Early life.

Smith was born on January 26, 1989 and grew up with his mother Monica Jenkins in Colonial Beach, Virginia and Fredericksburg, Virginia. The oldest of seven children, Smith helped his single mother, who attended Rappahannock Community College in the day and worked at night, with household chores and earned honor roll grades in school. Smith attended Colonial Beach Elementary School until 3rd grade. Smith went on to Stafford Senior High School, where he played basketball as a guard, and football at several different positions. He enjoys fishing as a pastime.  Smith played on the Stafford Indians football team as a quarterback, running back, wide receiver, cornerback, kickoff returner, and punt returner. In Stafford's 2004 game against King George, Smith opened with a 54-yard kickoff return, played quarterback, and scored on a 63-yard punt return. His coach, Roger Pierce, said, "Torrey can do those type of things for us. We expect him to do those things." During his senior year in 2006, Smith had 155 carries for 815 yards and 12 touchdowns, completed nine of 25 passes for 230 yards and two touchdowns, and made three receptions for 81 yards. Over the course of his interscholastic career, Smith returned six kickoffs for touchdowns. He earned all-state kick returner honors as a sophomore, all-district honors as a junior, and honorable mention All-Northwest Region quarterback honors, all-district, and all-area honors as a senior.  As a college prospect, Rivals.com ranked him 30th nationally among dual-threat quarterbacks, Scouts, Inc. ranked him 33rd nationally among wide receivers, and SuperPrep placed him on its Virginia 33. ESPN assessed him as a "do-it-all prospect" and projected him as a wide receiver because of his size and speed. Smith was recruited by Maryland, Penn State, and Virginia Tech. He was shown interest by Virginia, but did not receive a scholarship offer. The Virginia staff, which questioned whether he had recovered his speed after a basketball injury during his junior year, asked Smith to run a 4.5-second 40-yard dash at a Nike combine at Clemson University, which he did. The Virginia staff then asked him to repeat the feat at the University of Virginia campus, but Maryland offered a scholarship, which Smith accepted. He later said, "I kind of hold a grudge against U.Va. a little bit. I'm not afraid to say it. I kind of want to show them that they questioned my speed and whether I was going to get it back. I want to show them that I'm all healed up." Virginia head coach Al Groh said of the Fredericksburg native before the 2009 game against Maryland, "Clearly if we him being the type of player that he is now, he would be returning kicks for Virginia. So we are not above admitting that there is a player that certainly has turned out to be superior to what many people thought, including ourselves. He's—regardless of what the circumstances were in the past—he is a superior college football player."

College career.

2007 season.

Smith sat out the 2007 season at Maryland on redshirt status, and was voted the scout team player of the year as a freshman. He was named the scout team player of the week before the Florida State game. In summer camp, Smith adjusted from playing quarterback to wide receiver, a position he had limited experience with in high school. Teammate Darrius Heyward-Bey said, "He's like a sponge. He's taking it all in, asking a lot of questions—and that's good for a receiver." In December, he practiced with the first team after Isaiah Williams suffered an injury.

2008 season.

Smith drew praise from the Maryland coaching staff during summer workouts before the 2008 season, and "The Washington Times" predicted Smith, alongside receiver Ronnie Tyler, would earn significant playing time. He played in all 13 games and started in the last six of the season. He also saw action on special teams as a kickoff returner. Smith recorded 24 receptions for 336 yards and two touchdowns. In its midseason report, "The Baltimore Sun" credited Smith for often giving an inconsistent Maryland team good field position with his long kick returns.  Against Middle Tennessee, Smith returned four kicks for 86 yards. He made his first career reception for three yards the following week against #23 California. Against Eastern Michigan, Smith recorded two receptions for 58 yards and four kickoffs for 126 yards. Smith tallied his first collegiate touchdown on a third-quarter reception from quarterback Chris Turner in the 20–17 comeback at #20 Clemson. He recorded 144 return yards against Virginia.  In the 26–0 victory over #21 Wake Forest, Smith returned the opening kick 34 yards, and caught two passes for eight yards. Smith made his career first start against NC State and recorded four kickoff returns for 85 yards, which set the school single-season kickoff return yards record for a freshman, surpassing the 566-yard mark set by Da'Rel Scott in 2007. Smith blocked a punt against Virginia Tech, and led the team with 163 all-purpose yards including 62 receiving yards. He recorded one reception for 12 yards against 16th-ranked North Carolina.  In the latter part of the season, Smith increased his role and was elevated over Isaiah Williams as the number-two receiver across from Darrius Heyward-Bey. Head coach Ralph Friedgen explained that his presence would alleviate the coverage on Heyward-Bey and praised Smith's blocking ability in the running game. Against Florida State, Smith broke the school record for single-season kickoff return yards, previously held by cornerback Josh Wilson. He had 119 all-purpose yards, including one 13-yard reception. Smith posted his season-best performance against 21st-ranked Boston College with 245 all-purpose yards and eight receptions for 115 yards and a touchdown.  In the 2008 Humanitarian Bowl, he returned a kickoff 99 yards for a touchdown against Nevada, which broke the bowl's previous return record of 98 yards. It was also the first time a Maryland player returned a kickoff for a touchdown in a bowl game. At the end of the season, Smith had returned 42 kickoffs for 1,089 yards, which set a new Atlantic Coast Conference single-season record. Smith led the team with 1,425 all-purpose yards, which put him ahead of starting running back Da'Rel Scott who compiled 1,304 yards.

2009 season.

Before the 2009 season, Smith reportedly struggled in Maryland's summer camp, dividing his time between practice and online courses at night. Towards the end of camp, head coach Ralph Friedgen noted an improvement in his performance, which reestablished Smith as the team's top receiver alongside Adrian Cannon.  During the season, Smith saw action in all twelve games, including ten as a starter, and he amassed 61 receptions for 824 receiving yards and five touchdowns, 51 kickoff returns for 1,309 yards and two touchdowns, and eleven rushing attempts for 59 yards and one touchdown. His kickoff return yardage surpassed the ACC single-season record that he had set the previous year. Smith finished the season ranked sixth in the nation in all-purpose yards. He was one of two players, alongside Donald Buckram of UTEP, to record more than 260 all-purpose yards in three games. Smith led the team in receptions, receiving yards and return yards. Smith's 2,192 all-purpose yards were the second-most ever recorded by an ACC player behind only C. J. Spiller of Clemson.  In the season opener at #12 California, he caught one pass for 28 yards and made two rushing attempts for 16 yards. Against Division I FCS James Madison, Smith caught eight passes for 80 yards, rushed twice for 22 yards and a touchdown, and returned four kickoffs 127 yards, including one 81-yard touchdown return. Despite the strong statistical performance, head coach Ralph Friedgen said, "To be honest with you, I was kind of expecting more out of Torrey. I've got a lot of faith in him. I'm not surprised at all about the return yards. But I think if you asked Torrey, he has high expectations for himself, too." Smith agreed with the criticism, and acknowledged that in his second season as a wide receiver, he had room for improvement. He recorded five catches for 165 yards and two touchdowns in the Middle Tennessee game, and caught four passes for 112 yards against Rutgers. He led the team with three receptions for 64 yards and a 29-yard touchdown against Clemson, and became the first player in the nation to reach 1,000 all-purpose yards on the season. Against Wake Forest, Smith returned six kickoffs 194 yards and caught a career-high ten passes for 70 yards and a touchdown. For his performance, he was named the Atlantic Coast Conference Specialist of the Week. Wake Forest head coach Jim Grobe said, "This kid is probably a better receiver [than Darrius Heyward-Bey]. He catches the ball better, he's got great foot speed. He can hurt you running the ball or catching it. Everywhere you look, he's a problem."  Coach Friedgen named Smith the special teams captain for the Virginia game. During the game, Virginia chose to kick short to keep the ball away from Smith on kickoffs, and quarterback Chris Turner did not target him until the fourth quarter. He finished with three receptions for 34 yards and no returns. He recorded two receptions for 13 yards at Duke. At NC State, he caught eight passes for 64 yards and returned a kickoff 84 yards for a touchdown. During the game, he surpassed the ACC single-season kickoff return yards record which he had set the previous season. He had four receptions for 55 yards against 21st-ranked Virginia Tech, seven receptions for 71 yards against Florida State, and six receptions for 68 yards and a touchdown against Boston College. After the season, the Atlantic Coast Sports Media Association named Smith to the All-ACC second team as both a wide receiver and return specialist. "Phil Steele's" and "The Sporting News" named him to their All-ACC first teams as a wide receiver. "Phil Steele's" and Rivals.com named him to their All-ACC second teams as a kick returner. Smith submitted his name to a panel of NFL scouts after the season, which evaluated him as a third- or fourth-round selection in the 2010 NFL Draft.

2010 season.

Smith returned to Maryland for the 2010 season to increase his NFL draft stock, complete his criminology and criminal justice degree in December, and improve the team's record from a 2–10 finish the year prior. He said, "I'll have the same talk with the same people [about the draft]. But my focus is to change what happened last year." Prior to the start of the season, the coaching staff planned to increase Smith's efficiency by playing him fewer snaps in an attempt to keep him fresh. In the Red–White spring game, Smith accounted for 90 of starting quarterback Jamarr Robinson's 146 passing yards, including a "fingertip catch in the end zone" on the opening drive, and the two roommates were reported to have developed a good rapport. Before the season, Smith was named to the watchlists for the Paul Hornung Award and Biletnikoff Award.  Maryland started the 2010 season against Navy, which intentionally kicked away from the elusive return man. In the home opener against, Smith scored on a 24-yard pass from backup quarterback Danny O'Brien and a five-yard pass from starter Jamarr Robinson. Smith scored two touchdowns of 60 and 80 yards in Maryland's failed comeback attempt at 21st-ranked West Virginia, 31–17. After the West Virginia game, "Sports Illustrated" considered Smith a rising prospect for the 2011 NFL Draft and described him as "a true vertical threat who has NFL size and home-run hitting speed." Redshirt freshman Danny O'Brien secured the starting quarterback position after Jamarr Robinson suffered a shoulder injury, and the rookie soon "found great chemistry" with Smith. Against Florida International, Smith made eight receptions for 159 yards, including a 68-yard touchdown catch and a 32-yard catch that set up another score. He limped off of the field after his touchdown catch, but later said, "I was fine. I was Jim Brown-ing." The following week, he was limited in practice, but started against Duke and caught a 44-yard reception during a first-half scoring drive. However, the lingering ankle ailment continued to bother Smith, and head coach Ralph Friedgen considered using punt returner Tony Logan for kickoff returns until he fully healed. Smith had four receptions for 55 yards in the 31–7 loss to Clemson, but was hindered by his sore ankle which kept him out of practice. Smith said, "I don't like sitting out [practices]. I feel like I'm leaving my teammates out to dry. I didn't battle with them all week." After the game, Friedgen said in the future he would sit players who could not practice by the Thursday before a game.  Against Boston College, running back Da'Rel Scott handled some of the kickoff return duties, but Smith returned two for 38 yards. He also caught eight passes for 34 yards and a touchdown. The following week, Maryland clinched bowl eligibility with a 62–14 rout of Wake Forest. Regarding the turnaround from the previous season's 2–10 record, Smith said, "We expected to be in this position. No one else expected it," but added "No one is going to respect us [yet] because we have not beaten any top dogs." In the game, Smith had five catches for 66 yards, including a 17-yard touchdown reception. Before the game against Miami, the coaching staff reported Smith's ankle had improved and he was "as healthy as he has been in a while." Against Miami, he had three receptions for 35 yards. Smith also compiled 46 yards on two kickoff returns to break the ACC career kickoff return yards record with 2,724 yards, which surpassed the previous mark of 2,688 yards held by Brandon Tate of North Carolina. At Virginia, Smith took advantage of the Cavaliers' man-to-man coverage and had seven receptions for 157 yards, including a 12-yard touchdown. On a 62-yard catch, he said he was tackled on the seven-yard line only because he was exhausted. Quarterback Danny O'Brien expressed his readiness to throw deep passes to Smith in single coverage, "If it's even, I put it up." Maryland entered the game against 25th-ranked Florida State in contention for the ACC Atlantic Division championship. Smith recorded a phone message and video appealing to fans in a bid to improve home attendance, which had been lackluster throughout the season. The game was attended by 48,115 spectators, which surpassed the athletic department's projections. Maryland lost, 30–16, and Smith had seven receptions for 69 yards.  Smith delivered a record-setting performance against #23 North Carolina State, in which he collected a career-high 14 receptions for 224 yards and four touchdowns. Smith scored on catches of 10, 11, 12, and 71 yards, and his performance helped Maryland win, 38–31, despite amassing negative rushing yards. During the game, Smith set the school record for career all-purpose yardage, which surpassed Lamont Jordan's previous mark of 4,960 yards. His four touchdown receptions in a single game also set a school record, which surpassed the previous mark of three shared by Vernon Davis, Guilian Gary, Jermaine Lewis, and James Milling. Smith's season tally of twelve touchdowns also set a school record, which surpassed the mark of nine shared by Jermaine Lewis and Marcus Badgett. He also joined Marcus Badgett as just the second Maryland receiver to accumulate over 1,000 yards in a single season. For his performance, the Atlantic Coast Conference named him the Offensive Back of the Week.  Upon the conclusion of the regular season, the Atlantic Coast Sports Media Association named Smith to the All-ACC first team as a wide receiver. In the 2010 Military Bowl against East Carolina, Smith had two catches for ten yards. Shortly after the game, he declared himself available for the 2011 NFL Draft in order to financially support his family. ESPN draft analyst Mel Kiper Jr. said, while he believed Smith could have potentially reached first-round status with another year, he would likely be selected in the second or third round of the 2011 NFL Draft.

Professional career.

Baltimore Ravens.

2011 season.

The Baltimore Ravens selected Smith with the 58th overall pick in the second round of the 2011 NFL Draft. Smith, who ran the 40-yard dash in 4.41 seconds at the combine, was described as a deep threat that the team had missed the previous season.  After facing criticism for a lack of production in the first two weeks, Smith turned in a record-setting performance against the St. Louis Rams in Week 3. In the first quarter, he scored on each of his first three career receptions with 74-, 41-, and 18-yard touchdowns. The 74-yard score was the longest completion of quarterback Joe Flacco's career. He became the first NFL rookie, and only the twelfth player, to amass three touchdown receptions in a single quarter. Smith finished the game with five receptions for 152 yards in the 37–7 victory. Smith caught a 26-yard game-winning touchdown against the division rival Steelers on November 6, 2011. On November 20, 2011, Smith made 6 receptions for a Ravens rookie record 165 yards against the Cincinnati Bengals, including a 49-yard touchdown from Joe Flacco.  He finished the season with Ravens rookie records of 50 receptions, 841 receiving yards, 52.6 yards per game, and 7 receiving touchdowns (the last led the team and was tied two years later by Marlon Brown).  In the AFC Championship Game, the Ravens faced the number-one seeded New England Patriots. He finished the loss with three catches for 82 yards.

2012 season.

The morning before Baltimore's Week 3 "NBC Sunday Night Football" rematch with the Patriots, Smith's younger brother Tevin Jones died in a motorcycle accident, leaving the former distraught. To honor his late brother, Smith played and led his team in receptions (6), receiving yards (127) and receiving touchdowns (2) and helped the Ravens win 31–30. He was given the game ball for his performance.  In a Week 10 matchup against the Oakland Raiders, Smith caught two passes for touchdowns, and totaled 67 yards in the 55–20 win. On December 23, Smith recorded a season-high 144 yards, seven catches in an overtime victory.  Smith finished the year with 48 catches, 855 yards and a then-career-high 8 touchdown receptions.  In the Divisional Playoff Round against the Denver Broncos, Smith caught both a 59-yard pass and a 32-yard pass for touchdowns in a 38-35 double overtime win. He finished the game with three catches, 98 yards and the pair of touchdowns.  The Ravens would go on to win Super Bowl XLVII against the San Francisco 49ers 34–31, earning Smith his first Super Bowl ring. Smith ended the game with two catches for a total of 35 yards.

2013 season.

Due to the trading of wide receiver Anquan Boldin in free agency, Smith started the 2013 season as the Ravens starting receiver.  Smith caught seven passes for 85 yards in Week 2, and five passes for 92 yards in Week 3. He scored his first touchdown of the season in a Week 4 loss to the Buffalo Bills. He finished the game catching five passes for a total of 166 yards, and even had a 74-yard catch. On October 6, 2013, Smith caught six passes for 121 yards in a win against the Miami Dolphins.  Smith had back-to-back touchdowns in Weeks 10 and 11 against the Bengals and Bears. In a Thanksgiving matchup with the Steelers, Smith caught a 54-yard pass on the Ravens' first offensive play of the game, and a touchdown pass three plays later. His finished the 22–20 win with six catches for 93 yards and a touchdown.  Smith reached the 1,000 yard receiving season mark for the first time in his career in Week 15. He was also the first Raven's-drafted receiver to eclipse 1,000 yards for the team. Smith finished the year with 65 receptions, 1,128 yards and four touchdowns.

2014 season.

Smith began the season as the Ravens' starting wide receiver but eventually lost the job to veteran Steve Smith Sr.  On October 26, 2014, Smith caught four passes for 51-yards and two touchdowns, as he helped Joe Flacco set the NFL record for the fastest time to record five touchdown passes (16 minutes and 3 seconds). The Ravens defeated the Tampa Bay Buccaneers 48–17. The following week, against the Atlanta Falcons, Smith would score the game-sealing touchdown. With less than two minutes left in the game and facing a fourth down, Flacco threw a pass to Smith, and he caught it in for a 39-yard score. Smith would finish the game with three receptions, 81 yards and the 39 yard touchdown, as the Ravens won 29–7.  On November 24, the Ravens faced the New Orleans Saints on Monday Night Football. Smith was tied with Saints wide receiver Kenny Stills as the game's leading receiver, having five receptions for 98-yards as the Ravens won 34–27.  The following week, on the first possession, Smith scored the game's opening touchdown against the San Diego Chargers, after juggling the ball in the endzone. Smith played his best game of the season, catching six receptions for 65-yards and the pair of touchdowns in the Raven's 33–34 loss.  In their regular season finale, the Ravens took on their division rivals, the Cleveland Browns, needing a win and a Chargers loss to get into the playoffs. Trailing 10–6 in the final quarter, Smith caught a deep pass from Flacco, and on the very next play, a 16-yard touchdown to give Baltimore the lead. Smith finished the game with four receptions for 83 yards, including two decisive fourth quarter plays. Baltimore won and San Diego lost.  In the Wild Card round of the playoffs, the Ravens faced the division rival Steelers. They would win the game 30–17, and Smith would make 2 catches for 28 yards and a touchdown. In the divisional round, the Raven's lost 31–35 to the eventual Super Bowl XLIX champions, the New England Patriots.  Smith finished the season with 49 receptions, 767 yards and a career-high 11 touchdown catches. He also had three games in which he scored multiple touchdowns.  During March 2015, Smith sent a letter to the entire city of Baltimore, announcing that he would test free agency. The letter was a goodbye note, which thanked Baltimore, Ravens' fans and the entire Baltimore Ravens organization for starting out his career on such a strong note.  He left the organization as the franchise record holder in yards per catch both in the regular season (16.9) and the playoffs (20.7) in addition to multiple rookie records (see "2011" above).

San Francisco 49ers.

2015 season.

On March 10, 2015, Smith signed a five-year, $40 million contract ($22 million guaranteed) with the San Francisco 49ers. Smith would start alongside former Raven's teammate Anquan Boldin.  In his season-opening debut with the San Francisco 49ers, Smith caught one pass for 11 yards in the 20–3 victory over the Minnesota Vikings. The following game, Smith caught six passes for a season-high 120 receiving yards and a 75-yard touchdown, followed up with a two-point conversion catch during the 49ers 43–18 loss to the Steelers. On September 27, 2015, Smith started his first game of the season, but registered no catches in a 47–7 loss to the Arizona Cardinals. The following week, Smith caught two passes for a total of 54-yards, but the 49ers loss to the Green Bay Packers team, losing 17–3.  He would finish the year with 33 receptions, 663 receiving yards and four touchdowns, three of his scores having been over 70 yards.

2016 season.

In the 49ers Week 2 matchup against the Carolina Panthers, Smith caught three passes for 55-yards and a touchdown in the 46–27 loss. The next week, Smith caught three passes for 35-yards in a 37–18 loss to the Seattle Seahawks.  On October 16, 2016, Smith caught three passes for 76 yards and a 53-yard touchdown during a 45–16 loss to the Buffalo Bills.  On December 11, 2016, Smith suffered a concussion after hitting his head hard on the turf with his helmet on during a 23–17 loss to the New York Jets. He was placed on injured reserve on December 23, 2016.  On March 7, 2017, Smith was released by the 49ers.

Philadelphia Eagles.

On March 9, 2017, Smith signed a three-year, $15 million contract with the Philadelphia Eagles with second and third-year options at the same salary.  On September 10, 2017, in the season-opening 30–17 victory over the Washington Redskins, Smith made his Eagles debut. On the day, he had one reception for 30 yards. On October 8, 2017, Smith caught a 59-yard touchdown pass from quarterback Carson Wentz, marking his first touchdown as a member of the Eagles. He finished the 34–7 victory over the Arizona Cardinals with three receptions and 70 receiving yards.  The Eagles finished the season 13–3 to earn the #1 seed in the NFC and a first-round bye. Smith finished the season with 36 catches for 430 yards and 2 touchdowns. In the Divisional Round against the Atlanta Falcons, Smith recorded 3 catches for 39 yards in a 15–10 victory. In the NFC Championship Game against the Minnesota Vikings, Smith had 5 catches for 69 yards and caught a touchdown pass in the 38–7 victory. The Eagles advanced to their third Super Bowl in franchise history where they defeated the New England Patriots in Super Bowl LII. Smith caught 5 passes for 49 yards, earning his second Super Bowl ring.

Carolina Panthers.

On March 9, 2018, the Eagles agreed to trade Smith to the Carolina Panthers for cornerback Daryl Worley. The deal became official on March 14, 2018, at the start of the NFL year. He played in 11 games with six starts, recording 17 catches for 190 yards and two touchdowns.  On September 1, 2019, Smith was released by the Panthers.

Retirement.

Smith announced his retirement on September 13, 2019.

Career Statistics.

NFL.com

Ravens franchise records.

Career:  Rookie Season (2011):  Single game, rookie:

Post-football career and honors.

Smith founded the non-profit Torrey Smith Foundation (TSF), whose mission is to provide support to at-risk youth with physical, educational, and financial challenges, and to focus on the enhancement of lives of those affected by domestic violence. It sponsors back-to-school and after-school activities, STEM camps, charitable basketball games and holiday meal and gift programs, among other activities. The TSF's website states its goals as: Education of youth on subjects useful to the individual and beneficial to the community, Increasing the awareness of financial and hands on support needed in the fight against domestic violence and supporting other organizations conducting charitable activities that align with the TSF mission. For the past 2 years, Torrey has participated in the Madieu Williams Football Camp, a free camp held by the former Bengals and Vikings safety for kids ages 6–14.  In March 2013, Smith worked as an intern for Maryland Rep. Elijah Cummings, working out of Baltimore. On March 28, 2013, the Ravens picked Smith to represent the team at the Maryland State capital in Annapolis. Smith, along with Ravens' president Dick Cass spoke to the assembled members of the Maryland House of Delegates and then the Maryland State Senate. While a member of the San Francisco 49ers in 2016, Smith was the team's nominee for that year's Walter Payton award for his community involvement.  In 2019, his hometown, Colonial Beach named a park whose restoration and expansion he had funded in Smith's honor. In 2020, the Library of Virginia announced Smith as one of its Strong Men & Women in Virginia History, based on his continuing philanthropic work.

Personal life.

On September 23, 2012, Smith lost his 19-year-old brother in a motorcycle accident. Tevin Chris Jones was riding on Route 672 in Westmoreland County, Virginia, when he ran off the right side of the roadway and struck a utility pole, according to the Virginia State Police. Jones was pronounced dead at the scene. He was wearing a helmet, and alcohol was not a factor. The accident is still under investigation. Smith has established a college scholarship fund to assist low-income youth from Maryland, Pennsylvania and Virginia in honor of his late brother.  Smith left the Ravens' hotel on Sunday at 2 a.m. ET, accompanied by a member of the Ravens' security staff, to be with his family. Smith told Ravens coach John Harbaugh that he wanted to play in that night's game against the New England Patriots. Harbaugh told him that it was Smith's call to make. Smith chose to play, and finished the game with 6 receptions for 127 yards and two touchdowns in a 31–30 win over the New England Patriots.  Smith married his longtime girlfriend, Chanel Williams, on July 11, 2013. The two met at the University of Maryland, where Williams ran track and Smith played football. On September 30, 2013, Smith tweeted that his wife is pregnant. On April 4, 2014, Chanel gave birth to their first child, a son named Torrey "TJ" Jeremiah. Torrey's second son, Kameron James, was born in June 22, 2016. The Smiths' third child, a daughter, named Kori Lynn Smith, was born in December 18, 2018.

James Torrey Smith (born January 26, 1989) is a former American football wide receiver. He played college football at the University of Maryland and was drafted by the Baltimore Ravens in the 2011 NFL Draft. He also played for the San Francisco 49ers, Philadelphia Eagles, and Carolina Panthers. Smith is a two-time Super Bowl champion, winning Super Bowl XLVII as a member of the Ravens and Super Bowl LII with the Eagles.

James Torrey Smith (* 26. Januar 1989 in Colonial Beach, Virginia) ist ein ehemaliger US-amerikanischer American-Football-Spieler auf der Position des Wide Receivers. Er spielte für die Carolina Panthers, San Francisco 49ers, Philadelphia Eagles und Baltimore Ravens in der National Football League (NFL). Smith gewann mit den Baltimore Ravens und mit den Philadelphia Eagles den Super Bowl.


History.

Medieval Origins.

The incumbent Marquess of Abergavenny is the current head of the House of Neville, a noble house of early medieval origins, notable for its central role in the Wars of the Roses. Lord Abergavenny's ancestor Edward Neville, 3rd Baron Bergavenny was a younger son of Ralph Neville, 1st Earl of Westmorland and Lady Joan Beaufort, daughter of John of Gaunt 1st Duke of Lancaster. Abergavenny in the Marquess's title derives from the market town in Wales in which this branch of the Nevill family inherited Abergavenny Castle, much of the family's ancestral lands and title of Baron Bergavenny by virtue of the marriage between the suo jure peeress Elizabeth de Beauchamp, Baroness Bergavenny and Edward Neville in 1424.

Subsidiary Titles.

Subsequent Nevill Barons Bergavenny have been raised to higher ranks within the peerage. The 1st Marquess's ancestor, the "de facto" 17th ("de jure" 2nd) Baron Bergavenny, was created Earl of Abergavenny, in the County of Monmouth, and Viscount Nevill, of Birling in the County of Kent, in the Peerage of Great Britain on 17 May 1784. The Barony of Bergavenny was held by his successors, the Earls and Marquesses of Abergavenny, until 1938, when it passed into abeyance between the two daughters of the 3rd Marquess. The 5th Earl of Abergavenny was elevated to the title of Marquess of Abergavenny along with the subsidiary title of Earl of Lewes on 14 January 1876, following his role in the foundation of the modern day Conservative Party with Disraeli and Lord Salisbury.

Coat of arms.

The heraldic blazon for the coat of arms of the Marquesses of Abergavenny is: "Gules, a saltire argent charged with a rose of the field (barbed and seeded proper)". These are the ancient arms of Neville differenced by a rose, the symbol of a 7th son, in reference to Sir Edward Neville, 1st Baron Bergavenny (d.1476), 7th son of Ralph Neville, 1st Earl of Westmorland. The blazon can be translated as "On a red background, a white saltire with a red rose, naturally colored, upon it."

Line of succession.

There is no heir to the Marquessate or the Earldom of Lewes.  Heirs to the Earldom of Abergavenny and Viscountcy of Nevill only:

Marquess of Abergavenny (pronounced Aber"genn"y) in the County of Monmouth, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom that was created on 14 January 1876, along with the title Earl of Lewes (pronounced "Lewis"), in the County of Sussex, for the 5th Earl of Abergavenny, a member of the Nevill family.

Marquess of Abergavenny, in the County of Monmouth, ist ein erblicher britischer Adelstitel in der Peerage of the United Kingdom. Die Namensgebung des Titels bezieht sich auf Abergavenny Castle in Wales.


History.

NERC began in 1965 when several environmental (mainly geographic) research organisations (including Nature Conservancy which became the Nature Conservancy Council in 1973 and was divided up in 1991) were brought under the one umbrella organisation. When most research councils were re-organised in 1994, it had new responsibilities – Earth observation and science-developed archaeology. Collaboration between research councils increased in 2002 when Research Councils UK was formed.  • Professor James William Longman Beament (succeeding V. C. Wynne-Edwards FRS) 1978-1981

Organisational structure.

The council's head office is at Polaris House in Swindon, alongside the other six Research Councils. NERC's research centres provide leadership to the UK environmental science community and play significant and influential roles in international science collaborations.  It also supports a number of collaborative centres of excellence and subject-based designated Environmental Data Centres for the storage and distribution of environmental data.

Mission.

The Natural Environment Research Council delivers independent research, survey, training and knowledge transfer in the environmental sciences, to advance knowledge of planet Earth as a complex, interacting system. The council's work covers the full range of atmospheric, Earth, biological, terrestrial and aquatic sciences, from the deep oceans to the upper atmosphere, and from the geographical poles to the equator.  NERC's mission is to gather and apply knowledge, create understanding and predict the behaviour of the natural environment and its resources, and communicate all aspects of the council's work. The British Meteorological Office is "not" part of NERC.

NERC Airborne Research Facility.

The NERC Airborne Research Facility (ARF) collects and processes remotely sensed data for use by the scientific community. Data are collected from one of four Twin Otter research aircraft (or a Dash 7) operated by British Antarctic Survey, processed by a data analysis team at the Plymouth Marine Laboratory and archived at the National Earth Observation Data Centre (NEODC). Currently the NERC ARF provides radiometrically corrected hyperspectral data from the AISA Fenix and Owl instruments; ground height information from the Leica ALS50-II; and digital photography.

The Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) is a British Research Council that supports research, training and knowledge transfer activities in the environmental sciences.

Das Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) ist der britische Forschungsrat für Umweltforschung. Er unterstützt die britische Forschung, Ausbildung und Wissensvermittlung in allen Bereichen der Umweltwissenschaften.


Gameplay.

"Anno 2205" is a futuristic city-building video game similar to "Anno 2070", as opposed to the previous installments which feature a historical setting. In the game, players take on the role of a leader from a corporation and must compete against other corporations in developing future technologies. At the beginning of the game, players are tasked to build different metropolises on Earth. Population increases when more buildings are built, and players are tasked to satisfy and fulfill the needs of their citizens. Besides building houses, players must also produce goods and build infrastructures like robot production facilities to maintain their economy, where said buildings can be relocated or moved around by players. Similar to "SimCity", different parts can be added to buildings to enhance their functions. Upgrading the production structures of these buildings can also improve their efficiency. When citizens' demands were satisfied, they are able to produce more goods.  Eventually players are asked to develop and conduct research in arctic regions in order to find cost-efficient ways to launch rockets to the Moon and upon completion, players may colonize the Moon and build cities inside its craters. Resources of the Moon, such as Helium-3, are vital to the development of the cities on Earth and can be sent back to Earth. Gameplay differs when players are establishing an outpost in the arctic regions or on the Moon. In the arctic regions players must manage the heating areas of the outpost. As the Moon lacks an atmosphere and features a grimmer environment than Earth, building a city on the Moon requires erecting asteroid shields, as well as unique greenhouses to produce food. Anno 2205 also includes a fully functional day and night cycle for different visuals.  The game also introduces a session mode, which allows player to control and manage their cities both on Earth and on the Moon at the same time. Resources vary in different sessions, as a result, players must set up trade routes between different colonies, so that resources and raw materials from a city can be used in another city. The cities in the game are five times larger than the ones in its predecessors, and they support at least eight different sessions. Pollution, as well as the underwater gameplay featured in "Anno 2070" was removed from "2205", as technology has advanced sufficiently and no pollution is generated anymore. Bridges can be built to connect cities, while buildings can be upgraded via using different modules. Upon completion, the upgraded buildings can produce more goods.  Information in "2205" is presented visually instead of utilizing text like the previous installments. Citizens' demands appear as images or icons. Happiness of citizens influence their actions. If they are happy, they can be seen travelling around the city. However, if they are not, they will abandon their buildings and leave. Multiple camera angles are available for players to use. They can zoom in and zoom out, or to use pre-defined cameras to view the city. The structure of the game's story is also overhauled, in which players are not forced to complete the missions, and that players can choose to complete it during the free play.  Naval battles can no longer occur near cities, instead taking take place in remote regions and are optional. It is possible for owned sectors to be blockaded and the fleet can be called to break through. Expanding computer players have also been removed.  Post update 1.6 every corporation can join the stock market. Doing so adds another layer of gameplay in the form of shares and auctions for both that player's corporation and all five rivals, corporate espionage and dominance and eventually monopolization for various industrial sectors.

Development.

Blue Byte revealed that after "2070", which received critical acclaim, the franchise would move to a new direction, in which the setting of the game continues to move into the future. The game is being developed by Blue Byte, primarily at its Mainz studio, the developer of "Anno 1701" and "Anno 1404". The game chose not to include any online multiplayer feature because the developer hoped players could focus on their own cities, and have full control of them. The game also introduced more features, as the studio wanted to add something fresh to the franchise with "2205", and the gameplay was made more streamlined.  "Anno 2205" was announced during Ubisoft's Electronic Entertainment Expo 2015 conference. A season pass for "Anno 2205" was announced. The full game, as well as additional content, is included in the Gold Edition of "2205". Players who pre-ordered the game were to gain access to the game's closed beta. However, the closed beta was cancelled, and players who pre-order the game received an in-game bonus instead (a new command ship skin).  Upon the game's release, it is supported with downloadable content. "Wildwater Bay", a free expansion which introduces a new session, and a new sector project was included in update 1.3. Update 1.6 included the Big Five Pack, which added the option for every corporation to join that stock market, which would enable additional gameplay features, and reintroduced disasters. Two expansions, namely "Tundra" and "Orbit" were also announced. "Tundra" was released on February 29, 2016 and "Orbit" on July 20, 2016. On October 4, 2016 the Frontiers expansion was released, containing three new sectors: Madrigal Islands, Savik Province and the Greentide Archipelago. Later this content was added to Season Pass after getting negative feedback from customers that "Frontiers" was released outside the Season Pass.

Reception.

The game received mixed reviews upon launch. While most reviews have praised for its graphics and animations, the disappointments were due to its over-simplistic gameplay compared to its predecessors, lack of randomly generated maps, combat only in side missions and lack of multiplayer, limiting the replay value of the game.

Anno 2205 is a city-building and economic simulation game, with real-time strategy elements, developed by Blue Byte and published by Ubisoft. "Anno" "2205" is the sixth game of the "Anno" series, and was released worldwide on 3 November 2015. As with "Anno 2070", the game is set in the future, with players having the opportunity to set up colonies on the Moon.

Anno 2205 ist ein Aufbau-Strategiespiel und der sechste Teil der "Anno""-"Reihe. Das Spiel wurde von dem deutschen Studio Blue Byte Mainz (ehemals Related Designs) entwickelt und vom französischen Konzern Ubisoft veröffentlicht. Es wurde auf der Spielemesse E3 2015 angekündigt und erschien am 3. November 2015.


Biography.

Early life.

Constantinescu was said to be born in Chișinău, Bessarabia, at a time when the region was experiencing the aftermath of the October Revolution. (During the same month, the Moldavian Democratic Republic was proclaimed, leading to the union of Bessarabia with the Kingdom of Romania). According to fellow communist Alexandru Bârlădeanu, Constantinescu was born in Odessa. Widely believed to be an illegitimate son of the geologist Gheorghe Munteanu-Murgoci, Constantinescu retreated to a Romanian Orthodox monastery a short while after receiving his bachelor's degree.  According to Bârlădeanu, Constantinescu used this period to decide between siding with the fascist Iron Guard and joining the PCR. In 1935, he joined the Union of Communist Youth, UTC (youth wing of the PCR), and became involved in agitprop campaigns. During the 1930s, he attended the University of Bucharest's Faculty of Letters and Philosophy, becoming one of sociologist Dimitrie Gusti's most notable students.  With Bârlădeanu, Grigore Preoteasa, Gheorghe Rădulescu, Constanța Crăciun, and others, Constantinescu founded the anti-fascist "Frontul Studențesc Democrat" (FSD, the Students' Democratic Front) in 1935. The group was, in effect, an outlet of the Communist Party — its entire leadership continued to carry party work throughout the FSD's existence. The following year, as the UTC was dissolved, Constantinescu was among the few of its members to continue political activity in PCR ranks. In 1938, during the National Renaissance Front regime established by King Carol II, the Communist Party ordered him to reestablish the UTC. He was among the few intellectuals at the forefront of party activities.

World War II and "Scînteia".

In World War II, authorities were alarmed by his alleged contacts with the Soviet Union and NKVD agents, at the time when Ion Antonescu's regime allied itself with Nazi Germany and took part in Operation Barbarossa ("see Romania during World War II"). Eventually, he was arrested and interned, initially in the camp in Târgu Jiu. Although, like Preoteasa, he was originally close to Lucrețiu Pătrășcanu (who was himself an intellectual isolated among PCR members), Constantinescu associated with Gheorghiu-Dej/Emil Bodnăraș faction while in detention, endorsing successful moves against rival leader Ștefan Foriș.  Kept alongside other prominent activists in the prison in Caransebeș, where he is believed to have been included in Gheorghiu-Dej's projected Soviet-backed government, he became the focus of attention from penal authorities after being caught while composing messages addressed to the outside (upon discovery, he attempted to swallow all the rolling papers he had written on). Consequently, the administration separated Communist prisoners into two groups: Constantinescu's was sent to Lugoj prison.  An editor in chief of the PCR's "Scînteia" after the start of Soviet occupation, Constantinescu led the panel of journalists towards Stalinist guidelines, and encouraged a personality cult around Gheorghiu-Dej, whose biography he helped falsify. He was himself praised in the PCR press, and papers circulated the notion that he worked as much as 14 or 16 hours a day as a rule. In February 1945, during street clashes between pro-Communist forces and authorities (leading to the fall of the Nicolae Rădescu cabinet), "Scînteia" published a claim that its editor had been the target of an assassination attempt.  Through his editorials of 1947, Constantinescu signaled an attack on Foreign Minister Gheorghe Tătărescu, leader of the National Liberal Party-Tătărescu and associate of the Communists in the Petru Groza government, who had criticized his allies' economic and social policies.

Politburo and Planning Committee.

Taking a seat on the Politburo, as its youngest member, in early 1945, Constantinescu, who lacked training in economics, was also appointed head of the State Planning Committee in 1950, supervising the work of Soviet and Romanian politicians in creating the framework for a planned economy in Romania.  After the outbreak of PCR inner conflicts between Ana Pauker's "Muscovite wing" and Gheorghiu-Dej's "prison faction", he kept a low profile, and did not take sides, before approving of Gheorghiu-Dej's victory and joining the official delegation that announced it in Moscow (he had also been the one to voice official accusations against Vasile Luca in February 1952).  Surviving Pauker's fall, he personally witnessed the 20th Congress of the Soviet Communist Party and became interested in the Soviet call for De-Stalinization, beginning talks on the topic with Italian Communist Party leader Palmiro Togliatti. In 1956, his Planning Committee reached an agreement with Soviet authorities regarding the dissolution of SovRoms (enterprises which had placed a strain on Romanian economy, having directed its resources to the Soviet Union). Constantinescu was also charged with carrying out Gheorghiu-Dej's program of partial rehabilitation offered to cultural figures such as the writer Tudor Arghezi, the philosopher Lucian Blaga, and the historian Constantin C. Giurescu.  In the aftermath of the 1956 Revolution in Hungary, he was sent to Cluj, in order to exercise tighter control over a region with significant Hungarian population.

1956 clash with Gheorghiu-Dej.

In 1956, together with the pro-Soviet Iosif Chișinevschi, Constantinescu observed the increasingly hostile relations between Nikita Khrushchev and Gheorghiu-Dej, and ultimately decided to attack the latter in public (identifying him with Stalinism and citing the history of Securitate political violence). The two had been probably encouraged by Khrushchev, and attempted in vain to rally Alexandru Moghioroș to their cause.  Accused of "attempt to direct the party towards liberal anarchy and revisionism", he was nonetheless convoked to express criticism of the writers Alexandru Jar, Mihail Davidoglu and Ion Vitner, all of whom had displayed similar support for reform. Constantinescu was purged by the Party Plenum in June 1957; he was marginalized, but kept his freedom and was allowed to work as a lector for the Pedagogic Institute, and later as a researcher for the Romanian Academy's Institute for Economics and the Nicolae Iorga Institute of History in Bucharest (led by Andrei Oțetea at the time). Active in the revival of sociology studies after the Stalinist period, he was notably engaged with Henri H. Stahl on the "Bibliotheca Historica Romaniae" research project.  Countering earlier accusations, Gheorghiu-Dej eventually included Constantinescu and Chișinevschi on various lists of "Stalinists", as well as accusing them of having supported the "Muscovite wing" in its alleged actions against the PCR itself. During the 1957 Plenum, as well as in 1961, Nicolae Ceaușescu was fully endorsing Gheorghiu-Dej's theories on the subject, and, initially indicating that, unlike the two opponents, he held Joseph Stalin in esteem, alleged that Constantinescu had little understanding of Marxist principles (although his was, in all likelihood, much less significant).

Rehabilitation and later life.

Following Gheorghiu-Dej's death, Ceaușescu's rise brought a wave of rehabilitations; Constantinescu's own name was cleared upon PCR inquiry which presented its results in April 1968. He was consequently reinstated to the top echelon, and served as Minister of Education for a short period, as well as being elected a member of the Central Committee Secretariat and deputy member of the Executive Political Committee. He later became President of Academy of Social and Political Sciences, Rector of Ștefan Gheorghiu Academy. He was elected Vice-President of the State Council in November 1972, a position he will hold concurrently with the office of President of the Great National Assembly, succeeding Ştefan Voitec from 28 March until his death on 18 July.  Until his death, he was forced to cede part of his party status to Ceaușescu, who was officially praised for having reorganized the Union of Communist Youth in 1938, a task which had actually been carried out by Constantinescu.

Personal life.

His wife Sulamita, née Bloch, was herself a PCR activist. She died, in 1968, at the hands of Lena, their younger daughter (b. 1949) (sources do not agree on the method used in killing — Sulamita Constantinescu was either hit with a clothes iron or attacked with a knife or a hatchet). Constantinescu's daughter was diagnosed with schizophrenia, and interned at a sanatorium in Câmpina (a gifted artist, she was allowed to continue painting, and exhibited her works on hospital grounds). According to one popular, but unconfirmed, rumor, the two women had been in love with the same unnamed man.  Constantinescu's two sons, both named Horia, suffered tragic deaths in their youth — the first-born died during an appendicectomy; the second-born froze to death while on a trip to the Bucegi Mountains.  Constantinescu and Sulamita also had an older daughter, Ana.

In fiction.

Under the name "Constant Mironescu", Constantinescu appears in the semi-autobiographical novel "Luntrea lui Caron" ("Charon's Boat"), written by Lucian Blaga years after he was reinstated by Gheorghiu-Dej (the book was only published posthumously).  Miron Constantinescu's stay in Caransebeș prison and the subsequent investigation became a theme of official PCR propaganda; the 1981 film "Convoiul" ("The Convoy"), directed by Mircea Mureșan and starring Ion Besoiu, Emil Hossu, and Costel Constantin, was a romanticized depiction of the events.

Miron Constantinescu (13 December 1917 – 18 July 1974) was a Romanian communist politician, a leading member of the Romanian Communist Party (PCR, known as PMR for a period of his lifetime), as well as a Marxist sociologist, historian, academic, and journalist. Initially close to Communist Romania's leader Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej, he became increasingly critical of the latter's Stalinist policies during the 1950s, and was sidelined together with Iosif Chișinevschi. Reinstated under Nicolae Ceauşescu, he became a member of the Romanian Academy.

Miron Constantinescu (* 13. Dezember 1917 in Chișinău; † 18. Juli 1974 in Bukarest) war ein rumänischer Soziologe, Hochschullehrer und Politiker der Rumänischen Kommunistischen Partei PMR "(Partidul Muncitoresc Român)" und ab 1965 PCR "(Partidul Comunist Român)", der unter anderem zwischen 1945 und 1957 Mitglied des Politbüros des Zentralkomitees (ZK) sowie von 1952 bis 1954 sowie erneut zwischen 1972 und 1974 Sekretär des ZK war. Er bekleidete bis Mitte der 1950er Jahre bis zu seiner Kritik am Ersten Sekretär der PCR, Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej mehrere Ministerämter und war zeitweise Erster Vize-Ministerpräsident. Ende der 1960er Jahre kehrte er in politische Spitzenfunktionen zurück und fungierte zuletzt von März bis zu seinem Tod im Juli 1974 als Präsident der Großen Nationalversammlung.


History.

A mill was already present at Mapledurham at the time of the Domesday Book. The central section of the current mill building dates back to the 15th century. Originally the mill had a single water wheel on the river side of the building. The mill was increased in size in the 1670s, and a leat was constructed to drive a second water wheel on the village side. It is this second wheel which is still in use today.  In 1690, the mill was leased to James Web for the sum of £60 per year. Around 1700, he expanded the mill again to allow him to install the equipment to produce the refined flour that was becoming popular. His son Daniel Webb took over from him in 1726 at a rent of £100. In 1747, Thomas Atrum took over the mill at a rent of £150, which was raised to £205 in 1776. In 1777 a barn was added on the mill island, and a wharf built to allow the mill to supply flour to the London market by barge. However, by 1784 Thomas Atrum was bankrupt.  The mill continued to flourish, and as late as 1823 plans were drawn up to rebuild the mill in classical style. The advent of cheap imported flour from North America damaged the mill's prosperity, but it remained in use until just after the Second World War. On 24 October 1951, the watermill was designated as a grade II* listed building. It was restored and brought back into use in 1980.  In 2011, work started on the installation of a new Archimedes' screw turbine on the river side of the watermill in order to generate electricity. This was built to provide power to Mapledurham House, and replaced a turbine installed in the 1920s that was no longer functional. At the time the turbine was inaugurated in 2012, it was the most powerful turbine on the River Thames, and the largest of its type in the country.

Admission and access.

The mill is located in the grounds of Mapledurham House, and like the house is open to visitors on weekend and bank holiday afternoons from April to September. The water mill is normally working on opening days, and visitors can visit both main floors of the mill, and see (and feel) its operation.  Admission is charged, and joint tickets are available that allow admission to both house and mill. Access is by car down the narrow and steep lane that is Mapledurham village's only road connection, or by a boat service that runs from "Thameside Promenade" in Reading on all opening days.

Media coverage.

The mill building is best known, and has gained worldwide recognition, for being featured on the cover of heavy metal band Black Sabbath's self-titled debut album in 1970.  The watermill is also known for its starring role in the 1976 film of "The Eagle Has Landed", where the mill leat is the scene of the dramatic rescue of a local girl by a German paratrooper that results in the unmasking of Steiner and his men.  The mill was used as a filming location on the Children's Film Foundation Exploits at West Poley (1985) Starring Jonathan Jackson, Charlie Condou Brenda Fricker and Sean Bean.  The mill appears in the introductory credits to the BBC television programme, "Richard Hammond's Blast Lab", as the supposed hidden location of the underground lab. The mill also appears in the "Midsomer Murders" episode "The Fisher King" (season 7; episode 3), as the scene for the discovery of a body.

External links.

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Mapledurham Watermill is a historic watermill in the civil parish of Mapledurham in the English county of Oxfordshire. It is driven by the head of water created by Mapledurham Lock and Weir, on the River Thames. The mill was built in the 15th century, and further extended in the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries. It is a grade II* listed building and is preserved in an operational state.

Mapledurham Watermill ist eine Wassermühle bei Mapledurham in Oxfordshire. Die Mühle wird durch Wasser angetrieben, das durch das Wehr in der Themse an der Schleuse Mapledurham Lock gestaut wird und ist noch voll funktionsfähig.


Taxonomy and phylogeny.

When the crested capuchin was discovered, it was formally classified as "Cebus apella robustus" and considered a subspecies of the tufted capuchin. In 2001, Groves proposed that the crested capuchin was a subspecies of the black capuchin and should be moved to "Cebus nigritus robustus." In 2012, it was proposed that the genus "Cebus" should be split and that all robust capuchins should be under the genus "Sapajus". Additionally, it was also argued that the crested capuchin is a separate species from the black capuchin, and therefore the new classification for the crested capuchin should be "Sapajus robustus" It has also been estimated using mitochondrial DNA that the crested capuchin diverged from the black capuchin over 5 million years ago, providing further evidence that the crested capuchin is a separate species from the black capuchin. However, "Cebus nigritus robustus" may still be used to refer to the crested capuchin.

Characteristics.

The crested capuchin, unlike other species of capuchins, has a conical crest on the crown which is bright red with a black spot. This cone may also continue around the sides of the head to create a black beard. The rest of the fur may be brownish red or yellowish brown. The forearms, lower legs, and tail of the crested capuchin are all black, although these areas may be a mix of black and light yellow fur in females. Females also may have two lateral tufts on their crown that the males do not have. Crested capuchins have a head-body length of and a tail length of. The males are generally larger than the females of the species. They can weigh from.

Distribution and habitat.

The crested capuchin formerly occurred between the Doce and Jequitinhonha rivers, in Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais and Bahia, on the Atlantic coast of Brazil. However, due to loss of habitat, their current range has been restricted in Bahia, eastern Minas Gerais, south of Rio Jequitinhonha and north of Rio Doce. It generally frequents the mid-canopy to understory of tropical lowland and submontane forests, but may also live in semi-deciduous dry forests in the western part of their range.

Ecology.

The species has a broad diet, including fruits, seeds, and arthropods, as well as frogs or even small mammals. They are very skilled at manipulating food items to reach the food they want. While no crested capuchins have been recorded using tools, it is very possible that they do. Other species of robust capuchins that have been studied more, such as "Sapajus nigritus," have been documented using stones to open food items such as fruits with hard shells or oysters. Given the similarities between the two species and their ranges, crested capuchins may also use tools in this way. No observations have been done specifically on the crested capuchin, but they likely live in linear hierarchies that span both sexes, with the top-ranking male dominating the top-ranking female, similar to other closely related species of capuchin. Males ranked lower than the dominant male may also be a part of capuchin groups, but they often remain on the peripheral of the group.

Conservation.

Crested capuchins were first classified as vulnerable in 1995 by the IUCN and became classified as endangered in 2008. Although their range includes several conservation areas, they occur only in a relatively small area, where they are under pressure from hunting and habitat destruction by conversion to agriculture.

The crested capuchin or robust tufted capuchin ("Sapajus robustus") is a species of robust capuchin monkey. It is endemic to Brazil. It was formerly considered a subspecies of the black capuchin but is now considered by some to be a separate species.

Der Schopfkapuzineraffe ("Sapajus robustus", Syn.: "Cebus apella cay") ist eine Primatenart aus der Familie der Kapuzinerartigen innerhalb der Neuweltaffen, die nur in einem kleinen Gebiet im östlichen Brasilien vorkommt.


The Umfravilles.

Archaeological excavations have shown that the first castle on the site was a Norman motte and bailey, built sometime in the mid 11th century. Following the Norman Conquest, the Umfraville family took over control of the castle. Robert d’Umfraville was formally granted the barony of Prudhoe by Henry I but it is likely that the Umfravilles had already been granted Prudhoe in the closing years of the 11th century. The Umfravilles (probably Robert) initially replaced the wooden palisade with a massive rampart of clay and stones and subsequently constructed a stone curtain wall and gatehouse.  In 1173 William the Lion of Scotland invaded the North East to claim the earldom of Northumberland. The head of the Umfraville family, Odinel II, refused to support him and as a result the Scottish army tried to take Prudhoe Castle. The attempt failed as the Scots were not prepared to undertake a lengthy siege. The following year William attacked the castle again but found that Odinel had strengthened the garrison, and after a siege of just three days the Scottish army left. Following the siege, Odinel further improved the defences of the castle by adding a stone keep and a great hall.  Odinel died in 1182 and was succeeded by his son Richard. Richard became one of the barons who stood against King John, and as a result forfeited his estates to the crown. They remained forfeited until 1217, the year after King John’s death. Richard died in 1226 and was succeeded by his son, Gilbert, who was himself succeeded in 1245 by his son Gilbert. Through his mother, Gilbert II inherited the title of Earl of Angus, with vast estates in Scotland, but he continued to spend some of his time at Prudhoe. It is believed that he carried out further improvements to the castle. Gilbert took part in the fighting between Henry III of England and his barons, and in the Scottish expeditions of Edward I. He died in 1308 and was succeeded by his son, Robert D’Umfraville IV. In 1314, Robert was taken prisoner by the Scots at Bannockburn, but was soon released, though he was deprived of the earldom of Angus and of his Scottish estates. In 1316 King Edward granted Robert 700 marks to maintain a garrison of 40 men-at-arms and 80 light horsemen at Prudhoe.  In 1381 the last of the line, Gilbert III, died without issue and his widow married Henry Percy, 1st Earl of Northumberland. On her death in 1398, the castle passed to the Percy family.

The Percies.

The Percies added a new great hall to the castle shortly after they took possession of it. Henry Percy, 1st Earl of Northumberland fought against Henry IV and took part in the Battle of Shrewsbury, for which act he was attainted and his estates, including Prudhoe, were forfeited to the Crown in 1405. That same year it was granted to the future Duke of Bedford, (a son of Henry IV) and stayed in his hands until his death in 1435, whereupon it reverted to the Crown.  The Percies regained ownership of the Prudhoe estates in 1440, after a prolonged legal battle. However, Henry Percy, 3rd Earl of Northumberland fought on the Lancastrian side in the Wars of the Roses and was killed at the Battle of Towton in 1461. In 1462 Edward IV granted Prudhoe to his younger brother George, Duke of Clarence. The latter only possessed the castle briefly before the king granted it to Lord Montague.  The castle was restored to the fourth Earl in 1470. The principal seat of the Percys was Alnwick Castle and Prudhoe was for the most part let out to tenants. In 1528 however Henry Percy 6th Earl was resident at the castle as later was his brother Sir Thomas Percy. Both the Earl and Sir Thomas were heavily involved in the Pilgrimage of Grace in 1536 and both were convicted of treason and executed. Following forfeiture of the estates the castle was reported in August 1537 to have habitable houses and towers within its walls, although they were said to be somewhat decayed and in need of repairs estimated at £20.  The castle was once again restored to Thomas Percy, the 7th Earl in about 1557. He was convicted of taking part in the Rising of the North in 1569. He escaped, but was recaptured and was executed in 1572.  The castle was thereafter let out to many and various tenants and was not used as a residence after the 1660s. In 1776 it was reported to be ruinous.  Between 1808 and 1817, Hugh Percy, 2nd Duke of Northumberland carried out substantial repairs to the ancient fabric and replaced the old dwellings within the walls with a Georgian mansion adjoining the keep.  In 1966 the castle was given over to the Crown and is now in the custody of English Heritage and is open to the public.

Description.

The castle stands on a ridge about on the south bank of the River Tyne. It is partly enclosed by a deep moat. The ground to the north falls away steeply to the river. The castle entrance is on the south side and is flanked by a mill pond on the left and a ruined water mill on the right. The castle is entered by a barbican dating from the first half of the 14th century. The gatehouse, dating from the early 12th century, leads into the outer ward; which contains the remains of several buildings. At the north side, against the curtain wall, are the remains of the Great Hall, measuring 60 ft by 46 ft (18m by 14m), built by the Percies when they took over the castle. At the end of the 15th century a new hall was built to the west to replace the existing one.  On the west side of the outer ward is the manor house, built in the early 19th century, and containing a visitor’s shop and exhibition rooms. At the south end of the manor house is a gateway leading into the inner ward. The main feature of the inner ward is the keep, dating from the 12th century. The keep has walls thick and its internal dimensions are 20 ft by 24 ft (7.3m by 6.1m). It originally consisted of two storeys beneath a double-pitched roof.

Prudhoe Castle is a ruined medieval English castle situated on the south bank of the River Tyne at Prudhoe, Northumberland, England. It is a Scheduled Ancient Monument and a Grade I listed building.

Prudhoe Castle ist eine Burgruine aus dem Mittelalter, die am Südufer des Tyne in der Stadt "Prudhoe" in der englischen Grafschaft Northumberland liegt. Sie gilt als Scheduled Monument und English Heritage hat sie als historisches Gebäude I. Grades gelistet.


Particle collection.

Spray towers are low energy scrubbers. Contacting power is much lower than in venturi scrubbers, and the pressure drops across such systems are generally less than 2.5 cm (1 in) of water. The collection efficiency for small particles is correspondingly lower than in more energy-intensive devices. They are adequate for the collection of coarse particles larger than 10–25 μm in diameter, although with increased liquid inlet nozzle pressures, particles with diameters of 2.0 μm can be collected.  Smaller droplets can be formed by higher liquid pressures at the nozzle. The highest collection efficiencies are achieved when small droplets are produced and the difference between the velocity of the droplet and the velocity of the upward-moving particles is high. Small droplets, however, have small settling velocities, so there is an optimum range of droplet sizes for scrubbers that work by this mechanism.  This range of droplet sizes is between 500 and 1,000 μm for gravity-spray (counter current) towers. The injection of water at very high pressures – 2070–3100 kPa (300–450 psi) – creates a fog of very fine droplets. Higher particle-collection efficiencies can be achieved in such cases since collection mechanisms other than inertial impaction occur. However, these spray nozzles may use more power to form droplets than would a venturi operating at the same collection efficiency.

Gas collection.

Spray towers can be used for gas absorption, but they are not as effective as packed or plate towers. Spray towers can be very effective in removing pollutants if the pollutants are highly soluble or if a chemical reagent is added to the liquid.  For example, spray towers are used to remove HCl gas from the tail-gas exhaust in manufacturing hydrochloric acid. In the production of superphosphate used in manufacturing fertilizer, SiF and HF gases are vented from various points in the processes. Spray towers have been used to remove these highly soluble compounds. Spray towers are also used for odor removal in bone meal and tallow manufacturing industries by scrubbing the exhaust gases with a solution of KMnO.  Because of their ability to handle large gas volumes in corrosive atmospheres, spray towers are also used in a number of flue-gas desulfurization systems as the first or second stage in the pollutant removal process.  In a spray tower, absorption can be increased by decreasing the size of the liquid droplets and/or increasing the liquid-to-gas ratio (L/G). However, to accomplish either of these, an increase in both power consumed and operating cost is required. In addition, the physical size of the spray tower will limit the amount of liquid and the size of droplets that can be used.

Maintenance problems.

The main advantage of spray towers over other scrubbers is their completely open design; they have no internal parts except for the spray nozzles. This feature eliminates many of the scale buildup and plugging problems associated with other scrubbers. The primary maintenance problems are spray-nozzle plugging or eroding, especially when using recycled scrubber liquid. To reduce these problems, a settling or filtration system is used to remove abrasive particles from the recycled scrubbing liquid before pumping it back into the nozzles.

Summary.

Spray towers are inexpensive control devices primarily used for gas conditioning (cooling or humidifying) or for first-stage particle or gas removal. They are also used in many flue-gas desulfurization systems to reduce plugging and scale buildup by pollutants.  Many scrubbing systems use sprays either prior to or in the bottom of the primary scrubber to remove large particles that could plug it.  Spray towers have been used effectively to remove large particles and highly soluble gases. The pressure drop across the towers is very low – usually less than 2.5 cm (1.0 in) of water; thus, scrubber operating costs are relatively low. However, the liquid pumping costs can be very high.  Spray towers are constructed in various sizes – small ones to handle small gas flows of 0.05 m/s (106 ft/min) or less, and large ones to handle large exhaust flows of 50 m/s (106,000 m/min) or greater. Because of the low gas velocity required, units handling large gas flow rates tend to be large in size. Operating characteristics of spray towers are presented in the following table.

A spray tower (or spray column or spray chamber) is gas-liquid contactor used to achieve mass and heat transfer between a continuous gas phase (that can contain dispersed solid particles) and a dispersed liquid phase. It consists of an empty cylindrical vessel made of steel or plastic, and nozzles that spray liquid into the vessel. The inlet gas stream usually enters at the bottom of the tower and moves upward, while the liquid is sprayed downward from one or more levels. This flow of inlet gas and liquid in opposite directions is called countercurrent flow.

Ein Sprühwäscher, Waschturm, Sprühturm oder auch Düsenwäscher ist ein Apparat zum Stoffaustausch und zur Wärmeübertragung zwischen strömenden Gasen und Flüssigkeiten. Sprühwäscher sind die älteste Bauform der Gaswäscher und werden insbesondere zur Abgasreinigung eingesetzt.


Games.

A total of game titles are known to have been released for the console:

Sega Meganet titles.

Sega Meganet, also known as the Net Work System, was an online service for the Mega Drive in Japan. Utilizing dial-up Internet access, Meganet was Sega's first online multiplayer gaming service, and functioned on a pay to play basis. The system functioned through the use of a peripheral called the Mega Modem and offered several unique titles that could be downloaded, and a few could be played competitively with friends. In addition, it shared technology and equipment with more serious services such as the Mega Anser, used for banking purposes. Though the system was announced for North America under the rebranded name "Tele-Genesis", it was never released for that region.  The Meganet service utilized its own library of titles, independent of the Mega Drive library. Most of these games never received a cartridge release; however, "Columns", "Flicky", "Fatal Labyrinth", and "Teddy Boy Blues" each later saw cartridge versions. Several Meganet games would also later appear in the "Game no Kanzume" series, released for the Mega-CD exclusively in Japan. Most games for the service were small, at around 128kB per game, due to the limits of Internet connection speeds at the time. Downloads were estimated to take about five to eight minutes to complete. All of the Meganet games were available through the Sega Game Library, accessed through the Meganet modem. Due to issues with long-distance charges through the use of telephone lines, as well as seconds of lag time between commands, only two games featured competitive play: "Tel-Tel Stadium" and "Tel-Tel Mahjong", with the remainder of the games available for single players via download. Due to Sega's reluctance to commit to releasing the service in North America, third-party developers in that region were unwilling to invest in developing games specifically for Meganet. This resulted in a low number of titles created for the service.  The following list contains all of the titles released for the Meganet service. All titles in this list were released in Japan only.  There were games on the Meganet.

The Sega Genesis, known as the in regions outside of North America, is a 16-bit video game console that was developed and sold by Sega. First released in Japan in 1988, in North America on August 14, 1989 and in PAL regions in 1990, the Genesis is Sega's third console and the successor to the Master System. The system supports a library of more than 700 games created both by Sega and a wide array of third-party publishers and delivered on ROM cartridges. It can also play the complete library of Master System games when the separately sold Power Base Converter is installed. The Sega Genesis also benefited from numerous peripherals, including the Sega CD and Sega 32X, several network services, and multiple first-party and third-party variations of the console that focused on extending its functionality. The console and its games continue to be popular among fans, collectors, video game music fans, and emulation enthusiasts. Licensed third party re-releases of the console are still being produced, and several indie game developers continue to produce games for it. Many games have also been re-released in compilations for newer consoles and offered for download on various digital distribution services, such as Virtual Console, Xbox Live Arcade, PlayStation Network, and Steam.

Dies ist eine alphabetische Liste der für die Spielkonsole Mega Drive veröffentlichten Spiele. Nicht enthalten sind die Spiele für die Hardwareerweiterung Sega Mega-CD und die des Sega 32X. Enthalten sind auch Titel, die nicht von Sega zur Veröffentlichung auf der Konsole lizenziert wurden, einschließlich Veröffentlichungen in Taiwan von verschiedenen Entwicklern wie Gamtec, sowie die Veröffentlichungen von Accolade vor Abschluss des Prozesses "Sega v. Accolade" (977 F.2d 1510, 9th Cir. 1992) und der darauf folgenden Lizenzierung durch Sega. Die Liste enthält außerdem Spiele von nicht-lizenzierten Drittentwicklern nach der Produkteinstellung des Mega Drives, beispielsweise "Pier Solar and the Great Architects".


History.

League1 Ontario was founded on November 15, 2013 in an announcement by the Ontario Soccer Association (OSA) that it would pilot the semi-professional league in 2014 and 2015 as a key pillar of long-term player development in Canada. The league would be administered by DG Sports, who also operate the province's amateur Ontario Soccer League, with Dino Rossi serving as commissioner. OSA President Ron Smale stated that the league's core group of players are to consist of U-23s, with League1 complementing the newly formed Ontario Player Development League (OPDL) elite youth league as a pathway for professional player development.  On April 8, 2014 the OSA revealed its plans for the inaugural season of League1 to feature 10 teams, chosen through a standards-based application process, with the first games to take place during the final weekend in May 2014. The founding 10 clubs would be: ANB Futbol, Durham Power FC, Internacional de Toronto, Kingston Cataraqui Clippers, Masters FA, Sigma FC, Toronto FC Academy, Vaughan Azzurri, Windsor Stars and Woodbridge Strikers.  Dylan Sacramento of Toronto FC Academy scored the first ever goal in the league with a 10th-minute strike against Vaughan Azzurri. In the same game, Mateo Restrepo received the league's first red card.  On July 22, 2014, the league and the Ontario Soccer Association announced the termination of Internacional de Toronto's license agreement due to "failure to comply with agreed-upon league standards," with league matches rescheduled for the season to accommodate the change.  Toronto FC Academy were crowned the inaugural league champions on October 4, 2014 after defeating the Cataraqui Clippers 3–1 to secure the top place in the regular season standings. Vaughan Azzurri and Sigma FC contested the inaugural League1 Ontario Cup on October 19, 2014 at BMO Field, with the Azzurri winning the single-game cup final 2–1 to be crowned champions.  In January 2015, L1O announced the launch of a women's division that would include seven teams. In the same release the number of men's teams would go up to 12 for the new season. Expansion continued for the 2016 season by adding four teams to each division and the introduction of a conference format in the men's division.  On November 14, 2018, the Canadian Premier League announced its purchase of League1 Ontario. According to L1O commissioner Dino Rossi, L1O would serve as "CPL's official development league."

Men's division.

Competition format.

The League1 Ontario regular season runs from May through October using a single table format, with each team playing one match against all other teams. The top eight teams compete in the league playoffs at the end of the season. Since 2017, the league champion has qualified for the Canadian Championship.  A cup tournament known as the L1 Cup was played from 2014 until 2018. The knockout tournament ran concurrently with the regular season, with cup games usually taking place during mid-week.

Clubs.

Current clubs.

Of the 17 current clubs, 4 are based in Toronto, 10 are based elsewhere in the Greater Toronto Area, and 3 are based in other cities in Southern Ontario. There are no clubs based in Northern Ontario.

Organization.

Regulations.

League1 Ontario was founded with a series of values, objectives and standards all aimed at furthering the league's stated objective of improving player development in Ontario and Canada. Some of these regulations include:

Reserve division.

In 2019, L1O launched a men's U21 Reserve Division open to existing League1 Ontario or Ontario Player Development League license holders. The inaugural year will consist of a 12-game summer season and a separate 10-game fall season. Nine teams will participate in the 2019 summer season with a possibility of more teams joining for the fall.

Women's division.

Competition format.

The League1 Ontario regular season runs from May through September using a single table format, with each team playing one match against all other teams. The top four teams compete in the league playoffs at the end of the season.  A single-elimination cup tournament runs concurrently with the regular season, with cup games taking place during mid-week.

Current clubs.

Of the fourteen current clubs, three are based in Toronto, nine are based elsewhere in the Greater Toronto Area, and two are based in other cities in Southern Ontario. There are no clubs based in Northern Ontario.

League1 Ontario (L1O) is a semi-professional men's and women's soccer league in Ontario, Canada, and is sanctioned by the Canadian Soccer Association and the Ontario Soccer Association as a Division III league in the Canadian soccer league system. The 2020 season will include 17 teams in the men's division and 14 teams in the women's division.

Die League1 Ontario ist eine semi-professionelle Herren-Fußballliga in Ontario, Kanada. Die 2013 gegründete Liga wurde von Canadian Soccer Association und der Ontario Soccer Association als dritte Liga im kanadischen Ligasystem akzeptiert. Sie steht damit auf einer Stufe mit der United Soccer League und der in Québec beheimateten Première Ligue de soccer du Québec.


Life.

Gregory was the fourth son of Isabella MacLeod and James Gregory, and was born at 2 St Andrew Square in Edinburgh, (since demolished).  After a medical education he graduated at the University of Edinburgh in 1828, and moved into chemistry, studying at the University of Geissen. In 1831 he introduced a process for making the "muriate of morphia", which came into general use. "Gregory's salt" in terms of modern chemistry was a mixture of morphine hydrochloride and codeine hydrochloride, obtained from opium by use of calcium chloride.  In the 1830s he is recorded as living in his father's townhouse with his brothers at 10 Ainslie Place on the Moray Estate in the western New Town of Edinburgh.  In 1832 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, his proposer being Robert Christison, and served as the Society's Secretary from 1844 to 1858.  After studying for some time on the continent he established himself as an extra-academical lecturer on chemistry at Edinburgh. He was appointed Professor of Chemistry at the Andersonian University, Glasgow, and then at the Dublin Medical School, and in 1839 was appointed professor of medicine and chemistry in King's College, Aberdeen. In 1844 he was elected to the chair of chemistry at Edinburgh in succession to his old teacher Thomas Charles Hope. Andrew Fyfe filled his post in Aberdeen having unsuccessfully also contested the Edinburgh chair. He was a successful expository lecturer, but in his later years suffered much from a disabling disease.  Gregory was interested in animal magnetism and mesmerism.  He died at his home on Princes Street on 24 April 1858, leaving a widow and one son. He is buried in Canongate Kirkyard on the Royal Mile. He shares the grave with his siblings, adjacent to his parents. It lies in the south-west corner of the graveyard, to the right hand side of Adam Smith's grave.

Works.

Gregory was a pupil of Justus von Liebig at Giessen, and translated and edited several of his works. His own chemical works gave prominence to organic chemistry. A list of forty chemical papers by him was given in the Royal Society's "Catalogue of Scientific Papers". Restricted to a sedentary life, he wrote a number of papers on diatoms. His books were:  Besides editing English editions of Liebig's "Animal Chemistry", "Chemistry in its Applications to Agriculture and Physiology", "Familiar Letters on Chemistry", "Instructions for Chemical Analysis of Organic Bodies", "Agricultural Chemistry", "Chemistry of Food", and "Researches on the Motion of the Juices in the Animal Body", Gregory translated and edited Karl Reichenbach's "Researches on Magnetism, Electricity, Heat, &c., in their relation to Vital Force", 1850. He also, with Liebig, edited Edward Turner's "Elements of Chemistry".

References.

Attribution:

William Gregory FRCPE FRSE FCS (25 December 1803 – 24 April 1858) was a Scottish physician and chemist. He studied under and translated some of the works of Justus von Liebig, the German chemist. Gregory also had interests in mesmerism and phrenology.

William Gregory (* 25. Dezember 1803 in Edinburgh; † 24. April 1858 ebenda) war ein schottischer Arzt und Chemiker. Er studierte bei Liebig und übersetzte einige seiner Werke. Er war außerdem interessiert an animalischem Magnetismus und Phrenologie.


Biography.

Life and career.

Nirmala Joshi, née Kusum, was born on 23 July 1934 in a Brahmin family as the eldest of the ten children at Regmi Village, Syangja, Nepal. Her father was an officer of the British Indian Army until the nation's independence in 1947. When she was one year old, her father brought the family to India. Although the family was Hindu, she was educated by Christian missionaries in Mount Carmel, Hazaribagh, India. At that time, she learned of Mother Teresa's work and wanted to share in that service. She soon converted to Catholicism and joined the Missionaries of Charity, founded by Mother Teresa. Joshi completed a Master's degree in Political Science and then went on to secure a doctorate degree in law from the University of Calcutta. She was one of the first Sisters of the institute to head a foreign mission when she went to Panama. In 1976, Joshi started the contemplative branch of the Missionaries of Charity and remained at its head until 1997, when she was elected to succeed Mother Teresa as Superior General of the institute.  The government of India bestowed the Padma Vibhushan, the second highest civilian award, on Sister Joshi on Republic Day (26 January) 2009 for her services to the nation. Her term as Superior General ended on 25 March 2009, and she was succeeded by German born Sister Mary Prema Pierick.

Death.

Joshi died on 25 June 2015 in Kolkata from a heart ailment. Many leaders of India expressed their condolences in media, including Prime Minister Narendra Modi and West Bengal Chief Minister Mamata Banerjee.

Maria Nirmala Joshi M.C. (23 July 1934 – 23 June 2015), better known as Sister Nirmala, was an Nepalese-Indian Catholic Religious Sister, who succeeded Nobel laureate Mother Teresa as the head of her Missionaries of Charity and expanded the movement overseas. After taking over the charity following Mother Teresa’s death in 1997, Nirmala expanded the organisation’s reach to 134 countries by opening centres in nations such as Afghanistan, Israel and Thailand.

Schwester Nirmala Joshi MC (* 23. Juli 1934 in Ranchi, Britisch-Indien; † 23. Juni 2015 in Kalkutta) war eine katholische Ordensschwester und Generaloberin der Missionarinnen der Nächstenliebe in Kalkutta.


Identity.

S. W. Erdnase was most likely a way for the author to conceal his real identity so he wouldn't be arrested, since Federal laws at the time prohibited the publication and distribution of "obscene" material. In the late 19th and early 20th century, many judges considered books on gambling methods obscene (see Comstock laws). S. W. Erdnase spelled backwards is "E. S. Andrews" leading many investigators to search for people named Andrews as possible candidates.

Milton Franklin Andrews.

Martin Gardner has proposed that a small-time con man named Milton Franklin Andrews was the author. Another proponent who researched this theory was Barton Whaley, in his book "The Man Who Was Erdnase," which contains eyewitness interviews from the 1940s. Andrews was wanted by police for questioning in relation to a murder inquiry. When the police found Andrews he shot himself dead after fatally shooting his female companion. Andrews was only 33, as stated in "The Man Who was Erdnase".  Others argue against Andrews being Erdnase because the known examples of his writing are very much inferior to the exceptional writing of "The Expert at the Card Table".  There has been newer evidence since the year 2000 that puts to rest the assumption that Milton Franklin Andrews was Erdnase. It is obvious that Andrews was a card cheat but that is as far as his connection goes. Other historians have also found other men that could have indeed been S.W. Erdnase.

Wilbur Edgerton Sanders.

Some argue that Erdnase was probably a well-educated, locally prominent individual, hiding behind an alias to protect his social standing. The late David Alexander, a magician and private detective, did quite a bit of work to find a better and more possible candidate than Milton Franklin Andrews, and he proposed that Erdnase was a prominent mining engineer named Wilbur Edgerton Sanders. (Note that "S. W. Erdnase" is an anagram of "W. E. Sanders".)  Since Alexander's death, others have researched Wilbur Edgerton Sanders. Genii Magazine devoted a large portion of its September 2011 issue to an exploration of Alexander's theory, providing substantial circumstantial evidence that links Sanders to Erdnase.

E. S. Andrews.

Todd Karr has identified a Midwestern-based con artist and business swindler named E. S. Andrews who was active around the turn of the century and whose biography and range of known locations seems to fit Erdnase's. Also, E.S. Andrews spelled backwards is S.W. Erdnase.

L'Homme Masqué.

Juan Tamariz has advanced the theory that Erdnase was written by the Peruvian magician named "L'Homme Masqué" (The Masked Man), who lived in Europe.

Others.

Many other people have also been proposed, including James Andrews, James DeWitt Andrews, Robert Frederick Foster and Herbert Lee Andrews, which have been discussed and debated on the Erdnase topic on the Genii Forum since 2003

S. W. Erdnase is a pseudonym used by the author of "The Expert at the Card Table", a book detailing sleight of hand, cheating and legerdemain using playing cards. Still considered essential reading for any card magician, the book (usually known as just "Erdnase", EATCT, or sometimes "the Bible") has been in publication since 1902. Erdnase's true identity is one of the enduring mysteries of the magic community.

S. W. Erdnase war das Pseudonym eines Autors, der in seinem 1902 veröffentlichten Buch "The Expert at the Card Table" Fingerfertigkeiten, Betrügereien und Zaubertrickprinzipien für Spielkarten beschreibt. Das Buch gilt immer noch als Pflichtlektüre der Kartenkunst und wird liebevoll „die Bibel“ oder schlicht „Erdnase“ genannt. Seit 1902 wird es kontinuierlich in zahlreichen Sprachen aufgelegt. Erdnases wahre Identität gilt als eines der bestgehüteten Geheimnisse der Zauberkunst.


Career.

Wood initially worked in both the UK and international comic book industries, working on characters such as the British character Judge Dredd, before breaking into the US market, where he worked for such companies as Marvel Comics and DC Comics. Wood later worked for Image, creating graphic novels and cover art for the various "Spawn" properties of Todd McFarlane, and projects with IDW Publishing.  Wood has contributed to both movie and TV projects.  Working in conjunction with Konami and Japanese producer/director Hideo Kojima to produce "Metal Gear Solid" comics. Wood assisted in creating one of the world's first digital comics for Sony's PlayStation Portable platform, the "". Following this, he also supplied art for the cinema scenes in the 2006 PlayStation Portable game "" and for the comic book adaptation of "", which is receiving the same digital treatment as its predecessor.  In 2004, Ashley Wood and TP Louise formed 7174 PTY LTD., an Australian-based entertainment company. Operating from Australia on a global scale, 7174 is active in creating entertainment properties for the comic, film, toy, and video game industry among others. Ashley Wood is the creator of the Popbot and World War Robot series of graphic novels, Popbot is currently in film production with Resolution Independent and World War Robot is currently in pre-production with Disney Studios with Jerry Bruckheimer producing. Previous works include the graphic novel Lore which is currently in pre-production with Warner Brother's studio, with Barry Sonnenfeld directing initially; later, Dave Green was appointed as director, instead. Another Wood collaboration Zombies Vs Robots is currently in pre-production with Sony Pictures, with Michael Bay producing.  Using an international network of development partners, coupled with the vast experience 7174 has, the company acts as an "umbrella" organisation which allows Ashley to create, own, and distribute his creations through a variety of media outlets.  In 2008, Ashley Wood and ThreeZero's founder Kim created threeA, a Hong Kong-based production house for designing, developing and manufacturing toys, posters, prints and clothing based on characters created by Ashley Wood.

Ashley Wood (born 1971) is Australian comic book artist and award-winning illustrator known for his cover art, concept design and his work as an art director. Wood initially worked in both the UK and international comic book industries, working on characters such as the British character Judge Dredd, before breaking into the US market, where he worked for such companies as Marvel Comics and DC Comics. Wood later worked for Image, creating graphic novels and cover art for the various "Spawn" properties of Todd McFarlane, and projects with IDW Publishing.

Ashley Wood (* 1971 in Perth, Australien) ist ein australischer Comicautor, Illustrator und Designer. Wood ist einer breiteren Öffentlichkeit vor allem durch seine Illustrationen für verschiedene Titel der Verlagshäuser Marvel, Image und IDW Publishing bekannt, u. a. zu Spawn, Tank Girl und Judge Dredd. Daneben ist er als Maler und Mixed-Media-Künstler tätig und betrieb von 2008 bis 2019 als Charakter Designer gemeinsam mit Kim Fung Wong die in Hongkong ansässige Firma ThreeA, von der Designer Toys produziert und vertrieben wurden, die maßgeblich auf Woods Gemälden, Zeichnungen und Comics beruhen.


Institutional history.

Establishment.

The "Freiheit" was established in 1922 as a self-described "Communistic fighting newspaper" in the Yiddish language. The paper's chief goals included the promotion of the Jewish labor movement, the defense of the Soviet Union, the advancement of proletarian culture, and the defeat of racism in America.

Development.

By 1925, the press run of the "Freiheit" grew to 22,000 copies per issue, making it the largest of nine daily newspapers in the United States affiliated with the American Communist Party.  "The Morning Freiheit"/"Morgen Freiheit" in its time was one of the most prominent Yiddish newspapers published in the United States, and the show case of left socialist artists and writers both Jewish and non-Jewish, Zionist and internationalist. Among the most notable writers to appear in its pages was Michael Gold, the author of the novel "Jews Without Money". The newspaper made significant political contributions related to the formation of the International Fur and Leather Workers Union, as well as many of the needle trades unions in the United States, including the Amalgamated Clothing Workers union, and perhaps the Congress of Industrial Organizations (which later merged with the AFL as the AFL-CIO).  Following Moissaye Olgin's sudden death in November 1939, the "Freiheit" was headed by Paul Novick (1891-1989), a journalist born in Brest-Litovsk who had first come to America in 1913. Novick had been associated with the publication from its foundation in 1922 and was active in the ICOR, the American Committee of Jewish Writers, Artists and Scientists, and other Communist Party-sponsored mass organizations.

Writers.

People who wrote for or served on the staff of "Morgen Freiheit" included:

The New York city-based Morgen Freiheit (original title: '; English: Morning Freedom""') was a daily Yiddish language newspaper affiliated with the Communist Party, USA, founded by Moissaye Olgin in 1922. After the end of World War II the paper's pro-Israel views brought it into disfavor with the Communist Party and its editor Paul Novick was expelled from the organization. The paper finally folded in 1988.

Morgen Freiheit (Originaltitel: ; Englisch: Morning Freedom) war eine jiddische Zeitung in New York von 1922 bis 1988. Sie stand der Kommunistischen Partei der USA nahe.