Before Big Bang theories.

The book takes up how the inaccuracies of the theories of Copernicus and Galileo lead them to be dismissed. Copernicus and Galileo used false arguments to persuade people that the earth went in circles around the Sun, and that the Sun was the center of the universe. Both these statements were alien to the public at the time, and are still alien to a modern public. Only the finally mathematically correct interpretation of Johannes Kepler made the theories accepted, within a single generation. As Singh points out, the old generation must die before a new theory can be accepted.

The Big Bang theory evolves.

In parallel to the evolution of the Big Bang theory, the book tells the personal stories of the people who played a part in advancing it, both by hypothesis and by experiment. These include Albert Einstein, for his General Relativity, Alexander Alexandrovich Friedman for first discovering that this theory led to an expanding universe, Georges Lemaître who concluded independently of Friedman discovered an expanding universe, and then that the theory must lead to an initial event of creation, which is the Big Bang theory we know today, Edwin Hubble for observing that the universe expanded, thereby confirming Friedman and Lemaître, George Gamow, Ralph Asher Alpher, Robert Herman, Martin Ryle, Arno Allan Penzias and Robert Woodrow Wilson, among many others.  Another theme of the book is the scientific method itself: how serendipity, curiosity, theory and observation come together to expand our understanding of the world.  One of the most interesting points in the book is how Einstein initially dismissed the theory out of hand. Such was his authority in the scientific community that none dared oppose him, thereby stifling research in this area for many years. However, when Hubble confirmed the theory, Einstein was quick to endorse both Lemaître and his theories.

Big Bang: The most important scientific discovery of all time and why you need to know about it is a book written by Simon Singh and published in 2004 by Fourth Estate.

Big Bang: Der Ursprung des Kosmos und die Erfindung der modernen Naturwissenschaft ist ein Buch des britischen Autors Simon Singh. Die englische Originalausgabe erschien 2004, die deutsche Übersetzung erschien 2005 beim Carl Hanser Verlag.


Nomenclature.

The name "Tsuutʼina" comes from the Tsuutʼina self designation "Tsúùtʼínà", meaning "many people", "nation tribe", or "people among the beavers". "Sarcee" is a deprecated exonym from Siksiká.

Phonology.

Consonants.

The consonants of Tsuutʼina in the standard orthography are listed below (with IPA notation in brackets): <nowiki>*</nowiki> is only found in mimetic "bu<unk>" 'to buzz' and borrowed "bu<unk>s" 'cat'. The phonemic status of and is questionable; they might be before another vowel. is quite rare but clearly phonemic.

Vowels.

There are four distinct vowels in Tsuutʼina - i, a, o, and u. While a and o are fairly constant, i and u can vary considerably. Vowels are also distinguished by length and tone, similar to other Athabaskan languages.

Nouns.

Nouns in Tsuutʼina are not declined, and most plural nouns are not distinguished from singular nouns. However, kinship terms are distinguished between singular and plural form by adding the suffix -ká (or -kúwá) to the end of the noun or by using the word "yìná".

Noun possession.

Nouns can exist in free form or possessed form. When in possessed form, the prefixes listed below can be attached to nouns to show possession. For example, "más", "knife", can be affixed with the 1st person prefix to become "sìmázàʼ" or "my knife". Note that "-mázàʼ" is the possessed form of the noun.  Some nouns, like "más", as shown above, can alternate between free form and possessed form. A few nouns, like "zòs", "snow", are never possessed and exist only in free form. Other nouns, such as "-tsìʼ", "head", have no free form and must always be possessed.

The Tsuutʼina language (formerly known as "Sarcee" or "Sarsi") is spoken by the people of the Tsuutʼina Nation, whose reserve and community is near Calgary, Alberta. It belongs to the Athabaskan language family, which also include the Navajo and Chiricahua of the south, and the Dene Suline and Tłı̨chǫ of the north.

Sarcee (auch Tsuut'ina, Sarsi, Tsuu T'ina, Tsu T'ina) gehört zur athapaskischen Sprachfamilie, die im Süden Navajo und Bedonkohe und im Norden Dene Suline und Dogrib einschließt.


Examples.

In the United States Army, the SEA for a battalion or larger-sized unit is usually a Command Sergeant Major. For Marine battalions and larger, Sergeant Major typically takes the role. Navy ships and other commands will usually have a Command, Fleet, or Force Master Chief Petty Officer (known as the Chief of the Boat on a submarine), while an Air Force Command Chief Master Sergeant serves at Wing, Numbered Air Force, Field Operating Agency (FOA), Major Command or at "Joint," DoD Agency levels.  In the United States Army and the United States Marine Corps, the senior enlisted advisor at the company or battery level (or other unit at similar echelon) is a First Sergeant. In the Air Force, the senior enlisted member of units smaller than those listed above for Command Chief Master Sergeant is either a Chief Master Sergeant or a Senior Master Sergeant and may also include a separate First Sergeant authorization. In the Air Force a First Sergeant can be an E7, E8 or E9, depending on size and mission of the unit, and is a temporary, special duty assignment.

International equivalents.

Australia.

In Australia the equivalent positions within the Royal Australian Navy (RAN), Australian Army and Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) are Warrant Officer of the Navy (WO-N), Regimental Sergeant Major-Army (RSM-A) and Warrant Officer of the Air Force (WOFF-AF) respectively.

Canada.

The Senior Enlisted advisor of the Canadian Forces is the Canadian Forces Chief Warrant Officer. The Army, Navy and Air Force each have their own Warrant Officer acting as Senior Enlisted advisor

NATO.

NATO also has a number of Senior Enlisted Advisors taken from NATO members for various posts, including Senior Enlisted Advisor - NATO Allied Command Transformation

New Zealand.

In New Zealand the equivalent positions within the Royal New Zealand Navy (RNZN), New Zealand Army and Royal New Zealand Air Force (RNZAF) are Warrant officer of the Navy (New Zealand) (WON), Sergeant Major-Army (SMA) and Warrant Officer of the Air Force (WOAF) respectively. there is also the Senior position within HQNZDF of the Warrant Officer of the Defence Force (WODF)

South Africa.

South Africa has a Warrant officer of the Defence Force, as well as Sergeant Majors of the Army, Air Force and Medical Services. The Navy equivalent is the Master at Arms of the Navy

United Kingdom.

The Royal Navy has the Warrant Officer of the Naval Service, the British Army has the Army Sergeant Major, the Royal Air Force has the Chief of the Air Staff's Warrant Officer and the Royal Marines the Corps Regimental Sergeant Major. In 2018, the Senior Enlisted Advisor to the Chiefs of Staff Committee was introduced.

A Senior Enlisted Adviser (SEA) in the United States Armed Forces is the most senior enlisted service member in a unit, and acts as an advisor to the commanding officer. Formally, E-9 billets for the senior enlisted advisor are established at Service unit (e.g., battalion, wing, or higher), command, major command, force, or fleet levels to the SEAs/CSELs of DoD Agencies and the Senior Enlisted Advisor to the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. SEAs are also known as Command Senior Enlisted Leaders (CSEL). Always a non-commissioned officer, the SEA is the main link between the commanding officer and the enlisted service members under his or her charge.

Der Begriff Senior Enlisted Advisor bezeichnet in den Streitkräften der Vereinigten Staaten die höchsten führenden Unteroffizierposten der einzelnen Teilstreitkräfte bzw. der einzelnen Unified Combatant Commands:


Biology.

Some species of goose barnacles such as "Lepas anatifera" are pelagic and are most frequently found on tidewrack on oceanic coasts. Unlike most other types of barnacles, intertidal goose barnacles (e.g. "Pollicipes pollicipes" and "Pollicipes polymerus") depend on water motion rather than the movement of their cirri for feeding, and are therefore found only on exposed or moderately exposed coasts.

Spontaneous generation.

In the days before it was realised that birds migrate, it was thought that barnacle geese, "Branta leucopsis", developed from this crustacean, since they were never seen to nest in temperate Europe, hence the English names "goose barnacle", "barnacle goose" and the scientific name "Lepas anserifera" (, "goose"). The confusion was prompted by the similarities in colour and shape. Because they were often found on driftwood, it was assumed that the barnacles were attached to branches before they fell in the water. The archdeacon of Brecon, Gerald of Wales, made this claim in his "Topographia Hiberniae".  Since barnacle geese were thought to be "neither flesh, nor born of flesh", they were allowed to be eaten on days when eating meat was forbidden by Christianity, though it was not universally accepted. The Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II examined barnacles and noted no evidence of any bird-like embryo in them, and the secretary of Leo of Rozmital wrote a very skeptical account of his reaction to being served the goose at a fast-day dinner in 1456.

Taxonomy.

The order Pedunculata is divided into the following suborders and families:

As food.

In Portugal and Spain, the species "Pollicipes pollicipes" is a widely consumed and expensive delicacy known as "percebes". "Percebes" are harvested commercially in the Iberian northern coast, mainly in Galicia and Asturias, but also in the Southwestern Portuguese coast (Alentejo) and are also imported from other countries within its range of distribution, particularly from Morocco. A larger but less palatable species ("Pollicipes polymerus") was also imported to Spain from Canada until 1999, when the Canadian government ceased exports due to depletion of stocks.  In Spain, percebes are lightly boiled in brine and served whole and hot under a napkin. To eat percebes, the diamond shaped foot is pinched between thumb and finger and the inner tube pulled out of the scaly case. The claw is removed and the remaining flesh is swallowed. Historically, the indigenous peoples of California used to eat the stem after cooking it in hot ashes.

Goose barnacles (order Pedunculata), also called stalked barnacles or gooseneck barnacles, are filter-feeding crustaceans that live attached to hard surfaces of rocks and flotsam in the ocean intertidal zone.

Die Entenmuscheln (Pedunculata) sind eine Ordnung der Krebstiere innerhalb der Teilklasse der Rankenfüßer. Entgegen ihrem deutschen Namen sind sie keine Muscheln. Entenmuscheln leben auf den harten Oberflächen der Felsen in der intertidalen Zone des Meeres und auf Treibgut.


Early life.

Born to William Robert Woodard, president of the Louisville Southern Railroad, and Ellen Booth Woodard in Palmyra, Missouri, Darwell originally intended to become a circus rider, then later an opera singer. Her father, however, objected to those career plans, so she compromised by becoming an actress, changing her name to Darwell to avoid sullying the family name.  The Jane Darwell Birthplace was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.

Woodard vs. Woodward.

Some sources give Darwell's birth name as Patti Woodward. They include "Women in World History: A Biographical Encyclopedia", "Screen World Presents the Encyclopedia of Hollywood Film Actors: From the silent era to 1965", "Missouri Biographical Dictionary", "Screen World 1968", "The New Biographical Dictionary of Film", and "Dictionary of Missouri Biography".

Career.

Darwell studied voice culture and the piano, followed by dramatics. At one point, she decided to enter a convent, then changed her mind and became an actress. She began acting in theater productions in Chicago and made her first film appearance in 1913. She appeared in almost 20 films over the next two years, then returned to the stage. After a 15-year absence from films, she appeared in "Tom Sawyer" (1930), and her career as a Hollywood character actress began. Short, stout and plain, she was quickly cast in a succession of films, usually as the mother of one of the main characters. She also appeared in five Shirley Temple films, usually as the housekeeper or grandmother.  She won an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress as Ma Joad in "The Grapes of Wrath" (1940), a role she was given at the insistence of Henry Fonda, the film's star. A contract player with 20th Century Fox, Darwell was memorably cast in "The Ox-Bow Incident", and occasionally starred in B movies and played featured parts in scores of major films.  Darwell had noted appearances on the stage as well; in 1944, she was popular in the stage comedy "Suds in Your Eye", in which she played an Irishwoman who had inherited a junkyard.  By the end of her career, she had appeared in more than 170 films, including "Huckleberry Finn" (1931), "Jesse James" (1939), "Gone with the Wind" (1939), "The Devil and Daniel Webster" (1941), "The Ox-Bow Incident" (1943), and "My Darling Clementine" (1946).  Darwell was among the guest stars on an episode of "Faye Emerson's Wonderful Town", a variety series that aired on CBS from 1951 to 1952 in which hostess Faye Emerson visits a different city each week to accent the local music. In 1954, Darwell appeared with Andy Clyde in the episode "Santa's Old Suit" of the series "The Pepsi-Cola Playhouse". This same episode was re-run the following Christmas 1955 on "Studio 57". In 1959, she appeared with child actor Roger Mobley in the episode "Mr. Rush's Secretary" on "Buckskin", starring Tom Nolan and Sally Brophy. She guest starred on John Bromfield's crime drama "Sheriff of Cochise".  On July 27, 1961, Darwell appeared as Grandmother McCoy in an episode of the sitcom "The Real McCoys". In the story, the series characters played by Walter Brennan, Richard Crenna, and Kathleen Nolan return to fictitious Smokey Corners, West Virginia for Grandmother McCoy's 100th birthday gathering. Darwell was 15 years older than "son" Walter Brennan. Pat Buttram and Henry Jones appeared in this episode as Cousin Carl and Jed McCoy, respectively.  Darwell's final role as the old woman feeding the birds in "Mary Poppins" (1964) personally was assigned to her by Walt Disney.  On February 8, 1960, Darwell received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for her contributions to the motion-picture industry; it is located at 6735 Hollywood Boulevard.

Death.

In her last years, Darwell's health was poor. It took personal persuasion from Walt Disney for her to appear in Disney's "Mary Poppins" as she was, by then, tired, frail and in her middle 80s.  Darwell died August 13, 1967 at the Motion Picture & Television Country House and Hospital from a myocardial infarction at the age of 87. She was married. She is interred at Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Glendale, California.

Jane Darwell (born Patti Woodard; October 15, 1879 – August 13, 1967) was an American actress of stage, film, and television. With appearances in more than 100 major movies spanning half a century, Darwell is perhaps best-remembered for her poignant portrayal of the matriarch and leader of the Joad family in the film adaptation of John Steinbeck's "The Grapes of Wrath", for which she received the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress, and her role as the Bird Woman in Disney's musical family film "Mary Poppins". She has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.

Jane Darwell (* 15. Oktober 1879 in Palmyra, Missouri als "Patti Woodard"; † 13. August 1967 in Woodland Hills, Los Angeles, Kalifornien) war eine US-amerikanische Schauspielerin. Für ihren Auftritt als Mutter Joad in "Früchte des Zorns" (1940) erhielt sie den Oscar als Beste Nebendarstellerin.


History.

For its first decade after opening the park centered on water attractions and performance spaces. Numerous variety artists from the Belgium, the Netherlands and Germany appeared there. Following the advice of Phantasialand owner Gottlieb Löffelhard, Bobbejaanland evolved from 1975 onwards into a theme park, with rides becoming more important than music shows. It grew to fifty attractions with four hundred employees and received visitors from the Benelux countries, France, and Germany. As an independent family concern, it also supported educational and cultural projects. By the end of the seventies, Bob's wife Josée (a former opera singer and model) opened a museum with works of art from the Hopi and Navajo cultures, forming an extensive private collection of Native American art.  From the 1990s, three of his five children worked for the park. It added a high windmill that provides the region with energy, and an adjoining museum of alternative energy generation.

Attractions.

Bobbejaanland contains about 50 attractions, such as the Waterslide (1980), the Giant wheel (1976), Indiana River (indoor waterslide, 1991), the Revolution (a dark Rollercoaster, 1989), the Speedy Bob (roller coaster, 1998), the Air Race (suspended roller coaster, 1987, now named Dreamcatcher), the longest junior roller coaster in the world, 'Okidoki' (i.e. 'that's all right', 2003/04), and the world's second Gerstlauer Euro-Fighter roller coaster, "Typhoon" (2003/04), with a drop angle of over 97°(a roller coaster with a fourfold loop and a free fall) and a Splash Battle, "Banana Battle", (2007) made by Preston & Barbieri. The giant Sledgehammer (a Giant Frisbee) reaches a speed of 110 km/h). In 1995 'Kinderland' (English: Kids' Country) was opened as an area for young children.  In 1979 Bobbejaanland opened the Looping Star roller coaster (Schwarzkopf GmbH). Although the ride had a security bar placed over the hip, it was more the centrifugal force which held the passengers in the vehicle when it looped the loop. The coaster was dismantled in 2003.  Bobbejaanland also has Revolution: a fully enclosed tubular steel roller coaster manufactured by Vekoma, with world's largest train where two passengers can sit bobsled style per car. In 2016 the attraction was equipped with Samsung Gear VR. In the morning, the original ride is active. In the afternoon, passengers have the option to wear the virtual glasses and the ride is about an escape from the erupting volcano "Mount Mara". Due to this concept only one passenger per car can wear the glasses. Physical limitations prohibit children to wear the glasses as they don't fit on their head.  Because Bobbejaan Schoepen was primarily a folk and country singer, the park is still partly themed as a western village (for example the El Rio White Water Rapids and the El Paso Dark ride). In the Star Theater, Las Vegas style shows are performed. Bobbejaan bought Zorro's horse from stuntman Casey Tibbs, but the animal was accidentally electrocuted by an exposed cable. He also acquired an ornate white Pontiac Nudie mobile decorated with American coins.

Changes.

In the winter of 2003 the park invested 12 million dollars in two new rides named the Typhoon and the Sledge Hammer. In a 2004 survey of 13 European amusement parks by Belgian consumer organisation "Test-Aankoop" Bobbejaanland was rated second after Phantasialand.  In the early 2000s the founder was diagnosed with cancer and he sold Bobbejaanland to the Spanish-American Parques Reunidos group in April 2004.

Bobbejaanland is a theme park in Lichtaart, Belgium. The park was founded by Bobbejaan Schoepen, a Flemish singer, guitarist, and entertainer who enjoyed international popularity in the fifties and early sixties. In 1959 he bought a 30 hectare marsh, had it drained and built a 1000 capacity venue that opened in December 1961 as Bobbejaanland. This developed into an amusement park and remained in his possession until he sold it in 2004.

Bobbejaanland ist ein Freizeitpark in Belgien, der 1961 von dem belgischen Sänger und Entertainer Bobbejaan Schoepen erbaut wurde, der in den 1960er Jahren auch im deutschsprachigen Raum unter dem Namen Bobbejaan bekannt wurde.


Geography.

Geographically, the Salève is a mountain of the French Prealps located in the department of Haute-Savoie, but geologically a part of the Jura chain, as the Vuache is.  Below the Salève is the Geneva urban area where more than 700,000 people live.  The Salève consists of the Pitons, the Grand and the Petit Salève, and culminates at 1379 meters at the Grand Piton. It is accessible via Téléphérique du Salève, a cable car, since 1932 (rebuilt in 1983), the Salève stretches between Étrembières in the north and the suspension bridge de la Caille in the south. Between 1892 and 1935, the Salève was served by the first electric rack railway in the world.  The eastern side of the Salève dives under the molasse of the Bornes Massif while the abrupt mountain slope facing Geneva is subject to erosion. The vegetation - or its absence - enhances the limestone's layers. This side of the mountain is slit by several narrow and deep gorges, among which the Grande Varappe, which at the end of the 19th century gave its name to the activity of rock climbing in French. This discipline developed intensely there, at a time when it was only beginning.  The Monnetier valley, separating the Petit and the Grand Salève, is due to glaciary erosion. Modern geologists now think that this valley was dug by the subglaciary currents in a fissured region between the Petit and the Grand Salève, and not by the Arve as was assumed earlier.

From prehistory to green tourism.

Between 12,000 and 10,000 BC, the Salève hosted a magdalenian site. Since 1833, the physician from Geneva François Isaac Mayor, then the minister Taillefer and the dentist Thoily explored the mountain's past. The cliff near Veyrier turned out to be a prehistoric shelter. Bones (partridge, reindeer, horse, marmot...), flint and engraved wood were found in dozens of places including caves, shelters, and settlements. There was a dolmen at Aiguebelle.  Between the Neolithic and the Bronze Age, the settlements became more sedentary (Bossey, Chaffardon). An oppidum was erected on the Petit Salève around 1000 BC.  The Salève offers a magnificent panorama over the Geneva agglomeration, Lake Geneva, the south of the Jura mountains, the Prealps, Lake Annecy and the Mont Blanc. It is used for leisure time activities by the inhabitants of Geneva due to its proximity to the city (for this reason it is often called the "mountain of the Genevans"). One can practice rock climbing, hiking, mountain biking, paragliding, hang gliding, model aircraft, speleology as well as skiing at the Col de la Croisette. It can be accessed from the center of Geneva by public bus (No. 8, 34, 41) to Veyrier-Ecole or Veyrier-Douane. While the Salève is open to everybody for free, it also hosts agriculture – the cows of the Salève supply Geneva with milk – and forestry.

"Le syndicat mixte du Salève" and the "Maison du Salève".

The "Syndicat mixte du Salève" was created in 1994 and regroups the twenty communes on whose ground the Salève is located. Its objective is to appreciate and protect the mountain which is a "preserved island" in the middle of a French-Suisse territory that is highly urbanized with more than 700.000 inhabitants. The syndicat opened the "Maison du Salève" in September 2007 in an ancient Mikerne farm house dating from 1733. This documentation center presents all aspects of the mountain: its history, patrimony, nature, sports and leisure. In the same year, it developed a charter for sustainable development of the Salève trying to reconcile the conservation of the massif with its increasing frequentation with a vision on 30 years. The "Maison du Salève" hosts a permanent exposition, temporary exhibitions as well as guided tours, excursions and conferences about the local patrimony and the environment.  The syndicat involves in its three work groups - agriculture, tourism and leisure, access and transportation - all users of the Salève, i.e., communes, sport clubs, environment protection associations, restorations, farmers, hunters, tourism offices etc.

Tibetan temple.

Shedrub Choekhor Ling is a center of Tibetan Buddhism on the Salève, founded in 2010. It is under the direction of the Sangha sur Salève association. The monastery opened its doors to public on Sep 2010. It has deck open for public from where the Jura mountains can be seen as the backdrop of Geneva city. It is beautiful to see the monks performing daily rituals and prayers inside the monastery and one could buy Buddhist and Tibetan handicrafts, decorative items, books and jewellery from the store in the monastery.

The Salève in paintings.

The Salève occurs on one of the first European paintings depicting a realistic landscape, "La Pêche Miraculeuse" by Konrad Witz created in 1444.

The Salève is a mountain of the French Prealps located in the departement of Haute-Savoie (France). It is also called the "Balcony of Geneva".

Der Mont Salève ist ein im Département Haute-Savoie in Frankreich gelegener Berg der Savoyer Voralpen, nur sechs Kilometer von der Schweizer Stadt Genf entfernt, als deren Hausberg er gilt.


Biography.

Tom Harrell was born in Urbana, Illinois but moved to the San Francisco Bay Area at the age of five. He started playing trumpet at eight, and within five years he was playing gigs with local bands. In 1969 he graduated from Stanford University with a music composition degree and joined Stan Kenton's orchestra, touring and recording with them throughout 1969.  After leaving Kenton, Harrell played with Woody Herman's big band (1970–1971), Azteca (1972), the Horace Silver Quintet (1973–1977), with whom he made five albums, the Sam Jones-Tom Harrell Big Band, the Lee Konitz Nonet (1979–1981), George Russell, and the Mel Lewis Orchestra (1981). From 1983 to 1989 he was a pivotal member of the Phil Woods Quintet and made seven albums with the group. In addition, he recorded albums with Vince Guaraldi for whom he also did some arranging for the Peanuts television specials, Bill Evans, Dizzy Gillespie, Ronnie Cuber, Bob Brookmeyer, Lionel Hampton, Bob Berg, Cecil Payne, Bobby Shew, Philip Catherine,, Joe Lovano, Charlie Haden's Liberation Orchestra, Charles McPherson, David Sánchez, Sheila Jordan, Jane Monheit, the King's Singers and Kathleen Battle among others. Harrell is featured on Bill Evans' final studio recording, "We Will Meet Again", which won a Grammy Award for Best Instrumental Jazz Performance, Group.  While Harrell recorded several albums as a leader during his tenure with the Phil Woods Quintet, it was after his departure that he started producing albums as a leader, in succession for Contemporary Records (now owned by Concord), Chesky, and RCA/BMG. During his years as a BMG artist (1996–2003) first with RCA, then Bluebird and finally Arista, Harrell made six albums, many of which feature his arrangements for larger groups. Since the early 1990s, Harrell has toured and performed with his own groups of various sizes and instrumentation.  Harrell is a prolific arranger and composer. He has arranged for Vince Guaraldi's work on "Peanuts", Carlos Santana, the Metropole Orchestra, the Danish Radio Big Band, the Vanguard Jazz Orchestra, and Elisabeth Kontomanou with the, among others. His compositions have been recorded by other jazz artists including Ron Carter, Kenny Barron, Art Farmer, Chris Potter, Tom Scott, Steve Kuhn, Kenny Werner and Hank Jones. Harrell's composition and big band arrangement entitled "Humility" was recorded on the Grammy-winning album by Arturo O'Farrill's Afro-Latin Jazz Orchestra, "Song for Chico". As a composer and arranger, Harrell works in different genres, including classical music.

Tom Harrell Quintet.

Since 1989 Harrell has led his own groups, usually quintets but occasionally expanded ensembles such as chamber orchestras with strings, and big bands. He has appeared at most major jazz clubs and festival venues, and recorded under his own name for such record labels as RCA, Contemporary, Pinnacle, Blackhawk, Criss Cross, SteepleChase, Chesky, and HighNote.  From 1994 to 1996, the quintet contained Don Braden, Kenny Werner, Larry Grenadier, and Billy Hart. From 2000 to 2005, it contained Jimmy Greene, Xavier Davis, Ugonna Okegwo, and Quincy Davis.  In contrast to his signature recordings during the RCA/BMG years (1996–2003), where much of his focus was on projects involving large ensembles, big bands and chamber orchestras, Harrell's more recent works demonstrate his skills as a leader of a tight, smaller unit. Harrell's later quintet of tenor saxophonist Wayne Escoffery, pianist Danny Grissett, bassist Ugonna Okegwo (who has performed with Harrell since 1997), and drummer Johnathan Blake, was noted for the strong chemistry between the musicians and the distinctive sound achieved primarily through Harrell's compositions. It recorded five albums for HighNote: "Light On", "Prana Dance", "Roman Nights", "The Time of the Sun", and "Number Five". For the last of these, Harrell received his seventh SESAC Jazz Award.

Tom Harrell Chamber Ensemble.

In June 2012, Harrell debuted his nine-piece chamber ensemble at the Highline Ballroom as part of the Blue Note Jazz Festival. Harrell arranged the music of Debussy, Ravel, and his own compositions for this ensemble, which consists of trumpet, soprano and tenor saxophones, c-flute and bass flute, violin, cello, acoustic guitar, piano, bass, and drums. The Tom Harrell Chamber Ensemble has since performed at the Village Vanguard, Autumn Jazz Festival in Bielsko Biala, the Jazz Standard, the Xerox Rochester International Jazz Festival, the Scripps Auditorium in San Diego, and Soka University Performing Arts Center in Aliso Viejo, CA. Harrell considers the arrangements and compositions some of the most challenging works he has written to date.

"Colors of a Dream".

In 2013, Harrell formed a piano-less sextet with two basses called "Colors of a Dream", which comprises himself on trumpet and flugelhorn, Wayne Escoffery on tenor saxophone, Jaleel Shaw on alto saxophone, Johnathan Blake on drums, Ugonna Okegwo on bass and Esperanza Spalding doubling on bass and vocal. The group debuted at the Village Vanguard during its six-night run starting March 26, 2013 and the second night's performance was webcast for live streaming by NPR. A studio album by the same name was released on October 22, 2013 for which Harrell received his eighth SESAC Jazz Awards the following year.

TRIP.

Harrell also recorded with TRIP, a piano-less quartet featuring saxophonist Mark Turner, bassist Ugonna Okegwo and drummer Adam Cruz in 2013. The group first performed in Rochester, New York, and at the Jazz Standard during Dave Douglas' Festival of New Trumpet Music (FONT) in October 2012. Harrell premiered the suite with six sections he wrote specifically for this group. TRIP reconvened a year later at the Village Vanguard and made a studio recording the following week. The quartet released the self-titled album "TRIP" on August 12, 2014.

Publications.

Harrell's work as composer and jazz soloist has been published in books by Hal Leonard, Jamey Aebersold, Sher Music, and Gerard and Sarzin.

Discography.

As co-leader.

With Art Farmer With John McNeil With Dado Moroni

As sideman.

With Don Braden With Gordon Brisker  With Donald Brown With Thomas Chapin With Harold Danko  With Bill Evans With George Gruntz With Charlie Haden With Jim Hall With Ethan Iverson With Lee Konitz With Mike LeDonne With Joe Lovano With Charles McPherson With Idris Muhammad With Gerry Mulligan With Cecil Payne With Horace Silver With Steve Swallow With Phil Woods

Tom Harrell (born June 16, 1946) is an American jazz trumpeter, flugelhornist, composer, and arranger. Voted Trumpeter of the Year of 2018 by"Jazz Journalists Association", Harrell has won awards and grants throughout his career, including multiple Trumpeter of the Year awards from "Down Beat" magazine, SESAC Jazz Award, BMI (Broadcast Music Incorporated) Composers Award, and Prix Oscar du Jazz. He received a Grammy Award nomination for his big band album, "Time's Mirror".

Tom Harrell (* 16. Juni 1946 in Urbana, Illinois) ist ein US-amerikanischer Jazztrompeter und Komponist. Neben der Trompete spielt er auch Flügelhorn.


History.

Chariton County was settled primarily from the states of the Upper South, especially Kentucky and Tennessee. They brought slaves and slaveholding traditions with them, and they quickly started cultivating crops similar to those in Middle Tennessee and Kentucky: hemp and tobacco. Chariton was one of several counties settled mostly by southerners to the north and south of the Missouri River. Given their culture and traditions, this area became known as Little Dixie and Chariton County was at its heart. It was heavily pro-Confederate during the American Civil War.

Geography.

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of, of which is land and (2.0%) is water.

Demographics.

As of the census of 2000, there were 8,438 people, 3,469 households, and 2,345 families residing in the county. The population density was 11 people per square mile (4/km2). There were 4,250 housing units at an average density of 6 per square mile (2/km2). The racial makeup of the county was 95.99% White, 3.19% Black or African American, 0.17% Native American, 0.13% Asian, 0.11% from other races, and 0.41% from two or more races. Approximately 0.56% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 38.8% were of German, 25.5% American, 9.7% English and 7.8% Irish ancestry.  There were 3,469 households out of which 28.40% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58.30% were married couples living together, 6.50% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.40% were non-families. 29.80% of all households were made up of individuals and 17.30% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.38 and the average family size was 2.94.  In the county, the population was spread out with 23.70% under the age of 18, 6.50% from 18 to 24, 23.70% from 25 to 44, 23.80% from 45 to 64, and 22.30% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females there were 91.90 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.30 males.  The median income for a household in the county was $32,285, and the median income for a family was $39,176. Males had a median income of $25,263 versus $19,068 for females. The per capita income for the county was $15,515. About 8.80% of families and 11.60% of the population were below the poverty line, including 11.40% of those under age 18 and 14.00% of those age 65 or over.

Politics.

Local.

The Democratic Party predominantly controls politics at the local level in Chariton County. Democrats hold all but two of the elected positions in the county.

State.

Chariton County is split between two districts in the Missouri House of Representatives, with both electing Republicans.  All of Chariton County is a part of Missouri’s 18th District in the Missouri Senate and is currently represented by Brian Munzlinger (R-Williamstown).

Federal.

All of Chariton County is included in Missouri’s 6th Congressional District and is currently represented by Sam Graves (R-Tarkio) in the U.S. House of Representatives.

Chariton County is a county located in the north-central portion of the U.S. state of Missouri. As of the 2010 census, the population was 7,831. Its county seat is Keytesville. The county was organized November 16, 1820, from part of Howard County and is named for the Chariton River.

Das Chariton County ist ein County im US-amerikanischen Bundesstaat Missouri. Im Jahr 2010 hatte das County 7831 Einwohner und eine Bevölkerungsdichte von 4 Einwohnern pro Quadratkilometer. Der Verwaltungssitz (County Seat) ist Keytesville, das nach "James Keyte", dem Gründer der Stadt, benannt wurde.


History.

The county has evidence of human habitation from 10,000 years ago, the Archaic period of indigenous Americans. An ancient site was found during archaeological excavations at Graham Cave on the Loutre River.  In the early 19th century, European settlement started at a greater pace, after exploration during previous decades by French trappers and British and American fur traders.  Although the Loutre Island area is commonly associated with the German-founded towns of Rhineland and Starkenburg, established by immigrants of the mid-19th century and later, it was originally settled by Missouri's Anglo-southern settlers from places such as Kentucky or Virginia. Although the southern part of the county is more closely associated with Missouri's Rhineland, its northern part is more associated with Missouri's "Little Dixie" region, earning Montgomery county the nickname "Gateway to Little Dixie".  An early house of worship was a log church, which is still maintained as a chapel. St. Martin's Church is also located in Starkenburg, built in 1873 and listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Above its entrance is the text: "This is the House Of God and the Gate Of Heaven."  Starkenburg is also the site of the Shrine of Our Lady of Sorrows Catholic Church, built in the early 20th century and listed on the NRHP. For further devotions and pilgrimage, the community created an outdoor area for representations of the Stations of the Cross, Mount Calvary and Holy Sepulchre. Starkenburg is located inland from the Missouri River. After the destructive Great Flood of 1993, Rhineland citizens used federal funds to relocate their houses inland away from the river.

Geography.

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of, of which is land and (1.1%) is water.

Demographics.

As of the census of 2000, there were 12,136 people, 4,775 households, and 3,337 families residing in the county. The population density was 23 people per square mile (9/km2). There were 5,726 housing units at an average density of 11 per square mile (4/km2). The racial makeup of the county was 95.97% White, 2.04% Black or African American, 0.24% Native American, 0.26% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 0.21% from other races, and 1.28% from two or more races. Approximately 0.77% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 39.1% were of German, 18.4% American, 10.2% English and 9.2% Irish ancestry.  There were 4,775 households out of which 31.30% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.90% were married couples living together, 8.60% had a female householder with no husband present, and 30.10% were non-families. 26.30% of all households were made up of individuals and 13.20% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.47 and the average family size was 2.97.  In the county, the population was spread out with 25.40% under the age of 18, 7.40% from 18 to 24, 26.10% from 25 to 44, 23.90% from 45 to 64, and 17.20% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females there were 98.10 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.70 males.  The median income for a household in the county was $32,772, and the median income for a family was $38,632. Males had a median income of $27,933 versus $19,809 for females. The per capita income for the county was $15,092. About 8.40% of families and 11.80% of the population were below the poverty line, including 15.60% of those under age 18 and 10.60% of those age 65 or over.

Politics.

Local.

The Republican Party predominantly controls politics at the local level in Montgomery County. Republicans hold all but one of the elected positions in the county.

State.

Montgomery County is part of Missouri's 42nd district in the Missouri House of Representatives and is represented by Bart Korman (R-High Hill).  Montgomery County is a part of Missouri’s 10th District in the Missouri Senate and is currently represented by Jeanie Riddle (R-Fulton).

Federal.

Montgomery County is included in Missouri's 3rd congressional district and is represented by Blaine Luetkemeyer (R-St. Elizabeth) in the U.S. House of Representatives.

Montgomery County is a county in the east central part of the U.S. state of Missouri. As of the 2010 census, the population was 12,236. Its county seat is Montgomery City. The county was named in honor of Richard Montgomery, an American Revolutionary War general killed in 1775 while attempting to capture Quebec City, Canada.

Das Montgomery County ist ein County im US-amerikanischen Bundesstaat Missouri. Im Jahr 2010 hatte das County 12.236 Einwohner und eine Bevölkerungsdichte von 8,8 Einwohnern pro Quadratkilometer. Der Verwaltungssitz (County Seat) ist Montgomery City.


History.

The Foundation was started in 1986 by Peter Kump, a former student of James Beard and founder of the Institute of Culinary Education. At Julia Child's suggestion, Kump purchased Beard's New York brownstone at 167 West 12th Street in Greenwich Village and preserved it as a gathering place where the general public and press alike are able to appreciate the talents of established and emerging chefs. The first such dinner was at the suggestion of Wolfgang Puck in 1987. Puck cooked a dinner to raise money and Kump later established it into a monthly event.  Leonard F. Pickell, Jr. was nominated as president of the Foundation in 1995. In August 2004, shortly before the results of a three-month audit were to be announced, he resigned. He was charged with fraud in late September, having misused the Foundation's finances for unnecessary and undocumented expenses. Pickell later pleaded guilty to second-degree grand larceny and a $1.1 million theft. As a result of the scandal and his indictment by the Attorney General's Office, the members of the board of the foundation were asked to resign in January 2005.  In January 2006, the reconstituted board, under the direction of interim president Edna Morris, initiated a search for a permanent president of the Foundation. In April that year Susan Ungaro, formerly editor-in-chief of "Family Circle" magazine from 1976 to 2005, was appointed president. Following the scandal, the foundation also made changes such as creating a salary for the president, CFO, auditors and a larger staff. The Foundation lost about $1 million under Pickell's leadership, and paid approximately $750,000 in legal and accounting fees. Sponsorships, donations, and event revenues also dropped after the scandal broke prompting the foundation to take out a $2 million mortgage on the Beard home, the only asset.  In October 2007, the board announced that Woodrow W. Campbell, senior partner at Debevoise & Plimpton, would be taking over chairmanship of the board after the resignation of Dorothy Cann Hamilton who served since 2005. Emily Luchetti, two-time James Beard Award–winning executive pastry chef and multiple cookbook author, was named chair of the Foundation's board of trustees in May 2012, succeeding Woodrow W. Campbell. In 2012, the Foundation also announced the following appointments: Michael Phillips, chief operating officer, Jamestown Properties, and Frederic M. Seegal, vice chairman, Peter J. Solomon Company, as the board's new vice chairs; Erica Gruen, a principal with Quantum Media Consulting, remained secretary.  During her presidency, Susan Ungaro increased the organization's income, tripling it to roughly $12 million, with a $400,000 surplus. She also expanded the Foundation's culinary scholarship program; increased its membership base with a new online enrollment program; moving the annual James Beard Foundation Awards Gala to Lincoln Center and then Chicago; and hosted the James Beard Foundation's traveling national food festival. In September 2012, Susan Ungaro collaborated with the U.S. Department of State to develop the “Diplomatic Culinary Partnership,” an initiative to elevate the role of culinary engagement in America's formal and public diplomacy efforts. During Ungaro's tenure, the Foundation created the James Beard Foundation Food Conference.  In 2018, Clare Reichenbach was unanimously selected by the board as the Foundation's new chief executive, replacing Susan Ungaro. Reichenbach's background is in marketing and consulting, rather than food.

Programs.

Dinners.

Each year, the James Beard House hosts over 200 dinners featuring selected, acclaimed chefs who prepare tasting menus in the Beard House kitchen, which diners can pass through and observe. Notable past chefs have included Daniel Boulud, Emeril Lagasse, Nobu Matsuhisa, Jacques Pépin, Marcus Samuelsson, and Charlie Trotter. These events are open to the public, with dining discounts for Foundation members.

Greens.

James Beard Foundation Greens events are for New York City food lovers under 40 to experience various culinary experiences and network. Most events take place outside the Foundation's West Village townhouse and various locations around the city. Founded during Susan Ungaro's tenure as president of the Foundation, the organization hopes to continue attracting younger audiences through these events.

Awards.

The "Oscars of the food world" are held annually to honor exceptional chefs and journalists. The premier Awards gala is held on the first Monday in May and features a ceremony and a chef's tasting reception. The Foundation's awards for journalism, books, and other media are held on a separate day. In 2014, the board elected to move the Restaurant and Chef Awards from Lincoln Center in New York to Chicago after Chicago appealed to the foundation to move the event.

Scholarships.

In 1991, the James Beard Foundation began offering scholarships for students entering a variety of fields, including culinary studies, pastry and baking, hotel and restaurant management, wine studies, nutrition, and food writing. As of 2018, the program has awarded 2,000 recipients over $8 million in financial aid.

Other initiatives.

The foundation has also created leadership initiatives, including the Women's Leadership Program, Chefs Boot Camp for Policy and Change, and the Leadership Awards.

The James Beard Foundation is a New York City-based national non-profit culinary arts organization named in honor of James Beard, a prolific food writer, teacher, and cookbook author, who was also known as the "Dean of American Cookery." The programs run the gamut from elegant guest-chef dinners to scholarships for aspiring culinary students, educational conferences, and industry awards. In the spirit of James Beard's legacy, the Foundation not only creates programs that help educate people about American cuisine, but also support and promote the chefs and other industry professionals who are behind it.

Die James Beard Foundation ist eine in New York ansässige Organisation, die sich der Förderung der Kochkunst verschrieben hat. Ihren Namen trägt sie in Erinnerung an James Beard. Sie zeichnet jährlich Köche, Weinexperten, Journalisten und Kochbuchautoren aus. Junge Kochstarts werden mit Stipendien gefördert.


Biography.

Knoblauch has a degree in Sociology from the University of Konstanz where he also did his PhD. He did research and taught among others at the University of California at Berkeley, King’s College London, the Universities of Konstanz, Zurich, Bern and Vienna. From 1996 he was a Heisenberg scholar of the German Research Association (DFG). In 2000 he became Professor in Religious Studies at the Theological Faculty of the University of Zurich. Since 2002 he is Professor of General Sociology/Theories of Modern Societies at the Technical University of Berlin.

Works.

His texts are published in 10 languages and cover the sociology of knowledge, communication, contemporary religion, death and dying and video analysis. He is member of the Council of the DGS (German Society for Sociology) and had many positions within the ESA, e.g. Chair of the RN Sociology of Culture.

Research methodology and theoretical orientation.

In his research Knoblauch focusses on various fields within theoretical and empirical sociology. He developed his own approach to the investigation of social interaction called focused ethnography. In contrast to “classic” ethnography this does not include prolonged stays in foreign cultures, but relies on video recordings of specialized fields within the researchers own society. The combination between video analysis and focused ethnography was elaborated as “videography”. Another major field of his work is the sociology of religion, where he advocates for a broad understanding of the role of religion in modern society. Building on Luckmann’s “invisible religion”, he was one of the first to analyse the new forms of spirituality and developed the idea of a mediatized, event- and experience based “popular religion”. Next to his contribion in re-establishing the sociology of knowledge in German speaking sociology, communication was a crucial reference point for his work. While he analysed communication processes already in his dissertation on dowsing and divination, in his habilitation thesis “Kommunikationskultur: Die kommunikative Konstrutkion kultureller Kontexte” (translation: Communication Culture: The Communicative Construction of Cultural Contexts) he elaborated a theoretical framework which came to be known as “Communicative Constructivism”. Based on “The Social Construction of Reality” by Peter L. Berger and Thomas Luckmann, this approach includes bodily performances and material “objectivations” as “the missing analytical link which allows one to turn social into communicative action”. Without being reduced to speech acts, “communicative action" becomes “the basic process in the social construction of reality”.

Hubert Knoblauch (born March 21, 1959) is a German sociologist, he is known for his work on Sociology of knowledge, Sociology of Religion, Qualitative research and Videography.

Hubert Knoblauch (* 21. März 1959 in Friedrichshafen) ist ein deutscher Soziologe. Bekannt ist er für seine Beiträge in den Bereichen Religionssoziologie, Wissenssoziologie sowie der Methodologie der qualitativen Sozialforschung, insbesondere der von ihm mitentwickelten Videographie.


Traditional construction.

Constructing a "suikinkutsu" is more difficult than it looks, because all components have to be finely tuned with each other to ensure a good sound. The most important piece of a "suikinkutsu" is the jar, the upside down pot buried underground. Initially, jars that were readily available for storage of rice or water were utilized for the construction of a "suikinkutsu". Both glazed and unglazed ceramic jars can be used. Recently, metal "suikinkutsu" have also become commercially available. Unglazed jars are considered best, as the rough surface aids in the building of drops. The height ranges from 30 cm to 1 m, and the diameter from 30 cm to 50 cm. The hole at the top has a diameter of circa 2 cm. Similar to a bell, the jar of a good "suikinkutsu" will ring when struck. A jar producing a good sound will create a good sounding "suikinkutsu". Similarly, a cracked jar, like a cracked bell, will not produce a good sound.  The "suikinkutsu" usually rests on a bed of gravel underground. The base underneath the jar is sometimes mortared to keep the water in, and sometimes consists only of soil as for example clay. The drainage pipe makes sure that the water level in the "suikinkutsu" does not rise too high. Sometimes ceramic tiles are also used on the sides of the jar. Fist size stones are on top of the "suikinkutsu" to cover the jar completely. Traditionally "suikinkutsu" are always found near a hand wash basin "chōzubachi" used for the Japanese tea ceremony, and the "suikinkutsu" is buried between the basin and the stepping stone next to the basin. The designs and materials used for a "suikinkutsu" also vary widely, often depending on the local region.  Usually, only a single jar is buried underneath a "chōzubachi" Japanese stone basin. However, in some rare cases there may also be two "suikinkutsu" adjacent to each other in front of the same "chōzubachi". Such a double installation can be found for example in front of the Iwasaki Castle, Nisshin city, Aichi Prefecture, in the campus of the Takasaki Art Center College, Takasaki, Gunma prefecture, or in Kyoto University, Kyoto. However, having two openings about 50 cm apart means that it is difficult to cover the ergonomic best spot for washing hands with both openings. Thus, the creation of the sound is usually done intentionally by splashing water over the two designated spots, rather than accidentally by washing hands. "Suikinkutsu" with more than two jars may also be possible, such as for example 3 jars at the Shirotori garden in Nagoya.

Modern variations.

There are a number of modern variations form the traditional "suikinkutsu". the list below shows some of the possibilities for modern "suikinkutsu".

History.

Historically, "suikinkutsu" were known as, but they were rarely used in Japanese gardens. It is believed that initially a vessel was buried upside down next to the washing basin in Japanese gardens to act as a drainage system. This sometimes produced pleasant sounds, and gardeners subsequently sought to improve the sound quality of the device. Their rise in popularity and the name "suikinkutsu" originated from the middle of the Edo period (1603-1867), around the same time the stone basin "chōzubachi" was developed. The famous tea ceremony teacher Kobori Enshu of that time had a "suikinkutsu" in his garden, and he is subsequently often credited as the inventor of "suikinkutsu". At the end of the Edo period, the creation of "suikinkutsu" became less frequent, but became popular again during the Meiji Era (1867-1912).  At the beginning of the 20th century, i.e. the early Shōwa period, both the name "suikinkutsu" and the device were all but forgotten, and a report of Professor Katsuzo Hirayama at the Tokyo University of Agriculture from 1959 could find only two "suikinkutsu" in Japan, both of them inoperable and filled with earth. However, a journalist from the Asahi Shimbun wrote about "suikinkutsu" in 1982, and requested information from the public about the topic. This led to a re-discovery of many "suikinkutsu", and a number of articles about "suikinkutsu" in the Asahi Shimbun. Shortly thereafter, in 1985, NHK aired a program about "suikinkutsu" on Japanese television, and sparked a "suikinkutsu" revival, with many new "suikinkutsu" installed.

Acoustics.

The sound of a "suikinkutsu" has its own name in Japanese, called "suikin'on". The sounds can furthermore be divided in two sub groups, "ryūsuion" and "suitekion". The "ryūsuion" is the sound of the first few water drops at the beginning of washing hands. The "suitekion" describes both the sound of a lot of water falling at the same time during washing hands and the slower drops at the end of the washing.  A superior "suikinkutsu" has water drops originating from different spots on the surface of the jar. Unglazed jars hold moisture better, and therefore have drops originate from more spots on the surface. The impact of the water on the surface creates a sound, that is amplified by the design of the jar. Some "suikinkutsu" do provide a bamboo tube nearby, which can amplify the sounds if one end is put on the ground near the top of the "suikinkutsu" and the other end is placed on the ear.  It is said that every "suikinkutsu" sounds different.

Philosophy.

An important part of the idea behind the "suikinkutsu" is that the device is hidden from the view. Instead, the visitor washes his/her hands, and suddenly hears the pleasant sounds coming from underground. The act of washing the hands can also be considered as playing the "suikinkutsu", and the sounds emerge shortly after the washing. This clear sound of water drops is considered relaxing and soothing, and also described as beautiful and peaceful.

A is a type of Japanese garden ornament and music device. It consists of an upside down buried pot with a hole at the top. Water drips through the hole at the top onto a small pool of water inside of the pot, creating a pleasant splashing sound that rings inside of the pot similar to a bell or Japanese zither, called a koto. It is usually built next to a traditional Japanese stone basin called "chōzubachi", part of a "tsukubai" for washing hands before the Japanese tea ceremony.

Ein Suikinkutsu (), auch bekannt als „Wasser-Zither(koto)-Höhle“ ist eine Form japanischer Gartenornamentik und zugleich ein musikalisches Element. Das suikinkutsu besteht vor allem aus einem auf den Kopf gestellten Topf mit einem Loch an seiner Oberseite. Durch das Loch tropft Wasser in den Innenraum, in dem bereits ein kleiner Wasserteich enthalten ist, und produziert dabei einen platschenden Ton, der sich innerhalb des Topfes wie eine Glocke oder eine Saite der als Koto bekannten japanischen Zither anhört. Im Normalfall befindet sich das suikinkutsu in der Nähe eines traditionellen japanischen Steinbeckens, welches "chozubachi" genannt wird und Teil des "tsukubai" ist, der Vorrichtung zum Händewaschen vor der japanischen Teezeremonie.


History.

Princeton University Press was founded in 1905 by a recent Princeton graduate, Whitney Darrow, with financial support from another Princetonian, Charles Scribner II. Darrow and Scribner purchased the equipment and assumed the operations of two already existing local publishers, that of the "Princeton Alumni Weekly" and the Princeton Press. The new press printed both local newspapers, university documents, "The Daily Princetonian", and later added book publishing to its activities. Beginning as a small, for-profit printer, Princeton University Press was reincorporated as a nonprofit in 1910. Since 1911, the press has been headquartered in a purpose-built gothic-style building designed by Ernest Flagg. The design of press’s building, which was named the Scribner Building in 1965, was inspired by the Plantin-Moretus Museum, a printing museum in Antwerp, Belgium. Princeton University Press established a European office, in Woodstock, England, north of Oxford, in 1999, and opened an additional office, in Beijing, in early 2017.

Pulitzers and other major awards.

Six books from Princeton University Press have won Pulitzer Prizes:  Books from Princeton University Press have also been awarded the Bancroft Prize, the Nautilus Book Award, and the National Book Award.

Papers projects.

Multi-volume historical documents projects undertaken by the Press include:  "The Papers of Woodrow Wilson" has been called "one of the great editorial achievements in all history."

Bollingen Series.

Princeton University Press's Bollingen Series had its beginnings in the Bollingen Foundation, a 1943 project of Paul Mellon's Old Dominion Foundation. From 1945, the foundation had independent status, publishing and providing fellowships and grants in several areas of study, including archaeology, poetry, and psychology. The Bollingen Series was given to the university in 1969.

Princeton University Press is an independent publisher with close connections to Princeton University. Its mission is to disseminate scholarship within academia and society at large.

Princeton University Press ist ein unabhängiger Verlag mit dem Geschäftssitz in der Stadt Princeton im US-Bundesstaat New Jersey sowie mit engen Verbindungen zur Princeton University. Der Verlag, der 1905 gegründet wurde, besitzt für seine Veröffentlichungen in wissenschaftlichen Kreisen eine sehr hohe Reputation.


Defensive realism.

The security dilemma is the core assumption of defensive realism. According to Kenneth Waltz, because the world does not have a common government and is "anarchic", survival is the main motivation of states. States are distrustful of other states' intentions and as a consequence always try to maximize their own security, which results in the situation of the security dilemma. Offense-defense theory of defensive realism is a potential theory to explain the level of threat arising from the security dilemma. Defensive realists often regard the success of the United States in World War I as being a result of the defensive approach taken by the United States. Had the United States taken an offensive stance, defensive realists argue that the United States would not have been secure. The conclusion from defensive realism is that in some circumstances states can escape the security dilemma.

Offensive realism.

Offensive realism and defensive realism are variants of structural realism. They share the basic beliefs of survivalism, statism (state as the primary unit), self-help and anarchy. (See international relations theory.) However, contrary to defensive realism, offensive realism regards states as aggressive power maximizers and not as security maximizers. According to John Mearsheimer, "Uncertainty about the intentions of other states is unavoidable, which means that states can never be sure that other states do not have offensive intentions to go along with their offensive capabilities". According to Mearsheimer, though achieving hegemony by any state is not likely in today's international system, there is no such thing as a status quo and "the world is condemned to perpetual great power competition".  On the belief that the international system is anarchic and that each State must independently seek its own survival, Waltz argues that weaker states try to find a balance with their rivals and to form an alliance with a stronger state to obtain a guarantee of security against offensive action by an enemy state. On the other hand, Mearsheimer and other offensive realists argue that Anarchy encourages all states to always increase their own power because one state can never be sure of other states' intentions. In other words, defensive realism contends that security can be balanced in some cases and that the security dilemma is escapable. While offensive realists do not disagree, they do not agree fully with the defensive view instead contending that if states can gain an advantage over other states then they will do so. In short, since states want to maximize their power in this anarchic system and since states cannot trust one another, the security dilemma is inescapable.

Offense–defense theory.

The offense–defense theory of Robert Jervis helps decide the intensity of the security dilemma. Jervis uses four scenarios to describe the intensity of the security dilemma.  According to Jervis, the technical capabilities of a state and its geographical position are two essential factors in deciding whether offensive or defensive action is advantageous. He argues that at a strategic level, technical and geographical factors are of greater favor to the defender. For example, in the 19th century railway and roads construction were rapidly changing the composition of capabilities of states to attack or defend themselves from other states. Thus, considerable effort in diplomatic relations and intelligence were specifically focused on this issue.  The spiral model identifies the next step in reasoning about states' behavior after identifying the intensity of the security dilemma. In particular, under given circumstances of the security dilemma, what steps might a threatened state take to derive advantage by attacking first. In other words, the spiral model seeks to explain war. In the spiral model of Jervis, there are two reasons why a state might end up in war. "Preventive war" might take place as one state might decide to attack first when it perceives the balance of power shifting to the other side creating an advantage in attacking sooner rather than later as conditions may not be as favorable in the future as in the present. "Preemptive war" might take place as a state might decide to attack another state first to prevent the other state from attacking or to obstruct the other state's attack because it fears the other state is preparing to attack.  The deterrence model is contrary to the spiral model, but also purports to explain war. While the spiral model presumes that states are fearful of each other, the deterrence model is based on the belief that states are greedy. Paul K. Huth divides deterrence into three main types:  "Under some circumstances attempts at deterrence can "backfire" when a potential attacker misinterprets the state's deterrence measures as a "prelude to offensive measures". In such cases the security dilemma can arise generating perceptions of a "first strike advantage". According to Huth "most effective deterrence policies are those that decrease the expected utility of using force while not reducing the expected utility of the status quo; optimally deterrent policies would even increase the utility of not using the force." It is more likely that deterrence will succeed if the attacker finds deterrence threat "credible" and a credible deterrence threat might not necessarily be a military threat.  Jervis claims that the security dilemma can lead to arms races and alliance formation.

Arms race.

According to Robert Jervis, since the world is anarchic, a state might, for defensive purposes, build its military capability. However, since states are not aware of each other's intentions, other states might interpret a defensive buildup as offensive; if so and if offensive action against the state that is only building its defenses is advantageous, the other states might prefer to take an aggressive stance, which will "make the situation unstable". In such situation, an arms race may become a strong possibility. Robert Jervis gives the example of Germany and Britain before World War I. "Much of the behaviour in this period was the product of technology and beliefs that magnified the security dilemma". In that example, strategists believed that offense would be more advantageous than defense, but that ultimately turned out to not be the case. Competition on nuclear weapons construction between the United States and the Soviet Union, during the Cold War, is a well-known example of an arms race.

Alliance formation.

The security dilemma might force states to form new alliances or to strengthen existing alliances. "If offense has less advantage, stability and cooperation are likely". According to Glenn H. Snyder, under a security dilemma there are two reasons that alliances will form. First, a state that is dissatisfied with the amount of security it has forms alliances in order to bolster its security. Second, a state is in doubt about the reliability of existing allies in coming to its aid, and thus decides to court another ally or allies. According to Thomas Christensen and Jack Snyder, in a multipolar world two types of alliance dilemma exist which are contrary in nature. These alliance dilemmas are known as chain ganging and buck passing.

Chain ganging.

In a multipolar world, alliance security is interconnected. When one ally decides to participate in war, it pulls its alliance partners into the war too, which is referred to as chain ganging. If the partner does not participate in the war fully, it will endanger the security of its ally. For example, in World War I, to the alliance between Austria-Hungary and Germany, according to Waltz, did this: "If Austria-Hungary marched, Germany had to follow: the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire would have left Germany alone in the middle of Europe". On the other side, if "France marched, Russia had to follow; a German victory over France would be a defeat for Russia. And so it was all around the vicious circle, because the defeat or defection of a major alliance would have shaken the balance, each alliance partner would have shaken the balance, each state was constrained to adjust its strategy".

Buck passing.

In the face of a rising threat, balancing alignments fail to form in a timely fashion as states try to freeride on other states. States might do so to avoid the expense of war for themselves. For example, to use Waltz's example, in World War II, the French Foreign Minister told the British Prime Minister that Britain was justified in taking "the lead in opposing Germany" when the Nazis had taken over the Rhineland, but as "the German threat grew", France and Britain hoped that Germany and the Soviet Union "would balance each other off or fight to the finish. Uncertainties about... who will gain or lose from the action of other states accelerate as number of states increases".

Criticisms and responses.

According to Alexander Wendt, "Security dilemmas are not given by anarchy or nature" but, rather, are "a social structure composed of intersubjective understandings in which states are so distrustful that they make worst-case assumptions about each other's intentions".  Glaser argues that Wendt mischaracterised the security dilemma. "Wendt is using the security dilemma to describe the result of states' interaction whereas Jervis and the literature he has spawned use the security dilemma to refer to a situation created by the material conditions facing states, such as geography and prevailing technology". According to Wendt because the security dilemma is the result of one state's interaction with another, a state can adopt policies which hinder the security dilemma. Glaser blames Wendt for "exaggerating the extent to which structural realism calls for competitive policies and, therefore, the extent to which it leads to security dilemmas". Glaser argues that though offensive realists presume that in an international system a state has to compete for power, the security dilemma is a concept mainly used by defensive realists and according to defensive realists it is beneficial for nations to cooperate under certain circumstances.  Another mode of criticism of the security dilemma concept is to question the validity of the offence-defense balance. Since weapons of offense and of defense are the same, how can the distinction between the two be connected with a state's intentions? As a result, critics have questioned whether the offense-defense balance can be used as a variable in explaining international conflicts. According to Glaser, criticisms of the offense-defense balance are based on two misunderstandings. First, the sameness or difference of offensive weapons compared with defensive weapons does not impact the offense-defense balance itself. Offense-defense theory assumes that both parties in conflict will use those weapons that suit their strategy and goals. Second, whether both states involved in the conflict have some common weapons between them is the wrong question to ask in seeking to understand the offense-defense balance. Instead, critics should focus on the influence or net effect of weapons used in the conflict. According to Glaser, "Distinguishability should be defined by comparative net assessment" or the comparison of the balance of offense-defense when both sides use weapons versus when neither side is using weapons.

The security dilemma, also referred to as the spiral model, is a term used in international relations and refers to a situation in which, under anarchy, actions by a state intended to heighten its security, such as increasing its military strength, committing to use weapons or making alliances, can lead other states to respond with similar measures, producing increased tensions that create conflict, even when no side really desires it.

Das Sicherheitsdilemma bezeichnet eine paradoxe Situation, in der das Beharren mehrerer Staaten auf ihren sicherheitspolitischen Interessen und ihr dementsprechendes Handeln letztendlich zu einer verstärkten politischen Instabilität führt. Unter Umständen mündet dieses Verhalten in Kriege, sodass das Ergebnis der Situation der Absicht aller beteiligten Akteure, mehr Sicherheit herzustellen, widerspricht. Das Dilemma der Beteiligten besteht demgegenüber darin, dass bei mangelnder Vermittlung dieses Ergebnis nur dadurch vermieden werden kann, indem einer der beteiligten Staaten nachgibt, obwohl für diese Verhaltensweise keine zwingenden Erfolgsaussichten bestehen.


History.

Like most modern Japanese institutions, the Bank of Japan was founded after the Meiji Restoration. Prior to the Restoration, Japan's feudal fiefs all issued their own money, "hansatsu", in an array of incompatible denominations, but the "New Currency Act" of Meiji 4 (1871) did away with these and established the yen as the new decimal currency, which had parity with the Mexican silver dollar. The former han (fiefs) became prefectures and their mints became private chartered banks which, however, initially retained the right to print money. For a time both the central government and these so-called "national" banks issued money. A period of unanticipated consequences was ended when the Bank of Japan was founded in Meiji 15 (October 10, 1882), under the Bank of Japan Act 1882 (June 27, 1882), after a Belgian model. It has since been partly privately owned (its stock is traded over the counter, hence the stock number). A number of modifications based on other national banks were encompassed within the regulations under which the bank was founded. The institution was given a monopoly on controlling the money supply in 1884, but it would be another 20 years before the previously issued notes were retired.  Following the passage of the Convertible Bank Note Regulations (May 1884), the Bank of Japan issued its first banknotes in 1885 ("Meiji 18"). Despite some small glitches—for example, it turned out that the konjac powder mixed in the paper to prevent counterfeiting made the bills a delicacy for rats—the run was largely successful. In 1897, Japan joined the gold standard, and in 1899 the former "national" banknotes were formally phased out. Since its Meiji era beginnings, the Bank of Japan has operated continuously from main offices in Tokyo and Osaka.

Reorganization.

The Bank of Japan was reorganized in 1942 (fully only after May 1, 1942), under the, promulgated on February 24, 1942. There was a brief post-war period during the Occupation of Japan when the bank's functions were suspended, and military currency was issued. In 1949, the bank was again restructured.  In the 1970s, the bank's operating environment evolved along with the transition from a fixed foreign currency exchange rate and a rather closed economy to a large open economy with a variable exchange rate.  During the entire post-war era, until at least 1991, the Bank of Japan's monetary policy has primarily been conducted via its 'window guidance' (窓口指導) credit controls (which are the model for the Chinese central bank's primary tool of monetary policy implementation), whereby the central bank would impose bank credit growth quotas on the commercial banks. The tool was instrumental in the creation of the 'bubble economy' of the 1980s. It was implemented by the Bank of Japan's then "Business Department" (営業局), which was headed during the "bubble years" from 1986 to 1989 by Toshihiko Fukui (who became deputy governor in the 1990s and governor in 2003).  A major 1997 revision of the "" was designed to give it greater independence; however, the Bank of Japan has been criticized for already possessing excessive independence and lacking in accountability before this law was promulgated. A certain degree of dependence might be said to be enshrined in the new Law, article 4 of which states:  However, since the introduction of the new law, the Bank of Japan has rebuffed government requests to stimulate the economy.

The trail of policies.

When the Nixon shock happened in August 1971, the Bank of Japan (BOJ) could have appreciated the currency in order to avoid inflation. However, they still kept the fixed exchange rate as 360Yen/$ for two weeks, so it caused excess liquidity. In addition, they persisted with the Smithsonian rate (308Yen/$), and continued monetary easing until 1973. This created a greater-than-10% inflation rate at that time. In order to control stagflation, they raised the official bank rate from 7% to 9% and skyrocketing prices gradually ended in 1978.  In 1979, when the energy crisis happened, the BOJ raised the official bank rate rapidly. The BOJ succeeded in a quick economic recovery. After overcoming the crisis, they reduced the official bank rate. In 1980, the BOJ reduced the official bank rate from 9.0% to 8.25% in August, to 7.25% in November, and to 5.5% in December in 1981. "Reaganomics" was in vogue in America and USD became strong. However, Japan tried to implement fiscal reconstruction at that time, so they did not stop their financial regulation.  In 1985, the agreement of G5 nations, known as the Plaza Accord, USD slipped down and Yen/USD changed from 240yen/$ to 200yen/$ at the end of 1985. Even in 1986, USD continued to fall and reached 160yen/$. In order to escape deflation, the BOJ cut the official bank rate from 5% to 4.5% in January, to 4.0% in March, to 3.5% in April, 3.0% in November. At the same time, the government tried to raise demand in Japan in 1985, and did economy policy in 1986. However, the market was confused about the rapid fall of USD. After the Louvre Accord in February 1987, the BOJ decreased the official bank rate from 3% to 2.5%, but JPY/USD was 140yen/$ at that time and reached 125yen/$ in the end of 1987. The BOJ kept the official bank rate at 2.5% until May in 1989. Financial and fiscal regulation led to a widespread over-valuing of real estate and investments and Japan faced a bubble at that time.  After 1990, the stock market and real asset market fell. At that time BOJ regulated markets until 1991 in order to end the bubble.  In January 1995, a terrible earthquake happened and Japanese yen became stronger and stronger. JPY/USD reached 80yen/$, so the BOJ reduced the office bank rate to 0.5% and the yen recovered. The period of deflation started at that time.  In 1999, the BOJ started zero-interest-rate policy, but they ended it despite government opposition when the IT bubble happened in 2000. However, Japan's economic bubble burst in 2001 and the BOJ adopted the balance of current account as the main operating target for the adjustment of the financial market in March 2001 (quantitative relaxation policy), shifting from the zero-interest-rate policy. From 2003 to 2004, Japanese government did exchange intervention operation in huge amount, and the economy recovered a lot. In March 2006, BOJ finished qualitative easing, and finished the zero-interest-rate policy in June and raised to 0.25%.  In 2008, the financial crisis happened, and Japanese economy turned bad again. BOJ reduced the uncollateralized call rate to 0.3% and adopted the supplemental balance of current account policy. In December 2008, BOJ reduced uncollateralized call rate again to 0.1% and they started to buy Japanese Government Bond (JGB).

Curbing deflation.

Following the election of Prime Minister Shinzō Abe in December 2012, the Bank of Japan, with Abe's urging, took proactive steps to curb deflation in Japan. On October 30, 2012, The Bank of Japan announced that it would undertake further monetary-easing action for the second time in a month. Under the leadership of new Governor Haruhiko Kuroda, the Bank of Japan released a statement on April 5, 2013 announcing that it would be purchasing securities and bonds at a rate of 60-70 trillion yen a year in an attempt to double Japan's money base in two years. But by 2016, it was apparent that three years of monetary easing had had little effect on deflation so the Bank of Japan instigated a review of its monetary stimulus program.

Mission.

According to its charter, the missions of the Bank of Japan are

Location.

The Bank of Japan is headquartered in Nihonbashi, Chūō, Tokyo, on the site of a former gold mint (the Kinza) and, not coincidentally, near the famous Ginza district, whose name means "silver mint". The Neo-baroque Bank of Japan building in Tokyo was designed by Tatsuno Kingo in 1896.  The Osaka branch in Nakanoshima is sometimes considered as the structure which effectively symbolizes the bank as an institution.

Governor.

The has considerable influence on the economic policy of the Japanese government. Japanese lawmakers endorse the Bank of Japan Governor Haruhiko Kuroda. He is seen to adopt Reflation policy as part of Abenomics.

Monetary Policy Board.

As of April 9, 2018, the board responsible for setting monetary policy consisted of the following 9 members:

Subsidiaries and properties.

Bank of Japan owns 4.7% of the Tokyo Stock Exchange

The is the central bank of Japan. The bank is often called for short. It has its headquarters in Chūō, Tokyo.

Die Nippon Ginkō (jap., kurz, Nichigin), im Deutschen oft mit der englischen Übersetzung Bank of Japan (kurz BoJ), seltener in deutscher Übersetzung als „Bank von Japan“ bezeichnet, ist die japanische Zentralbank. Sie wurde im Jahr 1882 aus acht sogenannten Wechselgesellschaften gegründet und seitdem mehrfach reorganisiert. Ihre Hauptaufgabe ist die Notenausgabe. Zur Umsetzung Ihrer Politik kann die Zentralbank auf verschiedene klassische Zentralbankinstrumente zurückgreifen. Die BoJ wird aktuell von ihrem Generaldirektor Haruhiko Kuroda und einem Lenkungsrat geführt.


Biography.

Early years.

Grove was born in Clapham, the eighth of the eleven children of Thomas Grove (1774–1852), fishmonger and venison dealer, and his wife, Mary (1784–1856), "née" Blades. He went to a preparatory school, on Clapham Common, where one of his schoolfellows was George Granville Bradley, later Dean of Westminster, whose sister Grove subsequently married. He next entered Stockwell (later known as Clapham) Grammar School, run by Charles Pritchard, the astronomer, who was inspired by the progressive principles of King's College, London. The educational curriculum was based on classics, divinity, mathematics and natural philosophy, and rigorously tested by annual examination. Pritchard also encouraged his pupils to develop interests in literature and music. Grove was a regular worshipper at Holy Trinity church, Clapham, where he heard the music of Bach and Handel. By the age of sixteen, he was competent in classics and mathematics; he left the school in 1836 and was apprenticed to Alexander Gordon, a well-known civil engineer in Westminster. In his free time, he immersed himself in music, attending concerts and studying scores. After completing his apprenticeship, Grove was admitted as a graduate of the Institution of Civil Engineers, in 1839. A year later he went to Glasgow, gaining further experience in the factory of Robert Napier. In 1841 Grove had an affair with a woman called Elizabeth Blackwell, who gave birth to his illegitimate son, George Grove Blackwell, in March 1842. Between 1841 and 1846, Grove spent most of his time in the West Indies, as resident engineer during the building of cast-iron lighthouses. After this he joined the staff of the Chester and Holyhead Railway and then became assistant to Edwin Clark, working on the Britannia Bridge across the Menai Strait. An account of the first floating of the tubes of the bridge is recorded in "The Spectator" of 23 June 1849, which was Grove's first appearance in print. During this period, he lived in Chester, hearing music in the cathedral and also becoming familiar with Welsh folksong.

Music and biblical scholarship.

While working on the Britannia Bridge Grove came into contact with Robert Stephenson, Isambard Kingdom Brunel, Sir Charles Barry and other eminent visitors to the works. "These distinguished men", Grove later recalled, "noticed me and were as good as gold to me. They counselled me to go to London and forced me into the secretaryship of the Society of Arts, then vacant by the retirement of Mr. Scott Russell." This was in 1849, when the Great Exhibition of 1851 was in preparation. Grove was the society's secretary for the duration of the exhibition. On 23 December 1851, he married Harriet Bradley, the sister of his old school friend George Bradley. After the Great Exhibition closed in 1852, its principal building, known as "the Crystal Palace", was dismantled and rebuilt in the south London suburb of Sydenham as a centre for education, the arts and leisure. Grove was appointed secretary of the Crystal Palace. He engaged a wind band and a conductor, Heinrich Schallehn. The latter was found to be unsatisfactory, and was replaced by August Manns, who, with Grove's encouragement, developed the band into a full-sized symphony orchestra. With programmes chosen by Grove and Manns, the Crystal Palace concerts became a central feature of London's musical scene and remained so until the end of the century. Grove wrote the programme notes for the concerts. In 1901, a biographer wrote:  Grove's musical analyses avoided all hint of technical jargon and tried to make clear to everyone who read them what, in Grove's opinion, listeners should be aware of in each piece. In a note on Mozart's Symphony No. 39, after referring to Mozart's extraordinary productivity in the year 1788, Grove wrote:  Grove's Crystal Palace programme notes did not concentrate solely on his favourite Austro-German composers. He embraced a representative selection of composers, notably the Frenchmen Berlioz, Bizet, Delibes, Gounod, Massenet and Saint-Saëns, and the rising generations of British composers – Arthur Sullivan, Hubert Parry, Charles Villiers Stanford, Hamish MacCunn, Edward German and Granville Bantock. Among the composers whom Grove sought to popularise was Schubert, whose music was largely neglected in England. Grove and Manns presented the first performance in England of the "Great" C major Symphony. Together with his friend Arthur Sullivan, Grove went to Vienna in 1867 in search of Schubert manuscripts. They found several of Schubert's symphonies and much other music, some of which they copied. They were particularly excited about their final discovery, which Grove described thus: "I found, at the bottom of the cupboard, and in its farthest corner, a bundle of music-books two feet high, carefully tied round, and black with the undisturbed dust of nearly half-a-century.... These were the part-books of the whole of the music in "Rosamunde", tied up after the second performance in December, 1823, and probably never disturbed since. Dr. Schneider [Schubert's nephew] must have been amused at our excitement; but let us hope that he recollected his own days of rapture; at any rate, he kindly overlooked it, and gave us permission to take away with us and copy what we wanted."  In the early years of the Crystal Palace, Grove devoted much of his leisure time to Biblical scholarship. Discovering that there was no full concordance of the proper names in the Bible, Grove, helped by his wife, began work in 1853 making a complete index of each occurrence of every proper name in the Bible, including the Apocrypha. Between 1860 and 1863, Grove was assistant editor to Sir William Smith in a comprehensive Bible dictionary, contributing more than a thousand pages. Some entries written by Grove, such as that on the prophet Elijah, were equivalent almost to book-length. He visited the Holy Land in 1859 and 1861, and helped to found the Palestine Exploration Fund, of which he became honorary secretary, labouring incessantly on its behalf. The Archbishop of York said that Grove was "virtually the founder and institutor of the Society, and has done wonders for it throughout." Grove later observed, "People will insist on thinking of me as a musician, which I really am not in the very least degree. I took quite as much interest in my investigations into the natural features and the little towns of Palestine which I did for "Smith's Dictionary of the Bible" or for Arthur Stanley's "Sinai and Palestine," as I did for Beethoven and Mendelssohn, indeed perhaps more so."

Grove's Dictionary of Music and Musicians.

After nearly twenty years of service at the Crystal Palace, Grove resigned the secretaryship at the end of 1873 and accepted an offer from the publishers Macmillan and Co. to join their staff and become a director of the firm. He edited "Macmillan's Magazine" and wrote a primer of geography for Macmillan's "History Primers". By far the most important outcome of his connection with Macmillan was "A Dictionary of Music and Musicians", for which his name is best remembered. The idea of the dictionary was entirely his own. He stated, in the prospectus of the dictionary, in March 1874, that "The want of English works on the history, theory, or practice of Music, or the biographies of musicians accessible to the non-professional reader, has long been a subject of remark."  Grove conceived of a work to fill the gap he had identified; he originally proposed two volumes of about 600 pages each, but by the time of its first publication, it ran to four volumes containing a total of 3,125 pages. It was issued by Macmillan in alphabetical volumes over a 12-year period ending in 1889. Grove criticised Parry, a leading contributor, for being "inclined to be wordy and diffuse", but articles by Grove on his own particular interests, Beethoven, Mendelssohn and Schubert, were even longer. "The Musical Times" wrote of the work, "His masterly biographies of Beethoven, Mendelssohn, and Schubert are models of biographical literature, and are written in a most fascinating style. He made two special journeys to Germany to obtain materials for his Mendelssohn article, and more than two to Vienna in connection with Schubert and Beethoven."

Royal College of Music.

In the 1880s, London's musical academies were in poor shape. The Royal Academy of Music was moribund, and the National Training School for Music, of which Sullivan was the reluctant and ineffectual head, was in financial and administrative difficulties. There was a proposal to merge the two bodies to create a single effective conservatoire, but the Royal Academy insisted on retaining its independence and later revitalised itself under the leadership of Alexander Mackenzie. The National Training School was re-formed as the Royal College of Music in 1882, and Grove was appointed its first director. Throughout 1882 he led a successful fund-raising campaign that ensured the official opening of the new college by the Prince of Wales on 7 May 1883. Grove received a knighthood on the same day. The teaching staff, whom he appointed, were led by Parry and Stanford, and, as a biographer of Grove says, "carried the college with distinction into the twentieth century."  Grove focused the College's attention on two main activities: practical training and examining. He was determined to raise the general standard of orchestral playing by replacing the existing "ad hoc" methods of apprentice-based training, private lessons, or study abroad. His second focus, examination, followed the Victorian trend to form professional bodies regulating and standardising the activity of members of each profession. An example is the Institution of Civil Engineers to which Grove had been admitted in 1839. When the Royal Charter establishing the College was being drawn up, Grove ensured that, unlike the Royal Academy, the College should have degree-awarding powers. Mackenzie, seeing the prospect that the new institution would overshadow the Academy, successfully proposed that both bodies should award qualifications jointly. Grove agreed, realising that this course would do much to dispel the damaging hostility that existed between the Academy and the College. The new Associated Board of the Royal Schools of Music thus formed offered musical qualifications to external candidates from anywhere in the British Empire who could meet its rigorous standards. 1,141 candidates entered for the first examinations in 1890, despite the high entry fee of two guineas. The income helped both institutions to keep their own student fees at an affordable level, which enabled the College to make a full three-year course of study its basic standard. Because of the thorough training thus offered, the high standard of playing of the College's students quickly became known. Leading musicians willingly appeared with the College orchestra, including Joseph Joachim and Hans Richter. Manns, Eugène Ysaÿe and Bernard Shaw praised it strongly. The historian David Wright says of Grove's legacy: "The founding of the RCM in 1883 clearly represents the major turning point for musical training in Britain. The new attitudes it espoused stemmed directly from the professionalizing ethos that modernized and transformed Victorian society."

Retirement and last years.

Grove retired at Christmas 1894, when he was succeeded by Parry. By this time, a new building had been constructed for the College. In 1896 Grove's "Beethoven and his Nine Symphonies", "addressed to the amateurs of this country", appeared. Early in 1899, Grove's health began to fail, and he died, aged 79, on 28 May 1900, in the house at Sydenham in which he had lived for nearly 40 years. He was buried in the Brockley and Ladywell Cemeteries.

Sir George Grove (13 August 1820 – 28 May 1900) was an English writer on music, known as the founding editor of "Grove's Dictionary of Music and Musicians".

Sir George Grove (* 13. August 1820 in Clapham bei London; † 28. Mai 1900 in Sydenham bei London) war ein britischer Musikschriftsteller.


Description.

"Stroobantia" orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.8–3.0 AU once every 5.01 years (1,829 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.03 and an inclination of 8° with respect to the ecliptic. First identified as at Heidelberg in 1926, the asteroid's observation arc begins at Algiers Observatory in 1931, or three years after its official discovery observation at Uccle.

Physical characteristics.

In the Tholen taxonomy, "Stroobantia" is classified as a generic X-type asteroid. It was grouped it into the metallic subcategory of M-type asteroid by a spectroscopic survey of X-type asteroids using the TNG, NTT and IRTF telescopes.

Rotation period.

Two fragmentary rotational lightcurves of "Stroobantia" were obtained from photometric observations by Ricardo Gil-Hutton at the Félix Aguilar Observatory in Argentina, and by French amateur astronomers Laurent Bernasconi. Lightcuve analysis gave a rotation period of 16.39 and 17.0 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.15 and 0.06 magnitude, respectively ().

Diameter and albedo.

According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, "Stroobantia" measures between 24.45 and 29.68 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between 0.108 and 0.1569. The "Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link" adopts the results obtained by IRAS, that is, an albedo of 0.1569 and a diameter of 24.65 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 10.67.

Naming.

This minor planet was named for Paul Stroobant (1868–1936), Belgian astronomer and director of the Uccle Observatory, where this asteroid was discovered. Stroobant's research included the number, mass and distribution of the minor planets. Naming citation was first mentioned in "The Names of the Minor Planets" by Paul Herget in 1955 ().

1124 Stroobantia, provisional designation, is a metallic asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 25 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 6 October 1928, by Belgian astronomer Eugène Delporte at Uccle Observatory in Belgium. It is named for astronomer Paul Stroobant.

(1124) Stroobantia ist ein Asteroid des Hauptgürtels, der am 6. Oktober 1928 vom belgischen Astronomen Eugène Joseph Delporte in Ukkel entdeckt wurde.