History.

Martherenges is first mentioned in the 15th Century as "Martherenges".

Geography.

Martherenges had an area,, of. Of this area, or 60.2% is used for agricultural purposes, while or 34.9% is forested. Of the rest of the land, or 4.8% is settled (buildings or roads).  Of the built up area, housing and buildings made up 3.6% and transportation infrastructure made up 0.0%. while parks, green belts and sports fields made up 1.2%. Out of the forested land, all of the forested land area is covered with heavy forests. Of the agricultural land, 28.9% is used for growing crops and 28.9% is pastures, while 2.4% is used for orchards or vine crops.  The former municipality was part of the Moudon District until it was dissolved on 31 August 2006, and Martherenges became part of the new district of Gros-de-Vaud.  The small former municipality is located on a hill on the left side of the Broye valley.

Coat of arms.

The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is "Per Saltire Gules and Vert, overall capital letter M Argent."

Demographics.

Martherenges had a population () of 77., 4.2% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (1999–2009 ) the population has changed at a rate of 13.6%. It has changed at a rate of 1.5% due to migration and at a rate of 12.1% due to births and deaths.  Most of the population () speaks French (65 or 91.5%), with German being second most common (4 or 5.6%) and Dutch being third (1 or 1.4%).  Of the population in the municipality 32 or about 45.1% were born in Martherenges and lived there in 2000. There were 24 or 33.8% who were born in the same canton, while 10 or 14.1% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 5 or 7.0% were born outside of Switzerland.  In there were 2 live births to Swiss citizens. Ignoring immigration and emigration, the population of Swiss citizens increased by 2 while the foreign population remained the same. There was 1 Swiss man who emigrated from Switzerland. The total Swiss population remained the same in 2008 and the non-Swiss population increased by 1 people. This represents a population growth rate of 1.4%.  The age distribution,, in Martherenges is; 10 children or 13.3% of the population are between 0 and 9 years old and 8 teenagers or 10.7% are between 10 and 19. Of the adult population, 11 people or 14.7% of the population are between 20 and 29 years old. 12 people or 16.0% are between 30 and 39, 10 people or 13.3% are between 40 and 49, and 6 people or 8.0% are between 50 and 59. The senior population distribution is 10 people or 13.3% of the population are between 60 and 69 years old, 7 people or 9.3% are between 70 and 79, there is 1 person who is 80 and 89. , there were 32 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 37 married individuals, 1 widow or widower and 1 individual who was divorced. , there were 22 private households in the municipality, and an average of 3.2 persons per household. There were 3 households that consist of only one person and 5 households with five or more people. Out of a total of 22 households that answered this question, 13.6% were households made up of just one person. Of the rest of the households, there are 6 married couples without children, 12 married couples with children There was one single parent with a child or children.  The historical population is given in the following chart:

Politics.

In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the SVP which received 33.28% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the FDP (18.76%), the SP (11.35%) and the Green Party (9.98%). In the federal election, a total of 39 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 72.2%.

Economy.

, Martherenges had an unemployment rate of 0%., there were 12 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 5 businesses involved in this sector. No one was employed in the secondary sector or the tertiary sector. There were 36 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 38.9% of the workforce. , there were 22 workers who commuted away from the municipality. Of the working population, 5.6% used public transportation to get to work, and 61.1% used a private car.

Religion.

From the, 4 or 5.6% were Roman Catholic, while 46 or 64.8% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. Of the rest of the population, there were 18 individuals (or about 25.35% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church. 12 (or about 16.90% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist.

Education.

In Martherenges about 27 or (38.0%) of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 8 or (11.3%) have completed additional higher education (either university or a "Fachhochschule"). Of the 8 who completed tertiary schooling, 62.5% were Swiss men, 37.5% were Swiss women.  In the 2009/2010 school year there were a total of 8 students in the Martherenges school district. In the Vaud cantonal school system, two years of non-obligatory pre-school are provided by the political districts. During the school year, the political district provided pre-school care for a total of 296 children of which 96 children (32.4%) received subsidized pre-school care. The canton's primary school program requires students to attend for four years. There were 4 students in the municipal primary school program. The obligatory lower secondary school program lasts for six years and there were 4 students in those schools. , there were 16 students from Martherenges who attended schools outside the municipality.

Martherenges is a former municipality in the district Gros-de-Vaud in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. The municipalities of Chapelle-sur-Moudon, Correvon, Denezy, Martherenges, Neyruz-sur-Moudon, Peyres-Possens, Saint-Cierges, Thierrens and Chanéaz merged on 1 January 2013 into the new municipality of Montanaire.

Martherenges war bis am 31. Dezember 2012 eine politische Gemeinde im Distrikt Gros-de-Vaud des Kantons Waadt in der Schweiz. Am 1. Januar 2013 fusionierte sie mit den Gemeinden Chanéaz, Chapelle-sur-Moudon, Correvon, Denezy, Neyruz-sur-Moudon, Peyres-Possens, Saint-Cierges und Thierrens zur neuen Gemeinde Montanaire.


History.

Montaubion-Chardonney is first mentioned in 1200 as "in Monte Albeonis". In 1223 Montaubion was mentioned as "Montalbium" and in 1223 Chardonney was mentioned as "Chardenai".

Geography.

Montaubion-Chardonney has an area,, of. Of this area, or 62.6% is used for agricultural purposes, while or 30.8% is forested. Of the rest of the land, or 5.7% is settled (buildings or roads).  Of the built up area, housing and buildings made up 2.8% and transportation infrastructure made up 2.8%. Out of the forested land, 28.0% of the total land area is heavily forested and 2.8% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees. Of the agricultural land, 48.3% is used for growing crops and 13.7% is pastures.  The municipality was part of the Moudon District until it was dissolved on 31 August 2006, and Montaubion-Chardonney became part of the new district of Gros-de-Vaud.  The village is located in the heart of the Jorat region. It consists of two hamlets on the right bank of the Mentue.

Coat of arms.

The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is "Gules, from a Coupeaux rising a Thistle Argent."

Demographics.

Montaubion-Chardonney has a population () of 69., 8.2% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (1999-2009 ) the population has changed at a rate of -10.4%. It has changed at a rate of -11.7% due to migration and at a rate of -1.3% due to births and deaths.  Most of the population () speaks French (69 or 93.2%), with German being second most common (2 or 2.7%) and Italian being third (1 or 1.4%).  Of the population in the municipality 19 or about 25.7% were born in Montaubion-Chardonney and lived there in 2000. There were 35 or 47.3% who were born in the same canton, while 11 or 14.9% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 9 or 12.2% were born outside of Switzerland.  In there were no live births to Swiss citizens and 1 death of a Swiss citizen. Ignoring immigration and emigration, the population of Swiss citizens decreased by 1 while the foreign population remained the same. At the same time, there were 1 non-Swiss woman who immigrated from another country to Switzerland. The total Swiss population change in 2008 (from all sources, including moves across municipal borders) was an increase of 2 and the non-Swiss population increased by 1 people. This represents a population growth rate of 4.3%.  The age distribution,, in Montaubion-Chardonney is; 8 children or 11.6% of the population are between 0 and 9 years old and 3 teenagers or 4.3% are between 10 and 19. Of the adult population, 9 people or 13.0% of the population are between 20 and 29 years old. 9 people or 13.0% are between 30 and 39, 13 people or 18.8% are between 40 and 49, and 9 people or 13.0% are between 50 and 59. The senior population distribution is 12 people or 17.4% of the population are between 60 and 69 years old, 2 people or 2.9% are between 70 and 79, there are 4 people or 5.8% who are between 80 and 89. , there were 27 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 38 married individuals, 6 widows or widowers and 3 individuals who are divorced. , there were 30 private households in the municipality, and an average of 2.5 persons per household. There were 11 households that consist of only one person and 2 households with five or more people. Out of a total of 30 households that answered this question, 36.7% were households made up of just one person. Of the rest of the households, there are 5 married couples without children, 14 married couples with children  The historical population is given in the following chart:

Politics.

In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the SVP which received 23.83% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the SP (23.63%), the FDP (21.38%) and the LPS Party (9.57%). In the federal election, a total of 30 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 50.0%.

Economy.

, Montaubion-Chardonney had an unemployment rate of 0.6%., there were 12 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 6 businesses involved in this sector. 13 people were employed in the secondary sector and there was 1 business in this sector. No one was employed in the tertiary sector. There were 43 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 32.6% of the workforce. , there were 11 workers who commuted into the municipality and 27 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net exporter of workers, with about 2.5 workers leaving the municipality for every one entering. Of the working population, 4.7% used public transportation to get to work, and 51.2% used a private car.

Religion.

From the, 14 or 18.9% were Roman Catholic, while 42 or 56.8% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. Of the rest of the population, there were 12 individuals (or about 16.22% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church. 11 (or about 14.86% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 1 individuals (or about 1.35% of the population) did not answer the question.

Education.

In Montaubion-Chardonney about 32 or (43.2%) of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 11 or (14.9%) have completed additional higher education (either University or a "Fachhochschule"). Of the 11 who completed tertiary schooling, 45.5% were Swiss men, 36.4% were Swiss women.  In the 2009/2010 school year there were a total of 3 students in the Montaubion-Chardonney school district. In the Vaud cantonal school system, two years of non-obligatory pre-school are provided by the political districts. During the school year, the political district provided pre-school care for a total of 296 children of which 96 children (32.4%) received subsidized pre-school care. The canton's primary school program requires students to attend for four years. There were 2 students in the municipal primary school program. The obligatory lower secondary school program lasts for six years and there was 1 student in the secondary school , there was one student in Montaubion-Chardonney who came from another municipality, while 10 residents attended schools outside the municipality.

Montaubion-Chardonney was a municipality in the district Gros-de-Vaud in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. The municipalities of Villars-Tiercelin, Montaubion-Chardonney, Sottens, Villars-Mendraz and Peney-le-Jorat merged on 1 July 2011 into the new municipality of Jorat-Menthue.

Montaubion-Chardonney war eine politische Gemeinde im Distrikt Gros-de-Vaud des Kantons Waadt in der Schweiz. Montaubion-Chardonney fusionierte am 1. Juli 2011 mit den Gemeinden Peney-le-Jorat, Sottens, Villars-Mendraz und Villars-Tiercelin zur neuen Gemeinde Jorat-Menthue.


Family.

Adrastus was a son of Talaus and Lysimache. Pausanias calls his mother Lysianassa, and Hyginus calls her Eurynome. He was one of the three kings at Argos, along with Iphis and Amphiaraus, the husband of Adrastus's sister Eriphyle. He was married either to Amphithea, daughter of Pronax, or to Demonassa. His daughters Argea and Deipyle married Polynices and Tydeus, respectively. His other children include Aegiale, Aegialeus, and Cyanippus.

Mythology.

During a feud between the most powerful houses in Argos, Talaus was slain by Amphiaraus, and Adrastus was expelled from his dominions and fled to Polybus, the king of Sicyon. When Polybus died without heirs, Adrastus succeeded him on the throne of Sicyon, and during his reign he is said to have instituted the Nemean Games.  According to "Gods and Goddesses of Ancient Greece" by Edward E. Barthell, Adrastus is the son of Talaus and Lysimache (daughter of Abas). He married Amphitheia, daughter of his brother Pronax, and became the father of a son, Aegialeus, and four daughters: Aegialeia, who became the wife of Diomedes (son of Tydeus); Argeia, who became the wife of Polyneices (son of Oedipus); Deipyle, who became the wife of Tydeus (son of Oeneus); and Eurydice, who became the wife of the Trojan king, Ilus (son of Tros).

Seven against Thebes.

Afterwards, however, Adrastus became reconciled to Amphiaraus, gave him his sister Eriphyle in marriage, and returned to his kingdom of Argos upon the swift immortal horse Arion, a gift of Heracles. During the time he reigned there it happened that Tydeus of Calydon and Polynices of Thebes, both fugitives from their native countries, met at Argos near the palace of Adrastus, and came to words and from words to blows. On hearing the noise, Adrastus hastened to them and separated the combatants, in whom he immediately recognised the two men that had been promised to him by an oracle as the future husbands of two of his daughters, for one bore on his shield the figure of a boar, and the other that of a lion, and the oracle was that one of his daughters was to marry a boar and the other a lion. Adrastus, therefore, gave his daughter Deipyle to Tydeus, and Argeia to Polynices, and at the same time promised to lead each of these princes back to his own country. Adrastus now prepared for war against Thebes, although Amphiaraus foretold that all who should engage in it should perish, with the exception of Adrastus.  During the Seven against Thebes, in which Adrastus was joined by six other heroes, Polynices, Tydeus, Amphiaraus, Capaneus, Hippomedon, and Parthenopaeus. Instead of Tydeus and Polynices other legends mention Eteoclus and Mecisteus. This war ended as unfortunately as Amphiaraus had predicted, and Adrastus alone was saved by the swiftness of his horse Arion.  After the battle, Creon, king of Thebes, ordered that none of the fallen enemies were to be given funeral rites. Against his order, Antigone buried Polynices and was put to death, but Adrastus escaped to Athens to petition Theseus, the city's king, to attack Thebes and force the return of the bodies of the remaining five. Theseus initially refused but was convinced by his mother, Aethra, who had been beseeched by the mothers of the fallen, to put the matter to a vote of the citizens. The Athenians marched on Thebes and conquered the city but inflicted no additional damage, taking only what they came for, the five bodies. They were laid upon a funeral pyre and Adrastus eulogized each.

Second war against Thebes.

Ten years after this, Adrastus persuaded the seven sons of the heroes who had fallen in the war against Thebes to make a new attack upon that city, and Amphiaraus now declared that the gods approved of the undertaking, and promised success. This war is celebrated in ancient story as the War of the Epigoni. Thebes was taken and razed to the ground, after the greater part of its inhabitants had left the city on the advice of Tiresias. The only Argive hero that fell in this war was Aegialeus, the son of Adrastus. After having built a temple of Nemesis in the neighborhood of Thebes, he set out on his return home. But, weighed down by old age and grief at the death of his son, he died at Megara and was buried there. After his death he was worshipped in several parts of Greece, as at Megara, at Sicyon where his memory was celebrated in tragic choruses, and in Attica.  The legends about Adrastus and the two wars against Thebes have furnished ample materials for the epic as well as tragic poets of Greece, and some works of art relating to the stories about Adrastus are mentioned in Pausanias.  From Adrastus the female patronymic "Adrastine" was formed.

Adrastus (; Ancient Greek: Ἄδραστος "Adrastos") or Adrestus (Ionic: Ἄδρηστος "Adrēstos"), traditionally translated as 'inescapable', was a legendary king of Argos during the war of the Seven Against Thebes.

Adrastos () ist in der griechischen Mythologie der Sohn des Talaos und König von Argos. Die antiken Autoren nennen drei verschiedene mögliche Mütter: Lysianassa, Tochter des Polybos (Pausanias), Lysimache, Tochter des Abas ("Bibliotheke des Apollodor") oder Eurynome, die Tochter des Iphitos (Hyginus Mythographus). Er war der Vater des Aigialeus, des Kyanippos, der Deïpyle, der Argeia und der Aigiale.


History.

Cultivated for hundreds of years in the Piedmont DOCG in Italy, Moscato bianco is considered one of the oldest grapes grown in that area. Although Moscato has been cultivated and made in the area, modern production of Moscato d’Asti as it is known now began in the 1870s. Made in the frizzante style, Moscato d'Asti was the wine that winemakers made for themselves. This low-alcohol wine could be drunk at noontime meals and would not slow down the winemaker or his workers. After the workday was done, the Piemontese tradition of long, multicourse evening meals gave Moscato d'Asti the purpose of a digestif that cleansed the palate and stimulated the palate for dessert.

Winemaking.

The cooler region in which Moscato bianco is grown and produced has an optimal blend of limestone and sandstone soil that allows for adequate hydration and brings out the flavor of the grapes. The grapes are harvested when the brix is optimal and then crushed. The must is chilled almost to the point of freezing to halt the fermentation process. By law, Moscato D’Asti can only contain 5.5% abv so the fermentation process is halted leaving much of the natural sugars remaining in the wine. Unlike Champagne, there is no secondary fermentation allowed in the bottle. Right before bottling, the Moscato d’Asti goes through a filtration process that leaves the wine with a translucent golden color.

In popular culture.

From 2011 to 2014, Moscato d’Asti sales in the US increased 73% and sales have risen around 10-15% per year among consumers under the age of 45. Such rise has been attributed to the affordability of the wine (most range from $10–20) and its popularity in hip-hop culture: Trey Songz and with Drake referenced Moscato in a verse of the 2009 song "I Invented Sex", which contributed to the popularity of the wine.

Moscato d'Asti is a DOCG sparkling white wine made from the Moscato bianco grape and produced mainly in the province of Asti, northwest Italy, and in smaller nearby regions in the provinces of Alessandria and Cuneo. The wine is sweet and low in alcohol, and is considered a dessert wine. A related wine, Asti, is produced in the same area from the same grape.

Moscato d’Asti ist ein süßer italienischer Weißwein aus den Provinzen Provinz Asti, Provinz Cuneo und Provinz Alessandria, Piemont. Moscato d’Asti hat seit 1967 den Status einer DOCG, die in der letzten Fassung vom 7. März 2014 datiert. Der Wein dient auch als Grundlage des Schaumweins Asti Spumante, der eine zweite Gärung erfährt. Der Wein ist zum schnellen Genuss gedacht und sollte immer binnen eines Jahres getrunken werden.


History.

Early years.

,The history of the airport starts in 1917 when, after the bombing of Pescara by bombers of the k.u.k. Luftfahrtruppen, the aerial component of the Austro-Hungarian Army, along the Via Tiburtina Valeria road a military airfield is built by the Regio Esercito, which arrived on 26 October 1917 with two Farman 14. On 31 July 1918 the 302° Squadron is formed, equipped with biplanes Ansaldo SVA, among the best fighter-bombers of the time.  From 1921, the airport has been named after Pasquale Liberi, an aviator friend of the famous poet Gabriele d'Annunzio. In 1927 the airport was extended to 50 hectares and modernized.  In the 1930s, with the start of commercial aviation, the airline Società Aerea Mediterranea (SAM) started in 1933 a triweekly service from Pescara to Rome Urbe Airport, with an intermediate stop at the airfield of Piana di Bagno near L'Aquila.  After WWII, the first airline to restart commercial service was Società anonima di navigazione aerea transadriatica (Transadriatica), which inaugurated the service Pescara-Roma-Urbe on 5 May 1947 using a Douglas DC-3. At the same time, Transadriatica started another interesting route: Venezia-Ancona-Pescara-Brindisi-Catania. Furthermore, the airline Avio Linee Italiane decided to start a route connecting North to South Italy for the first time: Milan-Pescara-Foggia-Bari-Brindisi.

1960s.

Itavia, constituted in 1958 to operate between secondary airports not served by Alitalia, opened its first route Pescara-Roma-Urbe on 15 July 1959 with a 8-seats de Havilland Dove. With the development of Itavia also the number of routes increased between the end of 1960s and beginning of 1970s, including Roma, Milano, Ancona, Crotone, Forlì, Lecce, Bergamo, Bologna, Treviso-Venezia, Catania and Palermo.

1970s.

In 1973, the English historian Bruce Barrymore Halpenny, then living in Abruzzo, organised a British Caledonian BAC 111 to take off from Genoa Airport to Pescara to test the feasibility of the approach and landing at Pescara of a large commercial aircraft. With the British Caledonian chief pilot being an ex-RAF pilot and Halpenny (also Ex-RAF) on board this maneuver was successfully accomplished, opening up the airport and the region for tourism. Halpenny then arranged for a British Caledonian BAC 111 to take off from Gatwick Airport, land in Pescara and return to Gatwick, demonstrating the feasibility of commercial flights to the airport. As of 1 February 1979, Itavia was forced to suspend its flights to Pescara due to the revision of the minimum landing requirements on some Italian airports implemented by ANPAC, the National Association of Civil Aviation Pilots. The raise of the requirements in question (distance to the runway and altitude at which the pilot must decide whether to continue the landing) were dependent on proper radio support (such as ILS, Instrument Landing System) and a clear view to allow the landing of aircraft in conditions of poor visibility. Such instruments were not installed at the time at the airport. Itavia itself was never going to be back at the airport, as it ceased operations in June 1980, after the Ustica disaster.

1980s.

After the dark period during which the airport did not have any connection, the situation improved with the reopening of a route to Milano through Ancona, operated by Aermediterranea, a company belonging to Istituto per la Ricostruzione Industriale (IRI) and controlled by Alitalia, which was operated between 1981 and 1983.  From 1984, the flight to Milan Linate Airport was managed by another company of the Alitalia group: Aero Trasporti Italiani (ATI), based in Naples. In 1988, it was the turn of Alitalia itself to operate the much-sought direct connection to Milan, using the modern McDonnell Douglas MD-80 jetliners until 1994.

1990s.

Air One was founded as Aliadriatica in 1983 as a flight school and air taxi company for services in Abruzzo. From 1994, it was this company who took operation of the route to Milan.  In 1996, the current terminal opened and the old building was converted for technical and logistical support. The project enabled the airport to offer more comfort and efficiency of service.

Developments since the 2000s.

The development of the airport, which has seen an increment of passengers from 114,000 in 2000 to over 600,000 in 2015, is mainly due to the low-cost phenomenon that has affected all of Europe and most small Italian airports, benefiting Pescara.  Today the airport has a catchment area of over 600,000 passengers annually and connects the city of Pescara and the entire region with many Italian and European destinations, in particular with the services offered by the airlines Ryanair and Volotea.

Redevelopment and expansion plans.

A series of development works have been carried out between 2008 and 2018 at the airport. Those completed at July 2019 include:  The master plan of development and modernization of the airport includes further upgrading works of both the airside and landside areas, for an overall cost of 33 Euro million. The works include:

Airside area.

Currently the building of the old passenger terminal has been converted to a warehouse; it was employed by the airline cargo TNT Airlines up to December 2008 and by Maersk Air until October 2010.  A journalistic investigation carried out in September 2018 revealed that Abruzzo Airport has the cheapest airport parking in Italy.

Ground transportation.

Bus.

The airport is connected to the center of Pescara with the TUA (regional public transportation company) bus lines 8 and 38, with which it is possible to reach Piazza della Repubblica, the Bus Terminal serving domestic and international destinations. The bus lines 8 and 38 pass also near the main railway station in the city, Pescara railway station.  The airport is connected to the center of Pescara and Chieti with the TUA Chieti-Pescara line, with which it is possible to reach the university campus "G. D'Annunzio" in Chieti Scalo. The TUA stop is opposite to the pedestrian exit of the airport park on Via Tiburtina Valeria.

Cars.

Coming from Rome: from Autostrada A24 take the Chieti-Pescara exit which merges with the SS656 in the direction of Pescara. Then take the exit Sambuceto-Airport and follow signs to the airport.  Coming from Bologna-Ancona: Autostrada A14, exit at Chieti-Pescara Ovest, turn immediately right (twice) to get onto the road SS5 Via Tiburtina Valeria in the direction of Pescara, then drive about 6 km (3.7 miles) until you reach the airport.  Coming from Bari-Foggia: take the Autostrada A14 Chieti-Pescara Ovest exit, turn immediately right (twice) to get onto Strada statale 5 Via Tiburtina Valeria in the direction of Pescara, then drive about 6 km (3.7 miles) until you reach the airport.  Coming from Naples: Autostrada A1 towards Rome, exit at Caianello, follow the signs to Isernia, arrived at Isernia go to Vasto until you see the Autostrada A14 signs. From the Autostrada A14, exit at Chieti-Pescara Ovest, turn immediately right (twice) to join the Strada statale 5 Via Tiburtina Valeria in the direction of Pescara, then drive about 6 km (3.7 miles) until you reach the airport.

Trolley-line.

In addition, the airport will soon be served by the new trolley-line currently under construction, which will connect Pescara and its points of reference such as Pescara railway station and other neighboring towns such as Montesilvano and Francavilla al Mare.

Pescara Abruzzo Airport is an airport located in Pescara, Italy. It is located approximately 4 km (2.5 miles) from the centre of Pescara, about 180 km (112 miles) from Rome, a 2-hour drive by car on a motorway across the Appennine mountains. The airport is located on the state road 5 Via Tiburtina Valeria and is well connected to important road (Autostrada A25, Autostrada A14, SS714 Tangenziale di Pescara) and railway connections (Rome–Sulmona–Pescara railway, Adriatic railway).

Der Flughafen Pescara (ital. "Aeroporto di Pescara" oder "Aeroporto d'Abruzzo") ist ein internationaler Flughafen nahe der italienischen Adria-Stadt Pescara in der Region Abruzzen.


Properties.

Reciprocal polynomials have several connections with their original polynomials, including:  Other properties of reciprocal polynomials may be obtained, for instance:

Palindromic and antipalindromic polynomials.

A self-reciprocal polynomial is also called palindromic because its coefficients, when the polynomial is written in the order of ascending or descending powers, form a palindrome. That is, if is a polynomial of degree, then is "palindromic" if for. Some authors use the terms "palindromic" and "reciprocal" interchangeably.  Similarly,, a polynomial of degree, is called antipalindromic if for. That is, a polynomial is "antipalindromic" if.

Examples.

From the properties of the binomial coefficients, it follows that the polynomials are palindromic for all positive integers, while the polynomials are palindromic when is even and antipalindromic when is odd.  Other examples of palindromic polynomials include cyclotomic polynomials and Eulerian polynomials.

Real coefficients.

A polynomial with real coefficients all of whose complex roots lie on the unit circle in the complex plane (all the roots are unimodular) is either palindromic or antipalindromic.

Conjugate reciprocal polynomials.

A polynomial is conjugate reciprocal if formula_8 and self-inversive if formula_9 for a scale factor on the unit circle.  If is the minimal polynomial of with, and has real coefficients, then is self-reciprocal. This follows because  So is a root of the polynomial formula_11 which has degree. But, the minimal polynomial is unique, hence for some constant, i.e. formula_13. Sum from to and note that 1 is not a root of. We conclude that.  A consequence is that the cyclotomic polynomials are self-reciprocal for. This is used in the special number field sieve to allow numbers of the form and to be factored taking advantage of the algebraic factors by using polynomials of degree 5, 6, 4 and 6 respectively – note that (Euler's totient function) of the exponents are 10, 12, 8 and 12.

Application in coding theory.

The reciprocal polynomial finds a use in the theory of cyclic error correcting codes. Suppose can be factored into the product of two polynomials, say. When generates a cyclic code, then the reciprocal polynomial generates, the orthogonal complement of. Also, is "self-orthogonal" (that is,, if and only if divides.

In algebra, the reciprocal polynomial, or reflected polynomial or, of a polynomial of degree with coefficients from an arbitrary field, such as is the polynomial

In der Mathematik ist ein reziprokes Polynom ein Polynom, dessen Koeffizienten in einem geeigneten Sinne symmetrisch sind: Ein Polynom vom Grad formula_2 heißt reziprok, wenn formula_3 für "k=0...,n" gilt (die Folge der Koeffizienten ist also spiegelsymmetrisch).


Life and career.

He began a military career in Finland, but soon moved to Russia to teach rational mechanics in Petersburg (now Saint Petersburg). He dedicated his life to mathematics and chess, two subjects which he considered closely related. He tried to show their connections in his work "Découvertes sur le cavalier (aux échecs)", published in Petersburg in 1837.  In 1842–43 he published a book on the openings in two volumes: "Analyse Nouvelle des ouvertures". In 1862–63 he published his major work: "Traité des applications de l'analyse mathématique au jeu des échecs", in three volumes.  He wanted to take part in the London 1851 chess tournament, but arrived late and instead played a match with Howard Staunton, which he lost +2–7=1. Three years later he also lost to Ilya Shumov (+3–5=4).

Legacy.

Jaenisch is best remembered for having analysed and helped develop Petrov's Defence with Alexander Petrov, and for his work on the Schliemann–Jaenisch Gambit of the Ruy Lopez, which begins 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bb5 f5!? The dubious gambit 1.c4 b5 is sometimes referred to as the Jaenisch Gambit; Jaenisch mentioned this move but did not advocate it.  Staunton was most upset at his death in 1872, writing to Tassilo von Heydebrand und der Lasa in November of that year: I was sorry to lose Lewis and St. Amant, my dear friends Bolton and Sir T. Madden, and others of whom we have been deprived, but for Jaenisch I entertained a particular affection, and his loss was proportionately painful to me. He was truly an amiable and an upright man.  After Jaenisch's death a scholarship fund in his honor, which survives to this day, was established by his sister.

Carl Ferdinand von Jaenisch (; Vyborg, April 11, 1813 – Saint Petersburg, March 7, 1872) was a Finnish and Russian chess player and theorist. In the 1840s, he was among the top players in the world.

Carl Ferdinand (Andrejewitsch) Jänisch (, wiss. Transliteration ""; * 11. April 1813 in Wyborg; † 7. März 1872 in Sankt Petersburg) war ein russischer Schachmeister, -komponist und -theoretiker des 19. Jahrhunderts.


Biography.

Johann Faber, the son of a blacksmith, was born in Leutkirch, Swabia and studied theology and canon law at Tübingen and Freiburg in the Breisgau region and was made doctor of sacred theology in Freiburg. He eventually became minister of Lindau, Vicar-General of Constance in 1517, Chaplain and confessor to King Ferdinand I of Austria in 1524, and Bishop of Vienna in 1530.  Like others of his time Faber was at first friendly with the Reformers, Melanchthon, Zwingli, and Oecolampadius, sympathizing with their efforts at reform and opposing certain abuses himself; but when he realized that neither dogma nor the Church itself was spared by the Reformers, he broke with them and became their most consistent opponent.  While a canon of the cathedral of Basle Johann Faber formed a friendship with Erasmus that lasted throughout their lives; it was Erasmus who persuaded Faber to take up the study of the Fathers.  Faber wrote his first polemic against Martin Luther, "Opus adversus nova quaedam dogmata Martini Lutheri" in 1522. This was soon followed by his "Malleus Haereticorum, sex libris ad Hadrianum VI summum Pontificem" published in Cologne, in 1524, and Rome in 1569.  It is because of this latter work that he is sometimes called the "hammer of heretics". He entered into public debate with Zwingli at Zurich - First Zurich Disputation, Jan. 1523 - and was a prominent figure in all the diets held to restore peace to the Church; as well as being one of the committee appointed to draw up a refutation of the Confession of Augsburg. On some points, such as the celibacy of the clergy, he was willing to recognize certain unfortunate conditions if an agreement could be reached to prevent similar conditions in the future, but no agreement was possible. He was sent by Ferdinand to Spain and then to Henry VIII in England to seek aid against the invading Turks; King Ferdinand also had him enlist the services of the University of Vienna to help combat the spread of the doctrines of Luther in Austria.  As Bishop of Vienna his zeal was unbounded; he protected his flock by frequent preaching and numerous writings, and he held regular conferences with his clergy. He founded twelve scholarships for boys who wished to become priests but did not have the means to realize their ambition.  He died in Vienna, 21 May 1541.

Writer.

Johann Faber works (German and Latin) are homiletical and polemical in character. Besides those already mentioned he wrote treatises on faith and good works, on the Sacrifice of the Mass; an instruction and answer to Luther's work against the King of England; a treatise against the more recent tenets of Luther; a comparison of the writings of Jan Hus and Luther; the power of the pope in the case of Luther; an answer to six articles of Zwingli; defence of Catholic belief against the chief Anabaptist, Balthasar Hubmaier; a book on the religion of the Russians; sermons on the misery of life and on the Blessed Sacrament; as well as sermons of consolation and courage whilst the Turks were besieging Vienna. His works in three folio volumes (Cologne, 1537–40) do not contain his polemical writings; these are found in "Opuscula quaedam Joannis Fabri, Episcopi Viennensis published in Leipzig, 1537.

Johann Faber (1478 – May 21, 1541) was a Catholic theologian known for his writings opposing the Protestant Reformation and the growing Anabaptist movement.

Johann Fabri, auch "Johann (Johannes) Faber" (* 1478 in Leutkirch im Allgäu; † 21. Mai 1541 in Baden bei Wien) war Humanist und katholischer Bischof der Diözese Wien.


Life.

His parents emigrated to the United States when he was five years old. From 1895 he lived in Brooklyn and came into contact with some of the best chess players of the country. He had his first successes with simultaneous games, among other things winning in December 1894 versus the acting United States Chess Champion Jackson Whipps Showalter. At the beginning of 1896 he, despite his young age, became a member of the Brooklyn Chess Club and won the club championship later that year, at the age of 15. In the same year he defeated the later grandmaster Frank James Marshall in a match, winning 7:1 with 3 draws. 1897 saw him win a tournament game against ex-world champion Wilhelm Steinitz.  At the beginning of 1899 Napier traveled to Europe, in order to study music there, and visited the chess clubs of London, Paris and Berlin. In 1900 he returned to the US and established himself in Pittsburgh. There he wrote the chess column of the newspaper Pittsburgh Dispatch. In 1901, he won a master tournament in Buffalo versus Eugene Delmar, placing behind tournament winner Harry Nelson Pillsbury, but still above Marshall. This success encouraged him to participate in the following years in some international master tournaments. He played in Monte Carlo and Hanover in 1902 as well as in Cambridge Springs in 1904. He won none of those tournaments, but in each case received a special prize for brilliantly played games, for example winning the Rothschild Brilliancy Prize for his game against Mikhail Chigorin. In July 1904, he visited Great Britain and won a well-attended tournament in London against Richard Teichmann, Joseph Henry Blackburne and Isidor Gunsberg. Subsequently, he participated in the British championship in Hastings, where he was, because of his English birth, entitled to take part, and won the tournament against Henry Atkins, whom he defeated in the pass fight with 2.5-1.5, to become the first British Chess Federation Champion. Thereafter, Atkins became the most dominant player in the history of the British Championship, winning the next nine championships in which he competed. In 1905 Napier played two matches: against Jacques Mieses the match was undecided (4-4 with 2 draws), against Teichmann he lost 1-5 with 4 draws.  Afterwards Napier withdrew from the international tournament arena. He gained American citizenship in 1908 and began a career at an insurance company, becoming vice president of the Scranton Insurance Company. He married Florence Gillespie (Pillsbury's niece), with whom he later had two daughters. Although he still participated in chess, he played no more important tournaments. When he died at the age of 71, his chess career was nearly forgotten.  His best historical Elo number was 2662. He was, at the time, 11th place in the world.

Lasker.

Napier called a game he lost to reigning World Champion Emanuel Lasker at Cambridge Springs 1904 the best of his career. The game showed great tactical skill by both players. Napier was particularly impressed by how Lasker kept his composure in severe time pressure. Lasker said afterwards to his young opponent: "It is your brilliancy, even though I won it."  Lasker - Napier  1.e4 c5 2.Nc3 Nc6 3.Nf3 g6 4.d4 cxd4 5.Nxd4 Bg7 6.Be3 d6 7.h3 Nf6 8.g4 O-O 9.g5 Ne8 10.h4 Nc7 11.f4 e5 12.Nde2 d5 13.exd5 Nd4 14.Nxd4 Nxd5 15.Nf5 Nxc3 16.Qxd8 Rxd8 17.Ne7+ Kh8 18.h5 Re8 19.Bc5 gxh5 20.Bc4 exf4 21.Bxf7 Ne4 22.Bxe8 Bxb2 23.Rb1 Bc3+ 24.Kf1 Bg4 25.Bxh5 Bxh5 26.Rxh5 Ng3+ 27.Kg2 Nxh5 28.Rxb7 a5 29.Rb3 Bg7 30.Rh3 Ng3 31.Kf3 Ra6 32.Kxf4 Ne2+ 33.Kf5 Nc3 34.a3 Na4 35.Be3 1-0

William Ewart Napier (17 January 1881 in East Dulwich, Surrey - 6 September 1952 in Washington, D.C.) was an American chess master of English birth.

William Ewart Napier (* 17. Januar 1881 in East Dulwich, Surrey; † 6. September 1952 in Washington, D.C.) war ein US-amerikanischer Schachmeister englischer Herkunft.


Historically important redoubts.

English Civil War.

During the English Civil War redoubts were frequently built to protect older fortifications from the more effective artillery of the period. Often close to ancient fortifications there were small hills that overlooked the defences, but in previous centuries these had been too far from the fortifications to be a threat. A small hill close to Worcester was used as an artillery platform by the Parliamentarians when they successfully did besiege Worcester in 1646. In 1651 before the Battle of Worcester the hill was turned into a redoubt by the Royalists, (the remains of which can be seen today in Fort Royal Hill Park). During the Battle of Worcester, the Parliamentarians did capture this redoubt and turned its guns on Worcester. In so doing they made the defence of the city untenable. This action effectively ended the battle, the last of the English Civil War.

Malta.

From 1715 onwards, the Order of Saint John built a number of redoubts in Malta, as part of an effort to improve the coastal fortifications of the islands. They were built in the middle of bays to prevent enemy forces from disembarking and outflanking the coastal batteries.  The design of the redoubts was influenced by ones built in the French colonies. In all, eleven pentagonal redoubts and a few semi-circular or rectangular ones were built. Most redoubts have been demolished over the years, but a few still survive, such as Briconet Redoubt, Saint George Redoubt and Ximenes Redoubt.  Four "tour-reduits" were also built. These were redoubts built in the form of a tower, with rows of musketry loopholes. Three were around Marsaxlokk Bay, and one was located in Marsalforn, Gozo. The only one still in existence is Vendôme Tower in Marsaxlokk.  During the siege of Malta of 1798–1800, Maltese insurgents built a number of fortifications to bombard French positions and repel a possible counterattack. Most of the fortifications were batteries, but at least two redoubts, Windmill Redoubt and Żabbar Redoubt, were also built. In 1799, British forces also built San Rocco Redoubt and San Lucian Redoubt in Malta. No redoubts from the French blockade survive today.  In the late 19th century, the British built a redoubt near Fomm ir-Riħ as part of the Victoria Lines.

Other important redoubts.

The American Revolution defenses at West Point, New York included several redoubts, forts, and the Great Chain with links weighing more than 100 pounds each that Continental Army military engineers stretched across the Hudson River. The purpose behind the West Point defensive system was to prevent the British Army and Royal Navy from gaining control of the Hudson and splitting New England off from the mid-Atlantic and southern states. The chain blocked the river, the forts were positioned to fire on ships attempting to approach the chain, and outlying redoubts were well placed to defend land routes into West Point.  Examples where redoubts played a crucial role in military history:

National redoubt.

A national redoubt is an area to which the remnant forces of a nation can be withdrawn if the main battle has been lost, or beforehand if defeat is considered inevitable. Typically a region is chosen with a geography favouring defence, such as a mountainous area or a peninsula, in order to function as a final hold-out to preserve national independence for the duration of the conflict.

A redoubt (historically redout) is a fort or fort system usually consisting of an enclosed defensive emplacement outside a larger fort, usually relying on earthworks, although some are constructed of stone or brick. It is meant to protect soldiers outside the main defensive line and can be a permanent structure or a hastily constructed temporary fortification. The word means "a place of retreat". Redoubts were a component of the military strategies of most European empires during the colonial era, especially in the outer works of Vauban-style fortresses made popular during the 17th century, although the concept of redoubts has existed since medieval times. A redoubt differs from a redan in that the redan is open in the rear, whereas the redoubt was considered an enclosed work.

Als Redoute (aus dem französischen, gespr. rödūt’, ital. ridotto, vom mittelalterlichen "reductus", ein Ort der Zurückgezogenheit) wird im Festungsbau eine geschlossene Feldschanze bezeichnet, die nach allen Seiten von gleich starken Brustwehren umgeben ist und ausschließlich vorspringende Winkel aufweist.


Prague.

Although Mozart's popularity among the Viennese waxed and waned, he was consistently popular among the Bohemians and had a devoted following in Prague. In spite of the fact that the Symphony No. 38 was first performed in Prague, it is not certain that it was actually written for Prague. Much of the confusion surrounds the chronology of its inception. It is clear that Mozart was invited to Prague on the strength of the reception of his opera "Le nozze di Figaro" during the 1786–87 winter season of the National Theatre (now called the Estates Theatre) in Prague. It is not known, however, when the run started, possibly in November 1786, possibly in December. No mention of the overwhelming success of "Le nozze di Figaro" is recorded in the Prague press until December 11, 1786, five days after the symphony was completed. It is certain that the opera's run began before that week, but there is no documentation to confirm when. It is known from a letter of Leopold Mozart written in January 1787 that Mozart was invited to Prague by a group of musicians and patrons. It is possible that this invitation came through long before "Le nozze di Figaro" was actually performed in Prague, perhaps during the time of rehearsals, when the brilliance of the music would have been recognized already by the musicians playing it. It is also possible that the Prague Symphony was intended to be performed for the Advent instrumental concerts given in Vienna in December 1786 along with the Piano Concerto No. 25, but all that can be established for certain is that it was not performed in Vienna before it was performed in Prague.  The lavish use of wind instruments might offer a clue that the Prague Symphony was fashioned specifically with the Prague public in mind. The wind players of Bohemia were famed throughout Europe, and the Prague press specifically attributed the great success of the operas "Die Entführung aus dem Serail" and "Le nozze di Figaro" partially to their skillful deployment of wind instruments. It is also possible that the extensive use of winds in the Prague Symphony was simply the result of experiments with orchestration that Mozart had been cultivating in the orchestral accompaniments for his piano concertos for the previous two years and the new experience he had of writing for winds would have shown up in his symphonies regardless. No matter, the use of wind instruments in the Prague Symphony represents a major advance in Mozart's symphonic technique that was imitated in his last symphonies, and also by Haydn, Beethoven, and Schubert. Indeed, it would be difficult to identify any earlier symphony by any composer not of a special type that contains so many passages in which no stringed instruments play at all, only various types of wind ensembles.

Form.

The early classical symphonies of the eighteenth century were originally cast in three movements (fast-slow-fast) following their origins in Italian opera overtures. Then, starting in the 1750s, it was normal in Germany and Austria to include a minuet to create the format fast-slow-minuet-fast. The Prague Symphony has no minuet, however, something that would have been extraordinarily unusual for a symphony written in Vienna in the late 1780s. Mozart himself, who wrote many more symphonies in the old-fashioned fast-slow-fast format than Haydn did (because of his closer connections with Italy), never before wrote a three-movement symphony for Vienna, not even as a child in the 1760s, when three-movement symphonies were still common in many parts of Europe. Daniel E. Freeman has suggested that the three-movement format might have been chosen as a means to appeal to the musical public of Prague. It so happens that the only symphonist from Prague that Mozart ever knew well was Josef Mysliveček, a close associate of the Mozart family between 1770–78. As it happens, almost all of Mysliveček's symphonies are cast in the three-movement pattern favored in Italy, where he mainly worked throughout his adult life. Nonetheless, a definitive explanation for the three-movement format of the Prague Symphony is still lacking.  The "Prague" Symphony is scored for two flutes, two oboes, two bassoons, two horns, two trumpets, timpani and strings. \relative c' { </score> It has three movements, each of which is in sonata form:  The first movement begins with a slow introduction (he does this in only two other symphonies, No. 36 ["Linz"] and No. 39). Daniel E. Freeman has noted that it is probably the longest and most sophisticated slow introduction written for any major symphony up to that time, perhaps to compensate for the length of the missing minuet in order to help bring the entire work into closer alignment with the customary length of a standard four-movement symphony. The introduction gives way to the main portion of the movement, in which six melodies are developed and recapitulated in a very contrapuntal example of sonata-allegro form. Certain phrases in the first movement bear a resemblance to the overture to "Die Zauberflöte". The allegro proper opens in a complicated manner with the "first theme" traded off between the second violins (who start it) and the first violins (who finish it off). Musical material found throughout the first minor section of the first movement is similar to that of the overture to Mozart's "Don Giovanni". Furthermore, the orchestral effects during this section are similar: winds and timpani announcing the chord with strings playing an even rhythmed harmony with the chord.  The second movement's structure is not far removed from one found in a typical Mozart symphony dating to around this period although the music shifts into the minor-key in a movement of contrasting moods. It is in the subdominant key of G major.  The third movement is a lively Presto in which the flute plays a prominent role, especially in counterpointing the main melody in the development section. This movement "shows Mozart in an unusual mood, nearer to Beethoven's boisterousness than his fastidious taste normally allowed him to go." Both halves of the movement have repeats.

The Symphony No. 38 in D major, K. 504, was composed by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart in late 1786. It was premiered in Prague on January 19, 1787, during Mozart's first visit to the city. Because it was first performed in Prague, it is popularly known as the Prague Symphony. Mozart's autograph thematic catalogue records December 6, 1786, as the date of completion for this composition.

Die Sinfonie in D-Dur KV 504 komponierte Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart im Jahr 1786. Das Werk trägt den Beinamen „Prager Sinfonie“ und führt nach der Alten Mozart-Ausgabe die Sinfonie-Nummer 38.


Early life.

Peter Mayhew was born on May 19, 1944 in Barnes, Surrey. His height was a product of Marfan syndrome, not gigantism; "I don't have the big head", Mayhew said when asked about the cause of his height. His peak height was.

Career.

Early work.

Mayhew gained his first acting job when the producers of "Sinbad and the Eye of the Tiger" (1977) discovered him from a photograph in a newspaper article about men with large feet, and cast him in the role of the minotaur.

"Star Wars".

When casting the original "Star Wars" (1977), director George Lucas needed a tall actor who could fit the role of the hairy alien Chewbacca. He originally had in mind bodybuilder David Prowse, but Prowse chose to play Darth Vader. This led Lucas to cast Mayhew, who was working as an orderly in the radiology department of King's College Hospital, London. He became aware of a casting call for "Star Wars" which was filming at Elstree Studios in Hertfordshire. The tall actor was immediately cast as Chewbacca after he stood up to greet Lucas. Mayhew continued working as an orderly—at Mayday Hospital (now Croydon University Hospital)—in between filming the original Star Wars trilogy.  Mayhew modelled his performance of Chewbacca after researching the behaviour of bears, monkeys and gorillas he saw at London Zoo. Lucas said Mayhew was "the closest any human being could be to a Wookiee: big heart, gentle nature and I learnt to always let him win". The character did not have any lines, the sounds he made being derived from sound recordings of animal noises.  Mayhew played Chewbacca in five "Star Wars" films—the original trilogy ("Star Wars", "The Empire Strikes Back" and "Return of the Jedi"), "" and "". He played the role in the 1978 television film "Star Wars Holiday Special" and in a 1980 appearance on "The Muppet Show". He also recorded dialogue for the "" finale episode "Wookiee Hunt".  Mayhew played the role in commercials and hospital appearances for sick children, and made numerous appearances as Chewbacca outside the "Star Wars" films. Mayhew, appearing as Chewbacca, was honoured with a Lifetime Achievement Award at the MTV Film Awards 1997.  He also made other media appearances outside of playing Chewbacca. He appeared on NBC's "Identity", where his identity was based on the fact that he played Chewbacca and was a frequent guest in the early days of "Slice of SciFi".  While Mayhew portrayed Chewbacca in "Star Wars: The Force Awakens", he was not in "" but was listed in the credits as "Chewbacca Consultant". Mayhew retired from playing Chewbacca due to health issues. Joonas Suotamo shared the portrayal of Chewbacca with Mayhew in "Star Wars: The Force Awakens", and then completely replaced him in subsequent "Star Wars" films.

Other work.

Outside "Star Wars", Mayhew appeared in the 1978 horror film "Terror", directed by Norman J. Warren. In the English version of "", he provided the voice for Susha. He also appeared in "Yesterday Was a Lie".

Books.

Mayhew wrote two books for younger audiences: "Growing Up Giant", which explains that being different is a strength instead of a weakness, and the anti-bullying book for children "My Favorite Giant".

Personal life and death.

Peter Mayhew married Mary Angelique "Angie" Luker (née Cigainero; born October 12, 1954), a native of Texas, on August 7, 1999. The two lived in Boyd, Texas, and together they had three children: Katy, Sheril, and Kathleen. It was reported that his wife would head his namesake charity, the Peter Mayhew Foundation.  He became a naturalised citizen of the United States in 2005 at a ceremony in Arlington, Texas. In an interview with the "Fort Worth Star-Telegram" he joked that he did not get a medal at this ceremony either, a reference to the closing scene in "Star Wars" during which Luke Skywalker and Han Solo get medals, but Chewbacca does not. Mayhew noted in an MTV interview that although Chewbacca does not get a medal in the film, he does have the last line of dialogue, when he roars.  Mayhew underwent double knee replacement surgery in 2013, having been wheelchair-bound for the previous two years and still largely reliant on it at the time of filming "The Force Awakens". In January 2015, Mayhew was briefly hospitalised near his home in Texas due to a bout of pneumonia. In July 2018, Mayhew announced via Twitter that he had successfully undergone unspecified spinal surgery to improve his mobility, and was recovering.  Mayhew died of a heart attack on April 30, 2019, at his home in Boyd, Texas, weeks before his 75th birthday. He was buried in Reno, Parker County, Texas, in Azleland Memorial Park and Mausoleum.  "" is dedicated to his memory.

Peter William Mayhew (May 19, 1944 – April 30, 2019) was an English-American actor, best known for portraying Chewbacca in the "Star Wars" film series. He played the character in all of his live-action appearances from the 1977 original to 2015's "" before his retirement from the role.

Peter Mayhew (* 19. Mai 1944 in Barnes, England; † 30. April 2019 in Boyd, Texas) war ein britisch-amerikanischer Schauspieler, der seine Bekanntheit der Darstellung des Wookiee Chewbacca in den "Star-Wars"-Filmen verdankte.


Etymology.

The name Manicaland derives from the fact that the area has been occupied in recent history by the Manyika people. The Manyika are a Shona sub-tribal grouping with their own language variant, the Manyika language.

Geography.

The province is bordered by Mashonaland East Province to the north, Midlands Province to the west, Masvingo Province to the south and southwest, and the Republic of Mozambique to the east. The provincial capital, Mutare (pop:184,205), lies approximately, by road, southeast of Harare, the capital of Zimbabwe and the largest city in that country.  The Eastern Highlands run along the eastern edge of Manicaland. The highlands are made up of several mountain ranges and include Mount Nyangani, Zimbabwe's highest peak.  The northern part of Manicaland is drained northwards by tributaries of the Zambezi River, including the Gairezi and the Nyangombe. The central and southern portions of the province are drained southwards by the Save River and its tributaries, including the Odzi River. Some areas along the province's eastern edge, including Honde Valley, Burma Valley, and eastern Chimanimani and Chipinge districts, drain eastwards into the Pungwe and Buzi rivers.

Districts.

The province is subdivided into seven rural districts and three town/councils:

Demographics.

Manicaland is the second most populated province in Zimbabwe. It has a population of about 1,755,000 which constitutes about 13.5% of the country's total population.  The people of Manicaland speak Shona, but different districts have own sub-dialects. For example, Mutasa District uses the Manyika sub-dialect. In Makoni District, the people use the Maungwe dialect, Chipinge, the Ndau and Mutare, the Bocha and Jindwi dialects.  A great number of the population practise their own traditional way of worshipping, but many also practice Christianity (about 65%). The majority falling under the traditional churches: Methodist Church, Seventh-day Adventist Church, the Anglican Church and the Roman Catholic Church. The Pentecostal churches have large followings in the urban areas of Mutare and a few other growth points. Some gatherings fall under the Apostolic Churches, with a notably higher proportion of the Apostolic followers in Mutare and Buhera district. Polygamy is quite prevalent among church members.

Schools.

Manicaland boasts of some of the best performing schools in the country. Schools such as St Augastines (Tsambe), St Faith's School, Rusape (Fisco-'Madetere') (Currently the best performing school 2012 at 'O' level and 'A' level in Zimbabwe), Nyanga High School, Marist Brothers, St Marys, Bonda High, Emmanuel High, Kriste Mambo, Mutare Boys' High School, Mutare Girls High (The Shumbas), St Dominics Mutare, Marange High, Hartzell High, Lydia Chimonyo, Sakubva High, Dangamvura High. These have produced exceptional results over the years and a great number of academics renowned internationally.  The privately run Africa University provides some relief (albeit to a lesser extent), but it simply cannot absorb the huge numbers of school leavers with high grades.  In general, there is a school within a radius across Manicaland. There are numerous primary and secondary schools scattered across the province. The distribution of schools by district is shown in the table below.

Manicaland is a province in eastern Zimbabwe. After Harare Province, it is the country's second-most populous province, with a population of 1.75 million, as of the 2012 census. After Harare and Bulawayo provinces, it is Zimbabwe's third-most densely populated province. Manicaland was one of five original provinces established in Southern Rhodesia in the early colonial period. The province is divided into ten administrative subdivisions of seven rural districts and three towns/councils, including the provincial capital, Mutare. The name Manicaland is derived from the province's largest ethnic group, the Manyika, a Shona subgroup who speak a distinct Shona dialect, Manyika.

Manicaland ist eine Provinz im Osten Simbabwes. Sie hat eine Fläche von 36.459 km2 und eine Einwohnerzahl von 1.752.698 Personen (Stand 2012), was 13,4 Prozent der Gesamtpopulation Simbabwes ausmacht. In der Provinz Manicaland liegt auch der höchste Berg des Landes, der Inyangani mit 2596 m.


History.

Early recordings.

When she was in high school, Ami sang for a band called "Hanoi Sex". In her sophomore year, the band auditioned during the Sony SD Audition and passed, becoming employees of Sony Music Entertainment. Years went by with little action by either the band or the record label, as Ami took vocal lessons and attended a professional school to learn how to become a better performer. Eventually the band dissolved, leaving only Ami under Sony's employment. She was encouraged to stay, despite lacking a band and a clear musical direction.  Separately, Yumi had learned of the Chotto Sokomade talent search underway by Sony Music Artists when she was "around 18". She also auditioned and passed. She moved on her own from Osaka to Tokyo, where she eventually met Ami by chance in the Sony Music offices and then at a concert after-party, when the two hit it off. Both felt alone within the large Sony organization and neither were confident in their abilities as solo artists, so even though Ami had already recorded a solo CD under the guidance of former Unicorn front-man Tamio Okuda (it would later become half of solosolo), they requested Sony pair them as a duo.

As Puffy.

When paired together, their voices blended well and they had a close rapport. Producer and American pop musician Andy Sturmer christened them "Puffy", and is considered by Ami and Yumi as "the godfather of Puffy". Ami had previously met Tamio Okuda at a SPARKS GOGO concert, and he had produced her then-unreleased solo CD. He was eventually signed on to produce Puffy's first album "AmiYumi". Their debut single, "Asia no Junshin", launched Puffy-mania. Asked if they were surprised by the attention after its success, Yumi told an interviewer "... everything that was put together for that song all came together and made it happen, but we didn't expect it. It was luck."  As "Puffy-mania" exploded, they became multimedia stars, including hosting their own weekly TV show "Pa-Pa-Pa-Pa-Puffy" with guests such as Lenny Kravitz, Sylvester Stallone, Harrison Ford, and rock band Garbage.

Puffy in the United States.

Puffy made their first US appearance as part of Music Japan's "An Evening with Japan's All-Stars" showcase at the 2000 South by Southwest (SXSW) festival in Austin, Texas. After their performance at SXSW, attorneys for Sean "Puffy" Combs sent the band a cease and desist letter asking them to change their name. After changing their name in the US to Puffy AmiYumi, they told "Entertainment Weekly": After "Pa-Pa-Pa-Pa-Puffy" ended production in 2002, Puffy focused on performing in the United States. Several of their previous Japanese albums were released for the US market and they recorded theme songs for the animated series "Teen Titans" and "SD Gundam Force". They have also done a cover version with Cyndi Lauper of her hit "Girls Just Wanna Have Fun". They were also interviewed on "Jimmy Kimmel Live!" by Jimmy Kimmel and performed their songs "Hi Hi" and "Akai Buranko" (Red Swing) on the show. They came back to the US in 2006 for their Splurge Tour, and also toured with Tally Hall for Super-Ultimate Awesome Exploration America 2006 In April, 2017 the band made an appearance at Anime Boston for autograph signings. After their appearance at Boston Anime Convention they undertook a three city USA Tour which they called their 'Not Lazy Tour' of the cities of San Francisco, Los Angeles, and Dallas, Texas.

Animated series.

On November 19, 2004, an animated series featuring cartoon versions of Ami and Yumi, "Hi Hi Puffy AmiYumi", premiered on the United States' Cartoon Network. Despite both of them being voiced by American actresses (though Janice Kawaye, who plays Ami, is of Japanese descent), the real Ami and Yumi star in short live-action segments taped in Japan. The show also features some of Puffy's music. Cartoon Network's Japan service started airing episodes of the series (in English with Japanese subtitles) in 2005. In October of that year, TV Tokyo began airing a Japanese-dubbed version of the series, which eventually also went to CN Japan on January 8, 2006. Hi Hi Puffy AmiYumi also debuted in other countries such as Mexico, dubbed in Spanish, and Brazil, dubbed in Brazilian Portuguese, both transmitted on Cartoon Network.  Yumi said in an interview with LiveDaily":  Puffy AmiYumi made an appearance and performed in the Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade in 2005 where they were also represented by their own "Hi Hi Puffy AmiYumi" float and balloon.  On January 16, 2006 Ami and Yumi were appointed goodwill ambassadors to the United States as part of the Japanese government's campaign to encourage tourism in Japan. They kicked off their 10th anniversary tour in Japan on April 14, 2006, then toured the East Coast of the United States with the PuffyAmiYumi Tour '06 Splurge! Splurge! Splurge! from July 8 to July 19, 2006, coinciding with the premiere of their new television show, "Hi Hi PUFFY Bu".  Ami and Yumi have also made cameo voiceovers in an episode of the 2011 anime series, "Usagi Drop", which aired on July 8, 2011. They also perform the opening theme to the anime.

Musical style.

Their music has been largely a collaboration between producer Tamio Okuda, American singer-songwriter Andy Sturmer, and Ami and Yumi themselves. Ami and Yumi's vocals have been likened to U.S. vocal sister group The Roches. They often sing whole songs together with harmonies and their sound borrows heavily from The Beatles and other artists such as ABBA, The Who, and The Carpenters. Both Ami and Yumi themselves have openly admitted that their music is hard to put into just one genre because of the many different influences.

Influences.

They have mentioned Tamio Okuda, The Blue Hearts, Boom Boom Satellites, and Blankey Jet City as their main influences, and named their album "Jet CD" after Blankey Jet City.

Onuki and Yoshimura were scouted by Sony-affiliated talent agencies and put together in the mid-1990s. Most of their work was produced or co-written by Tamio Okuda and Andy Sturmer, formerly of the bands Unicorn and Jellyfish, respectively.

Puffy (Eigenschreibweise "PUFFY"), oder Puffy AmiYumi wie sie aufgrund rechtlicher Konflikte mit Sean „Puffy“ Combs in den USA genannt werden, ist ein japanisches Pop-Duo.


Athletic achievements.

His personal best throw was 71.16 metres, achieved in August 1978 in Berlin. This ranks him third among German discus throwers, only behind Jürgen Schult and Lars Riedel.

Flight from East Germany.

After a disappointing fourth-place finish at the 1980 Olympics and missing the 1981 World Cup in Rome due to a second-place finish in the East German Championships, Wolfgang Schmidt decided to pursue athletic success in the West. He was constantly under surveillance by the Volkspolizei and they uncovered a plan for his escape (aided by discus colleagues Ricky Bruch and Alwin Wagner). In the autumn of 1982, Schmidt was condemned to one and a half years prison. However, one year later it was adjusted and he was ordered to become a coach with SC Dynamo Adlershof, a sports team of the Felix Dzerzhinsky Watch Regiment. Wolfgang Schmidt filed a departure request so that he could continue his athletic career in the West. At the end of 1987, he was allowed to move to West Germany, though it was already too late to be considered for the 1988 Olympic Games in Seoul. After the first track competition between East and West Germany, Jürgen Schult, having won the discus throw, refused to shake hands with Schmidt.

Life after political turmoil.

In 1992 Schmidt unseated Jürgen Schult as the German champion in the discus throw. He competed in the qualification meets for the 1992 Olympic Games in Barcelona, but was not considered for the German Olympic team (rival Jürgen Schult was chosen and went on to win the silver medal). Schmidt later moved to San Francisco and became a stockbroker and management consultant.  In East Germany, Schmidt competed for SV Dynamo and trained with Joachim Spenke. He later competed for LG VfB Stuttgart and Stuttgarter Kickers. While competing, he was 1.99 meters tall and weighed 115 kg.

Wolfgang Schmidt (born 16 January 1954) is a former German track and field athlete, who competed for East Germany at the 1976 Summer Olympics and won the silver medal in the discus throw. A former world record holder, he also won several medals at the European Athletics Championships. Schmidt made headlines in 1982 due to his failed attempt to escape from East Germany. He later competed for the Federal Republic of Germany and won third place in the 1990 European Athletics Championships. Born in Berlin, he competed for the SC Dynamo Berlin / Sportvereinigung (SV) Dynamo.

Wolfgang Schmidt (* 16. Januar 1954 in Berlin) ist ein ehemaliger deutscher Diskuswerfer, der für die DDR startend 1976 eine olympische Silbermedaille gewann. Ab 1982 machte er Schlagzeilen durch eine zunächst gescheiterte Flucht und die spätere Übersiedlung aus der DDR in den Westen Deutschlands. 1990 wurde er für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland Europameisterschaftsdritter.


History and basis of legend.

There are several versions of the story. One source of the legend may be a vote in the United States House of Representatives in 1794, after a group of German immigrants asked for the translation of some laws into German. The petition was debated by the House of Representatives but was not acted upon. A vote to adjourn and reconsider it later was defeated 42 to 41. Muhlenberg (of German descent himself, who had not voted in the roll call) was later quoted as having said "the faster the Germans become Americans, the better it will be."  Other accounts credit Franz von Löher as the source of the legend. Löher was a German visitor to the United States who published the book "Geschichte und Zustände der Deutschen in Amerika" ("History and Conditions of the Germans in America") in 1847. Löher seemingly placed the crucial vote only in Pennsylvania, to make German the official language of that state, not the United States as a whole. (Philadelphia was where the US Congress sat at the time, but it was also the capital of Pennsylvania. To confuse matters further, Muhlenburg served as Speaker of the Pennsylvania House before he served in that title for the US Congress.) According to Löher, the vote was tied, and Muhlenberg cast the tie-breaking vote for English.  Another version of the myth, which puts the vote in 1774 by the Continental Congress, appeared in "Ripley's Believe It or Not!" as early as 1930. Ripley's included the myth in a 1982 book as well. Ripley's version credits the story to an alleged letter by Heinrich Melchior Muhlenberg published in Halle in 1887.  The legend has a long history and led to a number of analyses and articles published from the late 1920s into the early 1950s explaining why the story was not true. The story was dubbed the "Muhlenberg legend" by the late 1940s. Nevertheless, the legend persists.  For example, in 1987, a letter from a former Missouri election official in emphasized the importance of voting in an Ann Landers column. He included a list of events allegedly decided by one vote from his local election manual, among them a claim that "in 1776, one vote gave America the English language instead of German." (In fact, versions of this error-filled list long predate the 1987 Ann Landers mention.) This led to another round of news stories again pointing out that this was a myth. Oblivious to corrections of this sort, Ann Landers ran the same list again in November 1996. A chorus of dismayed responses caused Landers to clear up the matter in a subsequent column. According to one letter writer, who begged Landers to "stomp out that piece of fiction wherever you encounter it," the myth gained traction in the 1930s due to the work of Nazi propagandists.

The Muhlenberg legend is an urban legend in the United States and Germany. According to the legend, the single vote of Frederick Muhlenberg, the first ever Speaker of the US House of Representatives, prevented German from becoming an official language of the United States. The story has a long history and has been told in several variations, which may be based in part on actual events.

Als Muhlenberg-Legende wird die Legende bezeichnet, nach der es zur Zeit der Gründung der Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika eine Gesetzesvorlage gegeben haben soll, Deutsch als offizielle Landessprache in Pennsylvanien einzuführen. Das Gesetz soll an einer einzigen Stimme gescheitert sein, nämlich am Widerspruch des Deutschamerikaners Muhlenberg. Die Muhlenbergs waren eine in der US-amerikanischen Politik sehr bekannte Familie deutscher Abstammung. Die Legende wurde daher an die Person des Sprechers des Repräsentantenhauses Frederick Muhlenberg (1750–1801) angeheftet. Dessen Bruder General Peter Muhlenberg (1746–1807) spielt dabei ebenfalls eine Rolle.


Publications.

The Association's longest standing publication is its Journal, published six times a year and sent to all members. Once a year, the Association also publishes a Handbook which comprises an almanac for the following year. Electronic bulletins are issued to give more immediate notice by email of discoveries, astronomical news and BAA meetings.

Structure.

The Association operates a wide range of observing Sections which specialise in particular branches of astronomy, welcoming observers and astronomy enthusiasts of all abilities in a spirit of collaboration and mutual help.  It also founded and supports the Campaign for Dark Skies, a UK-wide campaign against excessive light pollution.  The BAA leases office space from the Royal Astronomical Society, in Burlington House, Piccadilly, London. Many of its meetings are also held there.

History.

In October 1890, the BAA was formed to support amateur astronomers in the UK. In many ways it is a counterpart to the Royal Astronomical Society - which primarily supports professional observers - and the two organisations have long shared the same premises. The idea for this organisation was first publicly proposed by Irish astronomer William H. S. Monck in a letter published in "The English Mechanic" on July 12.  Playing a significant role in the founding of the Association was English astronomer E. Walter Maunder, with the help of his brother Frid Maunder and William H. Maw. The first meeting of the Association was held on 1890 October 24, with 60 of the initial 283 members in attendance. Initially it was decided to run the association with a provisional 48-member Council that included four women: Margaret Huggins, Elizabeth Brown, Agnes Clerke and Agnes Giberne.  The society formed several observing Sections for specialised topics in astronomy. Elizabeth Brown, possibly the only woman in England at the time to own her own observatory, became head of the Solar Section. The Association was presented with or bequeathed various astronomical instruments, but lacked the funds to build their own observatory. A total of 477 instruments were acquired during the first 117 years since the Association was founded.

Branches.

The Association held monthly meetings in London, but also established branches to cater for members who could not attend London activities and desired to meet in their own areas.  The first of these was the Northwestern Branch which served members in the Northwest of England, centred on Manchester. The Branch was formed in 1892, in 1903 it seceded from the BAA to form the Manchester Astronomical Society.  In 1891, a group of amateurs in Australia began discussing the idea of setting up branches of the BAA in their own country. What would become the New South Wales Branch was established in 1895 and would be the only one to survive for more than a brief period. This branch became the second oldest astronomy organisation in Australia and is still in existence.  A West of Scotland Branch was established by an inaugural meeting held on 23 November 1894, to be based in Glasgow. In 1905 authority was granted to enrol members from the whole of Scotland, but it was not until 1937 that the name was changed to "Scottish Branch". In 1954 the Branch seceded from the BAA to form the Astronomical Society of Glasgow.  In 1896 an East of Scotland Branch was formed. This Branch was dissolved due to lack of support on 3 October 1902.  In 1897 a second Australian Branch was formed by 13 members living in Victoria. At the London AGM of 1907 the President noted that "the Victoria Branch appears to be in a moribund condition". The Victoria Branch was re-established in 1951 (as 'The Victorian Branch'), but only lasted until 1963.  In 1901 at a meeting of the Birmingham Natural History and Philosophical Society it was proposed to form a Midland Branch of the BAA. Support proved to be less than had been envisioned and there are no reports of any activity after 1903.  What would become the BAA Western Australia Branch started as the Western Australian Astronomical Society in 1912. When difficulties were encountered in the mid nineteen-twenties Prof. Ross highlighted the advantages of restarting within the BAA. The inaugural meeting was held on 29 March 1927. However support was still lacking and there is no recorded activity after September 1929.

The British Astronomical Association (BAA) was formed in 1890 as a national body to support the UK's amateur astronomers. Throughout its history, the BAA has encouraged observers to make scientifically valuable observations, often in collaboration with professional colleagues. Among the BAA's first presidents was Walter Maunder, discoverer of the seventeenth century dearth in sunspots now known as the Maunder Minimum which he achieved by analysing historical observations. Later, this spirit of observing the night sky scientifically was championed by George Alcock, who discovered five comets and five novae using nothing more than a pair of binoculars.

Die British Astronomical Association (BAA) ist der nationale Hauptverband der Amateurastronomen in Großbritannien. Die Vereinigung wurde 1890 in London von Amateur- und Berufsastronomen gegründet, um allen an der Astronomie interessierten Personen, unabhängig von gesellschaftlichem Rang und insbesondere Geschlecht, eine Basis zu bieten. Von Anfang an spielten Frauen, die erst ab 1915 der Royal Astronomical Society beitreten konnten, eine führende Rolle. So fungierte Annie S.D. Maunder (1868–1947), die Frau des Mitbegründers Edward Walter Maunder (1851–1928), lange Jahre als Herausgeberin des "Journal of the British Astronomical Association".


Early life and education.

William Starke Rosecrans was born on a farm near Little Taylor Run in Kingston Township, Delaware County, Ohio, the second of five sons of Crandall Rosecrans and Jemima Hopkins. (The first child, Chauncey, died in infancy.) Crandall was a veteran of the War of 1812, in which he served as adjutant to General William Henry Harrison, and then subsequently ran a tavern and store as well as a family farm. One of Crandall's heroes, General John Stark, was the inspiration for William's middle name. Rosecrans was descended from Harmon Henrik Rosenkrantz (1614–1674), who arrived in New Amsterdam in 1651, but the family name changed spelling during the American Revolutionary War. His mother was the widow of Timothy Hopkins, a relative of Stephen Hopkins, the Colonial Governor of Rhode Island and a signer of the Declaration of Independence.  William

Career.

After graduating from West Point, Rosecrans was assigned to duty at Fort Monroe, Virginia, engineering sea walls. After a year, he requested assignment as a professor at West Point, where he taught engineering and served as post commissary and quartermaster. Although West Point was a strong bastion of Episcopal Protestantism, during this assignment, he converted to Catholicism in 1845. He wrote about this decision to his family, who had raised him in the Methodist faith, which inspired the youngest of his brothers, Sylvester Horton Rosecrans, to convert as well. Sylvester would become the first bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Columbus.  Although most of the officers in his graduating class fought in the Mexican–American War, the War Department retained Rosecrans at West Point. From 1847 through 1853, he served on engineering assignments in Newport, Rhode Island, New Bedford, Massachusetts and (on temporary assignment to the United States Navy) at the Washington Navy Yard. During this period, Rosecrans sought several civilian jobs as an alternative way to support his growing family, now with four children. He applied for a professorship at the Virginia Military Institute in 1851, losing the position to fellow West Pointer Thomas J. Jackson.  While serving in Newport, Rhode Island, he volunteered his services as the engineer for the construction of St. Mary's Roman Catholic Church. The church is best known as the site of the wedding of John F. Kennedy and Jacqueline Bouvier in 1853 and was one of the largest churches constructed in the United States at that time. There is a memorial window in Rosecrans' honor in the church.  Rosecrans suffered a period of failing health and resigned from the Army in 1854, moving into civilian fields. He took over a mining business in Western Virginia (today West Virginia) and ran it extremely successfully. He designed and installed one of the first complete lock and dam systems in Western Virginia on the Coal River; today recognized as the Coal River Locks, Dams, and Log Booms Archeological District. In Cincinnati, he and two partners built one of the first oil refineries west of the Allegheny Mountains. He obtained patents for many inventions, including the first kerosene lamp to successfully burn a round wick and a more effective method of manufacturing soap. While Rosecrans was president of the Preston Coal Oil Company, in 1859, he was burned severely when an experimental "safety" oil lamp exploded, setting the refinery on fire. It took him 18 months to recover, and the resulting facial scars gave him the appearance of having a perpetual smirk. As he concluded recovering from those injuries, the Civil War began.

Later life.

After the war, Rosecrans became interested in railroads and was one of the eleven incorporators of the Southern Pacific Railroad, but his valuable interests in the stock of the railroad were lost to some of the unscrupulous financiers who were his business partners. From 1868 to 1869, Rosecrans served as U.S. Minister to Mexico, but was replaced after just five months when his old nemesis, Ulysses Grant, became president. During this brief service, he became convinced that Mexico would benefit from a narrow-gauge railway and telegraph line from Tampico to the coast, but this venture, from 1869 through 1873, was a failure.  Rosecrans then became interested in civil administration and wrote a book, "Popular Government", with a former newspaperman, Josiah Riley, which advocated registration and voting reforms. He was approached by various political parties to run for high office: Governor of Ohio (Union party, 1866); governor of California (Democratic Party, 1868); governor of Ohio (Democratic Party, 1869); U.S Representative from Nevada (Democratic Party, 1876). He refused all of these offers because they conflicted with potentially promising business ventures, leading him to be referred to by the nickname "The Great Decliner."  In 1869, Rosecrans bought of Rancho San Pedro in the Los Angeles basin for $2.50 per acre ($620/km2), a low price possibly because the land was deemed worthless for lack of a spring for water. The ranch, dubbed "Rosecrans Rancho", was bordered by what later was Florence Avenue on the north, Redondo Beach Boulevard on the south, Central Avenue on the east, and Arlington Avenue on the west. By the time of Rosecrans's death, his son Carl was living on the estate, but most of the land

Death.

In February 1898, Rosecrans suffered from a cold that turned into pneumonia, but appeared to recover successfully. Then he learned that one of his favorite grandchildren (Rosecrans Toole, the son of Lily and Joseph Kemp Toole, the first Governor of

Legacy.

Fort Rosecrans National Cemetery, in San Diego, California, is named in his honor. Major streets named after William Rosecrans include Rosecrans Avenue, a major east–west street that runs through the southern part of Los Angeles County, and Rosecrans Street in San Diego, which runs near the aforementioned cemetery. A school (General Rosecrans Elementary, on Rosecrans and Acacia Avenues) bears his name in the city of Compton, a Los Angeles suburb. A simple memorial was constructed on the site of his birthplace and

External links.

Retrieved on 2008-02-11

William Starke Rosecrans (September 6, 1819March 11, 1898) was an American inventor, coal-oil company executive, diplomat, politician, and U.S. Army officer. He gained fame for his role as a Union general during the American Civil War. He was the victor at prominent Western Theater battles, but his military career was effectively ended following his disastrous defeat at the Battle of Chickamauga in 1863.

William Starke Rosecrans (* 6. September 1819 in Little Tyler Run, Delaware County, Ohio; † 11. März 1898 in Redondo Beach, Kalifornien) war ein General des Unionsheeres im Sezessionskrieg.


Scientific background.

A phototoxic substance is a chemical compound which becomes toxic when exposed to light.  Phototoxicity is a quantum chemical phenomenon. Phototoxins are molecules with a conjugated system, often an aromatic system. They have a low-lying excited state that can be reached by excitation with visible light photons. This state can undergo intersystem crossing with neighboring molecules in tissue, converting them to toxic free radicals. These rapidly attack nearby molecules, killing cells. A typical radical is singlet oxygen, produced from regular triplet oxygen. Because free radicals are highly reactive, the damage is limited to the body part illuminated.

Photosafety evaluation.

"In vitro" test systems.

3T3 Neutral Red Phototoxicity Test – An in vitro toxicological assessment test used to determine the cytotoxic and photo(cyto)toxicity effect of a test article to murine fibroblasts in the presence or absence of UVA light. "The 3T3 Neutral Red Uptake Phototoxicity Assay (3T3 NRU PT) can be utilized to identify the phototoxic effect of a test substance induced by the combination of test substance and light and is based on the comparison of the cytotoxic effect of a test substance when tested after the exposure and in the absence of exposure to a non-cytotoxic dose of UVA/vis light. Cytotoxicity is expressed as a concentration-dependent reduction of the uptake of the vital dye - Neutral Red.  Substances that are phototoxic in vivo after systemic application and distribution to the skin, as well as compounds that could act as phototoxicants after topical application to the skin can be identified by the test. The reliability and relevance of the 3T3 NRU PT have been evaluated and has been shown to be predictive when compared with acute phototoxicity effects in vivo in animals and humans." Taken with permission from

During drug development.

Several health authorities have issued related guidance documents, which need to be considered for drug development:

Phototoxicity in light microscopy.

When performing microscopy on live samples, one needs to be aware that too high light dose can damage or kill the specimens and lead to experimental artefacts. This is particularly important in confocal and superresolution microscopy.

Phototoxicity, also called photoirritation, is a chemically induced skin irritation, requiring light, that does not involve the immune system. It is a type of photosensitivity.

Phototoxizität ist eine Eigenschaft pharmazeutischer und chemischer Stoffe. Sie beschreibt die Stärke, mit der ein Stoff unter Einwirkungen von Sonnenlicht auf der Hautoberfläche vergiftende (toxische) Wirkungen auslöst. Verändert das Sonnenlicht die chemische Struktur des Stoffes nicht, bezeichnet man ihn als photostabil.