Design and development.

In January 1914, designer Gustave Delage joined the "Société Anonyme des Etablissements Nieuport", and started working on a series of aircraft that would remain in production for the remainder of the First World War. The Nieuport 10 was first of these and was originally designed to compete in the Gordon Bennett Trophy race of 1914. World War I caused this contest to be cancelled, and the type was developed as a military two seat reconnaissance aircraft that entered service in 1915.  The type featured a distinctive "V" strut layout. The lower wing was much smaller in area than the upper wing. The concept was intended to combine the strength, compactness and stability of the biplane's wire braced wing cell with the speed and ease of handling of the monoplane.  Many were built or converted as single-seat fighters by covering the front cockpit, and adding a Lewis Gun or Vickers machine gun either to fire through the center section of the top wing or mounted over it, firing forwards. In this form, the type was used as a fighter.  Two major types were developed from the Nieuport 10 - the Nieuport 11 "Bébé" - a smaller aircraft, designed from the outset as a single-seater, and the Nieuport 12 - a more powerful two-seater with a larger top wing. In addition, production was undertaken of a dedicated trainer version under the Nieuport 83 E.2 designation with detail changes. A single example of a triplane, using a Nieuport 10 airframe was built to test an unusual staggered wing concept.

Operational Use.

Many of the early French aces flew the Nieuport 10, the best known of which was Georges Guynemer, who used several Nieuport 10s, all marked "Vieux Charles". Jan Olieslagers was flying a Nieuport 10 when he became the first Belgian to shoot down another aircraft, while the first Canadian aerial victory was also scored in a Nieuport 10, by Flight Sub-Lieutenant Arthur Ince.

Survivors.

Two Nieuport-Macchi 10,000's survive and are on display in Italy, one at the Museo Storico Italiano della Guerra and one at the Museo della Scienza e della Tecnologia "Leonardo da Vinci", and an original Nieuport 83 E.2 that had been flown by Charles Nungesser while barnstorming in the United States shortly after the First World War, is at Old Rhinebeck Aerodrome on static display.

The Nieuport 10 (or Nieuport XB in contemporary sources) was a French First World War sesquiplane that filled a wide variety of roles including reconnaissance, fighter and trainer.

Die Nieuport 10 war ein zweisitziger französischer Doppeldecker im Ersten Weltkrieg von 1914. Es wurde als Jagdflugzeug, Aufklärer und Schulflugzeug eingesetzt.


History.

Early years.

In the early days of samba, the community around the Mangueira hill or "morro" emerged as a pioneer of the Rio Carnival through its 'Cordões', in which a group of masked participants were led by a teacher with a whistle followed by a veritable percussion orchestra. In Mangueira, there were at least two Cordões: the Mountain Warriors (Guerreiros da Montanha) and the Triumphs of Mangueira (Triunfos da Mangueira). Later came the "ranchos" (), which introduced several very important concepts to the Carnival procession: the participation of women, floats, a theme to connect the procession, and the use of woodwind, brass, and string instrumentation (particularly plucked strings). They also added two special dancers, now known as master of ceremonies (mestre-sala) and flagbearer (porta-bandeira). Three ranches stood out in Mangueira: Drop of Love (Pingo de Amor), Pearl of Egypt (Pérola do Egito) and Princes of the Forest (Príncipes da Mata). By 1920 the 'carnival blocks' with elements taken from both the Cordão and Ranch traditions, along with the now familiar percussion block, debuted. These were a strong influence on the development of the other samba schools.  There was no lack of blocks in the "Mangueira" area. In just the "Buraco Quente" neighborhood, one could find the Tia Fé, Tia Tomázia and Mestre Candinho blocks. Most famous of all was the Bloco dos Arengueiros. It was Cartola, aged 19, who felt it was time to channel the natural gifts of the blocks' rogues and thus to show them in a more organized light, displaying the power and choreographic legacy of their African roots.  Then, on April 28, 1928, at a meeting at Travessa, Saião Lobato, aged 21, the arengueiros Zé Espinguela, "Seu" Euclides, Saturnino Gonçalves (father of Dona Neuma), Massu, Cartola, Pedro Cain and Abelardo Bolinha founded the "First Station Block" (Bloco Estação Primeira) - regarded as a predecessor to the present day carnival blocks and samba schools. This block was present at the first contest between samba dancers in the house of Zé Espinguela in 1929, one of the forerunners of the samba schools, along with Deixa Falar and Portela.

Samba School.

Cartola, who later married Dona Zica, was the first bandmaster and musical director of the school and gave the final word on the choice of the name and colors: "Estação Primeira (First Station)" - because it was the first railway stop from the Brazil Central Railway Station where there was samba; the green and pink colors as a tribute to a ranch that existed in Laranjeiras, the Arrepiados. Gradually all other blocks of the hill merged their associations to it and by the 1930s and 40s, Mangueira was already included in the list of "major" samba schools of the city.  Mangueira was the first samba school that created a composers' wing, and the first to maintain, since its foundation, a unique beat of the surdo leading in the school percussion section. On the symbol of the school, the surdo represents the samba, the laurels are the victories won as the general champion, the crown is the imperial district of São Cristóvão, and the stars, the years it won the Carnival championship. It was also the first one to develop a "front commission", or Comissao da Frente as it is called in Portuguese and an official criterion for the parade contest, as a way for the school to show to the public the story concept for the year's event. The flag today is in green and pink stripes radiating from the center and the coat of arms - until the 1980s the school sported a pink flag with the emblem in the center.  One of the most emblematic figures of the Mangueira samba was Jamelão, which was the official school singer from 1949 until 2006 (a record 57 years) and become a true "carnival and samba institution" in Rio, with his moody ways and his powerful voice. In 2006, Jamelão suffered a cerebrovascular accident (CVA) stroke and did not record the Mangueira theme song for the official 2007 Carnival CD, nor could he march with the school any longer. (From 1950 up to that year his voice was featured in every Carnival LP and CD produced by the carnival organizers, together with those of other schools.)

1980s and beyond.

Mangueira holds 20 general championship titles, and 1 Super Cup, exclusively won only in 1984, the inauguration of the Sambódromo. In 1984, Mangueira was the champion of the Carnival on Monday, Portela on Sunday. Three schools went on for the Championship Saturday where they competed in the Super Championship, and in the end the school won the general super championship of the year.  In 2007, Mangueira confronted various taboos. After 79 years, Mangueira celebrated the 80th anniversary opening the doors of its percussion drums section to women. The idea of the president of the Mangueira drums, Ivo Meirelles, to accept women in the battery of Green and Pink was controversial. Moreover, Preta Gil became queen of the Drums Section (or Queen of Drums) of the school, breaking a tradition of having only queens originating from the community, elected through a contest. Luizito replaced Jamelão as school singer. On the show, the school board prevented the big star Beth Carvalho from parading, and the legendary Nelson Sargento preferred not to parade either, possibly because his wife's costume had not been delivered. Such developments led to a certain unease in samba circles and a lot of criticism for the directors of contemporary samba schools.  In 2008, Mangueira underwent what many consider their worst crisis. First, their theme was not about the 100th Anniversary of Cartola, but on the centenary of the frevo, which is music not from Rio but Pernambuco. Second, the choice of the Queen of Drums Section (in Portuguese Rainha de Bateria), and finally the involvement with the hill drug traffic, which resulted in a disappointing 10th place.  On June 14, 2008, the school lost one of its greatest icons: Jamelão, the victim of multiple organ failure. The loss of Jamelão left a huge void not only in the school but also in the whole of Brazil's samba community.  In 2009, after eight years as the head of the school, Max Lopes left and was replaced by the carnivalist Roberto Szaniecki. The theme was a tribute to the Brazilian people, based on the book "O Povo Brasileiro, Formação e Sentido do Brasil", by professor, anthropologist and politician Darcy Ribeiro.  After the Carnival of 2009, there was an election, won by Ivo Meirelles, who decided to shake up the structure of the school. Since then, new names have been hired and the first changes were the carnivalist Marcia Lage, the new MC and Flag Bearer, Raphael and Marcella Alves, and the creation of a trio called "The Three Tenors", comprising Luizito, Zé Paulo Sierra and Rixxah.  For 2010, the school chose the theme "Mangueira is the Music of Brazil" by Marcia Lage, who was removed and replaced by Jaime Cezário and Jorge Caribé.  The 2015 edition saw the school place 10th at the final standings - one of its worst finishes ever. The following year, its tribute to the beloved singer Maria Bethânia saw it win its 19th Carnival as the general champion for the Special Group. It also won its Gold Standard award (for best school and revelation of the Carnival respectively).  For 2019, the school paraded in a theme of remembrance of Brazil's Native American populations who were the first inhabitants of the country before Portuguese colonization, and finished its campaign with its 20th general championship, plus two Gold Standards (for best school and best flag bearer).

Grêmio Recreativo Escola de Samba Estação Primeira de Mangueira, or simply Mangueira, is a samba school in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The school was founded on April 28, 1928, by, Cartola,, among others. It is located at the Mangueira neighborhood, near the region of Maracanã.

Grêmio Recreativo Escola de Samba Estação Primeira de Mangueira (deutsch etwa: „Freizeitgremium Sambaschule erste Station Mangueira“, Mangueira ist der portugiesische Name des Mangobaums) gehört mit der Portela zu den traditionsreichsten Sambaschulen in Rio de Janeiro. Beim Karneval in Rio spielen mehrere hundert Musiker Samba-Enredo, zu dem eine ebenso große Gruppe tanzt.


Club career.

He started off his career at his hometown club, Tirana in 1998. After very few appearances, he was loaned out to Bylis. After making a huge impact, he returned to Tirana to compete for the number 1 shirt. He signed for the Ukrainian club Kryvbas Kryvyi Rih in August 2007. In 2008, Hidi moved to Alki Larnaca for the remainder of the 2008–09 season. Hidi rejoined Kryvbas Kryvyi Rih on a three-year contract for around one million dollars per season on 3 March 2009.  On 6 July 2010, he signed for Dinamo Tirana for the 2010–11 season. On 7 January 2011, Hidi joined Cyprus's Olympiakos Nicosia by inking a contract until the end of the season.  In July 2018, Hidi joined Teuta on a one-year contract, returning in Albanian Superliga after eight years. In November, he was named league's player of the month after some strong performances. He concluded the 2018–19 season by making 33 league appearance, missing only one match, the one against Tirana in April 2019.  In August 2019, Hidi completed a transfer to Bylis, returning in Ballsh for the first time since 2002 when he was on loan. He took squad number 1 for the 2019–20 season. Hidi made his debut on 24 August in the 1–0 away defeat to his former side Teuta. On 1 September, in his third appearance of the season, Hidi scored his first career goal, a penalty in the 3–0 win at Skënderbeu, guiding the team to their first seasonal win. On 15 September, in the first match following the international break, Hidi scored another penalty, this time at home against Kukësi, aiding Byis to achieve a 2–1 comeback win which lifted them in 4th place in championship. His first goal in Albanian Cup came on 12 February 2020 in the second leg of competition's second round against Laçi, helping Bylis advance to quarter-finals 4–3 on aggregate.

International career.

Hidi received his first senior international call-up in May 2005 for the friendly match versus Poland by German coach Hans-Peter Briegel who was impressed by Hidi's performances in the Albanian Superliga with his club at the time Tirana. He earned his first cap in that match, but things could not have started any worse for him as Poland scored in under 2 minutes with Maciej Żurawski. Hidi's second appearance for Albania came later that year, on 17 August against Azerbaijan at Qemal Stafa Stadium; he started again and conceded another early goal, but this time the team bounced back and won 2–1 in front of around 7,300 Albanian fans.

Personal life.

In 2017, Hidi begun the application for Cypriot passport.

Isli Hidi (born 15 October 1980) is an Albanian professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper, most recently for Bylis in the Albanian Superliga and the Albanian national team. Hidi has won 11 official titles, being one of Albanian footballers with most honours in history.

Isli Hidi (* 15. Oktober 1980 in Tirana) ist ein albanischer Fußballspieler. Der Torwart steht seit dem Sommer 2019 bei KS Bylis Ballsh unter Vertrag.


The problem addressed by Semantic Web Services.

The mainstream XML standards for interoperation of web services specify only syntactic interoperability, not the semantic meaning of messages. For example, Web Services Description Language (WSDL) can specify the operations available through a web service and the structure of data sent and received but cannot specify semantic meaning of the data or semantic constraints on the data. This requires programmers to reach specific agreements on the interaction of web services and makes automatic web service composition difficult.  Semantic web services are built around universal standards for the interchange of semantic data, which makes it easy for programmers to combine data from different sources and services without losing meaning. Web services can be activated "behind the scenes" when a web browser makes a request to a web server, which then uses various web services to construct a more sophisticated reply than it would have been able to do on its own. Semantic web services can also be used by automatic programs that run without any connection to a web browser.  A semantic-web-services platform that uses OWL (Web Ontology Language) to allow data and service providers to semantically describe their resources using third-party ontologies is SSWAP: Simple Semantic Web Architecture and Protocol. SSWAP establishes a lightweight protocol (few OWL classes and predicates; see the SSWAP Protocol) and the concept of a "canonical graph" to enable providers to logically describe a service. A service is essentially a transformation of some, possibly null, input (or subject) to some, possibly null, output (or object). Services are semantically discoverable based on their subsumption hierarchies as well as their input and output data types.  SADI (Semantic Automated Discovery and Integration) is a semantic-web-service initiative that consists of a set of design-practices for semantic-web-service publishing that minimizes the use of non-standard protocols and message structures. SADI Services natively consume data in RDF Resource Description Framework format, where input and output data must be instances of (OWL Individuals of) input and output Classes defined in OWL-DL. Unlike canonical Web Services, SADI Services do not use the SOAP messaging protocol, and unlike SSWAP, SADI services have no project-specific messaging scaffold; services are invoked by passing RDF instance data to the Service endpoint through HTTP POST, and multiplexing is achieved by sending more than one OWL Individual in the HTTP POST invocation. SADI imposes a single constraint on the behavior of the Service: that the URI of the output individual must be the same as the URI of the corresponding input individual. In practice, this results in Services that create semantic linkages between the input and output of the service. Thus, chaining SADI services together into a workflow results in an uninterrupted Linked Data graph.

Choreography vs. orchestration.

"Choreography" is concerned with describing the external visible behavior of services, as a set of message exchanges optionally following a Message Exchange Pattern (MEP), from the functionality consumer point of view.  "Orchestration" deals with describing how a number of services, two or more, cooperate and communicate with the aim of achieving a common goal.

A semantic web service, like conventional web services, is the server end of a client–server system for machine-to-machine interaction via the World Wide Web. Semantic services are a component of the semantic web because they use markup which makes data machine-readable in a detailed and sophisticated way (as compared with human-readable HTML which is usually not easily "understood" by computer programs).

Unter Semantic Web Services (SWS) versteht man Webservices, die über ihre rein syntaktische Schnittstellenbeschreibung hinaus mit semantischen Inhalten angereichert werden, um ihr Auffinden (Discovery), Auswählen (Selection), Ausführen (Invocation) und ihre Komposition mit anderen sowie diverse andere Aspekte zu erleichtern. Dabei kommen Techniken aus dem Bereich des Semantic Web zum Einsatz. Erst die Zusammenführung dieser Techniken mit denen der bisherigen Web Services ermöglichen die Realisierung der Vision des Semantic Web. Es unterscheidet sich, wie von Tim Berners-Lee schon 1998 ausgemalt, vom bisherigen World Wide Web durch eine Weiterentwicklung in der Automation (Webservices) sowie in der Anreicherung von Informationen mit Bedeutung (Semantik).


Taxonomy.

The genus was introduced in 1876 by Tamerlan Thorell. Subsequent research subdivided the genus into five subgenera, however recent studies doubt on these subgenera to represent natural groups.

Diversity.

Currently, 21 species are recognized within this genus:

Doubtful species.

"Pandinus boschisi" Caporiacco, 1937, known only from one, presumably lost specimen from Somalia, is considered a "nomen dubium".

General characteristics.

Members of "Pandinus" are generally large scorpions (about 120–200 mm total length), which are dark to black colored, sometimes with paler metasoma and legs. The pedipalp pincers are massive, while the metasoma is proportionally thin with a small vesicle and stinger (aculeus). They possess a stridulatory organ, composed of a rough area on the first segment (coxa) of the pedipalps and a'scraper' made of bristles on the first segment of their first pair of walking legs. Scraping these bristles on the rough zone produces a scratching sound. Genera of the subfamily Scorpioninae are extremely similar to each other and "Pandinus" is especially close to the Southeast Asian genus "Heterometrus". They differ mainly in details of the stridulatory organ and sensory bristles (trichobothria).

Toxicity.

As in other Scorpionidae, the venom of "Pandinus" species is rather mild, human fatalities are unknown. Symptoms are mostly restricted to local pain, described similar to those of a bee sting. At least "P. imperator" rarely stings at all, and often prefers to use its massive pincers for prey capture and even for defense. The defensive behavior of the other species is not yet studied in detail.

Habitat.

Most species live in humid tropical low-land regions. They occur in rain forest, gallery forest near rivers and other woodlands aside of savannah habitats. Arabian species also occur in semiarid climates. Soft, loamy soils seem to be preferred by most species, but ecology is only well known for the forest-living "P. imperator".

Conservational status.

Three species of "Pandinus" ("P. imperator", "P. dictator", and "P. gambiensis") are the only scorpions listed by the CITES Appendix II since 1995, due to overexploitation for pet trade from the wild. This total is now four species since, in 2017, the CITES taxonomy of "P. imperator" was split into "P. imperator" and "P. roeseli". CITES export quotas have been issued for "P. imperator" by several countries in West Africa (including Benin, Togo, Niger, and Chad).<br> The CITES listing has been conceptually criticized for protecting three species, of which only one ("P. imperator") is frequently exported for international pet trade. However, several other, unprotected species are also harvested for export, especially "P. cavimanus" and "P. viatoris" in Tanzania. Even in countries with effective quotas, the origin of traded specimens either from farms or from the wild is hardly traceable. Beside of overharvesting, the species are most endangered by habitat destruction due to deforestation. Traded specimens are sometimes labelled ""Pandinus africanus"". This name is an invalid synonym for "P. imperator" and apparently used to avoid CITES regulations for this species. However, other - unlisted - species were also traded under this name.

In captivity.

The large size, its docile and gregarious behaviour, partly diurnal activity and mild venom make "P. imperator" the most popular pet scorpion. After listing of the species in CITES, commercial scorpion farms have been established in several West African countries. A few other species, especially "P. cavimanus", are also frequently kept in captivity.

Pandinus is a genus of large scorpions belonging to the family Scorpionidae. It contains one of the most popular pet scorpions, the emperor scorpion ("P. imperator"). The genus is distributed widely across tropical Africa and the southeastern Arabian Peninsula (Yemen and Saudi Arabia).

Pandinus ist eine Gattung der Skorpione in der Familie der Scorpionidae. Die Arten dieser Gattung sind vom Senegal über die Westküste Afrikas bis nach Ostafrika verbreitet, zwei Arten kommen auch im Jemen vor. Die meisten Tiere leben in tropisch geprägten Regionen, manche sind auch semisozial, d. h. sie leben in Gruppen (meist Geschwister) und jagen zusammen.


Club career.

Ginola played at club level for Toulon (1985–88), RC Paris (1988–90), Brest (1990–92), Paris Saint-Germain (1992–95), Newcastle United (1995–97), Tottenham Hotspur (1997–2000), Aston Villa (2000–2002) and Everton (2002).

France.

Ginola made his first senior appearance for Sporting Toulon as an eighteen-year-old in a 1985 2–0 victory away at Metz. He played fourteen times in his first season, and by 1986 he was a regular in the Toulon line-up.  In 1988, he moved to RC Paris, where he remained until signing for Brest in 1990. There, he began to impress observers with his flamboyant style of play. In 1991, he played a crucial role in a landmark victory (3–2) against the side who would go on to sign him, Paris Saint-Germain F.C..  Ginola joined the French capital club in January 1992, at a time when it was pushing for major honors with the financial backing of TV channel Canal+. He took little time to adapt to his new surroundings and soon conquered the Parc des Princes crowd with his elegant first touch and his pace.  At the same time, he was going through tough times with the national football team coached by Gérard Houllier, but the Parisian public never seemed to begrudge him for that. In fact, he would go on to become one of the most popular footballers among the notoriously uncompromising Parisian supporters. He became such a fan favorite that, even when he admitted that he supported Paris Saint-Germain's fierce rivals Olympique Marseille as a boy and that he would have joined them rather than PSG had an agreement been struck with Bernard Tapie, his popularity did not suffer any consequence.  In his first full season with PSG (1992–93), Ginola won the Coupe de France (scoring in the final) and reached the semi-finals of the UEFA Cup. At the end of 1993, he was also won the French Footballer of the Year award from the France Football magazine. 1993–94 would turn out to be the best season of his career, though it was also blighted by a personal all-time low for Ginola, occurring in November 1993. He was blamed for a defeat suffered by the French national football team against their Bulgarian opponents, which eliminated Les Bleus from the 1994 FIFA World Cup.  While suffering heartache with his country, Ginola was shining with his club. A star-studded PSG side featuring the likes of Paul Le Guen, Bernard Lama and Antoine Kombouaré and coached by Portuguese tactician Artur Jorge won the second league title of its history, losing only three times along the way. Ginola played an important role in this title-winning campaign, providing 13 goals in 38 games, which made him the top club goalscorer for the season.  The following season, under new manager Luis Fernandez, proved to be less successful in the league, with FC Nantes being crowned champions. Ginola scored 11 times in 28 league appearances. Paris Saint-Germain did shine in the cup competitions though, winning another Coupe de France as well as the first edition of the new Coupe de la Ligue. In the UEFA Champions League, the Parisian club caused a major shock after knocking out 1994's finalists FC Barcelona in the quarter finals, with Ginola playing particularly well. The club was eliminated at the next hurdle by defending champions A.C. Milan.  In the summer of 1995, Ginola decided to leave France. Known to be a Spanish football enthusiast, he was expected to be snapped up by Barcelona. Furthermore, between 1992 and 1995, his stellar displays in European competitions against the Spanish giants Real Madrid and Barcelona had attracted media attention in Spain, with local media dubbing him ""El Magnifico"". However, he ended up with English club Newcastle United F.C., then managed by Kevin Keegan.

Newcastle United.

In 1995, Ginola joined Newcastle United for £2.5 million. He was signed at a time when manager Kevin Keegan was attempting to turn the club into one of the major forces in English football, and the board was prepared to offer strong financial backing to sign a number of European superstars. Ginola made his debut against Coventry City on 19 August 1995 in a 3–0 win. He scored his first league goal on 27 August against Sheffield Wednesday in a 2–0 away win, and went on to score five league goals in his first season. In the 1995–96, Newcastle finished second, four points behind Manchester United. This was their strongest league performance in decades, and Ginola was an integral part of the team. The team chemistry was perfect with Ginola fitting in nicely with his new teammates. However, it was a major disappointment that Newcastle had finished second in the Premier League as they had led by up to 10 points as late as January.  In 1996, Bobby Robson, manager of Barcelona made a personal move for him. Ginola received a phone call from Robson, who told him he wanted him at Barcelona. However, Newcastle refused to let him go. To add to their line-up, Newcastle paid £15m, breaking the transfer record, to sign Alan Shearer. Despite this, Newcastle finished second again, being narrowly overtaken by Manchester United. Halfway through the season, Kevin Keegan suddenly resigned as manager to be succeeded by Kenny Dalglish.  Keegan departed in January 1997 and Ginola did not get on with his replacement Kenny Dalglish, who never fancied the Frenchman. It soon became obvious he was heading for a move out of Tyneside, in spite of his popularity among Geordie supporters.

Tottenham Hotspur.

Tottenham Hotspur signed Ginola in July 1997 for £2.5 million, where he was joined by Newcastle teammate Les Ferdinand. In 1999, he was named PFA Players' Player of the Year and FWA Footballer of the Year, while playing for Tottenham Hotspur. During the 1998–99 season, Ginola scored one of his most notable goals, when Spurs played Barnsley in the FA Cup sixth Round. Ginola weaved in and out of a number of Barnsley players and finished in the left side of the net, the only goal of the game. He was the first player in Premiership history to win the award while at a club who finished the season outside of the top four. He also won his only English domestic trophy with Spurs, the 1999 League Cup with a 1–0 victory over Leicester City at Wembley Stadium. Ginola is fondly remembered by Spurs fans for his extravagant forward play and personality off the pitch. He played an integral role in their 1999 League Cup win and scoring a long range goal in a 3–1 win against Manchester United in a previous round. The respect and fondness Tottenham fans have for Ginola was shown when he was given one of the biggest cheers on their 125th anniversary when legends were paraded on the pitch. Ginola was inducted into the Tottenham Hotspur Hall of Fame on 11 December 2008.

Aston Villa.

In July 2000, Ginola joined Aston Villa for a transfer fee of £3 million. He expressed his disappointment that Tottenham had sold him, saying the news that they had accepted the offer was a "bombshell". Villa manager John Gregory challenged Ginola to prove he could still perform in the Premiership, rather than move to a less demanding league abroad, as Ginola was now in his 33rd year and seemed unlikely to continue at professional level for much longer. After being accused by Gregory of being overweight, Ginola celebrated a goal against Manchester City by taking off his jersey to unveil his toned physique.  In January 2002, he was banned for two matches and fined £22,000 for stamping on an opponent and disputing his dismissal with the fourth official.

Everton.

In 2002, Ginola signed for Everton playing five games for the club before retiring in May 2002, just after David Moyes took over as manager. Ginola was deemed surplus to requirements by Moyes, and made only one substitute appearance from March onwards. His contract was not renewed and Ginola, without a club, retired. He announced his intention to move into either acting or football coaching.

International career.

Although Ginola was a very prominent French player, he did not see much action with the French national team, having been capped only 17 times in his career.  In 1987, Ginola played for the France under-21 team at the Toulon Tournament. He was named the tournament's best player after France beat England 4–3 in the final.  Ginola is infamous in France for his mistake in a 1994 FIFA World Cup World Cup qualifying match against Bulgaria. France needed only a draw in their final group qualifying match on 17 November 1993 to qualify for the finals of the 1994 FIFA World Cup and Ginola had come on as a late substitute for Jean-Pierre Papin. With the score level at 1–1 in the last minute of the match, Ginola overhit a cross intended for Eric Cantona. The ball was collected by Emil Kremenliev, who launched a lightning Bulgarian counterattack which resulted in Emil Kostadinov scoring the winning goal. Bulgaria thus won the match 2–1 and qualified for the 1994 World Cup finals at the expense of France.  In a television interview aired on 18 November 1993, Gérard Houllier, the manager of the France team during its entire 1994 World Cup qualifying campaign, blamed France's 2–1 defeat by Bulgaria entirely on Ginola and described him as someone who had "sent an Exocet missile through the heart of French football" and as the "assassin of the team". After being barracked by French fans and branded as the "assassin of French football" by the French press, Ginola moved to England, signing for Newcastle United. Houllier's successor Aimé Jacquet regularly selected Ginola for international matches, but often used him only as a substitute. Ginola played his last match for the national team in 1995. In April 2012, a French court dismissed Ginola's lawsuit against Gérard Houllier for alleged defamation. Houllier had contributed to a new book (published on 20 October 2011) on football coaching, "Secrets de coachs (Coaches' Secrets)". In that book, Houllier was alleged to have made disparaging remarks on Ginola and to have referred to Ginola in offensive terms in blaming him for misplacing the cross that allowed Bulgaria to launch the decisive counterattack during the final minute of the France-Bulgaria match on 17 November 1993.

Playing style.

As a winger, Ginola was renowned for his "magical" touch on the ball and his ability to get past players from any type of position and then manage to score a goal. His ability to do that was shown in games for Tottenham and Newcastle, with his most memorable goal in Newcastle's 5–0 win over Premier League giants Manchester United on 20 October 1996, becoming a flamboyant part of the memorable "Entertainers" Newcastle side of his era, which also featured other highly acclaimed players including Alan Shearer, Les Ferdinand, Faustino Asprilla, Peter Beardsley and Keith Gillespie.  In 1999, Dutch legend Johan Cruijff remarked that it was his belief that Ginola was currently the best player in the world. Despite his talent, however, Paul Merson accused Ginola of diving in order to win fouls throughout his career; he was also notorious for his difficult character and lack of discipline both on and off the pitch, which led him to be involved in confrontations with other players as well as some of his managers. As such, his compatriot Eric Cantona criticised him for his poor mentality, despite his technical ability. In 2015, "The Daily Telegraph" placed Ginola at number 15 in their list of "The top 20 overrated football players of all time," describing him as "one of the world's best on his day, but unfortunately his day was very infrequent. Ginola's carefree attitude infuriated most of the managers he worked with, which is partly why he never lasted more than three years at any club. Too often Ginola was a luxury player who struggled for consistency."

Other pursuits.

Acting.

Ginola took his first steps towards a career in acting by attending classes at RADA.  Ginola made his debut as 'Didier the Butcher', the leading part in the Anglo-French short film "Rosbeef". "Rosbeef", a tale of love, lust and a kilo of sausages, premiered during the 2004 Cannes Film Festival. The same year "Rosbeef" won a prize, the 'Prix Coup de Coeur Canal+' at the Festival International de Cinéma et Gastronomie in Dijon. Next he played the title role, Mr Firecul the devil in the British short film "Mr Firecul".  For his first feature film, "The Last Drop", Ginola was cast as 'Corporal Dieter Max', a renegade German sniper alongside the likes of Agathe de la Boulaye, Michael Madsen, Nick Moran, Karel Roden and Billy Zane. This World War II heist movie premiered in Cannes in 2005 and was released as "Operation Matchbox".  In 2000, Ginola made a cameo appearance in the first episode of the ITV drama series "At Home with the Braithwaites". In 2003, Ginola played himself, announcing the results for the first Euro Lottery. In 2004, he played the leading role in "The Centre", a BBC television documentary and in 2006 he appeared in the second series of Channel 4's Coach Trip during episode 22, in which he acted as a tour guide of Sainte-Maxime. Later that year Ginola appeared, again as himself, in the ITV series "City Lights". In 2008, Ginola appeared in an episode of "Chop Shop" on Discovery Turbo where he had a one-off car designed for his son's birthday and in the same year he appeared as Alexandre, a fashion photographer, in the special edition of the CBS series "The Young and the Restless", shot in Paris to celebrate the 20th anniversary of the show's broadcast in France where it is known as "Les Feux de l'amour".

Endorsements.

Before moving to England, Ginola had already transcended the world of football by featuring in advertising campaigns for the Morgan clothing company and appearing on the catwalk for Cerruti.  In England, he fronted commercials for a.o. Braun shavers, Carte Noire coffee, Kingston Technologies memory sticks, Ladbrokes sports betting, L'Oréal hair products and Renault cars.  Ginola has featured in EA Sports' "FIFA" video game series; he was on the cover for the International edition of FIFA 97.  Ginola was an ambassador for the Paris 2012 Olympic bid and was also an ambassador for the French Golf Federation in their successful bid to stage the Ryder Cup 2018 in France. Ginola campaigned worldwide for the English FA bid to host the 2018 FIFA World Cup.  More importantly he is a campaigner for the Red Cross Anti-Landmine campaign and Unesco and was respectively patron and president of the UK based Vision and Sparks charities.

FIFA Presidency candidate.

On 16 January 2015, Ginola announced that he would be running for the presidency of FIFA for which he was paid a £250,000 fee by the Irish bookmaker Paddy Power. He would attempt to raise £2.3 million to fund the campaign for the FIFA presidency through contributions via a crowdfunding program. He started his campaign on the same day by denouncing the credibility of Sepp Blatter’s FIFA before admitting he knew little about the governing body’s processes or institutions. The elections to select the next FIFA president would be due on 29 May 2015. Ginola withdrew his candidacy on 29 January, the deadline for candidates to formally submit their nominations, after failing to secure the support of at least five national football associations.

Football pundit.

Ginola worked as a football pundit with the BBC, BT Sport, Canal Plus, CNN, Sky Sports and Talksport.

Wine making.

In 2008, Ginola received a silver medal at the International Wine Challenge for a rosé wine produced at his vineyard in Provence.

Dancing with the Stars.

He was one of the contestants in the first season of Danse avec les stars (a French version of the British TV show Strictly Come Dancing).

Personal life.

Ginola married fashion model Coraline in 1991. The couple have a son and a daughter, Andrea and Carla, and lived near Saint-Tropez. They split and Ginola entered a relationship with model Maeva Denat, with whom he has a child.  In the afternoon of 19 May 2016, Ginola was playing a charity football match at the home of Jean-Stéphane Camerini (the organiser of the Mapauto Golf Cup) in Mandelieu-la-Napoule in the south-east of France when he suddenly collapsed due to cardiac arrest and then fell into a coma. He was administered cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) on the pitch by Footballer and Ginola's friend Frederic Mendy. Minutes later, a team of medics who had arrived in an ambulance used a defibrillator on him - it took four shocks from the machine to restore normal heart rhythm within 10 minutes. Ginola was airlifted minutes later by a helicopter to the Cardio-thoracic center of Monaco 40 km northeast of Mandelieu, where he underwent an immediate, six-hour, operation. Prof Gilles Dreyfus, who operated on Ginola, said that were it not for Frederic Mendy who administered CPR on him, he would be dead or suffer permanent brain damage. Prof Dreyfus said that Ginola had "very complicated coronary lesions" which required the quadruple heart bypass operation to be performed. The morning after being admitted to the hospital, Ginola woke up "perfectly normally" with no neurological damage and was "recovering well." Prof Dreyfus said Ginola was "very lucky to be alive". On 30 May 2016, Ginola was discharged from hospital and returned home, thanking people on Twitter for their "incredible messages of love and affection".

Honours.

Club.

Paris Saint-Germain  Tottenham Hotspur  Aston Villa

International.

France U21

David Désiré Marc Ginola (; born 25 January 1967) is a French former international football player who has also worked as an actor, model and football pundit.

David Ginola (* 25. Januar 1967 in Gassin) ist ein ehemaliger französischer Fußballspieler. Der linke Flügelspieler war bis 2002 aktiv und trat danach sporadisch als Kinoschauspieler in Erscheinung.


Government.

Bo District has its own directly elected local government called District Council and is where executive and lesgislative authority is vested at local level within Bo District. The Bo District Council is Headed by a council chairman, who is an elected official and is responsible for the general management of the district. The current council Chairman of Bo District is Joseph Munda Bindi of the Sierra Leone People's Party (SLPP), following his election victory in the 2018 Sierra Leone local election.  The city of Bo also has its own directly elected city council headed by a mayor. The current mayor of Bo is Harold Logie Tucker, he is a member of the opposition Sierra Leone People's Party (SLPP). Bo District is a stronghold of the ruling Sierra Leone People's Party.

Members of Parliament of Sierra Leone from Bo District.

Bo District currently has twelve Representatives in the Parliament of Sierra Leone, of which eleven members were elected for a 5-year term in the 2007 general elections. The district is a stronghold of the opposition Sierra Leone People's Party (SLPP). The following is a list of Representatives and affiliations:

Demographics of Bo District.

Ethnicity.

The population of Bo District is ethnically and culturally diverse, particularly in the city of Bo, Sierra Leone's second largest city. The Mende people form the largest ethnic group in Bo District at over 60 percent of the population.

Economy.

With Bo being the second largest city in Sierra Leone, trading, gold and diamond mining are major economic activities for the district; as well as agricultural production of rice growing, and coffee, cacao and oil palm.

Education.

Bo District is home to 385 Primary Schools and 40 Secondary Schools. Bo Government Secondary School, commonly called Bo School is among the 40 secondary schools in Bo District. The school was founded in 1906 by Leslie Probyn to educate the children of Bo District. The school has a long history of developing the elite of Sierra Leone, especially the country's politicians.

Recovery after Civil War.

Bo District suffered badly at the hands of rebel forces during 1994/1995, and many major towns were almost entirely destroyed (Tikonko and Bumpe, for example). However, since the ousting of the Junta in early 1998, Bo District has remained secure, due mainly to the strong presence of the Civil Defence Forces. As such, rather than suffering from displacement, Bo district has been the recipient of displaced persons from less secure parts of the country.  Although aid agencies have had uninterrupted access to the district for five years because of its relative stability, most of the recovery efforts were concentrated in Bo Town leaving out the 8 sections in Kakua chiefdom as well as all the other 14 chiefdoms in the district.  The major recovery needs according to sectoral priorities are as follows: Road rehabilitation, Education, Water and Sanitation, Health, Agriculture, Restoration of Local Government Structures and Shelter.

Administrative divisions.

Chiefdoms.

The district is made up of fifteen chiefdoms as the third level of administrative subdivision.

Bo District is a district in the Southern Province of Sierra Leone. It is one of the sixteen Districts of Sierra Leone. Bo District is the fourth most populous District in Sierra Leone. Its capital and largest city is the city of Bo, which is the third most populous city in Sierra Leone. other major towns in the district include Baoma, Bumpeh, Serabu, Sumbuya, Baiima and Yele.

Bo ist ein Distrikt Sierra Leones mit etwa 575.000 Einwohnern (Stand 2020). Er gehört zur Provinz Southern und liegt im südlichen Zentrum des Landes. Seine Hauptstadt ist Bo. Der Distrikt ist in 15 "Chiefdoms" (Häuptlingstümer) und die Stadt Bo eingeteilt.


Beginning and success.

Kenneth Gamble and Leon Huff, the founders of Philadelphia International Records, met in 1964 while they were both playing as session musicians for various labels, including Philadelphia based Cameo-Parkway Records, whose building would later become home to Philadelphia International Records recording studio. In 1965, Huff joined Gamble's band, The Romeos, a popular moniker at the time, by replacing future Philadelphia International Records producer and arranger Thom Bell on piano. Kenny Gamble and The Romeos had seen little success up to that point playing for their label, Arctic Records, and split up soon after.  When the Romeos disbanded, Gamble and Huff went on to start one of the first iterations of Philadelphia International Records (which they named Excel and Gamble) after a visit to Motown Records in Detroit, to scope out the Motown setup. The success of their biggest signing, The Intruders, brought attention to Gamble and Huff, which allowed them to create Neptune Records in 1969. Neptune Records, a more ambitious project for the duo, was financed by Chess Records Group, and allowed them to sign later Philadelphia International Records artists The O'Jays and The Three Degrees. When Chess Records Group's management changed hands in 1969, Neptune Records folded. With the collapse of Neptune Records, Gamble and Huff transferred their signed artists onto a new project, Philadelphia International Records. Looking to attract new black acts to their label, but without the in-house know-how, Columbia Records was convinced to sign an exclusive production contract with Gamble and Huff's new Philadelphia International Records.  The label was set up in connection with Mighty Three/Assorted Music, the music publishing company run by Gamble, Huff and another Philadelphia producer, Thom Bell, to showcase their songs.  The label's major hits included: "TSOP (The Sound of Philadelphia)" by MFSB, featuring The Three Degrees, 1974 (which was later used as one of the theme tunes for the TV dance-music show "Soul Train"); "Ain't No Stoppin' Us Now" by McFadden & Whitehead (writers and producers with the label), 1979; "Back Stabbers" and "Love Train" by The O'Jays, 1972/3; "If You Don't Know Me By Now" and "The Love I Lost" by Harold Melvin & The Blue Notes, 1972/3; "Me and Mrs. Jones" by Billy Paul, 1972; "When Will I See You Again" by The Three Degrees, 1974; and "You'll Never Find Another Love Like Mine" by Lou Rawls, 1976.  The label had a distribution deal with CBS Records until 1984. Distribution of the catalog from 1976 onwards was then taken over by EMI Records, but CBS continued to distribute material recorded up to 1976. In 2007, Sony's Legacy Recordings regained the rights to Philadelphia International's full catalog and the following year, PIR/Legacy released a box set titled "Love Train: The Sound of Philadelphia".  Most of the music released by the label was recorded and produced at Sigma Sound Studios in Philadelphia, with chief engineer and later studio owner Joe Tarsia recording many of the sessions. More than 30 resident studio musicians, known collectively as MFSB "Mother Father Sister Brother", were based at this studio and backed up most of these recordings. Some of these musicians also acted as arrangers, writers or producers for Philadelphia International as well as for other labels recording in the city. They included Bobby Martin, Norman Harris, Thom Bell, Ronnie Baker, Vince Montana and later, Jack Faith and John Usry.  Gamble and Huff worked as independent producers with a series of artists in the late 1960s and early 1970s, including Jerry Butler, Wilson Pickett and Dusty Springfield. They also produced The Jacksons' first two albums for Epic/CBS after the group had left Motown in 1976. The first, titled "The Jacksons" featured the platinum-selling single "Enjoy Yourself", and a second album, "Goin' Places" followed in 1977. Although on CBS subsidiary Epic, both albums and the singles also carried a Philadelphia International logo.  In 1965, Gamble and Huff started an independent label, Excel Records. It was soon renamed Gamble Records and in 1972, was folded into Philadelphia International as a subsidiary. In 1974, the subsidiary's name was changed to TSOP Records, from the aforementioned 1974 hit single, "TSOP (The Sound of Philadelphia)". Artists for Excel/Gamble/TSOP included Dee Dee Sharp, Archie Bell & the Drells, and The People's Choice, who had a top 10 single on TSOP in 1976 with "Do It Any Way You Wanna." Later signings to the Philly International roster in the 1980s and 1990s, included Patti Labelle, The Stylistics, Phyllis Hyman, and The Dells.  Between 1973 and 1975, Gamble and Huff also distributed a boutique label called Golden Fleece, set up by musicians Norman Harris, Ronnie Baker and Earl Young, which released the second album by The Trammps. G & H also had a short-lived subsidiary called Thunder Records. Created by Thom Bell, it only had two singles from Derek & Cyndi (You Bring Out the Best in Me/I'll Do the Impossible for You) who were produced by Bell, and Fatback Band member Michael Walker whose single "I Got the Notion, You Got the Motion" was produced by his brother and The Spinners' member Philippe Wynne.

Later period.

By the mid 1980s, Philadelphia International Records ended their distribution deal with Columbia, who they had worked with since their inception. The label was soon after picked up by Capitol/EMI records. They continued to make hits, including Shirley Jones' "Do You Get Enough Love," but their most successful years were behind them.  In the 1990s, Philadelphia International launched a new subsidiary, Uncensored Records. Featuring Damon and No Question, this label releases hip hop music. Philadelphia International now largely concentrates on licensing its music catalog worldwide and has issued few new recordings since the mid-80s, when Gamble and Huff wound down their studio work together.  In 1989, Gamble and Huff were awarded their first Grammy Award. Simply Red's cover of "If You Don't Know Me By Now," written by Gamble and Huff, won the Grammy Award for Best R&B Song. 10 years later in 1999, Gamble and Huff were awarded the Lifetime Achievement Grammy from the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences. In 2008, the duo were inducted in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in the non-performer category, joining their band the O'Jays who were inducted in 2005.  In November, 2009, PBS aired the two-part special, "Love Train: The Sound of Philadelphia", which celebrates the legacy of Gamble & Huff and the family of Philadelphia International Records artists. The concert was shot in front of a live audience on Saturday, June 7, 2008 at the Borgata Hotel and Casino in Atlantic City, and showcased TSOP artists.  In February 2010, Gamble and Huff suffered a setback when fire swept through parts of their offices on Philadelphia's Broad Street. The building was previously the home of another iconic part of the city's musical heritage, Cameo-Parkway Records, based there during the 1950s and 1960s, and has become a tourist attraction. The fire was started deliberately by a man who had broken into the offices while so intoxicated by alcohol (in excess of four times the legal limit for driving a vehicle) that he had no recollection of the crime afterward.  In August 2011, in honor of the 40th anniversary of the company, Philadelphia International Records launched TSOP Soul Radio, an online radio station that allows fans from all around the world the chance to tune in and listen to music and interviews from the legendary Gamble and Huff catalog.  The building that housed Philadelphia International Records located on Broad & Spruce Street was damaged by arson in 2010 and was effectively shut down. It was sold to local developer Dranoff Properties in 2014. On Saturday April 18, 2015 demolition started on the building. The new owners Dranoff Properties plan to build an SLS International Hotel at the site of the building which plans to open in Fall 2017.  Gamble and Huff have written over 3000 songs throughout their careers, making them two of the most efficient and productive songwriters of all time. They continue to write songs together from their homes in South Philadelphia.

Philly Soul.

Philadelphia soul, or Philly soul, was a form of soul music that came out of Philadelphia during the mid 1960s. It provided a smoother alternative to the deep soul of the 60s while maintaining the soul and emotion of popular R&B of the time. Philadelphia International Records was one of the most successful labels to capitalize on this new genre, and took it to the international stage with acts like the O'Jays and Teddy Pendergrass.  Philly Soul is known for its incorporation of lush string arrangements along with penetrating brass, and often tells very personal and emotional stories. The world renowned Philadelphia Orchestra's string section was often employed to play on many of Philadelphia International Record's tracks. Philly Soul is often considered a producer's genre, the essence of the genre coming mostly out of Gamble, Huff, Bell, and the other producers within PIR. Philly Soul, with its driving rhythms, later became the inspiration from which the disco craze of the 70s was born.

Discography.

Catalog numbers from 1971 to 1985 are part of CBS Records' overall numbering system, and therefore are discontinuous. Albums released from 1986-1990 were part of Capitol/EMI catalog numbering system. Catalog numbers for albums released after 1991 are from Philadelphia International's distribution deal with Zoo Entertainment.

Philadelphia International Records (PIR) is an American record label based in Philadelphia. It was founded in 1971 by the writer-producer duo, Kenneth Gamble and Leon Huff, along with their long time collaborator Thom Bell. It was famous for showcasing the Philadelphia soul music genre (also known as Philly soul) that was founded on the gospel, doo-wop, and soul music of the time. This Philly Soul sound later became a prominent and distinct era within R&B itself. During the 1970s the label released a string of worldwide hits which emphasized lavish orchestral instrumentation, heavy bass, and driving percussion.

Philadelphia International Records (PIR) ist ein US-amerikanisches Plattenlabel, das 1971 in Philadelphia gegründet wurde, mit dem Phillysound assoziiert wurde und den aufkommenden Disco-Sound maßgeblich beeinflusste.


Plot.

The film opens in Victorian London on a December night in 1900. The first night of the season at the London Opera House finds the opening of a new opera by Lord Ambrose D'Arcy (Michael Gough), a wealthy and pompous man, who is annoyed and scornful when the opera manager Lattimer (Thorley Walters) informs him the theatre has not been completely sold out. No one will sit in a certain box because it is haunted. Backstage, despite the soothing efforts of the opera's producer, Harry Hunter (Edward de Souza), everyone, including the show's star, Maria, is nervous and upset as if a sinister force was at work. The climax comes during Maria's first aria, when a side of the scenery rips apart to reveal the body of a hanged stage hand. In a panic, the curtain is rung down, and Maria refuses to sing again.  With the show postponed, Harry frantically auditions new singers. He finds a promising young star in Christine Charles (Heather Sears), one of the chorus girls. Lord Ambrose lecherously approves of the selection, and invites Christine to dinner. In her dressing room Christine is warned against Lord Ambrose by a Phantom voice. At dinner, Lord Ambrose attempts to seduce her, but as they are about to leave to his apartment, she is saved by Harry. On the ride back home, Christine tells Harry about the voice she heard. Intrigued, Harry takes Christine back to the opera house, where in her dressing room, the same voice tells Harry to leave her there and go. At the same time the rat catcher (Patrick Troughton) is murdered by the Phantom's lackey, a dwarf (Ian Wilson). Investigating the murder, Harry leaves Christine by herself where she is approached by a man dressed in black, wearing a mask with only one eye, The Phantom of the Opera. He tells her she must come with him but she screams and The Phantom flees. Harry comforts her and takes her home.  The next day Lord Ambrose sends a dismissal to Christine for refusing to come back to his apartment. Lord Ambrose chooses a more willing but less talented singer to take Christine's place. When Harry refuses to accept this he is also dismissed by Lord Ambrose. Visiting Christine at her boarding house, Harry finds some old manuscripts which he recognizes as a rough draft of the opera he has been producing. Questioning Christine's landlady Mrs. Tucker, he learns that it was written by a former boarder by the name of Professor Petrie, who had been killed in a fire at a printers that was to print his music. Making further inquiries, he learns that Petrie did not actually perish in the fire, but was splashed with Nitric Acid while apparently trying to extinguish the blaze, had run away in agony and was drowned in the River Thames. This is confirmed by the policeman who was in the area at the time, but the body was never recovered. Harry and Christine have a romantic day together. While having a moonlight carriage ride Harry tells her about Petrie, and that he is convinced that Lord Ambrose stole Petrie's music. He leaves it at that, as he believes that the Professor is long since dead.  When Christine gets home she is confronted by the dwarf and faints from fright and is carried off. When she wakes she is in the Phantom's lair deep in the cellars of the opera house and the Phantom (Herbert Lom) is playing a huge organ. He tells the frightened girl that he will teach her to sing properly, and rehearses her with fanatical insistence until she collapses from exhaustion. Meanwhile, Harry, reinstated as the opera producer, is worried about Christine's disappearance. Pondering the story of the mysterious Professor, he checks the river where he had last been seen. At that same moment, he hears the echo of Christine's voice emanating from a storm drain, and soon finds himself following the voice through one of London's water-filled sewers. The faint sound of the organ playing draws him down a tunnel where the dwarf attacks him with a knife. Harry subdues him, and finds himself facing the missing Professor as Christine looks on from a bed (where she'd been sleeping).  Harry asks the professor what had happened in his past. In a flashback, the Phantom says that five years before, as a poor and starving composer, he had been forced to sell all of his music, including the opera, to Lord Ambrose for a pitifully small fee with the thought that his being published would bring him recognition. When he discovered that Lord Ambrose was having the music published under his own name, Petrie became enraged and broke into the printers to destroy the plates. While burning the music that had already been printed, Petrie unwittingly started a fire, then accidentally splashed acid on his face and hands in an effort to put it out, thinking it was water. In terrible agony, he ran out, jumped into the river, and was swept by the current into an underground drain, where he was rescued and cared for by the dwarf. The Phantom says that he is dying but he wishes to see his opera performed by Christine. They both agree to allow him time to complete her voice coaching. When the opera is presented several weeks later, Lord Ambrose is confronted in his office by the Phantom. He rips off The Phantom's mask and sees his terrifying face, he runs out screaming into the night. As the curtain rises, with Christine in the lead role, the Phantom watches eagerly in the "haunted" box. Her performance brings him to tears as he hears his music finally presented. Listening enraptured to the music, the dwarf is discovered in the catwalks by a stage-hand and in the chase, he jumps onto a huge chandelier poised high above the stage over Christine. As the rope begins to break from the weight, the Phantom spots the danger. He rips off his mask, leaps from his box to the stage and pushes Christine safely from harm. He is impaled by the chandelier before the eyes of the horror-stricken audience.  Patricia Clark provided the dubbed-over soprano voice for Heather Sears.

Production.

Based upon the interest generated by the "Phantom of the Opera" sequence in the Lon Chaney biopic "Man of a Thousand Faces", and the success of the 1943 remake, Universal was interested in revisiting the story again. The first plans for remake were in-studio, with William Alland producing and Franklin Coen writing. Plans for this remake fell through, but upon the success of the distribution of "Dracula" for Hammer, Universal decided to let the British outfit tackle the project instead and announced the project in February, 1959.  Two months later, Hammer Pictures struck a five-year deal with Columbia Pictures to produce five films a year. On these terms, Hammer's previous arrangements (such as "The Mummy" for Universal Studios and "The Hound of the Baskervilles" for United Artists) could be fulfilled, but thereafter could produce only two pictures a year for other studios. "Phantom of the Opera" was among those announced for Universal.  Over the next two years, the project fell on and off the charts. In 1960, the project was connected with Kathryn Grayson, although she had not been in pictures for some years. According to author Wayne Kinsey's interpretation of a quote from producer Anthony Hinds, the romantic lead (Harry Hunter) was written for Cary Grant. Grant had expressed his interest in doing a Hammer horror film, at a time when it was common for American actors to be featured in British films. Actually, what Hinds said repeatedly in interviews was, "I wrote the script for Cary Grant," which makes it far more likely Grant was to play the title role, not a subordinate leading man.  Production for the film started in November 1961. As with most of the Hammer productions, the film was shot at Bray Studios on a modest budget. Lom recalled in one interview how the producers at Hammer expected actors to throw themselves into their work: "For one of my scenes, the Hammer people wanted me to smash my head against a stone pillar, because they said they couldn't afford one made of rubber," Lom reveals. "I refused to beat my head against stone, of course. This caused a 'big crisis', because it took them half a day to make a rubber pillar that looked like stone. And of course, it cost a few pennies more. Horror indeed!"  Many of the exterior sets utilised were on the studio's backlot and had already been used for many Hammer productions previously. Interiors of the "London Opera House" were filmed at the Wimbledon Theatre in London, which was rented for three weeks. Over 100 musicians and chorus people were hired for the shoot. The film had a reported budget initially of £200,000, but it was reported after principal shooting to be £400,000, both figures unusually high for a Hammer film.  All of the flashback scenes showing how Professor Petrie became the Phantom were filmed with "Dutch angles," meaning the camera was noticeably tilted to give an unreal, off-kilter effect: a time-honored method in film of representing either a flashback or a dream.  "The Phantom of the Opera" opened in New York City on 22 August 1962 at the RKO Palace Theater. In person was Sonya Cordeau, who played "Yvonne" in the picture. Cordeau later went on tour with the film for Universal.  When the film had its American TV premiere on NBC, additional footage of Scotland Yard police inspectors (played by Liam Redmond and John Maddison) looking for the Phantom was filmed to increase the running time. This footage was shot at Universal Studios, and Hammer Productions had no input at all. "The Kiss of the Vampire" and "The Evil of Frankenstein" also had American-shot footage added to their television showings as well. This was a common practice when it was thought that parts of the film were "too intense." These scenes were edited out, and more acceptable scenes replaced them or extended the running time.  In common with Hammer's usual practice, when shown in British cinemas in 1962, the film was paired with "Captain Clegg", another of the studio's films.

Music.

The music in this movie features Johann Sebastian Bach's Toccata and Fugue in D minor, arguably the most famous piece of organ music ever composed, and one that has become commonly associated with horror films.

Critical reception.

"The Monthly Film Bulletin" wrote: "The absurd, much-filmed story crumbles—at any rate here—once the "ingénue" is reconciled to The Phantom as her mentor; but its Gothic elements are rich enough to defy time... Surprisingly tasteful for a Hammer film, the production is also quite imaginative (The Phantom's rocky, water-lapped lair, complete with organ and double-bed) and careful." Howard Thompson of "The New York Times" called the film "a real disappointment... In the hands of the British, with Herbert Lom as the opera ogre, the result is ornate and pretty dull. Whatever happened, chaps?" "Variety" wrote that the film "still provides a fair measure of goose pimples to combat some potential unwanted yocks. In the shadow of its predecessors the current 'Phantom' seems a reasonable booking for average houses, without doing anything to erase oldtimers' memories of the earlier versions." "Harrison's Reports" gave the film a grade of "Fair", writing, "The story of creative fakery, revenge and danger is not only loosely woven together, but its believability is weak. Its dénouement is thin and vaporish."  "The Hammer Story: The Authorised History of Hammer Films" wrote of the film: "Although distinguished by some fine acting, sets and music, "The Phantom of the Opera" seems decidedly half-baked." The author(s) called Terence Fisher's direction "misguided", and noted that distributor J. Arthur Rank Film Distributors' "emasculation of the British print sealed its fate." The film also takes away much of the Phantom's dark, morbid side, making him a tragic hero.

Home video release.

In North America, the film was released on 6 September 2005 along with seven other Hammer horror films on the 4-DVD set "The Hammer Horror Series" (ASIN: B0009X770O), which is part of MCA-Universal's "Franchise Collection". This set was re-released on Blu-ray on 13 September 2016.

The Phantom of the Opera is a 1962 British horror film directed by Terence Fisher, a loose adaptation on the 1910 novel "Le Fantôme de l'Opéra" by Gaston Leroux. The film was made by Hammer Film Productions.

Das Rätsel der unheimlichen Maske ist ein Horrorfilm der britischen Hammer-Production aus dem Jahr 1962 und basiert auf dem Roman Das Phantom der Oper von Gaston Leroux. Der Werbespruch auf dem Plakat lautete seinerzeit „Der größte GRUSELKLASSIKER aller Zeiten“ (). Die DVD-Veröffentlichung erfolgte als "Das Phantom der Oper".


History.

Origin and growth (1869–1955).

Sainsbury's was established as a partnership in 1869, when John James Sainsbury and his wife Mary Ann opened a shop at 173 Drury Lane in Holborn, London. Sainsbury started as a retailer of fresh foods and later expanded into packaged groceries such as tea and sugar. His trading philosophy, as stated on a sign outside his first shop in Islington, was: "Quality perfect, prices lower".  Shops started to look similar, so in order for people to recognise them throughout London, a high cast-iron 'J. SAINSBURY' sign featured on every shop so their shops could be seen from a distance, and round-the-back deliveries started to add extra convenience and not upset rivals due to Sainsbury's popularity.  In 1922, J Sainsbury was incorporated as the private company 'J. Sainsbury Limited'.  Groceries were introduced in 1903, when John James purchased a grocer's branch at 12 Kingsland High Street, Dalston. Home delivery featured in every shop, as there were fewer cars in those days.

Self-service and heyday (1956–1991).

In 1956, Alan Sainsbury became chairman after the death of his father, John Benjamin Sainsbury. During the 1950s and 1960s, Sainsbury's was a keen early adopter of self-service supermarkets in the United Kingdom; the first self-service shop within the country was a co-operative shop opened in 1942. On a trip to the United States of America, Alan Sainsbury realised the benefits of self-service shops and believed the future of Sainsbury's was self-service supermarkets of, with eventually the added bonus of a car park for extra convenience. The first self-service branch opened in Croydon in 1950.  Sainsbury's was a pioneer in the development of own-brand goods; the aim was to offer products that matched the quality of nationally branded goods but at a lower price. It expanded more cautiously than did Tesco, shunning acquisitions, and it never offered trading stamps.  Until the company went public on 12 July 1973,

Sainsbury's decline (1992–1998).

In 1992, the long time CEO John Davan Sainsbury retired, and was succeeded as chairman and chief executive by his cousin, David Sainsbury (later Lord Sainsbury of Turville); this brought about a change in management style – David was more consensual and less hierarchical but not in strategy or in corporate beliefs about the company's place in the market.  Mistakes by David Sainsbury and his successors, Dino Adriano and Peter Davis, included the rejection of loyalty cards, the reluctance

The brand re-launch (1998–2003).

In June 1998, Sainsbury's unveiled its new corporate identity, which was developed by M&C Saatchi, which consisted of the current company logo, new corporate colours of "living orange" and blue, Interstate as the company's new general use lowercase font from the old all uppercase font, the new slogan "Making life taste better", which replaced its old slogan from the 1960s and new staff uniforms.  The strapline was dropped in May 2005, and replaced in September of that year by "Try something new today." This new brand statement was created by Abbott

'Making Sainsbury's Great Again' (2004–2006).

At the end of March 2004, Davis was promoted to chairman and was replaced as CEO by Justin King. King joined Sainsbury's in from Marks and Spencer plc where he was a director with responsibility for its food division and Kings Super Markets, Inc. subsidiary in the United States. Schooled in Solihull, near Birmingham and a graduate of the University of Bath, where he took a business administration degree, King was also previously a managing director at Asda with responsibility for hypermarkets.  In June 2004, Davis was forced to quit in the face of an impending shareholder revolt, over his salary and bonuses. Investors were angered by a

Takeover bids (2007).

On 2 February 2007, after months of speculation about a private equity bid, CVC Capital Partners, Kohlberg Kravis Roberts (KKR) and Blackstone Group announced that they were considering a bid for Sainsbury's. The consortium grew to include Goldman Sachs and Texas Pacific Group. On 6 March 2007, with a formal bid yet to be tabled, the Takeover Panel issued a bid deadline of 13 April.  On 4 April, KKR left the consortium to focus on its bid for Alliance Boots. On 5 April, the consortium submitted an "indicative offer" of 562p

Administrative changes.

On 4 October 2007, Sainsbury's announced plans to relocate its Store Support Centre from Holborn to Kings Cross in 2011. The new office will be part of a new complex, to allow for both cost savings and energy efficiency. These savings will be made through the use of efficient building materials and design, a combined heat and power energy centre and the use of renewable energy sources.  In January 2008, Sainsbury's brought its number of its supermarkets in Northern Ireland to eleven, with the purchase of two Curley's Supermarkets in Dungannon and Belfast, which includes those shops' petrol stations and off licences.  In

Developing the business (2009–2016).

In March 2009, Sainsbury's reached an agreement to buy 24 shops from The Co-operative Group, 22 of which were Somerfield shops, which the group were required to sell as a condition of their takeover of Somerfield. A further nine shops were purchased from The Co-operative Group in June 2009. These were concentrated in West Wales, the North of England and Scotland, where Sainsbury's market share is low.  In May 2010, Sainsbury's confirmed a multimillion-pound deal with the London Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games (LOCOG) to be the main sponsor of the 2012 Paralympic Games. Under the deal, Sainsbury's sold Paralympic merchandise and became involved in high-profile events, such as the torch relay.

Multi-channel retailer and restructuring (2016–present).

After a four-month pursuit, in April 2016 Home Retail Group agreed to be taken over by Sainsbury's for £1.4bn, Sainsbury's completed the acquisition in September 2016. The deal included catalogue chain Argos and furnishing retailer Habitat, which made Sainsbury's the largest retailer of merchandise in the UK. Once the deal was complete the J Sainsbury's group was split into its three new divisions of Sainsbury's, Sainsbury's Bank and Sainsbury's Argos (including Habitat). Throughout 2016 and 2017 Sainsbury's pursued expansion of its multi-channel strategy, increasing the number of groceries Click and Collect points and online fulfilment locations to serve its online delivery network including opening a dark store in Bromley by Bow to serve the London area, increasing geographical coverage of its same-day groceries delivery network and integrating concessions into its shops such as Argos, Habitat, Timpson's and Starbucks.  In November 2016, Sainsbury's announced its intentions to cut £500 million of costs from its business. In March 2017 400 jobs were cut and

Abandoned merger with Asda.

In April 2018, Sainsbury's entered talks with Walmart about a proposed merger with Asda, which could form the largest UK supermarket company. Under the plans, Walmart would own 42% of the combined business, which would be led by the

Shops.

In March 2019, Sainsbury's shop portfolio was as follows:  According to CACI, as of 2006, Sainsbury's has market dominance in 8 postcode areas; TQ (Torquay), SN (Swindon), GU (Guildford), RH (Redhill), DA (Dartford), SE (South East London), EN (Enfield) and WV (Wolverhampton).  It is particularly strong in London and the South-East, where it is based, and has powerful positions within many UK cities. The company acquired the Midlands-based Thoroughgood in the 1930s. Expansion since 1945 has given the company national reach, although the chain is not as well-represented in Scotland as Tesco, and Morrisons (as Safeway dominated Scotland before being taken over by them). This is partly due to Sainsbury's having lost out to Tesco in the bidding war for William Low in the 1990s.

Supermarkets.

On 29 September 2010, Sainsbury's opened one of its largest UK shops, an extension of its existing shop in Crayford, South East London, which now has over of retail space and is its largest supermarket to be built in the UK. Bybrook in Ashford Kent, which reopened on 16 November 2011 has over.  The refurbished Lincoln, Lincolnshire shop opened on 24 November 2010 making it the UK's second largest Sainsbury's supermarket after Crayford at.  Shops in the'supermarket' category all have similar layouts and operations but may vary in their offering to the customer. Most will have a convenience kiosk, produce,

Sainsbury's Fuel.

Sainsbury's operates a chain of fuel forecourts located at some of its supermarkets selling diesel, petrol and City Diesel. The chain first opened a forecourt in 1974 at its Croydon SavaCentre hypermarket, the forecourts were initially supplied

Sainsbury's Café.

A number of stores operate self-service cafes, marketed as Sainsbury's Café, of which most are open for almost as long as the shops are open.

Sainsbury's Local.

As well as developing its own sites, Sainsbury's expanded its convenience portfolio through acquisitions of Bell's Stores, Jackson's Stores, JB Beaumont and SL Shaw Ltd. Sainsbury's initially retained the strong Bells, Jacksons and Beaumont branding. For example, refurbished shops were called "Sainsbury's at Bells". These were effectively Sainsbury's Local shops with a revised fascia, retaining some

Sainsbury's Online.

Sainsbury's operates an internet shopping service branded as "Sainsbury's Online". To use this service customers choose their groceries online, or by phone (which includes a "phone order" fee). Sainsbury's also provide the Sainsbury's Gift Cards and Sainsbury's Business Direct transactional websites that sell gift cards, gift vouchers and

Distribution.

Sainsbury's supply chain operates from 13 regional distribution centres (RDCs), with two national distribution centres for slower moving goods, and two frozen food facilities. In addition, the depot at Tamworth transships

Subsidiaries.

Sainsbury's Bank.

In 1997 Sainsbury's Bank was established – a joint venture between J Sainsbury plc and the Bank of Scotland, later a part of the Lloyds Banking Group. Services

Sainsbury's Energy.

Founded in 2011, Sainsbury's Energy is a virtual utility provider in partnership with nPower who offer gas and electricity. Sainsbury's no longer have

Former formats and ventures.

Sainsbury's Freezer Centres were a frozen food chain operated between 1974 and 1986, the shops were entirely dedicated to frozen food. Due to competition from specialist frozen food chains such as Bejam, Sainsbury's converted its original service shops that were too small for modern use to small frozen specialist shops. Despite initial difficulty as only 11% of the population owned a freezer, the chain expanded to 21 shops at its height. As freezers became more popular, frozen food departments were designed into Sainsbury's main supermarkets, and the chain was sold to Bejam in 1986, who were ultimately sold to Iceland in 1989.  SavaCentre was a chain of 13 hypermarkets and 7 discount supermarkets operated between 1977 and 2005, initially in a joint venture with BHS. The shops ranged in size between and, and the discount supermarkets between and. At the time of its inception it was the only dedicated hypermarket chain in the UK. Shop layout consisted of a 50:50 split between food and non-food shopping, with a complete range of both retailers' products, and later included input from Habitat and Mothercare as they merged with BHS. Some shops also included features such as a petrol station and in-shop cafe. In 1989 Sainsbury's bought out BHS's half stake, but still allowed BHS to retail from SavaCentres until they offered its own clothing and merchandise offering.  Sainsbury's operated one alcohol hypermarket in partnership with Auchan in Calais, France for the lucrative UK booze cruise market. The shop closed in 2010 after describing the operation as 'economically unviable'.  In 2002 Sainsbury's opened an experimental shop in the Bluebird Building in Chelsea, London. The concept of the 'Market' shop was to provide a large range of fresh meat, fish, delicatessen items and bread through colleagues serving over counters. Colleagues were specially hired for their skill and passion for their roles in-shop. The layout also provided a larger than usual area for retailing fresh produce. The shop closed in 2004 after poor results. A second, much larger version in

Product ranges.

A large shop typically stocks around 30,000 lines

Marketing and branding.

Shop fascias.

Since 1869 Sainsbury's used various fascias using the title 'J Sainsbury'. This was replaced in 1999 by simply: 'Sainsbury's'. The flagship supermarket in Greenwich, South London, first trialled the new look, leading to the term 'Greenwich Blue', which was used to describe the signature colour of new identity. After its success most supermarkets were refurbished

Nectar loyalty card.

Sainsbury's was a founding member of the UK's largest retail loyalty scheme called 'Nectar' in 2002. The scheme allows customers to earn points on almost everything bought from Sainsbury's as well as from other participating retailers in return for a large range of rewards. For every pound spent the customer earns 1 point - a reward equivalent to 0.5% of supermarket purchases. Since 2015 Sainsbury's no longer offers 1 bonus

Sainsbury's Active Kids.

Until 2017, Sainsbury's ran an annual voucher scheme for local organisations to redeem against equipment for sports and other activities. Customers earned

Brand match.

In 2011 Sainsbury's introduced brand match. It matched prices of competitors. In March 2014 it stopped matching prices in Tesco. In August 2015 it rolled out

Brand ambassadors.

2000–2011: Jamie Oliver was the public face of Sainsbury's, appearing on television and radio advertisements and in-shop promotional material. The deal earned him an estimated £1.2 million every year. In the first two years of these

Slogans.

Sainsbury's currently uses the "Live Well For Less" slogan which was launched on 15 September 2011. Over the years, Sainsbury's

Street name.

When Sainsbury's opened its new supermarket in Kingston upon Thames on part of the site of the former Kingston Power Station in the

Staffing.

In 2013, Sainsbury's won the Employer of the Year at the Oracle Retail Week Awards.  In 2010, Sainsbury's opened seven food colleges that teach fishmongery, butchery, breadmaking and confectioning. 21,000 colleagues have been trained at these venues so far. Qualifications can be gained through in house training, and so far 15,400 colleagues have been awarded City and Guild qualifications.  Our Sainsbury's is a social and information website for colleagues to use to access colleague benefits and information, and to interact with other colleagues.  Sainsbury's graduate scheme called '2020 Leaders' aims to recruit and develop potential leaders for the most senior roles of the company.  Each supermarket or group of conveniences shops elects a group of'representatives' from across their shop or region to meet once a month to discuss the working life of their branch and the company. The meetings can include communication from Head Office, the chance to organise charity or local events and the opportunity for employee's to discuss issues and feedback or question the attending Store Manager. The group controls a budget for donating to local charities

Controversies.

Price fixing.

In 2007 Sainsburys was fined for its involvement

Tax avoidance.

A number of companies including Sainsbury's used a scheme to avoid VAT by forcing customers paying by card to unknowingly

Online only recruitment.

In November 2007, Sainsbury's became the first major British employer to introduce an "internet only" staff recruitment system. At the time, it was estimated that the move would save the company £4

Treatment of overseas workers.

In a 2006 report the British anti-poverty charity War

Food safety prosecutions.

Sainsbury's supermarkets have been prosecuted, on more than one occasion, for selling food past

Removal of kosher products.

In 2014, a photograph surfaced on Twitter showing that the Holborn Sainsbury's franchise responded to anti-Semitic threats by removing kosher products from its shelves. Complaints began appearing on social media that

Singhsbury’s shop.

In 2012, Jel Singh Nagra, a shop keeper from North Tyneside, was threatened with legal action from Sainsbury's after he named his

Environmental/ethical issues.

In May 2017 Sainsbury's was criticised, including by organisations such as Oxfam for dropping its Fairtrade label from tea. Oxfam said it was very unclear as to how Sainsbury's own standards would be higher than those of Marque's. The MD

Inequality in pricing.

In January 2018, Sainsbury's were found to be charging 50p more for

"Bristol Rovers F.C. v Sainsbury's".

Sainsbury's won a bidding process in March 2012 and agreed on a £30m deal to buy Bristol Rovers F.C.'s 12,000-capacity Memorial Stadium in north Bristol, lease it back for a peppercorn rent until the new ground was ready and then redevelop the old stadium as a new shop. The club hoped the money from the sale would largely finance a new UWE Stadium.  However Sainsbury's ended up locked in a legal battle with Bristol Rovers after the chain pulled out of the deal. Sainsbury's argued at the High Court in London that it was legally entitled to terminate the contract because conditions linked to the agreement had not been satisfied. Lawyers for the club said that either the contract "is still on foot" or Sainsbury's had breached

Archive.

Sainsbury's archive of over 16,000 items relating to the business since its foundation is now kept at the Museum of London. The archive is particularly rich in the product packaging, advertising and retail shop areas.

J Sainsbury plc trading as Sainsbury's is the second largest chain of supermarkets in the United Kingdom, with a 16.0% share of the supermarket sector. Founded in 1869, by John James Sainsbury with a shop in Drury Lane, London, the company became the largest retailer of groceries in 1922. In 1995, Tesco overtook Sainsbury's to become the market leader, and Asda became the second largest in 2003, demoting Sainsbury's to third place for most of the subsequent period until January 2014, when Sainsbury's regained second place. In April 2019, whilst awaiting to merge with Asda, Sainsbury's was again demoted into third place as their rival placed second.

Die Unternehmensgruppe J Sainsbury plc ist die Muttergesellschaft der britischen Supermarktkette "Sainsbury's Supermarkets Ltd.", kurz Sainsbury's. Seit April 2018 führen Asda und Sainsbury's Fusionsgespräche. Nach der Fusion hätten sie einen Marktanteil von 31,4 Prozent – und damit fast vier Prozent mehr als Tesco. Die Fusion muss noch von der britischen Regulierungsbehörde, der Competition and Markets Authority, geprüft werden, bevor sie genehmigt werden kann.


Club career.

Atlético Mineiro.

Caçapa began his career in 1996 with Brazilian club Atlético Mineiro, where he established himself as a first team regular. He received the Bola de Ouro (Golden Ball) award in 1999 after being voted the best defender in Série A that season.

Lyon.

In 2001, Caçapa began attracting interest from European clubs and joined Lyon on loan in 2001. He played his first game in the French Ligue 1 championship on 17 February 2001 and scored in the 2001 Coupe de la Ligue Final which Lyon won after extra time. In the summer, he signed a five-year contract with the club. He was captain of Lyon for five seasons, winning the French championship in each of these seasons. He became a French citizen in October 2006 after living in the country for over five years. His contract with Lyon expired in the summer of 2007 and he refused to sign a new deal with the club.

Newcastle United.

Caçapa signed for Newcastle United on a Free transfer after his contract with previous club Lyon expired, on 3 August 2007, signing an initial two-year deal with an option for a third. He made his debut for Newcastle as an 89th-minute substitute during the goalless draw against Aston Villa on 18 August, and in doing so he became the 1,000th player to represent the Magpies in a competitive match.  He made his home debut for Newcastle in a 2–0 win over Barnsley on 29 August, and then his Premier League home debut three days later in a 1–0 win over Wigan Athletic on 1 September. He scored his first goal for the club with a header against Tottenham Hotspur on 22 October in a 3–1 win.  On 3 November, Caçapa suffered a setback, being substituted out of Newcastle's game against Portsmouth after only 18 minutes. It was later announced that his poor play in the game was due to a "slight hamstring strain". Caçapa made a triumphant return to the Newcastle squad on 15 December, when he was named Man of the Match in their away win at Fulham.  He scored his second goal for Newcastle on 16 January 2008 when they went through to the FA Cup 4th Round after a 4–1 replay victory over Stoke City with Caçapa getting the second goal.  He was ruled out for five weeks on 22 March after suffering a groin injury before the 2–0 win over Fulham. Caçapa had an indifferent 2007–08 campaign, he was in and out of the starting XI, and although turning in some impressive performances, he struggled for consistency.  In the 2008–09 season he was utilised both as a defender and a midfielder due to Newcastle having both a small squad and numerous injuries to players. Most of Caçapa's 2008–09 campaign was blighted by injury. He made his last appearance in December, failing to appear throughout 2009 as Newcastle were relegated before being released on 1 July 2009 when his contract expired.

Cruzeiro.

After the Newcastle contract expired, he joined Atlético Mineiro archrivals Cruzeiro, where he played until the end of the 2010 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A.

Évian.

Caçapa returned to France to join Évian in the Ligue 2 when he signed for a six-months contract on 25 January 2011. He helped the club to win the Ligue 2 and achieve promotion to the Ligue 1 for their first time in their history.

Avaí.

After his contract with Évian expired, he has received an offer from Avaí and agreed to sign for the club on 25 July 2011. He was released from his contract after the end of the season and announced his retirement on 20 March 2012, also opening a football school called Arena Lyon in his hometown Lavras.

International career.

Caçapa's impressive form at Atlético Mineiro was rewarded with a call-up to the Brazilian national team. He made his debut for his country on 23 February 2000 against Thailand and went on to make three international appearances and one unofficial international appearance in a match against Japanese club Tokyo Verdy.

Managerial career.

Caçapa was hired as the manager of Brazil's under 15 national team in December 2013. He was, however, sacked on 27 February 2015.

Personal life.

He and his wife had their first child in 2006.

Honours.

Club.

Atlético Mineiro  Lyon  Évian

Cláudio Roberto da Silva (born 29 May 1976), commonly known as Cláudio Caçapa or simply Caçapa (), is a Brazilian former professional footballer who played as a central defender. Having made his senior debut in 1996 for Atlético Mineiro, Caçapa went on to play for Lyon, Newcastle United, Cruzeiro, Évian and Avaí. He was capped three times by the Brazil national team.

Caçapa (* 29. Mai 1976 in Lavras, Brasilien; bürgerlich "Claudio Roberto da Silva") ist ein ehemaliger brasilianischer Fußballspieler. Seit dem 5. Oktober 2006 besitzt er neben der brasilianischen auch die französische Staatsbürgerschaft.


Structure.

The Chronicon Paschale follows earlier chronicles. For the years 600 to 627 the author writes as a contemporary historian—that is, through the last years of emperor Maurice, the reign of Phocas, and the first seventeen years of the reign of Heraclius.  Like many chroniclers, the author of this popular account relates anecdotes, physical descriptions of the chief personages (which at times are careful portraits), extraordinary events such as earthquakes and the appearance of comets, and links Church history with a supposed Biblical chronology. Sempronius Asellio points out the difference in the public appeal and style of composition which distinguished the chroniclers ("Annales") from the historians ("Historia") of the Eastern Roman Empire.  The "Chronicon Paschale" is a huge compilation, attempting a chronological list of events from the creation of Adam. The principal manuscript, the 10th-century "Codex Vaticanus græcus" 1941, is damaged at the beginning and end and stops short at 627. The Chronicle proper is preceded by an introduction containing reflections on Christian chronology and on the calculation of the Paschal (Easter) cycle. The so-called 'Byzantine' or 'Roman' era (which continued in use in Greek Orthodox Christianity until the end of Turkish rule as the 'Julian calendar') was adopted in the Chronicum as the foundation of chronology; in accordance with which the date of the creation is given as 21 March 5507bc.

Authorship.

The author identifies himself as a contemporary of the Emperor Heraclius (610–641), and was possibly a cleric attached to the suite of the œcumenical Patriarch Sergius. The work was probably written during the last ten years of the reign of Heraclius.  The chief authorities used were: Sextus Julius Africanus; the "Fasti consulares"; the "Chronicle and Church History" of Eusebius; John Malalas; the "Acta Martyrum"; the treatise of Epiphanius, bishop of Constantia (the old Salamis) in Cyprus (fl. 4th century), on "Weights and Measures".

Chronicon Paschale (the Paschal or Easter Chronicle), also called Chronicum Alexandrinum, Constantinopolitanum or Fasti Siculi, is the conventional name of a 7th-century Greek Christian chronicle of the world. Its name comes from its system of chronology based on the Christian paschal cycle; its Greek author named it "Epitome of the ages from Adam the first man to the 20th year of the reign of the most August Heraclius".

Das Chronicon Paschale, aus der griechischen Bezeichnung abgeleitet, trägt auch die alternativen Titel Osterchronik, Chronicon Alexandrinum, Chronicon Constantinopolitanum oder Fasti Siculi. Es handelt sich um eine im Oströmischen Reich in griechischer Sprache verfasste Chronik, die um 630 entstanden ist. Der moderne Name rührt von der verwendeten Zeitrechnung nach dem christlichen Osterkanon her.