Core doctrine.

Spinoza's metaphysics consists of one thing, Substance, and its modifications (modes). Early in "The Ethics" Spinoza argues that there is only one Substance, which is absolutely infinite, self-caused, and eternal. Substance causes an infinite number of attributes (the intellect perceiving an abstract concept or essence) and modes (things following from attributes and modes). He calls this Substance "God", or "Nature". In fact, he takes these two terms to be synonymous (in the Latin the phrase he uses is ""Deus sive Natura""), but readers often disregard his neutral monism. During his time, this statement was seen as literally equating the existing world with God - for which he was accused of atheism. Spinoza asserted that the whole of the natural universe is made of one Substance – God or Nature – and its modifications (modes).  One should, however, remember the neutral monist position. While the natural universe humans experience in the realm of mind and physical reality is part of God, it is only two attributes – thought and extension – that are part of infinite attributes emanating from God.  Spinoza's doctrine was considered radical at the time he published, and he was widely seen as the most infamous atheist-heretic of Europe. His philosophy was part of the philosophic debate in Europe during the Enlightenment, along with Cartesianism. Specifically, Spinoza disagreed with Descartes on substance duality, Descartes' views on the will and the intellect, and the subject of free will.  In Spinozism, the concept of a personal relationship with God comes from the position that one is a part of an infinite interdependent "organism." Spinoza argued that everything is a derivative of God, interconnected with all of existence. Although humans experience only thought and extension, what happens to one aspect of existence will affect others. Thus, Spinozism teaches a form of determinism and ecology, and uses these as a basis for morality.  Additionally, a core doctrine of Spinozism is that the universe is essentially deterministic. All that happens or will happen could not have unfolded in any other way. Spinoza claimed that the third kind of knowledge, intuition, is the highest kind. More specifically, he defined intuition as the ability of the human intellect to intuit knowledge based upon its accumulated understanding of the world.

Substance.

Spinoza defines "Substance" as follows:  This means, essentially, that Substance is just whatever can be thought of without relating it to any other idea or thing. For example, if one thinks of a particular object, one thinks of it as a kind of thing, "e.g.", "x" is a cat. Substance, on the other hand, is to be conceived of by itself, without understanding it as a particular kind of thing, because it is not a particular thing.

Attributes.

Spinoza defines "attribute" as follows:  From this it can be seen that Attributes are related to Substance. It is not clear, however, even from Spinoza's direct definition, whether, a) Attributes are really the way(s) Substance is, or b) Attributes are simply ways to understand Substance, but not necessarily the ways it really is. Spinoza thinks that there are an "infinite" number of Attributes, but there are two Attributes for which Spinoza thinks we can have knowledge. Namely, "thought" and "extension".

Thought.

The attribute of thought is how Substance can be understood to be composed of thoughts, "i.e.", thinking things. When we understand a particular thing through the Attribute of thought, we are understanding the mode as an "idea" of something (either another idea, or an object).

Extension.

The Attribute of extension is how Substance can be understood to be physically extended in space. Particular things that occupy space are what is meant by "extended". It follows from this that if Substance and God are identical, in Spinoza's view, and contrary to the traditional conception, God has extension as one of his Attributes.

Modes.

Modes are particular modifications of substance, "i.e.", particular things in the world. Spinoza gives the following definition:

Substance monism.

The argument for there only being one Substance (or, more colloquially, one kind of stuff) in the universe occurs in the first fourteen propositions of "The Ethics." The following proposition expresses Spinoza's commitment to substance monism:  Spinoza takes this proposition to follow directly from everything he says prior to it. Spinoza's monism is contrasted with Descartes' dualism and Leibniz's pluralism. Thus, Spinoza avoids the unsolvable problem of how mind and body interact, which troubled Descartes in his "Meditations on First Philosophy." Specifically, how can immaterial mind interface with material body, and vice-versa? They exist in wholly different categories.

Causality and modality.

The issue of causality and modality (possibility and necessity) in Spinoza's philosophy is contentious. Spinoza's philosophy is, in one sense, thoroughly deterministic (or necessitarian). This can be seen directly from Axiom 3 of "The Ethics":  Yet Spinoza seems to make room for a kind of freedom, especially in the fifth and final section of "The Ethics", ""On the Power of the Intellect, or on Human Freedom"":  So Spinoza certainly has a use for the word 'freedom', but he equates "Freedom of Mind" with "blessedness", a notion which is not traditionally associated with freedom of the will at all.

The principle of sufficient reason (PSR).

Though the PSR is most commonly associated with Gottfried Leibniz, it is arguably found in its strongest form in Spinoza's philosophy. Within the context of Spinoza's philosophical system, the PSR can be understood to unify causation and explanation. What this means is that for Spinoza, questions regarding the "reason" why a given phenomenon is the way it is (or exists) are always answerable, and are always answerable in terms of the relevant cause(s). This constitutes a rejection of teleological, or final causation, except possibly in a more restricted sense for human beings. Given this, Spinoza's views regarding causality and modality begin to make much more sense.

Parallelism.

Spinoza's philosophy contains as a key proposition the notion that mental and physical (thought and extension) phenomena occur in parallel, but without causal interaction between them. He expresses this proposition as follows:  His proof of this proposition is that:  The reason Spinoza thinks parallelism follows from this axiom is that, since the idea we have of each thing requires knowledge of its cause, such a cause must be understood under the same attribute. Further, there is only one substance, so whenever we understand some chain of ideas concerning things, we understand that the way the ideas are causally related must be the same as the way the things themselves are related, since the ideas and the things are both God's modes, but pertain to different attributes.

Pantheism controversy.

In 1785, Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi published a condemnation of Spinoza's pantheism, after Gotthold Ephraim Lessing was thought to have confessed on his deathbed to being a "Spinozist", which was the equivalent in his time of being called a heretic. Jacobi claimed that Spinoza's doctrine was pure materialism, because all Nature and God are said to be nothing but extended substance. This, for Jacobi, was the result of Enlightenment rationalism and it would finally end in absolute atheism. Moses Mendelssohn disagreed with Jacobi, saying that there is no actual difference between theism and pantheism. The entire issue became a major intellectual and religious concern for European civilization at the time, which Immanuel Kant rejected, as he thought that attempts to conceive of transcendent reality would lead to antinomies (statements that could be proven both right and wrong) in thought.  The attraction of Spinoza's philosophy to late eighteenth-century Europeans was that it provided an alternative to materialism, atheism, and deism. Three of Spinoza's ideas strongly appealed to them:  Spinoza's "God or Nature" ["Deus sive Natura"] provided a living, natural God, in contrast to the Newtonian mechanical "First Cause" or the dead mechanism of the French "Man Machine." Coleridge and Shelley saw in Spinoza's philosophy a "religion of nature" and called him the "God-intoxicated Man." Spinoza inspired the poet Shelley to write his essay "The Necessity of Atheism."  Spinoza was considered to be an atheist because he used the word "God" [Deus] to signify a concept that was different from that of traditional Judeo–Christian monotheism. "Spinoza expressly denies personality and consciousness to God; he has neither intelligence, feeling, nor will; he does not act according to purpose, but everything follows necessarily from his nature, according to law..." Thus, Spinoza's cool, indifferent God differs from the concept of an anthropomorphic, fatherly God who cares about humanity.

Modern interpretations.

German philosopher Karl Jaspers believed that Spinoza, in his philosophical system, did not mean to say that God and Nature are interchangeable terms, but rather that God's transcendence was attested by his infinitely many attributes, and that two attributes known by humans, namely Thought and Extension, signified God's "immanence". Even God under the attributes of thought and extension cannot be identified strictly with our world. That world is of course "divisible"; it has parts. But Spinoza insists that "no attribute of a substance can be truly conceived from which it follows that the substance can be divided" (Which means that one cannot conceive an attribute in a way that leads to division of substance), and that "a substance which is absolutely infinite is indivisible" ("Ethics", Part I, Propositions 12 and 13). Following this logic, our world should be considered as a mode under two attributes of thought and extension. Therefore, the pantheist formula "One and All" would apply to Spinoza only if the "One" preserves its transcendence and the "All" were not interpreted as the totality of finite things.  French philosopher Martial Guéroult suggested the term "panentheism", rather than "pantheism" to describe Spinoza's view of the relation between God and the world. The world is not God, but it is, in a strong sense, "in" God. Not only do finite things have God as their cause; they cannot be conceived without God. In other words, the world is a subset of God. American philosopher Charles Hartshorne, on the other hand, suggested the term "Classical Pantheism" to describe Spinoza's philosophy.  Speculative realism, a movement in post-continental philosophy, is highly indebted to spinozaist metaphysics.

Comparison to Eastern philosophies.

Similarities between Spinoza's philosophy and Eastern philosophical traditions have been discussed by many authorities. The 19th-century German Sanskritist Theodore Goldstücker was one of the early figures to notice the similarities between Spinoza's religious conceptions and the Vedanta tradition of India, writing that Spinoza's thought was "... a western system of philosophy which occupies a foremost rank amongst the philosophies of all nations and ages, and which is so exact a representation of the ideas of the Vedanta, that we might have suspected its founder to have borrowed the fundamental principles of his system from the Hindus, did his biography not satisfy us that he was wholly unacquainted with their doctrines... We mean the philosophy of Spinoza, a man whose very life is a picture of that moral purity and intellectual indifference to the transitory charms of this world, which is the constant longing of the true Vedanta philosopher... comparing the fundamental ideas of both we should have no difficulty in proving that, had Spinoza been a Hindu, his system would in all probability mark a last phase of the Vedanta philosophy."  It has been said that Spinozism is similar to the Hindu doctrines of Samkhya and Yoga. Though within the various existing Indian traditions there exist many traditions which astonishingly had such similar doctrines from ages, out of which most similar and well known are the Kashmiri Shaivism and Nath tradition, apart from already existing Samkhya and Yoga.  Max Muller, in his lectures, noted the striking similarities between Vedanta and the system of Spinoza, saying "the Brahman, as conceived in the Upanishads and defined by Sankara, is clearly the same as Spinoza's 'Substantia'." Helena Blavatsky, a founder of the Theosophical Society also compared Spinoza's religious thought to Vedanta, writing in an unfinished essay "As to Spinoza's Deity – natura naturans – conceived in his attributes simply and alone; and the same Deity – as natura naturata or as conceived in the endless series of modifications or correlations, the direct outflowing results from the properties of these attributes, it is the Vedantic Deity pure and simple."

Spinozism (also spelled Spinozaism) is the monist philosophical system of Baruch Spinoza that defines "God" as a singular self-subsistent Substance, with both matter and thought being attributes of such.

Spinozismus ist ursprünglich ein philosophischer Kampfbegriff des 18. Jahrhunderts und eine abwertende Bezeichnung für die Lehren des niederländischen Philosophen Baruch de Spinoza. Mit einem polemischen Akzent wird auch das Adjektiv "spinozistisch" verwendet, wohingegen "spinozisch" oder "spinozanisch" in der Regel in wertneutralem Kontext steht. Allerdings wurde die Konnotation des Begriffs historisch, im Zuge der zunehmend nüchternen philosophischen Debatten, abgeschwächt, weshalb sich der Begriff in der Literatur seit dem 19. Jahrhundert nur noch selten im Sinne eines polemischen Schlagworts wiederfindet.


Geography.

The Hadhramaut Valley is a large region in southern Yemen spanning approximately 90,000 square km. It consists of a narrow, arid coastal plain bounded by the steep escarpment of a broad plateau averaging around of altitude, with a sparse network of deeply sunk wadis (seasonal watercourses). Although the southern edge of Hadhramaut borders the Arabian Sea, Tarim is located around 180 km inland from the coast and north-east of Seiyun. The region is characterized by rocky plateaus that reach elevations of around, and are separated by numerous valleys.  The closest airport to Tarim is located approximately away, in the city of Seiyun. The only international flights directly to Seiyun originate in Jeddah (Saudi Arabia, and Dubai and Abu Dhabi in the United Arab Emirates. Otherwise, travelers can fly to the capital city of Sana'a. Then one can either take another flight from Sana’a to Seiyun, or travel by bus or car to Tarim from Sana’a. The distance from Sana’a to Tarim is approximately and driving time ranges from six to eight hours.

Climate.

Tarim has a hot desert climate (Köppen climate classification "BWh"). The city receives very little precipitation. A few times throughout the year, however, Tarim experiences heavy rainfall resulting in significant flooding.

History.

Pre-7th century.

Wadi Hadhramaut and its tributaries have been inhabited since the Stone Age. Small mounds of flint chippings – debris from the manufacture of stone tools and weapons – and windblown dust can be found close to canyon walls. Further north and east are lines of Thamudic ‘triliths’ with a few surviving crude inscriptions. On the fringes of the Rub' al Khali north of Mahra a seemingly ancient track leads – according to local legend – to the lost city of Ubar.  Hadhramaut's early economic importance stemmed from its part in the incense trade. Authorities exploited their position on the overland route from Dhufar through Mahra, Hadhramaut and Shabwa to the Hejaz and Eastern Mediterranean to tax caravans in return for protection. Shabwa was Hadhramaut's capital for most of the Himyaritic period. The kingdom of Saba had its capital at Marib. The Queen of Sheba (Bilqis) could have come from either Saba, or been the Queen of the Tamim (who currently reside east of Tarim). The Himyaritic civilization flourished from c. 800 BC to 400 CE, when the incense trade was diverted to the newly opened sea route via Aden and the Red Sea.  Early in the 6th century Ethiopians invaded Yemen, encouraged by Byzantines to protect Yemeni Christians from the ruler Najran, a convert to Judaism. The Yemenis opposed Ethiopian rule and sought the Sassanid Persians for assistance. The result was that the Persians took over about 570 CE. The Persians appear to have been in Hadhramaut, but the only clear evidence of their presence is at Husn al Urr, a fort between Tarim and Qabr Hud.

7th–8th centuries.

In 625, Badhan, the Persian Governor of Sana’a accepted Islam and the rest of the country soon followed. Arab historians agree that Tarim was established in the fourth century of Hijra. The citizens of Tarim converted to Islam in the early days of Islam when the delegation of Hadhramaut met the Prophet Muhammad in Medina in the tenth year of Hijra (631). Tarim is often referred to as Al-Siddiqi City, in honor of Abu-Bakr al-Siddiq, the first caliph of Sunni Islam (r. 632–34). Abu Bakr prayed that Allah would increase Tarim's scholars and water, as its citizens stood with him during the Ridda wars after the Prophet's death (632-633). A battle occurred in the Al-Nujir fortress in which many of the Prophet's companions (Sahaba) were injured and taken to Tarim for treatment. Some "sahabi" were martyred and buried in Zambal Cemetery in Tarim.  As part of the Great Arab Expansion, Hadhramis formed a major part of the Arab armies that conquered North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula. In the mid-8th century, a preacher from Basra called Abdullah bin Yahya arrived in Hadhramaut and established the Ibadhi rite of Islam. By the 10th century conflict had erupted between the Hashid and Bakil, the two dominant tribes in the Northern Highlands. Sheikh al-Hadi Yahya bin al-Hussain bin al-Qasim ar-Rassi (a sayyid) was called from Medina to settle this affair at Sa’da in 893-897. He founded the Zaidi Imamate which reigned until Imam Al-Badr was deposed in 1962. In 951 CE, Imam Aḥmad bin `Isā Al-Muhājir arrived from Iraq with a large number of followers and established the Shafi`i madhab of Sunni Islam (according to majority of Historians), which remains dominant in the region. A "Rabat", or University, was first established in Zabid, in the Tihama, and, later, in Tarim. The latter still functions.

15th century.

In 1488, the Kathiris, led by Badr Abu Towairaq, invaded Hadhramaut from the High Yemen and established their "dola", first in Tarim and then in Seiyun. The Kathiris employed mercenaries, mainly Yafa'is from the mountains north-east of Aden. About a hundred years after arriving their momentum was lost. The Yafa'is usurped western Hadhramaut and created a separate "dola", based at Al-Qatn.

British and the Qu'aiti Dynasty: 1882–1967.

In 1809, disaster struck Hadhramaut following a Wahhabi invasion. Valuable books and documents from the "Robat" at Tarim were destroyed by fire or by dumping in wells. While the Wahhabi occupation was short-lived, it ravaged the economy. As a result, emigration increased, the top destination being Hyderabad (India), where the Nizam employed a considerable army. Here, a Yemeni soldier named Umar bin Awadh al Qu’aiti rose to the rank of Jemadar and amassed a fortune. Umar's influence enabled him to create the Quaiti dynasty in the late 19th century. Having secured all valuable land excluding the areas around Saiyun and Tarim, the Qu'aitis signed a treaty with the British in 1888, and created a unified sultanate in 1902 that became part of the Aden Protectorate.

Ingrams Peace.

Despite establishing a regionally advanced administration, by the 1930s the Qu’aiti Sultan Saleh bin Ghalib (r. 1936–1956) was facing stiff pressure to modernize – a task for which he seriously lacked resources. These demands were largely initiated by returning Yemeni emigrants, such as the al-Kaf Sayyids of Tarim. The al-Kaf family had made fortunes in Singapore and wished to spend some of their wealth improving living conditions at home. Led by Sayyid Abu Bakr al-Kaf bin Sheikh, they built a motor road from Tarim to Shihr – hoping to use it to import goods into Hadhramaut, but were frustrated by opposition from the camel-owning tribes who had a transport monopoly between the coast and interior.  In February 1937, a peace between the Qu’aiti and Kathiri sultanates, totally unprecedented in the history of that region, was brought about essentially by the efforts of two men: Sayyid Abu Bakr al-Kaf and Harold Ingrams, the first political officer in Hadhramaut. Sayyid Abu Bakr used his personal wealth to finance this peace, which was known universally thereafter as “Ingrams Peace.” This brought some stability, permitting introduction of administrative, educational and development measures.

Modern era: 1967 to Present.

In November 1967, the British withdrew from South Yemen in the face of mass riots and an increasingly deadly insurgency. Their arch-enemies, the National Liberation Front, which was dominated by radical Marxists, seized power, and Tarim, with the rest of South Yemen, came under communist rule. The Aden Protectorate became an independent Communist state, the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen (PDRY). Hadhramaut, despite being part of the communist-aligned PDRY continued to live to a great extent on remittances from abroad. In 1990, South and North Yemen were unified. The town has remained unaffected during the Yemeni Civil War.

Culture.

Hadhramaut is considered the most religious part of Yemen. It is a province in which the mixture of tribal and Islamic traditions determines the social life of its inhabitants. Apart from urban settlements, Hadhramaut is still tribalised, although tribal bonds are no longer as powerful as they once were. Hadhramis live in densely built towns centered on traditional watering stations along the wadis. Hadhramis harvest crops of wheat, millet, tend date palm and coconut groves, and grow some coffee. On the plateau Bedouins tend sheep and goats. The "Sayyid" aristocracy, descended from Islamic prophet Muhammad, traditionally educated and strict in Islamic observance, are highly respected in both religious and secular affairs. Zaydism is largely confined to the Yemeni mountains, where Hashid and Bakil are the dominant tribes. The rest of Yemen primarily adheres to the Shafi'i school of Islamic jurisprudence. Although Zaydis are Shias and Shafi'is are Sunnis, the practical religious differences are generally minor and each will freely worship in the other's mosque if their own is not convenient.

Tribal Groups.

Nearly all Yemeni tribes are of Himyari origin. Exceptions are mainly of Kindi stock, originating from an invasion from the north in the 6th century. Kindah are credited with the final destruction of Shabwa when they arrived, but they subsequently settled among and intermarried with Himyaris. The incidence of straight rather than curly hair often denotes Kindi blood and some Kindi are bigger physically than most Himyaris. Kindi tribes include the Seiar, Al Doghar (Wadi Hajr), the Ja’ada (Wadi Amd) and one of the sections of the Deyyin (on the plateau south of Amd).  Living among the tribes, but a little different, are the Mashaikh. Unlike the tribes, they did not raid nor were they raided. They also wore a different type of "jambiya", more designed for domestic use than aggression. Al Buraik still supply the bulk of the population of the Shabwa area. Most are settled but some are nomads grazing with the Kurab. Other Mashaikh are dotted around the hills and valleys. The most important are Al Amoodi of Budha, many being successful traders throughout the Middle East.  Most tribesmen and Mashaikh are farmers, those in the mountains and the plateau almost entirely so. Further east or north, however, there is less rainfall and more nomadic people. The Manahil are almost entirely nomadic, except for those absorbed into modern life, and the Hamum and the Mahra are mostly nomadic. On the fringes of the Rub' al Khali, the people continue to graze where they can, although a surprising number of Seiar and Awamr farm on the ill-watered plateau north of the Hadhramaut.

Architecture.

Geographically and socially varied, Tarim's diversity can be traced through the cultural interactions and hybrid architectural fabrics of various regions. Foreign styles and ornamental features entered Yemen as typological and aesthetic changes. In this way Tarimi architectural history represents a dialogue between cultures both within and outside of the modern nation.

Mosques and libraries.

It is estimated that Tarim contains up to 365 "masājid" (mosques); one, the Sirjis mosque, dates back to the seventh century. From the 17th to the 19th century, these mosques played a decisive role on the influence of Islamic scholarship in the area. Tarim's Al-Muhdhar Mosque is crowned by a mud minaret measuring, the highest in Yemen. The minaret was designed by the local poets Abu Bakr bin Shihab and Alawi Al Mash'hūr. Completed in 1914, the al-Muhdar mosque is named in honor of Omar Al-Muhdar, a Muslim leader who lived in the city during the 15th century.  Tarim also features the massive al-Kaf Library which is attached to Al-Jame'a Mosque and houses more than 5,000 manuscripts from the region covering religion, the thoughts of the Prophets, Islamic law, Sufism, medicine, astronomy, agriculture, biographies, history, mathematics, philosophy, logic, and the eight volumes of Abū Muhammad al-Hasan al-Hamdānī’s "Al-Iklil" (crown). Many go back hundreds of years and often contain vibrantly colored illustration. Between 300 and 400 manuscripts are believed to be unique in the Islamic world, according to the scholar Abd al-Qader Sabban. What distinguishes these manuscripts is that the majority belong to Yemeni authors and editors who resided in the Wadi Hadhramaut area. Nevertheless, there are others that belonged to scholars from Morocco, Khurasan, and other Muslim regions. In 1996, estimates for the annual number of visitors to the Al-Kaf Library exceeded 4,780 individuals.

Tarimi Palaces.

Tarim is famous for its innumerable palaces – a collection of approximately thirty mansions constructed between the 1870s and 1930s. During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Hadhramaut's merchant families grew rich from trade and investments abroad. The al-Kaf family was considered the most influential. Many members of the family were respected religious scholars. At the same time, they were among the regions first Westernizing elite and contributed to public works projects in the name of modernization. Their palaces remain as testament to both their affluence and the complex identity of the modernizing elite of the colonial period.  Palaces financed by Al-Kafs and other families were executed in the stylistic idioms they encountered in British India and Southeast Asia. Consequently, the palaces include examples of Mughal, British Colonial, Art Nouveau, Deco, Rococo, Neo-Classical, and Modernist styles unparalleled in Yemen. While these foreign decorative styles were incorporated into the Tarimi architectural idiom, traditional Hadhrami construction techniques based on the thousand-year-old traditions of unfired mud brick and lime plasters served as the primary methods for executing these buildings.

Qasr al-'Ishshah Complex.

The complex of ‘Umar bin Shaikh al-Kaf, Qasr al-‘Ishshah is one of the original al-Kaf houses in Tarim. Shaikh al-Kaf built the house on proceeds made in South Asian trade and investment in Singapore's "Grand Hotel de l'Europe" during the 1930s. ‘Ishshah derives from the Arabic root ‘-sh-sh meaning to nest, take root, or establish. Qasr al-‘Ishshah is a collection of several buildings constructed over a forty-year period. The first building, known as Dar Dawil, was constructed during the 1890s. As Umar's family grew, so did the size of the complex.  Qasr al-‘Ishshah exhibits some of the finest examples of lime plaster decoration ("malas") in Tarim. The decorative program of the exterior south façade finds its antecedents in Mughal royal architecture, as well as the colonial forms of the Near East, South Asia and Southeast Asia. Interior stucco decoration differs from room to room, including Art Nouveau, Rococo, Neo-Classical and combinations of the three. The ornamentation often incorporates pilasters along the walls framing openings, built-in cabinetry with skilled wood carvings, elaborate column capitals, decorated ceilings, niches and kerosene lamp holders, as well as complex color schemes.  From 1970 to 1991, Qasr al-‘Ishshah was expropriated by the PDRY and divided up as multi-family housing. The house was recently returned to the al-Kaf family and legal ownership rights are shared amongst many of Shaikh al-Kaf's descendants. In 1997, the Historical Society for the Preservation of Tarim rented half of the house in order to present the building to the public as a house museum, the only one of its kind in the Hadhramaut.

Education.

Rabat Tarim.

Rabat Tarim is an educational institution teaching Islamic and Arabic sciences. In 1886, a group of Tarimi notables decided to build a religious institution for foreign and domestic students in Tarim, and accommodate foreign students. Those notables were Mohammed bin Salem Assri, Ahmed bin Omar al-Shatri, Abdul-Qader bin Ahmed al-Haddad, Ahmed bin Abdul-Rahman al-Junied and Mohammed bin Omar Arfan. Rubat Tarim was inaugurated on October 2, 1887. Supervision was ascribed to the mufti of Hadhramaut, Abdul-Rahman Bin Mohammed Al-Meshhūr. Early teachers in Rubat Tarim were Alwi bin Abdul-Rahman bin Abibakr al-Meshhūr, Hussein bin Mohammed al-Kaf, Ahmed bin Abdullah al-Bekri al-Khateeb, Hassan bin Alwi bin Shihab, Abu Bakr bin Ahmed bin Abdullah al-Bekri al-Khatīb and Mohammed bin Ahmed al-Khatīb. They were delegated to teach when Abdullah bin Omar al-Shatri was appointed upon returning from Mecca, where he had studied for four years. Al-Shatri taught at Rubat Tarim voluntarily until his death in 1942. He was succeeded by his sons (Mohammed, Abu Bakr, Hasan and Salem). In 1979, Rubat Tarim was closed by the PDRY. It reopened after the unification of Yemen in 1991 and continues to function.  According to statistics from 2007, the number of scholars graduating from Rubat Tarim has reached over 13,000. Foreign students currently total about 300, with 1,500 Yemeni students. Many graduates later traveled abroad to propagate Islam and establish religious institutions. Several became authors and publishers in the Tradition, Interpretation of Quran and other branches of religious knowledge. The most famous scholar among them was probably Abdul Rahman Al-Mash’hūr.

Other.

Dar al-Zahra is a sister institute of Dar al-Mustafa which offers education for Muslim women. Faculty of Sharea and Law, Al-Ahqaff University...

Tarim () is a historic town situated in the Hadhramaut Valley of South Yemen, in the southern part of the Arabian Peninsula. Tarim is widely acknowledged as the theological, juridical, and academic center of the Hadhramaut Valley. An important focus of Islamic learning, it is estimated to contain the highest concentration of descendants of the Prophet Muhammad ("sayyids") anywhere in the world. The city is distinguished for producing numerous Islamic scholars, including Imam al-Haddad. Additionally, Tarim is also home to Dar al-Mustafa, a well-known educational institute for the study of traditional Islamic Sciences.

Tarim, auch Terim, () ist eine Stadt im Hadramaut im Südosten des Jemen. Die Bedeutung Tarims lag einst darin, dass sie eine Stadt der "Seyids" war und diese das Sultanat Kathiri beherrschten. Heute ist die Stadt wissenschaftliches, rechtliches und religiöses Zentrum der Region. Hier leben vermutlich die weltweit meisten Nachkommen des Propheten Muhammad, weshalb der Stadt weitere historische Bedeutung zukommt. Diverse islamische Gelehrte entstammen der Stadt, wie Imam al-Haddad oder Umar bin Hafiz.


Games.

"Bus Driver".

SCS released a bus driving simulator, "Bus Driver", in 2007. Later in 2014, an iOS version of "Bus Driver" was released, entitled "Bus Driver - Pocket Edition".

"18 Wheels of Steel".

The "18 Wheels of Steel" series primarily focuses on North America. The series was published by ValuSoft from 2002, with "Hard Truck: 18 Wheels of Steel", to 2011, with "18 Wheels of Steel: Extreme Trucker 2".

"Truck Simulator".

The "Truck Simulator" series includes "Euro Truck Simulator", published in 2008, its sequel game, "Euro Truck Simulator 2", which was released in 2012. Both games focus on truck driving in European countries, such as the United Kingdom, Germany, Czech Republic, Luxembourg, Italy, France, Belgium, The Netherlands, Austria, Switzerland. SCS Software has released a number of maps as downloadable content (DLC) for "Euro Truck Simulator 2". The first DLC, "Going East!", was released in late 2013 and includes a number of Eastern European countries; adding Slovakia and Hungary and expanding on Poland. A further map-expansion for the Scandinavia; including Denmark, Norway and Sweden; was released on 6 May 2015. The update also included licensed Mercedes-Benz trademarks and branding.  Following the success of the "Euro Truck Simulator" series, SCS announced that the next game in the series would be "American Truck Simulator," released 3 February 2016. However, it released early on 2 February 2016. American Truck Simulator currently covers the western U.S. states of California, Nevada, Arizona, New Mexico, Oregon, Washington, and Utah. The game features officially licensed American and long nose trucks; including models by Peterbilt, Kenworth, Volvo, International and Mack. The game originally released with California and Nevada, with the state of Arizona releasing as a free DLC to owners of the game in June 2016 and New Mexico releasing as paid DLC in November 2017. Almost a year later in October 2018 the state of Oregon was also released as a paid DLC. Then, on 11 June 2019, the state of Washington was added as paid DLC, with Utah releasing on 7 November 2019. Future states and map add-ons (like Idaho) will be sold as paid DLC.

SCS Software s.r.o. is a Czech video game development company based in Prague, Czech Republic. It primarily produces simulation games for Microsoft Windows, OS X, and Linux, including the "18 Wheels of Steel" and "Truck Simulator" series.

SCS Software ist ein tschechischer Softwareentwickler, der auf Computerspiele spezialisiert ist. Die Serien "18 Wheels of Steel", "Euro Truck Simulator", "American Truck Simulator" und "Hunting Unlimited" sowie die Spiele "Deer Drive" und "Bus Driver" sind ein Teil seiner Produktpalette.


Plot.

Paul, a projectionist in a Detroit theater, is reading about the 16th century disappearance of the Roanoke Colony when the lights suddenly go out. He finds that all the staff and patrons have vanished, leaving only their clothes behind. He comes across a security guard holding a flashlight; as Paul had a headlamp on for his reading, they deduce that people holding sources of light are protected against whatever dwells in the darkness. The guard's flashlight goes out, and he vanishes. As Paul investigates, his headlamp goes out as well.  The following morning, television reporter Luke Ryder wakes to find that the power is out. Leaving his apartment, the downtown streets are empty except for abandoned cars and piles of clothing. He reaches his television station, also abandoned, and finds a recording which shows his girlfriend vanishing on air when the lights go out. A live feed from Chicago shows a newscaster telling people to keep a light on themselves at all times.  Three days pass, and Luke is alone in the darkness, trying to scavenge flashlight batteries. He finds a bar powered by a portable generator, where the bartender's young son, James Leary, sits alone. James believes his mother is at a church down the street and will soon return. Luke explains that it is eleven in the morning, implying that the sun is no longer providing light.  Luke and James are later joined by Rosemary, a young mother whose baby disappeared with the blackout. On the third day of darkness, Paul appears in the street, suffering from a severe concussion. He reveals that he had been taken by the darkness, but his headlamp had re-activated and he reappeared. Paul tells them about the mystery of the Roanoke Colony, where over a hundred settlers disappeared overnight, and they seem to be experiencing the same thing. He tells them that the word "CROATOAN" was found carved into a fence post at the site of the empty colony.  With the generator running out of fuel and Paul needing medical help, Luke suggests going to Chicago, having seen the live video feed. He and Rosemary go into the street to retrieve one of the abandoned trucks. In the street, Rosemary ignores Luke's warnings that the sound of a baby crying is just the darkness trying to trick her. She is lured under a solitary street light, and disappears when the light goes out. Back at the bar, the generator runs low on fuel causing the lights to flicker. James, wearing a glow-stick necklace, is safe, but Paul vanishes.  Luke manages to push a truck back to the bar, and he escapes with James using the generator to get the truck started. As they pass the church up the block, James gets out to find his mother. Luke leaves, but returns after seeing the word "CROATOAN" carved into a sign. When Luke gets out of the truck at the church, the car battery dies, its lights go out and Luke disappears. James cowers in the church under the glow of candles which slowly start to burn out.  James wakes to daylight and sees the last candle had been burning all night. A little girl, Briana, appears and urges James to stay with her. She has survived thanks to a solar powered flashlight, although James is aware that eventually the sun will no longer provide light and the flashlight will die.  As they leave the church, they encounter a police horse eating spilled apples on the ground and decide to take it to Chicago. As the sun sets on the children leaving the city, the camera pans to the bar, casting the shadows of Luke, Paul and Rosemary watching the two leave as the darkness falls. As it gets dark, Briana's light comes on, ensuring their protection against the darkness as they begin their journey.

Production.

"Vanishing on 7th Street" is based on a screenplay by Anthony Jaswinski and is produced from Herrick Entertainment. The film is the eighth from director Brad Anderson and features Hayden Christensen, Thandie Newton and John Leguizamo in the lead roles. The shooting began on October 12, 2009 in Detroit.

Soundtrack.

The score is composed by Spanish song writer and composer Lucas Vidal and is his first theatrical feature film soundtrack, with songs written and executively produced by Howard Herrick.

Release.

The film was initially released for the Zune and Xbox Live members prior to its theatrical release. Shown in only six theaters across the United States, "Vanishing on 7th Street" was a total theatrical flop. The film grossed $22,197, roughly 1/450 of its estimated budget of $10,000,000. However, it made $1,045,953 outside of the United States, with over a quarter of this total coming from South Korea.

Reception.

"Vanishing on 7th Street" received mixed reviews., the film holds a 48% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 60 reviews, with an average rating of 5.08/10. The LA Times review states "Writer Anthony Jaswinski's understated script starts with a belief that to frighten, you don't need to actually show the things that go bump in the night." Critics also found Anderson's work praiseworthy. It was noted that he infused a certain amount of energy and style to the film.  The film also earned criticism as several reviewers noted that it was unable to sustain interest throughout the narrative. While The New York Times, for instance, praised Anderson's direction, it faulted the story for having a promising start only to stumble later, finally culminating with a disappointing ending. A review also found the film excessively focused on its bickering characters instead of their escape from the encroaching darkness.

Vanishing on 7th Street is a 2010 American post-apocalyptic thriller film directed by Brad Anderson and starring Hayden Christensen, Thandie Newton and John Leguizamo.

Die Herrschaft der Schatten ist ein US-amerikanischer postapokalyptischer Low-Budget-Horror-Thriller aus dem Jahr 2011 von Brad Anderson mit Hayden Christensen, John Leguizamo und Thandie Newton in den Hauptrollen.


Problem.

Traditionally, academic libraries have retained issues of scholarly journals, either individually or collaboratively, providing their readers access to the content received even after the publisher has ceased or the subscription has been canceled. In the digital age, libraries often subscribe to journals that are only available digitally over the Internet. Although convenient for patron access, the model for digital subscriptions does not allow the libraries to retain a copy of the journal. If the publisher ceases to publish, or the library cancels the subscription, or if the publisher's website is down for the day, the content that has been paid for is no longer available.

Methods.

The LOCKSS system allows a library, with permission from the publisher, to collect, preserve and disseminate to its patrons a copy of the materials to which it has subscribed as well as open access material (perhaps published under a Creative Commons license). Each library's system collects a copy using a specialized web crawler that verifies that the publisher has granted suitable permission. The system is format-agnostic, collecting whatever formats the publisher delivers via HTTP. Libraries which have collected the same material cooperate in a peer-to-peer network to ensure its preservation. Peers in the network vote on cryptographic hash functions of preserved content and a nonce; a peer that is outvoted regards its copy as damaged and repairs it from the publisher or other peers.  The LOCKSS license used by most publishers allows a library's readers access to its own copy, but does not allow similar access to other libraries or unaffiliated readers; the system does not support file sharing. On request, a library may supply another library with content to effect a repair, but only if the requesting library proved that in the past that it had a good copy by voting with the majority. If the reader's browser no longer supports the format in which the copy was collected, a "format migration process" can convert it to a current format. These limits on the use that may be made of preserved copies of copyright material have been effective in persuading copyright owners to grant the necessary permission.  The LOCKSS approach of selective collection with permission from the publisher, distributed storage, and restricted dissemination contrasts with, for example, the Internet Archive's approach of omnivorous collection without permission from the publisher, centralized storage, and unrestricted dissemination. The LOCKSS system is far smaller, but it can preserve subscription materials to which the Internet Archive has no access.  Since each library administers its own LOCKSS peer and maintains its own copy of preserved material, and since there are libraries doing so worldwide (see the list of participating libraries below), the system provides a much higher degree of replication than is usual in a fault-tolerant system. The voting process makes use of this high degree of replication to eliminate the need for backups to off-line media, and to provide robust defenses against attacks aimed at corrupting preserved content.

Importance.

In addition to preserving access, libraries have traditionally made it difficult to rewrite or suppress printed material. The existence of an indeterminate but large number of identical copies on a somewhat tamper-resistant medium under many independent administrations meant that attempts to alter or remove all copies of a published work would likely both fail and be detected. Web publishing, based on a single copy under a single administration, provides none of these safeguards against subversion. Web publishing is, therefore, an amenable tool for rewriting history. By preserving many copies under diverse administration, by automatically auditing the copies at intervals against each other (and, in the future, against the publisher's copy), and by alerting libraries when changes are detected, the LOCKSS system attempts to restore many of these safeguards in the now digital world of publication.

Implementation.

Prior to implementing a LOCKSS system, some questions need to be considered carefully in order to make sure the content is verified, evaluated, and auditable by users. The user must ask questions such as, "What are your procedures?", "What are your methods?", "How is this system evaluated?", and "What is your disaster preparedness program?". These questions will enable the user to evaluate the system, create a successful maintenance plan for their materials, and enable the system to be reinforced by a carefully evaluated support structure.  The source code for the entire LOCKSS system carries BSD-style open-source licenses and is available from GitHub. LOCKSS is a trademark of Stanford University.

The LOCKSS ("Lots of Copies Keep Stuff Safe") project, under the auspices of Stanford University, is a peer-to-peer network that develops and supports an open source system allowing libraries to collect, preserve and provide their readers with access to material published on the Web. Its main goal is digital preservation.

LOCKSS "(Lots Of Copies Keep Stuff Safe)" ist ein US-amerikanisches Open-Source-System zur Langzeitarchivierung digitaler Objekte, das 1998 von David Rosenthal an der Stanford University in Kalifornien entwickelt wurde.


Regular Season.

Final standings.

"Note: DIV = Division; GP = Games played; W = Wins; L = Losses; OTL = Overtime Losses; SL = Shootout Losses; GF = Goals For; GA = Goals Against; PTS = Points; x = clinched playoff berth; y = clinched division title; z = clinched conference title"

Scoring leaders.

"Note: GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points; PIM = Penalty Minutes" "As of the end of the season, March 14"

Leading goaltenders.

"Note: GP = Games Played; Mins = Minutes Played; W = Wins; L = Losses: OTL = Overtime Losses; SL = Shootout Losses; GA = Goals Allowed; SO = Shutouts; GAA = Goals Against Average"

Playoffs.

Playoff scoring leaders.

Playoff leading goaltenders.

"Note: GP = Games Played; Mins = Minutes Played; W = Wins; L = Losses; GA = Goals Allowed; SO = Shutouts; SV& = Save Percentage; GAA = Goals Against Average"

All-Star Classic.

The OHL All-Star Classic was played on February 3, 2010, at the K-Rock Centre in Kingston, Ontario. The game was televised on Rogers Sportsnet. The Eastern Conference All-Stars defeated the Western Conference All-Stars 17–11. Captains of the All-Star games were Ryan Ellis for the Western Conference and Alex Pietrangelo for the Eastern Conference. Andrew Agozzino of the Niagara IceDogs won the player of the game award as he scored an All-Star Game record four goals and added one assist. The skills competition was held the night before on February 2, with the Western Conference winning. Honorary captains for the event were former Toronto Marlboros player Steve Thomas representing the Eastern Conference and former Windsor Spitfires player Adam Graves representing the Eastern Conference.

All-Star teams.

The OHL All-Star Teams were selected by the OHL's general managers.

2010 OHL Priority Selection.

On May 1, 2010, the OHL conducted the 2010 Ontario Hockey League Priority Selection. The Sarnia Sting held the first overall pick in the draft, and selected Alexander Galchenyuk from the Chicago Young Americans. Galchenyuk was awarded the Jack Ferguson Award, awarded to the top pick in the draft.  Below are the players who were selected in the first round of the 2010 Ontario Hockey League Priority Selection.

2010 CHL Import Draft.

On June 28, 2010, the Canadian Hockey League conducted the 2010 CHL Import Draft, in which teams in all three CHL leagues participate in. The Sarnia Sting held the first pick in the draft by a team in the OHL, and selected Nail Yakupov from Russia with their selection.  Below are the players who were selected in the first round by Ontario Hockey League teams in the 2010 CHL Import Draft.

The 2009–10 OHL season was the 30th season of the Ontario Hockey League (OHL). Twenty teams played 68 games each during the regular season schedule, which started on September 17, 2009 and ended on March 14, 2010. On September 9, 2009, all 20 teams in the OHL unveiled their new Reebok Edge jerseys, which have been used in the National Hockey League (NHL) from 2007 until 2017. The playoffs began on March 18, 2010, and ended on May 4, 2010, with the Windsor Spitfires winning the J. Ross Robertson Cup for the second consecutive year, which they followed up by winning the 2010 Memorial Cup, hosted by the Brandon Wheat Kings of the WHL in Brandon, Manitoba.

Die OHL-Saison 2009/10 war die 30. Spielzeit der Ontario Hockey League. Die reguläre Saison begann am 17. September 2009 und endete am 14. März 2010. Die Play-offs starteten am 18. März 2010 und endeten mit dem dritten J.-Ross-Robertson-Cup-Gewinn der Windsor Spitfires am 4. Mai 2010, die sich im OHL-Finale gegen die Barrie Colts durchsetzten.


Career.

Jencks graduated from Harvard College in 1947 with a degree in English, and earned a Doctor of Medicine from Harvard University in 1951. He interned at the Peter Bent Brigham hospital. Jencks conducted his first postdoctoral research for two years with Fritz Lipmann at Harvard Medical School. Jencks was drafted into the Army Medical Corps and was assigned to the Army Medical Service Graduate School at Walter Reed Medical Center in Washington, DC. He worked with E. L. Durrum and served as the chair of the department of pharmacology. In 1956–1957, he did a second Public Health Service postdoc with R. B. Woodward of the Harvard University Department of Chemistry. In 1957, he moved to the new graduate program in biochemistry at Brandeis University. He became professor emeritus in 1996.  Much of his career focused on reaction mechanisms used by enzyme catalysts. He was particularly well known for studies of the reaction of nucleophiles with carbon. He proposed that enzymes use ground state destabilization, termed the Circe Effect, to increase the reactivity of their bound substrates. Many of these research interests were explored in his influential text "Catalysis in Chemistry and Enzymology". Jencks published close to 400 scientific papers during his career.  Jencks was a co-founder of the biannual Winter Enzyme Mechanisms Conference. He was memorialized at the 20th Enzyme Mechanisms Meeting in St. Pete Beach, Florida, several days after his death.

Honors and awards.

Jencks was a recipient of the 1962 American Chemical Society Eli Lilly Award in Biological Chemistry, the 1993 American Society of Biological Chemists Award, the 1995 American Chemical Society James Flack Norris Award in Physical Organic Chemistry, and the 1996 American Chemical Society Repligen Corporation Award in Chemistry of Biological Processes. He was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 1971. Jencks was also a foreign member of the Royal Society and a member of the American Philosophical Society.

Personal life.

Jencks's father, Gardner Jencks, was a pianist and composer. Jencks attended the Calvert School, and completed high school from St. Paul's School near Baltimore. After his first year at medical school, he did research with George Wald at the Marine Biological Laboratory at Woods Hole on lobster shell pigments. At Woods Hole, he met his future wife, Miriam Ehrlich. Jencks was survived by Miriam, his wife of 56 years, children Sara and David, grandson Benjamin, and siblings Charles Jencks (b. 1939) a landscape architect, Penelope Jencks-Hurwitz, and John Cheetham.

William Platt Jencks (August 15, 1927 – January 3, 2007) was an American biochemist. He was noted particularly for his work on enzymes, using concepts drawn from organic chemistry to understand their mechanisms.

William Platt Jencks (* 15. August 1927 in Bar Harbor, Maine; † 3. Januar 2007) war ein US-amerikanischer Biochemiker und Enzymologe.


League business.

In 2008, Brisbane Blue Tongues became the Gold Coast Blue Tongues after the team relocated from Brisbane's Ice World in Boondall to Gold Coast's Iceland Bundall ice rink.  April 2008, the Hunter Ice Skating Stadium was significantly upgraded for the 2008 IIHF World Championship Division II, featuring plexi-glass boards, along with new lighting, scoreboards and expanded seating. The upgrade saw the Newcastle venue selected by the AIHL for the 2008 Goodall Cup finals weekend.  On 17 June, financial difficulties forced the Adelaide Avalanche to withdraw from the remainder of the 2008 season, leading to the cancellation and forfeiting of its 21 and 22 June games in Canberra and Penrith against the Knights (double points match) and Bears. Following negotiations, the Thebarton Ice Arena was one week later given a license for a new Adelaide team, the Adelaide A's, to fulfil the Avalanche's remaining commitments for the season, and inheriting their 2008 season results.

Regular season.

The regular season began on 19 April 2008 and will run through to 24 August 2008 before the top four teams advanced to compete in the Goodall Cup playoff series.

April.

Notes:

June.

Notes:

Statistics.

Scoring leaders.

List shows the ten top skaters sorted by points, then goals.

Leading goaltenders.

Only the top five goaltenders, based on save percentage with a minimum 40% of the team's ice time.

Goodall Cup playoffs.

The 2008 playoffs was scheduled for 30 August with the Goodall Cup final held on 31 August 2008. Following the end of the regular season the top four teams advanced to the playoff series which was held at the redeveloped Hunter Ice Skating Stadium in Warners Bay, Newcastle, New South Wales. The series was a single game elimination with the two winning semi-finalists advancing to the Goodall Cup final. The Goodall Cup was won by the Newcastle North Stars (4th title) who defeated the Western Sydney Ice Dogs 4-1. The North Star's Canadian import forward, Mickey Gilchrist, was named the finals most valuable player (MVP).

The 2008 AIHL season was the ninth season of the Australian Ice Hockey League (AIHL). It ran from 19 April 2008 until 24 August 2008, with the Goodall Cup finals following on 30 and 31 August 2008. The Bears won the H Newman Reid Trophy (backdated) after finishing the regular season first in the league standings. The Newcastle North Stars won the Goodall Cup for the fourth time by defeating the Western Sydney Ice Dogs in the final.

Die Saison 2008 war die achte Spielzeit der Australian Ice Hockey League, der höchsten australischen Eishockeyspielklasse. Meister wurden zum vierten Mal in der Vereinsgeschichte die Newcastle North Stars.


Impact craters.

The Clearwater Lakes occupy the near-circular depressions of two eroded impact craters (astroblemes). The eastern and western craters are and in diameter, respectively. Both craters were previously believed to have the same age, 290 ± 20 million years (Permian period), promoting the long-held idea that they formed simultaneously. According to this doublet impact crater theory initially proposed by Michael R. Dence and colleagues in 1965, the impactors may have been gravitationally bound as a binary asteroid, a suggestion also made by Thomas Wm. Hamilton in a 1978 letter to "Sky & Telescope" magazine in support of the then-controversial theory that asteroids may possess moons (such as, for example, asteroid 243 Ida with its satellite Dactyl). However, repeated Ar/Ar dating of impact melt rocks from both impact craters suggests that Clearwater East has an age of approximately 460–470 million years, corresponding to the Ordovician time period, whereas Clearwater West was formed 286.2 ± 2.6 million years ago, in the Early Permian. Both Clearwater impact structures also carry different geophysical (natural remanent magnetization) signatures and different geochemical fingerprints of the impacting meteorite in the impact melt of each crater.  Clearwater East and Clearwater West are both complex craters with distinct central peaks. These peaks are caused by the gravitational collapse of crater walls and subsequent rebound of the compressed crater floor. Lake water and sediments cover the central peak of Clearwater East, but bathymetric surveys of the lake floor and core drilling confirm the presence of a peak in its center.

Micro climate.

Because of its size, Lac à l'Eau Claire can affect the local climate, as attested to by the distribution of plant species. Although the lake's shorelines are populated mainly by boreal species, the flora of the central islands in the western basin of the lake is characteristically arctic, making the islands an arctic enclave.

National park.

A vast area surrounding the lakes, Richmond Gulf ("Lac Guillaume-Delisle"), and Iberville Lake ("Lac D'Iberville") are part of the Tursujuq National Park, Quebec's largest national park, opened in 2012.

The Lac Wiyâshâkimî (the official name, in French, formerly Lac à l'Eau Claire), also called the Clearwater Lakes in English, is a calque of Wiyâšâkamî in Northern East Cree (changed form of "wâšâkamî" or "wâšekamî" in more southerly Cree dialects) and Allait Qasigialingat by the Inuit, are a pair of annular lakes on the Canadian Shield in Quebec, Canada, near Hudson Bay.

Der Lac à l’Eau Claire (, Cree-Sprache: "Wiyasakami", Innu-Sprache: "Allait Qasigialingat") wird gebildet aus zwei miteinander verbundenen kreisförmigen Teilseen im Kanadischen Schild in der kanadischen Provinz Québec in der Nähe der Hudson Bay.


Early life.

Thompson was born on October 19, 1936 in Orlando, Oklahoma to parents Lawrence and Mae Thompson. She was raised in Wagoner, Oklahoma, and completed high school at Wagoner High School.  Thompson enrolled at Northeastern State College (now known as Northeastern State University) in Tahlequah, Oklahoma, where she studied drama and speech. She became Northeastern State's football queen in 1959. That year, she won the title of Northeastern Oklahoma Dairy Princess as well.

Career.

Grant appeared in local television commercials for Tulsa-based KTUL-TV after college. In 1962 she moved from Oklahoma to southern California to pursue an acting career. She initially worked as a teacher of special education and deaf students at Hollywood High School while trying to enter the entertainment industry.  Thompson was discovered by a 20th Century Fox talent scout, whereupon she changed her professional name to Shelby Grant. She "drew Shelby Grant out of a hat," according to an interview she gave to columnist Hedda Hopper.  She debuted on television in a 1963 episode of "Bonanza". She soon became a contracted actor with 20th Century Fox. Her film roles under contract with Fox included "The Pleasure Seekers" in 1964, the 1966 science fiction film "Fantastic Voyage", "Our Man Flint" in 1966, and "The Witchmaker" in 1969. Her television credits grew to include "Batman" (episodes 7 and 8), and "Marcus Welby, M.D.".  Grant married her husband, actor Chad Everett, in a ceremony held on May 22, 1966, in Tucson, Arizona. Chad Everett had been on location in Tucson filming the 1967 movie "Return of the Gunfighter" at the time of their wedding. They had two daughters, Kate and Shannon. Grant appeared in her husband's television series "Medical Center", in which he portrayed Dr. Joe Gannon from 1969 to 1976.

Personal life.

She and her husband, actor Chad Everett, had two daughters, Katherine Thorp and Shannon Everett.  Grant largely left acting to focus on philanthropy during her later life. She and her husband sponsored more than twenty heart surgeries for children.  Grant died of a brain aneurysm in Westlake Village, California on June 25, 2011 at the age of 74. Everett died from lung cancer on July 24, 2012 at the age of 75, a little over a year after Grant's death.

Shelby Grant (October 19, 1936 – June 25, 2011), born Brenda Thompson, was an American actress whose credits included "Our Man Flint", "Fantastic Voyage", and "Medical Center".

Shelby Grant, eigentlich "Brenda Thompson", (* 19. Oktober 1936 in Orlando, Oklahoma; † 25. Juni 2011 in Westlake Village, Kalifornien) war eine US-amerikanische Schauspielerin.


Olympische Sommerspiele 1928/Teilnehmer (Dänemark)

Aquatics.

Diving.

1 diver, a woman, represented Denmark in 1928. It was the nation's third appearance in the sport. Edith Nielsen, who had taken 4th place in the 10 metre platform event in 1924, competed again. This time, she did not advance out of the preliminary groups. She finished 6th in her group.

Swimming.

Five swimmers, all women, represented Denmark in 1928. It was the nation's 5th appearance in the sport. Jacobsen was the only Danish swimmer to advance to an event final; she placed 4th in the 200 metre breaststroke.

Athletics.

10 athletes, all men, represented Denmark in 1928. It was the nation's 7th appearance in the sport as well as the Games. None of the Danish athletes advanced past the initial round of their events. Nikolajsen's 10th place finish in the pole vault was the best ranking for Denmark in athletics in Amsterdam.

Boxing.

Six boxers represented Denmark in 1928. The sport was open to men only. It was Denmark's 4th appearance in Olympic boxing. Nielsen, the defending champion in the lightweight, was one of two Danish boxers to reach the semifinals, along with Michaelsen. Both men lost there. Michaelsen earned Denmark's only boxing medal in 1928 by winning the subsequent bronze medal bout; Nielsen lost his bronze medal bout to finish fourth.

Cycling.

Five cyclists, all men, represented Denmark in 1928. It was the nation's 4th appearance in the sport. Prior to 1928, Denmark's best result in the sport had been a silver medal in the tandem in 1924. Willy Hansen, one of the members of that tandem, won Denmark's first Olympic cycling championship in the track time trial. Two days later, the road race team, led by Henry Hansen, won the second and third gold medals for Denmark in cycling with a team victory and an individual championship for Hansen. Willy Hansen also earned a bronze medal in the sprint, finishing his Olympic career with one medal of each color.

Equestrian.

Three equestrians, all men, represented Denmark in 1928. It was the nation's 3rd appearance in the sport. One rider, Magnus Fog, competed in the dressage competition, finishing in 16th place. Denmark sent two riders in eventing; Peder Jensen finished 9th while Cai Gundelach did not finish.

Fencing.

Ten fencers, seven men and three women, represented Denmark in 1928. It was the nation's 7th appearance in the sport as well as the Games. Ivan Joseph Martin Osiier fenced in his 5th Olympics (he would compete twice more, in 1932 and 1948). For the first time since 1908, no Danish fencers advanced to the finals.

Field hockey.

Denmark competed in men's field hockey for the second time in 1928. The defending silver medalist, Denmark won its first two matches before falling to India and Belgium in group play to finish 3rd in their group. The team shared 5th place overall with the 3rd-place team in the other group, France.  ----

Modern pentathlon.

Two pentathletes, both men, represented Denmark in 1928. It was the nation's fourth appearance in the sport. Denmark was one of five nations to have competed in each edition of the Olympic modern pentathlon. Both of the Danish pentathletes had competed previously in 1924, with Jensen placing 6th and Olsen 15th. The two started off well, placing 4th and 2nd in the shooting event. Olsen, however, finished last in the swimming portion. Jensen fared better in the pool, but still fell well beyond the leaders. Strong performances by both in fencing (with Jensen leading the entire group) made up some ground and put Jensen in contention for the podium. Neither man was able to achieve more than a middle-of-the-pack result in running or equestrian, however, and they finished in 10th (Jensen) and 14th (Olsen) overall among the 37 competitors.

Rowing.

Ten rowers, all men, represented Denmark in 1928. It was the nation's 3rd appearance in the sport, and first since 1920. Denmark entered two boats, a single scull and an eight. Both boats had the same result: a first-round loss, advancement through the first repechage, and a second-round loss eliminating the boat.

Sailing.

Five sailors, all men, represented Denmark in 1928. It was the nation's third appearance in the sport. For the third time, Denmark took the silver medal in the 6 metre class. The "Hi-Hi" barely qualified for the final three races (only boats which had placed at least 3rd in one of the first four races continued to compete), but finished by winning both the sixth and seventh race. This put the boat in second place behind the Norwegian "Norna", which had won 3 races, and ahead of the Estonian "Tutti V", which had won 1. In the dinghy class, Andersen took 2nd in the first race and 4th in the next three. This gave him enough net points to survive the 10-boat cut in that event. His results in the fifth and sixth races did not improve his position, however, and he did not start the seventh and eighth. He ultimately finished in seventh place, behind the Italian boat (which had two 2nd-place finished) and ahead of the British boat (which matched Andersen's single 2nd-place, but had only one 4th-place finish to his three).

Weightlifting.

One male weightlifter represented Denmark in 1928. It was the nation's third appearance in the sport and first since 1920. Nissen competed in the lightweight class, finishing last of the 16 men who finished the competition (2 did not finish).

Wrestling.

Seven wrestlers, all men, represented Denmark in 1928. It was the nation's 5th appearance in the sport. Denmark had wrestlers in 2 of the 7 freestyle weight classes and all 6 of the Greco-Roman weight classes, with Johannes Jacobsen competing in both styles.  Both Danish freestyle wrestlers lost in the round of 16. Jørgensen, however, had lost to the eventual gold medalist and therefore advanced to the silver medal tournament under the Bergvall system in use at the time. He won his semifinal bout there, but lost in the silver medal final. (It is not clear why he did not compete in the bronze medal tournament.)  Jacobsen had the best performance among the Greco-Roman wrestlers, winning his first three bouts before two consecutive losses (separated by a bye) put him over the 5 point elimination threshold. He finished in 4th place. Three other Danish wrestlers earned two wins before being eliminated. Larsen was the only Dane to not win a single bout in Greco-Roman.

Denmark competed at the 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam, Netherlands. 91 competitors (82 men and 9 women) took part in 55 events in 14 sports.

Dänemark nahm an den Olympischen Sommerspielen 1928 in Amsterdam, Niederlande, mit einer Delegation von 79 Sportlern (70 Männer und neun Frauen) teil.


Changes from 2009–10.

For the second time, a system of playoffs was used to determine the Belgian champions (contested by the top 6 teams after the regular season) and which teams would play in Europe the following season (teams ranked 7–14 playoff after the regular season with the winner entering a further playoff for the chance to'steal' the European place of the lowest ranked team in the Top 6 playoff). In terms of relegation, a playoff was introduced between the 15th and 16th team after the regular season; those teams would play each other 5 times in a mini-league, with the team which finished fifteenth playing at home in matches 1, 3 and 5 and starting with a 3-point bonus. The loser of this playoff series would be relegated, whilst the winner would play the Second division relegation playoff with three teams from the Belgian Second Division for the chance to retain its place in first division.

Teams.

On 28 December 2009, during the previous season, Mouscron went bankrupt and was immediately relegated. Roeselare ended the season in 15th place, forcing them to take part in the relegation play offs. As they lost these play offs they were also relegated and replaced by playoff winners Eupen. With this, Eupen became the first ever team from the German community to play at the highest level of Belgian football. Earlier, Belgian Second Division champions Lierse had been directly promoted.

Regular season.

Positions by round.

Note: The classification was made after the weekend (or midweek) of each matchday, so postponed matches were only processed at the time they were played to represent the "real" evolution in standings. The postponed matches are:

Championship Playoff.

The points obtained during the regular season will be halved (and rounded up) before the start of the playoff. As a result, the teams started with the following points before the playoff: Anderlecht 33 points, Genk 32, Gent 29, Club Brugge 27, Lokeren 25 and Standard 25. In the event of ties at the end of the playoffs, the half point was deducted if it had been added. Anderlecht, Gent, Club Brugge and Standard received this type of bonus due to rounding.

Positions by round.

Below the positions per round are shown. As teams did not all start with an equal number of points, the initial pre-playoffs positions are also given.

Europa League Playoff.

Mechelen, Westerlo, Cercle Brugge, Kortrijk, Zulte-Waregem, Sint-Truiden, Germinal Beerschot and Lierse qualified for the Europa League Playoffs.

Europa League playoff final.

The winners of both playoff groups competed in a two-legged match. The winners on aggregate than will compete in another match (called "Testmatch") against a team from the championship playoff (see below). If both teams are tied after two matches, the away goals rule will be applied. Should both teams still be tied afterwards, thirty minutes of extra time will be played and, if necessary, a penalty shootout will be conducted.  "Westerlo won 5–2 on aggregate."

Testmatches Europa League.

The fourth-placed team from the championship playoff and the winners of the Europa League playoff would have competed for one spot in the third qualifying round of the 2011–12 UEFA Europa League.  Before the match, both teams were already sure of qualification for European football. Westerlo because their opponent in the final of the 2010–11 Belgian Cup was Standard Liège, who were already qualified for the 2011–12 UEFA Champions League. Club Brugge because of their league position (4th). As a result, both teams agreed to drop the testmatches regardless of the result of the Belgian Cup final:

Relegation Playoff.

The teams finishing in the last two positions play each other 5 times. The team ending in 15th position starts with a three-point bonus and has three home matches.

Top goalscorers.

In contrary to the previous season, which was the inaugural season with playoffs, the goals scored during the playoffs are valid to determine the league top scorer. As a result, Jelle Vossen, who was leading at the end of the regular season with 17 goals, still missed out on the top scorers' trophy.  Source: sporza.be and Sport.be "

The 2010–11 season of the Belgian Pro League (also known as "Jupiler Pro League" for sponsorship reasons) is the 108th season of top-tier football in Belgium. It began on 30 July 2010 with the first match of the regular season and ended in May 2011 with the last matches of the playoff rounds. Anderlecht were the defending champions.

Die 1. Division 2010/11 (offiziell "Jupiler Pro League") war die 108. Auflage der ersten belgischen Fußball-Liga. Sie begann am 30. Juli 2010 mit dem ersten Spieltag der regulären Saison und endete 17. Mai 2011 mit dem letzten Spiel der Meisterschafts-Playoffs. Der RSC Anderlecht startete als Titelverteidiger.


Geography.

The Noire River springs from an unnamed location in wilderness just south of La Vérendrye Wildlife Reserve. It flows through Quebec's portion of the Canadian Shield and is marked by sections of rocky whitewater alternated by meandering sections through sand valleys.  Typical trees in this area are Black Spruce, Jack Pine, Eastern White Pine, Red Pine, juniper, alder, and birch. The river is undeveloped except the last, where cottages and even an inn line the river. Just before it flows into the Ottawa River, there is dam with a power generating station on the Noire River.

Paddling the Noire River.

The Noire River is not navigable until the confluence with Coughlin Creek, about from its end. From here, the rapids that can be run are mostly Class 1 or 2 (based on medium water levels). A total of are runnable whitewater. Notable rapids on the Noire are:  One portage of note is the one around Mountain Chute. One has to take either a long route through arduous terrain or a shorter one that begins at the top of the falls and ends in a steep near-vertical descent requiring ropes.

Hydroelectric station and dam.

The river has been used for hydroelectric power generation since the beginning of the 20th century and is reputedly the first commercial station in Canada.  A high capacity gravity concrete dam was built in 1937 and modified in 1994. The dam is high, long, and has a capacity of 13,800 m3 (18,050 yd3). The dam and W.R. Beatty Generating Station are near the mouth of the river at the outlet of Robinson Lake and generate 10.6 MW.  Originally owned by the Pembroke Electric Light Company and then the Pontiac Hydro Commission, it was acquired in 1996 by Brookfield Power.

The Noire River (also known as the Black River or "Rivière Noire" in French) is a river in western Quebec, Canada. It runs in a south-eastern direction into the Ottawa River at Waltham, Quebec. It is named after the dark colour of its water ("noire" is French for "Black").

Der Rivière Noire (auch bekannt als "Noire River" oder "Black River") ist ein linker Nebenfluss des Ottawa River im Westen der kanadischen Provinz Québec.


Production.

Mike Scully served as executive producer for the show for seasons nine to twelve. Five of the episodes produced for season 12 were held over and aired as part of the thirteenth season. He left the show following season 12 and was replaced by Al Jean. Jean was one of the original writers for "The Simpsons", and served as executive producer of the third and fourth seasons with Mike Reiss before leaving the show in 1993. Jean returned full-time to "The Simpsons" during the tenth season (1998), this time without Reiss. Jean called it "a great job with a lot of responsibility," and cited "the fact that people love it so much" as "great."  Writers credited with episodes in the thirteenth season included Joel H. Cohen, John Frink, Don Payne, Carolyn Omine, George Meyer, Mike Scully, Dana Gould, John Swartzwelder, Ian Maxtone-Graham, Matt Selman, Tim Long, Jon Vitti, Matt Warburton, Deb Lacusta and cast member Dan Castellaneta. Freelance writers included Bill Freiberger. Animation directors included Bob Anderson, Mike B. Anderson, Mark Kirkland, Jen Kamerman, Lance Kramer, Nancy Kruse, Lauren MacMullan, Michael Marcantel, Pete Michels, Steven Dean Moore, Matthew Nastuk, Michael Polcino, Jim Reardon and Chuck Sheetz.  The main cast consisted of Dan Castellaneta (Homer Simpson, Grampa Simpson, Krusty the Clown among others), Julie Kavner (Marge Simpson), Nancy Cartwright (Bart Simpson, Ralph Wiggum, Nelson Muntz), Yeardley Smith (Lisa Simpson), Hank Azaria (Moe Szyslak, Apu, Chief Wiggum, among others) and Harry Shearer (Ned Flanders, Mr. Burns, Principal Skinner, among others). Other cast members included Marcia Wallace (Edna Krabappel), Pamela Hayden (Milhouse Van Houten, among others), Tress MacNeille (Agnes Skinner, among others), Russi Taylor (Martin Prince) and Karl Wiedergott (additional characters).

Release.

Critical reception.

Some critics felt season 13 was an improvement over the previous Scully seasons. DVDDizzy rhetorically asked how the season "stand[s] up for someone just looking to jump into a full, semi-recent year of episodes", answering "Pretty darn well". It explained "Nearly everything that makes "The Simpsons" what it is can be found here. Most important is the large cast of Springfield residents used to perfection...Clearly, real thought and lots of it goes into each episode's creation", and added "it's almost miraculous how fresh and sharp "The Simpsons" remains in its thirteenth year on air". The site explained "Not every moment here is brilliant. After a rocky start, the season really hits its groove a few episodes in. Even though jokes don't always land, there are guaranteed to be at least a few amusing moments per episode. The stylings haven't changed all that much. There are tasteful homages and cultural references, including loving parodies of classic movies, television, and literature [and] as usual, tons of famous guest stars lend their voices, some as themselves and others as fictional characters". Adam Rayner of WhatCulture wrote that "Season thirteen represents a time when the show was clinging to the classic humour that was derived from situations that were rooted in a reality—albeit a heightened reality—which could happen to you and your family, while slowly descending into the surreal and farcical." Matt Wheeldon of GoodFilmGuide said "the 13th Season another solid, and fairly memorable, effort from the world's best loved cartoon; even if it isn't the be all and end all of Simpsons cartooning. DVD Talk's Ryan Keefer gave a season 3.5/5 stars and said "While Jean might not have brought things to previous glory, he certainly righted the ship in Season 13." Blu-Ray.com gave season 13 a 3.5/5 and Casey Broadwater's sentiment was "The hit-to-miss ratio is much better here than in the previous three seasons, and while the episodes are never quite as hilarious as the "Simpsons" of old—from "way" back in the early 1990s—season 13 does mark a turning point for the series." Ron Martin of 411 Mania was more critical giving the season a 6.5/10. Part of the verdict was "Season 13 is representative of the chaotic scatterbrained nature the show would take on from here on out." Casey Burchby of DVD Talk gave the season a 3/5 and wrote "the thirteenth season is further proof of the regrettable change in comic tone that the series took on in the early part of the last decade."

Awards and nominations.

In 2002, "The Simpsons" won its eleventh consecutive Annie Award for Best Animated Television Production.  "She of Little Faith" was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Animated Program (For Programming less than One Hour). The song "Ode to Branson" from "The Old Man and the Key" by Alf Clausen and Jon Vitti was nominated for Outstanding Individual Achievement in Music and Lyrics. "Brawl in the Family" was nominated for the Environmental Media Award for Best Television Episodic Comedy. Three episodes were nominated for the Writers Guild of America Award in the animation category: "Blame It on Lisa" (written by Bob Bendetson), "The Bart Wants What It Wants" (written by John Frink and Don Payne) and "Jaws Wired Shut" (written by Matt Selman). The award was won by the "Futurama" episode "Godfellas". It marked the only time since the introduction of the category that a show other than "The Simpsons" won the award.  In 2003, the show was the first and only animated program to be nominated for a Golden Globe Award, for Best Television Series – Musical or Comedy, which it lost to "Curb Your Enthusiasm".

Episodes.

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Blu-ray and DVD release.

The DVD and Blu-ray box set for season thirteen was released by 20th Century Fox in the United States and Canada on Tuesday, August 24, 2010, eight years after it had completed broadcast on television. As well as every episode from the season, the Blu-ray and DVD releases feature bonus material including deleted scenes, animatics, and commentaries for every episode. The boxart features Ralph Wiggum, and a special limited edition "embossed head case" package was also released. The Blu-ray set is also available on Region 4. In Region 2, the set is only available on DVD.

"The Simpsons" thirteenth season originally aired on the Fox network between November 6, 2001 and May 22, 2002 and consists of 22 episodes. The show runner for the thirteenth production season was Al Jean who executive-produced 17 episodes. Mike Scully executive-produced the remaining five, which were all hold-overs that were produced for the previous season. "The Simpsons" is an animated series about a working-class family, which consists of Homer, Marge, Bart, Lisa, and Maggie. The show is set in the fictional city of Springfield, and lampoons American culture, society, television and many aspects of the human condition.

Die dreizehnte Staffel der US-amerikanischen Zeichentrickserie Die Simpsons wurde vom 6. November 2001 bis zum 22. Mai 2002 auf dem US-amerikanischen Sender Fox gesendet. Die deutschsprachige Free-TV-Erstausstrahlung sendete der Sender ProSieben vom 8. Februar 2003 bis zum 5. Juli 2003.


Teams.

Team changes.

During the previous season, on 23 April 2011, Charleroi were relegated as a result of a 2–2 draw at home to Eupen in the relegation playoff, making it impossible to overtake them in the standings. This ended a spell of 26 consecutive seasons of being at the top level of Belgian football, with only Anderlecht, Club Brugge and Standard Liège being present for more years. As winner of the relegation playoff, Eupen avoided direct relegation, but was still forced to play the Second Division Final Round together with second division teams Lommel United, Waasland-Beveren and Mons for the final spot in first division. However, after losing four matches in a row, Eupen was also relegated on 19 May 2011 after just one season at the top level. In the final match between Mons and Waasland-Beveren, Mons eventually came out as winner of the final round and took the place of Eupen.  On 24 April 2011, just one day after the relegation of Charleroi, Oud-Heverlee Leuven was promoted after securing the title in the Second Division and as a result, the city of Leuven now has a first division team again for the first time in 61 years.

Regular season.

League table.

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Positions by round.

Note: The classification was made after the weekend (or midweek) of each matchday, so postponed matches were only processed at the time they were played to represent the "real" evolution in standings.  Only one match has been postponed during the season:

Championship playoff.

The points obtained during the regular season were halved (and rounded up) before the start of the playoff. As a result, the teams started with the following points before the playoff: Anderlecht 34 points, Club Brugge 31, Gent 28, Standard 26, Genk 23 and Kortrijk 23.

Playoff table.

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Positions by round.

Europa League playoff.

Group A contains the teams finishing the regular season in positions 7, 9, 12 and 14. The teams finishing in positions 8, 10, 11 and 13 were placed in Group B.

Group A.

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Group B.

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Europa League playoff final.

The winners of both playoff groups competed in a two-legged match to play the fourth-placed team of the championship playoff, called Testmatch. The winners of this Testmatch were granted entry to the second qualifying round of the 2012–13 UEFA Europa League.  "Cercle Brugge won 4–2 on aggregate."

Testmatches Europa League.

Europa League playoff final winners Cercle Brugge competed with fourth placed team Gent for the final European ticket. After a 7-2 aggregate win, Gent qualified for the second qualifying round of the 2012–13 UEFA Europa League.  "Gent won 7–2 on aggregate."

Relegation playoff.

The teams finishing in the last two positions Westerlo and Sint-Truiden, faced each other in the relegation playoff. Westerlo started with a three-point bonus and home advantage for finishing above Sint-Truiden during the regular season. Although the teams were scheduled to play each other 5 times, Westerlo forced the decision already after four matches making the last match obsolete. Thereby, Sint-Truiden was relegated and Westerlo was allowed to play the relegation playoffs with the teams from the Second Division.  <onlyinclude></onlyinclude>

Top goalscorers.

Source: sporza.be and Sport.be "

The 2011–12 season of the Belgian Pro League (also known as "Jupiler Pro League" for sponsorship reasons) was the 109th season of top-tier football in Belgium. It began on 29 July 2011 with the first match of the regular season and ended in May 2012 with the last matches of the playoff rounds. The defending champions were Genk, who this time ended in third position, while the competition was won by Anderlecht, who clenched the title after a 1–1 draw against Club Brugge with two games left to play in the Championship Playoff.

Die 1. Division 2011/12 (offiziell "Jupiler Pro League") war die 109. Spielzeit der höchsten belgischen Spielklasse im Männerfußball. Sie begann am 29. Juli 2011 und endete am 20. Mai 2012.


Characteristics.

NGC 680 appears asymmetrical, probably due to interactions with other galaxies. The tidal forces have disturbed the shape of the galaxy and have created arcs, shells and an asymmetric envelope. It also features a patchy dusty feature. The hydrogen gas of the galaxy forms two large diffuse stellar plumes that may be associated with tidal tails. One plume extends to the south-east and the other to the north-west and have projected lengths of 75 and 60 kpc accordingly. However, the galaxy does not have a kinematically decoupled nucleus.  All these characteristics indicate that the current galaxy was created by the merger of two galaxies, maybe two gas rich galaxies, maybe spirals, based on the amount of gas located around the galaxy. The lack of detection of molecular gas indicated that the merger took place 1-2 billion years ago. The merger remnant is characterised as a "fast rotator" that indicates either that the galaxy retained the angular momentum of the original galaxy or that the two galaxies merged in a way that they attained angular momentum.  The mean age of the stellar population of the central 0.3 kpc of NGC 680 is 7.8 billion years, while for the central 2.6 kpc the mean age is 6.5 billion years. Ionised gas has been detected in the nucleus of the galaxy, it is probably created by the gas emitted by stars at the end of their life. An arc of bluer and younger stars has been detected east of the galaxy.

Nearby galaxies.

NGC 680 is a member of a galaxy group known as the NGC 691 group. Other members of the group include IC 163, NGC 678, NGC 691, NGC 694, IC 167, and NGC 697. NGC 680 forms a pair with NGC 678, located 5.5 arcminutes to the northwest, and IC 1730 lies 3.7 arcminutes northwards.  Hydrogen emission surrounds both NGC 680 and the nearby NGC 678 and an HI tail has been found to extend towards NGC 691, with the total of this cloud HI mass estimated to by about. This gas was probably stripped by NGC 678 after a close encounter with NGC 680. However, with the use of deep photography, a stellar bridge between the two galaxies has not been detected, nor between NGC 680 and IC 1730.

NGC 680 is an elliptical galaxy located in the constellation Aries. It is located at a distance of circa 120 million light years from Earth, which, given its apparent dimensions, means that NGC 680 is about 100,000 light years across. It was discovered by William Herschel on September 15, 1784.

NGC 680 ist eine cD-Galaxie vom Hubble-Typ E1 im Sternbild Widder auf der Ekliptik. Sie ist schätzungsweise 136 Millionen Lichtjahre von der Milchstraße entfernt und hat einen Durchmesser von etwa 70.000 Lichtjahren. Vermutlich bildet sie gemeinsam mit NGC 678 ein gravitativ gebundenes Galaxienpaar. Sie ist Mitglied der zehn Galaxien umfassenden NGC 691-Gruppe ("LGG 34").<br> Im gleichen Himmelsareal befinden sich u. a. die Galaxien NGC 691, NGC 694, IC 167, IC 1730.


Sodium Hub.

The Sodium Hub was the main Home space for "Sodium". Here, users had different mini-games in which they could earn Sodium Credits. Sodium Credits could be used to redeem "Sodium" related content throughout the "Sodium" universe. The first thing users had to do was talk to VICKIE. VICKIE was the "Sodium" A.I. Information Android that tracked all of the users information such as completed Objectives. This was where users could find out what Objectives they needed to complete and redeem their Sodium Credits. Users needed to select "Connect" when accessing VICKIE for the first time and register with the unique twelve character code on the "Sodium" website in order to play the "Sodium One - Salt Shooter Game". The Objectives rewarded the Sodium Credits. Other Objectives, not on the initial list, could be unlocked through playing the mini-games. A couple of the initial Objectives from VICKIE unlocked Home reward items. For a time, the Sodium Hub could be accessed through a teleport located in North America's central hub space, the Central Plaza, or through the World Map. After which, it could only be accessed via the Navigator (formerly World Map) which was accessed through the users Menu Pad in both Europe and North America.  The Objectives were completed through mini-games including [Salt Shooter] Tank Training, Scorpion Stomp, Desert Quench, and the Salt Shooter Game. [Salt Shooter] Tank Training was a training mission of the full game where users could train and try to improve their rankings. Scorpion Stomp was a mini-game where users stomped robotic scorpions. There were three kinds of robotic scorpions: yellow, red, and blue. The yellow robotic scorpions were the easiest to stomp and were mid-sized. The red robotic scorpions, which were the largest scorpions, required special scorpion stomping shoes which could be purchased at the Commerce Point. The blue robotic scorpions were the smallest scorpions and required users to drink a special "Vetoxade" drink, which could be ordered from "Scorpio's" or bought with Sodium Credits from a vending machine in the Sodium Hub. Near this area was where users could find the Commerce Point as well as a display of a [Salt Shooter] tank. The other mini-game in the Sodium Hub was Desert Quench where users could act as a bartender or customer at "Scorpio's". As a bartender, users made the drink another user had ordered and earned credits. As a customer, users could order their own custom drink and play a quick-time event mini-game to drink their ordered drink and earn credits. Users could also access an area where there was a big screen for "Sodium" content, and if they purchased the pilot outfit, they could access the pilot's VIP lounge.

SodiumOne.

SodiumOne (abbreviated as S1) was a combination of a full tank shooting game, called "SodiumOne - Salt Shooter", and other associated mini-games that started somewhere in the Nevada desert. The first five levels of Salt Shooter were free. The full game of Salt Shooter was obtained by purchasing the "Sodium Pilot Outfit - Red Chili Edition" from the Commerce Point, which was a shop with associated "Sodium" products and other content from Outso and Lockwood Publishing. From December 17, 2009 to December 24, 2009, each day during that time period, 150 voucher codes granting access to the pilot outfit and "Salt Shooter Game" were sent out to random users who visited the Sodium Hub. "SodiumOne" was the beginning of a planned four-part series of games for Home.

Salt Shooter Game.

Across from Scorpio's there was a teleporter that teleported users to their very own "Salt Shooter Game" personal space for Home, or the "Salt Shooter - Public Game Space" (public space released on October 6, 2011). Here is where users accessed the "Salt Shooter Game", and there was also a Commerce Point as well and a teleporter back to the Sodium Hub. The Public Game Space also featured new rewards and displays of enemy units: Sand Skater, Skimmer Assault Drone, Scout Drone, Heavy LRM Drone, Light Assault Drone, Sand Stalker, and Advanced Scorpion Scout. The "[SodiumOne] - Salt Shooter Game" was the full version of the [Salt Shooter] Tank Trainer that was in the Sodium Hub, however, without purchasing the pilot jacket, users could only access the first five levels. The Salt Shooter Hovertank was upgradeable with different weapons, thrusters, afterburners, and other upgrades. The upgrades were obtained through destroying enemy tanks in each level with a boss at the end. Users could also unlock up to five upgraded versions of the initial purchasable pilot jacket throughout the "Salt Shooter Game" to show how experienced they were in the game.  The objective of "Salt Shooter" was to destroy all enemy tanks and collect any items that the tanks dropped when destroyed. Some of the items were upgrades for the Salt Shooter Hovertank while other items, such as Silicon, Silver, and Gold, could be traded in with VICKIE for Sodium Credits with Gold giving the most Sodium Credits, then Silver, and then Silicon. Each level featured a sort of boss. Some of the levels' bosses may just have been a fleet of tanks, while other levels' bosses were shielded structures that need to be destroyed in addition to fighting off fleets of tanks. One of the unique things about "Salt Shooter" was that users could replay previous levels with all of their upgraded parts to their Salt Shooter Tank.

Sodium2.

Sodium2 - Project Velocity (commonly referred to as simply Sodium2) was the first (and only) sequel to "Sodium One" and was first teased in an interview that occurred on December 18, 2009 with the CEO of Outso Halli Bjornsson, the Chief of Operations of Outso Joel Kemp, and the Director of Home for SCEA Jack Buser. Joel Kemp also mentioned that they would be releasing apartments for Home.  "Sodium2" was officially unveiled by Jack Buser, Director of Home for SCEA, on PlayStation.Blog on December 10, 2010. According to Outso, ""Sodium2" was looking to expand on every area of the original game with heavily customizable jet racers, supersonic speeds and a pounding soundtrack." The "Sodium2" beta was tested by select members of the PlayStation Home community.  "Sodium2 - Project Velocity" was a completely free to play (unlike "Sodium One") high-speed extreme racing game, which was not only visually similar to "WipEout", but also featured music by CoLD SToRAGE, a regular contributor to the "WipEout" series. "Sodium2" featured a single player mode that allowed users to hone their skills and progress through the "Sodium2" XP system. Users could build XP, complete objectives, earn Sodium Credits, or compete on the world-wide leader board. In addition to single player, "Sodium2" featured real-time multiplayer, the first time in PlayStation Home, where users could race against friends or strangers through a selection of courses.  The jet racers, or Velocity Racers, could be upgraded through the "Sodium2" Garage. Users could upgrade their craft, equip explosive rocket-boosters, and choose different paint schemes. Users could purchase upgrades both with Sodium Credits earned in game, and through purchases from the PlayStation Store. Users could upgrade their crafts engine, afterburner, aero foils, flight computer, rocket boosters, paint schemes, and air brakes. At the end of each race, users were awarded Sodium Credits and XP for completing a variety of in-race challenges. As players gained XP, they achieved new experience levels which unlocked a variety of upgrades that were previously locked to them. Once they achieved new levels, users were able to purchase and equip the upgrades to their Velocity Racers to enjoy faster speeds and better handling. There was also a class system in multiplayer. Each upgrade item was assigned a class ranking of 1 to 5 stars and when a lobby was created, it was assigned a star value. A player with a 4-star item equipped could not join a 3-star lobby, likewise a 1-star racer could not join a 2-star lobby. They had to either adjust their Racer to level the playing field or play against same leveled users.  "Sodium2" could be accessed from the Sodium Hub and the Navigator. For a limited time, it could be accessed at a special teleport in the former Central Plaza.

Sodium was a massively multiplayer online game that was based in and exclusive to the PlayStation 3's online community-based social gaming network PlayStation Home. "Sodium" was a planned four-part series of games, only two of which were released by the time of Home's closure. It was developed by Outso, a company that developed spaces and content for Home, and it was published by Lockwood Publishing, who had published other content for Home. The first part, "Sodium One", was released on December 17, 2009 to the European and North American versions of Home. It was later released in the Japanese and Asian versions on June 17, 2010 and July 29, 2010 respectively. The second part, "Sodium 2: Project Velocity", was released on June 16, 2011 to the European and North American versions of Home.

Sodium ist eine auf dem Playstation-Home-Netzwerk basierte Computerspielserie. Sie besteht aus vier Spielen, von denen bereits zwei veröffentlicht wurden: SodiumOne (Saltshooter) und Sodium2: Project Velocity.