Route selection.

One of the earliest and most critical tasks in a submarine pipeline planning exercise is the route selection. This selection has to consider a variety of issues, some of a political nature, but most others dealing with geohazards, physical factors along the prospective route, and other uses of the seabed in the area considered. This task begins with a fact-finding exercise, which is a standard desk study that includes a survey of geological maps, bathymetry, fishing charts, aerial and satellite photography, as well as information from navigation authorities.

Physical factors.

The primary physical factor to be considered in submarine pipeline construction is the state of the seabed – whether it is smooth ("i.e.", relatively flat) or uneven (corrugated, with high points and low points). If it is uneven, the pipeline will include free spans when it connects two high points, leaving the section in between unsupported. If an unsupported section is too long, the bending stress exerted onto it (due to its weight) may be excessive. Vibration from current-induced vortexes may also become an issue. Corrective measures for unsupported pipeline spans include seabed leveling and post-installation support, such as berm or sand infilling below the pipeline. The strength of the seabed is another significant parameter. If the soil is not strong enough, the pipeline may sink into it to an extent where inspection, maintenance procedures and prospective tie-ins become difficult to carry out. At the other extreme, a rocky seabed is expensive to trench and, at high points, abrasion and damage of the pipeline's external coating may occur. Ideally, the soil should be such as to allow the pipe to settle into it to some extent, thereby providing it with some lateral stability.  Other physical factors to be taken into account prior to building a pipeline include the following:

Other uses of the seabed.

Proper planning of a pipeline route has to factor in a wide range of human activities that make use of the seabed along the proposed route, or that are likely to do so in the future. They include the following:

Submarine pipeline characteristics.

Submarine pipelines generally vary in diameter from for gas lines, to for high capacity lines. Wall thicknesses typically range from to. The pipe can be designed for fluids at high temperature and pressure. The walls are made from high-yield strength steel, 350-500 MPa (50,000-70,000 psi), weldability being one of the main selection criteria. The structure is often shielded against external corrosion by coatings such as bitumastic or epoxy, supplemented by cathodic protection with sacrificial anodes. Concrete or fiberglass wrapping provides further protection against abrasion. The addition of a concrete coating is also useful to compensate for the pipeline's negative buoyancy when it carries lower density substances.  The pipeline's inside wall is not coated for petroleum service. But when it carries seawater or corrosive substances, it can be coated with epoxy, polyurethane or polyethylene; it can also be cement-lined. In the petroleum industry, where leaks are unacceptable and the pipelines are subject to internal pressures typically in the order of 10 MPa (1500 psi), the segments are joined by full penetration welds. Mechanical joints are also used. A pig is a standard device in pipeline transport, be it on-land or offshore. It is used to test for hydrostatic pressure, to check for dents and crimps on the sidewalls inside the pipe, and to conduct periodic cleaning and minor repairs.

Pipeline construction.

Pipeline construction involves two procedures: assembling many pipe segments into a full line, and installing that line along the desired route. Several systems can be used – for a submarine pipeline, the choice in favor of any one of them is based on the following factors: physical and environmental conditions ("e.g." currents, wave regime), availability of equipment and costs, water depth, pipeline length and diameter, constraints tied to the presence of other lines and structures along the route. These systems are generally divided into four broad categories: "pull/tow", "S-lay", "J-lay" and "reel-lay".

The pull/tow system.

In the pull/tow system, the submarine pipeline is assembled onshore and then towed to location. Assembly is done either parallel or perpendicular to the shoreline – in the former case, the full line can be built prior to tow out and installation. A significant advantage with the pull/tow system is that pre-testing and inspection of the line are done onshore, not at sea. It allows to handle lines of any size and complexity. As for the towing procedures, a number of configurations can be used, which may be categorized as follows: surface tow, near-surface tow, mid-depth tow and off-bottom tow.

The S-lay system.

In the S-lay system, the pipeline assembly is done at the installation site, on board a vessel that has all the equipment required for joining the pipe segments: pipe handling conveyors, welding stations, X-ray equipment, joint-coating module, etc. The "S" notation refers to the shape of the pipeline as it is laid onto the seabed. The pipeline leaves the vessel at the stern or bow from a supporting structure called a "stinger" that guides the pipe's downward motion and controls the convex-upward curve (the "overbend"). As it continues toward the seabed, the pipe has a convex-downward curve (the "sagbend") before coming into contact with the seabed ("touch down point"). The sagbend is controlled by a tension applied from the vessel (via "tensioners") in response to the pipeline's submerged weight. The pipeline configuration is monitored so that it will not get damaged by excessive bending. This on-site pipeline assembly approach, referred to as "lay-barge" construction, is known for its versatility and self-contained nature – despite the high costs associated with this vessel's deployment, it is efficient and requires relatively little external support. But it may have to contend with severe sea states – these adversely affect operations such as pipe transfer from supply boats, anchor-handling and pipe welding. Recent developments in lay-barge design include dynamic positioning and the J-lay system.

The J-lay system.

In areas where the water is very deep, the S-lay system may not be appropriate because the pipeline leaves the stinger to go almost straight down. To avoid sharp bending at the end of it and to mitigate excessive sag bending, the tension in the pipeline would have to be high. Doing so would interfere with the vessel's positioning, and the tensioner could damage the pipeline. A particularly long stinger could be used, but this is also objectionable since that structure would be adversely affected by winds and currents. The J-lay system, one of the latest generations of lay-barge, is better suited for deep water environments. In this system, the pipeline leaves the vessel on a nearly vertical ramp (or tower). There is no overbend – only a sagbend of catenary nature (hence the "J" notation), such that the tension can be reduced. The pipeline is also less exposed to wave action as it enters the water. However, unlike for the S-lay system, where pipe welding can be done simultaneously at several locations along the vessel deck's length, the J-lay system can only accommodate one welding station. Advanced methods of automatic welding are used to compensate for this drawback.

The Reel-lay system.

In the reel-lay system, the pipeline is assembled "onshore" and is spooled onto a large drum typically about x in size, mounted on board a purpose-built vessel. The vessel then goes out to location to lay the pipeline. Onshore facilities to assemble the pipeline have inherent advantages: they are not affected by the weather or the sea state and are less expensive than seaborne operations. Pipeline supply can be coordinated: while one line is being laid at sea, another one can be spooled onshore. A single reel can have enough capacity for a full length flow line. The reel-lay system, however, can only handle lower diameter pipelines – up to about 400 mm (16 in). Also, the kind of steel making up the pipes must be able to undergo the required amount of plastic deformation as it is bent to proper curvature (by a spiral J-tube) when reeled around the drum, and straightened back (by a straightener) during the layout operations at the installation site.

Stabilisation.

Several methods are used to stabilise and protect submarine pipelines and their components. These may be used alone or in combinations.

Trenching and burial.

A submarine pipeline may be laid inside a trench as a means of safeguarding it against fishing gear ("e.g." anchors) and trawling activity. This may also be required in shore approaches to protect the pipeline against currents and wave action (as it crosses the surf zone). Trenching can be done prior to pipeline lay ("pre-lay trenching"), or afterward by seabed removal from below the pipeline ("post-lay trenching"). In the latter case, the trenching device rides on top of, or straddles, the pipeline. Several systems are used to dig trenches in the seabed for submarine pipelines: ′′A buried pipe is far better protected than a pipe in an open trench.′′ This is commonly done either by covering the structure with rocks quarried from a nearby shoreline. Alternatively, the soil excavated from the seabed during trenching can be used as backfill. A significant drawback to burial is the difficulty in locating a leak should it arise, and for the ensuing repairing operations.

Mattresses.

Mattresses may be laid over the pipeline, or both under and over it depending on the substrate.

Ground anchors.

Clamps holding the pipeline to piles may be used to prevent lateral movement.

Saddle blocks.

Precast concrete saddle blocks may be used to provide lateral support and hold the pipeline down more firmly.

Sandbags and groutbags.

These may be packed at the sides or under a pipeline to provide vertical and/or lateral support.

Gravel dumps.

Gravel may be dumped over parts of a pipeline to reduce scour and help stabilise against lateral movement.

Environmental and Legal issues.

The Espoo Convention created certain requirements for notification and consultation where a project is likely to have transboundary environmental effects. Scholars are divided on how effective Espoo is at mitigating environmental harm. Law of the Sea concepts involved in the construction of transboundary pipelines concern territorial waters, continental shelves, exclusive economic zones, freedom of the high seas and protection of the environment. Under international law the high seas are open to all states to law underwater pipelines and for various other types of construction.  Underwater pipelines pose environmental risk because pipelines themselves may become damaged by ship's anchors, corrosion, tectonic activity, or as a result of defective construction and materials. Stanislav Patin has said that study on the effects of natural gas on underwater ecosystems, fish and other marine organisms has been limited. Researchers found a cause-effect relationship between mass fish mortality and natural gas leaks after drilling accidents in the Sea of Azov in 1982 and 1985.  Concerns about the environmental risks of underwater pipelines have been raised on numerous occasions. There have been at least two serious incidents involving oil pipelines on the UK's continental shelf. There have also been several "minor spills and gas leaks" involving other North Sea pipelines. In 1980 a pipeline was damaged by a ship's anchor and in 1986 a pipeline valve failed due to pressure changed. Both incidents resulted in oil spills. Several Baltic countries expressed concerns about the Nord Stream pipeline. The route of the 1,200 km underwater pipeline would travel through fishing areas of the Baltic Sea, as well as area where chemical weapons from World War II had been discarded.

A submarine pipeline (also known as marine, subsea or offshore pipeline) is a pipeline that is laid on the seabed or below it inside a trench. In some cases, the pipeline is mostly on-land but in places it crosses water expanses, such as small seas, straits and rivers. Submarine pipelines are used primarily to carry oil or gas, but transportation of water is also important. A distinction is sometimes made between a "flowline" and a pipeline. The former is an "intrafield" pipeline, in the sense that it is used to connect subsea wellheads, manifolds and the platform "within" a particular development field. The latter, sometimes referred to as an "export pipeline", is used to bring the resource to shore. Sizeable pipeline construction projects need to take into account many factors, such as the offshore ecology, geohazards and environmental loading – they are often undertaken by multidisciplinary, international teams.

Eine Unterwasser-Pipeline oder Offshore-Pipeline ist eine Pipeline (Rohrleitung), die auf dem Gewässergrund oder darunter in einem Graben verlegt ist. Offshore-Pipelines werden meist genutzt, um Erdöl, Erdgas oder Wasser zu transportieren.


Title.

The phrase "on the beach" is a Royal Navy term that means "retired from the Service." The title also refers to T. S. Eliot's poem "The Hollow Men," which includes the lines:  Printings of the novel, including the first 1957 edition by William Morrow and Company, NY, contain extracts from the poem on the title page, under Shute's name, including the above quotation and the concluding lines: The 2000 film ends with a quote from Walt Whitman's poem "On the Beach at Night", describing how frightening an approaching cloud bank seemed at night to the poet's child, blotting the stars out one by one, as the father and child stood on the beach on Massachusetts' North Shore. Although Whitman's poem resembles the plot of Shute's novel, the book does not reference it, as it does Eliot's poem.

Plot.

The story is set primarily in and around Melbourne, Australia, in 1963. World War III has devastated most of the populated world, polluting the atmosphere with nuclear fallout, and killing all human and animal life in the Northern Hemisphere. The war began with a nuclear attack by Albania on Italy, and then escalated with the bombing of the United States and the United Kingdom by Egypt. Because the aircraft used in these attacks were obtained from the Soviet Union, the Soviets were mistakenly blamed, triggering a retaliatory strike on the Soviet Union by NATO.  There is also an attack by the Soviets on the People's Republic of China, which may have been a response to a Chinese attack aimed at occupying Soviet industrial areas near the Chinese border. Most, if not all, of the bombs included cobalt to enhance their radioactive properties.  Global air currents are slowly carrying the lethal nuclear fallout across the Intertropical Convergence Zone, to the Southern Hemisphere. The only parts of the planet still habitable are Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, and the southern parts of South America, although they are slowly succumbing to radiation poisoning as well. Life in Melbourne continues reasonably normally, although the near-complete lack of motor fuels makes traveling difficult.  People in Australia detect a mysterious and incomprehensible Morse code radio signal originating from the American city of Seattle, Washington. With hope that someone has survived in the contaminated regions, one of the last American nuclear submarines, USS "Scorpion", placed by its captain, Commander Dwight Towers, under Australian naval command, is ordered to sail north from its port of refuge in Melbourne (Australia's southernmost major mainland city) to contact whoever is sending the signal. In preparation for this journey, the submarine makes a shorter trip to port cities in northern Australia, including Cairns, Queensland, and Darwin, Northern Territory; no survivors are found. Two Australians sail with the American crew: Lieutenant Commander Peter Holmes, naval liaison officer to the Americans, and a scientist, Professor John Osborne.  Commander Towers has become attached to a young Australian woman distantly related to Osborne, named Moira Davidson, who tries to cope with the impending end of human life through heavy drinking. Despite his attraction to Davidson, Towers remains loyal to his wife and children in the United States. He buys his children gifts and imagines their growing older. At one point, however, he makes it clear to Moira that he knows his family is almost certainly dead, and he asks her if she thinks he is insane for acting as if they were still alive. She replies that she does not think he is crazy.  The Australian government provides citizens with free suicide pills and injections so they can avoid prolonged suffering from radiation poisoning. Periodic reports show the steady southward progression of the deadly radiation. As communications are lost with a city, it is referred to as being "out."  One of the novel's poignant dilemmas is that of Peter Holmes, who has a baby daughter and a naive wife, Mary, who is in denial about the impending disaster. Because he has been assigned to travel north with the Americans, Peter tries to explain, to Mary's fury and disbelief, how to kill their baby and herself, by taking the suicide pill should he not return from his mission in time to help. The bachelor Osborne spends much of his time restoring and subsequently racing a Ferrari racing car that he had purchased (along with a fuel supply) for a nominal amount following the war's outbreak.  The submarine travels to the Gulf of Alaska in the northern Pacific Ocean, where the crew determines that radiation levels are not decreasing. This finding discredits the "Jorgensen Effect", a scientific theory positing that radiation levels will decrease at a much greater rate than previously thought, aided by the weather effects, and potentially allow for human life to continue in southern Australia or at least Antarctica.  The submarine approaches San Francisco, observing through the periscope that the city had been devastated and the Golden Gate Bridge has fallen. In contrast, the Puget Sound area, from which the strange radio signals are emanating, is found to have avoided destruction because of missile defences. One crew member, who is from Edmonds, Washington, which the expedition visits, jumps ship to spend his last days in his home town.  The expedition members then sail to an abandoned navy communications school south of Seattle. A crewman sent ashore with oxygen tanks and protective gear discovers that although the city's residents have long since perished, some of the region's hydroelectric power is still working due to primitive automation technology. He finds that the mysterious radio signal is the result of a broken window sash swinging in the breeze and occasionally hitting a telegraph key. After a brief stop at Pearl Harbor, the remaining submariners return to Australia to live out what little time they have left.  Osborne takes his suicide pill while sitting in his beloved racing car. When Mary Holmes becomes very ill, Peter administers a lethal injection to their daughter. Even though he still feels relatively well, he and Mary take their pills simultaneously so they can die as a family. Towers and his remaining crew choose to scuttle the "Scorpion" in the open ocean, fulfilling a naval duty to not leave the unmanned vessel "floating about in a foreign port", after her crew succumbs to suicide or radiation poisoning. Moira watches the submarine's departure in her car, parked atop an adjacent hilltop, as she takes her suicide pill, imagining herself together with Towers as she dies.

Characterization.

The characters make their best efforts to enjoy what time remains to them, speaking of small pleasures and continuing their customary activities. The Holmeses plant a garden that they will never see; Moira initially acts as a socialite – drinking and partying excessively – but upon meeting Towers takes classes in typing and shorthand; Osborne and others organize a dangerous motor race that results in the violent deaths of several participants; elderly members of a "gentlemen's club" drink up the wine in the club's cellar, debate over whether or not to move the fishing season up, and fret about whether or not agriculturally destructive rabbits will survive human beings. Towers goes on a fishing trip with Davidson, but they do not become sexually involved, as he wants to remain loyal to his dead wife, a decision Moira accepts.  Government services and the economy gradually grind to a halt. In the end, Towers chooses not to remain and die with Moira, but rather to lead his crew on a final mission to scuttle the submarine outside of Australian territorial waters. He refuses to allow his imminent demise to turn him aside from his duty to the US Navy, and he acts as a pillar of strength to his crew.  Typically for a Shute novel, the characters avoid expressing intense emotions and do not indulge in self-pity. The Australians do not, for the most part, flee southward as refugees but rather accept their fate once the lethal radiation levels reach the latitudes at which they live; most of them opt for the government-promoted alternative of suicide when the symptoms of radiation sickness appear. In any case, as is made clear within the text, radiation poisoning is also starting to appear as far south as Christchurch, New Zealand, so any such flight would have been pointless.

Reception.

"The New York Times" called "On the Beach" "the most haunting evocation we have of a world dying of radiation after an atomic war." "San Francisco Chronicle" called it "the most shocking fiction I have read in years. What is shocking about it is both the idea and the sheer imaginative brilliance with which Mr. Shute brings it off." "Daily Telegraph" called it "Shute's most considerable achievement", and "The Times" stated that it is "the most evocative novel on the aftermath of a nuclear war." "The Guardian" commented that "fictions such as "On the Beach" played an important role in raising awareness about the threat of nuclear war. We stared into the abyss and then stepped back from the brink." The "Los Angeles Times" described the novel as "timely and ironic... an indelibly sad ending that leaves you tearful and disturbed", and "The Economist" called it "still incredibly moving after nearly half a century."  Floyd C. Gale of "Galaxy Science Fiction" called the book "an emotional wallop. It should be made mandatory reading for all professional diplomats and politicians." Isaac Asimov said, "Surely to the science fiction fan—as opposed to the general public—this must seem very milk-and-watery. So there's a nuclear war to start the story with—and what else is new?"  The novel does not realistically describe the effects of a global nuclear war, which were poorly understood at the time. Notably, the novel does not portray any form of nuclear winter. In the survival manual "Nuclear War Survival Skills", Cresson Kearney describes the novel as "pseudoscientific" and "demoralising", arguing that it and similar works perpetuate the myth that any large-scale nuclear war would inevitably wipe out all human life. This myth, argues Kearney, is dangerous as it discourages people from taking precautionary measures that could save lives in the event of a nuclear attack, in the mistaken belief that any precaution is futile.

On the Beach is a 1957 post-apocalyptic novel written by British author Nevil Shute after he migrated to Australia. The novel details the experiences of a mixed group of people in Melbourne as they await the arrival of deadly radiation spreading towards them from the Northern Hemisphere, following a nuclear war a year previously. As the radiation approaches, each person deals with impending death differently.

Das letzte Ufer (Originaltitel: "On the Beach") ist ein Science-Fiction-Roman des englischen Autors Nevil Shute. In dem erstmals 1957 erschienenen Roman beschreibt Shute, wie ein mit Atomwaffen geführter Weltkrieg die gesamte Menschheit vernichtet. Einzig die Einwohner Australiens und die Mannschaft eines amerikanischen U-Boots entgehen der Katastrophe. Doch auch ihnen droht bald das Ende, weil radioaktiv verseuchte Wolken langsam Richtung Süden und damit direkt auf Australien zutreiben.


History.

There is no proof of a synagogue in the 14th century, even though there was a Jewish community. In 1349, Black death led to slaughters of Jews in Rottweil as well as everywhere in Europe. "Judengasse" and "Judenschule" (“Jews’ school”, that is to say, synagogue) are documented in 1355, a "Judenbad" (mikvah) before 1838. In 1806, a younger Jewish community in Rottweil was founded as a branch of Mühringen. In 1924 the "Israelitische Gemeinde Rottweil", the Jewish community, became independent.  In 1813 Jews in Rottweil asked Frederick I of Württemberg for the profaned church of St John the Baptist in order to establish a synagogue there. The church was part of the former "Kommende" of Knights Hospitaller. In 1861, the "Synagogenbauverein" acquired the building from the former mayor Dr. Rapp and furnished it with a prayer room the same year. In 1865, the Jewish commune in Rottweil bought the building. A description is given by Dr. Michael Silberstein in 1875. It was completely renovated in the 1920s. In the 1938 Kristallnacht, the prayer room was demolished by members of the SA. They also burned the Torah on the street. The memorial plaques with the names of Jewish soldiers in the first world war were destroyed.  Due to a forced confiscation in December 1938, the "Israelitische Kirchengemeinde in Rottweil" sold the synagogue, including a teacher's apartment, to Wilhelm Ziefle, a businessman in Rottweil. A Jewish merchant, Wilhelm Wälder, was allowed to stay until 1939.  His wife Emilie Wälder was an eyewitness and depicted the happenings in the Kristallnacht, the extent of the devastation in the synagogue, the temporary arrest of her husband in the Dachau concentration camp, as well as the daily fear of being deported when it became known that the Jews in the region were deported to the Gurs internment camp in southern France since fall 1940. Wilhelm/William and Emilie Wälder (widow Rosinus, born Reinheimer) were able to emigrate in May 1941 to the US.  After 1945 the building was hired out. The prayer room was renovated from 1979 to 1981. During the renovation, the remains of paintings were found, e. g. "Die Palme des Gerechten" (Psalm 92, verse 13).  Today the prayer room is used as a driving school.  On March 20, 2016 a foundation stone ceremony for a new Synagogue building was held in Rottweil. According to the words of Rami Suleiman, "Oberratsvorsitzender" of the "Israelitische Religionsgemeinschaft Baden", the foundation stone comes from the Temple Mount in Jerusalem and represents something extraordinary: it came from the very place where Solomon's Temple stood until its destruction. The Stone was framed into the wall in such a way that it can be touched by the members of the Jewish Community. It symbolizes the connection to Israel and reminds the members of the Community of the place of refuge in times of peril.

The old Rottweil Synagogue is a synagogue in Rottweil in Baden-Württemberg. It was established in 1861. The desecrated Synagogue is located in Kameralamtsgasse 6, former Judengasse, close to and next to "Bischöfliches Konvikt" and gymnasium. The construction of a new synagogue in Rottweil began in March 2016.

Die Synagoge in Rottweil, der Kreisstadt des Landkreises Rottweil in Baden-Württemberg, wurde 1861 eingerichtet. Die profanierte Synagoge befindet sich in der Kameralamtsgasse 6, der ehemaligen Judengasse, in direkter Nähe zur Kapellenkirche und unmittelbar neben Bischöflichem Konvikt und Altem Gymnasium.


History.

1930s.

National Airlines was founded by George T. Baker (1899-1963) in 1934. Its headquarters were in St. Petersburg, Florida and it was based at the city's Albert Whitted Airport. On October 15 of that year, revenue flights were launched, transporting passengers and mail from St. Petersburg to a few destinations within Florida using a fleet of two Ryan ST monoplanes. In 1935, the Stinson Trimotor was introduced with National Airlines, which were soon replaced by the Lockheed Model 10 Electra. In 1939, the company headquarters were moved to Jacksonville. By the end of the decade, the National Airlines network spanned from Miami to New Orleans, on what it called the "Buccaneer Route".

1940s.

Revenue passenger miles for years ending June 30:  In 1940 the Lockheed Model 18 Lodestar became the backbone of National's fleet. National was awarded rights from Florida to New York City and other cities along the East Coast in 1944, with flights starting in 1945. In 1946 National got approval to fly to Havana, Cuba, which coincided with the introduction of the Douglas DC-4. The DC-4 allowed non-stop flights between Miami and New York that started on February 14, 1946. Later that year National relocated its headquarters to Miami International Airport; a maintenance base opened at Miami in 1950.  The Douglas DC-6, National's first pressurized airliner, began flights on July 1, 1947 and reduced New York to Miami flight time from five to four hours. Flights on the DC-6 were marketed as "Star Service". National ran the "Piggy Bank Vacations" campaign, promoting low-fare flights to Florida during the off-peak summer season.

1950s.

This decade saw the introduction of the Convair 340/440, the Douglas DC-7, and the Lockheed L-1049 Super Constellation. On December 10, 1958 National became the first airline to operate domestic jet flights, using a Boeing 707 leased from Pan American World Airways between Miami and New York. In 1959 the Lockheed L-188 Electra was introduced into the fleet. It was the only turboprop aircraft type ever operated by the airline. At the end of the decade Houston and Boston were the ends of the network with heavy emphasis on service between Florida and the U.S. East Coast and Gulf Coast.

1960s.

With the award of traffic rights on the southern transcontinental route on March 11, 1961, National Airlines gained access to California and began operating new Douglas DC-8 jetliners between Florida and Los Angeles and San Francisco with a number of flights making intermediate stops in Houston and/or New Orleans (previously, American Airlines, Delta Air Lines and National had together operated Douglas DC-6 and DC-7 propliner aircraft with interchange through-service between Miami and California). In March 1962, National was operating only one round trip transcontinental nonstop service: National flight numbers 34 and 35 between Miami and Los Angeles which were both flown with DC-8 jets. According to the front cover of its system timetable at the time, National billed itself as the "Airline of the Stars". Concerning international destinations in Central and South America, a cooperation involving interchange flights with Pan Am was set up.  Also during the early 1960s, National inaugurated new service with the Lockheed Electra propjet to Las Vegas and San Diego. Eastbound coast to coast routes flown with the Electra at this time included San Diego-Los Angeles-Houston-New Orleans-Miami and San Francisco-Las Vegas-Houston-New Orleans-Tampa-Orlando-Jacksonville. National was also operating other long, multistop routings with the Electra as this time such as Boston-New York City-Jacksonville-Orlando-Tampa-New Orleans-Houston-Las Vegas-San Francisco. National flight number 223 departed Boston at 7:30am and arrived in San Francisco at 8:42pm with this latter routing being flown on a daily basis. Total travel time for this flight was 16 hours and 12 minutes.  In 1962 Louis Bergman "Bud" Maytag, Jr. (grandson of Maytag Corporation founder Frederick Louis Maytag I), who had previously led Frontier Airlines bought a majority share in National Airlines and replaced George T. Baker as CEO. In 1960, the airline modernized its fleet with new Douglas DC-8 jetliners which were then followed by ten new Boeing 727-100 trijets, the first of which was delivered in 1964.  After the retirement of the Electras in 1968, National became an all-jet airline with the DC-8 and 727. The airline introduced the first jet service into Key West, FL in 1968 with the Boeing 727-100. The Douglas DC-8 fleet included the stretched Super DC-8-61 which was the largest aircraft type operated by the airline until the introduction of new wide body jetliners such as the Boeing 747 and McDonnell Douglas DC-10. In 1969, National was operating the Super DC-8 nonstop between Miami and New York JFK airport and also nonstop between Miami and Los Angeles with these flights having specific names such as "The Royal Biscayne", "The Royal Dolphin", "The Gotham" and "The Manhattan" between Miami and New York, and "The Californian" and "The Caribbean" between Miami and Los Angeles.  On July 26, 1969 the Atlanta-San Francisco nonstop route was awarded to National and service began on October 1, 1969. It was National's only route out of Atlanta.

1970s.

A $17 million IBM electronic computer reservation system, called Res-A-Vision, was completed and put into operation in 1970.  On June 16, 1970 National Airlines reintroduced international flights, when their Miami-London route opened (flights to Cuba were suspended in 1961 due to the Cuban Revolution). With the London route, they became the third U.S. transatlantic passenger carrier, after Pan Am and TWA.  In October, the Boeing 747-100 jumbo jet, at that time the largest commercial airliner, entered service with National on the Miami-New York nonstop route on October 1, 1970 and the Miami-Los Angeles transcontinental nonstop route on October 25, 1970. National sold its 747s in May 1976. Also in 1970, National Airlines opened their own terminal at John F. Kennedy International Airport, which was dubbed the "Sundrome".  Having placed an order for ten aircraft back in 1969, the wide body McDonnell Douglas DC-10-10 was put in service on the Miami-New York route on December 15, 1971. A 1971 publicity campaign designed by F. William Free promoting National's flight attendants was criticized by the National Organization for Women as being sexist due to the slogan "I'm (flight attendant's name). Fly me.", or similar. Seeing one of these posters in Manchester inspired Eric Stewart of 10cc to write the band's 1976 hit song "I'm Mandy Fly Me".  In May 1973, the front cover of the airline's system timetable proudly proclaimed, "National has daily nonstop 747s from Miami to London". By early 1976, the airline was operating scheduled wide body DC-10 service to Houston (IAH), Las Vegas (LAS), Los Angeles (LAX), Miami (MIA), New Orleans (MSY), Orlando (MCO), San Diego (SAN), San Francisco (SFO), Tampa (TPA), West Palm Beach (PBI) and all three airports in the New York City area: John F. Kennedy (JFK), LaGuardia (LGA) and Newark (EWR). With the advent of the intercontinental McDonnell Douglas DC-10-30, National Airlines then expanded their European network by adding Paris (inaugurated on June 22, 1977), as well as Frankfurt, Amsterdam (both in 1978) and Zurich (in 1979). National began the very first nonstop flights from New Orleans to Europe (to Amsterdam) on July 2, 1978. National then began nonstop New York Kennedy (JFK)-Amsterdam flights on December 13, 1978, taking the route over from Pan Am.  In 1975, National was forced to shut down for several months due to a strike by flight attendants.  In the late 1970s, several airlines tried to take over National Airlines, who had become a major player in the southern transcontinental and Florida-East Coast airline markets. In 1978, Texas International Airlines (which was led by Frank Lorenzo at that time) acquired 24.6 percent of the shares, but did not succeed in the subsequent tender offer takeover bid. A similar attempt was made by Eastern Air Lines in 1979. At the same time, the shares held by Texas International were sold to Pan American World Airways, who emerged as a white knight and succeeded in accumulating a controlling majority.

Acquisition by Pan Am.

On January 7, 1980, the acquisition of National was completed, with Pan Am taking over the National Airlines fleet and route network. Pan Am continued to utilize the former National Miami maintenance base and headquarters building until Pan Am itself ceased operations in December 1991. Much later, National's "Sun King" logo was sold and "repackaged" much like Pan Am's to appear upon the branding of start up "low cost carrier" Southeast Airlines aircraft.  Most industry analysts believe that Pan Am paid too high a price for National, and was ill-prepared to integrate National's domestic route network with Pan Am's own globe-girdling international network. The cultures of National and Pan Am also proved to be incompatible, making workforce integration difficult. Texas International walked away from their foiled attempt with a multi-million dollar stock profit and was poised for Lorenzo's next ventures—a startup airline in the high-density East coast corridor (New York Air), and subsequent acquisition of Continental Airlines.

Route network.

National Airlines operated scheduled flights to the following U.S. cities: National also operated scheduled flights to the following destinations in Europe and the Caribbean:

Fleet.

When National Airlines was acquired by Pan Am in 1980, the fleet consisted of 43 Boeing 727 aircraft (19 of the original series 100 model and 24 of the stretched series 200 variant), as well as 16 McDonnell Douglas DC-10 airliners (11 of the series 10 model used in domestic service and five of the intercontinental series 30 model used for service to Europe).  Over the years, National owned the following aircraft types:

Incidents and accidents.

Hijackings.

Between 1961 and 1980, 22 (attempted) hijackings on board National Airlines occurred, which involved the aircraft being demanded to be flown to Cuba. In 1969 alone, there were nine such occurrences. These events can be partly attributed to the tense Cuba–United States relations at that time, and the many flights of National Airlines in and to the southeastern United States, near Cuba. See List of Cuba – United States aircraft hijackings for more information.  There were several other criminal acts involving National Airlines aircraft:

National Airlines was a United States airline that operated from 1934 to 1980. For most of its existence the company was headquartered at Miami International Airport, Florida. At its height, National Airlines had a network of "Coast-to-Coast-to-Coast" flights, linking Florida and the Gulf Coast with cities along the East Coast and large cities on the West Coast. From 1970 to 1978, National, Pan American World Airways (Pan Am) and Trans World Airlines (TWA) were the only U.S. airlines that operated scheduled passenger flights to Europe.

National Airlines (bis 1937 National Airlines System) war eine auf dem Miami International Airport beheimatete US-amerikanische Linienfluggesellschaft, die im Jahr 1979 von "Pan American World Airways" aufgekauft und im Januar 1980 mit dieser fusioniert wurde.


Early years.

Beasley attended Adairsville High School in Adairsville, Georgia, where he was a three-sport standout in football, basketball, and track. He played as running back and linebacker for the Adairsville Tigers high school football team. He was named All-county and All-area in both his junior and senior seasons. As a junior, he totaled 57 tackles, two recovered fumbles and an interception, while also hauling in 15 receptions for over 200 yards. As a senior, he had 120 rushes for 828 yards with seven touchdowns on offense, and had 102 tackles (12 for loss) and an interception on the defensive side of the ball. In addition, he also had seven punt returns for a 17.3-yard average and two touchdowns, and also returned a kickoff return 80 yards for a score. He was named first-team All-state by Associated Press (AP) and Georgia Sportswriters Association. He also played in the Georgia North-South All-Star game, where he had a blocked field goal.  In addition to football, Beasley competed in track & field while at Adairsville, where he competed mainly in sprints and jumps. At the 2010 GHSAA Regional 7-AA Championships, he placed third in the high jump (6-0 or 1.84m) and second in the triple jump (44-0 or 13.44m), while also earning a third-place finish in the 100-meter dash race after running a personal-best time of 11.14 seconds.  Considered a four-star recruit by "ESPN.com", Beasley was listed as the No. 19 athlete in the nation in 2010. He was rated as the No. 37 athlete in the nation and No. 37 player in Georgia by "Rivals.com". He was considered the No. 34 outside linebacker in the nation and No. 37 player in Georgia by Scout.com. Also an All-Southeast Region pick and the No. 33 player in the state according to SuperPrep. Beasley chose Clemson over Alabama, Auburn, and Stanford.

College career.

Freshman season.

Upon arriving at Clemson in 2010, Beasley was redshirted. He began working as a tight end. Due to Beasley's size and speed, he was also used as a scout team quarterback in his redshirt year.

Redshirt freshman season.

As a redshirt freshman in 2011, Beasley played sparingly. In nine games, he only played 16 snaps and recorded two tackles on the season.

Redshirt sophomore season.

As a sophomore in 2012, Beasley recorded 18 tackles and a team-high eight sacks. He was named an Honorable Mention Sophomore All-American by "College Football News".

Redshirt junior season.

Through the first six games of his junior season in 2013, Beasley led the nation in sacks with 13. Beasley was a first-team All-Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC) selection and was named a consensus All-American. Beasley and the Tigers upset #6 Ohio State Buckeyes in the Orange Bowl.  Beasley opted to stay his senior year to finish his education instead of declaring for the 2014 NFL Draft. He was projected to have been picked up in the second round as predicted by the NFL's draft advisory board. Beasley entered the year with 21 career sacks, which was seven away from setting the all-time school record for career which was set by Michael Dean Perry and Gaines Adams at 28. In October, he broke the record. He was named the ACC Defensive Player of the Year and was again a consensus All-American.

Professional career.

Atlanta Falcons.

2015 season.

Prior to the draft, Beasley was praised for being an explosive athlete who was always first off the snap. Many scouts viewed him as a true edge bender who could torque his hips and shoulders to turn the corner. He was also recognized for his ankle flexion to dip and slalom around the corner at difficult angles to block. On the other hand, critics said Beasley lacked ideal arm length. They said he was too often content to stay blocked if his pass rush stalled out. Others said he needed to shed blocks more consistently against run. While many noted his good football character, some scouts were concerned about a lack of alpha-dog tenacity. Beasley was selected with the eighth overall pick by the Atlanta Falcons in the 2015 NFL Draft. He was Clemson's highest selected defensive player since the late defensive end Gaines Adams went fourth overall to the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in 2007.  On June 12, 2015, Beasley agreed to terms his rookie contract.  In Week 2 of his rookie season, Beasley recorded his first career sack, taking down New York Giants quarterback Eli Manning, before generating his second sack the following week against Brandon Weeden of the Dallas Cowboys. In Week 16 against the undefeated Carolina Panthers, Beasley made a strip-sack of Cam Newton in the final minutes of the game, securing a 20-13 upset of the Panthers and ruining the Panther's undefeated season.

2016 season.

In 2016, Beasley moved from defensive end to the strongside linebacker position. He recorded his first sack of the 2016 season in Week 2 against the Oakland Raiders. Beasley had a breakout game in Week 5 of the 2016 season, playing the Denver Broncos, Beasley recorded eight total tackles, 3.5 sacks, and two forced fumbles. Due to his performance during the 2016 season, Beasley was selected to his first Pro Bowl, but did not participate due to the Falcons making Super Bowl LI. During the Super Bowl, the Falcons led by 25 points, but met one of the most infamous downfalls in sports history as they lost to the New England Patriots by a score of 28–34 in overtime. Beasley ended the season with a league-leading 15.5 sacks. He was named First team All-Pro, and was ranked 40th by his peers on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2017.

2017 season.

In Week 2, in the 34–23 victory over the Green Bay Packers on "NBC Sunday Night Football", Beasley sacked Packers quarterback Aaron Rodgers and forced a fumble, which was recovered by teammate Desmond Trufant for a touchdown. However, in the game, he suffered a hamstring injury, and was ruled out for a month. On the season, Beasley played in 14 games with eight starts, recording 29 tackles and only five sacks after being moved from defensive end to outside linebacker.

2018 season.

On April 25, 2018, the Falcons exercised the fifth-year option on Beasley's contract. He played in 16 games with nine starts, recording 20 combined tackles, five sacks, and three passes defensed.

2019 season.

In Week 2 against the Philadelphia Eagles, Beasley recorded his first sack of the season in the 24-20 win. In Week 14 against the Carolina Panthers, Beasley recorded two sacks, one of which was a strip sack that was recovered by teammate Tyeler Davison, in the 40–20 win. Beasley played in 16 games with 15 starts, recording 42 combined tackles, eight sacks, and two forced fumbles. After the season, the Falcons announced that they would not re-sign him. He will become an unrestricted free agent at the beginning of the new league year on March 18, 2020.

Tennessee Titans.

On March 31, 2020, Beasley signed a one-year contract with the Tennessee Titans.

Victor Ramon Beasley Jr. (born July 8, 1992) is an American football outside linebacker for the Tennessee Titans of the National Football League (NFL). After playing college football for Clemson University, Beasley was drafted by the Atlanta Falcons with the eighth overall pick in the 2015 NFL Draft.

Victor „Vic“ Beasley Junior (* 8. Juli 1992 in Adairsville, Georgia) ist ein US-amerikanischer American-Football-Spieler auf der Position des Defensive Ends, der derzeit für die Tennessee Titans in der National Football League (NFL) spielt. Von 2015 bis 2019 stand er bei den Atlanta Falcons unter Vertrag.


History.

The center sits where the Pillot House, a house owned by the family of one of the founders of the Henke & Pillot supermarket chain, used to be. The Pillot House was moved to Sam Houston Park in 1965. Designed by John S. Chase, the first licensed African American architect in Texas.  The first convention held in the George R. Brown Convention Center began on October 11, 1987, for the American Society of Travel Agents. A renovation project began on July 28, 2001 to expand the convention center and build an adjacent 1,200-room convention headquarters hotel at a cost of $165 million and requiring 27 months of construction. The adjacent hotel is the Hilton Americas-Houston, which is connected to the convention center via two skywalks. The hotel and convention center are not connected to the Houston downtown tunnel system. The project expanded the center from to 1,800,000 square feet (107,000 to 167,000 m2). Three exhibit halls were added to increase exhibition space from to 853,500 square feet (42,000 to 79,000 m2) and sixty-two meeting rooms were added for a total of 105. Completion of the project concluded in November 2003, a few months before Super Bowl XXXVIII. There is also a 3,600-seat General Assembly Theater which can be used for concerts, Broadway shows, conferences, meetings and other events, while Exhibit Hall B3 can be converted into a 6,500-seat indoor arena for concerts and sports using telescopic seating.  At the same time, METRORail was completed on schedule (connecting downtown to the Houston Museum District, Texas Medical Center, and Reliant Park), and what is deemed a revived downtown Houston has opened doors to future conventions (in 2004 and 2008, the Texas Democratic Convention was held at the GRB). The International Quilt Festival and International Quilt Market annually draws about 50,000 per year. In 2008, the Discovery Green park was completed across the street and the three-block Houston Pavilions (a retail and entertainment complex, anchored by House of Blues) opened four blocks away. A new 700-car parking garage was built under Discovery Green to replace two surface lots removed to make way for the park. The convention center is flanked by Toyota Center (home of the Houston Rockets) and Minute Maid Park (home of the Houston Astros). With the new improvements, the George R. Brown Convention Center is one of the 10 largest in the nation.  In November 2014 the ground was broken yet again, this time in preparation for Super Bowl LI. The latest expansion to the GRB includes converting six lanes and the length of five city blocks into ADLA Plaza, a 97,000-square-foot, pedestrian-friendly, outdoor space. The new Grand Lobby will be 10 stories high and showcase Ed Wilson’s 60 foot sculpture, "Soaring in the Clouds", suspended from the ceiling in the very center of the GRB. From there, patrons will have improved connectivity to 550,000 square feet of prime exhibition space via a 95,000 square foot Grand Concourse. Construction is set to be completed in the Fall of 2016.  Opened in Fall 2016 and located at the North end of the GRB is the Marriott Marquis, which connects to the GRB via skybridge. This unique property boasts 1,000 guest rooms and a Texas-shaped lazy river. An additional 2,461 rooms are being added to Houston’s downtown hotel inventory in eight unique properties. By late 2016, there will be more than 7,700 rooms in 24 hotels downtown.  After Hurricane Katrina, approximately 7,000 people went to the convention center, due to the Astrodome being at its full capacity.  In 2009, a televised audition of the show "America's Got Talent" was filmed at the convention center.  Many graduations from local high schools and colleges are held at the convention center.  Houston's largest pop-culture event Comicpalooza draws a massive crowd every year and continues to increase as the convention becomes more popular.

The George R. Brown Convention Center, opened on September 26, 1987, is located on the east side of Downtown Houston, Texas, United States.

Das George R. Brown Convention Center in Downtown Houston, Texas, USA, ist ein Kongress- und Ausstellungskomplex der am 26. September 1987 eröffnet wurde.


History.

Around the middle of the 20th century, there was growing concern that "old Reykjavík" was disappearing forever. The first efforts to found a museum came in 1942, when the city council was presented with a petition to that effect. The request was well-received, and forwarded for comment to the Reykjavík Society, a group concerning itself with local history. The systematic collection of documents on the town's history began about that time, laying the foundations for the city's archives.  In 1954, the Reykjavík Archives and Historical Collection were officially founded and Lárus Sigurbjörnsson was hired as director, and he set about collecting artefacts of many kinds.  Things now moved quickly. The old farm Árbær, which had long been a popular rest stop and inn for people on the way to and from Reykjavík, had been abandoned and the farm buildings were in poor condition due to weathering and vandalism. In 1957, the city council agreed that a public park and open-air museum with old houses of historical value should be created there. It was opened in August of that year.  Árbæjarsafn was first conceived as a department of the Archives and Historical Collection of Reykjavík, an open-air museum where the living environment of past generations could be re-created in an authentic manner. In 1968, the Reykjavík Historical Museum and the Árbæjarsafn were consolidated under the name Árbær Museum. In 1974 the city council decided to create the office of municipal curator. The first holder was Nanna Hermansson (1974-1984), followed by Ragnheiður Þórarinsdóttir (1984-1989), Margrét Hallgrímsdóttir (1989-2000) and the current office holder Guðný Gerður Gunnarsdóttir (2000-).  When the museum was founded in 1957, it was located a short distance outside the built-up areas of Reykjavík. Since then, the city has grown considerably, and now reaches far beyond the museum area.  In 2006 the museum opened a new exhibition in central Reykjavík, based on archaeological findings. That exhibition is called Reykjavík 871±2.  The museum was awarded the Icelandic Museum award for the year 2006.

Houses.

Buildings in the museum are:

Opening hours.

The museum is open from June 1 to August 31 from 10.00-17.00. During the Winter season, September 1 to May 31, the museum offers guided tours every day at 1300, except for certain public holidays like Christmas Day, New Years Day and Easter Sunday.  The gift shop and other facilities are not usually open during the winter season; however, the museum office and library may often be accessed out-of-season. Visitors arriving early for the 1300 hours guided tour may even be invited to wait in the library.  Although the site is a little way out of the city centre, there is a very good bus service to the museum, operating at roughly half-hour intervals, with a bus stop immediately outside the main entrance.

Further information.

City Museum homepage

Árbæjarsafn is the historical museum of the city of Reykjavík as well as an open-air museum and a regional museum. Its purpose is to give the public an insight into the living conditions, work and recreational activities of the people of Reykjavík in earlier times.

Árbær ist das größte Freilichtmuseum in Island. Es ging aus einem Bauernhof dieses Namens hervor, der eine Reitetappe von Reykjavík entfernt lag, heute jedoch innerhalb der Stadtgrenzen liegt.


History.

First World War.

An airfield first opened at the Boscombe Down site in October 1917 and operated as a Royal Flying Corps Training Depot Station. The airfield was known as Royal Flying Corps Station Red House Farm and trained aircrews for operational roles in France during the First World War. Between opening and early 1919 the station accommodated No. 6 Training Depot, No. 11 Training Depot and No. 14 Training Depot. When the United States of America entered the war in April 1917, the Royal Flying Corps began training ground and aircrews of Aviation Section of the US Army at the airfield. During 1918 the 166th Aero Squadron and 188th Aero Squadron were present. At the end of the war in November 1918, the airfield became an aircraft storage unit until 1920 when it closed and was returned to agricultural use.

Inter-war period.

In 1930 the site reopened as Royal Air Force Boscombe Down as a bomber station in the Air Defence of Great Britain command, the fore-runner of RAF Fighter Command. The first unit to operate from the new airfield was No. 9 Squadron which started operating the Vickers Virginia heavy bomber on 26 February 1930. A second Virginia unit, No. 10 Squadron, arrived on 1 April 1931 and also operated the Handley Page Heyford. Both squadrons generated crews to allow the creation of new bomber squadrons at other airfields and. The following RAF squadrons were based at Boscombe Down between 1930 and 1939:

Second World War.

The Aeroplane and Armament Experimental Establishment (A&AEE) arrived from RAF Martlesham Heath, Suffolk, on 9 September 1939, shortly after the outbreak of the Second World War. The move marked the beginning of A&AEE Boscombe Down and aircraft research and testing at the station, a role which it has retained into the 21st century. About fifty aircraft and military and civilian personnel had arrived by mid-September 1939. The necessary facilities required for the specialist work carried out by the A&AEE was lacking at Boscombe Down and therefore its expansion resulted in many temporary buildings being constructed at the station in an unplanned manner.

Cold War.

Boscombe was used to test and evaluate many aircraft flown by the British Armed Forces during the Cold War. First flights of notable aircraft include the English Electric P 1, forerunner of the English Electric Lightning, the Folland Gnat and Midge, Hawker P.1067 (the prototype Hunter), Westland Wyvern, and the BAC TSR.2.  Part of the base was also used by the RAF School of Aviation Medicine.

Aviation trial and evaluation centre.

With the end of the Cold War, the site was renamed the Aircraft and Armament Evaluation Establishment (AAEE) in 1992. All experimental work was moved to the Defence Research Agency (DRA). Responsibility for the site passed from the MoD Procurement Executive to the Defence Test and Evaluation Organisation (DTEO) in 1993.  During this period, the station may have been involved in assisting the United States with its black projects. On 26 September 1994, after an aircraft crashed on landing due to a nosewheel collapse, a USAF C5 Galaxy was redirected to the station. It is speculated that the crashed plane was an Aurora, a hypersonic spy plane. Whatever it was, it was disassembled and returned to the US by the C5 Galaxy. Both the British and American Governments have refused to comment on the incident.  Subsequently to the Defence Evaluation and Research Agency (DERA) in 1995. Following the creation of QinetiQ in 2001, a twenty-five-year Long Term Partnering Agreement (LTPA) was established with the MoD. Boscombe Down remains a government military airfield, but operated by QinetiQ on behalf of the MoD. The Joint Test and Evaluation Group (JTEG) was established under the control of RAF Air Command, and together with QinetiQ, forms the Aircraft Test and Evaluation Centre (ATEC). This unique partnership is charged with the test and evaluation of future and in-service military aircraft for all arms of the British Armed Forces. The military personnel of the JTEG play a central role in the test and evaluation process alongside their civilian QinetiQ colleagues.  From 1 May 2007, Boscombe Down became the home of the Joint Aircraft Recovery and Transportation Squadron (JARTS); which was combined from the two Royal Navy and Royal Air Force elements who were responsible for aircraft moves and post-crash management.  In October 2007, it was announced that RAF Boscombe Down would become a Quick Reaction Alert (QRA) airfield from early 2008, offering round-the-clock fighter coverage for the South and South West of UK airspace.  A small part of Boscombe's history is being preserved in the United States. The Anglo American Lightning Organisation (AALO) are returning to flight the former ETPS English Electric Lightning T.5, XS422. The group is basing the restoration in the US, as the UK Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) is expected to refuse permission for the aircraft to fly in the UK. The voluntary group, made up of RAF and former RAF engineers, as well as civilian volunteers, has been carrying out a 'floor-up' restoration, and as of spring 2008, were around 80% mechanically complete. The project is currently seeking investors and supporters.  The Heavy Aircraft Test Squadron (HATS) at RAF Boscombe Down was responsible for the flight testing of heavy aircraft (multi-engine types). Prior to the title of Heavy Aircraft Test Squadron, the flight testing of multi-engined aircraft was conducted by 'B Squadron'. Following-on from B Squadron, the department became known as Fixed Wing Test Squadron (FWTS); however, during the late 1980s, the title once more changed to that of the Heavy Aircraft Test Squadron.On 16 June 2009, HATS formally handed over its flight testing duties to the newly re-formed 206(R) Squadron, which forms part of the Air Warfare Centre, who are headquartered at RAF Waddington.  On 1 April 2010, the Fast Jet Test Squadron (FJTS) was amalgamated into No.41(R) Squadron to create a new entity, 41 Squadron Test and Evaluation Squadron, based at RAF Coningsby.  The following units were here at some point:

Current RAF units using the airfield.

The following flying and non-flying units are based at MOD Boscombe Down.  RAF Air Warfare Centre  Aircraft Test and Evaluation Centre (operated in partnership with QinetiQ) No. 22 Group (Training) RAF  No. 38 Group (Air Combat Service Support) RAF

MoD Boscombe Down "" is the home of a military aircraft testing site, located near the town of Amesbury in Wiltshire, England. The site is currently run, managed and operated by QinetiQ, the private defence company created as part of the breakup of the Defence Evaluation and Research Agency (DERA) in 2001 by the UK Ministry of Defence (MoD). It is also the home of the Empire Test Pilots' School (ETPS).

MoD Boscombe Down ist eine teilstreitkräfteübergreifende Einrichtung des britischen Verteidigungsministeriums, englisch "Ministry of Defence" (MoD), bei Amesbury im südenglischen Wiltshire. Der Militärflugplatz dient als Flugversuchs- und Testpiloten-Zentrum.


Signs and symptoms.

The following symptoms are typical ones which lead to testing for JMML, though children with JMML may exhibit any combination of them: pallor, fever, infection, bleeding, cough, poor weight gain, a maculopapular rash (discolored but not raised, or small and raised but not containing pus), lymphadenopathy (enlarged lymph nodes), moderate hepatomegaly (enlarged liver), marked splenomegaly (enlarged spleen), leukocytosis (high white blood cell count in blood), absolute monocytosis (high monocyte count in blood), anemia (low red blood cell count in blood), and thrombocytopenia (low platelet count in blood). Most of these conditions are common, nonspecific signs and symptoms.  Children with JMML and neurofibromatosis 1 (NF1) (about 14% of children with JMML are also clinically diagnosed with NF1, though up to 30% carry the NF1 gene mutation) may also exhibit any of the following symptoms associated with NF1 (in general, only young children with NF1 are at an increased risk of developing JMML):  Noonan syndrome (NS) may predispose to the development of JMML or a myeloproliferative disorder (MPD) associated with NS (MPD/NS) which resembles JMML in the first weeks of life. However, MPD/NS may resolve without treatment. Children with JMML and Noonan's syndrome may also exhibit any of the following most-common symptoms associated with Noonan's syndrome:

Genetics.

About 90% of JMML patients have some sort of genetic abnormality in their leukemia cells that can be identified with laboratory testing. This includes:

Diagnosis.

The following criteria are required in order to diagnose JMML:  All 4 of the following:  At least one of:  Or two or more of the following criteria:  These criteria are identified through blood tests and bone marrow tests.  The differential diagnosis list includes infectious diseases like Epstein-Barr virus, cytomegalovirus, human herpesvirus 6, histoplasma, mycobacteria, and toxoplasma, which can produce similar symptoms.

Treatment.

There are two internationally accepted treatment protocols, which are geographically based:  The following procedures are used in one or both of the current clinical approaches listed above:

Splenectomy.

The theory behind splenectomy in JMML is that the spleen may trap leukemic cells, leading to the spleen's enlargement, by harboring dormant JMML cells that are not eradicated by radiation therapy or chemotherapy for the active leukemia cells, thus leading to later relapse if the spleen is not removed. However, the impact of splenectomy on post-transplant relapse, though, is unknown. The COG JMML study includes splenectomy as a standard component of treatment for all clinically stable patients. The EWOG-MDS JMML study allows each child's physician to determine whether or not a splenectomy should be done, and large spleens are commonly removed prior to bone marrow transplant. When a splenectomy is scheduled, JMML patients are advised to receive vaccines against "Streptococcus pneumoniae" and "Haemophilus influenza" at least 2 weeks prior to the procedure. Following splenectomy, penicillin may be administered daily in order to protect the patient against bacterial infections that the spleen would otherwise have protected against; this daily preventative regimen will often continue indefinitely.

Chemotherapy.

The role of chemotherapy or other pharmacologic treatments against JMML before bone marrow transplant has not been studied completely and its importance is still unknown. Chemotherapy by itself has proven unable to bring about long-term survival in JMML.

Radiation.

Radiation to the spleen does not generally result in a decrease in spleen size or reduction of platelet transfusion requirement.

Stem cell transplantation.

The only treatment that has resulted in cures for JMML is stem cell transplantation, also known as a bone marrow transplant, with about a 50% survival rate. The risk of relapsing after transplant is high, and has been recorded as high as 50%. Generally, JMML clinical researchers recommend that a patient have a bone marrow transplant scheduled as soon as possible after diagnosis. A younger age at bone marrow transplant appears to predict a better outcome.

Prognosis.

Prognosis refers to how well a patient is expected to respond to treatment based on their individual characteristics at time of diagnosis. In JMML, three characteristic areas have been identified as significant in the prognosis of patients:  Without treatment, the survival [5 years?] of children with JMML is approximately 5%. Only Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation (HSCT), commonly referred to as a bone marrow or (umbilical) cord blood transplant, has been shown to be successful in curing a child of JMML. With HSCT, recent research studies have found the survival rate to be approximately 50%. Relapse is a significant risk after HSCT for children with JMML. It is the greatest cause of death in JMML children who have had stem cell transplants. Relapse rate has been recorded as high as 50%. Many children have been brought into remission after a second stem cell transplant.  After bone marrow transplant, the relapse rate for children with JMML may be as high as 50%. Relapse often occurs within a few months after transplant and the risk of relapse drops considerably at the one-year point after transplant. A significant number of JMML patients do achieve complete remission and long-term cure after a second bone marrow transplant, so this additional therapy should always be considered for children who relapse.

Frequency.

JMML accounts for 1-2% of childhood leukemias each year; in the United States, an estimated 25-50 new cases are diagnosed each year, which also equates to about 3 cases per million children. There is no known environmental cause for JMML. Since about 10% of patients are diagnosed before 3 months of age, it is thought that JMML is a congenital condition in these infants

History.

Juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML) is a myelodysplastic and myeloproliferative disorder. The diagnostic criteria were originally laid down by Neimeyer et al. in 1997 and 1998 and were incorporated in the WHO classification in 2008.

Juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML) is a serious chronic leukemia (cancer of the blood) that affects children mostly aged 4 and younger. The name JMML now encompasses all diagnoses formerly referred to as juvenile chronic myeloid leukemia (JCML), chronic myelomonocytic leukemia of infancy, and infantile monosomy 7 syndrome. The average age of patients at diagnosis is 2 years old. The World Health Organization has included JMML in the category of myelodysplastic and myeloproliferative disorders.

Die Juvenile myelomonozytäre Leukämie (JMML) kann als besonders bösartige Sonderform der Leukämie bei Säuglingen und Kleinkindern bezeichnet werden mit einer malignen Transformation von Hämatopoetischen Stammzellen, den Monozyten Vorläufern.


Diffusor.

Diffusors (or diffusers) are used to treat sound aberrations, such as echoes, in rooms. They are an excellent alternative or complement to sound absorption because they do not remove sound energy, but can be used to effectively reduce distinct echoes and reflections while still leaving a live sounding space. Compared to a reflective surface, which will cause most of the energy to be reflected off at an angle equal to the angle of incidence, a diffusor will cause the sound energy to be radiated in many directions, hence leading to a more diffusive acoustic space. It is also important that a diffusor spreads reflections in time as well as spatially. Diffusors can aid sound diffusion, but this is not why they are used in many cases; they are more often used to remove coloration and echoes.  Diffusors come in many shapes and materials. The birth of modern diffusors was marked by Manfred R. Schroeders' invention of number-theoretic diffusors in the 1970s.

Maximum length sequence diffusors.

Maximum length sequence based diffusors are made of strips of material with two different depths. The placement of these strips follows an MLS. The width of the strips is smaller than or equal to half the wavelength of the frequency where the maximum scattering effect is desired. Ideally, small vertical walls are placed between lower strips, improving the scattering effect in the case of tangential sound incidence. The bandwidth of these devices is rather limited; at one octave above the design frequency, diffusor efficiency drops to that of a flat surface.

Quadratic-residue diffusors.

MLS based diffusors are superior to geometrical diffusors in many respects; they have limited bandwidth. The new goal was to find a new surface geometry that would combine the excellent diffusion characteristics of MLS designs with wider bandwidth. A new design was discovered, called a quadratic residue diffusor. Today the quadratic residue diffusor or Schroeder diffusor is still widely used. Quadratic-Residue Diffusors can be designed to diffuse sound in either one or two directions. They too suffer from "flat plate" frequencies, but at a higher frequencies than MLS diffusors. Fractal constructions can be used to extend bandwidth.

Primitive-root diffusors.

Primitive-root diffusors are based on a number theoretic sequence based on primitive roots. Although they produce a notch in the scattering response, in reality the notch is over too narrow a bandwidth to be useful. In terms of performance, they are very similar to Quadratic-Residue Diffusors.

Optimized diffusors.

By using numerical optimisation, it is possible to increase the number of theoretical designs, especially for diffusors with a small number of wells per period. But the big advantage of optimisation is that arbitrary shapes can be used which can blend better with architectural forms.

Two-dimensional ("hemispherical") diffusors.

Designed, like most diffusors, to create "a big sound in a small room," unlike other diffusors, two-dimensional diffusors scatter sound in a hemispherical pattern. This is done by the creation of a grid, whose cavities have wells of varying depth, according to the matrix addition of two quadratic sequences equal or proportionate to those of a regular diffusor. These diffusors are very helpful for controlling the direction of the diffusion, particularly in studios and control rooms.

Diffusion, in architectural acoustics, is the spreading of sound energy evenly in a given environment. A perfectly diffusive sound space is one in which the reverberation time is the same at any listening position. Most interior spaces are non-diffusive; the reverberation time is considerably different around the room. At low frequencies they suffer from prominent resonances called room modes.

In der Akustik versteht man unter einem Diffusor ein Bauelement, welches einfallende Schallwellen zerstreuen und die negative Wirkung des ansonsten gleichförmig reflektierten Schalls vermindern soll. Durch Diffusoren werden die Schallwellen sowohl quantitativ, als auch qualitativ im Raum gleichmäßiger verteilt. Wenn die auf diese Weise mehrfach reflektierten Wellen später auf das Ohr treffen, kommen die einzelnen Frequenzen ungeordnet aus unterschiedlichen Richtungen, was die Ortbarkeit der ursprünglichen Schallquelle erschwert, siehe Lokalisation.


Education.

Van Dunem has a degree in Law from the Faculty of Law of the University of Lisbon, awarded in 1977. She was subject to competitive examination for the Portuguese Public Prosecutor's office in 1979.

Professional career.

Van Dunem's most relevant professional activities included judicial activities such as Trainee Deputy Public Prosecutor (Lisbon and Loures courts) (1979-1980); Deputy Public Prosecutor (Lisbon Labour Court) (1980-1983); Deputy Public Prosecutor (Lisbon Criminal Court) (1983-1985); Deputy Public Prosecutor (Lisbon Public Prosecution Service) (1987-1989); member of the Principal State Prosecutor's private law firm (1989-2001); and Deputy Principal State Prosecutor, Director of the Lisbon Public Prosecution Service (since 2001). She also served as Minister of Justice in the 21st Portuguese government (2015-2019).

Personal life.

Van Dunem was born in 1955 in Luanda, then the capital of the Portuguese Overseas Province of Angola. She went to Lisbon in the early 1970s in order to study law at the University of Lisbon. In April 1974, the Portuguese Estado Novo regime was overthrown by a left-wing military coup and in 1975 Angola become a newly independent communist state - the People's Republic of Angola. In 1977 she was awarded her law degree. Her brother José Van Dunem was murdered in a purge occurred in Agostinho Neto's post-independence Angola that same year.  Francisca did not return to Angola and pursued a family life and a professional career in Portugal. She is married and has one son. They live in the Greater Lisbon area.

Francisca Eugénia da Silva Dias Van Dunem (born 5 November 1955, in Luanda, Angola) is an Angolan-Portuguese lawyer. She is the Portuguese Minister of Justice since 26 October 2019. Van Dunem is Portugal's first black government minister in history.

Francisca Eugénia da Silva Dias Van Dunem (* 5. November 1955 in Luanda, Angola) ist eine portugiesische Juristin und Politikerin. Von 2001 bis 2007 war sie Direktorin im Ministério Público. Seit 2007 war sie Generalstaatsanwältin für den Distrikt Lissabon und ab dem 25. November 2015 Justizministerin im Kabinett Costa I und erste schwarze Frau in diesem Amt in Portugal.


Party summary.

The count below identifies party affiliations at the beginning of the first session of this Congress, and includes members from vacancies and newly admitted states, when they were first seated. Changes resulting from subsequent replacements are shown below in the "Changes in membership" section.

Members.

This list is arranged by chamber, then by state. Senators are listed by class, and Representatives are listed by district.

Senate.

At this time, Senators were elected by the state legislatures every two years, with one-third beginning new six-year terms with each Congress. Preceding the names in the list below are Senate class numbers, which indicate the cycle of their election. In this Congress, Class 1 meant their term began with this Congress, requiring re-election in 1904; Class 2 meant their term ended with this Congress, requiring re-election in 1900; and Class 3 meant their term began in the last Congress, requiring re-election in 1902.

Changes in membership.

The count below reflects changes from the beginning of the first session of this Congress.

Committees.

Lists of committees and their party leaders, for members (House and Senate) of the committees and their assignments, go into the Official Congressional Directory at the bottom of the article and click on the link (4 links), in the directory after the pages of terms of service, you will see the committees of the Senate, House (Standing with Subcommittees, Select and Special) and Joint and after the committee pages, you will see the House/Senate committee assignments in the directory, on the committees section of the House and Senate in the Official Congressional Directory, the committee's members on the first row on the left side shows the chairman of the committee and on the right side shows the ranking member of the committee.

The Fifty-sixth United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, composed of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives. It met in Washington, D.C. from March 4, 1899, to March 4, 1901, during the third and fourth years of William McKinley's presidency. The apportionment of seats in this House of Representatives was based on the Eleventh Census of the United States in 1890. Both chambers had a Republican majority. There was one African-American member, George Henry White of North Carolina, who served his second and final term as a Representative in this Congress, and would be the last black member of Congress until 1928, and the last black member of Congress from the South until 1972.

Der 56. Kongress der Vereinigten Staaten, bestehend aus dem Repräsentantenhaus und dem Senat, war die Legislative der Vereinigten Staaten. Seine Legislaturperiode dauerte vom 4. März 1899 bis zum 4. März 1901. Alle Abgeordneten des Repräsentantenhauses sowie ein Drittel der Senatoren (Klasse I) waren im Jahr 1898 bei den Kongresswahlen gewählt worden. Dabei ergab sich in beiden Kammern eine Mehrheit für die Republikanische Partei, die mit William McKinley auch den Präsidenten stellte. Der Demokratischen Partei blieb nur die Rolle in der Opposition. Der Afroamerikaner George Henry White aus North Carolina absolvierte seine zweite und letzte Amtszeit im Repräsentantenhaus. Er sollte bis 1928 der letzte Afroamerikaner in diesem Gremium bleiben. Der nächste Farbige aus dem Süden sollte erst im Jahr 1972 in den Kongress gewählt werden. Der Kongress tagte in der amerikanischen Bundeshauptstadt Washington, D.C. Die Vereinigten Staaten bestanden damals aus 45 Bundesstaaten. Die Sitzverteilung im Repräsentantenhaus basierte auf der Volkszählung von 1890.


History.

The first evidence of the existence of Buddhism in the territory of the modern Russian (more specifically Siberia, near the lands of East Asian countries) lands belong to the 8th century AD. E. And are associated with the state of Balhae, which in 698-926 occupied part of today's Primorye and Amur. The Mohe, whose culture was greatly influenced by neighboring China, Korea and Manchuria, professed the Buddhism of one of the Mahayana directions. It primarily spread into the Russian constituent regions geographically or culturally adjacent to Mongolia, this region being known as the Mongolian Steppes, or inhabited by Mongolian ethnic groups: Buryatia, Zabaykalsky Krai, Tuva, and Kalmykia, the latter being the only Buddhist region in Europe, located to the north of the Caucasus. By 1887, there were already 29 publishing houses and numerous datsans. These ethnic regions, in 1917, had among them approximately 20,000 followers of the Buddhist faith with 175 temples being erected. When the Soviet Union came into power, it did not welcome the already presiding Buddhists in the country as with most religions with the Soviet Union stating that all religions including Buddhism were to be viewed as "tools of oppression." And by 1917, Joseph Stalin had not allowed any datsans to remain in the country. This was done as the USSR sought to remove Buddhism and other religions, as they found that there would be a link in lack of religion and urbanization to increase production power. In 1929, many monasteries were closed down, and monks were arrested and exiled. By the 1930s, Buddhists were suffering more than any other religious community in the Soviet Union with lamas being expelled and accused of being "Japanese spies" and "the people's enemies". It was by 1943 that all Kalmykians were forcibly exiled to Siberia due to the Soviet Union who had suspicions that they were collaborating with Nazi Germany when they had occupied part of Kalmykia. This caused about 40% of their population to die while in exile and those who did survive would not be able to return to their homeland till 1956.  However Buddhism had not disappeared yet because of Bidia Dandaron a Tsydenov follower as well as a famous Buddhologist and thinker. Dandaron attempted to revive Buddhism in an atheist state by introducing the concept of Neo-Buddhism a combination of Buddhist teachings and current Western philosophy with scientific theories. Dandaron was later arrested for creating a religious community and eventually died within a prison camp, however his disciples played a key role later in the 1990's with the revival of Russian Buddhism.

Revival.

After the fall of the Soviet Union, a Buddhist revival began in Kalmykia with the election of President Kirsan Ilyumzhinov. It was also revived in Buryatia and Tuva and began to spread to Russians in other regions.  In 1992, the Dalai Lama made his first visit to Tuva in Russia.  There are several Tibetan Buddhist university-monasteries throughout Russia, concentrated in Siberia, known as Datsans.  Fyodor Shcherbatskoy, a renowned Russian Indologist who traveled to India and Mongolia during the time of the Russian Empire, is widely considered by many to be responsible for laying the foundations for the study of Buddhism in the Western world.  There are now between 700,000 and 1.5 million Buddhists in Russia, mainly in the republics of Buryatia, Kalmykia and Tuva.

Regions with large Buddhist populations.

In 2012 it was the religion of 62% of the total population of Tuva, 38% of Kalmykia and 20% of Buryatia. Buddhism also has believers accounting for 6% in Zabaykalsky Krai, primarily consisting in ethnic Buryats, and of 0.5% to 0.9% in Tomsk Oblast and Yakutia. Buddhist communities may be found in other federal subjects of Russia, between 0.1% and 0.5% in Sakhalin Oblast, Khabarovsk Krai, Amur Oblast, Irkutsk Oblast, Altay, Khakassia, Novosibirsk Oblast, Tomsk Oblast, Tyumen Oblast, Orenburg Oblast, Arkhangelsk Oblast, Murmansk Oblast, Moscow and Moscow Oblast, Saint Petersburg and Leningrad Oblast, and in Kaliningrad Oblast. In cities like Moscow, Saint Petersburg and Samara, often up to 1% of the population identify as Buddhists.

Historically, Buddhism was incorporated into Siberia in the early 17th century. Buddhism is considered to be one of Russia's traditional religions and is legally a part of Russian historical heritage. Besides the historical monastic traditions of Buryatia, Kalmykia and Tuva, Buddhism is now widespread all over Russia, with many ethnic Russian converts.

Buddhismus in Russland ist eine der religiösen Traditionen in Russland, die neben anderen Weltreligionen praktiziert werden. Traditionell siedelten sich russische Anhänger des Buddhismus in der Republik Altai, Republik Burjatien, Republik Kalmückien, Oblast Irkutsk, Region Transbaikalien oder Republik Tuwa an. Die meisten buddhistischen Tempel in Russland befinden sich in Sibirien und Richtung Mongolei/China. Darüber hinaus gibt es buddhistische Zentren in Moskau, St. Petersburg und anderen größeren Städten. Die meisten Anhänger des Buddhismus in Russland gehören den Gelug- und Karma-Kagyü-Schulen an. Die russische Bevölkerung hat ein ausgeprägtes Interesse an Buddhismus und ist offen für fernöstliche Philosophien. Nicht zuletzt der Trend der Shaolin- und Martial-Arts-Filme aus China trug dazu bei, das Interesse an Buddhismus, der Philosophie und Meditation in Russland noch verstärken.


History.

In view of the JA's independence it has been regarded by the AfD hierarchy as being somewhat wayward, with the JA repeatedly accused of being "too far right," politically regressive and anti-feminist among the German media.  In March 2014, The Junge Alternative hosted Nigel Farage who had been invited to address the party's North Rhine-Westphalia organisation in Cologne. The invitation is alleged to have caused some trouble within the AfD itself over the youth wing’s unauthorised invitation of Farage, with the regional association and the youth wing wanting to stress their independence. The invitation was contrary to a decision of the AfD National Executive whose policy is that official contact with foreign parties is decided only by the federal executive. Nigel Farage's presence apparently led to a deterioration in relations with Bernd Lucke, the AfD leader, who called the move a "sign of poor political tact."  The JA launched an anti-feminist campaign entitled ""Gleichberechtigung statt Gleichmacherei"" (variously translated as "equal rights, not levelling down" or "equality instead of uniformity") on Facebook in response to the young Social Democrats, who posted photos supportive of feminism to mark International Women's Day. The Facebook page of JA describes feminism as a "left-wing ideology", and asks people to post reasons to reject it. With the JA also citing opposition to gender quota proposals in Germany for women as a motivation. Sections of the German media also labelled election campaign material of the JA which showed attractive women in swimwear under the slogan "equality instead of uniformity" as in bad taste. The JA followed with a poster of four shirtless men under the slogan "end soft justice".  In May 2014 The JA is said to have further irritated AfD bosses with a statement they released on Facebook advocating vigilante action against crime.

The Young Alternative for Germany ( or JA) is a political youth organisation in Germany. Founded on 15 June 2013 in Darmstadt, and open to people aged 14 to 35 years, it presents itself as the youth wing of the Alternative for Germany (AfD) party, but remains legally independent. Chairman is, vice-chairpersons are Dominic Fiedler, Mary Khan, Jan C. Hornuf and Tomasz Froelich.

Die Junge Alternative für Deutschland (Kurzbezeichnung: JA) ist die rechtspopulistische, in Teilen rechtsextreme Jugendorganisation der Partei Alternative für Deutschland. Sie verfügt nach eigenen Angaben über 1655 Mitglieder (Stand: Januar 2019) und wird vom Bundesvorsitzenden Damian Lohr geführt. Die JA wurde 2013 gegründet und am 28. November 2015 durch einen Bundesparteitag der AfD anerkannt. Das Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz hat die Organisation am 15. Januar 2019 als „Verdachtsfall“ eingestuft und attestiert ihr eine „migrations- und insbesondere islamfeindliche Haltung“.


Michael Bennett (defensive tackle, born 1993)

Early years.

Bennett attended Centerville High School in Centerville, Ohio, where he was a first-team Division I All-Ohio performer who played in the U.S. Army All-American Bowl. He was a two-time Greater Western Ohio Conference player of the year and served as team captain for coach Ron Ullery's 2010 Centerville team that went 9-3 and reached the regional semifinals.  Bennett was also a top competitor in track & field. In 2011, Bennett’s final throw of 19.48 meters (63 feet, 11 inches) in the shot put at the Division I track and field meet was enough to vault him to a state title at his future home on the Ohio State University campus. He followed up with a second-place finish in the discus with a toss of 56.50 meters (185 feet, 4 inches). He had top-throws of 19.80 meters (64 feet, 11.5 inches) in the shot put, 59.83 meters (196 feet, 3 inches) in the discus and 53.21 meters (174 feet, 6 inches) in the hammer at Centerville.

College career.

As a true freshman in 2011, Bennett played in all 13 games, recording 17 tackles and three quarterback sacks. As a sophomore in 2012, Bennett played in only eight games due to injury. As a junior in 2013, Bennett started all 13 games, recording 44 tackles and 7.5 sacks.

Professional career.

Bennett, who was unable to work out at the 2015 NFL Combine due to injury, pulled up on his 40-yard dash attempt at Ohio State's Pro Day with a hamstring problem. The injury forced him to withdraw from the other on-field drills.

Jacksonville Jaguars.

On May 2, 2015, Bennett was drafted by the Jacksonville Jaguars with the 180th overall pick in the sixth round of the 2015 NFL Draft. In 13 games of his rookie season, Bennett recorded ten tackles and half a sack.  On September 3, 2016, Bennett was placed on injured reserve.  On September 19, 2017, Bennett was again placed on injured reserve after suffering a pectoral injury.  On September 11, 2018, Bennett was released by the Jaguars.

Atlanta Falcons.

On October 2, 2018, Bennett signed with the Atlanta Falcons. He was waived on October 30, 2018. He signed a reserve/future contract with the Falcons on January 10, 2019.  On July 22, 2019, Bennett suffered a dislocated ankle and was placed on injured reserve.

Benjamin Michael Bennett IV (born February 24, 1993) is an American football defensive tackle who is a free agent. He played college football at Ohio State.

Michael Bennett (* 24. Februar 1993) ist ein US-amerikanischer American-Football-Spieler. Er spielt für die Atlanta Falcons in der National Football League (NFL) auf der Position des Defensive Tackles. Zuvor spielte er College Football für die Ohio State Buckeyes.


Party summary.

The count below identifies party affiliations at the beginning of the first session of this Congress, and includes members from vacancies and newly admitted states, when they were first seated. Changes resulting from subsequent replacements are shown below in the "Changes in membership" section.  During this Congress, two Senate seats and one House seat were added for the new state, Colorado.

Members.

Senate.

Senators were elected by the state legislatures every two years, with one-third beginning new six-year terms with each Congress. Preceding the names in the list below are Senate class numbers, which indicate the cycle of their election. In this Congress, Class 1 meant their term began in this Congress, facing re-election in 1880; Class 2 meant their term ended in this Congress, facing re-election in 1876; and Class 3 meant their term began in the last Congress, facing re-election in 1878.

House of Representatives.

The names of members of the House of Representatives are preceded by their district numbers.

Changes in membership.

Committees.

Lists of committees and their party leaders, for members (House and Senate) of the committees and their assignments, go into the Official Congressional Directory at the bottom of the article and click on the link (5 links), in the directory after the pages of terms of service, you will see the committees of the Senate, House (Standing with Subcommittees, Select and Special) and Joint and after the committee pages, you will see the House/Senate committee assignments in the directory, on the committees section of the House and Senate in the Official Congressional Directory, the committee's members on the first row on the left side shows the chairman of the committee and on the right side shows the ranking member of the committee.

The Forty-fourth United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, consisting of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives. It met in Washington, D.C. from March 4, 1875, to March 4, 1877, during the seventh and eighth years of Ulysses S. Grant's presidency. The apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was based on the Ninth Census of the United States in 1870. For the first time since the American Civil War, the House had a Democratic majority. The Senate maintained a Republican majority.

Der 44. Kongress der Vereinigten Staaten, bestehend aus dem Repräsentantenhaus und dem Senat, war die Legislative der Vereinigten Staaten. Seine Legislaturperiode dauerte vom 4. März 1875 bis zum 4. März 1877. Alle Abgeordneten des Repräsentantenhauses sowie ein Drittel der Senatoren (Klasse I) waren im Jahr 1874 bei den Kongresswahlen gewählt worden. Dabei ergaben sich in den beiden Kammern unterschiedliche Mehrheiten. Im Senat hatte die Republikanische Partei die Mehrheit, während die Demokraten das Repräsentantenhaus kontrollierten. Der Kongress tagte in der amerikanischen Bundeshauptstadt Washington, D.C. Präsident war der Republikaner Ulysses S. Grant. Die Vereinigten Staaten bestanden damals aus 38 Bundesstaaten, wobei der 38. Staat, Colorado am 1. August 1876 der Union beitrat. Die Sitzverteilung im Repräsentantenhaus basierte auf der Volkszählung von 1870.


The Protector (US-amerikanische Fernsehserie)

Overview.

The series follows Gloria Sheppard, an LAPD detective attached to the Robbery-Homicide Division. A recent divorcée and single mother, Gloria has to perform her duties as an LAPD homicide detective while raising her twin sons. Gloria's brother, Davey Sheppard, whose house she recently moved into, helps to raise her two sons Nick and Leo. While at work, Gloria must solve some of Los Angeles' highest profile crimes with the assistance of her partner, Detective Michelle Dulcett as well as Detectives Ramon "Romeo" Rush, Buerge, and Van Stone, while being overseen by her commanding officer, Lieutenant Felix Valdez.

Development and production.

Originally known as "Exit 19", The Protector was initially developed by Jeffrey Jackson Bell, based on a script written by Michael Nankin, in late 2007. In early 2008, CBS placed an order for a pilot presentation for "Exit 19". Bell wrote the pilot. Nankin was attached to the project as director, with Jeffrey Jackson Bell, Nina Wass, and Gene Stein serving as executive producers. The pilot was a co-production of ABC Studios, CBS Television Studios, and Wass-Stein Productions. It was described as being about "a quirky homicide detective on the mean streets of Manhattan who also is a single mom to two kids in the suburbs on Long Island." Geena Davis was the first to be cast in the pilot as 'Gloria'. She also served as co-executive producer. Next to join the pilot was Matthew Lillard as Gloria's younger brother. Rosie Perez, Ramon Rodriguez, and Amy Farrington were the last actors to be cast, with Perez playing 'Lorna', Gloria's partner on the NYPD, Rodriguez playing 'a smart flirty cop who works with Gloria and Lorna', and Farrington playing Gloria's neighbor. On May 10, 2008, it was announced that CBS had decided not to pick up the pilot to series.  In July 2009, Lifetime announced it was redeveloping the pilot. In June 2010, the network placed a pilot order.  Casting announcements began in November 2010, with Ally Walker first to be cast. Walker portrays Gloria Sheppard, a Los Angeles Police Department homicide detective who is juggling her demanding personal and professional lives while raising two children. Next to join the series was Tisha Campbell-Martin and Chris Payne Gilbert, with Campbell-Martin playing Michelle Dulcett, Gloria's smart and vivacious partner, and Gilbert playing Davey Sheppard, Gloria's younger brother, a recovering alcoholic, with whom she shares the house the two co-own. Last to be cast was Miguel Ferrer playing Lieutenant Felix Valdez, Gloria's boss.  The network green lighted the series on February 7, 2011, with an order of 13 hour-long episodes. The series is a co-production between ABC Studios and Wass-Stein Productions.  On May 3, 2011, during the network's 2011–2012 upfronts presentation, Lifetime announced that "Exit 19" had been retitled "The Protector" and would debut in the summer of 2011.  On September 8, 2011, Lifetime announced it would not renew the series for a second season. The series finale aired on September 19, 2011.

Reception.

Critical reception.

"The Protector" has received mixed to average reviews, earning a score of 53 on Metacritic. The New York "Daily News" said of the series: "Where "Army Wives" can get soapy at times, it also starts with a premise that sets it apart. The Protector doesn't start with that advantage." "The New York Times" gave a mixed review: "Ms. Walker is an appealing actress with a strong presence, but in the pilot, at least, her character isn't as well formed or well written as other tough-talking television dames." The "Pittsburgh Post-Gazette" gave the pilot a positive review:  "The Protector" is fairly routine plot-wise but the breezy tone—conveyed through upbeat music and snappy dialogue—and strong, collegial performances make this series a welcome summer diversion.

Ratings.

The pilot episode premiered with 1.90 million total viewers, scoring 0.9 million viewers in the 18–49 demographic.

The Protector (also known as Exit 19), is an American police procedural drama television series starring Ally Walker as Gloria Sheppard, a single mother who struggles to maintain the balance between her personal and professional life as an LAPD homicide detective.

The Protector ist eine US-amerikanische Fernsehserie, welche am 12. Juni 2011 ihre Premiere beim Sender Lifetime feierte. Die Serie besteht aus 13 Folgen in einer Staffel, da der ausstrahlende Sender aufgrund schwacher Quoten von einer Fortsetzung absah. Zu einer deutschsprachigen Ausstrahlung kam es bisher nicht.