Company history and accomplishments.

AVL was founded by Professor Doctor Hans List in 1948, after he became an independent engineer. The company was primarily focused on diesel truck engines, and after great success, branched out in 1960 to include an engine instrumentation division. Funds from the famous American Marshall Plan for reconstruction after WW II were key to the establishment of AVL.  In 1969, AVL developed a revolutionary test bed which allowed for comprehensive data acquisition and analysis.  Throughout the 1970s, AVL's diesel engine performance and data acquisition capabilities continued to improve, while its PUMA test bed software began to give the company an international reputation. The founder's son Helmut List became the management chairman in 1979. After more innovations and more success in the 1980s, AVL opened its AST (Advanced Simulation Technology) division in 1987.  Some of the AVL's special skills are widely known and available to the technically interested public. One is developing and improving 4-wheel-drive systems. Another is car sound design, for practically all car producers around the globe. This is why, in general, more silently running vehicles can be distinguished by their manufacturer. However, the sounds are sensitively matched to the local aural expectations, therefore they sound differently in Japan, South Korea, the United States, Germany, or Italy. More significantly, each type of vehicle is expected to have a characteristic sound; a sport roadster's sound greatly differs from an SUV as well as a same-company cruising limousine.  AVL assisted American Ford with the design of their new Power Stroke medium-duty truck diesel engine.  In 2007, AVL purchased the French company Le Moteur Moderne, which also specialises in engine development. The aim of this operation was to improve the AVL's presence in France as well as globally.  CEO Helmut List is also eponymous for the Helmut-List-Halle, a large multi-purpose cultural venue. It hosts many events during the annual Styrian Autumn Festival. As the hall particularly features ideal acoustic conditions for classical concerts, one of its estimators is a worldwide renowned Mozart expert who grew up in Graz, conductor Nikolaus Harnoncourt.  AVL has technical centers around the world namely Graz, Germany, Slovenia, Croatia, Sweden, Japan, Korea, France, US, Hungary, India, UK, China, Turkey and Brazil.  AVL group, besides the direct affiliates of AVL List GmbH also include other companies

AVL Advanced Simulation Technologies.

Engine Thermodynamics & Internal Flow Analysis  Engine Structural Dynamics  Engine Acoustic simulation  Vehicle Concept Simulation  Vehicle Flow Mechanics  Online Solutions  Battery Testing LYNX (Hardware and Software)  Powertrain Testing PUMA (Hardware and Software)

Electric vehicles.

The shift to electrified vehicles has prompted AVL Powertrain Engineering Inc. to open a battery lab in its Ann Arbor, Mich., tech center. Also similar tech centers exist in Europe and Asia  AVL is introducing a new energy management and systems integration facility, the AVL California Technology Center (CTC), to support the market's advanced technology initiatives. Located in the epicenter of "green" initiatives—southern California—the facility showcases ample capabilities not currently consolidated in any other North American. The CTC Facility include Battery Testing, Electric Motor Testing, E-Drive/E-Axle, and Powertrain testing with the most advanced powertrain chassis on the market to simulate different road conditions. facility.

AVL, or Anstalt für Verbrennungskraftmaschinen List, is an Austrian-based automotive consulting firm as well as an independent research institute. It is the largest privately owned company for the development of powertrain systems with internal combustion engines (ICEs) as well as instrumentation and test systems and also produces electric powertrains.

AVL ("Anstalt für Verbrennungskraftmaschinen List") ist ein Unternehmen für die Entwicklung von Antriebssystemen sowie dazugehörende Simulation und Prüftechnik. Das österreichische Unternehmen beschäftigt weltweit mehr als 11.500 Mitarbeiter (davon 4.300 in Graz) und setzte im Jahr 2019 1,97 Milliarden Euro um.


Biography.

He studied philosophy and law at Copenhagen and was admitted to the bar in 1799. He became a noted jurist. An early case overseen by him was that of Hans Jonatan, an escaped slave, which was (at least viewed retrospectively) a major test case in Danish law on slavery; Anders condemned Hans to be returned to the West Indies, where he had been purchased (Hof-og Stadsret: "Generalmajorinde Henriette de Schimmelmann contra mulatten Hans Jonathan 1802"). Relatively early, he was connected to the national administration, and from 1825 to 1848, he was “"generalprokurør"” (juridical adviser of the government). He drew up the constitution which was granted in 1831. He was cabinet minister 1842-48, and from October 1853 to December 1854 was prime minister. He was forced to resign from his office as prime minister by his unpopular conservatism, a distinct departure from his earlier politics. In 1855, he was impeached on the charge of breaking the constitution, but he was acquitted and retired to private life.

Analysis.

He is considered one of the most important jurists in 19th century Danish legal history. He was a pioneer of connecting jurisprudence and practice, and both as a judge and as an author, he successfully worked on making practice the foundation of legislation.  His political career was one of paradoxes. As a royal councillor of the absolute monarchy, he was rather liberal and tolerant and therefore often unpopular with the more conservative elements. As the opposition grew stronger however, he became more conservative and as prime minister, he was considered a full-blood reactionary. His attempt to charter a very conservative constitution led to cooperation between the king and the liberals that forced him to resign.

Literary works.

Throughout his career Ørsted was a prolific writer. Among other things he wrote on Kantian and Hegelian philosophy, on Danish and Norwegian law, on Scandinavian politics (1857) and left an autobiography (1856). He was also the editor of several journals, most notable "Juridisk Arkiv" (1804-1812), "Nyt Juridisk Arkiv" (1812-1830) and "Juridisk Tidsskrift" (1820-1840), as well as the official government periodical publication "Collegial-Tidende" (1815-34 co-edited with Peter Johan Monrad, and exclusively by Ørsted 1834-1848).

Family.

He was the brother of the famous physicist Hans Christian Ørsted (1777–1851), and uncle of the botanist Anders Sandøe Ørsted (1816–1872).

Anders Sandøe Ørsted (21 December 1778, Rudkøbing – 1 May 1860) was a Danish lawyer, politician and jurist. He served as the Prime Minister of Denmark in 1853–1854.

Anders Sandøe Ørsted [] (* 21. Dezember 1778 in Rudkøbing; † 1. Mai 1860) war ein dänischer Politiker und Jurist. Er hatte von 1853 bis 1854 das Amt des dänischen Ministerpräsidentens inne.


Biography.

Born in County Limerick, Ireland, Ryan won his first Irish hammer title in 1902, beating the great Tom Kiely. In 1910 Ryan emigrated to America. After placing third in the 1911 AAU championship in his first year he improved to take second place in 1912, and won the title in 1913. With the exception of 1918 when he was in Europe with the American Armed Forces he won the AAU title every year from then up to and including 1921, when he retired.  While in New York City Ryan worked initially as a labor foreman but then joined the City Police, and was a member of both the Irish American Athletic Club and the New York Athletic Club. He had not established citizenship in time for the 1912 Olympics in Stockholm, and so missed an opportunity. The following year, however, at the curiously named Eccentric Fireman’s Games he established the first official IAAF world record for the event with a throw of 189 ft. 61⁄2" (57.77m). This remained a world record for 25 years and an American record for forty years, being eventually beaten by Martin Engel in July 1953. He came close at the AAU on 26 June with a winning throw of 186 ft. 9" (56.92m), but took the record with a throw of 195 ft. 41⁄2" (59.54m)  In 1920, Ryan got his chance at the Olympics and won the title by what remains the widest winning margin on record, beating Carl Johan Lind of Sweden by almost. He also took a silver medal in the now discontinued event of throwing a 56 lb. weight for distance, the only time this event was held at the Olympics. In 1924 he returned to Ireland to take over the family farm and remained there until his death in 1964.  <br>

External links.

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Patrick "Pat"/"Paddy" James Ryan (4 January 1881 – 13 February 1964) was an Irish American hammer thrower. He competed for the United States at the 1920 Summer Olympics and won a gold medal in the hammer throw and a silver in the 56-pound weight throw. In 1913 he established the first world record in hammer throw, which stood as a world record for 25 years and as an American record for 40 years. Ryan was part of Irish weight throwers known as the Irish Whales.

Pat Ryan ("Patrick James „Paddy“ Ryan"; * 4. Januar 1883 in Limerick; † 13. Februar 1964 ebenda) war ein irischstämmiger US-amerikanischer Hammerwerfer. Er gewann bei den Olympischen Spielen in Antwerpen die Goldmedaille in seiner Disziplin.


History.

Burial mounds along the Minnesota River bluff, located within the present-day Veterans Memorial Park, have been dated between 500 and 2,000 years old.  Following the Dakota migration from Mille Lacs Lake in the 17th century, several bands of Mdewakanton Dakota settled along the Minnesota River. They continued the mound building tradition. One of these bands was led in the 18th century by the first Chief Shakopee. The original Shakopee acquired his name when his wife, White Buffalo Woman, gave birth to sextuplet boys. Shakopee means "the six." The Ojibwa nation began pushing into Dakota territory and reportedly Shakopee's band skirmished in 1768 and 1775. Shakopee died in 1827 at Fort Snelling.  The second man to be given the name Chief Shakopee was his adopted Ojibwa son, Eaglehead (b. 1794-1857), a twin son born to "Ozaawindib," or "Yellowhead." Ozaawindib gave this son to the Dakota, as he had another to take the hereditary chief's role. Explorer Joseph Nicollet recorded that Eaglehead had been chosen in 1838 to lead the band and assume his father's name.  By this time, Nicollet referred to the "Village of the Six," a permanent Dakota village south of the river, as acting as a boundary to the Ojibwa. However, historians have since situated it east of the present downtown. He noted the village and locality was commonly called the "village of the prairie" (published as "tinta ottonwe"). The Shakopee band lived in summer bark lodges and winter tipis. They followed the changes of the season when they planted their cornfields.  By the Treaty of Traverse des Sioux, the Sioux tribe ceded land in 1851 and many relocated to Chief Shakopee II's village. The latter people had moved south to what was later assigned to them as the current Shakopee-Mdewakanton Indian Reservation in nearby Prior Lake. The band swelled to 400 people. Its leadership passed to Shakopee II's son Eatoka (b. 1811-1865). He was called Shakpedan (Little Shakopee/Little Six) at the death of his father.  During the Dakota War of 1862, his warriors killed about 800 European-American settlers in an effort to regain their lands. Shakpedan was hanged at Fort Snelling in 1865 for his role in the rebellion.  Descendants of the Mdewakanton Dakota placed of Shakopee land into tribal land trust with the Department of Interior in 2003.  Meanwhile, in 1851, Thomas A. Holmes established a trading post west of the Dakota and platted Shakopee Village in 1854, named after Chief Shakopee II. The city quickly grew, incorporating in 1857. It surrendered its charter in 1861 due to conflicts in the Dakota War. As tensions lifted, the city incorporated again in 1870. The western end was left in township status and was renamed as Jackson Township, Minnesota in 1861, likely after President Andrew Jackson.  In November of 2017, it was discovered that then Shakopee superintendent Rod Thompson had used the district credit card to make 305 personal purchases, totaling over thirty thousand dollars. He was investigated by the FBI, and was charged with swindling and embezzlement. He resigned from his position as superintendent. He plead guilty to 19 counts of felony theft by swindling and embezzlement. He was sentenced to 24 months in prison, which he began serving in spring of 2019 in a minimum security prison in Duluth. He used the money he embezzled to purchase first class flights, TV's Jewelry, and a pair of $220 red cowboy boots.

Geography.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of ; is land and is water.  U.S. Highway 169 and County Highway 101 are two of the main routes in Shakopee. Highway 169 and nearby State Highway 13 connect Shakopee to the rest of the Minneapolis – Saint Paul region. County Highway 101 serves as a major east–west connector route of historic downtown Shakopee.

Demographics.

2010 census.

As of the census of 2010, there were 37,076 people, 12,772 households, and 9,275 families living in the city. The population density was. There were 13,339 housing units at an average density of. The racial makeup of the city was 77.0% White, 4.3% African American, 1.2% Native American, 10.3% Asian, 4.5% from other races, and 2.7% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 7.8% of the population.  There were 12,772 households of which 45.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 57.1% were married couples living together, 10.5% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.9% had a male householder with no wife present, and 27.4% were non-families. 20.4% of all households were made up of individuals and 5.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.83 and the average family size was 3.31.  The median age in the city was 32.2 years. 30.2% of residents were under the age of 18; 6.6% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 37.2% were from 25 to 44; 19.2% were from 45 to 64; and 6.8% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48.8% male and 51.2% female.

2000 census.

At the 2000 census, there were 20,568 people, 7,540 households and 5,360 families living in the city. The population density was 761.7 per square mile (294.1/km2). There were 7,805 housing units at an average density of 289.0 per square mile (111.6/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 91.61% White, 1.33% African American, 0.94% Native American, 2.41% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 2.14% from other races, and 1.54% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.40% of the population.  There were 7,540 households of which 38.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58.2% were married couples living together, 8.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.9% were non-families. 21.0% of all households were made up of individuals and 5.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.66 and the average family size was 3.12.  27.5% of the population were under the age of 18, 8.9% from 18 to 24, 38.8% from 25 to 44, 17.5% from 45 to 64, and 7.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 32 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.6 males.  The median household income was $59,137 and the median family income was $66,885 (these figures had risen to $72,523 and $83,235 respectively in a 2007 estimate). Males had a median income of $41,662 versus $32,244 for females. The per capita income for the city was $25,128. About 1.8% of families and 3.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 3.6% of those under age 18 and 4.4% of those age 65 or over.

Education.

Shakopee Public Schools (ISD 720) include five elementary schools, two middle schools and one senior high school, as well as a learning center. The schools are:  District Leadership  ISD 720 Board of Education:  Students in ninth through twelfth grade attend Shakopee High School. Students in sixth through eighth attend either Shakopee West or East Middle School and Students in K-5 attend one of the 5 elementary schools, in addition to this, there is also a learning center serving as a high school for troubled teens and, a Family Center for Early childhood education and preschool. Shakopee is also the location of the Shakopee Area Catholic Schools.  Living Hope Lutheran School is a Christian Pre-K-8 school of the Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod in Shakopee.  The city of Shakopee also has a campus of the Globe University/Minnesota School of Business, a private career college offering programs in business, health sciences, legal sciences, multimedia and design, and information technology.

Politics.

United States House of Representatives State Legislature  Scott County Board of Commissioners  Shakopee City Council

Recreation.

Located in Shakopee is a relatively new soccer complex that has a growing program. There are also several regional attractions (see below).

Attractions.

Shakopee is the location of several attractions that are well-recognized throughout the state and even nationally.

Shakopee ( ) is a city in and the county seat of Scott County, Minnesota. It is located southwest of downtown Minneapolis. Sited on the south bank bend of the Minnesota River, Shakopee and nearby suburbs comprise the southwest portion of Minneapolis-Saint Paul, the sixteenth-largest metropolitan area in the United States, with 3.6 million people. The population of Shakopee was 37,076 at the 2010 census.

Shakopee ist eine Stadt in Minnesota, USA mit 29.335 Einwohnern (Stand 2005). Sie ist Verwaltungssitz des Scott County. Heute zählt sie zu den am schnellsten wachsenden Städten in Minnesota.


Signs and symptoms.

The changes in fibrocystic breast disease are characterised by the appearance of fibrous tissue and a lumpy, cobblestone texture in the breasts. These lumps are smooth with defined edges, and are usually free-moving in regard to adjacent structures. The lumps can sometimes be obscured by irregularities in the breast that are associated with the condition. The lumps are most often found in the upper, outer sections of the breast (nearest to the armpit), but can be found throughout the breast. Women with fibrocystic changes may experience a persistent or intermittent breast aching or breast tenderness related to periodic swelling. Breasts and nipples may be tender or itchy.  Symptoms follow a periodic trend tied closely to the menstrual cycle. Symptoms tend to peak in the days and, in severe cases, weeks before each period and decrease afterwards. At peak, breasts may feel full, heavy, swollen, and tender to the touch. No complications related to breastfeeding have been found.

Pathophysiology.

The exact mechanism of the condition is not fully understood, though it is known to be tied to hormone levels, as the condition usually subsides after menopause and is also related to the menstrual cycle. Post-menopausal women placed on hormone replacement therapy have also reported symptoms of fibrocystic breast change indicating hormones may play a role.  Fibrocystic breast changes is a cumulative process, caused partly by the normal hormonal variation during a woman's monthly cycle. The most important of these hormones are estrogen, progesterone and prolactin.  These hormones directly affect the breast tissues by causing cells to grow and multiply. Many other hormones such as TSH, insulin, growth hormone and growth factors such as TGF-beta exert direct and indirect effects amplifying or regulating cell growth. Years of such fluctuations eventually produce small cysts and/or areas of dense or fibrotic tissue. Multiple small cysts and an increasing level of breast pain commonly develop when a woman hits her 30s. Larger cysts usually do not occur until after the age of 35. Over time, presumably driven by aberrant growth signals, such lesions may accumulate epigenetic, genetic and karyotypic changes such as modified expression of hormone receptors and loss of heterozygosity.  Several variants of fibrocystic breast changes may be distinguished and these may have different causes and genetic predispositions. Adenosis involves abnormal count and density of lobular units, while other lesions appear to stem mainly from ductal epithelial origins.  There is preliminary evidence that iodine deficiency contributes to fibrocystic breast changes by enhancing the sensitivity of breast tissue to estrogen.

Diagnosis.

Diagnosis is mostly done based on symptoms after exclusion of breast cancer. Nipple fluid aspiration can be used to classify cyst type (and to some extent improve breast cancer risk prediction) but it is rarely used in practice. Biopsy or fine needle aspiration are rarely warranted.  Fibrocystic breast disease is primarily diagnosed based on the symptoms, clinical breast exam and on a physical exam. During this examination, the doctor checks for unusual areas in the breasts, both visually and manually. Also, the lymph nodes in the axilla area and lower neck are examined. A complete and accurate medical history is also helpful in diagnosing this condition. If the patient's medical history and physical exam findings are consistent with normal breast changes, no additional tests are considered but otherwise the patient will be asked to return a few weeks later for reassessment. Women may detect lumps in their breasts during self-examination as well.

Imaging.

In order to establish whether the lump is a cyst or not, several imaging tests may be performed. Mammography is usually the first imaging test to be ordered when unusual breast changes have been detected during a physical examination. A diagnostic mammography consists in a series of X-rays that provide clear images of specific areas of the breast.  Ultrasounds and MRIs are commonly performed in conjunction with mammographies as they produce clear images of the breast and clearly distinguish between fluid-filled breast cysts and solid masses. The ultrasound and MRI exams can better evaluate dense tissue of the breast; hence it is often undergone by young patients, under 30 years old.

Biopsy.

The breast biopsy is usually the test used to confirm the suspected diagnosing. After imaging tests have been performed and have revealed unusual areas or lumps in the breast, a breast biopsy will be ordered. This test consists in removing a sample of breast tissue which is then looked at under a microscope. The specialist analyzing the tissue sample will be able to conclude if the breast changes are benign or malignant or whether breast fibrocystic disease is present.  There are four main types of breast biopsies that may be performed. A fine-needle aspiration biopsy is usually ordered when the doctor is almost certain that the lump is a cyst. This test is generally performed in conjunction with an ultrasound which is helpful in guiding the needle into a small or hard to find lump. The procedure is painless and it consists in inserting a thin needle into the breast tissue while the lump is palpated.  The core-needle biopsy is normally performed under local anesthesia and in a physician's office. The needle used in this procedure is slightly larger than the one used for a fine-needle biopsy because the procedure is intended to remove a small cylinder of tissue that will be sent to the laboratory for further examination.  A newer type of breast biopsy is the stereotactic biopsy that relies on a three-dimensional X-ray to guide the needle biopsy of non-palpable mass. The biopsy is performed in a similar manner, by using a needle to remove tissue sample but locating the specific area of the breast is done by X-raying the breast by two different angles. Surgical biopsy is a procedure performed to remove the entire lump or a part of it for laboratory analyzing. It may be painful and is done under local anesthesia.

Treatment.

Most women with fibrocystic changes and no symptoms do not need treatment, but closer follow-up may be advised.  There is no widely accepted treatment or prevention strategy for fibrocystic condition. When treatment of symptoms is necessary it follows the same strategies as treatment for cyclical breast pain.  It is controversial whether benign breast conditions improve or worsen with oral contraceptives or hormone replacement therapy.  A few small-scale studies have indicated that the fibrocystic condition may be improved by dietary changes (especially by a reduced intake of caffeine and related methylxanthines or by a reduced intake of salt) and by vitamin supplements.  Tentative evidence shown beneficial effects of iodine supplementation in women with fibrocystic breast changes.

Prognosis.

There are usually no adverse side effects to this condition. In almost all cases it subsides after menopause. A possible complication arises through the fact that cancerous tumors may be more difficult to detect in women with fibrocystic changes.

Breast cancer risk.

Breast cancer risk is elevated for defined fraction of lesions. Except for people with a strong family history of breast cancer, where the risk is two-fold, nonproliferative lesions have no increased risk. Proliferative lesions also have approximately a 2-fold risk. In particular, atypical hyperplasia is associated with an increased risk of developing breast cancer. Atypical lobular hyperplasia is associated with the greatest risk, approximately 5-fold and especially high relative risk of developing premenopausal breast cancer. Atypical ductal hyperplasia is associated with 2.4-fold risk. In contrast, a New England Journal of Medicine article states that for women with a strong familial history of breast cancer, the risk of future breast cancer is roughly doubled, independent of histological status. The article further states "The relative risk of breast cancer for the cohort was 1.56 (95 percent confidence interval, 1.45 to 1.68), and this increased risk persisted for at least 25 years after biopsy. The relative risk associated with atypia was 4.24 (95 percent confidence interval, 3.26 to 5.41), as compared with a relative risk of 1.88 (95 percent confidence interval, 1.66 to 2.12) for proliferative changes without atypia and of 1.27 (95 percent confidence interval, 1.15 to 1.41) for nonproliferative lesions. The strength of the family history of breast cancer, available for 4808 women, was a risk factor that was independent of histologic findings. No increased risk was found among women with no family history and nonproliferative findings. In the first 10 years after the initial biopsy, an excess of cancers occurred in the same breast, especially in women with atypia."  It is not well understood whether the lesions are precursors of breast cancer or only indication of increased risk, for most types of lesions the chance of developing breast cancer is nearly the same in the affected and unaffected breast (side) indicating only coincidence of risk factors. For atypical lobular hyperplasia there is high incidence of ipsilateral breast cancers indicating a possible direct carcinogenetic link.

Epidemiology.

The estimated figures for the prevalence of fibrocystic breast changes in women over lifetime vary widely in the literature, with estimates ranging from about 30 to 60 % over about 50 to 60 % to about 60 to 75% of all women.  The condition is most common among women between 30 and 50 years of age.

Terminology.

In ICD-10 the condition is called "diffuse cystic mastopathy", or, if there is epithelial proliferation, "fibrosclerosis of breast". Other names for this condition include "chronic cystic mastitis", "fibrocystic mastopathy" and "mammary dysplasia". The condition has also been named after several people (see eponyms below). Since it is a very common disorder, some authors have argued that it should not be termed a "disease", whereas others feel that it meets the criteria for a disease. It is not a classic form of mastitis (breast inflammation).

Eponyms.

This entity has historically also been termed "Bloodgood’s disease", "Cooper's disease" (after Sir Astley Paston Cooper, 1st baronet), "Phocas' disease", "Reclus’ disease" and "Reclus’ syndrome" (after Paul Reclus), "Reclus-Schimmelbusch disease", "Schimmelbusch disease" and "Tillaux-Phocas disease".

Fibrocystic breast changes is a condition of the breasts where there may be pain, breast cysts, and breast masses. The breasts may be described as "lumpy" or "doughy". Symptoms may worsen during certain parts of the menstrual cycle. It is not associated with cancer. Risk factors include an early age at first menstrual period and either having children late or not having children. It is not a disease but represents normal breast changes. Diagnosis typically involves ruling out breast cancer. Fibrocystic change includes fibroadenomas, fibrosis, and papillomas of the breast. Management may involve education about the condition, a well fitting bra, and pain medication. Occasionally danazol or tamoxifen may be used for pain. It is estimated that up to 60% of women are affected. Women between the ages of 30 and 50 are most commonly affected.

Unter dem Begriff Mastopathie wird eine Vielzahl proliferativer oder degenerativer Umbauprozesse des Brustdrüsen-Parenchyms verstanden, die meist durch hormonelle Dysbalancen zwischen Östrogenen und Progesteron verursacht sind. Betroffen sind vor allem Frauen zwischen 30 und 50 Jahren. Nach Sektionsstatistiken über die Häufigkeit von mastopathischen Veränderungen liegen in ca. 50 % der untersuchten Mammae, im 8. Dezennium sogar bei über 80 % Veränderungen im Sinne einer Mastopathie vor. Die Übergänge zwischen altersphysiologischen und „echten“ mastopathischen Veränderungen können fließend sein und bereiten oft Probleme in der histopathologischen Diagnostik. (Remmele, Pathologie, Band 4, S. 185)


Background.

Natives of Philadelphia, the sisters: Debra Elaine "Debbie" Sledge (born July 9, 1954), Joan Elise "Joni" Sledge (September 13, 1956 – March 10, 2017), Kim Sledge (born August 21, 1957), and Kathy Sledge (born January 6, 1959) are the daughters of Broadway tap dancer Edwin Sledge (1923–1996) and actress Florez Sledge (née Williams; 1928–2007) The sisters were given vocal training by their grandmother Viola Williams, a former lyric soprano opera singer and protégé of civil rights leader Mary McLeod Bethune. Under Viola’s guidance, they regularly sang at their family church, Williams Temple Christian Methodist Episcopal until forming a band and performing at charity and political events throughout Philadelphia, aptly named Mrs Williams’ Grandchildren. The sisters graduated from Olney High School: Debbie in 1972, Joni in 1974, Kim in 1975, and Kathy in 1977. By the end of the decade, all four sisters graduated from Temple University in Philadelphia.

Career.

Early career.

The group toured much of the East Coast, including New York, New Jersey, and home town Philadelphia with Florez acting as their manager (and tour bus driver) and Debbie as musical director. They released their first single "Time Will Tell" in 1971 on local music label Money Back. In 1973, they released the single "Mama Never Told Me", which became a top-20 hit in the UK in 1975, but with the Patrick Grant and Gwen Guthrie single "Love Don’t Go Through No Changes On Me" (released in 1974), the siblings enjoyed their first success. The song was a big hit in Japan, and as a result, the girls were flown to the country to perform at the Tokyo Music Festival, where they won the Silver Prize. The sisters also performed at the Zaire 74 concert in Africa alongside James Brown during the Rumble in the Jungle boxing event.  Sister Sledge’s first album, "Circle of Love", was released by ATCO (a subsidiary of Atlantic Records) in 1975, and included songs written by Gwen Guthrie and Gwen's then-boyfriend, studio bassist Patrick Grant, who later changed his name to Haras Fyre. The group enjoyed some success in Europe, and as a result, the album "Together" was recorded in Germany in 1977. Released through the Cotillion label, another Atlantic subsidiary, the album produced a minor hit with the single "Blockbuster Boy" reaching number 61 on the US R&B chart.

International breakthrough.

At something of a crossroads in their careers, the future seemed a little uncertain for the group, but Atlantic Records connected them with producers Nile Rodgers and Bernard Edwards of the band Chic, and the situation changed. After some initial challenges to working collaboratively, the breakthrough album "We Are Family" was recorded and released by Cotillion on January 22, 1979. The lead single "He’s the Greatest Dancer" charted at number one R&B and was a number-nine crossover hit. In 1979, the record's anthemic title track "We Are Family" followed and became a worldwide smash charting at number two pop and number one R&B. The song and group were nominated for a Grammy Award and "We Are Family" was adopted as the official anthem for the Pittsburgh Pirates, who went on to win the World Series that year. Sister Sledge was duly invited to perform the national anthem at the opening game in front of 45,000 fans.  The album was certified platinum by the RIAA and produced two more classic disco singles, "Lost in Music" and "Thinking of You". Around this time, Debbie Sledge went on maternity leave and the eldest sister, Carol, filled in for her. They were named "Billboard" Best New Artists. In 1980, their follow-up album "Love Somebody Today" (also written and produced by Nile Rodgers and Bernard Edwards) was released. The lead single "Love Somebody Today" scored moderately well, charting at number six on the R&B and number 64 on the pop charts. An extensive three-year live tour began and the quartet performed sold-out shows all over the world.  In 1981, Sister Sledge worked with Narada Michael Walden, who produced their fifth studio album, "All American Girls". The project was intended as a collaboration, but the resulting album is generally attributed to Narada Michael Walden. The title track became a number-three R&B hit, but the following singles "Next Time You'll Know" and "If You Really Want Me" did only moderate business. As a tribute to the late Bob Marley, a reggae-influenced mix of the album's fourth release "He's Just a Runaway" was recorded at Radio City Music Hall in New York. The girls self-produced their next record "The Sisters" in 1982. The album spawned the number-14 R&B and number-23 pop hit "My Guy" (a cover of the Mary Wells classic). The group subsequently appeared on the March 1984 episode of "The Jeffersons" entitled "My Guy, George", in which they performed the song.

Continued European success.

The album "Bet Cha Say That to All the Girls" was released in 1983, the lead single from which featured American Jazz singer Al Jarreau. The group experienced renewed success in 1984, when Atlantic Records belatedly released "Thinking of You" followed by a Nile Rodgers remix of "Lost in Music" in the UK, the latter peaking at number four. The following year, they released their seventh studio album "When the Boys Meet the Girls" and continued success in the UK. Released by Atlantic Records, lead single "Frankie" hit the top spot on the UK Singles Chart, spending four weeks at number one.  In 1989, Kathy pursued a solo career, while still active with Sister Sledge for certain shows. Debbie, Joni, and Kim continued to perform as Sister Sledge and in 1992 collaborated with Jean-Paul "Bluey" Maunick from UK acid jazz group Incognito on the single "World Rise and Shine". The song featured on their greatest-hits album "And Now...Sledge...Again". The single reached number one in Italy and resulted in the trio hosting their own TV show there. The group (including Kathy) experienced a resurgence of success in the UK the following year when the Sure as Pure remix of "We Are Family" was released and peaked at number five, followed by remixes of "Lost in Music" (number 14) and "Thinking of You" (number 17). A greatest-hits album, "The Very Best of Sister Sledge 1973–93", was also released. In 1996, after witnessing a shooting in LA, Joni Sledge wrote the protest song "Brother, Brother Stop" that was recorded by the trio and featured on a new greatest-hits CD. In 1997, Joni produced the group's eighth studio album, "African Eyes", that garnered critical acclaim and was nominated for a Grammy as best-produced CD.

2000–present.

In December 2000, Sister Sledge (Kathy, Debbie, Joni, and Kim) performed at the White House for the President and First Lady at the final Christmas party of the Clinton administration. The following year, in the aftermath of 9/11, all four sisters re-recorded "We Are Family" as a benefit record with a host of other artists, including Diana Ross and Patti Labelle. Debbie, Joni, and Kim produced solo material during this period before being reunited in the studio to record the album "Style" in 2003. Due to legal difficulties, the project officially remains unreleased. Kim, an ordained minister, took some time out from the group, but soon joined Kathy and Joni on various international shows. Joni and Debbie continued to tour (with various guest artists, including Debbie's daughter Camille Sledge, completing a trio), and in 2005 performed on the famous pyramid stage at the Glastonbury Music Festival in the UK. In 2011, Kathy reached out to her sisters and brought them back together for an appearance on the "Women Who Rock" episode of Oprah Winfrey's talk show. In the summer of 2012, Sister Sledge added Tanya Tiet to their lineup.  In 2014, Sister Sledge (Debbie, Joni, and Tanya) headlined at the Tramlines Festival in Sheffield, UK along with hip-hop icons, Public Enemy, and collaborated with Scottish electronic producer The Revenge, recording the track "Stay a While" in London. With Kim rejoining in 2015, all three sisters performed at a large-scale charity benefit in London for Save the Children and were invited to perform for Pope Francis along with Aretha Franklin and Andrea Bocelli at the World Festival of Families in Philadelphia; the latter performance – at Eakins Oval Stage on September 26, 2015 – was covered by the world's media and went viral due to crowds of nuns in the audience dancing to "We Are Family" (Debbie did not participate in this performance). Debbie, Joni, and Kim soon thereafter launched the brand concept, Nothing is Greater Than Love. Joni Sledge, born September 13, 1956, died of natural causes at her home in Phoenix, Arizona, on Friday, March 10, 2017. She was 60 years old. Following Joni's death, Debbie and Kim announced that they will continue to perform as Sister Sledge.

Sister Sledge is an American musical vocal group from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Formed in 1971, the group consisted of sisters Debbie, Joni, Kim, and Kathy Sledge. The siblings achieved international success at the height of the disco era. In 1979, they released their breakthrough album "We Are Family", which peaked at number three on the "Billboard" 200 and included the 1979 US top-10 singles "He's the Greatest Dancer" and "We Are Family". A third single, "Lost in Music", reached the US top 40. "We Are Family" earned a Grammy Award nomination for Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal.

Sister Sledge ist ein amerikanisches Soul- und Funk-Gesangsduo aus Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Berühmt wurde Sister Sledge zunächst als Quartett, bestehend aus den Schwestern Kim, Debbie, Joni und Kathy, die als Lead-Sängerin die Gruppe für eine Solo-Karriere bereits 1989 verließ. Joni verstarb im März 2017.


Plot.

In Iraq, John Triton, a U.S. Marine arrives at an al-Qaeda hideout, where a group of terrorists are preparing to behead several hostages. Disregarding direct orders to wait for reinforcements, Triton attacks the extremists and rescues the hostages. The next morning, his colonel informs Triton that he is being honorably discharged for disobeying direct orders.  Now retired, Triton finds it hard to settle back into normal life. He is fired from his job as a security guard for using excessive force on an employee's ex-boyfriend and his bodyguards. Triton's wife Kate decides the two need a vacation to help Triton adjust to his new life. Meanwhile, criminal Rome robs a jewelry store with his gang: girlfriend Angela, Morgan, Vescera, and Bennett. Rome is in collusion with an anonymous partner, with whom he is planning on sharing the profits from the diamonds. On the run, the gang stops at a gas station where Triton and Kate have stopped. When two policemen arrive to buy gas, Morgan shoots and kills one of the officers, causing Rome to shoot the other officer while Angela kills the gas station attendant. When Triton reacts to Kate being kidnapped, Bennett knocks him out. Triton regains consciousness and gives chase in the policemen's car. The chase leads to a lake, where Triton falls out of the patrol car and into the lake, seemingly to his death.  Rome and his gang walk through a swamp to avoid the police. Kate tries to escape several times. Triton emerges from the lake to find Detective Van Buren, who is pursuing the gang. Van Buren denies Triton permission to pursue the gang, but Triton heads into the swamp anyway. After an altercation between Morgan and Vescera, Rome decides to kill Vescera. Rome gets a call from his anonymous partner, and Rome tells him that he intends to cut the partner out of the deal.  The gang arrives at a lodge and decide to rest there for the time being. Meanwhile, Triton is kidnapped by two fugitives who believe he is a police officer looking for them. He subdues them and tracks the gang to the lodge. He kills Morgan and Bennett then drags the bodies under the lodge, where he again meets Detective Van Buren.  Kate rushes out of the lodge, but Angela attacks and recaptures her. Meanwhile, Triton enters the lodge and finds himself face-to-face with Rome and his gun. Van Buren enters the room but points his gun at Triton, revealing himself to be the anonymous partner. Rome opens fire on Triton, who uses Van Buren as a human shield, killing him. Rome makes his escape and joins up with Angela and Kate before firing at a gasoline tank and blowing up the lodge. Triton makes a narrow escape, having been blown into the swamp.  Rome escapes in Van Buren's car, but abandons it due to a police tracking device. Angela seduces then kills a truck driver for his truck. Triton is arrested by a marine patrol officer, but steals the officer's vessel after handcuffing him. He races to the marina that is Rome's destination, jumping on Rome's truck, throwing Angela into the windshield of an oncoming bus, killing her and spilling the diamonds. Rome scrapes Triton off the truck by driving into the side of a building, careening through a warehouse, then leaps out just before the truck crashes into a lake. Triton then stumbles out, leaving Rome in the fiery warehouse, then rescues Kate, who is drowning in the truck. A badly-burned Rome returns and tries to choke Triton with a chain. Triton kills Rome by breaking his neck with the chain. The final scene depicts Triton and Kate kissing as the police arrive.

Production.

"The Marine" was originally written with Al Pacino in mind for the part of criminal Rome, with Stone Cold Steve Austin as hero Triton. After Austin and WWE parted ways in 2004, Randy Orton was set to be the main character. Orton turned down the role because of his bad conduct discharge from the Marines in the late 1990s, and was replaced by John Cena. Al Pacino turned down the role of Rome due to the low salary offered. After Pacino turned it down, Ray Liotta was considered for the role of Rome, but Robert Patrick got the part instead.  Principal photography for the film was actually shot and completed in 2004. In order to cover for John Cena's absence from WWE events, a storyline was written after Carlito beat Cena for the WWE United States Championship, saying that he was stabbed by Carlito's bodyguard Jesús and was taking time off to recover.  Filming was done at Movie World Studios in Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia. The Marine Base was filmed at Bond University. The part in which skyscrapers are shown is the downtown area of Brisbane, Australia. Other footage was shot in bush land surrounding Brisbane. The opening segment of the downtown scenes was filmed in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. Cena was approached by Vince McMahon to do the movie which he accepted for outside fame. On making the movie he said "I enjoyed the business plan, I didn't enjoy the experience".

Release.

Originally planned for a January or February 2006 release, it was later moved to Spring 2006, then September 8 (which was changed because former professional wrestler The Rock's "Gridiron Gang" was released September 15). It was released to theaters on October 13, 2006.

Box office.

In its first weekend, the film made approximately $7.1 million at the United States box office. In its first weekend, it placed #6 domestically. After a total of ten weeks in theaters, the film grossed $18.8 million domestically.  "The Marine" was at one time noted as being WWE Studios's most successful film, beating out its predecessor "See No Evil", starring Kane, and its successor "The Condemned", starring Stone Cold Steve Austin.  It would later be surpassed by "The Call", starring Halle Berry and WWE wrestler David Otunga.

Critical response.

The film received mostly negative reviews, holding a 20% rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 46 reviews (with an average rating of 4 out of 10), with the site's general consensus stating "Overblown in every possible way, "The Marine" is either so bad it's good or just really, really bad."

Home media.

The film was released on DVD on January 30, 2007. It is available in "Rated" and "Unrated" versions. The Blu-ray version was released on February 13, 2007, with a DTS-HD Lossless Master Audio 5.1 track and a 1080p HD transfer. The Region 2 DVD was released in the UK on May 7, 2007.  "The Marine" was the number one most rented DVD in its first week of release. By March 2007, it had made over $24 million in home sales and rental. Overall, the film made $30 million in rentals in the first twelve weeks.

Sequels.

The film has spawned five direct-to-video sequels:  The last four sequels have starred professional wrestler Mike "The Miz" Mizanin in the role of Jake Carter.

The Marine is a 2006 American action comedy film directed by John Bonito, and starring professional wrestler John Cena in his first film acting role. It was executive produced by Vince McMahon through the film production division of WWE, called WWE Studios, and distributed in the United States by 20th Century Fox. The screenplay was written by Alan B. McElroy and Michelle Gallagher.

The Marine ist ein US-amerikanischer Actionfilm aus dem Jahr 2006, in dem der Wrestler John Cena die Hauptrolle spielt. Der Film wurde von WWE Studios und 20th Century Fox produziert, kostete 15 Millionen Euro und spielte in der ersten Woche 7 Millionen Euro ein. Der Film lief am 13. Oktober 2006 in den Vereinigten Staaten und am 26. April 2007 in den deutschen Kinos an. Von der MPAA wurde beantragt, den Film als PG-13 einzustufen.


History.

Politehnica University of Bucharest is the largest technical university in Romania. Its traditions are connected to the founding of the first higher technical school in Wallachia, in 1818, by Gheorghe Lazăr. Born in Avrig, Transylvania, Gheorghe Lazăr studied in Sibiu, Cluj and Vienna. In 1817–1818 he endeavored to convince the local noblemen of the need for supporting a modern technical school in Romania. Thus, on 24 March 1818, by a princely edict of Ioan Caragea, the premises of Saint Sava Abbey were converted into the new school, "Școala Tehnică Superioară pentru Ingineri Hotarnici" ("Technical Superior School for Surveying Engineers").  In 1832 the school was reorganized, including four cycles, in accordance with the provisions of Organic Regulation. Among other faculties, the one dealing with exact sciences included courses such as applied trigonometry, geodesy, mineralogy, engineering graphics, descriptive geometry, mechanical elements applied to ordinary machines, principles of building roads and bridges, elements of architecture, etc. The graduates were obliged either to work for three years for the state, or to return the grant received. In 1862, the ruler of the United Principalities, Alexandru Ioan Cuza, had established by another Princely Decree a set of rules for the organisation of civil engineers, the hierarchy of engineers or conductors, their salaries, the conditions for admission and promotion, were clearly defined.  An important figure in the "School of Bridges, Roads and Mines" was Gheorghe Duca. As early as 1887, he analysed the content of courses, finding the weaknesses of the school, as well as the best solutions to improve its academic level. In those times, a substantial condition was the severity imposed on the conduct of students, in addition to evaluation. Students obtaining insufficient results, or having an erratic course attendance, were quickly removed from the school. Indeed, at the beginning, the preparatory year had no admission tests.  Starting with 1881, an admission test was introduced; the top priority was the quality of candidates, the number of the selected ones being less important. Gheorghe Duca tried and succeeded to bring the best professors to the “National School of Bridges and Roads”; among these were David Emmanuel (Elementary Mathematics), Spiru Haret (Higher Algebra and Analytical Geometry), C. M. Mironescu (Statistics and Engineering Graphics), Constantin Istrati (Physics), or Anghel Saligny (Bridges and Roads). Moreover, Gheorghe Duca himself was considered the greatest authority in railways at the end of the 19th century. This was perhaps a turning moment, when it was clearly demonstrated that Romania was capable of achieving on its own what had been deemed likely to be obtained only abroad, namely the training of highly qualified science and engineering specialists.  The year 1890 also represented a momentous point, when at the National School of Bridges and Roads a new commission was set up. Its main role was to issue equivalency certificates for the engineering diplomas obtained abroad, thus transforming this national school into a model for evaluating higher technical studies.  Nicolae Vasilescu-Karpen was appointed director of the School in February 1920. As a direct result of his endeavors, the government approved the establishment of Polytechnic Schools in Romania, conceived as higher education institutions, similar to universities, having as their final aim engineering training under the Ministry of Public Works. The Polytechnic School was set up by transforming the "National School of Bridges and Roads" into the "Polytechnic School of Bucharest". In its initial stage it consisted of four sections:  In this period, in addition to the Polytechnic School, there were Institutes for Engineers within Universities. For instance, the University of Bucharest hosted an institute for electrical engineering, an institute for industrial chemistry and another one for agricultural and food chemistry. Another important cornerstone was the decree 3799 of 1938 stating that higher education could be provided only by universities, Polytechnic Schools, or Academies for Commercial Studies. As a direct result, the Academy of Higher Agricultural Studies, The Academy of Architecture, The Institute of Industrial Chemistry and Agricultural and Food Chemistry, respectively, were introduced in the framework of "Bucharest Politehnica". The change of name from "Polytechnic School of Bucharest" into "Politehnica Carol II of Bucharest" was accompanied by other changes as well. Thus, Politehnica depended on the Ministry of National Education (instead of the Ministry for Public Works), the former director became Rector of Politehnica, the different sections became Faculties, their presidents in turn, became Deans etc. Between 1938 and 1948 Politehnica of Bucharest had seven faculties: Civil Engineering, Electro-mechanics, Metallurgy, Industrial Chemistry, Silviculture, Agronomy, and Architecture. Another important transformation took place in 1948, when several Politehnica or even specialities became independent, or even moved to other cities. Some of the new universities, institutes or faculties had their roots in the old "Politehnica of Bucharest". Thus, the following establishments, were initially faculties or departments at "Politehnica" of Bucharest: Technical University of Civil Engineering of Bucharest; Ion Mincu University of Architecture and Urbanism; University of Agronomic Sciences; Faculty of Forestry - Transilvania University of Brașov; School of Mines - Petroșani; Oil & Gas University of Ploieşti; Faculty for Food Chemistry - University of Galați; Faculty for Textile Industry - Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Iași. In 1948-1992, the name of the school was "The Polytechnic Institute of Bucharest". For some years it was called "Institutul Politehnic 'Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej' București". Based on a resolution of the Senate (November 1992), the Polytechnic Institute of Bucharest turned into University Politehnica of Bucharest.

Ranking.

According to the Scimago Lab, based on data collected between 2007 and 2011, Politehnica University of Bucharest ranked 546 in the World, 15 regionally and number one in the country by number of publications.  At the 29th annual ACM International Collegiate Programming Contest, held at Shanghai Jiao Tong University, on April 6, 2005, Politehnica student team ranked 10th.

Faculties.

The university is structured into faculties. The faculties are distinct academic entities, each having its own admission criteria, largely distinct staff and limited interaction. However, there are a number of commonalities: all the faculties provide only engineering degrees, there is a largely common curricula that is observed in the first year of studies, there are shared teaching facilities and shared student facilities. Currently there are fifteen faculties. :

Notes and references.

The university organizes important conferences such as International Conference on Control Systems and Computer Science and symposiums like Interdisciplinary Approaches in Fractal Analysis.

Politehnica University of Bucharest () is a technical university in Bucharest, Romania. It was founded in 1818 as "Academic School for Philosophy, Mathematical Sciences and Surveying Engineers". Later the technical superior school was renamed few times, in 1864 as "School of Bridges and Roads, Mines and Architecture" (based on the older technical school of Gheorghe Lazăr, from 1818), and the name "Politehnica" was introduced in 1920 when the university was renamed "Polytechnic School of Bucharest". Politehnica University is classified by the Ministry of Education as an "advanced research and education university". Teaching is conducted in Romanian and at the Faculty of Engineering in Foreign Languages teaching is conducted in one of the languages: English, French, and German.

Die Polytechnische Universität Bukarest (rumänisch: "Universitatea Politehnica din București") geht auf eine Polytechnische Schule aus dem Jahr 1864 zurück und ist seit 1818 die bedeutendste technische Universität in ganz Rumänien. Es gibt 13 Fakultäten mit 15.000 Studenten und über 4.000 wissenschaftlichen Mitarbeitern. Rektor der Universität ist Ecaterina Andronescu.


History.

Birthday cakes have been a part of birthday celebrations in Western European countries since the middle of the 19th century. However, the link between cakes and birthday celebrations may date back to ancient Roman times.  In classical Roman culture, 'cakes' were occasionally served at special birthdays and at weddings. These were flat circles made from flour and nuts, leavened with yeast, and sweetened with honey.  In the 15th century, bakeries in Germany began to market one-layer cakes for customers' birthdays in addition to cakes for weddings. During the 17th century, the birthday cake took on its contemporary form. These elaborate 17th century cakes had many aspects of the contemporary birthday cake, like multiple layers, icing, and decorations. However, these cakes were only available to the very wealthy. Birthday cakes became accessible to the lower class as a result of the industrial revolution and the spread of more materials and goods.

Contemporary rites.

The cake, pastry, or dessert is served to a person on their birthday. In contemporary Western cultures, the cake is topped with one or more lit candles, which the celebrated individual attempts to blow out.  There is no standard for birthday cakes, though the "Happy Birthday" song is often sung while the cake is served in English-speaking countries, or an equivalent birthday song in the appropriate language of the country. The phrase "happy birthday" did not appear on birthday cakes until the song "Happy Birthday to You" was popularized in the early 1900s. Variations of birthday songs and rituals exist in different parts of the world. In Uruguay, party guests touch the person's shoulder or head following the singing of "Happy Birthday to You". In Ecuador, the person whose birthday it is will take a large bite of the birthday cake before it is served. In Peru, guests used to sing "Happy Birthday to You" first in English with the name of the individual whose birthday it is, then in Spanish, later they sing any other song in Spanish regarding cake or date, finally blowing candles and serving the cake.  The birthday cake is often decorated with small candles, secured with special holders or simply pressed down into the cake. The cake can also be served with other sweets such as ice cream. In the UK, North America and Australia, the number of candles is equal to the age of the individual whose birthday it is, sometimes with one extra for luck. Traditionally, the person whose birthday it is makes a wish, which is thought to come true if all the candles are extinguished in a single breath.  To represent a sharing of joy and a sense of togetherness, the cake is shared amongst all the guests attending the party.

Candles and theories of origin.

In many cultures the person whose birthday is being celebrated is invited to make a wish, and blow out candles. Though the exact origin and significance of this ritual is unknown, there are multiple theories which try to explain this tradition.

Greek origin story.

One theory explaining the tradition of placing candles on birthday cakes is attributed to the early Greeks, who used candles to honor the goddess Artemis' birth on the sixth day of every lunar month. The link between her oversight of fertility and the birthday tradition of candles on cakes, however, has not been established.

Pagan origin story.

The use of fire in certain rites dates back to the creation of altars. Birthday candles are said to hold symbolic power.  In the past it was believed that evil spirits visited people on their birthdays and that, to protect the person whose birthday it was from evil, people must surround the individual and make them merry. Party-goers made noise to scare away evil spirits.

German origin story.

In 18th century Germany, the history of candles on cakes can be traced back to Kinderfest, a birthday celebration for children. This tradition also makes use of candles and cakes. German children were taken to an auditorium-like space. There, they were free to celebrate another year in a place where Germans believed that adults protected children from the evil spirits attempting to steal their souls. In those times there was no tradition of bringing gifts to a birthday; guests would merely bring good wishes for the birthday person. However, if a guest did bring gifts it was considered to be a good sign for the person whose birthday it was. Later, flowers became quite popular as a birthday gift.

Swiss origin story.

A reference to the tradition of blowing out the candles was documented in Switzerland in 1881. Researchers for the "Folk-Lore Journal" recorded various "superstitions" among the Swiss middle class. One statement depicted a birthday cake as having lighted candles which correspond to each year of life. These candles were required to be blown out, individually, by the person who is being celebrated.

Bacteriology.

In June 2017 researchers at Clemson University reported that some individuals deposit a large number of bacteria on the cake.

Birthday cakes in different cultures.

There are many variations of sweets which are eaten around the world on birthdays. The Chinese birthday pastry is the shòu bāo (壽包, simp. 寿包) or shòu táo bāo (壽桃包, simp. 寿桃包), a lotus-paste-filled bun made of wheat flour and shaped and colored to resemble a peach. Rather than serving one large pastry, each guest is served their own small shou bao. In Western Russia, birthday children are served fruit pies with a birthday greeting carved into the crusts. The Swedish birthday cake is made like a pound cake that is often topped with marzipan and decorated with the national flag. Dutch birthday pastries are fruit tarts topped with whipped cream. In India there are very few people who use birth celebration in villages, but in cities and towns, birthday cakes are used similarly as in western countries, especially among people with higher education.

A birthday cake is a cake eaten as part of a birthday celebration. Birthday cakes are often layer cakes with frosting served with small lit candles on top representing the celebrant's age. Variations include cupcakes, cake pops, pastries, and tarts. The cake is often decorated with birthday wishes ("Happy birthday") and the celebrant's name.

Der Geburtstagskuchen ist seit Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts fester Bestandteil der Kindergeburtstage in der westlichen Kultur. Heute ist der Geburtstagskuchen überwiegend als Napf-, Form- und Topfkuchen oder als Torte in ganz Deutschland gebräuchlich. In Thüringen ist er zudem als Aschkuchen und in Süddeutschland als Gugelhupf bekannt. Häufig ist er ein ganz normaler Kuchen (zum Beispiel Erdbeerkuchen), den es auch zu anderen Festen geben könnte, es existieren aber auch besonders dekorierte Geburtstagskuchen, die etwa eine Kerze in der Mitte haben. Besonders im angloamerikanischen Kulturkreis gibt es aufwändig zurechtgemachte Kuchen, die beispielsweise mit dem Namen des Kindes dekoriert sind oder mit so vielen Kerzen, wie das Geburtstagskind Jahre alt wird. Die brennenden Kerzen werden nach dem Überreichen des Geburtstagskuchens an das Geburtstagskind von diesen möglichst auf einmal ausgepustet. Das soll Glück bringen. Solche Kuchen sind in Deutschland nicht weit verbreitet, werden aber oft als „typischer Geburtstagskuchen“ angesehen. Ein Geburtstagskuchen ist nicht zwangsläufig überall vorhanden: Vor allem bei größeren Partys wird anstelle des großen Kuchens auch kleineres Gebäck, z. B. Muffins, oder gar nichts Süßes gereicht.


Geography and geology.

The steep-sided, glacier-clad Nevado del Tolima volcano contrasts with the broad profile of Nevado del Ruiz to the north. The andesitic-dacitic younger Tolima formed during the past 40,000 years, rising above and largely obscuring a wide Late Pleistocene caldera. The summit consists of a cluster of Late Pleistocene to Holocene lava domes that were associated with thick block-lava flows on the northern and eastern flanks, and extensive pyroclastic-flow deposits. The summit contains a funnel-shaped crater deep. Holocene activity has included explosive eruptions ranging in size from moderate to plinian. The last major eruption took place about 3600 years ago. Lava dome growth has produced block and ash flows that traveled primarily to the northeast and southeast.

Hydrology.

The snow-capped Nevado del Tolima, with its almost symmetrical structure, has a radial drainage pattern in the upper part. The residual glacier on the top of the mountain feeds the rivers Totare, San Romualdo, Toche and Combeima. The latter is the main water source of the municipality of Ibagué. All these currents drain into the eastern slope of the Cordillera Central, directly into the Magdalena River.

Los Nevados National Park.

The Nevado del Tolima is located within the Los Nevados National Natural Park, In addition to the Nevado del Tolima, seven other volcanoes are located in the park: Nevado del Ruiz, Santa Isabel, Nevado del Quindío, Paramillo de Santa Rosa, Cerro Bravo, Cerro Machín and Nevado El Cisne.  The park spans and stretches across the departments of Caldas, Quindío, Risaralda, Tolima. The park is administratively part of the municipalities Villamaría, Santa Rosa de Cabal, Pereira, Salento, and Ibagué.

Eruptive history.

Holocene activity has included explosive eruptions ranging in size from moderate to plinian. The last major eruption took place about 3600 years ago. Lava dome growth has produced block and ash flows that traveled primarily to the NE and SE. Minor explosive eruptions have been recorded from Tolima in the 19th and 20th centuries.

The Nevado del Tolima is a Late Pleistocene to recently active andesitic stratovolcano located in the Tolima department, Colombia. The volcano lies south of Nevado del Ruiz volcano and is situated within the Los Nevados National Natural Park. The volcano, whose most recent activity dates to 1943 and last major eruption around 3600 years ago, overlies the Eocene El Bosque Batholith, dated at 49.1 ± 1.7 Ma.

Der Nevado del Tolima (,, ), benannt nach dem gleichnamigen Departamento, ist neben dem Nevado del Ruiz und dem Nevado de Santa Isabel einer der drei großen Vulkane im kolumbianischen Nationalpark Parque Nacional Natural Los Nevados in der Zentralkordillere, auf dem Gebiet der Gemeinden Ibagué und Anzoátegui im Departamento Tolima gelegen.


History.

The term "Scout Group" was used for an organizational structure as early as 1914 by a competing Scout organization to The Boy Scouts Association in the United Kingdom.  The Boy Scouts Association adopted the term Scout Group in 1928 for Boy Scout Troops, Wolf Cub Packs and/or Rover Crews that were linked together under a Group Scoutmaster. Previously, The Boy Scouts Association had registered Boy Scout Troops, Wolf Cub Packs and Rover Crews separately even where they were operated by the same committee, school, church or other organization. Many Scout Groups had already effectively existed but were not formalized by The Boy Scouts Association. At The Boy Scouts Association's Bournemouth Conference of April 1927, John Frederick Colquhoun presented a paper titled 'The position of Rover leaders' which resulted in discussion on co-ordination (i.e. who was in charge) between Wolf Cubmasters, Scoutmasters and Rover leaders that led to the establishment of the Scout Group organizational structure and new rank of Group Scoutmaster from 1 January 1928.

United Kingdom.

In The Scout Association of the United Kingdom, Scout Groups can have any number of Beaver Scout Colonies, Cub Scout Packs and Scout Troops, depending on the numbers of young people and leaders available. A Scout Group can also include a Scout Active Support Unit, and an Explorer Scout Unit may be attached to a Group, although the Explorer Unit remains under the control of the district rather than the group. Scout Groups in the United Kingdom are numbered according to their formation, although not all groups follow this rule. Initially, The Scout Association reserved registration numbers for troops or Groups not attached to a church, so a Scout Group attached to a church may have been registered as 7th Gloucestershire even though it was the first formed in the location. Sometimes, Scout Groups adopt new names (for example, the 1st Whitley Scout Group became the 43rd Reading (1st Whitley) Scout Group) as District boundaries are moved and reformed. When a Scout Group is registered, a Certificate of Registration is issued by Scout Headquarters, confirming the group's registration name which may differ from its own name. Groups may also register as Sea Scout Groups or Air Scout Groups.  A Scout Group is led by a Group Scout Leader (GSL) whose responsibility is to ensure that the leaders of the different sections work together facilitating progress from one section to another by the young people in the group. The GSL is also responsible for ensuring that the other leaders in the group take part in leader training. Scout Groups are managed by an executive committee, with a chairman, secretary and treasurer. They support a uniformed Group Scout Leader, and support the activities and events organised by the section leaders within the group. The executive committee is elected annually by the Group Scout Council, a gathering of the parents, adult leaders and representatives of the young people of the group.  Scout Groups can form relationships with local organisations, such as local churches, temples, schools or the YMCA. Typically, this involves agreements to support certain events in exchange for the use of a building or some financial payment. These Groups are described as Sponsored Scout Groups and must arrange a Sponsorship Agreement with the organisation that sponsors them and with the district commissioner. Groups without this type of affiliation are described as Open Scout Groups. Joint Scout and Guide Groups are supported by The Scout Association and Girlguiding; in these Groups, typically Scout and Guide sections share the same meeting place, equipment, funding and Executive Committee. A Scout Group meet in a school or church hall, or may be the owners of a Scout headquarters building.  The situation is similar in the Baden-Powell Scouts' Association, where the Scout Group is led by a Group Scout Master (GSM). Within the B-PSA the group is responsible for local provision through the entire age range.

Australia.

The situation in Scouts Australia is broadly the same as in the United Kingdom, though the leader in charge is known as the Group Leader, or, if there is no Group Leader, Leader-in-Charge, an experienced Leader nominated to liaise between the group and the Scouting bureaucracy.  Venturer units can be group- or district-based, depending on the numbers in the district at the time. Rover Crews can be associated with a group or stand alone. In most branches, groups are part of a district, which is part of a Scout Region, although this does vary from state to state.  Groups aim to have at least one Joey Scout Mob, Cub Scout Pack, Scout Troop, Venturer Unit, and an associated Rover Crew, although there are no limits to the number of each a single group may run, providing they have youth members and Leaders to populate it.  Sponsored groups also exist, which are joint ventures between Scouts Australia and another body such as schools or churches. Sponsored groups deliver a slightly altered program in conjunction with their parent bodies.

Italy.

Scouting and Guiding in Italy is very fragmented. There are two World Organization of the Scout Movement and World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts recognized Scout and Guide associations (which together form Federazione Italiana dello Scautismo).

AGESCI.

In Associazione Guide e Scouts Cattolici Italiani (AGESCI), the Italian Catholic Guides and Scouts association, the group structure is very important. A typical Scout group is composed of a pack, a troop and a Rover crew. Sometimes, some of these units might be duplicated.  Each Scout group has a "Comunità capi" (leader's community) where all adult leaders belong. It meets quite often (sometimes weekly) to plan all educational activities in the Scout group. Its work is driven by a three-year plan. This plan ("Progetto Educativo di Gruppo") gives a common thread to the programme of all units, ensuring a common focus across all age ranges.

CNGEI.

In Corpo Nazionale Giovani Esploratori ed Esploratrici Italiani (CNGEI) each Scout group can only include at most one pack, a troop and a rover crew. All the Scout groups in the same town compose a "section". Adults are registered at the section level instead of the group level.

A Scout Group is a local organizational structure in some Scouting organizations that consists of different age programs, gender units and/or multiple units of the same age program.

Der Stamm bei Pfadfindern in Deutschland und Südtirol bezeichnet die Organisationseinheit, in der Gruppen aller Altersstufen eines Ortes zusammengeschlossen sind.


First generation (SM, 2000–2006).

2001.

In its first year in production, the Santa Fe was offered with one of two engine and transmission combinations. In North America, a fuel-efficient 2.4 L four-cylinder engine was standard equipment and could be mated with either a 5-speed manual or a 4-speed automatic. A Delta V6 offered more power than the four-cylinder but was only available with the automatic. Front wheel drive was standard (with traction control optional with the V6) and 4WD was optional. A 2.0 L Common Rail Turbo Diesel (CRTD) was offered outside the United States. Australian Santa Fes went on sale in November 2000 with only one engine/transmission choice – a 2.7L V6 mated to a four-speed automatic transmission. 4WD was standard. A cheaper 2.4L four-cylinder joined the range several months later in 2001, but was only available with a manual transmission.

2002.

The Santa Fe entered its second year with only one minor change involving the placement of the V6 emblem to a higher location on the tailgate. In Feb 2002, the center dash vents and buttons were restyled. The clock was relocated to the center dash from its prior location in the overhead map light assembly, which was also restyled. Demand for the Santa Fe continued to be up but owners had several suggested changes for Hyundai.  Mid-2002  In a rare mid-year model change, Hyundai increased fuel tank capacity from and a sunroof option was added in May 2002. At the same time, chrome interior door handles replaced matte gray handles and a chrome shifter gate on automatic equipped models replaced matte silver gate trim. Few models also received a factory alarm confirmation chirp feature when locked twice via remote, but was rarely equipped until the 2003 model began production.

2003.

In 2003, Hyundai responded to some of the customer complaints and suggestions such as the fact that the hood used a prop and not gas struts, there was no light in the glove compartment, and the car itself did not have enough power. In 2003, Hyundai introduced the 3.5-liter V6 in addition to the other two gas engines in North America. The bigger engine came with a computer-controlled four-wheel drive system. A Monsoon high-performance sound system came standard on the mid-level GLS model and came with a 6-disc CD changer on the top-tier LX. Rounding out the changes in the 2003 model was the discontinuation of the highly unpopular Pine Green which in some owner circles has gained the nickname 'Yucky Green'. In Australia, the four-cylinder Santa Fe was dropped in 2003, due to slow sales, leaving the 2.7L V6 automatic as the only model.

2004.

Hyundai continued to post sales records with the Santa Fe as it rolled into 2004 with very minor changes. The manual climate controls on the base GL and mid-line GLS were revised very slightly. The remote keyless entry confirmation 'chirp' when the 'LOCK' button on the remote was pressed twice became standard.  Mid-2004  Midway through the year the AM/FM antenna was moved from on the glass in the rear driver's side window to a three-inch (76 mm) rubber antenna in the center of the roof just above the tailgate.

2005.

The Santa Fe received its final facelift for 2005. Changes were made to the grille, taillights, rear bumper, interior instrument cluster. The instrument cluster was redesigned with the speedometer now reading 140 mph (earlier models only indicated 130 mph) and a better-designed toll ticket slot in the driver's sun visor. Both sun visors also received extensions so the sun could be blocked out better when coming in from the side. The base Santa Fe was discontinued that time, making way for the Tucson.  In Australia, all models received body-colored (painted) bumpers from 2005 on. The color 'Sandstone' was discontinued in favor of a slightly different color named 'Mocha Frost'. The GL trim was dropped as was the four-cylinder engine and its respective 5-speed manual transmission. The 2.7 L V6 took over duties as the base engine. A passenger airbag cutoff that prevents the airbag from deploying if the seat is unoccupied (or occupied by a small person) was also added. A 3-point seatbelt was added to the center rear seating position, as well. The calendar function, housed in the overhead console was removed and a compass took its place.

2006.

The last year of this Santa Fe saw few changes. Two colors were discontinued for 2006, Merlot and Canyon Red. A rare color, Dark Emerald Green, was introduced mid-year. It did not appear in any sales brochures and could have only been ordered by a dealership. The LX trim level was renamed 'Limited' and got a corresponding tailgate badge, a first for the Santa Fe of any trim level. Another first was the availability of a monochromatic paint scheme, a departure from the contrasting gray cladding previously standard. The monochromatic option was only available on the Limited in black. In total, these options ran $1900, pushing the Santa Fe's total asking price to nearly $30,000.  In Europe, the new Santa Fe model was launched in April as a 2006 model, offering a new 2.2-liter diesel-powered engine and updated 2.7-liter gasoline-powered V6.

Hawtai.

Part of a joint venture with Hyundai Motors that began in 2002, a Chinese company, Hawtai Motor, manufactured the first-generation Santa Fe. While it did make Hyundai-branded models for sale on the Chinese market, one of the versions it debuted under its own brand name in 2009 was the Santa Fe C9. Utilizing a Rover-acquired engine, it may have been priced at a significant discount to those bearing the Hyundai name.  Hyundai ended its partnership with Hawtai in 2010 and production ended in 2015.

Second generation (CM, 2006–2012).

2007.

The next-generation 2007 Santa Fe debuted at the 2006 North American International Auto Show in Detroit. The first production Santa Fe rolled off Hyundai's Montgomery, Alabama assembly line on April 18, 2006. It shares this assembly line with the current generation Hyundai Sonata. The new generation sheds the old style's quirky design in favor of a more contemporary look.  In the United States, the new generation is offered in GLS, SE, and Limited versions. The new Santa Fe sees the return of a manual transmission, but only when mated with the V6. The V6 (a retuned version of the same engine found in the Sonata) is standard on the SE and Limited and comes only with a 5-speed automatic. Both 2WD and AWD models with a 3.3 L have a fuel economy of city and highway. The 2.2l diesel engine (not available in the US) with has mixed cycle of 7.2l and a city cycle of 8.0l. The 4WD is a Borg-Warner Torque Management device, which diverts power to the wheels with best grip according to the amount of slip. If the front wheels spin slightly, 10% of the torque will transfer to the rear axle. If the front wheels start to slip a lot, 50% of the torque will transfer to the rear axle. Body lean in turns, a problem with the previous generation, has been reduced in the new Santa Fe. Both road and wind noise have also been reduced.  Newly standard on the latest iteration of the Santa Fe are all the safety features the previous model lacked or charged as extra. Electronic Stability Control (ESC), side-curtain airbags for all seating rows, a tire pressure monitor, active front head restraints, and anti-lock brakes are all standard. A heated windshield wiper grid located in the front wipers' 'park' position helps to thaw ice buildup on the blades in colder climates. Some features like the tailgate flip glass and the lower body cladding were not integrated into the new model.  The interior has been upgraded as well with blue-lit dashboard controls (unlike the green color used in other Hyundai models), a gated shifter pattern, illuminated cup holders, and higher quality leather on Limited models. The rear seat head restraints caused visibility problems in the previous model due to their size. The new style features'shingled' head rests that when lowered completely, sit flush with the top of the seat, helping to maximize rear visibility. The middle rear seating position now comes with its own head restraint and a three-point seat belt built in. LATCH child seat anchors are also standard, and an optional 50/50 third row seat allows Santa Fe to seat seven passengers.  Pricing remained competitive despite the upward move in size and feature content.  In Malaysia, Hyundai Santa Fe is available as a Complete knock down model rebadged as Inokom Santa Fe. The Inokom Santa Fe is only available in CRDi 2.2-liter I4 Diesel and 2.7-liter V6.

2008.

For 2008, only minor changes were applied to the Santa Fe. A navigation system made by LG was offered and the Infinity sound system and the power glass sunroof were made standard on Limited models. The non-metallic white paint trim was dropped, leaving the pearl white as the only white color available on the Santa Fe.

2009.

2009 saw only minor changes for the Santa Fe. The 16" wheels on the base GLS model (USA specification) were dropped and replaced with black steel wheels and plastic covers. Additionally, the GLS received black plastic mirrors as opposed to the body-colored mirrors of the higher-tier SE and Limited models. This cut in equipment was rumored to be a countermeasure to offset the price increase of offering an iPod plug-in for the stereo system. Because of the black mirrors and wheel covers, the additional cost of the iPod adapter was negated, leaving the base price of the vehicle unchanged.  The Santa Fe topped the “20 least expensive 2009 vehicles to insure” list by Insure.com. According to research, the Santa Fe is the least expensive vehicle to insure. Low rates tend to reflect a vehicle's safety.  December 2009 a more economical ‘R’ series piezo electric injector-equipped 2.2-litre turbo-diesel four-cylinder producing 145 kW of power (up 27 per cent) at 3800rpm and 436Nm of torque at 1800rpm (421Nm for the manual).

2010.

A mid-cycle refresh designed in Germany for the Santa Fe was implemented for the 2010 model year. The grille now includes horizontal and vertical gridded bars as opposed to the horizontal two-bar grille on previous models, and grilles are now body-colored instead of black. New rear taillights include all-red taillight covers with extensive chrome outlay, and new 5 split-spoke alloy wheels have replaced the previous 5- and 6-spoke wheels. All Santa Fe's now include standard Bluetooth hands-free phone connectivity and steering wheel audio controls, new darker wood trim, and metallic steering wheel inlay. Gauges have been designed with a new lettering and numbering 'font' and backlight design. A new touch-screen navigation system with rear back-up camera was now available. Finally, for the US market, the optional third row seat has been discontinued, leaving the larger Veracruz the only currently sold Hyundai in the United States to seat more than five persons.  Powertrain changes included a choice of the standard six-speed manual transmission or the optional six-speed automatic transmission. Engine choices include a 2.4-litre four-cylinder and a 3.5-litre V6 engine. The latter engine is also used in the Kia Sorento. Both engines generate greater power while obtaining greater fuel economy than previous engine models. Sales began in early January 2010.

2011.

Only minor changes were applied to the Santa Fe for 2011. The 1050-watt Infinity sound system became standard on Limited trim whereas it had only been previously bundled with the optional navigation system. Five new colors were added, as well, including Moonstone Silver, Frost White Pearl, Sonoran Red, Mineral Gray, and Espresso Brown.  On September 1, 2010, North American production of the Santa Fe shifted to Kia's new West Point, Georgia assembly plant for the 2011 model year. This was done to free up production capacity at the Alabama plant for the new Sonata and new Elantra. The Santa Fe fills the void left for a Kia-built Hyundai sold in the United States & Canada after Hyundai ended production of the Entourage minivan in 2009. Kia, however, is 49.2% owned by Hyundai.

2012.

The Santa Fe only received minor changes for 2012: The all-body colored grille (in North American markets) was straightened and received chrome accents while the textured strip below the headlights was changed from amber to clear. The interior received a new shift knob and downhill brake assist was added. The 2012 model will be discontinued by the end of the year, successfully ending production for the second generation.

Santa Fe Blue Hybrid.

There is a Hyundai Santa Fe Blue Hybrid that is powered by gasoline engine coupled to a electric motor. The Santa Fe blue Hybrid uses a 270 V lithium polymer battery.

Recall.

Hyundai is recalling almost 200,000 Santa Fe SUVs from 2007–2009 model years, because the front passenger airbags may not deploy in a crash due to a possible problem with the occupant classification system. The system gauges the size of a passenger and based on that whether an air bag should be deployed. A software update rectifies the issue.

Safety award.

The Second-generation Santa Fe earned "Top Safety Pick" award by the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. It also received maximum 5 star safety ratings by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). The Hyundai Santa Fe earned maximum five star safety rating from Australasian New Car Assessment Program (ANCAP).  The Second-generation Hyundai Santa Fe topped the “20 least expensive 2009 vehicles to insure” list by Insure.com.

Marketing.

Advertising Standards Bureau of Australia banned a Santa Fe TV commercial titled 'Restless' or 'Toddler' in 2007, which ASB argued that it promotes an illegal driving activity: an underaged person (a toddler) driving a car. He also picked up a hitchhiking toddler girl and both were wearing seatbelts instead of approved child restraints which also breached safety recommendations. The ad was produced by Kim Thorp and Howard Greive from Assignment Group NZ and directed by Tony Williams from Sydney Film Company, with post via Frame Set + Match, Sydney. The ad itself won the 2006 Fair Go Ad Awards in Best Ad Award category, and was also nominated in the top five in the Worst Ad category.

Third generation (DM, NC, 2012-2019).

Hyundai launched a redesign of the Santa Fe on February 14, 2012, and went on sale in June 2012 as a 2013 model. Unveiled at the 2012 New York Auto Show on April 4, the third generation Santa Fe features two wheelbase variants: shorter 5-seat Sport variant and the long-wheelbase version (called Sante Fe XL in Canada) with three rows of seats and available seating for six or seven passengers. The longer Santa Fe also receives a unique grille design, optional 19 inch alloy wheels, flush dual exhaust tips, and a body shape that accentuates the crossover's added passenger and cargo room hind-wise from the B-pillar. Both models feature the new "Storm Edge" design prototype, eventually to launch on all other models, and feature refreshed Santa Fe unibody crossover platform, akin to most of today's SUVs.  The 2013 Santa Fe Sport models arrives with an all four-cylinder engine lineup. The CUV's standard engine is a 2.4 L developing, with a 2.0 L turbo four on offer. Front-wheel drive is standard, with all-wheel drive being optional. The Santa Fe Sport has Hyundai's Torque Vectoring Cornering Control feature for upgraded drive performance. Both engines shift through a six-speed automatic transmission (already found in the Azera sedan), returning up to for the naturally aspirated model and for the Santa Fe Sport 2.0T model. The long-wheelbase is offered in North America exclusively with a 3.3 L, V6 engine, whose numbers were not beaten by a same-class vehicle so far.  The 2013 Santa Fe Sport went on sale in September 2012 for the North American market. The long-wheelbase variant would follow suit in November 2012 and went on sale in early 2013 after the Veracruz ended production. The Korean-spec Santa Fe was launched in Asia since April 19, 2012, in short wheel base form with 7-seater capacity. Available engine types are a 2.0L E-VGT R-Line and 2.2L E-VGT R-Line diesel engines.  In March 2013, the Santa Fe long-wheelbase variant was available in South Korea as the Maxcruz.

Trim levels.

As per Hyundai's website, the Hyundai Santa Fe and Santa Fe Sport are available in multiple trim levels:  The Santa Fe Sport is available in one basic trim level, but with two engines, and multiple packages that add many features. Basic equipment includes alloy wheels, an A/M-F/M stereo with CD/MP3 player, iPod/USB and auxiliary audio inputs, SiriusXM Satellite Radio, Bluetooth for phone and audio, voice command, six (6) speakers, cloth seating surfaces, and more. Features such as an upgraded sound system with upgraded touch-screen radio, a full, GPS navigational system, and leather-trimmed seating surfaces can be added to the basic Santa Fe Sport so that buyers can choose their ideal vehicle. Engine choices are either a 2.4L Gasoline Direct-Injection (GDi) Inline Four-Cylinder (I4) engine, or a 2.0L Turbocharged Inline Four-Cylinder (I4) engine, offered as the 2.4 and 2.0T trim levels, respectively.  The Santa Fe is available in two distinct trim levels: the SE (Formerly called the GLS until the 2016 model year), and the Limited. The SE includes alloy wheels, an A/M-F/M stereo with CD/MP3 player, iPod/USB and auxiliary audio inputs, SiriusXM Satellite Radio, Bluetooth for phone and audio, voice command, six (6) speakers, cloth seating surfaces, and more. Features such as an upgraded sound system with upgraded touch-screen radio, a full, GPS navigational system, and leather-trimmed seating surfaces can be added to the Santa Fe SE to further enhance this trim level. The Limited adds those features that are optional on the SE, while adding larger alloy wheels and wood interior trim. The Santa Fe is only available with the 3.3L V6 engine.

2014 changes.

For the 2014 model year, blind spot monitoring became available on all trims, and Technology Package added rear parking assistance, cooled front seats, and memory front seats. Rear window sunshades were added to the Premium Package.

2017 model year update.

For the 2017 model, both the LWB Santa Fe and Santa Fe Sport has received a facelift with restyled headlights and taillights. In the domestic Korean market, this facelifted model was named "Santa Fe The Prime".

Marketing.

As part of the Super Bowl XLVII campaign, 3 TV commercials developed by INNOCEAN USA were premiered during Super Bowl XLVII:

Fourth generation (TM, 2018–present).

On February 21, 2018, Hyundai introduced the fourth-generation Santa Fe in South Korea, followed by the Geneva Motor Show in March. The fourth-generation Santa Fe is a two-row SUV which succeeds the previous Santa Fe Sport model. The new Santa Fe arrived in North American dealerships starting in the summer of 2018 as a 2019 model.  The previous three-row, long-wheelbase Santa Fe continues into model year 2019 rebranded as the Santa Fe XL. Its replacement, the Palisade, debuted in 2018 as a 2020 model.  A diesel fuel version of the Santa Fe was made available in the United States for the 2019 model year. In Europe, three engines are offered: a 2-litre diesel (152 or 180 hp), a 2.2-litre diesel (197 hp) and a 2.4 litre petrol engine (185 hp). The engines will be offered with 6- or 8-speed automatic transmissions.

Facelift (2020).

On June 3, 2020, Hyundai Motor Company revealed the facelifted 2020 Santa Fe for the 2021 model year. The facelifted Santa Fe is built on a newer platform, and is heavily redesigned. The facelift model was launched just 2 years after the pre–facelift Santa Fe was launched.. The Santa Fe features "T–shaped" LED lights that merge into a newer and wider "Cascading" grille. The rear has also been revised, with a long LED strip running across the width of the car, similar to that seen on the 7th Generation Hyundai Elantra. Wider wheel arches have been built to accommodate the larger 20 inch wheels.  The car has a redesigned center stack with a bigger "push button gear selector" as well as a new drive mode selector. It also has a 10.25 inch touchscreen and the driver has a 12.3 inch digital gauge cluster.

Chinese market version.

The Chinese market fourth generation Hyundai Santa Fe was introduced in 2019 (called "Shengda" (胜达) in Chinese), featuring a restyled rear end similar to the eighth generation Hyundai Sonata. The Chinese version is shorter than the international version, while featuring a longer wheelbase.

The Hyundai Santa Fe ( "hyeondae santape") is a sport utility vehicle (SUV) produced by the South Korean manufacturer Hyundai since 2000. It is named after the city of Santa Fe, New Mexico, and was introduced for the 2001 model year as Hyundai's first SUV, released at the same time as the Ford Escape and Pontiac Aztek. The Santa Fe was a milestone in the company's restructuring program of the late 1990s because the SUV was a hit with American buyers. The SUV was so popular that at times, Hyundai had trouble supplying the demand. The Santa Fe quickly became Hyundai's best seller and contributed to Hyundai's success in the United States. Between 2006 and 2012, the Santa Fe fell between the slightly smaller compact crossover Tucson and the larger, yet related luxury crossover SUV Veracruz.

Der Hyundai Santa Fe ist ein Sport Utility Vehicle des südkoreanischen Herstellers Hyundai, das seit Herbst 2000 hergestellt wird. Es verfügt über Front- und wahlweise Allradantrieb und war im Hyundai-Konzern bei seinem Erscheinen zwischen dem Hyundai Tucson und dem größeren Geländewagen Terracan platziert, zwischen Tucson und Veracruz (2006–2012) in den USA bzw. dem ix55 (2009–2011) in Europa.