History.

Friedrich Natalis (1864–1935), who had been working for the Schuckert-Werke (later Siemens-Schuckertwerke) since 1897, had already developed the cam-switching principle in Germany before 1900. In 1895, however, Johann Sigmund Schuckert founder of the electrical engineering company supplied cam switches with cam rollers and spring-loaded individual switches (DRP 88586). Thus the term cam switch has been used for such and similar devices over the years. Schuckert also supplied the "carbon control switch" designed by Natalis since 1901 with copper-carbon switching devices with spark-blowers (common spark blowers for direct current or single-spark blowers for direct and alternating current). The main current cam switch retained some significance, even when the rifle control pushed it where it was more economical. In miniature machine construction, the cam switch probably did not appear until the early 1930s. In 1931 the American company General Electric GE released their switch SBl, a 20A auxiliary current control switch, basically a miniaturized image of the large main current control switches. The devices had simple interruption and silver crossover, in some cases they were equipped with a snap mechanism. In Europe around 1940, the first cam switch from Ghielmetti, Solothurn / Switzerland, began to replace conventional roller switches. Switches could also be supplied as auxiliary current control switches with corresponding circuits. They were marketed under the trade name Ghielmetti-Clavier. In September 1948, Kraus & Naimer (of Vienna) produced C15 (15 A), the first company-owned cam switch. In 1949, the company also presented the world's first cam-designed cam switch. At the beginning of 1950, Kraus & Naimer cam switches C30 (30A) were followed with the same design. The Kraus & Naimer cam switches C16 to C200, which came into the market in the spring of 1951, had a decisive influence on the advancement of the cam switch and the introduction of the roller switch in electrical engineering. They had a double interruption and a motor switching capacity appropriate to the rated current. The large number of possible combinations and the extensive additional equipment as characteristic features were responsible for the later development of cam switches as an industrial standard. Kraus & Naimer developed the world's smallest cam switch (model CA4N), which is in the market since 1994.

Cam switches are mainly used within the low voltage range. On a shaft, switching cams are made of abrasion-resistant conductive material. By rotating the shaft, the contacts are opened or closed by the cams. Often, a plurality of cams are seated on a shaft, which simultaneously switch or switch several pairs of contacts.

Die Nockenschalter sind elektrische Schalter welche vor allem im Niederspannungsnetz als Hauptschalter, beispielsweise für das manuelle Schalten von elektrischen Antrieben, verwendet werden. Sie stellen eine robuste Bauform des Drehschalters dar. Das wesentliche Merkmal ist eine im Inneren des Schalters angebrachte Nockenwelle aus abriebfesten leitendem Material welche einen oder mehrere elektrische Kontakte trägt. Durch Drehen dieser Nockenwelle werden die Kontakte geöffnet oder geschlossen, der Antrieb erfolgt manuell durch eine außen angebrachte Armatur welche auch den jeweiligen Schaltzustand anzeigt. Oft sitzen auf einer Welle mehrere Nocken, die gleichzeitig jeweils mehrere Kontaktpaare schalten bzw. umschalten.


Early life and education.

Lane was born in Greenville, South Carolina, and dropped out of high school there. She then worked as a fashion designer for a time, before moving to Los Angeles in 2006 and later to New York City. After doing so, she broke up with a country musician, who left her to record an album in Alabama; this experience inspired her to begin writing country music songs. Lane, who now lives in Nashville, also owns and operates a clothing store called "High Class Hillbilly".

Career.

On September 27, 2011, Lane released her debut album, "Walk of Shame", on Iamsound Records. She co-wrote 'Gone, Gone, Gone' with producer Lewis Pesacov of Fool's Gold. Her second album, "All or Nothin", was released on New West Records on May 6, 2014. It was produced by Dan Auerbach of the Black Keys, whom she met at a flea market. Auerbach allowed Lane to record the album at his studio, Easy Eye Sound Studio, for free. Lane has said that working with Auerbach in the making of this album was very easy and natural for her. "All or Nothin" features a duet between Lane and Auerbach, "Love's on Fire".  Lane's album "Highway Queen" was released on February 17, 2017. It was recorded near Dallas, TX at The Echo Lab from February to June 2016 with Nikki's boyfriend Jonathan Tyler, as well as the other members of her current touring band. Two music videos were released ahead of the album's release; the title track, Highway Queen, in which Nikki and friends crush cars with a monster truck, and Jackpot, in which Nikki and Jonathan Tyler successfully try their luck in old Sin City, ultimately resulting in a Vegas chapel wedding.  In another video released in August 2017 for the song Send The Sun, Nikki and the band play live on a vintage country television studio set and also perform a two-person dance routine.  Unfortunate circumstances struck Nikki's band around the time of recording Highway Queen, when lead guitarist Alex Munos was sidelined by cancer and started receiving treatment in May 2016. He would later recover and return to the band around the time of Highway Queen's release.  In July 2017 former drummer Ben Eyestone passed away from colon cancer. He had played drums on Nikki Lane's first two albums.

Critical reception.

Lane's sound has been compared to that of Wanda Jackson, as well as the sound of Neko Case's early albums. She has also been referred to as the First Lady of Outlaw Country.

Walk of Shame.

A review of "Walk of Shame" in Exclaim! stated that Lane has "a petulant, Valley of the Dolls lyrical style" and praised her vocal delivery. Another review of this album was written by Mark Deming, who said that "Lane has confidence to spare and a voice that lives up to her own self-worth" and gave the album 3.5 out of 5 stars. Deming also said that Lane has yet to fully master the art of recording music in a studio.

All or Nothin'.

According to review aggregator Metacritic, "All or Nothin" has received generally favorable reviews from critics, with a score of 79 out of 100. Holly Gleason, writing in "Paste", awarded it a score of 8.5 out of 10 and said that the album's songs "read like Polaroids from a wild heart gone ragged". Gleason also praised Auerbach's production, which she called "savvy". Lane told "Billboard" that she was flattered at the positive reception this album had received from the press.

Nikki Lane (born October 17, 1983) is an American country music singer-songwriter and artist. She has released three albums: "Walk of Shame", "All or Nothin'", and "Highway Queen".

Nicole Lane Frady, Künstlername Nikki Lane, geboren am 17. Oktober 1983 in Greenville, South Carolina, ist eine US-amerikanische Singer-Songwriterin und Country-Sängerin. Anders als viele Genre-Newcomer, welche ihre Musik mehr oder weniger stark auf den Pop-Markt mit ausrichten, orientiert sie sich stark am Outlaw Country sowie Interpreten aus den 1960er- und 1970er-Jahren wie Waylon Jennings und Loretta Lynn.


Naming.

The factory was renamed several times. English-language sources variously refer to it as "factory", "plant", or "works", from the Russian, and now Ukrainian translation of the word "zavod (works)".

History.

The Kharkiv Locomotive Factory (KhPZ) built about 20% of the Russian Empire's railway engines. After the Russian Revolution and the establishment of the Soviet government in Ukraine, the factory was put to work designing and building tractors and, after 1927, tanks. The Leningrad's Bolshevik Factory and the Kharkiv's KhPZ in 1929 became the first two Soviet tank factories to be modernized with German assistance under the Treaty of Rapallo, 1922.

Tank production.

A tank design bureau was established in the factory in 1928, one of several which would be responsible for some of the most successful tanks ever built, and eventually become the Morozov Design Bureau. The KhPZ designed and produced twenty-five T-24 tanks, then nearly eight thousand BT fast tanks. It also built a handful of multi-turreted T-35 tanks.  Shortly before the German invasion of the Soviet Union the KhPZ started series production of the T-34, the most-produced and most-destroyed tank of World War II. Series production began in June 1940 in Kharkiv, and later in the Stalingrad Tractor Plant and Krasnoye Sormovo Shipbuilding Plant. In 1941, due to German advances, the factory and design shops were evacuated to the Ural mountains; the plant was merged with Uralvagonzavod in Nizhny Tagil into one enterprise called Ural Tank Plant No. 183.  When Ukraine was recaptured, it began production of the new T-44 tank in 1945, and the first prototypes of the T-54. After the war was over, the design bureau and factory gradually transferred all operations back to Kharkiv. The "No. 183" designation was left in Nizhny Tagil, while in Kharkiv the factory merged into Factory No. 75, a previously existing plant known for its T-34 diesel engines. T-54 production was started in the Urals and Kharkiv in 1947–48, and the move ended with the 1951 re-establishment of the Design Bureau, now called KB-60M, in Kharkiv. In 1957, the Factory No. 75 was renamed Malyshev Plant, and next year it took up production of T-55, the most-produced tank ever. The bureau also designed OT-54 and TO-55 flame-thrower tanks, for production at the Omsk Transport Machine Construction Plant. In 1967, T-64 tank production began here, as well as in the Kirov Plant and in the Uralvagonzavod. The T-80 tank, with a high performance gas turbine engine was produced beginning in 1983, followed in 1985 by a more conventional diesel model, T-80UD.  Finished tanks were assembled in several plants, but Soviet industrial planning prevented any region from being able to establish independent arms production. Components and sub-assemblies were produced in different factories, the Malyshev Factory specializing in engines and transmissions.

In independent Ukraine.

The Malyshev factory's million-square-metre facility produced 800 tanks in 1991, but underwent difficult times after the breakup of the Soviet Union, producing only 46 tanks until 1996, when a $650 M contract was signed to supply 320 T-80UD tanks to Pakistan. Fulfilling the contract was difficult — the distributed nature of Soviet military industry forced reliance on Russian factories for parts, and Russian political interference forced the development of local capabilities, resulting in the T-84 tank design.  Like many Ukrainian industries, Malyshev was not allowed to negotiate contracts directly with foreign governments, but had to rely on Ukrspetsexport, a government arms-trading company. Although Malyshev was denied exporter status in July 1999, it was given this status by decree of President Leonid Kuchma in November of that year, a move seen to be an election gift to the Kharkiv Oblast (province). Malyshev joined as the leader of thirty-four companies to form an export consortium called Ukrainian Armored Vehicles.  Malyshev has demonstrated main battle tanks to Turkey, Greece, and Malaysia, and has entered into a contract to supply engines for Chinese-made Al-Khalid tanks for Pakistan. In September 2000, a deal was signed to modernize Soviet-made tanks and armoured personnel carries for the United Arab Emirates. The Malyshev factory also manufactures parts for Bizon, a Polish producer of agricultural combines.  In April 2009, the Malyshev Factory signed a contract to upgrade 29 T-64B [Т-64Б] tanks to T-64BM "Bulat" [Т-64БМ "Булат"] standard, for the Ukrainian Army for 200 million hryvnia ($25.1 million). Ten upgraded tanks were delivered in 2010, and 19 planned to be delivered in 2011. The T-64B tanks being upgraded were originally produced at Kharkiv in 1980.  In 2012 the Malyshev Factory had a sizable tank scrapping operation.  Since the outbreak of the War in Donbass the factory’s main focus became supplying new and rehabilitated tanks to the Ukrainian Army.  On 22 July 2014 the factory was used as a transfer point in returning the bodies from the Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 crash to their home countries.  On 29 of May the demonstration of many thousands workers in support of General Director Aleksandr Khlan.,

Production.

Locomotives.

Locomotive production was performed from 1897 to 1969. Until the invasion of Soviet Union by Germany in 1941, the factory was producing steam locomotives which were produced on several factories of the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union. After the war and rebuilding of the factory in 1947, it was producing diesel locomotives until 1969.

Tracked vehicles.

Specialized in tank building, the factory also was manufacturing artillery tractors, while initially as agricultural tractors.

Engines.

Notable diesel engines from Kharkov include the 1472 kW 2D100 (used in the TE3 locomotive) and the 2208 kW 10D100 (used in the TE10 locomotive). Both were 10 cylinder opposed piston two-stroke diesel engines of the 1950s. Another engine in this series, the 12 cylinder 9D100 was less successful and was not widely used.

The Malyshev Factory (), formerly the Kharkiv Locomotive Factory (KhPZ), is a state-owned manufacturer of heavy equipment in Kharkiv, Ukraine. It was named after the Soviet politician Vyacheslav Malyshev. The factory is part of the State Concern UkrOboronProm (Ukrainian Defense Industry).

Das Malyschew-Werk (, dt. Transkription: "Sawod im. W. O. Malyschewa", ) ist ein Maschinenbau- und Rüstungsbetrieb in der ukrainischen Stadt Charkiw.


Personal life.

Palmiero-Winters was born in Meadville, Pennsylvania, and competed in track and distance running from a young age. In 1994, she was involved in a motorcycle accident which crushed her left leg. After three years and twenty-five surgeries, her leg was amputated below the knee. She would not be able to run at all until three years after the amputation.

Early running career.

In 2004, Palmiero-Winters entered the Silver Strand Marathon. Despite being five months pregnant and running on a prosthetic leg only meant for walking, she finished second in her division. She entered the 2005 New York City Triathlon the following summer, still using a walking prosthesis as well as a bike borrowed from her employer, and placed third in her division.  At this point, Palmiero-Winters decided to engage in running on a more serious level. After obtaining a highly customized prosthetic leg from A Step Ahead Prosthetics in Hicksville, NY, she decided to relocate to New York in order to become a member of Team A Step Ahead, a group of amputee athletes professionally coached and sponsored by A Step Ahead Prosthetics.  By May 2006, Palmiero-Winters had been training extensively and, with a new prosthetic, she ran the New York City Marathon in 3:24 and broke the world record for a below-knee female amputee by more than twenty-five minutes. She followed this up by running the 2006 Chicago Marathon in 3:04, which stands as the best marathon time for a below-knee amputee, male or female.

Ultramarathons.

By 2009, Palmiero-Winters had decided to switch from marathons to the more demanding ultramarathons, which are races longer than the marathon distance of 26.2 miles. She would run ten ultramarathons between 2009 and 2010, finishing first in the female division at the Heartland 100 Mile in October 2009 and finishing first overall at the Arizona Road Racers Run to the Future twenty-four-hour race on December 31, 2009 by running 130.4 miles during the allotted time. It was the first time an amputee had won an ultramarathon.  After this performance, Palmiero-Winters was named to the US ultrarunning team for the IAU 24-Hour Ultramarathon World Championships in Brive, France. It was the first time an amputee had been named to a United States able-bodied championship team. On May 17, 2010, she finished 18th in the female division at the World Championships, running 123.99 miles.  Palmiero-Winters' next race was the Western States Endurance Run on June 26, 2010. She became the first amputee to finish the 100-mile race. By finishing in 27:43:10, she received the bronze buckle presented to runners who finish in under thirty hours.  In 2011 Palmiero-Winters became the first female amputee to finish the Badwater Ultramarathon. She had a finish time of 41:26:42.  In 2019 she became the first female amputee to finish the Marathon Des Sables.

Paratriathlon.

Palmario-Winters won her classification at the International Triathlon Union Paratriathlon World Championships in 2005 and 2006. In 2007, Palmiero-Winters was the first athlete was a physical disability invited to race in the elite able-bodied division of the NYC Triathlon.  In 2014, Palmiero-Winters became the first amputee, male or female, to complete the Ultraman triathlon, a 3-day, 320 mile race.

Awards.

Palmiero-Winters was named USA Triathlon's Female Physically Challenged Athlete of the Year in 2006. She was awarded the 2009 AAU James E. Sullivan Award as the best amateur athlete in the country and also won ESPN's 2010 ESPY award as the top female athlete with a disability. In 2009, she was also named the director of Team A Step Ahead.

Amy Palmiero-Winters (born August 18, 1972) is a below-knee amputee who currently holds eleven world records in various events. In 2010, she was awarded the James E. Sullivan Award as the top amateur athlete in the United States and the ESPN ESPY Award as the top female athlete with a disability in the world.

Amy Palmiero-Winters (* 18. August 1972 in Meadville (Pennsylvania) als "Amy Palmiero") ist die erfolgreichste unterhalb des Knies amputierte Ultra-Langstreckenläuferin der Welt. Sie hält elf Weltrekorde und gewann 2009 den James E. Sullivan Award als beste Amateursportlerin.


Characteristics.

CAMM is a point defence and local area defence missile designed to respond to sophisticated missile attacks and has the capability to defend against saturation attacks of supersonic anti-ship cruise missiles, aircraft and other high-performance targets. It does this via multiple channels of fire, providing 360-degree simultaneous coverage and high degrees of manoeuvrability. MBDA state that CAMM has a ""high rate of fire against multiple simultaneous targets"", providing capabilities comparable to the Aster 15 missile.  Design characteristics allow for low cost by modularity and minimising electromechanical complexity through implementing most functionality in software. Additionally, the command and control software reuses over 75% of that developed for the PAAMS system.  CAMM has a minimum operational range of less than 1 km and a maximum range greater than 25 km, although IHS Jane's reports that trials have a shown a capability of up to 60 km. These ranges are significantly greater than the 1–10 km range of Sea Wolf and other systems CAMM will replace. CAMM weights 99 kilograms (218 lb), is in length, 166 millimetres (6.5 in) diameter and reaches generous supersonic speeds of Mach 3 (or 1,020 meters per second).  CAMM's claimed benefits include:  CAMM's Extended Range application is known as CAMM-ER and has been under development with MBDA for the Italian MoD since 2013. The CAMM-ER (extended range variant) shares the same characteristics of the original CAMM with the exception of an additional rocket booster which significantly increases the missile's engagement range, out to 45 km and a slightly adapted missile structure. The missile is 160 kilograms (350 lb) in weight, 4.2 metres (14 ft) in length, 190 millimetres (7.5 in) diameter.

History.

The Common Anti-Air Modular Missile has its roots in a Technology Demonstration Programme (TDP), jointly funded by MBDA and the Ministry of Defence as part of the United Kingdom's Future Local Area Air Defence System (FLAADS). Phase 1 of the TDP worked on technologies for soft vertical launch, the low-cost active radar seeker, a dual-band two-way datalink and a programmable open systems architecture. Phase 2 began in 2008 and covered the manufacture of flight-worthy subsystems, mid-course guidance firings and captive airborne seeker trials on a Qinetiq Andover experimental aircraft. The Soft Vertical Launch was proven over a series of trials, culminating in a successful truck launch in May 2011. The MoD decision on the business case for the naval variant was scheduled for 2010. After publishing the Strategic Defence and Security Review in October 2010, the business case was approved in April 2011.  FLAADS is part of a wider UK 'Complex Weapons' programme to deliver a variety of UK industry based weapons. FLAADS is intended to deliver a common weapons platform (the Common Anti-Air Modular Missile (CAMM)) to equip forces in the air, land and maritime environments. During the early stages of the FLAADS programme, requirements were identified for the new missile to meet the known and unknown air threats of not only the present, but those well into the future too. Thought was particularly given to meeting a target set "of complex airborne targets which are typified by high speed, rapid evasive manoeuvres, low signatures and advanced countermeasure[s]."

Applications.

MBDA states that by purchasing the same missile to meet the air defence needs of both armies and navies, both services are able to utilise a common stockpile that reduces procurement and support costs.

Sea.

The maritime application of CAMM is known as Sea Ceptor.  MBDA claim that CAMM has a "wide target set", including the capability to engage small naval vessels, which would give the missile a limited surface-to-surface role. A Royal Navy Officer of the Type 23 Frigate HMS "Westminster" stated: “Westminster managed to explore the real potential of the system during her training and to say it is a real game changer is an understatement. Unlike its predecessor, the system is capable of defending ships other than Westminster herself. Whether it’s engaging multiple air threats or fast incoming attack craft, Sea Ceptor represents a massive capability upgrade for the Type 23 frigate.”

Land.

On land, CAMM is known as Land Ceptor by the British Army and the whole land-based air defence system is known as Sky Sabre. The system has over three-times the range of its predecessor Rapier.  For international customers, MBDA markets the "Enhanced Modular Air Defence Solutions (EMADS)." This is a rapidly deployable point and area defence system designed to protect mobile and static high value assets. It provides all-weather protection against air targets, including low level terrain and high altitude threats. Each EMADS launcher is scalable and can carry multiple CAMM or CAMM-ER missiles as well as being mobile with off-road capability. The system provides EMADS with pre-launch targeting information based on track data from a suitable radar sensor.

Air.

Originally, the CAMM program aspired to provide Land, Sea and Air launched capabilities, but it was deemed more effective to instead develop CAMM for use for land and sea only, while using the well established ASRAAM short range air-to-air missile to cover the air launched role. However, technologies and components developed for CAMM have been used as part of an upgrade to ASRAAM.

The CAMM (Common Anti-Air Modular Missile) series is a family of surface-to-air missiles developed by MBDA for the United Kingdom. CAMM shares some common features and components with the ASRAAM air-to-air missile, but with updated electronics and an active radar homing seeker. The Common Anti-Air Modular Missile is intended to replace the Sea Wolf missile on Type 23 frigates of the Royal Navy from 2017, the Rapier missile in British Army service from 2018 and is contributing to the updating of MBDA's ASRAAM in service with the Royal Air Force.

CAMM (Common Anti-Air Modular Missile) ist ein durch das europäische Rüstungsuntenrehmen MBDA für Großbritannien entwickeltes Luftverteidigungssystem. Die Marinevariante nennt sich Sea Ceptor.


Personal life.

Ferlito was born on 15 February 1995 in Catania, Sicily, to Roberta Parasilti and Massimo Ferlito. She has an older brother, Gianpaolo, and an older sister, Ludovica.  From 2011 to 2013, Ferlito has been a star of the reality television series "Gymnasts: Parallel Lives" on MTV Italy, which follows the lives of different elite gymnasts who train in Milan.  In 2018, Ferlito participated in the second season of the Italian version of the talent show "Dance Dance Dance", aired on Fox Life. She was paired with Frank Chamizo. They were the fourth pair to be eliminated.

Gymnastics career.

She began gymnastics when she was six years old. In 2007, she moved to Lissone, near Milan, to train at GAL Lissone.

Junior career.

2009.

In March 2009, Ferlito competed at the annual City of Jesolo Trophy in Jesolo, Italy, for the first time. She placed second in the all-around with a total score of 54.850.  In December, she placed sixth in the all-around at the Gymnasiade in Doha, Qatar, with a score of 53.950. In event finals, she placed fifth on vault, scoring 13.212; second on balance beam, scoring 14.175; and fifth on floor, scoring 13.675.

2010.

In March, Ferlito placed tenth in the all-around at the City of Jesolo Trophy with a score of 54.500. The following month, she competed at the 2010 European Women's Artistic Gymnastics Championships in Birmingham, where she contributed an all-around score of 53.725 toward the Italian team's third-place finish. Individually, she placed eighth in the all-around final (52.200) and eighth on balance beam (12.500).  At the Youth Olympic Games in Singapore in August, Ferlito placed third in the all-around final with a score of 55.350. In event finals, she placed third on vault (13.700), sixth on uneven bars (12.725), second on balance beam (14.850), and eighth on floor (12.900).

Senior career.

2011.

At her third City of Jesolo Trophy, and first as a senior, Ferlito placed fifth in the all-around competition with a score of 55.600. She also placed fifth at the 2011 European Championships in Berlin, with a score of 55.825. In event finals at the European Championships, she placed second on balance beam (14.500) and sixth on floor (14.050).  In May, at the Italian Championships in Meda, Ferlito placed second in the all-around with a score of 56.350. She also placed second on vault (13.750), sixth on uneven bars (11.800), first on balance beam (14.800), and first on floor (14.400).  In October, Ferlito competed in Tokyo at her first World Championships. She scored 54.332 in the team competition, in which Italy finished ninth, just missing the cut for guaranteed qualification to the 2012 Summer Olympics. In the all-around final, she placed fourteenth with a score of 55.082.

2012.

In January, Ferlito competed at the London Prepares series, Italy's last chance to qualify a full team to the Olympics. She scored 14.066 on vault, 13.433 on uneven bars, 14.533 on balance beam, and 14.100 on floor, and the Italian team finished first, successfully qualifying. In event finals, Ferlito placed first on balance beam (14.500) and fifth on floor (13.966).  In March, Ferlito placed eighth at the City of Jesolo Trophy with a score of 56.550. Her club, GAL Lissone, also won the Serie A1 Scudetto for the second consecutive year.  At the 2012 European Championships in Brussels in May, she contributed scores of 14.166 on vault, 14.900 on balance beam, and 13.900 on floor toward the Italian team's third-place finish. The following month, at the Italian Championships in Catania, she placed second in the all-around (55.950), fourth on uneven bars (13.500), first on balance beam (14.900), and fourth on floor (13.200).  At the end of July, Ferlito competed at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London. In qualifications, she placed 20th with a score of 55.500 and qualified to the all around final, where she finished 21st with a score of 55.098. In the team final, she contributed scores of 14.300 on vault, 14.366 on balance beam, and 14.100 on floor toward the Italian team's seventh-place finish.

2013–14.

At the 2013 European Championships in Moscow in April, Ferlito finished fourth in the balance beam final (14.066) and fifth in the floor exercise final (14.216).  In October, she competed at the 2013 World Championships in Antwerp. She placed 14th in the all-around in qualifications (54.948) and 11th in the all-around final (55.399). In the beam final, she finished fifth with a score of 14.283.  At the 2014 American Cup, Ferlito finished eighth with an all-around score of 53.632. She was sick with mononucleosis for most of the rest of the year, and spent several months recovering from injuries and illness.

2015.

In March, Ferlito competed at the City of Jesolo Trophy and qualified for beam finals, where she won bronze. At the European Championships in April, she scored 13.866 on vault, 13.000 on bars, 14.058 on beam, and 13.400 on floor, placing 13th in the all-around qualifications, but she did not make the all-around final because only two gymnasts per country could do so. She also finished 10th on beam, missing the event final by about a tenth of a point.  After several successful competitions, Ferlito was chosen to participate in the 2015 World Championships. She qualified to the all-around final in 16th place with a total score of 55.665, and the Italian team qualified for the 2016 Summer Olympics in seventh place. On beam, with a score of 14.233 (difficulty: 5.7; execution: 8.533), Ferlito tied with Eythora Thorsdottir of the Netherlands (D-Score: 5.6, E-Score: 8.633). However, because Thorsdottir had the higher execution score, she earned the last place in the beam final over Ferlito. In the all-around final, Ferlito scored 14.441 on beam, the third-best score in that final (after Larisa Iordache's 14.766 and Shang Chunsong's 14.700). She finished in 12th place.

2016.

Ferlito was the only Italian competitor at the 2016 American Cup in Newark, where she finished fifth.  At the 2016 City of Jesolo Trophy on 20 March, Ferlito fell on her head when her foot slipped off the end of the beam as she dismounted. She was taken to a hospital in Portogruaro, but scans revealed no spinal damage or other serious injuries.  At the Olympics in Rio de Janeiro, Ferlito placed 27th in qualifications with a total score of 55.599, and twelfth in the all-around final with a score of 56.598. The Italian team finished tenth in qualifications and did not qualify for the team final.

Controversies.

After American gymnast Simone Biles, who is African-American, won the bronze medal on balance beam at the 2013 World Championships, Ferlito said in a video interview that she had told Italian teammate Vanessa Ferrari "that next time we should also paint our skin black, so then we can win, too." Ferlito later apologized on Twitter.  Two years later, at the 2015 European Championships, Ferlito was excluded from the all-around final because of the two-per-country rule and narrowly missed the beam final. Afterward, she posted on Twitter in Italian, "I am used to being a few tenths out and taking it in the ass. I will overcome these assholes." She later deleted the tweet and apologized in another tweet, writing, "Under stress, I do the worst of myself. I apologize, I did not want to cause offense and I'm sorry to have been misunderstood. Good luck to all."

Carlotta Ferlito (born 15 February 1995) is an Italian artistic gymnast. Since starting her senior career in 2011, Ferlito has won two medals at the European Championships and represented her country at the 2012 and 2016 Summer Olympics. She is the first Italian gymnast to compete the "Mustafina" on floor (triple turn with the leg held up in split, Difficulty E).

Carlotta Ferlito (* 15. Februar 1995 in Catania, Sizilien) ist eine italienische Kunstturnerin. Sie nahm zweimal an den Olympischen Spielen teil.


Accident details.

Flight 96 was a regularly scheduled flight from Los Angeles International Airport to LaGuardia Airport with intermediate stops at Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport and Buffalo Niagara International Airport. On June 12, it was being flown by a DC-10-10, registration N103AA, with a flight crew consisting of Captain Bryce McCormick, age 52; First Officer Peter "Page" Whitney, age 34; and Flight Engineer Clayton Burke, age 50. McCormick was a highly experienced pilot, having amassed more than 24,000 flight hours throughout his flying career. Whitney and Burke were also seasoned airmen with approximately 7,900 flight hours and 13,900 flight hours, respectively, under their belts. Between them, the crew had accumulated 176 hours of flight time in the DC-10.  The flight left Los Angeles 46 minutes after its scheduled 1:30 pm departure due to passenger loading and traffic and arrived in Detroit at 6:36 pm. In Detroit, the majority of the passengers disembarked, and the plane took on new passengers and cargo. Leaving Detroit, the aircraft had 56 passengers and 11 crew. The plane departed at 7:20 pm, climbing to 6,000 for a hold, before capturing V-554 (a victor airway) and climbing to Flight Level 210 (21,000 ft).  At 7:25 pm, while climbing through 11,750 ft, at 260 knots, the crew heard a distinct "thud" and dirt in the cockpit flew up into their faces. The "thud" was the sound of the rearmost cargo door breaking off, causing a sudden decompression that also caused part of the floor at the rear of the cabin to partially give way. Captain McCormick momentarily believed they had suffered a mid-air collision and the cockpit windows had been smashed. At the same time, the rudder pedals moved to their full-right position and the engine controls moved to idle. McCormick immediately took manual control of the aircraft and attempted to re-apply power, finding that engines 1 and 3 would respond normally, but engine 2, in the tail, would not allow its controls to be moved, as control cables had been severed when the floor gave way. McCormick managed to level off and stabilize the speed at 250 knots, although at this speed control was very sluggish. They declared an emergency and requested routing back to Detroit.  In the cabin, the flight attendants saw a "fog" form within the cabin and immediately recognized it as a depressurization. Two crews were in the rear lounge area, and the floor under their feet partially collapsed into the cargo hold, giving them both minor injuries. In spite of this, the cabin crew immediately attempted to ensure the oxygen masks had deployed properly, but having occurred below the 14,000 ft limit, the masks had not deployed. One of the attendants obtained a walk-around oxygen bottle and called the cockpit on the intercom to inform them that the damage was in the rear of the aircraft. On instructions from the cockpit, the attendants instructed the passengers on emergency landing procedures. A number of passengers later reported that the aircraft safety cards proved useful in locating the nearest exit. A casket with the body of a woman who had died out of state fell from the cargo hold to the ground near Windsor, Canada.  The aircraft returned to Detroit, but, when the crew set the flaps to 35 degrees for landing, the aircraft stabilized in a 1,900 ft/min descent rate that was far too fast for landing. By applying power to the No. 1 and No. 3 Engines, McCormick managed to level off the nose and reduce the descent rate to 700 ft/min. At 7:44 pm, the aircraft touched down 600 m (1,900 ft) down runway 03R, immediately veering to the right and eventually leaving the runway surface. First Officer Whitney applied full reverse thrust to the left engine and idled the right, straightening the aircraft's path, and eventually starting to bring the aircraft back to the runway. The aircraft stopped 270 m (880 ft) from the end of the runway, with the nose and left gear on the runway and the right on the grass beside it. It happened that while training to convert his expertise to flying the DC-10, McCormick had practiced, in a simulator, controlling the plane with the throttles in this fashion, in the worst-case scenario of a hydraulic failure. A similar technique was used on another DC-10 in 1989 following a complete loss of hydraulic pressure on United Airlines Flight 232.

Investigation.

The problem that caused the accident was immediately obvious, as the rear cargo door was missing and had caused severe damage to the left horizontal stabilizer as it blew off. Investigators immediately studied the maintenance history and found that on March 3, 1972, three months before the accident, the handlers reported that the door had not latched electrically and had to be closed manually. On 30 May, McDonnell Douglas issued Service Bulletin 52-27, DC-10 SC 612, which called for the upgrading of the electrical wiring that drove the latches because "Three operators have reported failure of the electrical latch actuators to latch/unlatch the cargo doors. Latch actuator failure is attributed to an excessive voltage drop reducing the output torque to the actuator. This condition may prevent electrical latching/unlatching of the hooks." The modification was not compulsory, however, and had not been carried out on N103AA, the plane involved in the accident.  Investigators interviewed the ground crew in Detroit and learned that the cargo loader who operated the rear door had found it extremely difficult to close. He stated that he closed the door electrically, and waited for the sound of the actuator motors to stop. When they did, he attempted to operate the locking handle but found it very difficult to close. He managed to get the latch to lock only by applying force with his knee, but he noticed that the vent plug (see below) was not entirely closed. He brought this to the attention of a mechanic, who cleared the flight. The flight engineer reported that the "door ajar" warning light on his panel was not lit at any time during the taxi out or flight.  Examination of the aircraft and the cargo door, which was recovered largely intact in Windsor, demonstrated that the latches had never rotated to their locked position. In their locked position, pressure on the door presses the latches further shut, and no force is transmitted into the actuator system that closes and opens them. With the latches only partially closed, forces on the door were transmitted back into the actuator, eventually overwhelming it at about 6,600 lbf. The rapid depressurization when the door broke off caused the floor above it to partially cave in, which pulled the rudder cable to its extension limit and severed several other operating cables.

Cause of door failure.

Passenger doors on the DC-10 are of the plug variety, which prevents the doors from opening while the aircraft is pressurized. The cargo door, however, is not. Due to its large area, the cargo door on the DC-10 could not be swung inside the fuselage without taking up a considerable amount of valuable cargo space. Instead, the door swung outward, allowing cargo to be stored directly behind it. The outward-opening door, in theory, allowed it to be "blown open" by the pressure inside the cargo area.  To prevent this, the DC-10 used a "fail-safe" latching system held in place by "over top dead center latches", five C-shaped latches mounted on a common torque shaft that are rotated over fixed latching pins ("spools") fixed to the fuselage. Because of their shape, when the latches are in the proper position, pressure on the door does not place torque on the latches that could cause them to open, and further seats them on the pins. Normally the latches are opened and closed by a screw jack powered by an electric actuator motor.  Because of the under-designed cabling powering the actuator motor, it was possible for the voltage delivered to the motor to be too low to drive it under high loads. In these cases, the motor would stop turning even if the latches had not rotated over the pins. Since the operators listened for the motors to stop as an indication of their complete rotation, a failure in the drive system during operation would erroneously indicate that the door was properly latched.  To ensure this rotation had completed and the latches were in the proper position, the DC-10 cargo door also included a separate locking mechanism. The locks consisting of small pins that were slid horizontally through holes on the back of the latches, between the latch and the frame of the aircraft. When the pins were in place, they mechanically prevented movement back into the open position, so even the actuator motor could no longer open them. If the latches were not in their correct positions, the pins could not enter the holes, and the operating handle on the outside of the door would remain open and visually indicate that there was a problem. Additionally, the handle moved a metal plug into a vent cut in the outer door panel; if the vent was not plugged the door would not retain pressure, eliminating any force on the door. Lastly, there was an indicator light in the cockpit that would remain on if the door was not correctly latched.  In theory, motor failure on the plane could not present a problem because it would fail to close the locking lever. During the investigation, however, a McDonnell Douglas test rig demonstrated that the entire locking pin operating system was too weak, allowing the handle to be forced closed even with the pins out of the locking holes. This occurred on Flight 96, when the handler forced the handle closed with his knee. In spite of the vent not closing completely, neither the handler nor the engineer considered this to be serious. Although the vent door remained partially open, it closed enough to cause it to "blow shut", and thereby allow pressurization of the cargo hold. Although the handle did not seat the pins entirely, the small amount of motion it managed to cause was enough to press on the warning indicator switch, deactivating the cockpit warning light. It was only the combination of all of these failures that allowed the accident to happen. Yet all of these indicators shared a single point of failure: the mechanical weakness of the locking system that allowed the handle to be moved.  The cabin floor failure was also a matter of poor design. All of the other portions of the cargo holds had holes cut into the cabin floor above the cargo areas. In the case of a pressure loss on either side of the floor, the air would flow through the vents and equalize the pressure, thereby eliminating any force on the floor. Only the rearmost portion of the cabin lacked these holes, and it was that portion that failed. Because the control cables were running through the floor for the entire length of the aircraft, however, a failure at any point on the floor would cut controls to the tail section.

Aftermath.

The National Transportation Safety Board suggested two changes to the DC-10 to ensure that the Windsor accident would not recur: changes to the locking mechanism to ensure it could not be forced closed, as well as venting cut into the rear cabin floor.  In response, the Federal Aviation Administration, in charge of implementing these recommendations, agreed with McDonnell Douglas that the additional venting would be difficult to install. Instead, they proceeded with the modification of the locking system and additionally added a small clear window set into the bottom of the cargo door that allowed operators to directly inspect whether or not the latches were in place. Combined with the upgrades to the wiring that had already been on the books, this was expected to prevent a repeat of the accident.  Shortly after the event, Dan Applegate, Director of Product Engineering at Convair, wrote a memo to Convair management pointing out several problems with the door design. McDonnell Douglas had subcontracted design and construction of the DC-10 fuselage to Convair, and Applegate had overseen its development in ways that he felt were reducing the safety of the system. In particular, he noted that the actuator system had been switched from a hydraulic system to an electrical one, which he felt was less safe. He also noted that the floor would be prone to failure if the door was lost, and this would likely sever the control cables, leading to a loss of the aircraft. Finally, he pointed out that this precise failure had already occurred in ground testing in 1970, and he concluded that such an accident was almost certain to occur again in the future.  In spite of these recommendations, on March 3, 1974, less than two years after the near-loss of Flight 96, Turkish Airlines Flight 981 crashed outside Paris, killing all 346 passengers and crew on board in an identical rear cargo door failure. Unlike Flight 96, where the crew still managed to keep enough flight controls to safely return to Detroit, the pilots of Flight 981 completely lost control of the tail surfaces and all hydraulics. Investigators discovered that the upgrades had never been carried out on this airframe, although the construction logs claimed they had been. One modification had been carried out, the installation of the inspection window, along with a placard beside the door controls printed in English and Turkish that informed the operators how to inspect the latches. The operator in Paris was Algerian and could not read either language and had been instructed that as long as the locking handle closed, the door was safe. He also noted that he did not have to force the handle, and investigators concluded that it had already been bent on a prior flight.  In the aftermath of Flight 981, the Applegate memorandum was discovered and introduced into evidence during the massive civil lawsuit that followed. Many commentators subsequently blamed the aircraft manufacturer, McDonnell Douglas, and other aviation authorities, for failing to learn lessons from the Flight 96 accident. Although there had been some redesign of the DC-10 cargo door system, it had only been implemented voluntarily and haphazardly by various airlines. If the warning signs of Flight 96 had been heeded, it is likely that the crash of Flight 981 would have been prevented. A complete redesign of the entire door system followed, and no DC-10 or MD-11 ever suffered a similar accident again.  N103AA's airframe was broken up at Phoenix Goodyear Airport in 2002, after having been assigned to the FedEx McDonnell Douglas MD-10 program.

Dramatization.

The crash was featured in Season 5 of the Canadian made, internationally distributed documentary series "Mayday", on the episode "Behind Closed Doors", which also covers the similar crash of Turkish Airlines Flight 981.  The episode "Crash Detectives" of Survival in the Sky featured the accident, as well as the crash of Turkish Flight 981.

American Airlines Flight 96 was a regular domestic flight operated by American Airlines from Los Angeles to New York via Detroit and Buffalo. On June 12, 1972, the left rear cargo door of the McDonnell Douglas DC-10-10 operating the flight blew open and broke off en route between Detroit and Buffalo above Windsor, Ontario; the accident is thus sometimes referred to as the Windsor incident, although for the NTSB it is an accident, therefore not an incident.

American Airlines Flug 96 war ein planmäßiger Flug am 12. Juni 1972 vom Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport zum Buffalo Niagara International Airport. Als die McDonnell Douglas DC-10-10 der American Airlines über Windsor, Ontario flog, öffnete sich die hintere Frachttür. Daher ist der Zwischenfall auch unter der Bezeichnung Windsor incident bekannt. Durch die explosive Dekompression im Frachtbereich brach ein Teil des Kabinenbodens in den darunterliegenden Frachtraum, wobei diverse Steuerungselemente des Flugzeugs beschädigt wurden. Trotz der teilweisen Einschränkung der Steuerflächen gelang den Piloten eine sichere Rückkehr zum Flughafen Detroit ohne schwerere Verletzungen unter den Insassen.


Concept and construction.

In the late 1960s, ships operated in the Helsinki–Stockholm service were small liners owned by Finland Steamship Company (FÅA), Rederi AB Svea and Steamship Company Bore. The ships used in the service were not built for navigating through thick sea ice, and as a result service had to be suspended during the winter months. Siljavarustamo, a joint subsidiary of the three companies mentioned before, had begun operating purpose-built car/passenger ferries from western Finland to Stockholm and other nearby ports in 1961, and by the end of the decade Siljavarustamo begun planning for ferries for the Helsinki–Stockholm service as well. Plans were to construct two ferries for a daily service, with high enough ice classification to allow year-round traffic on the route, and high enough speed to allow them to depart in the evening, with an arrival in the following morning (instead of the daytime departures of the ships used in the service at the time).  The main responsibility for designing the ships was given to Carl-Bertel Engström, following objectives set by marketing executives Gösta Ryning and Kalevi Etelä. On 3 January 1971 Siljavarustamo placed an order for the new ships with the Dubigeon Normandie shipyard in Nantes, France. At the same time as the ships were ordered, the owners of Siljavarustamo were drawing up plans to reorganise their operations. The decision was made to turn Siljavarustamo into a joint marketing company for FÅA, Svea and Bore under the new name Silja Line, while the ships owned by Siljavatustamo would be transferred to the fleets of Siljavarustamo's owners. Just five days after the new ships were ordered, and attendum was signed, allowing for the building contract to be transferred to FÅA, Svea or Bore. In February 1970 the contract of the first ship was transferred to FÅA, eventually becoming their, while the contract of the second ship was transferred to Svea on 9 November 1970.  The keel of the Svea-owned ship was laid on 2 June 1971, and she was launched six months later on 3 December 1971. On 13 February 1972 a storm broke the ship loose from her fitting-out berths, resulting in minor damage. Despite the difficulties the ship was delivered to Rederi AB Svea on 26 May 1972, and christened "Svea Regina" by Mrs Ingegerd Hägglöf, the wife of Mr Ingemar Hägglöf, the Swedish Ambassador to Finland. Following delivery the "Svea Regina" sailed from Nantes to Stockholm via the Kiel Canal. On 30 May 1972 she arrived at Nybroviken, Stockholm.

Service history.

1972–79.

On 5 June 1972 the "Svea Regina" set on her maiden voyage from Stockholm to Helsinki. The "Aallotar" had entered service four months previously, and with a "Svea Regina" joining her sister on the route, daily year-round service was initiated between the capitals of Finland and Sweden for the first time. Despite doubts voiced, even by people within the Silja consortium, the "Aallotar" and "Svea Regina" proved to be a phenomenal success. In practice the ships proved to be too small for the route within their first year of service, and already on 4 June 1973 FÅA, Svea and Bore placed orders for three larger ships to replace the "Svea Regina" and "Aallotar" on the Helsinki service.  The "Svea Regina" ended service on the Helsinki–Stockholm route on 24 May 1975 after less than three years, when she was replaced by the new and larger. The "Svea Regina" was initially moved to the Turku–Mariehamn–Stockholm service on the same date, but she returned to the Helsinki–Stockholm route during a docking of the "Svea Corona" between 20 June and 17 July of the same year. Following this she returned to the Turku–Stockholm service until 4 October 1975, when she joined the "Aallotar" in Turku–Norrtälje service. The line to Norrtälje was closed a year later, on 1 September 1976, and the "Svea Regina" was laid up in Stockholm.  Between 2 June and 30 August 1977 the "Svea Regina" was chartered to Compagnie Nationale Algerienne de Navigation Maritime (CNAN) for services from Marseilles to Algiers, Bejaia and Oran. Following the end of the charter she returned to Norrtälje for another lay-up period. In March 1978 the ship briefly returned to Silja Line service on the Turku–Stockholm route, before chartered as an accommodation vessel to Det Bergenske D/S A/S between 31 March and 20 May 1978. Following the end of the charter the ship again returned to Silja Line's Turku–Stockholm service for the duration of the 1978 summer season, after which she was again laid up, this time in Turku.  On 18 September 1978 the "Svea Regina" again returned to service this time for Silja Line's cruise traffic. Four days later she was sold by Rederi AB Svea to the Finland Steamship Company, and on 2 October 1978 her name was shortened to "Regina" and she was re-registered to Helsinki. Her initial service with Silja Cruise proved short, as she was chartered to Polferries on 27 October 1978, for use on their Helsinki–Nynäshamn–Gdańsk service. Polferries had also chartered the "Aallotar" for the same service, and for a while the two sisters again served together on the same route. The charter contracts for both the "Regina" and "Aallotar" included a purchase options, but although a Memorandum of Agreement about the sale of both ships had been signed in November and December 1978, respectively, in the end Polferries decided to purchase the "Aallotar" but not the "Regina".  The charter to Polferries ended in April 1979, and subsequently the "Regina" was chartered to a German travel agency for cruises from Kiel to the Norwegian Fjords from 20 March until 12 June 1979. After that charter she again returned to Turku–Stockholm service for Silja Line until 1 September 1979. After this she was briefly chartered to Brittany Ferries for their St Malo–Portsmouth service. Between 28 October and 29 November 1979 she returned to Turku–Stockholm service for one last time, for duration of the docking of the.

1979–89.

On 29 November 1979 the "Regina" was sold to a holding company of the Karageorgis Lines, renamed "Mediterranean Sun" and re-registered in Greece. In 1980 she entered service on Karageorgis Lines' Patras–Ancona route. During the same year her ownership was transferred to a different Karageorgis Lines holding company, and she was re-registered in Cyprus. She remained on the Patras–Ancona service until 1981, when she was laid up in Patras. In 1982 the "Mediterranean Sun" was sold to the Maritime Company of Lesvos, again re-registered in Greece, renamed "Odysseas Eleytis" and placed in NEL Lines service on the Piraeus–Lesvos, Rhodes–Limassol–Alexandria and Piraeus–Rhodes services. In December 1983 the "Odysseas Eleytis" participated in the evacuation of Palestine Liberation Organization members, including Yasser Arafat, from Lebanon.  In June 1985 the "Odysseas Eleytis" was sold to the DFDS subsidiary SeaEscape, renamed "Scandinavian Sky" and re-registered at The Bahamas. She was radically rebuilt at Werft Nobiskrug, Rendsburg, Germany for use on SeaEscape's Miami–Bahamas cruise service, on which she entered service in August 1985.

MS "Svea Regina was a car and passenger ferry, built in 1972 by the Dubigeon Normandie shipyard in Nantes, France for Rederi AB Svea for use in Silja Line traffic. She subsequently sailed under the names Regina, Mediterranean Sun, Odysseas Eleytis, Scandinavia Sky, Tallink, El Tor, Monte Carlo and El Safa", until scrapped in Alang, India in 2005.

Die Svea Regina war eine Fähre der schwedischen Reederei Stockholms Rederi AB Svea, die 1972 in Dienst gestellt wurde. Das zwischenzeitlich auch für Kreuzfahrten genutzte Schiff wechselte mehrfach seinen Namen und Eigner, ehe es 2005 ausgemustert und in Indien verschrottet wurde.


Life.

He was born at Cosgrove, Northamptonshire (where his father, also Henry Longueville Mansel, fourth son of General John Mansel, was rector). He was educated at Merchant Taylors' School, London and St John's College, Oxford. He took a double first in 1843, and became tutor of his college. He was appointed reader in moral and metaphysical philosophy at Magdalen College in 1855, and Waynflete Professor of Metaphysical Philosophy in 1859. He was a great opponent of university reform and of the Hegelianism which was then beginning to take root in Oxford. In 1867 he succeeded Arthur Penrhyn Stanley as regius professor of ecclesiastical history, and in 1868 he was appointed dean of St Paul's. He died in Cosgrove on the first of July 1871.  The philosophy of Mansel, like that of Sir William Hamilton, was mainly due to Aristotle, Immanuel Kant and Thomas Reid. Like Hamilton, Mansel maintained the purely formal character of logic, the duality of consciousness as testifying to both self and the external world, and the limitation of knowledge to the finite and "conditioned." His doctrines were developed in his edition of Aldrich's "Artis logicae rudimenta" (1849) — his chief contribution to the reviving study of Aristotle — and in his "Prolegomena logica: an Inquiry into the Psychological Character of Logical Processes" (1851, 2nd ed. enlarged 1860), in which the limits of logic as the "science of formal thinking" are rigorously determined.  In his Bampton lectures on "The Limits of Religious Thought" (1858, 5th ed. 1867; Danish trans. 1888) he applied to Christian theology the metaphysical agnosticism which seemed to result from Kant's criticism, and which had been developed in Hamilton's "Philosophy of the Unconditioned". While denying all knowledge of the supersensuous, Mansel deviated from Kant in contending that cognition of the ego as it really is belongs among the facts of experience. Consciousness, he held — agreeing thus with the doctrine of "natural realism" which Hamilton developed from Reid — implies knowledge both of self and of the external world. The latter Mansel's psychology reduces to consciousness of our organism as extended; with the former is given consciousness of free will and moral obligation.  These lectures led Mansel to a bitter controversy with the Christian socialist theologian Frederick Maurice.  A summary of Mansel's philosophy is contained in his article "Metaphysics" in the 5th edition of the "Encyclopædia Britannica" (1860). He also wrote  He contributed a commentary on the first two gospels to the "Speaker's Commentary" (1881).  Mansel*s mother, Maria, was the daughter of Admiral Sir Robert Moorsom.

The Very Reverend Henry Longueville Mansel, D.D. (6 October 1820 – 30 July 1871) was an English philosopher and ecclesiastic.

Henry Longueville Mansel (* 6. Oktober 1820 in Cosgrove (Northamptonshire); † 1. Juli 1871 ebenda) war ein englischer Philosoph und Kleriker.


Club career.

Early career.

Bateau spent his early career in his native Trinidad and Tobago with San Juan Jabloteh of the TT Pro League. In his three seasons with the "San Juan Kings", Bateau appeared in 16 matches and scored four goals. However, after the club dissolved due to financial difficulties following the 2011–12 season, Bateau switched to North East Stars. In August 2012, before playing a match for his new club, Bateau received a trial with FC Twente of the Eredivisie. Since Bateau is not a European Union player, his salary became a block for a transfer to the Eredivisie club.

KV Mechelen.

On 13 September 2012, Bateau signed a one-year contract with an option for two additional years with KV Mechelen of the Belgian Pro League. Sheldon made his league debut on 6 October coming on as a substitute in the 59th minute in a 0–2 defeat to Kortrijk. On 31 October, Sheldon made is first start for the club against OH Leuven that resulted in a 1–3 loss. Afterwards, Bateau solidified a place in the starting line-up as a centre back and appeared in 11 league matches, including five consecutive starts, prior to the 2012–13 winter break. His consistent form resulted in Sheldon signing a two-year contract extension, on 18 January 2013, keeping him at Mechelen until the end of the 2014–15 season. On 27 April, Bateau scored his first two league goals during a play-off match against Waasland-Beveren that provided his club a vital 2–0 win. Bateau concluded his first season in Belgium with 22 league appearances and two goals.  Sheldon started the 2013–14 season as a regular in defence for Mechelen.

Kairat.

On 27 June 2017, Bateau signed for Kazakhstan Premier League side FC Kairat on loan for the remainder of Kairat's 2017 season. On 29 December 2017, Krylia Sovetov Samara announced that they had agreed to extend Bateau's loan to Kairat for an additional year.

Sarpsborg 08.

On 14 February 2019, Sarpsborg 08 announced that they had signed Bateau for the 2019 season.

International career.

Bateau has been capped at under-17, under-20, under-23 Olympic team, and the Trinidad and Tobago national team.  Bateau made his debut for the Trinidad and Tobago national team on 6 February 2013 in a match against Peru playing the entire match which ended in a 0–2 loss for the "Soca Warriors". On 5 September, Bateau made a substitute appearance in a 3–3 draw against the United Arab Emirates. In the following match, Bateau started and led the "Soca Warriors" to a 3–1 win over Saudi Arabia to claim third place in the 2013 OSN Cup. Sheldon continued as a starter in Stephen Hart's back-line during the next two international matches against New Zealand and Jamaica.  On 4 June 2014, Bateau started in a 3–0 loss during a send-off series match for Argentina at Estadio Monumental prior to the 2014 FIFA World Cup. Four days later, Bateau made an additional start in centre defence before being replaced by Gavin Hoyte in the 72nd minute for the "Soca Warriors" in a 2–0 loss to Iran in Arena Corinthians.

Sheldon Bateau (born 29 January 1991) is a Trinidadian professional footballer who plays as a central defender for Mechelen. Bateau also represents the Trinidad and Tobago national team.

Sheldon Michael Louis Bateau (* 29. Januar 1991 in Port of Spain) ist ein trinidadisch-tobagischer Fußballspieler, welcher meist in der Innenverteidigung aufgeboten wird. Er steht seit Juli 2019 beim belgischen Erstligisten KV Mechelen unter Vertrag und gehört zudem zum Kader der trinidadischen Nationalmannschaft.


Reported cases.

Germany.

The most famous carwalker was Michael Hartmann who performed the act in Munich, Germany, in the 1980s. The peak of automobile friendly policies was around the seventies and the eighties in the western world, and such high number of motor vehicles in urban areas had as consequence a large number of cars illegally parked on side-walks and other pedestrian-reserved areas. Hartmann, in his book which describes his actions, states that once in 1988 he was walking with his girlfriend and due to many cars parked on the side-walk, they had to continuously zigzag between the cars so he decided to walk straightforward above the cars.

United Kingdom.

An initiative in Kings Heath (Birmingham) distributes posters that warn drivers their cars will be "bonneted" if parked on pavement obstructing pedestrians.

France.

Another reported case happened in Lyon, France, in 2011 when Peter Wagner, a German engineer, decided to walk on top of a car that was illegally parked on the side-walk in such a manner that he could not squeeze past. At that moment the owner of the car arrived and later sued him for property damage, demanding 800 Euros for repairs. The carwalker was condemned to pay 300 Euros, but later appealed. His appeal was denied.

Mexico.

In Mexico City, a pedestrian activist called Peatónito, a mix of the Spanish words for pedestrian ("peatón") and astonished ("atónito"), is famous for walking over cars. He wears a Mexican wrestler mask, a cape and proclaims himself to be a superhero for pedestrians.

Carwalking is the act of stepping onto and walking across a stationary car. Depending on the technique and equipment used, carwalking can lead to damage of private property. It often is a response to cars being parked illegally in areas exclusively allocated to pedestrians and a protest against the negative impacts of high motorization rates in urban areas.

Carwalking oder "Über-Auto-Gehen" ist eine Form des Protests gegen die negativen Auswirkungen des Autoverkehrs in städtischen Gebieten, insbesondere wenn Autos ohne Rücksicht auf Fußgänger auf dem Gehweg geparkt wurden. Ein Fußgänger übt Carwalking aus, wenn er ein geparktes Fahrzeug, das ihn auf seinem Fußweg behindert, mit wenigen schnellen Schritten über Motorhaube, Dach und Kofferraum überschreitet.


Early life.

The son of Frederic and Amy Austin, Austin was educated at Gresham's School, Holt, the Royal College of Music, and in Munich. At Gresham's, he acted in school plays, in 1921 playing Benedick in "Much Ado About Nothing" and in 1922 Hortensio in "The Taming of the Shrew", opposite W. H. Auden as Katherina.

Career.

After his second 6-month stint in Munich, Austin became an assistant conductor for the Royal College opera class. He was assistant conductor and chorus master for a production of "Mr Pepys" at the Everyman Theatre, Hampstead, and for other theatrical shows. Adrian Boult invited him to assist with an opera season in Bristol which Austin assumed the lead when Boult was obliged to go to Egypt, and was then asked to be conductor of the small professional Glen Pavilion orchestra in the city with whom he made his first broadcast on the BBC. In 1929, he became Conductor for three years with the Carl Rosa Opera Company touring throughout Great Britain, and then worked briefly with the short-lived Metropolitan Opera Company in 1933. While conducting an all-star production of "The Golden Toy" at the London Coliseum with Peggy Ashcroft, Wilfred Lawson, Nellie Wallace and Lupino Lane the following year, he saw an advertisement for the musical director of the Bournemouth Municipal Orchestra.  Chosen from a large number of applicants to succeed Sir Dan Godfrey, from 1934 to 1940 Austin was Musical Director of the Bournemouth Corporation, that is, he was the chief conductor of the Bournemouth Municipal Orchestra, which is now the Bournemouth Symphony Orchestra. In 1935 he married the 'cellist Leily Howell whom he had met when she played a concerto with the Bournemouth orchestra. During his years on the south coast Austin was expected to conduct three concerts per week in the winter and more in summer; requiring him to greatly expand his repertoire. For the annual festival Austin continued the tradition of Godfrey in inviting eminent musicians to take part, these included Thomas Beecham, Henry Wood, Hamilton Harty and Igor Stravinsky.  He resigned from the Municipal Orchestra when Bournemouth Corporation cut the complement to only 24 players. During the Second World War he served as Music Advisor, Northern Command (1941–1945), ENSA. Following the war, he became a Professor of the Royal College of Music, from 1946 to 1976, and was also the college's Director of Opera from 1955 to 1976, when he retired.  Concurrently, Austin served as Music Director to the New Era Concert Society (1947–1957) and was a guest conductor at Sadler's Wells Theatre, with other London and provincial orchestras in the UK, and overseas in the Netherlands, Belgium, Germany, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Finland, Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia, Cuba, Mexico, South Africa, the United States, and also in South America.

Recording.

Austin recorded a selection of works by Balfour Gardiner in May 1955 for Argo, with Alexander Young, the Goldsmiths’ Choral Union and the London Symphony Orchestra (Overture to a Comedy, Shepherd Fennel’s Dance, April, Philomela). Later that year with cellist André Navarra he set down recordings of Bloch's Schelomo and Tchaikovsky's Variations on a Rococo Theme Op.30 for Parlophone. A recording of "The Beggar's Opera" featured Dennis Noble, Carmen Prietto, Martha Lipton, Roderick Jones, Marjorie Westbury, John Cameron and William McAlpine.

Richard Dennis Oliver Austin FRCM (26 December 1903, in Birkenhead – 1 April 1989, in Reading) was the chief conductor of the Bournemouth Municipal Orchestra from 1934 until 1940 and later a Professor of the Royal College of Music.

Richard Dennis Oliver Austin (* 26. Dezember 1903 in Birkenhead; † 1. April 1989 in Reading) war von 1934 bis 1940 Chefdirigent des "Bournemouth Municipal Orchestra", des 1954 umbenannten Bournemouth Symphony Orchestra und erster Nachfolger des Gründers des Orchesters, Sir Dan Godfreys sowie später Professor am Royal College of Music.


Memorial Cross.

After their deaths in early 1912, the last members of Robert Falcon Scott's party were found by a search party led by the surgeon Edward L. Atkinson. The relief party took their photographic film, scientific specimens, and other materials. They had to leave Scott and his men in their tent, and later parties could not locate the campsite, since that area had been covered in snow. A century of storms and snow have covered the cairn and tent, which are now encased in the Ross Ice Shelf as it inches towards the Ross Sea. In 2001 glaciologist Charles R. Bentley estimated that the tent with the bodies was under about 75 feet (23 m) of ice and about 30 miles (48 km) from the point where they died; he speculated that in about 275 years the bodies would reach the Ross Sea, and perhaps float away inside an iceberg.  The search party returned to their base camp in McMurdo Sound to await the relief ship. After it arrived, they worked to build a memorial – a nine-foot wooden cross, inscribed with the names of the fatal party and the final line of the Alfred Tennyson poem "Ulysses", which reads "To strive, to seek, to find, and not to yield." On 22 January 1913, after a difficult two-day sledge journey, the cross was erected on the summit of Observation Hill, overlooking the camp and facing out towards the "Barrier" – the Ross Ice Shelf, on which Scott's party had died. In 1972, the cross was declared as one of the initial Historic Sites and Monuments in Antarctica by the Antarctic Treaty signatories, as HSM-20.

Observation Hill is a steep hill adjacent to McMurdo Station in Antarctica and commonly called "Ob Hill." It is frequently climbed to get good viewing points across the continent. Regular clear skies give excellent visibility.

Der Observation Hill (englisch für "Beobachtungshügel") ist ein hoher und kegelförmiger Hügel am südwestlichen Ende der Hut-Point-Halbinsel im Südwesten der antarktischen Ross-Insel. Er überragt das Kap Armitage.


Life and career.

Brendan was born in Tuam, County Galway. He attended St Patrick's Primary School and St Jarlath's College, both in Tuam.

2014–2016: Hometown.

In 2014, Murray became a member of the Irish boyband Hometown, managed by Louis Walsh. The band achieved three chart successes in their home country, including the number one singles "Where I Belong" in 2014, and "Cry for Help" in 2015. Their debut album, "HomeTown", was released in November 2015 and peaked at number four in Ireland. In December 2016, the band announced that they'd be going on an indefinite hiatus.

2016–2017: Eurovision Song Contest.

On 16 December 2016, Murray was announced as the Irish representative in the Eurovision Song Contest 2017. His song, "Dying to Try", was released on 10 March 2017. He didn't reach the final, placing 13th out of the 18 contestants and requiring at least 10th to qualify.

2018: "The X Factor".

In 2018, Murray entered Season 15 of "The X Factor" UK. During the Six Chair challenge he received a safe seat from One Direction singer Louis Tomlinson, its first recipient, on the way to the live shows. He sang "Break Free" by Ariana Grande for his first "X Factor" live performance, with a 'This Is Me' theme. The second week, 'Guilty Pleasure' week, Murray sang "Believe" by Cher. On Sunday's results show, he was in the bottom three to compete in the sing-off. He was given equal votes by the judges, along with LMA Choir. The result went to deadlock, reverting to the earlier public votes. LMA Choir had the fewest votes and Brendan was saved and continued to the next week. On the third week of 'Fright Night', Murray performed "Youngblood" by 5 Seconds of Summer. During Week 4 he sang "Everybody Hurts" by R.E.M. for 'Movie Week'. He was eliminated in the semi-final on the Saturday show after he received the fewest votes from the public along with Danny Tetley, finishing in 5th place.

Brendan Hugh Francis Murray (born 16 November 1996) is an Irish singer and former member of the Irish boyband Hometown. He represented Ireland in the Eurovision Song Contest 2017 with the song "Dying to Try" but failed to qualify to the final. He then competed in "The X Factor" UK in 2018, finishing in fifth place.

Brendan Hughes Francis Murray (* 16. November 1996 in Galway) ist ein irischer Sänger und Ex-Mitglied der Boyband "HomeTown". Er vertrat Irland beim Eurovision Song Contest 2017 im ukrainischen Kiew.


Education.

Haber received his B.A. degree from the George Washington University in 1979, his M.A. from UCLA in 1981, and his Ph.D. degree from UCLA in 1985. Following the receipt of his Ph.D., he began work as an assistant professor at Columbia University in 1985.

Experience.

In 1987 Haber became an assistant professor at Stanford University. Since 2003 he has been the A.A. and Jeanne Welch Milligan Professor in the School of Humanities and Sciences. From 1997–2011 he served as the Director of the Social Science History Program, and from 1995–1998 he served as the Associate Dean for the Social Sciences and Director of Graduate Studies in the School of Humanities and Sciences.  Haber is among Stanford's most distinguished teachers, having been awarded every teaching prize Stanford has to offer. He is the only member of the Stanford faculty to have been awarded the Dean's Award for Distinguished Teaching (twice, in 1992 and again in 2002), the Allan V. Cox Medal for Faculty Excellence in Fostering Undergraduate Research, the Phi Beta Kappa Teaching Prize, and the Walter J. Gores Award for Excellence in Teaching, which is Stanford's highest teaching honor. Haber's abilities as a teacher and mentor were acknowledged by the Economic History Association, which at its 2013 meeting awarded him the Jonathan R. Hughes Prize for Excellence in Teaching.

Current Work.

Haber's work has focused on how regulatory and supervisory agencies are often used by incumbent firms to stifle competition, thereby curtailing economic opportunities and slowing technological progress. His most recent book (coauthored with Charles Calomiris), "Fragile by Design: The Political Origins of Banking Crises and Scarce Credit", examines why governments often choose to craft banking regulatory policies in ways that stifle competition and increase systemic risk.  Haber is currently at work in two research areas. One is the impact of geography on the evolution of societies' fundamental economic and political institutions. His research in this area has been featured in the mainstream press. His other current area of interest is the impact of the U.S. patent system on innovation and competition among firms.

Stephen H. Haber (born July 12, 1957) is a professor of political science and history known for his work on the political institutions and economic policies that promote innovation and improvements in living standards. Haber is a professor in the School of Humanities and Sciences at Stanford University and a senior fellow of the Hoover Institution, the Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research, and the Stanford Center for International Development. He directs the Hoover Institution's Working Group on Intellectual Property, Innovation, and Prosperity.

Stephen H. Haber (* 1957) ist ein US-amerikanischer Historiker und Politologe. Seit 1994 hält er verschiedene Professuren an der Stanford University. In seiner Forschung beschäftigt er sich hauptsächlich mit den Auswirkungen politischer Institutionen auf die wirtschaftliche Entwicklung, mit dem Schwerpunkt auf den Ländern Lateinamerikas und insbesondere auf Mexiko und Brasilien.


Early life and education.

Clay Higgins is the seventh of eight children. He was born in New Orleans, and his family moved to Covington, Louisiana, when he was six years old. The family raised and trained horses. After graduation from Covington High School, Higgins attended Louisiana State University in Baton Rouge, Louisiana.

Marriages and family.

Higgins married Eloisa Rovati. They had a daughter together, who died a few months after she was born. Higgins and his wife divorced. She later died in an automobile crash.  Higgins married Rosemary "Stormy" Rothkamm-Hambrice. He adopted her child from a previous marriage, and they had two more children together. They divorced in 1999.  Higgins's third wife was Kara Seymour.  Higgins married again and lives in Port Barre, Louisiana with his fourth wife Becca.

Career.

At age 18, Higgins enlisted in the Military Police Corps of the Louisiana National Guard, serving for six years (1979–1985) and reaching the rank of staff sergeant.  He worked for several years as a manager of car dealerships.

Local law enforcement.

In 2004 Higgins changed direction, becoming a patrol officer for the Opelousas City Police Department. By 2007, Opelousas Police Department Chief Perry Gallow was prepared to take major disciplinary action against Higgins. In a letter to the City Council, he said: "Clay Higgins used unnecessary force on a subject during the execution of a warrant and later gave false statements during an internal investigation. Although he later recanted his story and admitted to striking a suspect in handcuffs and later releasing him..." Higgins resigned before disciplinary action could be imposed. In September 2016 during his Congressional campaign, Higgins claimed to have resigned for other reasons. Gallow, by then retired, disputed Higgins' claim at that time.  Higgins next worked for the Port Barre Police Department through 2010. In 2011, he joined the St. Landry Parish Sheriff's Office. After the office's public information officer was reassigned in October 2014, Higgins was appointed to the role and promoted to captain. As public information officer, Higgins made videos for the parish Crime Stoppers program.  He first used standard scripts, but began to improvise in his own style, appealing to suspects to surrender and sometimes threatening them by name. His videos went viral, and he was referred to by national media in 2015 as the "Cajun John Wayne" for his intimidating persona. Sheriff Bobby Guidroz urged restraint, advising Higgins to refrain from personal comments about suspects and to keep a professional tone in his videos.  Higgins also made a video for the state police, with a script that prompted protests from suspects' families and the ACLU. He resigned from the St. Landry Parish Sheriff's Office in February 2016. Sheriff Bobby Guidroz had warned him against using disrespectful and demeaning language about suspects. The Sheriff had ordered him to "Tone down his unprofessional comments on our weekly Crime Stoppers messages". He issued a statement saying that Higgins's comments underlined "a growing undertone of insubordination and lack of discipline on Higgins’ part". Guidroz said that Higgins had gone against department policy by misusing his official badge and uniform for personal profit and gain, citing Higgins's wearing a uniform in an ad for a security firm. In addition, he reprimanded Higgins for using his badge and uniform in his personal website to support sales of T-shirts and shot glasses for his Limited Liability Corporation (LLC). In addition, Higgins used the department's physical address in registering his LLC with the state, and both actions were against department policy.  "Salon" reported in an investigative article that during this period, Higgins "negotiated paid speaking appearances with other police departments. In one email, Higgins discussed his request for a speaker’s fee that included shopping money for his wife and part of the fuel for his friend’s private plane." He asked for cash payments. In addition, Higgins conducted his private business via email on "his government email account during work hours without the permission or knowledge of his supervisors. Higgins also appears to have attempted to conceal his earnings from the IRS in order to avoid wage garnishment for unpaid taxes. Whether those actions constitute tax fraud is unclear."  Shortly after resigning from St. Landry Parish, in March 2016 Higgins was accepted and sworn in as a Reserve Deputy Marshal in the city of Lafayette, Louisiana. Reserve forces in city and Parish Sheriff's offices in Louisiana receive regular training and are commissioned as law enforcement officers. They are part-time and made up of persons from many walks of life.  In 2019, Higgins retired his commission as a Reserve Deputy Marshal. He maintains an active law enforcement commission as a reserve officer with the Louisiana Attorney General's office.

Honors.

Higgins was awarded the title of Kentucky Colonel in March 2016 by Kentucky Governor, Matt Bevin.

U.S. House of Representatives.

2016 campaign.

After Higgins' resignation from the St. Landry Sheriff's Office, Chris Comeaux, a Republican campaign staffer, recruited Higgins to run for office. In May 2016, Higgins declared his candidacy for the 2016 election to represent Louisiana's 3rd congressional district and build on his name recognition. He crossed district lines to run for this seat, as he resides in the 5th congressional district. Higgins was supported by a Super PAC (political action committee), headed by US Senator David Vitter's former chief of staff.  Higgins finished in second place in the nonpartisan blanket primary held on November 8, behind Republican Scott Angelle, in which nearly 68% of the parish voted. He faced Angelle in a runoff election on December 10 and won with 56.1 percent of the votes cast; turnout had declined to about 28% of voters. Angelle outspent Higgins by a 5–1 margin in the losing effort. An LSU professor noted that "Higgins was a YouTube sensation before running for office and already was well-versed in attracting attention."

Tenure.

Higgins was sworn into the House of Representatives on January 3, 2017.  He has said that he sleeps on an air mattress on the floor of his Capitol Hill office. He works out and showers in the House gymnasium in the early morning. In the evenings, he spends more time at his desk to prepare for expected House votes the next day.  Higgins voted with other Republicans in favor of the American Health Care Act of 2017, which would have repealed and replaced major portions of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act.  On June 5, 2017, Higgins announced what the American Press described as a 'historically rare' feat; he had secured an additional $10 million from the Army Corps of Engineers' discretionary fund to support dredging the Calcasieu Ship Channel. Port Director Bill Rase said, “It has been a long time since we’ve had strong leadership in Washington to get the whole delegation together. We’ve been working with everybody to try to keep Calcasieu in the forefront of the dredging situation, and Congressman Higgins has been very strong in that area since he has been office.”  In December 2017, Higgins voted with other Republicans in favor of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act. Although Higgins touted the benefits of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, the Congressional Budget Office projects that GDP growth will decline to 2.4 percent in 2019 as business investment and government purchases slow.

2018 campaign.

Higgins was challenged by Rob Anderson (Democrat), Aaron Andrus (Libertarian), Josh Guillory (Republican), Mildred "Mimi" Methvin (Democrat), Larry Rader (Democrat), and Verone Thomas (Democrat).  President Donald Trump endorsed Congressman Higgins for reelection. Higgins defeated all six challengers in Louisiana's jungle primary, winning reelection without a runoff.

Political positions.

Guns.

Higgins supports gun rights and opposes the regulation of firearms. In 2017 he stated "The modern hysteria over guns is another example of our weakened society. Guns weren't really regulated at all prior to the 60s in America. Throughout our history, prior to just 50 years ago, a child could purchase a gun from any seller, if daddy sent him with the money."  In 2018, Higgins commented on his Facebook page about an OpEd article by retired Supreme Court Justice John Paul Stevens in the "New York Times", which called for the repeal of the Second Amendment. Higgins said, "Judge John Paul Stevens, Your Honor, whatever... put together any badass socialists you can muster. As their attorney, make sure they have their affairs in order. Molon Labe."

National security.

Higgins supported President Donald Trump's 2017 executive order to temporarily curtail travel from certain countries. He stated that "The president’s executive order for a short-term restriction on visa entries from seven countries, that are known to foster terrorists, combined with a systematic review of our immigration and vetting procedure, is reasonable."

Immigration.

In July 2018, House Democrats called for a floor vote that sought to abolish U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE). House GOP leaders scrapped the latter and called for the House to vote on a resolution authored by Higgins and Kevin McCarthy to support ICE.

Abortion.

Higgins is against abortion and has compared women choosing to terminate their pregnancy to The Holocaust.

LGBT rights.

Higgins is against same-sex marriage and believes that marriage is between a man and a woman. He says he believes that states should have the right to dictate their own marriage laws, rather than the Supreme Court deciding it.

Auschwitz video.

In early July 2017, Higgins posted a five-minute video on YouTube from Auschwitz concentration camp, including a section from within one of the gas chambers. He said, "This is why homeland security must be squared away, why our military must be invincible". This video was widely condemned as inappropriate, including by the Auschwitz-Birkenau Memorial and Museum, whose spokesman wrote in a Twitter post that "the building should not be used as a stage". Higgins later removed his video from YouTube and issued an apology.

Personal life.

His ex-wife Rosemary "Stormy" Rothkamm-Hambrice, then living in Mississippi, filed a lawsuit in Louisiana the day after the 2016 election against Higgins for unpaid child support of more than $140,000, including interest on overdue payments. Higgins said that he sought reduced payments in 2005 after changing careers to law enforcement, but the issue was never settled. "The Daily Advertiser" reported: "Calls about the case made by this newspaper in September, first to the Texas Attorney General’s Office, then to Louisiana courts, brought similar responses from both places: Clay Higgins was not in trouble with the courts in either state over the child support payments."

Glen Clay Higgins (born August 24, 1961) is an American Republican politician, reserve law enforcement officer from the state of Louisiana. He is the U.S. Representative for Louisiana's 3rd congressional district. The district is located in the southwestern corner of the state and includes Lafayette, Lake Charles, New Iberia and Opelousas. He won the runoff election held on December 10, 2016, in which he defeated fellow Republican Scott Angelle.

Glen Clay Higgins (* 24. August 1961 in New Orleans, Louisiana) ist ein US-amerikanischer Politiker. Seit dem 3. Januar 2017 vertritt er den Bundesstaat Louisiana im US-Repräsentantenhaus.


Design.

German Type IXC/40 submarines were slightly larger than the original Type IXCs. "U-185" had a displacement of when at the surface and while submerged. The U-boat had a total length of, a pressure hull length of, a beam of, a height of, and a draught of. The submarine was powered by two MAN M 9 V 40/46 supercharged four-stroke, nine-cylinder diesel engines producing a total of for use while surfaced, two Siemens-Schuckert 2 GU 345/34 double-acting electric motors producing a total of for use while submerged. She had two shafts and two propellers. The boat was capable of operating at depths of up to.  The submarine had a maximum surface speed of and a maximum submerged speed of. When submerged, the boat could operate for at ; when surfaced, she could travel at. "U-185" was fitted with six torpedo tubes (four fitted at the bow and two at the stern), 22 torpedoes, one SK C/32 naval gun, 180 rounds, and a SK C/30 as well as a C/30 anti-aircraft gun. The boat had a complement of forty-eight.

Service history.

1st patrol.

"U-185" sailed from Kiel on 27 October 1942. On 7 December she sank the unescorted 5,476 ton British cargo ship "Peter Mærsk" west of the Azores. She docked at Lorient in France on 1 January 1943 after 67 days at sea.

2nd patrol.

"U-185" sailed from Lorient on 8 February 1943. On 10 March she attacked Convoy KG 123 in the Windward Passage (between Cuba and Hispaniola), sinking the 6,151 ton American tanker "Virginia Sinclair" and the 7,177 ton liberty ship "James Sprunt". On 6 April "U-185" attacked the four-ship convoy GTMO-83, and sank the 7,176 ton liberty ship "John Sevier". She then sailed to Bordeaux on 3 May after 85 days at sea.

3rd patrol.

On 14 June she was attacked in the Bay of Biscay by a British Whitley bomber of 10 OTU (Operational Training Unit) based at RAF St Eval in Cornwall. was sunk, but "U-185"s flak defenses damaged the aircraft, forcing it to ditch.  On 7 July "U-185", off Cape San Roque, Brazil, attacked the convoy BT-18, sinking the liberty ships "James Robertson" and "Thomas Sinnickson", the 7,061 ton tanker "William Boyce Thompson" also went to the bottom. She then badly damaged the 6,840 ton tanker "S.B. Hunt". On 12 July, around 90 miles off Recife, Brazil, the U-boat was attacked by a B-24 Liberator bomber of US Navy Squadron VB-107, but sustained only minor damage.  The boat sank the 8,235 ton Brazilian cargo ship "Bagé", a straggler from convoy TJ-2, off the Rio Real, Brazil, on 1 August and on the 6th she torpedoed and then sank with gunfire the unescorted 7,133 ton British cargo ship "Fort Halkett" about 600 miles southeast of Natal, Brazil. On 3 August " U-185" was attacked by a Ventura bomber of Squadron VB-107 with depth charges, wounding one man.

Sinking.

On the morning of 11 August 1943 "U-185" rendezvoused with the stricken, which had been badly damaged after two attacks by US aircraft and the destroyer, but which began to transfer provisions, fuel oil and spare parts to "U-185". arrived later to assist, but the concentration of U-boats was detected by HF/DF; as a result, the surfaced boats were attacked by a United States Navy PBY-4 Liberator, of Squadron VB-107. "U-172" escaped, the crew of "U-185" opened fire with AA guns, shooting down the aircraft, killing the crew of three.  After "U-604" was scuttled, "U-185" headed for home, with 100 men crammed aboard a U-boat designed for 54. On 16 August she transferred 23 men to "U-172". Short of fuel, "U-185" was heading for a rendezvous with south-west of the Azores on the morning of 24 August. The U-boat was spotted by a Grumman TBF-1 Avenger and Grumman F4F Wildcat attack team of Squadron VC-13, flying from the escort carrier. The aircraft attacked with machine guns and depth charges, killing the U-boat's lookouts and AA crew and rupturing the pressure hull, allowing seawater to reach the battery cells and produce toxic chlorine gas. One diesel engine caught fire, producing more fumes, and all electrical systems were knocked out, plunging the vessel into darkness.  Realizing that the situation was hopeless, Maus ordered all hands to abandon ship. More than 40 men managed to reach the deck and jump into the sea as "U-185" sank. Only 36 men were later rescued by the destroyer, the rest succumbing to wounds or chlorine poisoning. The 25 men from "U-185" and the nine survivors from "U-604" spent the following three years as POWs before returning to Germany.  On 21 September 1943 "Kapitänleutnant" August Maus was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross.

Wolfpacks.

"U-185" took part in one wolfpack, namely.

German submarine "U-185" was a Type IXC/40 U-boat of Nazi Germany's "Kriegsmarine" built for service during World War II. Under the command of "Kapitänleutnant" August Maus, she had some success against Allied aircraft in World War II.

U 185 war ein deutsches U-Boot vom Typ IX C/40, das durch die Kriegsmarine während des U-Boot-Krieges im Zweiten Weltkrieg im Süd-, West- und Nordatlantik, sowie in der Karibik und vor der Küste von Brasilien eingesetzt wurde und bei seinen 3 Feindfahrten insgesamt 9 Schiffe mit 62.728 BRT versenkte. Als es 23 Mann der Besatzung vom versenkten "U 604" an Bord hatte, wurde es am 24. August 1943 vor Brasilien versenkt, wobei 43 U-Boot-Fahrer umkamen und 32 in US-amerikanische Kriegsgefangenschaft gerieten.


Background.

Two months after releasing his previous double album "The Documentary 2" and "The Documentary 2.5" respectively, The Game took to Instagram to announce his next project entitled "1992". Without saying too much about the album, he did reveal the album will have no guest appearances and the project will be executive produced by Nigerian producer and frequent collaborator Bongo. The album's artwork was designed by Joe Cool, famed artist who is most famous for designing the cover of Snoop Dogg's famed album "Doggystyle", along with Justin Roach.

Recording and production.

Explaining the album concept in an interview, The Game said it's based on his personal experiences growing up in Compton, California including the LA Riots, O.J. Simpson's murder trial and the Dream Team. Hip-hop artist Nas coached The Game in this aspect by speaking daily, listening to and sending back and forth tracks from the album. Long time collaborator and record producer Bongo is also described as having helped complete the album and providing production for the project. Talking about the album, Bongo describes it as having the approach of Golden age hip-hop in a way younger audiences can relate to and enjoy it.

Release and promotion.

On June 20, 2016, the lead single "All Eyez" produced by Scott Storch and featuring American singer Jeremih was released. The song was sent to rhythmic contemporary radio on July 12, 2016 and has since peaked at number 79 on US "Billboard" Hot 100 chart. The music video was shot in Malibu by director Benny Boom. The video stars The Game himself as well as Jamaican Canadian recording artist / model Kreesha Turner with appearances by Jeremih and Scott Storch. It premiered on August 16, 2016 on Vevo.  Upon completion of the album, The Game embarked on his 1992: Block Wars Tour in an effort to promote the album. The tour running from August 26, 2016 until October 6, 2016 involved an array of shows in various cities across the US. The European stretch of the tour is due to take place in the following winter. On September 15, 2016, the album became available to pre-order on iTunes. Along with this, the track list consisting of 13 songs was revealed and the song "True Colors / It's On" became available as an instant download with a pre-order. The song features production from Bongo and vocals from underground Los Angeles rap artist Osbe Chill.  A week later while performing at a Miami beach nightclub, The Game publicly threatened Philadelphia rapper Meek Mill on-stage. The following day, the song "92 Bars" premiered on Power 105.1. The song contained numerous lyrics aimed at Meek Mill including comments about Meek's relationship with Nicki Minaj and his feud with rap superstar Drake. This prompted Meek to respond to Game on a remix of Young M.A.'s song, "Ooouuu" with appearances by fellow rappers Omelly and Beanie Sigel. The song was released on September 18, 2016. Following this, The Game made his own remix of the same song titled "Pest Control". Taking shots not only at Meek, but affiliates Omelly, Beanie Sigel and Sean Kingston for their involvement in the beef, the song was released two days after Meek's remix on September 20, 2016. A music video for "Pest Control" was shot in Brooklyn and Baltimore. The video premiered on Worldstar Hip-Hop on September 27, 2016.  "Baby You" became available as an instant download with a pre-order starting September 30, 2016. The song features vocals from American singer Jason Derulo, while production was handled by Miami-based production duo and long time collaborator Cool & Dre.

Commercial performance.

"1992" debuted at number four on the US "Billboard" 200 with 32,000 album-equivalent units, which included 25,000 pure album sales, marking the second highest debut of the week and the second best-selling album of the week. It serves as The Game's ninth top-ten album in the United States. "1992" marking The Game's eighth number one-album on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart, tie Tupac Shakur and Lil Wayne for the third most number-one, among Hip Hop acts on that chart. The album is The Game's sixth album to entry on the US Top R&B/Hip Hop Albums in 2016, more than any other act. The album also became The Game's eighth solo album in a row to top the Top Rap Albums chart, extending his record for the most number-one albums by a solo act in the chart. "1992" is the third album by Game to debut at number-one on the US Independent Albums in one year. In the United Kingdom, the album debuted at number 38 on the UK Albums Chart, it serves as The Game's ninth UK top 40 album. "1992" is Game's third number-one album on the UK R&B Chart.

Critical reception.

"1992" received generally positive reviews from most music critics.

Track listing.

Sample credits  Notes

1992 is the eighth studio album by American rapper The Game. It was released on October 14, 2016, by Blood Money Entertainment and eOne Music. The album features two guest appearances by R&B singer Jeremih and by Jason Derulo, as well as uncredited appearances by Osbe Chill, Lorine Chia and Sonyae Elise.

1992 ist das achte Studioalbum des US-amerikanischen Rappers The Game. Es erschien am 14. Oktober 2016 über die Labels "Blood Money Entertainment" und "eOne Music".