic Test Event in Rio de Janeiro. The artistic gymnastics squad was named to the Swiss roster for the Games on July 8, 2016.

Judo.

Switzerland has qualified three judokas for the following weight classes at the Games. Ciril Grossklaus, Evelyne Schopp, and London 2012 Olympian Ludovic Chammartin were ranked among the top 22 eligible judokas for men and top 14 for women in the IJF World Ranking List of May 30, 2016.

Rowing.

Switzerland has qualified a total of four boats for each of the following rowing classes into the Olympic regatta. Rowers competing in men's lightweight double sculls, men's lightweight four, men's quadruple sculls, and women's single sculls had confirmed Olympic places for their boats at the 2015 FISA World Championships in Lac d'Aiguebelette, France.  The Swiss Olympic Association announced the first batch of rowers competing in the men's lightweight four and women's single sculls on April 22, 2016. The men's lightweight double sculls rowers (Schmid & Wiederkehr) were named to the Swiss team on May 13, 2016, while the men's quadruple sculls crew rounded out the team selection on June 24, 2016.

Sailing.

Swiss sailors have qualified one boat in each of the following classes through the 2014 ISAF Sailing World Championships, the individual fleet Worlds, and European qualifying regattas. They also picked up a spare Olympic berth freed by Africa as the next highest-ranked eligible crew in the women's 470 based on the results at the 2015 World Championships.  The entire sailing squad was named to the Swiss team on May 9, 2016, with Nathalie Brugger (Nacra 17) and the men's 470 crew Yannick Brauchli and Romuald Hausser remarkably going to their third Olympics. 49er crew members Lucien Cujean and Sébastien Schneiter were added to Switzerland's sailing lineup for the Games on June 24, 2016, after the nation received a spare Olympic berth freed up by Canada from the International Sailing Federation.

Shooting.

Swiss shooters have achieved quota places for the following events by virtue of their best finishes at the 2015 ISSF World Cup series, and European Championships or Games, as long as they obtained a minimum qualifying score (MQS) by March 31, 2016.  The Swiss Olympic Association announced the shooting team, highlighted by London 2012 Olympian and European Games pistol champion Heidi Diethelm Gerber, on June 2, 2016. With a double starter (owned by Nina Christen) securing quota places in two women's rifle events, the Swiss team decided to exchange one of them with the men's 50 m rifle three positions instead based on performances throughout the qualifying period. The slot was awarded to 2010 Youth Olympian Jan Lochbichler.

Swimming.

Swiss swimmers have so far achieved qualifying standards in the following events (up to a maximum of 2 swimmers in each event at the Olympic Qualifying Time (OQT), and potentially 1 at the Olympic Selection Time (OST)):  Jérémy Desplanches, Sasha Touretski, and London 2012 Olympian Yannick Käser were selected to the Swiss swimming team with a FINA Olympic A-cut on March 31, 2016. Käser's fellow Olympian Martina van Berkel, individual medley swimmer Maria Ugolkova, and Alexandre Haldemann, who was invited by FINA to compete in the men's 200 m freestyle as the fastest entrant outside of Olympic qualifying time, joined the roster on July 11, 2016. Butterfly stalwart Danielle Villars and relay swimmer Noémi Girardet rounded out the swimming lineup on July 15.

Synchronized swimming.

Switzerland has fielded a squad of two synchronized swimmers to compete only in the women's duet by virtue of their eighth-place finish at the FINA Olympic test event in Rio de Janeiro.

Tennis.

Switzerland has entered two women tennis players into the Olympic tournament. Double Olympic medalist and four-time Olympian Roger Federer (world no. 2) and his doubles partner Stan Wawrinka (world no. 5) qualified directly for the men's singles as two of the top 56 eligible players in the ATP World Rankings, while Timea Bacsinszky (world no. 10) and Belinda Bencic (world no. 8) did so for the women's singles based on their WTA World Rankings as of 6 June 2016.  Having been directly entered to the singles, Bacsinszky also opted to compete in the women's doubles, along with her rookie partner Viktorija Golubic (as the latter would be on her first Olympic appearance), while Bencic paired up with returning Olympian Martina Hingis from her 20-year absence in the same tournament by virtue of the latter's top-10 WTA ranking.  On July 26, 2016, Federer withdrew from the Games due to his knee injury problems sustained from the Madrid Open, leaving Wawrinka as the lone male player. The following day, Bencic joined him as one of the tennis players to be pulled out from the Games, citing a wrist injury sustained from the Wimbledon Championships. Therefore, Bacsinszky replaced Bencic in the women's doubles with Hingis, and her partnering with Golubic was undone. Wawrinka was the last player to withdraw from the Games due to a back injury, leaving Switzerland with only females in the tennis team for the first time.

Triathlon.

Switzerland has qualified a total of four triathletes for the following events at the Olympics. London 2012 champion Nicola Spirig had her sights set to an Olympic title defense in the women's triathlon with a gold medal triumph at the 2015 European Games. Meanwhile, three-time Olympian Sven Riederer, Andrea Salvisberg, and Jolanda Annen were ranked among the top 40 eligible triathletes each in the men's and women's event, respectively, based on the ITU Olympic Qualification List as of May 15, 2016.

Volleyball.

Beach.

Two Swiss women's beach volleyball teams qualified directly for the Olympics by virtue of their nation's top 15 placement in the FIVB Olympic Rankings as of June 13, 2016. These places were awarded to rookies Isabelle Forrer and Anouk Vergé-Dépré, as well as London 2012 Olympian Nadine Zumkehr and her rookie partner Joana Heidrich.

Switzerland competed at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, from 5 to 21 August 2016. Swiss athletes have appeared in every edition of the Summer Olympic Games in the modern era, except for a partial boycott of the 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne as a protest to the Soviet invasion of Hungary. The Swiss team consisted of 104 athletes, 59 men and 45 women, across seventeen sports.

Die Schweiz nahm an den Olympischen Spielen 2016 in Rio de Janeiro teil. Es war die insgesamt 28. Teilnahme an Olympischen Sommerspielen. Swiss Olympic nominierte 104 Athleten in 17 Sportarten.


South African cricket team in England in 2008

Südafrikanische Cricket-Nationalmannschaft in England in der Saison 2008

Test series.

1st Test.

The series between South Africa and England was a highly anticipated one. England had recently played for the best part of six months against the same opposition (New Zealand) winning the two test series 4–1 on aggregate. They were aware that South Africa would prove to be far superior opposition in the test arena. South Africa arrived in England off the back of a successful winter which had seen them win series in Pakistan and Bangladesh, and draw one in India. They had also beaten New Zealand and West Indies on their home soil comfortably.  England named an unchanged XI for the sixth test in a row, a record. Graeme Smith won the toss and chose to field first hoping his much publicised pace attack would make early inroads into the struggling England batting lineup, which had not passed 400 in their first innings for over a year. However, the South African bowlers were wayward on the first day of the match, and apart from a post-lunch burst where they captured three quick wickets, were unable to exert much authority.  Kevin Pietersen scored a century, a notable moment as it was the first time he had faced his country of birth in a Test match. On day 2, he would go on to score 152, and Ian Bell, who the South Africans has specifically targeted as a player under pressure, scored 199 before being dismissed by the only spinner in the South African squad, Paul Harris.  In amongst this, the openers had scored well for England and Stuart Broad, batting at no 8, scored a free flowing 76 as the South African bowling attack wilted. England eventually declared late on day two on 593/8, straight after Bell was out for 199. The day's play came to an end very early in South Africa's reply due to poor light.  On day 3, England's bowlers carried on from where the batsmen left off. Graeme Smith was caught off a rising Anderson delivery early in the day to get things going, and all the bowlers contributed from there. Neil McKenzie produced a gritty 40 before being bowled round his legs by Monty Panesar. AB de Villiers scored freely before being very well caught by James Anderson off the bowling of Monty Panesar, and Ashwell Prince compiled a determined century to give the South African innings some resemblance of respectability.  However, South Africa were bowled out for just 247, and Michael Vaughan quickly enforced the follow on late on day 3. The openers had to survive a tricky session which saw England open their attack with Monty Panesar and Kevin Pietersen due to the poor light conditions. In fact, Smith was almost dismissed by Pietersen twice during this spell, something he would have been very relieved to avoid, not just due to the match situation, but also as a result of the rivalry between the two players.  Day 4 saw a much more determined approach from the South Africans, aided by a very flat wicket offering little to the bowlers. Smith and McKenzie batted slowly and cautiously, particularly during the morning where the scoring rate was around 1 run per over. Slowly, but surely, they built a partnership and started to chip away at England's lead, whilst frustrating the bowlers in the process. Both men would record a century, and the only wicket to fall in the day was Smith who top edged a pull shot from the new ball off James Anderson's bowling shortly after reaching his 100.  South Africa's resistance continued into the final day, where Hashim Amla also compiled a century to keep England at bay. McKenzie was eventually dismissed after 9.5 hours at the crease, and the only real highlight for England was the cheap dismissal of Jacques Kallis to an excellent yorker from Ryan Sidebottom. The match was declared a draw shortly after tea, with South Africa's second innings score on 393/3. South Africa did declare this innings to call a halt to proceedings, with Michael Vaughan agreeing his side would not go out to chase the 47 run difference.  Essentially it was a match of two halves. England dominance for three days, exploiting helpful conditions and a poor South African bowling effort. South Africa responded excellently on the final two days, to ensure they only lost three wickets during two days of play. It was felt at the time that South Africa would have gained the most out of the drawn fixture.

2nd Test.

The second test of the series was played at Headingley. England omitted the struggling Paul Collingwood from the side, and replaced him with Andrew Flintoff, returning to play his first test since the final Ashes test at the SCG at the start of 2007. Ryan Sidebottom, suffering from injury, was replaced with debutant Darren Pattinson. This decision provoked considerable reaction as many felt there were other bowlers who were better placed to come into the side – Chris Tremlett, Matthew Hoggard and Stephen Harmison all sprung to mind. Pattinson, born in Grimsby and raised in Australia, had only bowled a handful of overs at first class level, and whilst he had shown promise, his elevation to the test arena was arguably too much too soon for him. A year previously, he was playing grade cricket in Australia alongside his regular job as a roof tiler. He had even shown uncertainly when asked about how keen he was to actually play for England. The decision to field him during a critical Test match prompted a variety of reaction and viewpoints from commentators, players and press experts.  South Africa named an unchanged side, boosted by the confidence of the draw at Lords and content that their bowlers could deliver as anticipated second time around. Graeme Smith enforced this belief by opting to field, and was rewarded as Morné Morkel and Dale Steyn in particular got stuck into England's batsmen. England were dismissed for 203 on day 1. Kevin Pietersen top scored with 45, and Ian Bell scored 31, but this was the best of a bad bunch. Andrew Flintoff scored 17 and looked to have some confidence with the bat, having had very little success in his recent county appearances. But overall, it was a disappointing effort from England, but they did respond with 3 wickets before the close of play to leave South Africa on 101/3.  South Africa used day 2 to ensure England had no chance in the match. Although Hashim Amla was dismissed by Pattinson for his maiden test wicket during the morning session, Ashwell Prince and AB de Villiers formed a strong partnership which would frustrate England for the rest of the day. Their batting was cautious, but not defensive, and they both gradually ground out large scores knowing that they were taking the match out of England's reach. By the end of day 2, South Africa's score was 322/4, a lead of 119.  Ashwell Prince registered his century on day 2, and would go on to score 149. AB de Villiers passed the 3 figure mark on day 3, and went on to make a magnificent 174, and it required a brilliant catch by Andrew Flintoff at slip to eventually dismiss him. England's bowling attack looked innocuous, and lacking any firepower at all. Even Andrew Flintoff struggled to make a significant impact, as South Africa were eventually dismissed for 522 – a massive lead of 319.  England's second innings batting effort was an improvement on the first, but still left people with more questions than answers. Andrew Strauss was out for 0, Michael Vaughan looked brilliant for 21 runs but then edged Makhaya Ntini through to Mark Boucher. Alastair Cook scored a decent score of 60, but not enough to get England out of trouble. Kevin Pietersen came in for the most criticism, scoring 13 runs off 4 balls before edging through to the keeper off the bowling of Jacques Kallis.  In contrast, the non specialist batsmen showed the sort of application that was required in the situation. James Anderson, batting as nightwatchman, kept Alastair Cook company for almost the entire morning session of day 4, compiling his highest score of 34. He faced some extremely hostile bowling during this, and was hit on the helmet by Dale Steyn. Later on, Andrew Flintoff and Tim Ambrose formed a partnership that looked promising, but both fell in the 30s. Stuart Broad, batting at no 8 and with just the tail to support him, made another highly impressive innings of 67 (not out) which included some magnificent cover drives and pull shots. Broad had arguably contributed more with the bat than the ball in the series so far, and even prompted Geoffrey Boycott to compare some of his strokeplay with that of Sir Garfield Sobers.  However, the overall picture was that England succeeded in making South Africa bat again, but with a target of just 9 runs. South Africa therefore won the test by 10 wickets and took a 1–0 lead in the series.

The South African cricket team toured England between 29 June and 4 September 2008. They played four Test matches, one Twenty20 International and five One Day Internationals against England. They also played six tour matches against Somerset, Middlesex, Bangladesh A, a PCA Masters XI and two against the England Lions.

Die Tour der südafrikanischen Cricket-Nationalmannschaft nach England in der Saison 2008 fand vom 29. Juni bis zum 4. September 2008 statt. Die internationale Cricket-Tour war Teil der internationalen Cricket-Saison 2008 und umfasste vier Test Matches, ein Twenty20 und fünf ODIs. Südafrika gewann die Testserie 2-1, während England die ODI-Serie 4-0 gewann. Das Twenty20 wurde nicht ausgetragen, so dass die Serie 0–0 endete.


Gunpowder Plot.

The Gunpowder Plot was an attempt by a small party of provincial English Catholics to blow up the House of Lords during the State Opening of Parliament, thereby killing James I and his court, as the prelude to a revolt during which a Catholic monarchy would be restored to the English throne.  It was after the failure of the plot that the fugitives took shelter in Holbeche House, owned by Stephen Lyttelton. They had taken supplies from Warwick Castle on 6 November and weapons and gunpowder from Hewell Grange on 7 November, but the powder became damp in the rain. After arriving at Holbeche House at about 10 pm, several were maimed when gunpowder left to dry in front of the fire was ignited by a stray spark. At about noon the next day, 8 November 1605, the house was surrounded by a posse led by Richard Walsh (the Sheriff of Worcestershire), originally seeking those responsible for the raid at Warwick Castle. Most of the plotters were either killed or wounded in the ensuing fight. Some walls have holes from muskets used in the storming of the house in 1605. Those still alive were taken to London and later tried and executed.

House.

The building was constructed in around 1600. The original house has a central block of three bays, with two stories and an attic with dormer windows, and projecting side wings with Dutch gables at each end. Some original wood panelling remains inside. New façades were added in the early 19th century, and the house was later expanded.  In 1951, it became a Grade II* listed building, as Holbeache House. It is now a private nursing home operated by Four Seasons Health Care.

Holbeche House (also, in some texts, Holbeach or Holbeache) is a mansion located approximately north of Kingswinford, now in the Metropolitan Borough of Dudley but historically in Staffordshire. Some members of the Gunpowder Plot were either killed or captured at Holbeche House in 1605.

Holbeche House, auch "Holbeach House" oder "Holbeache House", ist ein Landhaus etwa 1,6 km nördlich von "Kingswinford", heute Teil des Metropolitan Borough of Dudley, historisch aber in der englischen Grafschaft Staffordshire. Einige der Protagonisten des Gunpowder Plot wurden 1605 im Holbeche House entweder getötet oder gefangen genommen.


Early life.

Miller was born Matthew Kermit Miller in Rockville Centre, New York on February 2, 1960.

Career.

Miller has performed voice work in numerous film and television projects, but is better known as a stage actor and playwright who has performed with the Royal National Theatre of Great Britain, Sacramento Theatre Company, Sierra Repertory Theatre, and Foothill Theatre Company. Miller became artistic director of the Sacramento Theatre Company in 2010.

Recognition.

The "Sacramento News & Review" called Miller's portrayal of Ebeneezer Scrooge in the Sacramento Theatre Company's December 2007 production of "A Christmas Carol", "outstanding".  In 2009, he wrote and starred in the solo show "Fits & Parts: My Life in Stages", a memoir on his own career as working actor and voiceover artist for Japanese anime. Of his performance, "Sacramento News & Review" wrote that Miller's "personable outlook, storytelling skills and good timing with jokes make a winning combination," with the "Sacramento Bee" called his performance both entertaining and engaging. Also in 2009, Miller wrote "Beat Aside Apollo's Arrow", for which he received a John Gassner Award.  "Sacramento Bee" made special note of Miller's debut as director of the Sacramento Theatre Company in their review of the theatre company's October 2010 presentation of "The Importance of Being Earnest", writing "The importance of this 'Earnest' lies in its significance as director Matt K. Miller's debut as STC artistic director and as the company's season-opening production. Though Miller did not select the comedy or most of the STC 2010–11 season, he recognizes his good fortune in the playbill, noting 'Earnest' is as close to 'fool-proof' as a play gets". They also made note of Miller having adapted the play slightly so that it moved briskly.  In praising the STC's November 2010 presentation of "The Owl and the Pussycat", the "Sacramento Bee" wrote "the production is as good as it is as a tribute to Miller and his cast and crew."  In Miller's return to the character of Scrooge in December 2010, "Sacramento Press" writes, "It is the portrayal of Scrooge that makes the difference between a good and a great production of "A Christmas Carol". Fortunately for STC, they have Matt K. Miller, an outstanding and very experienced Scrooge." The noted that Miller's transition from Scrooge the miser to the loving and generous Scrooge is very believable.

Matthew Kermit Miller (born February 2, 1960), better known as Matt K. Miller, is an American stand-up comedian, actor, playwright and voice artist. He is also known as Kermit Miller and Kermit Beachwood. His best-known voice role in anime was Tenchi Masaki in the Pioneer dub of "Tenchi Muyo". He reprised the role in the Funimation English dub of "Ai Tenchi Muyo!" in 2018

Matthew Kermit Miller (* 2. Februar 1960 in Rockville Center, New York) ist ein US-amerikanischer Komiker, Autor, Synchronsprecher und Schauspieler.


Background.

At the launch of the iPhone in 2007, Steve Jobs announced that web apps, developed in HTML5 using AJAX architecture, would be the standard format for iPhone apps. No software development kit (SDK) was required, and the apps would be fully integrated into the device through the Safari browser engine. This model was later switched for the App Store, as a means of preventing jailbreakers and of appeasing frustrated developers. In October 2007 Jobs announced that an SDK would be launched the following year. As a result, although Apple continued to support webapps, the vast majority of iOS applications shifted towards the App Store.  Beginning in the early 2010s dynamic web pages allowed web technologies to be used to create interactive web applications. Responsive web design, and the screen-size flexibility it provides, made PWA development more accessible. Continued enhancements to HTML, CSS, and JavaScript allowed web applications to incorporate greater levels of interactivity, making native-like experiences possible on a website, and therefore on PWAs.  Firefox released Firefox OS in 2013. It was intended to be an open-source operating system for running webapps as native apps on mobile devices, with Gaia built as its HTML5 interface. The development of Firefox OS ended in 2016.  In 2015, designer Frances Berriman and Google Chrome engineer Alex Russell coined the term "progressive web apps" to describe apps taking advantage of new features supported by modern browsers, including service workers and web app manifests, that let users upgrade web apps to progressive web applications in their native operating system (OS). Google then put significant efforts into promoting PWA development for Android. With Apple's introduction of service worker support for Safari in 2017, PWAs were now supported on the two most commonly-used mobile operating systems, Android and iOS.  By 2019, PWAs were available on desktop browsers Microsoft Edge (on Windows) and Google Chrome (on Windows, macOS, Chrome OS and Linux).

Characteristics.

Progressive web apps are designed to work on any browser that is compliant with the appropriate web standards. As with other cross-platform solutions, the goal is to help developers build cross-platform apps more easily than they would with native apps. According to Google Developers, the characteristics of a PWA are:  The technical baseline criteria for a site to be considered a progressive web app by browsers were described by Russell in a follow-up post:  Some progressive web apps use an architectural approach called the App Shell Model. In this model, service workers store the Basic User Interface or "shell" of the responsive web design web application in the browser's offline cache. This model allows for PWAs to maintain native-like use with or without web connectivity. This can improve loading time, by providing an "initial static frame", a layout or architecture into which content can be loaded progressively as well as dynamically.

Technologies.

There are many commonly used technologies to create progressive web apps. All PWAs require at minimum a service worker and a manifest.

Manifest.

The web app manifest is a W3C specification defining a JSON-based manifest (usually labelled manifest.json) to provide developers a centralized place to put metadata associated with a web application including:  This metadata is crucial for an app to be added to a home screen or otherwise listed alongside native apps.

iOS support.

iOS Safari partially implements manifests, while most of the PWA metadata can be defined via Apple-specific extensions to the meta tags. These tags allow developers to enable full-screen display, define icons and splash screens, and specify a name for the application. The APIs for new technologies have lagged behind Google's Android WebView implementation, although iOS 12.2 and 13 have caught up somewhat.

Service workers.

A service worker is a JavaScript file that operates as a type of web worker. They work separately from the main browser thread to handle push notifications, synchronize data in the background, cache or retrieve resource requests, intercept network requests and receive centralized updates. Service workers are used in an attempt to give progressive web apps the ability to provide the high performance and rich experience of native mobile apps, with the low storage space, real-time updates and improved search engine visibility of traditional web apps.  Service workers go through a three-step lifecycle of Registration, Installation and Activation. Registration involves telling the browser the location of the service worker in preparation for installation. Installation occurs when there is no service worker installed in the browser for the webapp, or if there is an update to the service worker. Activation occurs when all of the PWAs pages are closed, so that there is no conflict between the previous version and the updated one. The lifecycle also helps maintain consistency when switching among versions of service worker since only a single service worker can be active for a domain.  Technically, service workers provide a scriptable network proxy in the web browser to manage the web/HTTP requests programmatically. The service workers lie between the network and device to supply the content. They are capable of using the cache mechanisms efficiently and allow error-free behavior during offline periods.

Web Storage.

Web Storage is a W3C standard API that enables key-value storage in modern browsers. The API consists of two objects, sessionStorage (that enables session-only storage that gets wiped upon browser session end) and localStorage (that enables storage that persists across sessions).

WebAssembly.

WebAssembly allows precompiled code to run in a web browser, at near-native speed.

Database libraries.

Indexed Database API is a W3C standard API for interacting with a NoSQL database. The API is supported by modern browsers and enables storage of JSON objects and any structures representable as a string. It is most commonly used with the idb wrapper around it.  Some other database libraries that can be used with PWAs include:

AppCache (obsolete).

Application Cache (or AppCache or HTML5 cache manifest) is an earlier technology that allowed the application to cache content in advance for later use when the device is offline. It works adequately for single-page applications which it was designed for, but fails in problematic ways for multi-page applications like wikis. As of May 2019, the technology is supported by major browsers and in use for years by some sites, but it is already deprecated in favor of service workers and will eventually be removed.

A progressive web application (PWA) is a type of application software delivered through the web, built using common web technologies including HTML, CSS and JavaScript. It is intended to work on any platform that uses a standards-compliant browser. Functionality includes working offline, push notifications, and device hardware access, enabling creating user experiences similar to native applications on desktop and mobile devices. Since a progressive web app is a type of webpage or website known as a web application, there is no requirement for developers or users to install the web apps via digital distribution systems like Apple App Store or Google Play.

Eine Progressive Web App (PWA) ist eine Website, die zahlreiche Merkmale besitzt, die bislang nativen Apps vorbehalten waren. Sie kann daher auch als Symbiose aus einer responsiven Webseite und einer App beschrieben werden. Progressive Web Apps können wie eine Webseite mit HTML5, CSS3 und JavaScript erstellt werden. Zusätzlich dienen sogenannte Service Worker durch optimiertes Caching den Offline-Funktionalitäten. Zur Kommunikation zwischen Webclient und Webserver ist das HTTPS-Protokoll vorgeschrieben.