History.

Early history.

Earl's Court was once a rural area, covered in orchards, green fields and market gardens. The Saxon Thegn Edwin held the lordship of the area prior to the Norman conquest. For over 500 years the land, part of the ancient manor of Kensington, was under the lordship of the de Vere family, the Earls of Oxford, descendants of Aubrey de Vere I, who held the manor of Geoffrey de Montbray, bishop of Coutances, according to the Domesday Book 1086. By "circa" 1095, his tenure had been converted, and he held Kensington directly from the crown. A church had been constructed there by 1104. The earls held their manorial court where the Old Manor Yard is now, just by Earl's Court tube station, eastern entrance. Earl's Court Farm is visible on Greenwood's map of London dated 1827.  The name Earl's Court likely came from the fact that for a long time the owners of the land were an old English noble family, the Rich family and they were the earls of Warwick. When Edward Henry Rich, 9th Baron Rich, 7th Earl of Warwick and 4th Earl of Holland died young in 1721, the assets including the Jacobean Holland House, passed by marriage to the Edwardes family.

19th-century.

The original catalyst for development was the ill-fated vanity project by Lord Kensington (died 1852) which consisted of the two-mile conversion of the insanitary Counter's Creek into the Kensington Canal (1826 onwards), followed by its eventual replacement first by ""Mr Punch's railway"", opened in 1844 and next, by the Metropolitan District Railway in 1865–69, which eventually became London Underground's District Line and was joined after 1907 by the Piccadilly line. Meanwhile, the congestion apparent in London and Middlesex for burials at the start of the century was causing public concern not least on health grounds. In 1837 a decision was made to lay out a new burial ground on the edge of Earl's Court in an outlying area of Brompton. The moving spirit behind the project was the engineer, Stephen Geary. It was necessary to form a company in order to get parliamentary permission to raise capital for the proposal. Securing the land – some 40 acres – from local landowner, Lord Kensington and the Equitable Gas Light Company, as well as raising the money proved an extended challenge. After two years the cemetery was duly established by Act of Parliament and laid out in 1839, it opened in 1840, originally as the "West of London and Westminster Cemetery". It was consecrated by Charles James Blomfield, Bishop of London in June 1840, and is now one of Britain's oldest and most distinguished garden cemeteries, served by the adjacent West Brompton station.  In the quarter century after 1867, Earl's Court was transformed into a loosely populated Middlesex suburb and in the 1890s a more dense parish with 1,200 houses and two churches. Eardley Crescent and Kempsford Gardens were built between 1867 and 1873, building began in Earl's Court Square and Longridge Road in 1873, in Nevern Place in 1874, in Trebovir Road and Philbeach Gardens in 1876 and Nevern Square in 1880. Earl's Court's only hospital was opened in 1887 on the corner of Old Brompton Road and Finborough Road. It was named in honour of Queen Victoria's youngest daughter. It fell prey to the NHS axe in 1978 when it offered mainly obstetric provision.

Garden squares and mews.

Earl's Court adds to the Royal Borough's tally of almost 50 garden squares. Within SW5 they include:  The mews include:

20th century.

For most of the century, Earl's Court was home to three notable institutions, all now gone. The first and indeed oldest school of its kind is the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art founded in 1861. It was located on the corner of Cromwell Road and Earl's Court Road, until its move to the former Royal Ballet School in Talgarth Road. The next foundation dated 1892, was the London Electronics College (formerly the London School of Telegraphy), which was located at 20 Penywern Road and in its heyday did much to expand the use of Morse code throughout the world. Already in the 1990s it was threatened with closure as technology had moved on. It finally closed in 2017 having served as a further education college offering electronic engineering and IT courses. The third institution was the Poetry Society, founded in 1909 and housed at 21 Earl's Court Square. It decamped to new premises in the recently refurbished Covent Garden district of Central London in the 1990s.  Evidently, after WWI, Earl's Court had already acquired a slightly louche reputation if George Bernard Shaw is to be believed, see his "Pygmalion". Following the Second World War a number of Polish officers, part of the Polish Resettlement Corps, who had fought bravely alongside Allied Forces, but were unable to return to their homeland under Soviet dominance (see Yalta Conference), opened small businesses and settled in the Earl's Court area leading to Earl's Court Road being dubbed the "Polish Corridor".  During the late 1960s a large transient population of Australian, New Zealand and white South African travellers began to use Earl's Court as a UK hub and over time it gained the name "Kangaroo Valley". It was at the time one of the cheapest areas close to central London, and until the 1990s remained a somewhat down-at-heel district compared to its more upmarket neighbours to the North and East. The area was, for a long time, the place to buy and sell the ubiquitous VW camper van. This moved off in the direction of the New North Road (near Old Street EC1) in the 1980s. Today, while there are still significant numbers of students or other people on temporary visas, many of the Australians and New Zealanders appear to have moved on to now-cheaper areas further North and West. The name "Kangaroo Valley" lingers on in the usage of older expatriate Australasians and Australasian visitors, as does the alternative nickname "Roo Valley".

Population.

The Earl's Court ward had a population of 9,104 according to the 2011 census.  The change in the area's population is largely owed to rocketing property prices and the continued gentrification of the area. The scale of change is illustrated by the economic divide between the eastern and western areas of Earl's Court. Despite fighting fiercely for the exhibition centre, according to Dave Hill in "The Guardian", the area's economy has been destroyed by this imbalance and the destruction of the exhibition venue.

Local attractions.

Earl's Court may be within walking distance of High Street Kensington, Holland Park, Kensington Gardens/Hyde Park, the Royal Albert Hall, Imperial College, the Natural History, Science and Victoria and Albert Museums.

Original gaiety.

The introduction of two Underground stations, and a mass network of railways trapped a triangle of land on the border of the original parishes of Kensington and Fulham. After an unsuccessful attempt to build a Catholic school on the site, the idea of expanding entertainment in the area was probably inspired by the existence of the Lillie Bridge Grounds popular sports facility, just inside the Fulham boundary, next to West Brompton station. The person who was to bring it to fruition was John Robinson Whitley, an entrepreneur from Leeds who used the land as a show-ground for a number of years from 1887. Whitley did not meet with business success, but his aspirations for Earl's Court took hold for others to fulfil.  In 1895 the Great Wheel, a huge Ferris wheel, was created for the international impresario, Imre Kiralfy's Empire of India Exhibition. A plaque in the former Earls Court venue commemorated some of these events and that the reclusive Queen Victoria was an occasional visitor to the many shows put on at the site. In 1897 Kiralfy had the "Empress Hall" built to seat 6,000 in neighbouring Fulham and he had the Earl's Court grounds converted into the style of the 1893 Chicago White City for the Columbian Exposition. More was to come.  Not until 1937 was the former Earls Court Exhibition Centre opened, with its striking Art Moderne façade facing Warwick Road. A new entrance to Earl's Court tube station was constructed to facilitate easy access to the Exhibition Centre, including direct entrance from the underground passage which connects the District and Piccadilly lines. This was however closed in the 1980s at around the time the capacity of the Exhibition Centre was expanded by the construction of a second exhibition hall, Earl's Court 2, which was opened by Princess Diana, herself a former Earl's Court resident.  In its heyday the Earls Court Exhibition Centre hosted many of the leading national trade fairs, including the annual British International Motor Show (1937-1976) and Royal Smithfield Show, as well as Crufts dog show and the combined forces "Royal Tournament", which gave its name to the public house (now demolished) on the corner of Eardley Crescent. The biggest trade fairs migrated to the National Exhibition Centre at Birmingham Airport when it opened in 1988. The longest-running annual show was the Ideal Home Show in April, which attracted tens of thousands of visitors. Otherwise, it was increasingly used as a live music venue, hosting events such as the farewell concert by the boy-band Take That. At the other end of the scale, it was also used for arena-style opera performances of Carmen and Aida. Archive Movietone newsreel footage (which can be seen on YouTube) captures a unique and powerful rehearsal of the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra under Wilhelm Furtwängler playing the end of Brahms' Fourth Symphony during a post-war reconciliation visit to London.

Other highlights.

The "Prince of Teck" is a Grade II listed pub at Earl's Court Road.  A striking remnant from a by-gone age in the Earl's Court Road, is a nursery and garden shop backing onto Pembroke Square where most of the signs, especially for spring bulbs, are still hand-written and knowledgeable staff mingle with the customers.  An early 1940s and 50s Bohemian haunt in the Earl's Court Road was the café, "el Cubano", which had piped music and an authentic Italian steam coffee machine, a rarity in those days. It was few doors down from the legendary bakery, "Beaton's", whose only other outlet was on the King's Road, Chelsea. Also from that era was the theatre club, Bolton's that in 1955 transformed into the popular arthouse cinema, the "Paris Pullman" in Drayton Gardens.  "The Troubadour" is a coffee house and a small music venue, which has hosted emerging talent since 1954 – including Bob Dylan, Jimi Hendrix and Elvis Costello.  The Drayton Arms is a Grade II listed public house at 153 Old Brompton Road, which is also a theatrical venue.  The "Finborough Theatre", which opened in 1980, is the neighbourhood's local theatre.  "Earl's Court Village" is the centre of the British Filipino community, with a number of restaurants (including the UK's only Jollibee location), supermarkets (many of which also serve take-away food) and banks.  The area also has a police box of the type used for the "TARDIS" time machine in the BBC Television series "Doctor Who". The blue police box located outside Earl's Court underground station in Earl's Court Road is actually a replica of the traditional GPO police telephone boxes that were once a common sight in the UK from the early 1920s. The telephone kiosk was accessible to the public to contact Police from the outside and inside was a mini-Police station for police officers to file reports on their "beat". The boxes were eventually phased out with the introduction of personal radios in the police service.

Neighbourhoods.

East Earl's Court.

"East Earl's Court" lies to the south of Cromwell Road and to the east of Earl's Court Road (a main north-south artery which bisects Earl's Court) and is home to many multimillion-pound flats and houses in smart garden squares and residential streets. The southern boundary of Earl's Court is Old Brompton Road, with the area to the west being West Brompton, and the area to the south east being the Beach area of Chelsea. Here, (based on sale prices per square foot), the Boltons, has some of the most costly real estate in Europe. Houses in the Boltons have sold for up to £20 million. The eastern boundary of Earl's Court is Collingham Gardens and Collingham Road, east of which is South Kensington.

West Earl's Court.

"West Earl's Court", lying to the west of Earl's Court Road, is notably different in architecture. White stucco fronted "boutique" hotels in Trebovir Road and Templeton Place, and the impressive late-Victorian mansion flats and town houses of Earl's Court Square, Nevern Square and Kensington Mansions, contrast with the area's remaining cheaper hotels and apartment houses full of bedsits (also known as bed-sitters or bed-sitting rooms).

Architecture.

There are some impressive examples of early- to mid-Victorian architecture in the Earl's Court ward. Gardens such as Bramham Gardens and Courtfield Gardens are beautiful traditional residential squares with many imposing properties fronting onto them and in the case of Courtfield Gardens, traditional cast iron railings around the enclosed gardens have just been restored (the originals having been removed on the orders of the MoD (UK) in 1940 for munitions during the Second World War) creating a more authentic Victorian ambience. Further west, Kensington Mansions, Nevern Square and Philbeach Gardens are built around impressive formal garden settings (access limited to key holding residents). Collingham Road and Harrington Road, also have some unique buildings, many of them very large and currently used as embassies. A little further north, just south of the Cromwell Road, the tranquil conservation area comprising Childs Place, Kenway Road, Wallgrave Road and Redfield Lane contains fine examples of more modest terraced townhouses painted in pastel shades in a very picturesque setting with some fine floral displays. Hidden in the middle of this area is London's smallest communal garden, "Providence Patch" built on the site of former stables serving the surrounding houses, which were destroyed by a German bomb in 1941. A glimpse of the (private) gardens can be seen via the original stable entrance way in Wallgrave Road

Gay area.

Earl's Court preceded Soho and Vauxhall as London's premier centre of gay nightlife, though the number of businesses aimed mostly at gay men has dwindled to a single retail outlet, as Soho and Vauxhall established themselves as the new focus. The first public nightclub aimed at a gay clientele, the Copacabana, opened in Earl's Court Road in the late 1970s, but was re-themed as a general venue in the late 1990s. The bar upstairs, Harpoon Louie's (later Harpo's and later still Banana Max), was until the late 1980s among the most popular gay bars in London. It is now a Wagamama restaurant.  The oldest pub on the site was the "Lord Ranelagh" pub (opposite the former Princess Beatrice Hospital) now demolished, that in 1964 spearheaded the local demand for live entertainment. A young, non-gay, male band, the Downtowners, attracted considerable attention. They persuaded many of the local cross-dressers to come into the pub and perform. Thus, the Queen of the Month contest was born. Every Saturday night the pub was packed to capacity. The show ran from September 1964 until May 1965 when the "News of the World" ran an article entitled 'This show must not go on'. On that Sunday night the pub was so packed that every table and chair had to be removed. Crowds spilled out on to the pavement onto Old Brompton Road. The police closed the show. Many well-known celebrities were among the clientele and the Lord Ranelagh, in its incarnations as "Bromptons" and finally, "Infinity", is considered to have played a role in the history of gay liberation. In the 1970s it became a notorious leather bar, with blacked-out windows, attracting an international crowd including the likes of Freddie Mercury, Kenny Everett, and Rudolf Nureyev. The pub underwent several different incarnations as a gay nightclub, the last as "Infinity", and after its closure, it was squatted, demolished and turned into yet another "local" outlet of a near-global grocery chain.  The Pembroke pub, formerly the Coleherne, dates from the 1880s and had a long history of attracting a bohemian clientele before becoming known as a gay pub. A lifelong resident of Earl's Court Square and social activist, Jennifer Ware, recollects as a child being taken there to Sunday lunch in the 1930s, when drag entertainers performed after lunch had finished. It also became infamous as the stalking ground for three separate serial killers from the 1970s to the 1990s: Dennis Nilsen, Michael Lupo and Colin Ireland. It sought to lighten its image with a makeover in the mid-1990s to attract a wider clientele; to no avail, as in December 2008 it underwent a major refurbishment and repositioned itself as a gastro pub with a new name.

Transport.

Bus routes.

328, 430, 74, C1, C3.  These have replaced the former routes 31 that used to run from World's End to Kilburn and the old bus route 74B that ran from Hammersmith to London Zoo.

Major roads.

When Ernest Marples was transport minister (1962-1964), it was decided to turn part of Earl's Court Road, from the junction with Pembroke Road, into a southward one-way arterial road and the parallel Warwick Road as the northward arterial road, going past the then Earl's Court Exhibition Centre. A third arterial road at right angles to the former two is the Cromwell Road, designated as the A4 that carries traffic between central London and Heathrow Airport and beyond to the West. A fourth road that creates a box with the other three is the A 3218, Old Brompton Road, better described as a trunk road.  The result is that Earl's Court has been turned into something of "a traffic island" and is one of the most polluted urban areas in the country.

Earl's Court is a district in the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea in West London, bordering the rail tracks of the West London line and District line that separate it from the ancient borough of Fulham to the west, the sub-districts of South Kensington to the east, Chelsea to the south and Kensington to the northeast. It lent its name to the now defunct eponymous pleasure grounds opened in 1887 followed by the pre-World War II Earls Court Exhibition Centre, as one of the country's largest indoor arenas and a popular concert venue, until its controversial closure in 2014. The area has long been known as "Bedsitter Land" with many of its stuccoed terraces converted into hotels and hostels.

Earls Court ist ein Stadtteil im Londoner Bourough Kensington and Chelsea mit knapp 10.000 Einwohnern. Der Stadtteil liegt im Westen Londons rund um die Earl's Court Road. Ursprünglich außerhalb Londons gelegen, liegt Earls Court heute am Rande der Londoner Innenstadt: die U-Bahn-Station Earl's Court liegt an der Grenze der Tarifzonen 1 und 2, die westliche Grenze des von der London Congestion Charge betroffenen Innenstadtbereichs verläuft durch Earls Court.


Summary.

The film opens in the contemporary dance company of Evan Evans (Louis de Funès). To him, weight gain and personal lives are forbidden; the dancers must dedicate themselves body and soul to the dance.  One of the dancers decides to leave the troupe to get married, so Evans enlists the help of his nephew Philippe, (Olivier de Funès), and his assistant Françoise (Noëlle Adam) to conduct auditions and to find a new star. He falls under the spell of newcomer Endrika's (Puck Adams) talent, and enthusiastically welcomes her into the troupe.  Like the other members, Endrika is asked to end all romantic engagements, even as Françoise is enjoying a secret affair. Upon learning of her relationship, Evans ends the romance by taking a recording of a conversation between Philippe and Françoise wherein Philippe is rebuked. Evans is able to break up Françoise and her lover Franco Buzzini (Franco Fabrizi) by playing the tapes over a phone call to him.  During a tour in Italy, Endrika is forced to pick up her secret son from his foster family, which she has concealed from the rest of the troupe. Unable to find a nanny quickly, she decides, on Françoise's advice, to make Evans believe, by means of a letter, that the child was his nephew's from one of his previous tours in Italy.  Evan Evans then asks Philippe for an account, in order to confirm the story and to find out the mother. Philippe believes that the story is true, and tells Evans that the child must be his and that the mother must be a young Sicilian woman (Paola Tedesco) with whom he had an affair. Evans decides to go and meet the girl's parents, in order to clarify matters. When he arrived in Italy, he discovers with horror that the baby boy is not hers, but that she had indeed had a little girl with Philippe, whom he inherits and is obliged to take back to the hotel.  Evan Evans asks his nephew again to find out who else the little boy's mother might be. Philippe decides the mother must be must be the maid of a Roman marquis (Franco Volpi). Evans goes to visit the Marquis, and learns that he has married his maid himself, and that the maid has never had a child. Confused, he returns to the hotel. Philippe has no idea who else the little boy's mother might be.  Evans and Philippe find a nanny to take care of the two children, they hide the children in huge drums to take them out of the hotel. Endrika, Françoise and the other dancers discover the children's disappearance, believe that they have been kidnapped, and inform the Italian police, who quickly find Evan Evans and Philippe and question them.  Evans and Philippe unsuccessfully try to explain to the commissioner (Marco Tulli) why they are transporting two babies in drums, but, fortunately, the arrival of the dancers and the mother of the little girl help to clarify things. Philippe announces his marriage with the Sicilian woman.

L'homme orchestre is a comedy film from 1970 directed by Serge Korber, written by Jean Halain, and starring by Louis de Funès. It tells the story of Evan Evans, who owns and manages a ballet company in the Principality of Monaco with an iron fist.

Alles tanzt nach meiner Pfeife (Originaltitel: "L’Homme Orchestre") ist eine französisch-italienische Filmkomödie aus dem Jahr 1970 mit Louis de Funès in der Hauptrolle. Es ist der vorletzte Film, in dem er mit seinem Sohn Olivier de Funès zusammenarbeitet. Die deutsche Erstaufführung fand am 20. November 1970 statt.


Early life.

According to the "Secret History" of Procopius, Lupicina was both a slave and a barbarian. He asserted that she had been the concubine of her owner. The information from the "Secret History" was published posthumously. The seven volumes of histories that were published in his lifetime were the antithesis of this published work, being most laudatory of the new dynasty. Critics of Procopius (whose secret history reveals a man seriously disillusioned with his rulers) have dismissed his posthumously published work as a severely biased source, being vitriolic and pornographic, but without other sources, critics have been unable to discredit some of the assertions in the publication. Although its motives are suspect and it can not be verified, its titillating nature has kept it as a popular reference.  The marriage of Euphemia and Justin is estimated to have occurred during the reign of Anastasius I (reigned 491–518) when Justin had a prosperous career in the Byzantine army.

New royal names.

Originally named Istok, the man who would become Justin I was a Thracian or Illyrian peasant from the Latinophone region of Dardania, which is part of the province of Illyricum. He was born in a hamlet near Bederiana in Naissus (modern Niš, South Serbia). As a teenager, he fled from a barbaric invasion, took refuge in Constantinople, and rose in the ranks of the army of the Eastern Roman Empire.  In "Justin, the First: An Introduction to the Epoch of Justinian the Great" (1950), Alexander Vasiliev theorised that the original name of his wife may indicate a linguistic association in another language, with prostitution. Vasiliev connected the name to the Latin word "Lupae" (she-wolves). While the word in its singular Latin form "Lupa" could literally mean a female wolf, it also was the epithet or disparaging slur for the lowest class of Roman prostitutes. The derivative Latin word "Lupanar" was the name of a brothel in Pompeii. Many of these denigrating uses may have origins in derisive comments about the priestesses of a cult of the Etruscan religion that predated the Roman, in which the deity was represented as a she-wolf (similar to Artemis in Greek Mythology), which would imply a quite different derivation and make greater sense of the choice of "Euphemia", hence a euphemism, as an alternative name for the empress. The wolf, Lupa, who nursed Romulus and Remus is related to the cult of this wolf-goddess and the matrilineal, Etruscan civilization that preceded the Roman. Acca Larentia is another name for the wolf or the deity represented.  Emulation of the cultural hero, the religious martyr Saint Euphemia, may have had a more contemporary association and reason for selection as the royal name for the empress, especially given the religious changes taking place in Constantinople at the time and the apparent interest of the empress in the veneration of the saint.

Succession of Justin I.

By 518, Justin had risen to the position of "comes excubitorum" ("Commander of the Excubitors", the imperial bodyguard). On the night hours of 8 July 518 – 9 July 518, Anastasius died and his "silentarii" summoned Justin and Celer to his deathbed. Celer was the "magister officiorum" and commander of the palace regiments of the "Scholae palatinae". By morning the event had been announced through Constantinople. The high officials, including the recently appointed John of Cappadocia, Patriarch of Constantinople, were summoned to the Great Palace of Constantinople for the election of the new emperor. Meanwhile, the people were gathered in the Hippodrome of Constantinople and awaited the proclamation of a new emperor.  Anastasius died childless, but had several known relatives. His brother Flavius Paulus had served as Roman consul in 496. A sister-in-law, known as Magna, was mother to Irene and mother-in-law to Olybrius. This Olybrius was the son of Anicia Juliana and Areobindus. The daughter of Olybrius and Irene was named Proba. She married Probus and was mother to a younger Juliana. This younger Juliana married another Anastasius and was mother of Areobindus, Placidia, and a younger Proba. Another nephew of Anastasius was Flavius Probus, consul in 502. Caesaria, sister of Anastasius, married Secundinus. They were parents to Hypatius and Pompeius. Anastasius Paulus Probus Moschianus Probus Magnus, Roman Consul in 518 also was a great-nephew of Anastasius. His daughter Juliana later married Marcellus, a brother of Justin II. The extensive family may well have included viable candidates for the throne.  Nonetheless, Justin was elected as the new emperor by the council. According to John Malalas, the "praepositus sacri cubiculi", Amantius, had intended to elect a "comes domesticorum", commander of an elite guard unit of the late Roman Empire, by the name of Theocritus to the throne. His election is described as the result of a combination of commanding the only effective troops within the capital and buying the support of the other officials. Supposedly Amantius had given a substantial sum of money to Justin in order to buy his support, however, Justin used the sum to buy support for himself. Both Amantius and Theocritus were executed nine days after the election. On 1 August 518, Justin sent a letter to Pope Hormisdas where he claimed he was an unwilling participant in his own election.  As Justin I, he was proclaimed emperor in the Hippodrome in accordance with tradition. Lupicina became his empress consort under the name Euphemia. The name was probably chosen for reasons of respectability. The original Euphemia was a Christian martyr during the Diocletianic Persecution. She was a local saint of Chalcedon and the Council of Chalcedon (451) had taken place in a cathedral consecrated in her name. An alleged miracle in her grave had supposedly confirmed the decisions taken. The selection of this name is suspected to be an early indication of both Justin and Lupicina being fervent Chalcedonian Christians. Anastasius had supported Monophysitism and his succession marked a change in religious policies.

Empress Euphemia.

Although Procopius states in his "Secret History" that Euphemia was unacquainted with affairs of state and thus unable to take part in government, an official church source which dates to 540, the "Chronicle of Edessa", attributes the ecclesiastical policies of Justin to Empress Euphemia.  Procopius also claims that both members of the imperial couple attained the throne in the closing years of their lives. Being childless, their heir was Justinian I. He was the nephew and adoptive son of Justin.  Procopius implies that Euphemia opposed the marriage of her nephew to Theodora as she was opposed to the supposed vice of her prospective niece-in-law. Procopius clarifies that only following her death was Justinian able to arrange his betrothal and marriage to Theodora. The widowed Justin proceeded to pass a law allowing intermarriage between social classes, presumably for the sake of his heir. Vasiliev estimated the death of Euphemia to have occurred in 523 or 524. The marriage of Justinian and Theodora has been estimated to 525. She became an equal ruler with her husband and was greatly admired by many.

Euphemia (died 520s), whose original name was Lupicina, was an Empress of the Byzantine Empire by marriage to Justin I.

Euphemia († vor 527) war die Frau des (ost-)römischen Kaisers Justin I. Sie soll ursprünglich eine barbarische Sklavin gewesen sein. Sie hieß wohl ursprünglich "Lupicinia" und war nur wenig gebildet, dennoch nahm sie als "Augusta" ihre Rolle sehr ernst. Laut der "Suda" war sie fromm und unterstützte Kirchenbauten. Ebenso stand sie mit dem Bischof von Rom in Briefkontakt. Sie starb vor ihrem Mann, und erst durch ihren Tod wurde der Weg frei für die Verbindung zwischen Justins Neffen Petrus und Theodora.


Academic programs.

Northrise University offers two-year diplomas and both bachelor's and master's degrees from the Schools of Business and Theology.

School of Business.

Postgraduate Programs

Center for Information and Communication Technologies (ICT).

The Center for ICT offers students with computer technology skills.

History.

Northrise University was founded in 2003. It was conceived in 1988 through the experiences of its founders Doreen and Moffat Zimba. Born in Zambia, Doreen and Moffat suffered from the lack of education opportunities for high school graduates that still characterize their country. Moffat and Doreen left Zambia to attend a Bible college in Australia. Upon completion, they went to Southern California where Moffat received his Doctorate from Fuller Theological Seminary and Doreen received her MBA in Technology Management from the University of Phoenix.

Campus.

Downtown Campus.

Northrise University is in Ndola, Zambia. The campus, in the business centre of the town, is on Buteko Avenue in Caravelle House, opposite the Savoy Hotel.  Caravelle House, wholly owned by Northrise University, is a four-storey building able to cater for 300 students.

Main Campus.

The Main Campus is 8 kilometers from town on the T3 Road (Ndola-Kitwe Dual Carriageway).  Northrise, having been provided with of land, has embarked on a $10 million campus project. The construction of the Main Campus structures is underway and the university has completed its first phase that includes a student dormitory block with a capacity of 56 students.  The campus construction is taking place in phases. After completion it will be able to enroll 1000 students and a total capacity of 300 boarding places.

Finances.

Northrise University Initiative.

Northrise University Initiative is a [501(c) organization|501(c)3] California non-profit corporation established to support Northrise University in Zambia.

Student Sponsorship.

Northrise University offers opportunities for donors to sponsor students, as most Zambians cannot afford full tuition on their own. Those who receive financial aid are required to contribute to their tuition, which gives students a greater sense of ownership and accomplishment.

Northrise Farms.

Northrise Farms is a wholly owned agricultural unit of Northrise University. The farm provides farm produce for the NU community and the general public. Ultimately, the farm will contribute towards reducing the operating costs of the university, thereby providing an opportunity for students from poor families to attend Northrise University at affordable fees. The farm also provides employment to the community. The establishment of Northrise Farms serves as a foundation for the commencement of the Faculty of Agriculture at Northrise University. The farm provides food for students and staff.  The farm’s rich soil and high water table, as well as the region’s ideal climate, make it a solid foundation for a future Agricultural program. Through its strategic partnership with California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, Northrise will provide training to equip students for farming employment. The farm will serve as a working model and consulting center for Zambians looking to establish their own farms.

Northrise Services.

Northrise Services is a company owned by Northrise University. Because of the poor state of the economy, most Zambians cannot afford to pay tuition to attend classes. Since tuition alone cannot fund University operations, Northrise has had to find additional sources of funding other than donations. Therefore, NS was created to help ensure that the university has the financial support it needs to continue.

See also.

List of universities in Zambia

Northrise University is a private, Christian, university in Ndola, Zambia in Sub-Saharan Africa. It was founded in 2003 by Dr Moffat Zimba and Mrs Doreen Zimba.

Die Northrise University (NU) ist eine christliche Hochschuleinrichtung mit Sitz in Ndola in Sambia. Die Universität unterhält zwei Campusbereiche, an ihrem Hauptstandort in Ndola und den zweiten in Solwezi.


Biography.

She was born in Rotterdam in the Netherlands. Her father was an officer in the Dutch Royal Navy. She grew up in the Netherlands and Ireland. Her books are characterized by their vivid and realistic depictions of family life, some of it (e.g. "The Mitchells") being autobiographical.  "The Winged Watchman" is her best-known book. It is a true story of how traditional windmills were used by the Dutch resistance for signaling under the noses of German occupiers. Two Dutch boys play a heroic role, carrying a warning message to the first windmill. The signal is then sent rapidly across the countryside by altering the position of the arms of the windmills. The book is based on letters Hilda received from relatives in the Netherlands, and has been praised for conveying an accurate sense of life under Nazi occupation.  The emphasis is on realism in her painting and drawing as well, which consist mainly of still lifes, landscapes and portraits. She has achieved a degree of fame in this regard in Ireland, and was elected to the Honorary Council of the Royal Hibernian Academy in 1983.

Personal life.

Van Stockum was a granddaughter of Charles Boissevain, editor of the "Algemeen Handelsblad", an influential Dutch newspaper. She married Ervin Ross Marlin, a friend of her brother, mathematician Willem Jacob van Stockum in 1932. She had six children, who feature in many of her books. One of her children is the artist Brigid Marlin.  By 1935, van Stockum was living with her family in Washington, D.C. and she became an American citizen in 1936.  Although from a predominantly Protestant background, Van Stockum was a staunch Catholic since her conversion in 1939.  In 1974, the Marlins moved to Berkhamsted, England. Van Stockum died there on November 1, 2006.

Hilda Gerarda van Stockum (February 9, 1908 – November 1, 2006) was a Dutch-born children's writer and artist. She received a Newbery Honor.

Hilda Gerarda van Stockum (* 9. Februar 1908 in Rotterdam, Niederlande; † 1. November 2006 in Berkhamsted, England) war eine in den USA, Kanada, Irland und den Niederlanden vielgelesene Kinderbuchautorin, sowie Malerin und Buchillustratorin.


Overview.

Nodes and keys are assigned an formula_1-bit "identifier" using "consistent hashing". The SHA-1 algorithm is the base hashing function for consistent hashing. Consistent hashing is integral to the robustness and performance of Chord because both keys and nodes (in fact, their IP addresses) are uniformly distributed in the same identifier space with a negligible possibility of collision. Thus, it also allows nodes to join and leave the network without disruption. In the protocol, the term "node" is used to refer to both a node itself and its identifier (ID) without ambiguity. So is the term "key".  Using the Chord lookup protocol, nodes and keys are arranged in an identifier circle that has at most formula_2 nodes, ranging from formula_3 to formula_4. (formula_1 should be large enough to avoid collision.) Some of these nodes will map to machines or keys while others (most) will be empty.  Each node has a "successor" and a "predecessor". The successor to a node is the next node in the identifier circle in a clockwise direction. The predecessor is counter-clockwise. If there is a node for each possible ID, the successor of node 0 is node 1, and the predecessor of node 0 is node formula_4; however, normally there are "holes" in the sequence. For example, the successor of node 153 may be node 167 (and nodes from 154 to 166 do not exist); in this case, the predecessor of node 167 will be node 153.  The concept of successor can be used for keys as well. The "successor node" of a key formula_7 is the first node whose ID equals to formula_7 or follows formula_7 in the identifier circle, denoted by formula_10. Every key is assigned to (stored at) its successor node, so looking up a key formula_7 is to query formula_10.  Since the successor (or predecessor) of a node may disappear from the network (because of failure or departure), each node records a whole segment of the circle adjacent to it, i.e., the formula_13 nodes preceding it and the formula_13 nodes following it. This list results in a high probability that a node is able to correctly locate its successor or predecessor, even if the network in question suffers from a high failure rate.

Protocol details.

Basic query.

The core usage of the Chord protocol is to query a key from a client (generally a node as well), i.e. to find formula_10. The basic approach is to pass the query to a node's successor, if it cannot find the key locally. This will lead to a formula_16 query time where formula_17 is the number of machines in the ring.

Finger table.

To avoid the linear search above, Chord implements a faster search method by requiring each node to keep a "finger table" containing up to formula_1 entries, recall that formula_1 is the number of bits in the hash key. The formula_20 entry of node formula_21 will contain formula_22. The first entry of finger table is actually the node's immediate successor (and therefore an extra successor field is not needed). Every time a node wants to look up a key formula_7, it will pass the query to the closest successor or predecessor (depending on the finger table) of formula_7 in its finger table (the "largest" one on the circle whose ID is smaller than formula_7), until a node finds out the key is stored in its immediate successor.  With such a finger table, the number of nodes that must be contacted to find a successor in an "N"-node network is formula_26. (See proof below.)

Node join.

Whenever a new node joins, three invariants should be maintained (the first two ensure correctness and the last one keeps querying fast):  To satisfy these invariants, a "predecessor" field is maintained for each node. As the successor is the first entry of the finger table, we do not need to maintain this field separately any more. The following tasks should be done for a newly joined node formula_21:  The predecessor of formula_21 can be easily obtained from the predecessor of formula_31 (in the previous circle). As for its finger table, there are various initialization methods. The simplest one is to execute find successor queries for all formula_1 entries, resulting in formula_33 initialization time. A better method is to check whether formula_20 entry in the finger table is still correct for the formula_35 entry. This will lead to formula_36. The best method is to initialize the finger table from its immediate neighbours and make some updates, which is formula_26.

Stabilization.

To ensure correct lookups, all successor pointers must be up to date. Therefore, a stabilization protocol is running periodically in the background which updates finger tables and successor pointers.  The stabilization protocol works as follows:

Proof sketches.

With high probability, Chord contacts formula_26 nodes to find a successor in an formula_17-node network.  Suppose node formula_21 wishes to find the successor of key formula_7. Let formula_42 be the predecessor of formula_7. We wish to find an upper bound for the number of steps it takes for a message to be routed from formula_21 to formula_42. Node formula_21 will examine its finger table and route the request to the closest predecessor of formula_7 that it has. Call this node formula_48. If formula_48 is the formula_20 entry in formula_21's finger table, then both formula_48 and formula_42 are at distances between formula_54 and formula_55 from formula_21 along the identifier circle. Hence, the distance between formula_48 and formula_42 along this circle is at most formula_54. Thus the distance from formula_48 to formula_42 is less than the distance from formula_21 to formula_48: the new distance to formula_42 is at most half the initial distance.  This process of halving the remaining distance repeats itself, so after formula_65 steps, the distance remaining to formula_42 is at most formula_67; in particular, after formula_68 steps, the remaining distance is at most formula_69. Because nodes are distributed uniformly at random along the identifier circle, the expected number of nodes falling within an interval of this length is 1, and with high probability, there are fewer than formula_68 such nodes. Because the message always advances by at least one node, it takes at most formula_71 steps for a message to traverse this remaining distance. The total expected routing time is thus formula_26.  If Chord keeps track of formula_73 predecessors/successors, then with high probability, if each node has probability of 1/4 of failing, find_successor (see below) and find_predecessor (see below) will return the correct nodes  Simply, the probability that all formula_13 nodes fail is formula_75, which is a low probability; so with high probability at least one of them is alive and the node will have the correct pointer.

Pseudocode.

The pseudocode to find the "successor" node of an id is given below:  The pseudocode to stabilize the chord ring/circle after node joins and departures is as follows:

In computing, Chord is a protocol and algorithm for a peer-to-peer distributed hash table. A distributed hash table stores key-value pairs by assigning keys to different computers (known as "nodes"); a node will store the values for all the keys for which it is responsible. Chord specifies how keys are assigned to nodes, and how a node can discover the value for a given key by first locating the node responsible for that key.

Chord ist ein strukturiertes Peer-to-Peer-System, welches im Gegensatz zu den meisten unstrukturierten Systemen eine effiziente Suche nach Inhalten ermöglicht. Wie auch Gnutella ist Chord keine konkrete Implementierung, sondern ein Protokollsystem. Es wird am MIT entwickelt und der Quelltext der aktuellen Version steht unter der MIT-Lizenz zum freien Herunterladen und Benutzen zur Verfügung.


Geography.

The exact territory of present-day Szeklerland is disputed. The boundaries of the historical Székely seats and the present-day administrative divisions of Romania are dissimilar. According to Minahan its territory is an estimated. The autonomy proposal of the Szekler National Council consists of about 13,000 km. This size is close to the extent of the historical Székely Land. However, it does not contain the region of Aranyos Seat. The UDMR's autonomy project covers a slightly bigger territory. It includes the whole territories of Mureș, Harghita, and Covasna counties.

History.

The ancient period.

Transylvania was populated by Thracian peoples in the First Iron Age. The area received a large influx of Scythians from the East in the first half of the first millennium BC. The Celts appeared in Transylvania in the La Tène period (c. 4th century BC).  Dacian culture presence in southeastern Transylvania is marked by discoveries such as the flagship hoard Sâncrăieni (Harghita county) or Dacian fortresses in Covasna county (Cetatea Zânelor) or Jigodin (Harghita county).  Dacian Kingdom led by Decebal was taken after two wars, in 106 AD by the Roman Empire under the emperor Trajan, who began organizing the new Roman province of Dacia. Southeastern Transylvania was included in the provinces of Dacia Porolissensis, Dacia Apulensis and Meuse and fortified with numerous camps such as those at Inlăceni ( Praetoria Augusta) and Sânpaul (Harghita county) Breţcu (Angustia) and Oltenia (Covasna county) or Brâncoveneşti and Călugăreni (Mureș county).  After the fall of Roman Dacia, present-day territory of Szeklerland became part of the Thervingi kingdom ""Gutthiuda"". The migration of the Huns from the east pressured most of the German tribes to leave. In the Battle of Nedao the East Germanic Gepids defeated the Huns and founded Gepidia in the territory of present-day Transylvania. This marked the end of the Hunnic Empire.

The medieval period.

The territory of Szeklerland was part of the Avar Khaganate. During this period, Avar and Slavic groups migrated into Transylvania. From around 900 to 1526 the area was under the direct control of the Hungarian state. The Szeklers presumably settled in Transylvania in the 12th century from present day Bihar and Bihor counties.  Ancient Hungarian legends suggest a connection between the Székelys and Attila's Huns. The origin of the Székely people is still debated. The Székely seats were the traditional self-governing territorial units of the Transylvanian Székelys during medieval times. (Saxons were also organised in seats.) The Seats were not part of the traditional Hungarian county system, and their inhabitants enjoyed a higher level of freedom (especially until the 18th century) than those living in the counties.  From the 12th and 13th centuries, the Székely Land enjoyed a considerable but varying amount of autonomy, first as a part of the Kingdom of Hungary, then inside the Principality of Transylvania. The autonomy was largely due to the military service the Székely provided until the beginning of the 18th century. The medieval Székely Land was an alliance of the seven autonomous Székely seats of "Udvarhely", "Csík", "Maros", "Sepsi", "Kézdi", "Orbai" and "Aranyos". The number of seats later decreased to five, when "Sepsi", "Kézdi" and "Orbai" seats were united into one territorial unit called "Háromszék" (literally "Three seats").  The main seat was Udvarhely seat, which was also called the Principal seat () At Székelyudvarhely (Odorheiu Secuiesc) were held many national assemblies of the Székelys A known exception is the 1554 assembly, which took place at Marosvásárhely (Târgu Mureș)

Modern era.

Due to the Ottoman conquest Transylvania became a semi-independent polity. From the end of the 17th century, Transylvania became part of the Habsburg Monarchy (later Austrian Empire), and governed by imperial governors. In 1867, as a result of the Austro-Hungarian Compromise, Transylvania become an integral part of the Kingdom of Hungary, within Austria-Hungary.  In 1876, a general administrative reform abolished all the autonomous areas in the Kingdom of Hungary and created a unified system of counties. As a result, the autonomy of the Székely Land came to an end as well. Four counties were created in its place: Udvarhely, Háromszék, Csík, and Maros-Torda. (Only half of the territory of Maros-Torda originally belonged to Székely Land.) The isolated Aranyosszék became a district of Torda-Aranyos county.  In December 1918, in the wake of the First World War, Romanian delegates from throughout Transylvania voted to join the Kingdom of Romania. There was an attempt in Székelyudvarhely to found a "Székely Republic" on 9 January 1919; however, its creation was unsuccessful. In 1920, by the Treaty of Trianon, Transylvania along with further territories was officially ceded to the Kingdom of Romania. The Romanian language officially replaced Hungarian in the Székely Land, but Székely county boundaries were preserved, and Székely districts were able to elect their own officials at local level and to preserve Hungarian-language education.  After 1930, the Romanian authorities began to Romanianize the Hungarian population of Székely Land.; the presence of minorities in political life was repressed. The election of Hungarians was consistently nullified. The place-names were subjected to Romanianization. The minority languages were excised from official life and the local authorities were mostly led by appointed ethnic Romanians.  In 1940, as a result of the Second Vienna Award, Northern Transylvania became part of Hungary again; this territory included most of the historical Székely areas. Hungarian authorities subsequently restored the pre-Trianon structure with slight modifications. Ion Gigurtu's antisemitic laws, the Romanian version of Nuremberg Laws, were replaced by Hungarian ones. The Jews of the Székely Land were subjected to particularly harsh treatment. These individuals had their citizenship status reviewed, many of them being detained. In Csíkszereda ("Miercurea Ciuc"), dozens of families were rounded up and expelled. The men in the area were drafted into forced labor battalions. For example, 1,200 Jewish males of Marosvásárhely ("Târgu Mureș") were conscripted between 1941 and 1944; over half died in Ukraine, Poland and Hungary.  However, despite discrimination and many casualties, most of the community lived in relative safety until the March 1944 occupation of Hungary by Nazi Germany. A conference devoted to the concentration of Jews in the Székely Land was held on 28 April 1944; it covered the counties of Csík, Háromszék, Maros-Torda and Udvarhely. The area's Jews were ghettoized in Szászrégen ("Reghin"), Sepsiszentgyörgy ("Sfântu Gheorghe") and Marosvásárhely. Roundups began on 3 May 1944 and were completed within a week. The Hungarian authorities actively participated in the crimes of the Nazis. The Jews ghettoized at Sepsiszentgyörgy were later sent to Szászrégen, whence on 4 June 1944, 3,149 were boarded on a train bound for the Auschwitz concentration camp. Three transports left Marosvásáhely for Auschwitz: on 27 May, 30 May and 8 June 1944; altogether, they carried 7,549 Jews.  On 12 September 1944, the Second Vienna Award was voided by the Allied Commission through the Armistice Agreement with Romania, and the Romanian-Soviet forces seized the area in Autumn 1944; however, the Romanian administration was expelled from these territories in October due to the activities of the Romanian paramilitary groups created in the area to avenge the atrocities committed by the Hungarians against the Romanians during the Hungarian rule in Northern Transylvania. For instance, the so-called "Iuliu Maniu Guards" terrorized the Szekler villages, butchered the local Hungarians by axe and hatchet and operated a death camp in Feldioara. This paramilitary group was described as ""a band of terrorist-chauvinistic criminals"" by the Soviets. The USSR let the Romanian authorities back to the area in March 1945, and the Paris Peace Treaties officially returned Northern Transylvania to Romania.  Following the Northern Transylvania's return to Romania after World War II, a Magyar Autonomous Region was created in 1952 under the Soviets' pressure, which encompassed most of the land inhabited by the Székelys. In 1960, the region was renamed to Mureș-Magyar Autonomous Region. It was abolished in 1968, when Romania, following an administrative reform, returned to its traditional local administrative system based on counties. Roughly speaking, present-day Harghita County encompasses the former Udvarhely and Csík, the latter including Gyergyószék; Covasna County covers more or less the territory of the former Háromszék; and what was once Maros-Torda is mostly part of present-day Mureş County. The former Aranyosszék is today divided between Cluj and Alba counties.  Nicolae Ceaușescu got to power in 1965. For the next couple of decades, due to the Romanianization efforts, a large number of ethnic Romanians settled in Székely Land. Those Székely Hungarians who possessed degrees were subjected to resettlement. In March 1990, the city of Târgu Mureș witnessed violent clashes between ethnic Romanian and Hungarian groups.  After the fall of communism, many hoped that the former Magyar Autonomous Region, abolished by Nicolae Ceauşescu's regime, would soon be restored. This did not happen; however, there are Székely autonomy initiatives and further efforts from Székely organisations to reach a higher level of self-governance for the Székely Land within Romania.  On 2 February 2009, Romanian President Traian Băsescu met the Hungarian President László Sólyom in Budapest and discussed the issues of minority rights and regional autonomy. Băsescu stated "The Hungarian minority will never be given territorial autonomy."  In 2014, the UDMR and the Hungarian Civic Party had a joint autonomy proposal for Szeklerland but the Szekler National Council also possessed its own suggestion.  In 2016, Hans G. Klemm, the United States Ambassador to Romania, together with other local officials, were pictured with a Szekler flag during his visit to Szeklerland. The photo was posted by the mayor of Sfântu Gheorghe on Facebook. The reactions of the politicians in Bucharest were turbulent. In a response Klemm affirmed that the only two flags that are important to him, as a diplomat, are the U.S. and the Romanian ones.

Constitutional issues.

Article 1 of the Romanian Constitution defines the country as a "sovereign, independent, unitary and indivisible national state." It has often been argued that, as a result of this provision, any ethnic-based territorial autonomy, including that of the Székely Land, would be unconstitutional.  The Supreme Council of National Defence of Romania declared that an autonomy of the so-called Székely Land would be unconstitutional.

Population.

In 2002 the estimated ethnic composition of Székely Land (Mureș, Covasna and Harghita counties) consisted of Hungarians (61%), Romanians (33%), Germans (3%) and Roma (3%). The area forms a Hungarian ethnic enclave within present-day Romania.  The population of historical Székely Land (according to the 2002 census) is 809,000, 612,043 of them Hungarians, accounting for 75.65% of the total. The Hungarians represent 59% of the populations of Harghita, Covasna and Mureș counties. The percentage of Hungarians is higher in Harghita and Covasna (84.8% and 73.58% respectively), and lower in Mureș County, not all of which falls inside the traditional region (37.82%).  According to the 2011 official census, 609,033 Hungarians (56.8%) live in the counties of Covasna, Harghita and Mureș (out of a total population of 1,071,890 inhabitants). In Mureș county the Romanians are the most numerous (52.6%), while in the counties of Covasna and Harghita, the Hungarians make up the majority (71.6% and 82.9%). The 2011 census compared to the data of the previous census (2002) also shows that the Romanian ethnic ratio in Szeklerland has been decreasing (due to emigration).  Târgu Mureș is the home for the largest community of Hungarians in Romania (57,532 in 2011), but the town itself has a Romanian majority (66,943 out of 127,849 inhabitants).  Important centers of the Székely Land are Târgu-Mureş ("Marosvásárhely"), Miercurea Ciuc ("Csíkszereda"), Sfântu Gheorghe ("Sepsiszentgyörgy"), and Odorheiu Secuiesc ("Székelyudvarhely").

Sport.

The Székely ice hockey team Sport Club of Csíkszereda, with mainly home trained, local players (Székelys), plays simultaneously in the MOL League (Hungarian League) and in the Romanian Ice Hockey Championship. Starting with the 2010/2011 season, the Sport Club ice hockey team participated at the championships under the name HSC Csíkszereda and that year it won its first MOL League title as well.  The team's main achievements so far: The Romanian Championship (fifteen times winner): 1949, 1952, 1957, 1960, 1963, 1997, 2000, 2004, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013. The Romanian Cup (ten times winner): 1950, 1952, 1995, 2001, 2003, 2006, 2007, 2010, 2011, 2014. Pannonian League (one-time winner): 2004. MOL League (one-time winner): 2011.  The majority of the Romanian men's national ice hockey team consist of Székely players. The national team are ranked 28th in the 2010 IIHF World Rankings and currently compete in Division IIA.

The Székely Land or Szeklerland (, ; (also "Secuimea"); ; ) is a historic and ethnographic area in Romania, inhabited mainly by Székelys. Its cultural centre is the city of Târgu Mureș (Marosvásárhely), the largest settlement in the region.

Als Szeklerland (ungarisch "Székelyföld", rumänisch "Ținutul Secuiesc" bzw. "Secuime", lateinisch "Terra Siculorum") wird das Gebiet im Osten von Siebenbürgen in Rumänien bezeichnet, in dem insbesondere Szekler siedeln.


Plot.

Set in the northwest section of Baltimore, Maryland during the last week of 1959, "Diner" tells the story of a circle of male friends, now in their early twenties, who reunite for the wedding of one of their group. The title refers to their late-night hang out, the (fictional) Fell's Point Diner in Baltimore's Fell's Point neighborhood. An element of the story includes the Baltimore Colts playing in the 1959 NFL Championship Game.  The semi-autobiographical film explores the changing relationships among these friends as they become adults through what is mostly a series of vignettes rather than a traditional narrative. Levinson encouraged improvisation among his cast to capture realistic camaraderie.

Cast.

This was the first credited feature film role for Tim Daly, Ellen Barkin and Paul Reiser.

Adaptations.

The film inspired a 1983 CBS television pilot written and directed by Levinson. Mike Binder starred as Eddie, Paul Reiser returned as Modell, Michael Madsen took over as Boogie and James Spader was Fenwick.

Stage adaptation.

A stage musical, with the book by Levinson and music by Sheryl Crow is being prepared, with plans for a Broadway production, originally opening in Autumn 2013. Kathleen Marshall is the director and choreographer. A "creative workshop" reading was held in December 2011, directed by Kathleen Marshall. A previously announced premiere at the Curran Theatre in San Francisco in October 2012 to November 2012 was cancelled. Instead, the musical had a staged workshop in New York and then was expected to open on Broadway in April 2013 (since postponed). The producer said, "the producers and creative team of 'Diner' embarked on an exploratory exercise to determine if the show would play as effectively in a theatre with a capacity no larger than 1,100 seats, for which there is greater opportunity. Holding themselves to uncompromising standards they happily discovered that their answer was 'yes'."  The musical opened at the Signature Theatre, Arlington, Virginia, in December 2014 through January 2015, with direction and choreography by Kathleen Marshall. Crow said: "And to think we are going to premiere it so close to Baltimore, where the story took place, at Signature Theatre, which has birthed so many new musicals, well, I couldn't be happier." The cast for the Signature premiere included Matthew James Thomas as Fenwick and Derek Klena as Boogie. The musical next is being presented at the Delaware Theatre Company, Wilmington, Delaware, from December 2, 2015 (previews) through December 27, with Matthew James Thomas as Fenwick, Derek Klena as Boogie, Noah Weisberg as Shrevie and Brynn O'Malley as Barbara.

Reception.

The film received positive reviews and has a 93% "Fresh" rating on review aggregate website Rotten Tomatoes based on 40 reviews. Levinson also received an Academy Award nomination for Best Original Screenplay.  The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:

Diner is a 1982 American comedy-drama film written and directed by Barry Levinson. It is Levinson's screen-directing debut, and the first of his tetralogy, "Baltimore Films", set in his hometown during the 1940s, 1950s, and 1960s. "Tin Men" (1987), "Avalon" (1990), and "Liberty Heights" (1999) are the other three. It stars Steve Guttenberg, Daniel Stern, Mickey Rourke, Paul Reiser, Kevin Bacon, Timothy Daly and Ellen Barkin and was released on March 5, 1982.

American Diner "(Diner)" ist eine US-amerikanische Filmkomödie von Barry Levinson aus dem Jahr 1982. Der Film handelt von fünf Freunden, die viel Zeit zusammen verbringen und dabei hartnäckig ignorieren, dass sie langsam älter werden. Die Zeit lässt sich jedoch nicht aufhalten.


Biography.

Khalida Toumi was known as Khalida Messaoudi before she reclaimed her maiden name. She was born in 1958 in Ain-Bessem, Bouira, in the north of Algeria and entered the University of Algiers in 1977 to pursue a degree in mathematics. After graduating from the École Normale Supérieure, she taught mathematics until 1993.  As a feminist activist, in 1981, she founded the Collectif féminin (Women's Grouping) not only to oppose the ministerial interdiction on Algerian women leaving the country unless accompanied by a male family member, but also to oppose state endorsement of the discriminatory Algerian Family Code, which the National Assembly eventually adopted in 1984. Following the adoption of this code, Toumi presided over the Association for Equality between Men and Women, founded by a group of Trotskyite militants. In 1985, Toumi co-founded and became a member of the executive committee of the Algerian League of Human Rights. She later distanced herself from the Trotskyite militants and in 1990 founded the Independent Association for the Triumph of Women's Rights.  Toumi staunchly opposed Islamist ideology and endorsed cancellation of the January 1992 legislative elections, which the Islamic Salvation Front (FIS) was poised to win. She considered the FIS to display "absolutely all the classic ingredients of totalitarian populist movements." She traveled to Western countries to provide an anti-Islamist and anti-terrorist perspective.  A member of the Rassemblement pour la Culture et la Démocratie (RCD), she won a seat in the assembly and served as the RCD's national vice president for human rights and women's issues. After profound disagreements with the RCD's president Saïd Sadi, she severed relations with the RCD in January 2001, at the peak of the crisis in her native Kabylie; she was subsequently expelled from the RCD. In May 2002, she became minister of culture and communication, as well as the government's spokesperson, the first woman ever to hold that job. She held that ministerial post in various terms until 2014.

Khalida Toumi (in Arabic خليدة تومي) (born 13 March 1958), aka Khalida Messaoudi (in Arabic خليدة مسعودي), is an Algerian politician. She was the Minister of Communication and Culture until April 2014. She is also a feminist activist.

Khalida Toumi (* 13. März 1958 in Ain Bessem, Kabylei, auch bekannt als Khalida Messaoudi) ist eine algerische Feministin und Politikerin.


NBA All-Star Weekend Three-Point Shootout

Rules.

In this contest, participants attempt to make as many three-point field goals as possible from five positions behind the three-point arc in one minute. Players begin shooting from one corner of the court, and move from station to station along the three-point arc until they reach the other corner. At each shooting station is a rack with five basketballs. Out of the five balls, four are worth one point (the standard orange Spalding game balls) and the fifth one (a red/white/blue ABA-style ball; often nicknamed the "money ball") is worth two points. The goal of this contest is to score as many points as possible within one minute. A perfect score used to be 30 points. Since the 2014 contest, a rack consisting only of "money balls" has been added, and can be placed on any of the 5 spots of the player's choice, bringing up the maximum possible score to 34 points. In the 2020 contest, two additional Mountain Dew shots were placed on each side of the top of the key, worth three points each. This increased the maximum possible score to 40, and the time limit was increased from 60 to 70 seconds.  In the qualifying round, each player has a chance to score as many points as possible. The three players with the top scores advance to the finals. The final round is played in the same way as the qualifying round, but players shoot according to the ascending order of their first-round scores. In each round, the shots and the score are confirmed by the referee and the television instant replay system. The final round will be shot in reverse direction (left to right corner for a left-handed shooter and vice versa). In the case of a tie, multiple extra rounds of 30 seconds (1 minute in the final) are played to determine the winner.

Winners.

Three Point Contest champions by franchise

Records.

Sources:

Sponsors.

Sources:

The Three-Point Shootout is a National Basketball Association (NBA) contest held on the Saturday before the annual All-Star Game as part of All-Star Weekend.

Das Three-Point Shootout findet jährlich im Rahmen des NBA All-Star Weekends statt. Der seit 1986 ausgetragene Basketball-Wettbewerb der besten Drei-Punkte-Schützen der Saison umfasst acht Spieler. Jeder Spieler hat fünfmal fünf Bälle zur Verfügung, die an fünf verschiedenen Positionen um die Drei-Punkte-Linie herum verteilt sind. Der jeweils letzte Ball einer 5er Serie ist der so genannte "Moneyball", der, wenn verwandelt, zwei Punkte wert ist. Alle anderen verwandelten Bälle zählen einen Punkt. Der Zeitansatz um die 25 Bälle jeweils nur einmal zu werfen, beträgt 60 Sekunden. Sieger ist, wer nach zwei Ausscheidungsrunden im Finale die meisten Punkte erwirft.


History.

The company traces its roots back to 1767 when Den almindelige Brand-Forsikrings-Anstalt, later Norges Brannkasse, was formed.  In 1982 Storebrand merged with its competitor, insurance company Norden, to form the Storebrand-Norden group. The company changed its name to AS Storebrand in 1986.  In 1991 Storebrand merged with the companies under the UNI Forsikring trademark (Norges Brannkasse and Norske Folk), to become UNI Storebrand. Later attempts to acquire Swedish insurance company Skandia, together with Danish company Hafnia and Finnish company Pohjola, to form a large Nordic insurance company under Norwegian leadership, failed in 1992. This caused the share prices of UNI Storebrand to plummet and the government took control of the company. In 1993 the company successfully managed to restructure its debt and was again made available for trading on the Oslo Stock Exchange.  In 1996 the company changed its name to Storebrand ASA, and was granted governmental concession to operate banking services through its fully owned subsidiary Storebrand Bank.  The following year, attempts to merge with Christiania Bank og Kreditkasse, now part of Nordea, failed as Storebrand did not achieve the necessary 2⁄3 majority for the merger from its shareholders. 63,38 percent voted for.  In 1999 Storebrand merged its P&C insurance division with similar divisions of Skandia and Pohjola to form If P&C Insurance, in which Storebrand retained an ownership share of 33 percent. The shares were later sold, a natural consequence of Storebrand starting a new P&C insurance division to become a competitor of If, while If also became a competitor of Storebrand by selling health insurance and certain pension plans.

Storebrand is a financial services company in Norway. By volume, the company's main activities are related to life insurance and pension savings. However, the company also has major divisions working on investments, banking and, until 1999 and again since 2006, P&C insurance products. Through its acquisition of Swedish SPP from Handelsbanken in 2007, Storebrand gained a sizable division dedicated to the Swedish market for life insurance.

Die Storebrand ASA ist ein Finanzunternehmen aus Norwegen mit Hauptsitz in Oslo. Das Unternehmen ist an der Osloer Börse im OBX Index gelistet.


History.

The origin of the Tazza Farnese is unknown, leaving archaeologists and art historians to theorize a date and purpose for its creation. While its size and the material used are usually considered, theories of origin are mainly arrived at via individual analysis of the iconography of the piece, and therefore vary from one analysis to the next.  Many archaeologists and art historians attribute the Tazza to the Hellenistic Period, asserting that its blending of Greek and Egyptian cultural symbols, as well as the funds necessary to commission such a large gemstone cameo, tie it to the Ptolemaic court. Though not a widely held view, more recent analyses of the piece have assigned it a later date in the Augustan Period.  After Octavian's conquest of Egypt in 31 BC, the Farnese Cup was possibly acquired by the Treasury of Rome; according to some, it was only made after the Romans took Egypt. It seems it was later taken to Byzantium, then back west after this city was sacked in 1204 during the Fourth Crusade. By 1239 it was in the court of Frederick II, from which it then reached the Persian court of Herat or possibly Samarkand, where a contemporary drawing documents it; thence it found its way to the court of Alfonso of Aragon in Naples, where Angelo Poliziano saw it in 1458. Lorenzo the Magnificent finally purchased the famous "scutella di calcedonio" in Rome, in 1471. From there it came into the possession of the Farnese family through Margaret of Austria and thus into the Naples National Archaeological Museum

Iconography.

Though some analyses of the iconography of the Tazza Farnese build upon and expand previous analyses, each scholarly writing on the piece leads to a slightly different theory about its inherent meaning.

Eugene J. Dwyer.

In his analysis of the Tazza Farnese, Dwyer builds upon previous analyses by experts in the field, including Ennio Quirino Visconti,, and, among others. Dwyer's two major assertions are that the iconography found in the interior and exterior carvings is a sophisticated mix of Greek and Egyptian philosophic and religious concepts and that the composition of the carved figures correspond to specific constellations which, in their orientation, resemble a map of the night sky during the time of year in which the flooding of the Nile would have occurred. In assigning the piece a multi-faceted religious and philosophic meaning, Dwyer repeatedly references the Corpus Hermeticum. More specifically, he points to the Poimandres and how the figures of the interior carving closely match the elements it presents in its discussion of the creation of life. He uses this reference to assign each figure a corresponding Greek and/or Egyptian god. In this sense, Dwyer sets up the piece as a direct illustration of the creation of life that would have been easily understood by both Greeks and Egyptians living at the time the Tazza was created. Though he credits Merkelbach with first coming up with the theory, Dwyer also discusses the figures' and their placement on the piece as corresponding to specific constellations in an astronomical map. In particular, Dwyer assigns each figure to constellations that would be seen together in the sky during the time of year when the flooding of the Nile took place. He argues that through this apparent map of the night sky, the creator of the Tazza was directly referencing the time of the Nile flooding in order to present more fully the concept of divine creation of life.

Julia C. Fischer.

Fischer is one of the few who have assigned the Tazza Farnese an Augustan date rather than a Hellenistic one. Her analysis of the piece therefore focuses on reexamining preconceived notions arrived at by other scholars who have assigned it a Hellenistic date, as well as attempting to provide evidence for her assertion of an Augustan date. Fischer's main evidence for placing the piece in the Augustan period is its size and the material it was carved from. She discusses the unstable economic position of the Ptolemaic Court, asserting that the funds for such a piece would not have been available until the improvement of the economy during the Augustan period. Fischer also discusses that while the piece features a mix of Greek and Egyptian figures, concepts, and methods, it also contains distinctly Roman aspects, especially in the Romanesque features of the Gorgon carving found on the piece's exterior.

John Pollini.

Like Julia C. Fischer, Pollini attributes the Tazza Farnese to the Augustan period in Rome. His evidence is also based on the size and material used, but Pollini's primary focus is providing analysis of the piece's iconography in an attempt to prove that it was made during Augustus' reign, and was possibly even commissioned by Augustus himself. To this end, Pollini discusses the figures carved on the inner and outer surfaces, and how the symbolism found in each relates it to an aspect or region of the Augustan empire. Pollini's interpretation of the piece's iconography leads him to assert that it was meant to convey the Golden Age of Augustus and act as a sort of talisman to propagate the strength of the empire.

The Farnese Cup or Tazza Farnese is a 2nd-century BC cameo hardstone carving bowl or cup made in Hellenistic Egypt in four-layered sardonyx agate, now in the Naples National Archaeological Museum It is a 20 cm wide and similar in form to a Greek phiale or Roman patera, with no foot. It features relief carvings on both its exterior and interior surfaces and is around twenty centimeters in diameter.

Die Tazza Farnese ist eine Kamee aus Sardonyx. Sie hat einen Durchmesser von 20 cm und befindet sich heute im Archäologischen Nationalmuseum Neapel Inv. 27611. Sie gilt als Meisterwerk dieser Kunstgattung und als eines der Hauptwerke der ptolemäisch-alexandrinischen Kunst.


Party platform.

The party supports the preservation of current civil rights in telephony and on the Internet; in particular, it opposes the European data retention policies.  The party favors the civil right to information privacy and reforms of copyright, education, genetic patents and drug policy.  In particular, it promotes an enhanced transparency of government by implementing open source governance and providing for APIs to allow for electronic inspection and monitoring of government operations by the citizen.  The Pirate Party also supports an unconditional basic income for citizens and direct democracy via e-democracy.

History.

The party was founded on 10 September 2006. Thorsten Wirth has been the Party Leader since 30 November 2013. Previous leaders were, Sebastian Nerz, Dirk Hillbrecht, Christof Leng, and Jens Seipenbusch.  In February 2009, the village spokesperson of Hohenstein and as such city councillor in Strausberg Jens Knoblich joined the Pirate Party Germany. In June 2009, Bundestag member Jörg Tauss left the SPD and joined the Pirate Party after the "Zugangserschwerungsgesetz" was passed, but left the Pirate Party in 2010 when he was convicted for possession of child pornography. In late August 2009, Herbert Rusche, one of the founding members of the German Green Party and, in the 1980s, the first openly homosexual member of parliament in Germany, joined the Pirate Party. During the 2011 Berlin state election, the party entered a state parliament for the first time when the Berlin party chapter received 8.9 percent of the votes for the state parliament of Berlin., the party had around 35,000 members.

Election results.

2009 federal election.

On 27 September 2009, the Pirates received 2.0% (845,904 votes) in the 2009 German federal election, thus not securing any seats in the Bundestag. However, this was still the best result among parties that did not meet the 5% threshold. Among first-time male voters, the party received 13%.  On account of the election results in 2009, the party fulfils the conditions for receiving public allowances. For 2009, it received €31,504.68 (the same amount as it received from private contributions) which was exclusively due to the Pirates state associations Saxony and Schleswig-Holstein. The calculation was made based on the total receipts of the party in 2008. The possible upper limit of the public allowance matching for the party is a rate of €840,554.51.

2009 European Parliament election.

It received 229,117 votes in the 2009 European Parliament election, which was 0.9%, but not enough (at least 5%) for a seat.

State and regional elections.

On 30 August 2009, the Pirates received 1.9% in the 2009 Saxony state election. On the same day, the party also received one seat in each council in the local elections of Münster and Aachen, although candidates of the party ran for office only in some constituencies of both cities.  Support for The Pirates differs somewhat between States. The party received 1.8% in the 2009 Schleswig-Holstein state election and 1.5% in the 2010 North Rhine-Westphalia state election (though without securing seats), but only 0.5% in the 2009 Hesse state election and did not participate in the 2009 Brandenburg and Saarland state elections.  The party received 2.1% in the 2011 Hamburg state elections, though it was not yet enough to gain seats in the State parliament. In the 2011 Baden-Württemberg state election the Pirate Party was able to repeat this result. In the 2011 Saxony-Anhalt state election they received 1.4% or 13,828 votes; in the 2011 Rhineland-Palatinate state election they achieved 1.6% of the votes. In the 2011 Berlin state election, with 8.9% of the votes the Pirate Party of Berlin managed for the first time to overcome the 5% threshold and to win seats (numbering 15 out of 141 seats in the Abgeordnetenhaus) in a German state parliament. This was quite a surprise for them, since they only had 15 candidates on the ballot. In response to their election, however, Mayor Klaus Wowereit criticized their lack of diversity, most notably the lack of women in the party.  In March 2012, the Pirates received 7.4% of the vote and thus won 4 seats in the Landtag of Saarland.  Subsequent 2012 polls have shown an increase in popularity in the Party. In May 2012, they won 8.2% of the vote in Schleswig-Holstein, which was sufficient to enter the state parliament, gaining 6 seats. Also in May 2012, they won 7.8% of the vote in North Rhine-Westphalia, gaining 20 seats.

2013 federal election.

After those successful state elections, the party was able to score up to 13% in nationwide polls. However, after a string of scandals and internal disputes which were handled unprofessionally and picked up by the media, the party lost the trust of voters and entered a steady decline in polls.  As a result, in the Lower Saxony state election in January 2013, the Pirate Party was only able to gain about 2.1% of the votes, missing the 5% threshold needed to gain actual seats in the state parliament. Six months later during the Bavaria state election of 2013 the Pirates fared similarly, receiving again only 2% of the votes. At the 2013 German federal elections the following weekend, the party suffered another major defeat where it was again only able to achieve 2.2% of the votes, leading to the resignation of party leader.

2014 European Parliament election.

In the 2014 European parliament elections, the Pirate Party received 1.45% of the national vote (424,510 votes in total) and returned a single Member of the European Parliament. The elected MEP, Julia Reda, joined the Greens–European Free Alliance as an independent.

2016 Berlin state election.

The Berlin state election on September witnessed the collapse of support for the Pirate Party in their previous stronghold of Berlin. Their previous vote of 8.9% achieved in 2011 fell to 1.7% and the Pirate Party lost all representation in the Berlin State assembly. The poor result was compounded by the murder suicide of former Pirate Party assembly member Gerwald Claus-Brunner.

2017 dropout from state parliaments.

Together with the satirical party Die PARTEI the Pirate Party nominated as candidate for the German presidential election in February 2017.  The Pirate Party continued to decline in 2017, dropping out from state parliaments. In the Saarland state election in March 2017, the Pirate Party received only 0.7% of the voter share and therefore lost all its seats in the Landtag of the Saarland. With the North Rhine-Westphalia state election in which it lost every seat, the Pirate Party is no longer represented in any state parliament.

2019 European Parliament election.

In the 2019 European Parliament election, the Pirate Party retained their MEP seat, with their lead candidate Patrick Breyer being elected.

The Pirate Party Germany (), commonly known as Pirates (German: "Piraten"), is a political party in Germany founded in September 2006 at c-base. It states general agreement with the Swedish Piratpartiet as a party of the information society; it is part of the international movement of pirate parties and a member of the Pirate Parties International. In 2011-12, the party succeeded in attaining a high enough vote share to enter four state parliaments (Berlin, North Rhine-Westphalia, Saarland and Schleswig-Holstein) and the European Parliament. However, their popularity rapidly declined and by 2017 they had no representation in any of the German state parliaments. Their one European MEP, Patrick Breyer, has joined the Greens/EFA group. Together with Marcel Kolaja, Markéta Gregorová and Mikuláš Peksa from the Czech Pirate Party they build up the European Pirate Party team for the European Parliament in Brussels.

Die Piratenpartei Deutschland (Kurzbezeichnung: Piraten, Eigenschreibweise: PIRATEN) ist eine am 10. September 2006 in Berlin gegründete deutsche politische Partei. Die Kleinpartei versteht sich in Anlehnung an die schwedische Piratpartiet als Partei der Informationsgesellschaft, ist Teil der internationalen Bewegung der Piratenparteien und Mitglied der Pirate Parties International. Sie hat ein Mandat im Europäischen Parlament und ist in Kommunalparlamenten mit rund 300 Mandaten vertreten, zeitweise war sie auch in deutschen Landesparlamenten.