Life and career.

Lucien was born on the island of Tortola in 1942, and raised in St. Thomas by a guitar-playing dad and greatly inspired by Nat "King" Cole. Arriving in New York by the mid-60s, he set about sharing the music in his head with the world at large. His 1970 RCA debut, "I Am Now", was a formative step in the direction for which he would subsequently be known, presenting him as a romantic crooner with an exotic accent, but sticking largely to string-laden easy-listening arrangements. By the release of his second album, "Rashida", in 1973, he had arrived at his artistic cruising speed, creating a style of R and B where the "B" stood more for bossa nova than blues, with languid samba rhythms, understated nylon-string acoustic guitar, fluid bass lines and his trademark unique scatting, occasionally eschewing lyrics altogether. This approach yielded a number of classic cuts like "Would You Believe In Me," "Lady Love" and the title track, which all found a home on the airwaves in those waning days of progressive FM.  For the follow-up, 1974's "Mind's Eye", Lucien and producer Dave Grusin crafted an album that fulfilled and expanded upon Rashida's promise, a scintillating song cycle combining the diverse sources of Lucien's inspiration in a seamless manner. Unfortunately, this album would mark the beginning of Lucien's rather adversarial relationship with the music business establishment, with tracks like "Listen Love" and "World Of Joy" being considered too hard to pigeonhole for any one radio format.  A move to CBS the following year yielded "Song For My Lady", an effort to reach the broader audiences that had proven elusive to his previous RCA efforts. Recorded with an array of studio session heavy-hitters, "Song" fared somewhat better, with "Creole Lady" receiving significant air play on the AC format of the era, although still falling a bit short of making Lucien a household name. The album remains, however, fondly remembered by all who have heard it, as does its 1976 follow-up, "Premonition", featuring such evergreen favorites as "Laura" and "Hello Like Before" with a similar stellar session lineup. After two albums, however, it became increasingly apparent that CBS scarcely understood Lucien's music and where he was trying to go with it better than RCA, especially with the disco onslaught then beginning to take place.  Feeling a tad disillusioned that music as easily likable as his should experience such difficulties gaining a wider and wider audience, Lucien stopped recording for a while and was not heard from again until the release of 1991's "Listen Love" on Mercury, followed by 1993's "Mother Nature's Son". Both albums went a long way toward refreshing his original fans' memories of his unique artistry, picking up some new ones along the way as well. Jon explains: "Wherever I perform, I hear all the time, 'I'm 18, I'm 19, but my mom turned me on to your music when I was 10, and this is the first chance I got to see you.'"  After a four-year absence from the recording studio, Lucien returned to debut "Endless Is Love" for Shanachie. The spiritual warmth and romantic grace that have always been Jon's trademarks are even more powerful and profound permeating the songs and enveloping the listener in a mood best described as peaceful intensity on this release. A few months after his 17-year-old daughter Dalila perished on Flight 800 in July 1996, Jon went into the studio and began recording "Endless Is Love". His music has always been his sanctuary. "My daughter doesn't want me sitting around being unhappy. I look at her and we communicate. We make music. The music is a special force." And Lucien's message hasn't wavered since his earliest days. "I hope to heal people who are sad and spiritually dead, because even though I don't pray in the music, the spirit is still there."  1999 marked the issue of four new CDs: Jon Lucien's own production, "By Request for Shanachie", and the compilations of some of Lucien's classic recorded material under the titles of "Sweet Control -The Best of Jon Lucien" (Razor and Tie/BMG) "Love Everlasting - The Very Best of Jon Lucien" (BMG/Camden UK) and "Precious Is Love" (Arts Records International) - all compilations taken from previously recorded material over the years. "Love Everlasting..." and "Precious..." containing several never-released cuts from original recording dates back in the '69 and early '70 days of youth and exuberance. The simultaneous release of these four CDs on four different labels is further evidence of Lucien's vision and his appeal that bridges generations and genres of musical tastes.  2001 signaled a new era for Jon Lucien with the release of Lucien Romantico on Jon's own Sugar Apple label. "This," he says, "opens up an entirely new avenue for me, now along with so many of my unreleased music compositions, I can also expose and introduce new talent of quality."  Released in 2002, "Man From Paradise", is all original material with a Caribbean Roots feel, songs such as "Let's Go To The Carnival" makes you want to march along in the parade. "My Passion's" steel drum, played by Andy Narell, and dramatic lyrics by Maria Juliana Villafane, helps to display Lucien's deep passion for love. In this package Jon exposes his many talents as an instrumentalist, his arranging abilities as well as his unlimited vocal styles.  2003 brings the first live performance of his entire career, "Live in NYC". If you thought you knew Jon Lucien, now is a good time to discover how he commands many genres of music. You can't "pigeon-hole" Jon Lucien, he just makes good music.  He has garnered younger fans through samplings from the old albums turning up regularly in hip-hop and acid jams, and mint copies of Rashida and Mind's Eye exchanging hands at often absurd prices. It is a testament to that vision and vindication of his commercial struggle that his audience now encompasses jazz buffs, R and B fans, acid-jazzers, world music types and fair-weather music fans in between all of the above, all of whom continued to pack his shows in the later years. All drawn by the sound...THAT sound...the Jon Lucien sound.  A "Best Of" compilation of his earlier work was released in 2001.  Jon Lucien died in Orlando, Florida, on August 18, 2007, from respiratory failure and other complications following surgery at the age of 65. Almost seven years to the day, his wife Delesa died August 20, 2014. She was Jon’s business partner and muse for so many of his '90s hit songs. Delesa handled many details including management of Sugar Apple Music, singing backup vocals for his songs and documenting his work. Jon is survived by his son, and daughter, Celesa Jane Lucien; granddaughter, Misty Rene Incontrera and Great grandsons, Alexander H. Singleton and Wilder M. Incontrera.

Discography.

The following titles were released on Jon Lucien's own label, Sugar Apple Music:

Quote.

"The record company was attempting to package me as a sort of 'black Sinatra'. Once the white women started to swoon at my performances, their attitudes quickly changed."

Jon Lucien (January 8, 1942 – August 18, 2007) was a vocalist and musician, born Lucien Harrigan on the island of Tortola, the main island of the British Virgin Islands, and raised in Saint Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands by his musician father. Lucien was best known for his song "Rashida", the title track of an album released in 1973, and one of two Grammy nominated songs on that album. He was also well known for his cover of "Dindi" by Brazilian composer Antonio Carlos Jobim. His smooth baritone drew comparisons with Nat King Cole and Lou Rawls. He was often heard on traditional jazz stations in the United States such as WJZZ in Detroit, Michigan (now WDMK).

Jon Lucien, eigentlich "John Lucien „Billy“ Harrigan", (* 8. Januar 1942 in Tortola, Britische Jungferninseln; † 14. August 2007 in Orlando, Florida) war ein in den USA beheimateter Smooth-Jazz-Sänger und Crooner mit karibischen Wurzeln.


Etymology.

In Taiwan, there are three common ways to write "Hoklo" in Chinese characters (Hokkien pronunciations are given in Pe̍h-ōe-jī), although none have been established as etymologically correct:  Meanwhile, Hoklo people self-identify as.  In Hakka, Teochew, and Cantonese, Hoklo may be written as "Hoglo" () and 學佬 ().  Despite the many ways to write "Hoklo" in Chinese, the term "Holo" () is used in Taiwan to refer to the ethnicity and language (Taiwanese Hokkien).

Culture.

Architecture.

Hoklo architecture is for the most part similar to any other traditional Chinese architectural styles, Hoklo shrines and temples have tilted sharp eaves just like the architecture of Han Chinese in all parts of China due to superstitious beliefs, however Hoklo shrines and temples do have special differences from the styles in other regions of China: the top roofs are high and slanted with exaggerated finely-detailed decorative inlays of wood and porcelain.  The main halls of Hoklo temple are also a little different, they are usually decorated with two dragons on the rooftop at the furthest left and right corners, and a miniature figure of a pagoda at the centre rooftop. One such example of this is the Kaiyuan Temple in Fujian, China. Other than all these minor differences, Hoklo architecture is the basically same as any other traditional Chinese architecture of any other regions by Han Chinese.

Language.

The Hoklo people speak the mainstream Hokkien (Minnan) dialect which is mutually intelligible to the Teochew dialect but to a small degree. Hokkien can be traced back to the Tang Dynasty, and it also has roots from earlier periods such as the Northern and Southern Dynasties and also a little influence from other dialects as well.  Hokkien has one of the most diverse phoneme inventories among Chinese varieties, with more consonants than Standard Mandarin or Cantonese. Vowels are more-or-less similar to that of Standard Mandarin. Hokkien varieties retain many pronunciations that are no longer found in other Chinese varieties. These include the retention of the initial, which is now (Pinyin 'zh') in Mandarin (e.g. 'bamboo' 竹 is "tik", but "zhú" in Mandarin), having disappeared before the 6th century in other Chinese varieties. Hokkien has 5 to 7 tones or 7 to 9 tones according to traditional sense, depending on variety of hokkien spoken such as the Amoy dialect for example has 7-8 tones.

Diaspora.

Taiwan.

About 70% of the Taiwanese people descend from Hoklo immigrants who arrived to the island prior to the start of Japanese rule in 1895. They could be categorized as originating from Xiamen, Quanzhou and Zhangzhou based on their dialects and districts of origin. People from the former two areas (Quanzhou-speaking) were dominant in the north of the island and along the west coast, whereas people from the latter two areas (Zhangzhou-speaking) were dominant in the south and perhaps the central plains as well.

Southeast Asia.

The Hoklo or Hokkien-lang (as they are known in these countries) are the largest dialect group among the Malaysian Chinese, Singapore and southern part of Thailand. They constitute the highest concentrations of Hoklo or Hokkien-lang in the region. The various Hokkien dialects/Minnan are still widely spoken in these countries but the daily use are slowly decreasing in favor of Mandarin Chinese, English or local language.  The Hoklo or Hokkien-lang are also the largest group among the Chinese Indonesians. Most speak only Indonesian.  In the Philippines, the Hoklo or Hokkien-lang form the majority of the Chinese people in the country. The Hokkien dialect/Minnan is still spoken there.

Hailufeng Hokkiens.

The Minnan speaking people in Haifeng and Lufeng are known as Hailufeng Hokkiens or Hailufeng Minnan, in a narrow scope, but are often mistaken by outsiders as Chaozhou/Teochew people in Hong Kong and Southeast Asia.  Chen Jiongming is a famous Hailufeng Hokkien who served as the governor of the Guangdong and Guangxi provinces during the Republic of China.

United States.

After the 1960s, many Hokkiens from Taiwan began immigrating to the United States and Canada.

The Hoklo people are Han Chinese people whose traditional ancestral homes are in southern Fujian, China and speakers of Hokkien which is the prestige dialect of the Southern Min varieties. They are also known by various endonyms (), or other related terms such as Banlam (Minnan) people () or Hokkien people (). "Hokkien" is sometimes erroneously used to refer to all Fujianese people.

Hoklo ("Hok-ló"), auch: Holo ("Hō-ló") bezeichnet Chinesen, deren Muttersprache Hokkien ist, ein Dialekt des Min Nan (Südliches Min-Chinesisch), der aus dem Süden der Provinz Fujian stammt. Die Mehrheit der Taiwaner sind Hoklo; ihre Muttersprache nennt man Taiwanisch.


Life and work.

Born in St. Petersburg, his early interest was in the phylloxera problem in the vineyards of N. Y. Danilevsky. He wrote his first scientific work at the age of 21 on some Lepidoptera of the Crimea (1882, vol. 8 of the "Proceedings of the Russian Entomological Society").  He was associated with Professor M. N. Bogdanov at the St. Petersburg Museum and contributed many of his own collections to it. He also studied the collections of the museum that had been made by Nikolai Przhevalsky, Grigory Potanin, Pyotr Semyonov-Tyan-Shansky, and other explorers of Central Asia.  From 1882, Grum-Grshimailo studied Lepidoptera from the Bessarabia, Podolia Governorate, Crimea, and the Baltic and got interested in zoogeography. While collecting near Sarepta, he met the German collector Rückbeil. He also met the Grand Duke Nicholas Mikhailovich Romanov who suggested that he should publish his work. He also promised his support for an expedition to the Pamirs. In 1884, he started his first Pamir expedition on which he visited the Alai Mountains, ascending the Trans-Alai range via Pass Tersagarsky to reach the upper Muksu River to reach Fedchenko's glacier. He visited Lake Karakul and returned. He collected 12,000 specimens, thirty of which were new to science. Spurred by the interest to his work, he made a second expedition in 1885 visiting Karateghin, Darvaz, Bukhara Khanate, Ghissar, Kulyab, Beldzhuan, Shakhrisiabz, Karshi, Guzara, Shirabad, Kabadian, and Kurgan-Tyube. This time he collected 20,000 specimens of insects.  His third expedition was in 1886 along the Kara-Darya, via Pass Kugart, then up along the Naryn valley to the Narynsky Fortress (now the town of Naryn), and from there to the south toward At-Bashi and further to the southwest along the broad valley of At-Bashi River, by the At-Bashi Mt. Range, along the Great Silk Route to Tash-Rabat and Lake Chatyr-Kul. They went until Kashgar and then via Pass Irkeshtam and back to Osh.  Expeditions conducted with his younger brother Lieutenant M. Y. Grigory Grum-Grshimailo between 1889 and 1890 were intended to bring back specimens of Przewalski's horse. After capturing two wild horses in the vicinity of Gushen (44° N 90°30' E), and no longer afraid that shooting would frighten the animals away they managed to collect 1,048 bird specimens. They traveled 8,600 km.  He made several more expeditions in the succeeding years but he later lost much of the early interest in entomology owing in part to a conflict with the sponsor of his expeditions. A term was that the materials he collected were to go to Grand Duke Nicholas Mikhaylovich Romanov, but he needed a private collection. He was accused of embezzling material and financial difficulties made him sell part of his collection to Henry John Elwes.  He was awarded the Constantine Medal in 1907 by the Imperial Russian Geographical Society.

Collections.

Many of Grum-Grshimailo's specimens of Lepidoptera and Coleoptera are in the Zoological Museum in St. Petersburg. Other specimens were sold to H.J. Elwes.

Grigory Grum-Grshimailo (, 1860–1936) was a Russian entomologist best known for his expeditions to Central Asia (Pamir, Bukhara, Tian-Shan, Kan-su, and Kukunor), western Mongolia and Tuva, and the Russian Far East. In literature his name is sometimes spelled as Grigor Efimowitsch Grumm-Grzhimailo or Grigory Yefimovich Grumm-Grzhimaylo.

Grigori Jefimowitsch Grum-Grschimailo (; wissenschaftliche Transliteration "Grigorij Efimovič Grum-Gržimajlo"; Nachname auch /; * in Sankt Petersburg; † 3. März 1936 in Leningrad) war ein russischer Geograph, Zoologe und Forschungsreisender. Sein jüngerer Bruder war der Metallurg Wladimir Jefimowitsch Grum-Grschimailo.


Gameplay.

"Grand Theft Auto: Chinatown Wars" is an action-adventure game set in an open world environment. It has a different presentation from previous games in the series, by partially resembling the first "Grand Theft Auto" titles. Instead of a ground-level view behind the protagonist or a top-down perspective, "Chinatown Wars" uses a fully rotatable camera angled down at the action. "Chinatown Wars" also uses cel-shaded polygons with black outlines to produce a comic book-like aesthetic — a first for the series. The title takes place in the "Grand Theft Auto IV" rendition of Liberty City, with the exception of Alderney.  Unlike "Grand Theft Auto IV", the player can disable as many police cars as possible to escape the police instead of leaving a "wanted zone." The more stars the player has, the more police they have to take out for each level. For example, for a six star level, they have to take out six police cars to get down to a five star wanted level, and so on. There is also a drug dealing sub plot which allows players to peddle heroin, acid, ecstasy, marijuana, cocaine and depressants around the city. Players can make a profit by recognising market conditions and demands based on geography and plying their wares accordingly. CCTV cameras work as this game's secret packages, destroyed by throwing a Molotov cocktail bottle or a grenade. This also decreases the chances of being caught while making a drug deal and provides discounts for buying drugs. "Chinatown Wars" applies many "Grand Theft Auto IV" features such as the next-gen HUD. Ammu-Nation returns in the form of an in-game website where the player can order various weapons through their PDA to be delivered to their safehouse. Players will also get emails which they can read either from the PDA or the laptop present in their safe house.  While stealing a moving vehicle is similar to that of previous "Grand Theft Auto" games, "Chinatown Wars" uses a different system for stealing parked vehicles. Depending on the car, it can be started in one of a few ways. Older cars require a few turns of a screwdriver in the ignition, while other cars require hotwiring. Newer, more expensive cars (with the exception of a bulletproof van) require the player to "hack" the computerised immobiliser. It is still possible to flip cars or set them on fire. The player is unable to pilot any of the aircraft in the game, but he can still see the ones at the airport or flying above him, although if a player uses a certain code on the Nintendo DS by using "Action Replay DS" the player can acquire a helicopter and fly it.

Social Club.

The Nintendo DS and PlayStation Portable versions of "Grand Theft Auto: Chinatown Wars" used Rockstar Games Social Club. Players could use this service to upload their gameplay statistics. Nintendo Wi-Fi Connection included chatting, trading items, sharing favourite GPS markers and stats with other players. With the Social Club, players were also able to unlock Xin's mission after finishing the game. On 20 May 2014, Nintendo discontinued the Wi-Fi Connection service, making the Social Club features unavailable and with the GameSpy closure on 10 June 2014, all Social Club features for "Chinatown Wars" on the PSP and DS have been discontinued. The iOS and Android versions do not use the Rockstar Social Club, thus Xin's missions were available without the need to connect to the service.

Plot.

In 2009, Triad criminal Huang Lee travels to Liberty City to deliver a sword—a family heirloom won by his recently murdered father—to his uncle Wu "Kenny" Lee. Upon arrival, Huang's escort is killed by unknown assailants, who steal the sword and leave Huang for dead. Kenny, outraged at the theft, reveals that he intended to hand the sword to Hsin Jaoming, the elderly head of the Liberty City Triads, in order to secure his position as his successor. Feeling dishonored, Kenny instructs Huang to assist in keeping his business afloat while he is in the city, causing him to be slowly drawn into the drug trade. At the same time, he learns that two others seek to become Hsin's successor - his son Chan Jaoming, and underboss Zhou Ming - and finds himself working for both men alongside his uncle.  During a job, Huang is intercepted by corrupt LCPD detective Wade Heston, who offers to assist him in finding the sword in exchange for his help in keeping him safe from Internal Affairs. Huang agrees, leading to the pair investigating a Korean gang that is allied to the Triads. Both men discover there is a splinter group within the gang called Wonsu Nodong, whose leader has been causing problems for the Triads with the help of an informant amongst them. Hsin later contacts Huang to ask for his help, concerned about the news of an informant within his syndicate. After a number of leads prove fruitless, Heston brings news that an informant of the Federal Investigation Bureau (FIB) can help. Despite pressure from Internal Affairs forcing Heston to back down, Huang retrieves some files naming both Zhou and Chan as informants.  After discussing with his uncle about his findings, Kenny convinces him that it must be given to Hsin. Out of disgrace at the possibility his son is betraying the Triads, Hsin steps down as leader and names Kenny as his successor. Huang finds himself tasked with killing both Zhou and Chan, though both deny the accusations against them before dying. Heston soon contacts Huang with news that the information he retrieved was fake, and that the Wonsu leader is meeting with his informant. Upon spying the meeting, Huang becomes shocked to discover Kenny betrayed the Triads, and orchestrated the theft of the sword to shame Hsin. As the LCPD and FIB ambush the meeting, Kenny makes his escape, but Huang and Heston pursue him to Hsin's penthouse.  Upon confronting his uncle, Huang learns that Kenny killed his father to secure the sword for Hsin. Upon suspecting he would not honour his agreement to make him his successor, Kenny sought to undermine Hsin as leader so as to take over from him. After Kenny stabs Hsin, he is in turn killed by Huang, shortly before the LCPD arrive. While everyone at the scene is arrested, Heston ensures Huang is left alone, as repayment for his help. Before being taken to the hospital, Hsin praises Huang for his loyalty, and appoints him as the next Triad boss.

Soundtrack.

Music for the opening titles of gameplay is the track "Chinatown Wars" performed by Ghostface Killah and MF Doom and produced by Oh No of Stones Throw Records.  The DS version of the game features music by Deadmau5 among others. On top of the soundtrack featured in the DS version of the game the PSP version features music by Anvil, Tortoise, DFA Records, Turntables on the Hudson and DJ Khalil.  The iOS and Android version featured all the music from the DS and PSP version and allowed the player to customise a music playlist using songs from their music library.

Development.

On 15 July 2008, it was announced at a Nintendo press conference that "Grand Theft Auto: Chinatown Wars" would be released to the Nintendo DS in the following Winter. According to Nintendo World Report, "Chinatown Wars" contains over 900,000 lines of "hand-optimized" code.

Release.

Marketing.

In the GameStop pre-order commercial for "Grand Theft Auto: Chinatown Wars", the dialogue referred to the real-life corporate bailout in 2008. A new gameplay trailer was released on 6 March 2009, showing gameplay involving using a sniper rifle and interacting with keypads with the Nintendo DS' stylus. GameStop had a promotion where they sent around a van letting people try the game before it was released. Other stores gave away a "credit card" which activates $10,000 of in-game money and earlier access to better weapons. Amazon provided a code to unlock an exclusive bulletproof Infernus with preorders.

Reception.

Nintendo DS version.

"Grand Theft Auto: Chinatown Wars" has received widespread critical acclaim. On GameRankings, it is currently the highest rated Nintendo DS game ever, with an average review score of 93%. The game holds a 93/100 aggregate score on Metacritic which is the highest score on that site for a DS game. The game also has the highest rank for the Nintendo DS at "GameSpot", with a rating of 9.5/10. "Official Nintendo Magazine" rated the game 94%, praising the visuals and variety in gameplay, concluding in their review that "Rockstar has captured and condensed the "Grand Theft Auto" series' high points and crammed them into one terrific title. Think the DS can't handle "GTA"? Think again." "IGN" UK gave it a rating of 9.2, calling it "a masterpiece of handheld gaming", while "IGN" US gave the game a 9.5 out of 10. "Eurogamer" gave it a rating of 10/10, saying "Overall this is "GTA" as it first was, with the inherited wisdom of "GTA" as it's been since, finished off with all sorts of things that would happily belong in a "GTA" of the future." "1UP.com" gave it an A-, saying that "from the start, Chinatown Wars looks impressive".  "Chinatown Wars" generated lower than expected sales in its first week in the United Kingdom, and did not even sell to level with the debut of "", which was Rockstar's expectation. In the United States, it sold just under 90,000 units during its first two weeks on the American market. This led Best Buy to sell the game at a reduced price for a limited time; the response to this was very positive.

PSP version.

Rockstar confirmed via a press release that "Grand Theft Auto: Chinatown Wars" was going to be released for the PlayStation Portable on 20 October 2009. It was speculated that the PSP version would revert to the third person view. However it retained the top down view from the DS version, and also received acclaim. The game is available on UMD as well as via the PlayStation Network. "1UP.com" gave the PSP version an A-, citing the experience is good the second time around, and it is efficient for people who are playing for the first time. "IGN" gave the PSP version a 9.3/10, compared to the 9.5/10 on DS.  Unlike the DS version, which reached number 5, the PSP game did not chart in the UK top 40 upon release, nor did it chart in the US monthly top 20.

iOS and Android versions.

"Chinatown Wars" was released on iPhone and iPod Touch on 17 January 2010. The touchscreen minigame mechanics originally seen in the Nintendo DS version returned in a similar fashion. The graphics, when compared to the DS and PSP versions, are not cel-shaded like the DS version and lack the ambient lighting and effects seen in the PSP version. An update released on 28 March 2010 added the radio stations that were formerly exclusive to the PSP version.  The iPad version was released on 9 September 2010, with 1024x768 high definition graphics. It received critical acclaim, with "IGN" Levi Buchanan giving it a 9.0/10, calling it "a phenomenal play".  On 13 October 2013, "Chinatown Wars" was removed from the App Store with no statement given by Rockstar. It is to be believed that it was due to compatibility issues with iOS 7; on 21 December 2013, the game returned to the store with the compatibility issues fixed. An additional update was released on 18 December 2014 that provided support for Retina Display resolutions and wireless controller support.  "Chinatown Wars" made its debut on Android devices on 18 December 2014, featuring the same graphical improvements and features as the latest iOS update. The Android version was developed by War Drum Studios. Currently, both the iOS and Android versions contain no multiplayer or Social Club compatibility.

Awards.

At the 2009 Spike Video Game Awards, "Grand Theft Auto: Chinatown Wars" received the Best Handheld Game award. However, the version was not specified. It also won the Best Nintendo DS Game of 2009 Award from GameSpot. The game was nominated for three of GameSpot's awards: Game of the Year, DS Game of the Year, and Action Game of the Year, winning DS Game of the Year. "Chinatown Wars" was nominated for Game of the Year by "Nintendo Power", as well as Nintendo DS Game of the Year, Best Nintendo DS Graphics, and Best Adventure Game.

Controversy.

"Chinatown Wars" continues the series' tradition of controversy because of a drug dealing minigame that includes heroin and ecstasy. Protesters against the game include Darren Gold of the anti-drug abuse charity Drugsline, who stated: "Anything using drug-dealing as entertainment is sending out the wrong message. Glamorisation doesn't help our work trying to educate kids of the dangers of substance misuse." In an interview with "Edge" magazine, Dan Houser said "we wanted to have a drug-dealing mini-game in lots of the "GTA" games. [...] We played with it a little in "", because it worked really well juxtaposed with the main story. It works well with what "GTA" is, with driving around the map, and it gives you another thing to think about – another layer or piece of the puzzle to keep you motivated... It does intersect with the main story and things you learn from it work with the story, but it mostly runs on its own."

Grand Theft Auto: Chinatown Wars is an action-adventure video game, developed by Rockstar Leeds in conjunction with Rockstar North, and published by Rockstar Games for Nintendo DS and PlayStation Portable in 2009, iPhone, iPod Touch, and iOS in 2010, and Android and Fire OS devices in 2014. It is the thirteenth game in the "Grand Theft Auto" series, and the fourth to be released for handheld consoles. Set within the HD universe setting of Liberty City in 2009, the game's story follows a young Triad named Huang Lee as he searches the city for a stolen sword, becoming involved in the drug trade and dealing with a power struggle amongst the city's Triads.

Grand Theft Auto: Chinatown Wars (kurz: GTACTW) ist das zehnte Spiel der Grand-Theft-Auto-Reihe. Das Spiel wurde von Rockstar North und Rockstar Leeds für den Nintendo DS entwickelt. Es erschien am 17. März 2009 in Nordamerika und am 20. März 2009 in Europa. Eine Umsetzung für die PSP erschien am 20. Oktober 2009. Die PSP-Umsetzung hat im Vergleich zur DS-Version eine bessere Grafik, neue Licht- und Animationseffekte sowie neue Missionen. Am 7. Januar 2010 ist eine iOS-Version des Spieles in Apples App Store erschienen. Mittlerweile erschien auch eine HD-Version exklusiv für das iPad.


Political offices.

On May 1, 1976, Bartlett was defeated as a delegate in the Republican presidential primary pledged to then U.S. President Gerald R. Ford, Jr. His defeat occurred ironically in Texas's 3rd congressional district, which he later represented in Congress. Victory went to a slate of delegates pledged to Ronald W. Reagan and headed by future State Senator John N. Leedom and Barbara Staff, one of three Reagan co-chairmen in the Texas campaign that year.  Bartlett served as a U.S. Representative from 1983 until his resignation in 1991. He won the open seat over former state Representative Kay Bailey Hutchison, later the state treasurer, U.S. Senator, and an unsuccessful gubernatorial candidate in 2010. The position became vacant when the long-term Republican incumbent, James M. Collins ran unsuccessfully for the U.S. Senate against the Democrat Lloyd M. Bentsen, Jr., of Houston.  While in Congress, Bartlett served as a member of the House Banking Committee, where he "led the successful push to let the market set interest rates on government-insured mortgages." He served as Deputy Whip and was a sponsor or principal cosponsor of nearly 20 major pieces of legislation, including the Enhanced Secondary Mortgage Market Act, Fair Labor Standards Act Reforms, FHA Deregulation and the Americans with Disabilities Act.  Bartlett left the House when he was elected to the nonpartisan position as mayor of Dallas. As mayor, Bartlett led an effort to reduce violent crime and adopted a $5 billion capital improvements plan. He worked to improve an economic revitalization, a downtown renaissance, and 30,000 new residential units in or adjacent to downtown Dallas. Bartlett served as the city's executive until 1995.

Private sector and lobbying.

Bartlett was hired to head the Financial Services Roundtable in 1999. In 2012, he was replaced as president and CEO by former Republican presidential candidate and the former Governor Tim Pawlenty of Minnesota.  Following his government service, Bartlett served on a number of boards of directors, including IMCO Recycling, Kaufman and Broad Home Corporation, Sun Coast Industrial and the YMCA of Metropolitan Washington. He is the Chairman of the Board of Directors of RespectAbility. In addition, he also served on the board of governors of the National YMCA, the Fannie Mae National Advisory Council and the board of the Dallas-Fort Worth International Airport. In 2001 he served on the President's Commission on Excellence in Special Education.  Bartlett has been recognized for his leadership skills by the National Association of Manufacturers, National Federation of Independent Business; "Ebony", "Essence", and "Jet magazines; Texas Association for Retarded Citizens; Anti-Defamation League; National Council of La Raza; American Electronics Association; Watchdogs of the Treasury; and Best Dad by the NF Foundation.  In 2011, Bartlett earned about $2 million a year at Financial Services Roundtable.

Other activities.

Bartlett has served as an adjunct professor at the University of Texas Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs and as a member of the Leadership Group on U.S.-Muslim Engagement.

Personal life.

Bartlett was born in Los Angeles, California and reared in Lockhart in Caldwell County, Texas. He attended Kimball High School in Dallas, at which he met his future wife at a Young Republicans bake sale; he graduated in 1966. Barlett attended the University of Texas at Austin, from which he received a Bachelor of Arts in 1971. He also became a member of Sigma Phi Epsilon.  Bartlett is married to the former Gail Coke; the Bartletts have three children and three grandchildren. They reside in McLean, Virginia.

Harry Steven Bartlett, known as Steve Bartlett (born September 19, 1947), is an American politician and former President and CEO of the Financial Services Roundtable, an advocacy group lobbying the U.S. federal government on financial services legislation, a position which he held from 1999 to 2012. He is the former U.S. Representative for Texas's 3rd congressional district, the former 56th mayor of Dallas, Texas, and is a former member of the Dallas City Council.

Harry Stephen „Steve“ Bartlett (* 19. September 1947 in Los Angeles, Kalifornien) ist ein US-amerikanischer Politiker und Geschäftsmann. Bartlett studierte an der University of Texas in Austin und erhielt dort 1971 seinen Bachelor of Arts (B.A.). Danach war er als Geschäftsmann tätig und gehörte von 1977 bis 1981 dem Stadtrat ("city council") von Dallas an. Bartlett wurde als Republikaner in den Kongress gewählt und vertrat dort vom 3. Januar 1983 bis zu seinem Rücktritt am 11. März 1991 den Bundesstaat Texas im US-Repräsentantenhaus. Von 1991 bis 1995 hatte er als Nachfolger von Annette Strauss das Amt des Bürgermeisters von Dallas inne. Seit Juni 1999 fungiert er als Präsident und CEO des "Financial Services Roundtable".


Career.

Somjit won the Asian Games 2002.  In the 2003 World Amateur Boxing Championships final in his home country he beat Frenchman Jérôme Thomas, who went on to win Olympic silver in 2004.  At the Olympics 2004, Somjit had bad luck with the draw and was outpointed by Cuban eventual winner Yuriorkis Gamboa.  At the 2005 World Amateur Boxing Championships he was surprised in his first match by Cuban southpaw Andry Laffita and lost 14:16. In 2005 he also competed for Thailand at the Boxing World Cup in Moscow, Russia, winning both his matches in the preliminary round.  He won silver at the 2006 Asian Games in the Flyweight (-51 kg) division when he was upset by Filipino boxer Violito Payla 15-31. He had beaten the Filipino three times before. He beat Vincenzo Picardi to reach the finals in the 2007 World Amateur Boxing Championships where he lost against local southpaw Raushee Warren.  He represented Thailand in the Beijing 2008 Olympics Flyweight category and said that it would be his last contest after which he would continue his boxing career as a national team coach.  He won his first gold medal in the Beijing 2008 Olympics Flyweight category 51 kg defeating Andry Laffita of Cuba 8-2.  In Muay thai his name is Silachai Wor preecha. ()

Olympic games results.

2004 (as a flyweight)  2008 (as a flyweight)

World amateur championships results.

2003 (as a flyweight)  2005 (as a flyweight)  2007 (as a flyweight)

Somjit Jongjohor (,, ; born January 19, 1975) is an amateur Thai boxer best known for winning gold medals in the flyweight division at the 2003 World Amateur Boxing Championships and at the Beijing 2008 Olympics.

Somjit Jongjohor (Thai: ; * 19. Januar 1975) ist ein thailändischer Boxer. Er war Weltmeister 2003 und Olympiasieger 2008 im Fliegengewicht.


Plot.

"Futari wa Pretty Cure" revolves around two girls, Nagisa Misumi and Honoka Yukishiro, who encounter the Garden of Light's Mipple and Mepple, who give them the power to transform into the emissaries of light; Cure Black and Cure White, to fight against the forces of the Dark Zone: a dimension of evil that has encroached on the Garden of Light and is now about to do the same to the Garden of Rainbows, Earth. The Cures search for the Prism Stones, placing them in a heart-shaped device known as the Prism Hopish, protected by the Guardian, Wisdom. Once they have discovered all the Prism Stones, its power takes them to the Garden of Light and repairs most of the damage done by the Dark Zone. Later in the series, Porun, the Prince of the Garden of Light, grants the Pretty Cure duo use of their Rainbow Bracelets as they defeat the Dark King.  In "Max Heart", Nagisa and Honoka meet the mysterious Hikari Kujou, who is soon revealed to be the "Life" of the Queen, whose powers were scattered into the form of twelve "Heartiels" following her battle with the Dark King. Meanwhile, remnants of the Dark Zone are protecting a mysterious boy, who is suspected of being the "Life" of the Dark King. Joined by Hikari, who gains the power to become Shiny Luminous, the Pretty Cures once again fight against the Dark Zone in order to retrieve the Heartiels and restore the Queen.

Characters.

Where appropriate, names on the left are from the original Japanese version, whilst names on the right without Japanese text are from both the Canadian and Singaporean English dubs. Character descriptions pertain to the Japanese version of the show.

Dark Zone.

The villains of the first series emerge from the, which is a realm of darkness ruled by the Dark King.

Dark Five.

The Dark King's first wave of servants.

Three Seeds of Darkness.

When the Dark Five are defeated, new enemies appear: the Three Seeds of Darkness. The Seeds of Darkness are joined by Macaw, their pet bird; and the. The butlers serve as comic relief, as they are unintelligent and tend to fight and bicker a lot. However, unlike other Zakenna, they speak human language, only using "-zakenna" to end their sentences. The taller Zakenna is laid back and somewhat clumsy, while the shorter Zakenna is quick to anger.

Four Guardians.

The Four Guardians are what remains of the Dark Zone, serving as the protectors of the "Life" of the Evil King whom they go to lengths to revive.

Media.

Anime.

The original "Futari wa Pretty Cure" anime aired in Japan between February 1, 2004, and January 30, 2005. The opening theme is by Mayumi Gojo whilst the ending theme is also by Gojo. The follow up series, "Max Heart", aired in Japan between February 6, 2005, and January 29, 2006. The opening theme is by Mayumi Gojo. The first ending theme, used for episodes 1-36, is by Mayumi Gojo with Young Fresh, whilst the second ending theme, used for episodes 37-47 is by Gojo.  On February 25, 2006, 4Kids Entertainment announced broadcasting and distribution rights for "Pretty Cure" in the United States, though never produced an English version of it. In July 2008, Toei Animation began making episodes available through IGN's Direct2Drive service subtitled into English, and have also started making those same episodes available for free internet streaming on Crunchyroll. The subtitles were produced by "Nippon Golden Network", a Hawaii-based cable network that broadcasts Asian programming (mostly from Japan). In April 2009, Funimation used to license the English-subtitled version of the series for online distribution on the company's website.  An English-dubbed version was produced by Toei and Ocean Productions using their Blue Water studio in Calgary, Alberta which aired on Canada's YTV channel from March 6, 2009, to July 31, 2010. Although uncut in content, the English dub makes several changes to character names, cultural references and theme music, though mostly retains the original version's main soundtrack. This dub also aired in the United Kingdom on the Pop Girl digital channel from September 6, 2010.  The anime later re-aired on TV Asahi's cable channel, TeleAsa Channel 1, in March 2013.

Films.

Two animated films based on the "Max Heart" series were released. The first,, was released on April 16, 2005. The second movie,, was released December 10, 2005. The heroines also appear in all "Pretty Cure All Stars" movies, which ran between 2009 and 2016. Another crossover film, "Hugtto! PreCure ♡ Futari wa Pretty Cure", will be released on October 27, 2018, celebrating the franchise's 15th anniversary.

Manga.

Both the television series and their movies received manga adaptation which were illustrated by Futago Kamikita in Kodansha's "Nakayoshi" magazine as they aired.

Video games.

Four video games based on the two series have been released in Japan by Bandai. An educational video game was released for the Sega Pico in 2004. A puzzle platformer,, was released for Game Boy Advance in 2004. A platformer, was released for Game Boy Advance in 2005. A side-scrolling beat 'em up game, was also released in 2005 for the Nintendo DS. Nagisa, Honoka and Hikari have also appeared in other Nintendo DS games based on subsequent "Pretty Cure" series.

Reception.

The series' popularity quickly spawned it into a full franchise with many different series. In a TV Asahi opinion poll, "Pretty Cure" appeared in the 45th position, above other series of the magical girl genre like "Cutie Honey" (technically not a "magical girl" series in the same sense; see article for details), "Cardcaptor Sakura", and "Magical Angel Creamy Mami".

, known as simply Pretty Cure outside Japan, is a Japanese magical girl anime series produced by Toei Animation and broadcast across Japan on TV Asahi's ANN network. It is the first series in the "Pretty Cure" metaseries created by Izumi Todo. The original series, directed by Daisuke Nishio, aired on TV Asahi between February 1, 2004, and January 30, 2005, in the same timeslot as Izumi Todo's previous work Ashita no Nadja. It was the first of the "Pretty Cure" series to have received an adapted English-language version, which aired in Canada from March 2009. A direct sequel,, or simply "Max Heart", aired in Japan between February 6, 2005, and January 29, 2006. It was then succeeded by "Futari wa Pretty Cure Splash Star". Two "Max Heart" movies were released on April 16, 2005, and December 10, 2005, respectively. The series' main motif is yin and yang.

Pretty Cure ist der deutsche Titel einer aus zwei Staffeln bestehenden japanischen Anime-Fernsehserie. In Japan wurden die ersten 49 Folgen unter dem Titel "Futari wa Pretty Cure" bzw. "Futari wa PreCure" (, "Futari wa PuriKyua", dt. etwa „Zu zweit sind wir Pretty Cure“) bekannt, während die Fortsetzung, die 47 Folgen umfasst, als "Futari wa Pretty Cure Max Heart" bzw. "Futari wa PreCure Max Heart" ( Max Heart, "Futari wa PuriKyua Max Heart", dt. etwa „Zu zweit sind wir Pretty Cure – vollen Herzens“) bezeichnet wurde.


The situation in April 1945.

The Second World War seemed to be lost for Germany. The Allied invasion had taken place, the Wehrmacht was defeated and was in retreat. Since May 1940 Allied air raids had killed more than 500,000 civilians, and damaged or destroyed 90 percent of the buildings. On 12 June 1943, they had deliberately ignited a firestorm. By April 1945 further warfare appeared hopeless to many in the population.  Düsseldorf had been a front-line city until the end of February 1945. By early March American troops – part of the 83rd Infantry Division – had occupied the neighbouring city of Neuss and the left bank of the Rhine in Düsseldorf. Gauleiter of NSDAP and Reich Defense Commissioner Friedrich Karl Florian had ordered a scorched earth policy. All utilities and transportation were to be blown up including the Rhine bridge crossings, and the population of Düsseldorf was to be evacuated. The city was under constant attack and was completely encircled by 10 April 1945.

The group led by Wiedenhofen.

Since the 1930s a group of dissents had met in Gerresheim, one of Düsseldorf's 43 boroughs. Among them were, an architect, and Theodor Winkens a baker and pastry chef, but who had been a clerk at police headquarters, and the lawyer Karl Müller. Odenthal had firm Christian convictions. He had been interrogated twice by the Gestapo for his dissident statements, who threatened him with detention in a concentration camp. Winkens had been sacked as a clerk at the police headquarters in 1938 because he refused to divorce his wife, a Jew.  Another group of opponents of Nazism was led by the lawyer Karl August Wiedenhofen. The Wiedenhofen group included the engineer and businessman Josef Knab and master craftsman Ernst Klein, Josef Lauxtermann and Karl Kleppe. In the summer of 1944 Otto Goetsch joined the Wiedenhofen group. Although Goetsch was a high official and member of the NSDAP, he was opposed to Nazism.  In 1943 the two groups began to meet twice a month to plan. Their common goal was the liberation of Germany from Nazism. No actions, however were actually carried out.

Development and implementation of "Aktion Rheinland".

Because of the worsening conditions in Düsseldorf the group decided to take action on 15 February 1945. They began preparing for a bloodless surrender of the city to the advancing Allies. The first step in their plan was the elimination of the Nazi leadership of the police. The police themselves were believed to be the only trustworthy armed organization capable of implementing further action. The commander of the police, Franz Jürgens, had recently vehemently rejected the command of a battle group of police and Volkssturm and it was thought that he would be sympathetic to their objectives. They met with him only days before taking action on the 16th of April. Theodor Andresen and Hermann Weill were also recruited at this time.  The action, now known as "Aktion Rheinland" was implemented on the 16th of April. Odenthal, Wiedenhofen, Knab, Müller and Andresen met at police headquarters with Jürgens. Captain Gehrke, Jürgens deputy, was recruited to the cause. The Düsseldorf police chief, SS Brigade Commander August Korreng, was taken prisoner, and Jürgens took full command of the police. The Deputy Commissioner Goetsch and Lieutenant Colonel Juergens prepared a pass authorizing Wiedenhofen as negotiator for the city of Düsseldorf.  A short time later, the plan was betrayed, and Korreng was freed by a raiding party consisting of NSDAP Gauleiter Friedrich Karl Florian and Wehrmacht soldiers during the late afternoon. Part of the resistance group managed to escape, the others were detained at the police headquarters. Goetsch was among those able to escape and hid with Karl Müller. On 18 April, he surrendered to the Americans.  On the afternoon of 16 April, August Wiedenhofen and Aloys Odenthal reached the American lines near Mettmann, and were able, after long negotiations, to surrender the city without further combat. An air raid by 800 bombers, which was scheduled for 17 April at 1:10 am, was literally stopped at the last minute. On 17 April, the American 97th Infantry Division marched into Düsseldorf, unopposed. Odenthal and Wiedenhofen rode on the tanks and brought them to the police headquarters.  During the night of 16/17 April, Jürgens, Andresen, Kleppe, Knab and Weill were convicted in state court proceedings for war treason and sentenced to death, Of the captured conspirators, only Gehrke was acquitted. The rest were executed in the yard of the vocational school Färberstraße [1]. They were immediately buried but on the first of June 1945 their bodies were exhumed and autopsied. The autopsies determined that Knab and Andresen had suffered serious abuse. Former SS Brigade commander Korreng committed suicide on 7 June 1945.

After the war.

The death sentences of the state court proceedings were repeatedly subject to judicial review and ultimately found by the Federal Court as lawful. Only in 1999 were they cancelled because of the law abolishing Nazi judgements.  The resistance fighters involved received numerous honours. The executed were buried in graves of honour at the Düsseldorf North Cemetery, the Gerresheimer Forest Cemetery and the Stoffeler Cemetery, memorials were built and named streets and squares after them. Aloys Odenthal received honorary citizenship of Düsseldorf in 1985.  On 17 April 2011, the "" ("Path of Liberation") was inaugurated by Mayor Dirk Elbers, consisting of six pillars, which are installed at points marking the journey taken by Odenthal and Wiedenhofen from the city police headquarters to reach US forces near Mettman.

Aktion Rheinland (German for "Operation Rhineland") was an operation carried out by the Anti-Nazi resistance group in Düsseldorf led by. The goal was to surrender the city of Düsseldorf to the advancing Americans without any fighting, thereby preventing further destruction. The action occurred on 17 April 1945, during the latter stages of the encirclement of the Ruhr Pocket.

Die Aktion Rheinland war eine Aktion der Düsseldorfer Widerstandsgruppe gegen den Nationalsozialismus um Karl August Wiedenhofen. Ihr Ziel war es, die Stadt Düsseldorf am 17. April 1945 kampflos an amerikanische Truppen zu übergeben und so vor weiterer Zerstörung zu bewahren.


Biography.

Early life.

Born in New York, Crane graduated from Tulane University, where he was an English major. He spent four years in the United States Air Force, as a jet pilot and helicopter flight instructor.

Radio.

He began his radio career in 1958 at KONO in San Antonio and later worked at WPEN (now WKDN) in Philadelphia. In 1961, he became a popular and controversial host for the radio powerhouse KGO in San Francisco. With KGO's strong nighttime 50,000 watt signal reaching as far north as Seattle, and as far south as Los Angeles, he attracted a regional audience in the West. "Variety" described him as "the popular, confrontational and sometimes controversial host of San Francisco's KGO. Helping to pioneer talk radio, he was outspoken and outraged some callers by hanging up on them."  A late-night program airing weekdays from 11pm to 2am, "Crane at the hungry i" (1962–63) found Crane interacting with owner and impresario Enrico Banducci and interviewing such talents as Barbra Streisand and Professor Irwin Corey.  Crane, along with KRLA general manager John Barrett, were the original people "responsible for creating the Top 40 (list of the most requested pop songs)," said Casey Kasem in a 1990 interview.

Television.

In 1963, Crane moved to New York City to host "Night Line," a 1:00 a.m. talk show on WABC-TV, the American Broadcasting Company's flagship station. The first American TV appearance of The Rolling Stones was on Crane's program in June 1964 when only New Yorkers could see it. The program debuted nationwide with a trial run (telecast nightly for a week) in August 1964 starting at 11:15 p.m. on the ABC schedule and titled "The Les Crane Show". It was the first network program to compete with "The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson".  ABC network officials used kinescopes of two episodes from the August 1964 trial run to pitch the show to affiliates that had not yet signed up to carry the program. One episode featured the mother of Lee Harvey Oswald debating Oswald's guilt with noted attorney Melvin Belli, Crane and audience members. The other featured Norman Mailer and Richard Burton. Burton encouraged Crane to recite the "gravedigger speech" from "Hamlet", and Crane did.  More affiliates signed up for a November relaunch of "The Les Crane Show", and "Look" ran a prominent feature story with captioned still photographs from the August episodes. One image shows Shelley Winters debating a controversial issue with Jackie Robinson, May Craig and William F. Buckley.  While some critics found Crane's late-night series innovative (indeed, two and a half years later "The Phil Donahue Show" would follow a similar format to much greater success on a local station in Dayton, Ohio during its daytime schedule), it never gained much of an audience.  In late June 1965, following Crane's three-month absence from television, "The Les Crane Show" was retitled "ABC's Nightlife", sometimes advertised in newspapers as "Nightlife", and it returned to the late-night schedule of the ABC network. Network executives removed most of the controversy and emphasized light entertainment. Producer Nick Vanoff started forbidding guests from broaching controversial topics. After the summer 1965 run ended, network executives relocated the show from New York to Los Angeles, and the fall season began there. The Paley Center for Media has available for viewing the first 15 minutes of one of the last episodes before executives finally cancelled "ABC's Nightlife" in early November 1965. Crane can be seen and heard delivering his monologue, joking about words that could be censored and bantering with his sidekick Nipsey Russell.  The two kinescopes that ABC used to pitch "The Les Crane Show" to its affiliates in 1964 constitute most of the surviving "video and audio" of Crane's show. The UCLA Film and Television Archive has a digitized collection of clips from the "Les Crane Show" early episodes in August 1964. It was assembled using 16 millimeter editing equipment, probably so network executives could use the collection of clips, in addition to the two entire episodes, to pitch the show to affiliates around the United States who had not yet signed up to carry the show.  An archive of source material on Malcolm X has only the audio of the civil rights leader's December 1964 appearance with Crane. Audio of Bob Dylan's February 17, 1965 appearance is circulated online, and transcribed. Videotape of that broadcast was erased but still photographs and portions in silent 8mm film survive.  The National Archives has a transcript of the August 1964 Oswald/Belli episode in its documents related to the JFK assassination that were declassified and released publicly in 1993 and 1994. Crane's daughter Caprice Crane has said she believes her father saved until he died a kinescope of this entire episode.  The collection culled from various episodes (preserved digitally at UCLA Film and Television Archive) includes a short clip from the episode with Shelley Winters, Jackie Robinson, May Craig and William F. Buckley. Several people seem to be ridiculing Winters, and the studio audience cheers efforts to keep her quiet, but not enough of the kinescope was saved for viewers to understand exactly why. A transcript of the rest of this episode does not exist, and what the participants said during the remainder is unknown. The collection excludes Malcolm X, evidently because the collection has only clips from August 1964, and he appeared in December 1964.  Les Crane's confrontational interview technique, along with a "shotgun microphone" he aimed at audiences, earned him the name "the bad boy of late-night television." The profile in the "Look" magazine edition of November 3, 1964 called him "television's new bad boy," but critical opinion was divided. "The New York Times"' media critic Paul Gardner considered him an incisive interviewer who asked tough questions without being insulting. One critic who did not like his show found Crane's trademark shotgun microphone distracting. "Each time he points this mike into the audience, it looks as though he's about to shoot a spectator." (Laurent, 1964) Nearly every critic described Crane as photogenic. One described him as "a tall, handsome and personable lad..." (Smith, 1964)  Crane was unable to dent Carson's ratings, and his show lasted 14 weeks before ABC executives transformed it into the more show-business-oriented "ABC's Nightlife".  In addition to Dylan, who rarely appeared on American television, Malcolm X and Richard Burton, Crane's guests on "The Les Crane Show" included Martin Luther King Jr., Ayn Rand, Judy Collins, Sam Levene, George Wallace, Robert F. Kennedy, and the voice of radio's "The Shadow", Bret Morrison.  Immediately after the November 1965 cancellation of "ABC's Nightlife", Crane tried acting, but his career was brief. He appeared in the unsuccessful film "An American Dream" (1966), which was based on the Norman Mailer novel, and made a few guest-star appearances on network television shows, including a 1966 appearance on the western series "The Virginian".  Folksinger Phil Ochs mentioned Crane in the lyrics of his satirical 1966 song "Love Me, I'm a Liberal".  Some sources say that Crane gave the rock group The Mamas and the Papas their name, but this is disputed in other sources, including John Phillips' 1986 memoir, which says he and Cass Elliot (both founding members of the group) came up with the name while they were watching a television news segment about the Hells Angels. (see Bronson, 2003)  Les Crane was known as an advocate for civil rights, and was praised by black journalists for his respectful interviews with such black newsmakers as Martin Luther King, Malcolm X and Muhammad Ali (Young, 1968).  Crane was one of the first interviewers to have an openly gay guest, Randy Wicker, on his television show. This occurred in January 1964, when Crane's show that was titled "Night Line" aired locally on WABC Channel 7 in New York City. But when Crane tried to invite members of a lesbian advocacy group, the Daughters of Bilitis, to be guests on "Night Line" in June 1964 when it was still a local show, WABC officials ordered him to cancel the booking, and he did.  After Crane's final television appearance in the early 1970s, he refused to discuss his television career and did not respond to queries about any kinescopes he may have owned of his late-night ABC show from 1964.  His daughter Caprice Crane has said he had two August 1964 episodes in their entirety: the one with Richard Burton that is represented by a large still photograph of Burton and Crane in Crane's "Look" magazine profile (Norman Mailer supposedly appears in the episode, too), and the one in which Melvin Belli debates Lee Oswald's guilt with Lee's mother Marguerite.  When Caprice was informed about the reel of clips from a handful of episodes that can be viewed at the UCLA Film and Television Archive, she replied that she had never seen it and she did not know whether her father was ever aware of it.

Later career.

In 1968, Les Crane was back on the West Coast, hosting a radio talk show on KLAC in Los Angeles. Critics noted that in the style of the 1960s, he now dressed in a turtleneck and moccasins, sprinkling his speech with words like "groovy." ("Communicasters," 1968). However, he was still doing interviews with major newsmakers and discussing topics like civil disobedience, hippies and the rising popularity of meditation. (Sweeney, 1968) He also did some local TV talk. Crane left KLAC when the station switched to a country music format.  In late 1971, the 45rpm recording of Crane's reading of "Desiderata" reached No. 8 on the "Billboard" charts. It became what one writer called "a New Age anthem" and won him a Grammy.  Though Crane thought the poem was in the public domain when it was recorded, the rights belonged to the family of author Max Ehrmann, and royalties were distributed accordingly. When asked about the recording during an interview by the "Los Angeles Times" in 1987, Crane replied, "I can't listen to it now without gagging."  In the 1980s, Crane transitioned to the software industry and became chairman of The Software Toolworks, creators of the three-dimensional color chess series, "Chessmaster" and the educational series "Mavis Beacon Teaches Typing". Toolworks was also responsible for such games as "The Original Adventure" and the PC version of "Pong". The company was sold and renamed Mindscape in the early 1990s.

Marriages.

Crane was married five times. The 1964 "Look magazine" profile includes a photograph of him with his wife Eve, maiden name King, on the lawn of their home in Oyster Bay, Long Island. The text of the article says he is helping raise her three children from her previous marriage that had ended in divorce.  Crane's fourth wife was "Gilligan's Island" cast member Tina Louise, whom he married in 1966 and divorced in 1971. Their only child together was Caprice Crane (b. 1970), who became an author, screenwriter and television producer.  Les Crane and Tina Louise can be seen as actors in a joint appearance on a 1969 segment of "Love, American Style".  Crane died on July 13, 2008, in Greenbrae, California, north of San Francisco, at age 74. At the time of his death, he had been living in nearby Belvedere, California with his wife Ginger.

Les Crane (born Lesley Stein; December 3, 1933 – July 13, 2008) was a radio announcer and television talk show host, a pioneer in interactive broadcasting who also scored a spoken word hit with his 1971 recording of the poem "Desiderata", winning a "Best Spoken Word" Grammy. He was the first network television personality to compete with Johnny Carson after Carson became a fixture of late-night television.

Les Crane (* 3. Dezember 1933 in Long Beach, New York oder in San Francisco; † 13. Juli 2008 in Greenbrae, Kalifornien; eigentlich "Lesley Stein") war ein US-amerikanischer Radio- und Fernsehmoderator.


Biography.

Maria Zentia "Senta" Geißler was born in Heidelberg where her father held a senior position with the Schroedl Brewery. She had a brother who died when only a few months old, with the result that she benefitted from all the very considerable parental and family support that might otherwise have been devoted to (or at least shared with) her brother. Sources assert that this is why she was able to receive specialist education for an artist's career. Her great uncle,, who taught art both at the Academy of Fine Arts in Karlsruhe and at the, was able to bring her closer to the world of painting on the painting expeditions into the surrounding countryside that they undertook together. They painted landscapes.  Very little is known of Geißler's school years. A biographer speculates persuasively that having decided, during those painting trips with her great-uncle through the nearby Odenwald, that she wanted to make art her career, she left school when she was seventeen without ever completing the curriculum. The larger challenge, but one in which she was supported by Wilhelm Nagel, probably involved persuading her parents that her talent was sufficient to support her ambition, not withstanding the additional hurdles presented by her being a woman. That meant it was out of the question for her to enroll at the Academy of Fine Arts, so she enrolled, instead, at the. The aftermath of World War I brought widespread hunger and hardship, along with an outburst of revolutionary activity on the streets of ports and cities, as the soldiers returned defeated and unemployed from the battlefront. Revolution also brought progress, however. In 1919 the Karlsruhe Academy of Fine Arts was renamed and relaunched. For the first time, women were to be admitted, and Senta Geißler switched to the academy, joining a course in drawing for the winter term of 1919/1920. The focus of the next year was on art-teaching ("Vorbildungskurs"), and in 1921/22 she took part on a specialist course for painters under the direction of. The year after that she stayed on at the academy and was for a period a special student (Meisterschulerin) of whom she greatly impressed, and with whom she remained in contact long after the conclusion of her formal education. It was Haueisen who gave her insights into the power of colours, sharpened her visual perception and awoke her creative enthusiasm for presenting landscapes and nature. In 1925 Senta Geißler returned to Heidelberg and set up her own studio at her parents' house.  In Winter 1926 she met the man who later became her husband. Albert Rohrbach was a physician from Ludwigshafen, a nearby industrial city that had grown prosperous though the rapid expansion of the Pharmaceuticals sector. Dr. Rohrbach was passionate about art. He was a member of various arts-relate associations: he was chairman of the "Kunstverein Ludwigshafen". And he was a collector, described in more than one source as an "avante-garde collector". Till this point Geißler had drawn inspiration from the German impressionists, notably Max Liebermann. Rohrbach helped her come to terms with influences from across the Rhine, notably Paul Cézanne and Henri Matisse. Her work became more "laid-back", individualistic and "dabby", with a growing attention to the reflections of light that references the work of the French impressionists. Rohrbach was a positive influence artistically and, more especially after they married, hugely supportive administratively. He kept meticulous records detailing where, when and how his wife's works had been included in exhibitions, and he organised her daily life in a way that seems to have suited them both.  Towards the end of the 1920s Senta Geißler began to gain public recognition. Her first significant exhibition involvement came in 1927 when 11 of her pictures were included in an exhibition at the "Kunsthandlung Vogel" gallery in Heidelberg. A year later her 1926 work "Frühling ("Spring") in Rohrbach" was exhibited at the major annual art exhibition in Baden-Baden and was purchased, in the end, by the state for 300 marks. In 1930 the city of Heidelberg purchased her work "Rosen" (""Roses""), after which she held an exhibition at the, which then as now placed its focus on contemporary art. She exhibited delicately colorful drawings, many in the Japonisme style, from which several of the more immediately appealing motifs were reproduced as picture postcards. In 1932 Senta Geißler and Albert Rohrbach finally got married, setting up home in Ludwigshafen, on the west bank of the Rhine which had been vacated by French occupation forces a couple of years earlier. It was also in 1932 that the city of Ludwigshafen purchased Geißler's 1930 painting "White anemones".  The Nazi take-over in January 1933 ushered in a difficult period. Albert Rohrbach was an outspoken government critic who never troubled to hide his political beliefs. He was neither Jewish nor a Communist, but his candour nevertheless placed him in constant danger. He had also developed a drug dependency, and around this time lost his medical practice license. The surgery was closed and their home, which had been part of the same building, was lost. The couple moved back to Heidelberg and went to live with Senta's parents. From the twelve National Socialist years, which included six years of war, only two works by Senta Geißler have been identified. These are both landscapes dating from around 1940. She sent a few works from earlier periods to exhibitions, but most of her energies were devoted to supporting her husband who underwent several drug withdrawal crises: he eventually had his medical licence returned and was again able to work as a physician.  In 1956 Albert Rohrbach died. For a year and a half Geißler was plunged into aimlessness, loneliness and depression. Then, encouraged by a neighbour whom she had befriended, she took up her painting again. Initially she returned to the style she had followed when she had left off painting. There were a lot of still lifes. But there seemed to be a greater focus on individual objects: the works were more concentrated and fuller, and she began to work with different colours and surfaces. Gradually artistic strength and confidence returned. She began to wander out into Ludwigshafen's destroyed streetscapes and then to record the postwar reconstruction. It is striking, however, that human figures become ever rarer in Geißler's work, and in the end they disappear completely from her paintings.  Om Summer 1958 she traveled to Italy. During this time she developed a new way of working. She was less and less inclined to produce a finished canvas directly, and worked more from sketches. Later she also used photographs or even postcards. Her style also changed: Impressionist elements disappeared, while her pieces became more carefully structured and arranged. There was another Italian trip in 1959. Following her mother's death that year she took the decision to settle in Italy. She based herself in a succession of locations before ending up in Agrigento on the southern coast of Sicily. Here she produced numerous sketches, generally with architectural features in view, but nature remained a defining inspiration. There were also still lifes, now with the elements carefully arranged. After 1970 she often photographed these. Over the years her style continued to evolve. The architectural pieces became more abstract and more compact, with careful colour choices to emphasize different moods. By now she was almost always using photographs as templates for her paintings. Back in Germany Geißler was honoured with a solo exhibition in 1964. She also took part in various exhibitions in Italy and received various awards during the 1960s.  After fifteen years Senta Geißler returned to Ludwigshafen in 1974 and involved herself in the arts community there, working with various arts related organisations. She also made a start on sorting out her late husband's art-related legacy. She herself no longer painted much. Senta Geißler died in 2000 a few months after her 98th birthday.

Legacy.

Her artistic archive is held by the in Ludwigshafen. They also hold the art collection built up by her husband, Albert Rohrbach. In 2008 the Rudolf Scharpf Galery at the teamed up with the to present a retrospective exhibition of Geißler's work.

Senta Geißler (24 July 1902 - 19 October 2000) was a German painter. Despite her gender, in 1919 she enrolled at the Academy of Fine Arts in Karlsruhe. She was one of the first women to be permitted to do this.

Senta Geißler (* 24. Juli 1902 in Heidelberg; † 19. Oktober 2000 in Ludwigshafen am Rhein) war eine deutsche Malerin. Sie studierte als eine der ersten Frauen in der Kunst ab 1919 an der Kunstakademie Karlsruhe.


Background.

It was prepared by the Grand National Assembly that was elected both as a Constitutional Convention and as an acting Parliament on April 23, 1920, following the de facto collapse of the Ottoman Empire in the aftermath of the First World War. Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, who would later become the first president of the Republic of Turkey in 1923, was the major driving force behind the preparation of a Constitution that derived its sovereignty from the nation and not from the Sultan, the absolute monarch of the Ottoman Empire. The National Assembly convened with the purpose of writing a would prepare the ground for the proclamation of a Republic and consecrate the principle of national sovereignty. This Constitution would also serve as the legal basis for the Turkish War of Independence during 1919-1923, since it would refute the principles of the Treaty of Sèvres of 1918 signed by the Ottoman Empire, by which a great majority of the Empire's territory would have to be ceded to the Entente powers that had won the First World War.

Overview.

The National Assembly commenced the debates for a new constitution on November 19, 1920 and it was ratified during the session of January 20, 1921. It was the first Turkish Constitution that consecrated the principle of national sovereignty.  It was a relatively short text consisting of twenty-three articles, the first nine articles laying out the principles upon which the state would be founded. It delegated the executive and legislative prerogatives to "the only true delegate of the sovereignty of the Nation", the National Assembly that was to be elected by direct popular vote. After the proclamation of the Republic on October 29, 1923, the executive powers were to be exercised by the President and the Council of Ministers on behalf of the National Assembly.  Because of the larger geopolitical conjecture of the time and the lack of a formal declaration of a republic, it failed to mention anything about the role the Sultan might play under this new constitution. From a technical point of view, it could be argued that it left open the possibility that the Sultanate might not be abolished and that it could have been amended to make way for a constitutional monarchy, similar to one founded by the French Constitution of 1791. On hindsight, however, it is clear that this omission was on purpose awaiting the outcome of the Independence War and the cessation of hostilities before the proclamation of the Republic.  It also didn't include any references to the judicial system for similar reasons, nor did it define the rights and responsibilities of citizens.

Timeline.

After having come into force on January 20, 1921, it stayed as the law of the land for three years until the adoption of the Constitution of 1924. During this time it witnessed many extremely important and fundamental events in the history of the Republic of Turkey:

Text (as enacted).

The text of the first nine articles may be translated as follows: Article 10 is headed "Administration". Articles 11 to 21 concern local government units. These subdivisions are called "Vilâyet" (Art. 11-14), "Kaza" (Art. 15) and "Nahiye" (Art. 16-21). Articles 22 to 23 provide for the General Inspectorate ("Umumi Müfettişlik"). There is also a final provisional article, which is unnumbered.

The Constitution of 1921 (Ottoman Turkish: "Teşkilât-ı Esasiye Kanunu"; ) was the fundamental law of Turkey for a brief period from 1921 to 1924. The first constitution of the modern Turkish state, it was ratified by the Grand National Assembly of Turkey in January 1921. It was a simple document consisting of only 23 short articles. In October 1923 the constitution was amended to declare Turkey to be a republic. In April the following year the constitution was replaced by an entirely new document, the Constitution of 1924.

Die Türkische Verfassung von 1921 "()" wurde von der noch jungen Großen Nationalversammlung als Gesetz Nr. 85 verabschiedet. Der Grundsatz der Volkssouveränität wurde in Art. 1 geregelt, wobei Sultanat wie auch Kalifat zunächst unberührt blieben. Auf das Prinzip der Gewaltenteilung verzichtete die Nationalversammlung zu Gunsten einer von ihr verkörperten Gewalteneinheit "(kuvvetler birliği)".


Previous ownership.

The yacht was initially owned by the Qatari Royal Family. Indian businessman Vijay Mallya bought the yacht in 2006 for an undisclosed purchase price.

Legal issues.

During 2017, Mallya was suspected of financial crimes, which included non-payment of ship expenses and crew salaries. As "Indian Empress" was moored in Valletta, Malta at the time, the yacht was held there under court order, and then auctioned by the courts on June 28, 2018. The winning bid of €43.5 million was made by Maltese company Credityacht Ltd, on behalf of an unnamed Iranian client. They subsequently had seven days to deposit the funds, but failed to meet that deadline. Credityacht Ltd. then requested a 15-day extension to make the payment. The union for maritime workers, Nautilus International representing the up to 40 crew members who were owed collectively a reported €1 million-plus in unpaid salaries, accepted the request, but several other creditors declined.  The Maltese court then set a new date to re-auction the yacht after the first purchased attempt defaulted. The second auction was to be held on September 19, 2018. Serious bidders were required to deposit €1 million 48 hours in advance to take part in the auction. Credityacht Ltd., was banned from participating. The auction did not proceed however, as one day earlier, the court approved a €35 million private offer made by Sea Beauty Yachting Limited on behalf of unnamed clients. Credityacht was ordered to pay the difference between their initial bid and the final sale price as penalty for defaulting.

Indian Empress is a Luxury yacht, measuring in length, and is the 53rd longest motor yacht in the world (). Launched in 2000 as "Al Mirqab", she had her hull assembled in Durban, South Africa, and then finished at the Oceanco yard in the Netherlands to the design of the A Group. "Indian Empress" is powered by three 10,000-hp MTU 20-cylinder engines with speeds available of up to 24 knots.

Die Indian Empress ist eine der 50 größten Megayachten der Welt. Eigner ist seit 2006 der indische Unternehmer und Politiker Vijay Mallya. Im Mai 2018 wurde die Yacht auf Grund unbezahlter Gebühren und Gehälter versteigert.


Boundaries.

The UAE stretches for more than along the southern shore of the Persian Gulf. Most of the coast consists of salt pans that extend far inland. The largest natural harbor is at Dubai, although other ports have been dredged at Abu Dhabi, Sharjah, and elsewhere. Numerous islands are found in the Persian Gulf, and the ownership of some of them has been the subject of international disputes with both Iran and Qatar. The smaller islands, as well as many coral reefs and shifting sandbars, are a menace to navigation. Strong tides and occasional windstorms further complicate ship movements near the shore.  These northern emirates on the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman are part of the Gulf of Oman desert and semi-desert ecoregion.  South and west of Abu Dhabi, vast, rolling sand dunes merge into the Rub' al Khali (Empty Quarter) of Saudi Arabia. The desert area of Abu Dhabi includes two important oases with adequate underground water for permanent settlements and cultivation. The extensive Liwa Oasis is in the south near the undefined border with Saudi Arabia, and about to the northeast is Al Buraymi Oasis, which extends on both sides of the Abu Dhabi-Oman border.  Prior to withdrawing from the area in 1971, Britain delineated the internal borders among the seven emirates in order to preempt territorial disputes that might hamper formation of the federation. In general, the rulers of the emirates accepted the British intervention, but in the case of boundary disputes between Abu Dhabi and Dubai, and also between Dubai and Sharjah, conflicting claims were not resolved until after the UAE became independent. The most complicated borders were in the Western Mountains, where five of the emirates contested jurisdiction over more than a dozen enclaves.

Mountains.

The UAE also extends for about along the Gulf of Oman, an area known as Al-Batinah coast. The Western Hajar Mountains ("Jibāl Al-Ḥajar Al-Gharbī"), rising in places to, separate Al-Batinah coast from the rest of the UAE. Beginning at the UAE-Oman border on the Persian Gulf coast of the "Ras Musandam" (Musandam Peninsula), the Western Mountains extend southeastward for about to the southernmost UAE-Oman frontier on the Gulf of Oman. The range continues as the Eastern Hajar Mountains ("Jibāl Al-Ḥajar Ash-Sharqī") for more than into Oman. The steep mountain slopes run directly to the shore in many places. Nevertheless, there are small harbors at Dibba Al-Hisn, Kalba, and Khor Fakkan on the Gulf of Oman. In the vicinity of Fujairah, where the mountains do not approach the coast, there are sandy beaches.

Climate.

The climate of the UAE generally is very hot and sunny during the day but at night it becomes very cold. The hottest months are July and August, when average maximum temperatures reach above on the coastal plain. In the Western Hajar Mountains, temperatures are considerably cooler, a result of increased altitude. Average minimum temperatures in January and February are between. During the late summer months, a humid southeastern wind known as the sharqi makes the coastal region especially unpleasant. The average annual rainfall in the coastal area is less than, but in some mountainous areas annual rainfall often reaches. Rain in the coastal region falls in short, torrential bursts during the summer months, sometimes resulting in floods in ordinarily dry wadi beds. The region is prone to occasional, violent dust storm, which can severely reduce visibility. The Jebel Jais mountain cluster in Ras Al Khaimah has experienced snow only four times (2004, 2009, 2017 and 2020 ) since records began.

Flora and fauna.

Date palms, as well as acacia and eucalyptus trees, are commonly found growing at the region's oases. Within the desert itself, the flora is much more sparse and primarily consists of grasses and thornbushes.  The region's indigenous fauna had previously come close to extinction due to intensive hunting, which led to a 1970s conservation program on the Bani Yas island by Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan; this resulted in the survival of Arabian oryxes and leopards, among others. The region's coastal fish consist mainly of mackerel, perch and tuna, as well as sharks and whales.

Area and land boundaries.

Area:  Land boundaries:  Coastline:  Maritime claims:  Elevation extremes:

The United Arab Emirates is situated in the Middle East and southwest Asia, bordering the Gulf of Oman and the Persian Gulf, between Oman and Saudi Arabia; it is at a strategic location along the northern approaches to the Strait of Hormuz, a vital transit point for world crude oil. The UAE lies between 22°50′ and 26° north latitude and between 51° and 56°25′ east longitude. It shares a border with Qatar on the northwest, a border with Saudi Arabia on the west, south, and southeast, and a border with Oman on the southeast and northeast.

Die Geographie der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate ist die Beschreibung der physischen Beschaffenheit des Staatsgebietes der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate (VAE) sowie der hierdurch bedingten Wechselwirkungen zwischen diesem Lebensraum und seinen Bewohnern.


History.

The group came together as The Carnations in 1953, with the members Earl Carroll (lead vocalist), Bobby Phillips, Lavern Drake (bass vocalist), and Gus Willingham. As the group moved into the recording studios, James "Poppa" Clark was added as a fifth member, and the name "The Cadillacs" was given to them. The group's first recording came in July 1954, with Josie Records #765, featuring "Gloria" and "I Wonder Why."  In 1955, Willingham and Clark left the group and were replaced by Earl Wade and Charles Brooks. At this time, the group first began to experiment with choreography, suggested by manager Esther Navarro. Later that year came the group's biggest hit, "Speedoo", Carroll's nickname. Lavern Drake left the group in 1956 and was replaced by J. R. Bailey.  That same year the Cadillacs released a doo-wop version of "Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer" that peaked at No. 11 on "Billboard" magazine's Rhythm & Blues Records chart.  In 1957 differences in opinion caused the group to split. One group was initially known as The Four Cadillacs, with current bass J. R. Bailey, former bass Lavern Drake, and new members Roland Martinez and Bobby Spencer. The previous year, Bobby Spencer had written the "My Boy Lollipop" pop song shuffle for Barbie Gaye, which was played by Alan Freed and secured Barbie Gaye a spot in his 1956 Christmas Show opening for Little Richard. In 1964, an Ernest Ranglin produced ska version of the song became a multi-million seller for Jamaican teenager Millie Small and made producer Chris Blackwell rich, leading to further development of his Island Records label.  The other four current members - Carroll, Wade, Brooks, and Phillips - continued recording separately, later as Earl Carroll and the Cadillacs. Bailey's group also included former group saxophonist Jesse "Tex" Powell, and recorded in early 1958 as Jesse Powell and the Caddys. Both groups recorded simultaneously on Josie Records. Later in 1958, the groups combined back into one. Carroll's backup vocalists, Wade, Brooks, and Phillips, all decided to retire and Carroll joined Bailey, Drake, Martinez and Spencer. Carroll's lead spot had been given to Spencer and Bailey, and he left shortly thereafter, creating a new group, Speedo and the Pearls, which recorded briefly in 1959. In 1959, the Cadillacs were also featured in the movie "Go Johnny, Go".  The group split and re-formed in 1960, with Carroll, Martinez, Kirk Davis, and bass Ronnie Bright. Later the group was Carroll, Martinez, the returning Bobby Spencer, Milton Love, and Reggie Barnes. Martinez, Love and Barnes were all members of The Solitares at one time.  In 1961, the group began to resemble The Coasters in their music. The lineup shifted again, now with Carroll, Martinez, Curtis Williams, Ray Brewster, and Irving Lee Gail. Carroll was out by 1962 to enter the group they'd been emulating, The Coasters, with Carl Gardner, Billy Guy, and Will "Dub" Jones. 1963 also ended the group's run on Josie Records.  Brewster and Martinez brought in former members Bobby Spencer and J. R. Bailey and continued to record through 1963. The group split, with Bailey joining the Jive Five. Brewster brought in former Cadillac/Solitare Milton Love with Solitares Bobby Baylor and Fred Barksdale. This group recorded briefly in 1964. Spencer became lead vocalist, with Joey Levine (Ohio Express, Reunion) as backing vocalist, for Crazy Elephant, a bubblegum music group, in 1969.  The Cadillacs were back in 1970 with J. R. Bailey, Bobby Spencer, original member Bobby Phillips (who had retired from Speedo's group during the split), and new member Leroy Binns, of The Charts. Steven Brown later replaced Phillips. Teddy Pendergrass came on as the groups drummer. The group split into the mid-1970s and some members joined Harold Melvin and the Blue Notes, including Teddy Pendergrass as drummer ( Pendergrass would later transition to the lead singer for Harold Melvin and the Blue Notes).  In 1979, Earl Carroll, Earl Wade, Bobby Phillips, and Steven Brown came together for two Subaru commercials in which they sang, "Cadillac drives Subaru," as part of the automaker's "car names" campaign.  Carroll had remained with the Coasters during this time, and left in the early 1990s to permanently re-form the Cadillacs with Phillips, Brown, Gary K. Lewis, and musical director Eddie Jones. Brown left in 2003. Phillips died in March 2011.  Earl "Speedo" Carroll died on November 25, 2012.

Awards and recognition.

The Cadillacs were inducted into The Vocal Group Hall of Fame in 2004.

The Cadillacs were an American rock and roll and doo-wop group from Harlem, New York, active from 1953 to 1962. The group was noted for their 1955 hit "Speedoo", written by Esther Navarro, which was instrumental in attracting white audiences to black rock and roll performers.

The Cadillacs waren eine afroamerikanische Rock-’n’-Roll- und Doo-Wop-Gesangsgruppe aus Harlem, New York City. Ihr größter Hit war "Speedoo" aus dem Jahr 1955.


Preparation.

Neptunium hexafluoride was first prepared in 1943 by American chemist Alan E. Florin, who heated a sample of neptunium(III) fluoride on a nickel filament in a stream of fluorine and condensed the product in a glass capillary tube. Methods of preparation from both neptunium(III) fluoride and neptunium(IV) fluoride were later patented by Glenn T. Seaborg and Harrison S. Brown.

Standard method.

The usual method of preparation is by fluorination of neptunium(IV) fluoride (NpF) by elemental fluorine (F) at 500 °C. In comparison, uranium hexafluoride (UF) is formed relatively rapidly from uranium tetrafluoride (UF) and F at 300 °C, while plutonium hexafluoride (PuF) only begins forming from plutonium tetrafluoride (PuF) and F at 750 °C. This difference allows uranium, neptunium and plutonium to be effectively separated.

Other methods.

Using a different starting material.

Neptunium hexafluoride can also be obtained by fluorination of neptunium(III) fluoride or neptunium(IV) oxide.

Using a different fluorine source.

The preparation can also be done with the help of stronger fluorinating reagents like bromine trifluoride (BrF) or bromine pentafluoride (BrF). These reactions can be used to separate plutonium, since PuF does not undergo a similar reaction.  Neptunium dioxide and neptunium tetrafluoride are practically completely converted to volatile neptunium hexafluoride by dioxygen difluoride (OF). This works as a gas-solid reaction at moderate temperatures, as well as in anhydrous liquid hydrogen fluoride at −78 °C.  These reaction temperatures are markedly different from the high temperatures of over 200 °C previously required to synthesize neptunium hexafluoride with elemental fluorine or halogen fluorides. Neptunyl fluoride (NpOF) has been detected by Raman spectroscopy as a dominant intermediate in the reaction with NpO. Direct reaction of NpF with liquid OF led instead to vigorous decomposition of the OF with no NpF generation.

Properties.

Physical properties.

Neptunium hexafluoride forms orange orthorhombic crystals that melt at 54.4 °C and boil at 55.18 °C under standard pressure. The triple point is 55.10 °C and 1010 hPa (758 Torr).  The volatility of NpF is similar to those of UF and PuF, all three being actinide hexafluorides. The standard molar entropy is 229.1 ± 0.5 J·K·mol. Solid NpF is paramagnetic, with a magnetic susceptibility of 165·10 cm·mol.

Chemical properties.

Neptunium hexafluoride is stable in dry air. However, it reacts vigorously with water, including atmospheric moisture, to form the water-soluble neptunyl fluoride (NpOF) and hydrofluoric acid (HF). It can be stored at room temperature in a quartz or pyrex glass ampoule, provided that there are no traces of moisture or gas inclusions in the glass and any remaining HF has been removed.  NpF and PuF are light-sensitive, decomposing to the corresponding tetrafluoride and fluorine.  NpF forms complexes with alkali metal fluorides: with caesium fluoride (CsF) it forms CsNpF at 25 °C, and with sodium fluoride it reacts reversibly to form NaNpF. In either case, the neptunium is reduced to Np(V). In the presence of chlorine trifluoride (ClF) as solvent and at low temperatures, there is some evidence of the formation of an unstable Np(IV) complex.  The hydrolysis of neptunium hexafluoride an almost anhydrous HF solution leads to the formation of NpOF, which has a similar structure to UOF. Attempts to oxidize the NpOF to the maximal possible oxidation state Np(VIII) using krypton difluoride were unsuccessful.  Neptunium hexafluoride reacts with carbon monoxide (CO) and light to form a white powder, presumably containing neptunium pentafluoride (NpF) and an unidentified substance.

Uses.

The irradiation of nuclear fuel inside nuclear reactors generates both fission products and transuranic elements, including neptunium and plutonium. The separation of these three elements is an essential component of nuclear reprocessing. Neptunium hexafluoride plays a role in the separation of neptunium from both uranium and plutonium.  In order to separate the uranium (95% of the mass) from spent nuclear fuel, it is first powdered and reacted with elemental fluorine ("direct fluorination"). The resulting volatile fluorides (mainly UF, small amounts of NpF) are easily extracted from the non-volatile fluorides of other fission products, like plutonium(IV) fluoride (PuF), americium(III) fluoride (AmF), and curium(III) fluoride (CmF).  The mixture of UF and NpF is then selectively reduced by pelleted cobalt(II) fluoride, which converts the neptunium hexafluoride to the tetrafluoride but does not react with the uranium hexafluoride, using temperatures in the range of 93 to 204 °C. Another method is using magnesium fluoride, on which the neptunium fluoride is sorbed at 60-70% but not the uranium fluoride.

Neptunium hexafluoride (NpF) is the highest fluoride of neptunium, it is also one of seventeen known binary hexafluorides. It is an orange volatile crystalline solid. It is relatively hard to handle, being very corrosive, volatile and radioactive. Neptunium hexafluoride is stable in dry air but reacts vigorously with water.

Neptunium(VI)-fluorid (NpF), meistens Neptuniumhexafluorid genannt, ist eine chemische Verbindung aus den Elementen Neptunium und Fluor. Es ist ein orangefarbener kristalliner Feststoff, welcher leicht flüchtig, radioaktiv und korrosiv ist. Neptuniumhexafluorid ist beständig in trockener Luft, reagiert jedoch sehr heftig mit Wasser. In den meisten Fällen wird es aus Neptunium(IV)-fluorid (NpF) durch Umsetzung mit elementarem Fluor (F) gewonnen.


History.

Nadi Township was established in 1947. Around that time the colonial government of Fiji established offices on the higher grounds of Nadi. A few businesses were then established around the government offices to service them, and other business organisations from other parts of Fiji followed suit. Some concerned citizens of Nadi attempted to move the town centre to Martintar because the existing centre was prone to flooding, but this did not eventuate because the move Nadi Township had already developed strong roots in its existing location.  Elective local government was introduced in 1967. Dr A. H. Sahu Khan was the first elected Chairman of the Nadi Township Board. With the introduction of the Local Government Act in 1972, the status of the Board was changed to a Town Council. H. M. Lodhia became the first Mayor of Nadi in 1972 and remained in office until December 1973. The most recent Mayor of Nadi was Councillor S. Sami. At present, elected municipal government in Nadi (and also throughout Fiji) is suspended, and government-appointed Administrators are carrying out the functions normally fulfilled by the City Council.

Government and infrastructure.

The Civil Aviation Authority of Fiji (CAAFI) head office is at Nadi Airport in Nadi.

Economy.

Fiji Airways, formerly Air Pacific has its head office at the Air Pacific Maintenance & Administration Centre at Nadi International Airport in Nadi. Fiji Airlines Limited, operating as Pacific Sun, is headquartered in the Pacific Sun building in the Civil Aviation Authority of Fiji (CAAFI) compound at Nadi International Airport.  Nadi's economy is driven by tourism, transportation and real estate sectors. Within these formal industries, the informal sector plays a relatively small role, mainly consisting of tourism and agricultural businesses, including handicrafts.

Local government.

Nadi Town is governed by the Nadi Town Council (NTC). The council is headed by a Special Administrator, appointed by the central government, and managed by a Chief Executive Officer (CEO). Both posts answer to the Ministry of Local Government, Urban Development, Housing and Environment. The performance of the Special Administrator is evaluated often, and the position has clear objectives such as improving rates collection and shifting from cash to accrual accounting in council operations. Nevertheless, overlap between the CEO and the Special Administrator posts is leading to confusion, resulting in high staff turnover – there have been three CEOs appointed since 2008.

Housing.

Housing development in Nadi largely takes the form of either medium-density complexes or lower-density social housing. Of this latter, the Housing Authority is actively seeking to increase the supply of affordable housing. The number of housing estates in Nadi has grown quickly, especially on the town periphery, such that housing estates now comprise 20 per cent of the total housing stock in Nadi.

Climate.

Nadi has a tropical monsoon climate according to the Köppen climate classification, with hot temperatures year round. The city features a short dry season during the months of July and August, and a lengthy wet season covering the remaining months of the year. It receives substantially less precipitation than Suva on the windward side of Fiji.

Nadi (pronounced ) is the third-largest conurbation in Fiji. It is located on the western side of the main island of Viti Levu, and had a population of 42,284 at the most recent census, in 2007. A 2012 estimate showed that the population had grown to over 50,000. Nadi is multiracial with many of its inhabitants Indian or Indigenous Fijians, along with a large transient population of foreign tourists. Along with sugar cane production, tourism is a mainstay of the local economy.

Nadi (Aussprache: []) ist die viertgrößte Stadt der Fidschi-Inseln und liegt auf der Hauptinsel der Inselgruppe, Viti Levu. Bei der letzten Volkszählung im Jahre 2017 wurden 71.048 Einwohner gezählt. Die Bevölkerung Nadis besteht zu einem großen Teil aus Einwanderern aus Indien.