History.

The decision to construct a new stadium in Saransk had been made before Russia's bid to host the FIFA World Cup was approved. The Arena was to be built between 2010 and 2012 and commissioned in time for two events: Spartakiad and celebration of the Millennium of the Unity Between the Mordovian People and the Peoples of the Russian State. Sport-Engineering is the stadium’s developer. On 2 November 2017, the field in the stadium received its first mowing. The stadium hosted its first match on 21 April 2018.  At the end of 2017, the new stadium in Saransk took its final appearance intended by the design. The finished steel skeleton of the arena was covered with finishing panels, serving as the key design feature of the construction. The surrounding ground was improved, the indoor premises were finished and elevators were installed. The construction of the stadium made it possible to solve a number of large-scale urban planning problems for the provincial city: a new park has been laid out, the embankment of the Insar River has been developed, and the residential area has been linked to the city center. The area was improved with a space for recreation, public festivities and leisure activities.

Location.

The stadium is located in the central part of Saransk, on the eastern bank of the Insar River. The stadium can be accessed by car and public transportation, special shuttle buses from the airport, railway station and hotels and from pick up parking points. The key hotels, fan area, and sightseeing attractions are also located within a minimum distance from the arena. It is bordered in the north in Volgogradskaya street and in the east in Yubileniy micro district () which was constructed in the second decade of the 21st century, alongside with the construction of the stadium. The stadium is located in the central part of Saransk, on the eastern bank of the Insar River. The area where the stadium stands was in the past part of the village Posop which was incorporated to the city in 1958. The territory around the stadium was occupied by low-density traditional wooden housing. A birch grove and a gas station were demolished at the end of August 2010. A gas station, an auto repair center as well as 14 residential wooden houses were demolished with almost all of whose residents have received compensation for land and new apartments, in order to make place for the stadium.

By car.

The central district of Saransk, the place of the key sightseeing attractions, is a square limited by the streets Staroposadskaya, Botevgradskaya, Polezhaeva/Vasenko, Serova, and Alexandra Nevskogo. Volgogradskaya Street connects the city center with the eastern part of the city, starting from the intersection of Kommunisticheskaya and Serova Streets and crossing the Insar River. Mordovia Arena is located immediately across the river. The route Veselovskogo Street – Kovalenko Street – Yugo-Zapadnoye Highway runs north to south through the western districts of the city (from Lyambirskoye Highway to Osipenko Street). Lenina Avenue connects the city center with the northern part of Saransk, first changing into Alexandrovskoye, and then to Lyambirskoye Highway. Intersecting them, Severny Bypass runs around Saransk in the north, starting at the intersection of P-180 and P-158 highways. It then changes into Vostochny Bypass that connects Saransk to the airport. Osipenko Street runs from the center to the southern boundary of Saransk. The route connecting the city to the airport follows Alexandra Nevskogo Street – Sevastopolskaya Street – Krasnaya Street through the exit after the junction with Vostochny Bypass. Street parking in Saransk is free of charge. Parking on sidewalks, public transport stops, and at special traffic signs is prohibited.

Design.

In the bid to host 2018 World Cup submitted to FIFA, Saransk's new stadium was shown with a temporary design by German architect (copied from the Soccer City Stadium in South Africa, which hosted the opening and closing ceremonies, and final match of the 2010 FIFA World Cup) Tim Hupe. For the final look of the stadium a local company ""Saransk Grazhdan Proekt"" was chosen. The simple bowl-shaped venue is to have acid orange seats and capacity for 44,442 people, but only in tournament mode. After the 2018 World Cup the upper stands are to be dismantled, decreasing capacity to 28,000. Between the stands left and the roof a promenade with retail and leisure spaces is to be created. The oval stadium will have a two-story basement and five floors. The stadium's turf is being imported from Canada and there will be 37 km of undersoil heating as well as overground heaters.

Engineering.

The stadium has a high two-story stylobate covered with a bowl that is protected by the shell forming a canopy over the spectator seats. The main, western façade of the stadium faces the city central part and the embankment of the Insar River. The stadium shell is composed of brightly colored perforated and solid metal panels. To ensure a good view, the distance from the center of the football field to the spectator seats is no more than 90 m.  The stands are divided into 4 sectors and subsectors and include a VIP box and a presidential box. Each sector has separate entrances, emergency exits, food outlets, first-aid stations and toilets, including facilities for people with disabilities. The stands have seats for spectators with limited mobility using wheelchairs and for their accompanying persons, as well as seats for people with hearing impairment, with information boards and video displays in their immediate line of sight.  The stadium has a specially designated sector for guest team fans with separate entrances, food outlets, first-aid stations, and toilets. The design envisages a separate family sector with playrooms nearby. The stadium has a media box, press conference room, mixed zone for players communication with media, TV and radio broadcasting studios. In the future, the stadium is expected to serve as Saransk and Mordovia's largest sports and leisure center.

Construction.

Construction of the final fifth floor began in December 2015.  The walls and roof are made from a single shell of perforated metal panels in solar colours. These are supposed to represent warmth and hospitality. The galvanised roof base is made from profiled sheets that will have insulation and membrane coating laid over the top.  Construction on the stadium was completed in April 2018.

Services for fans.

The following services are available to fans visiting the stadium: In addition, the Arena is equipped with lifts, ramps and turnstiles for spectators with limited mobility. A separate sector of the Arena is specially made accessible for people with disabilities.

Accessibility for spectators with disabilities.

The 2018 FIFA World Cup offers tickets intended to accommodate people with disabilities, people with limited mobility, and plus-sized persons. These tickets are categorized as Special Access Tickets and are available in four categories:

Safety and security.

By the opening of the 2018 FIFA World Cup, the stadium will be equipped with alarm and public alert systems, metal detectors, indicators of hazardous liquids and explosives, and it will be serviced by 30 24-hour security posts.

Rules of conduct.

When attending matches, spectators are advised to remember:

2018 FIFA World Cup.

The stadium hosted four group stage matches of the 2018 FIFA World Cup. A test match was scheduled for 21 April 2018.

Mordovia Arena () is a football stadium in Saransk, Mordovia, Russia built for the 2018 FIFA World Cup. It also hosts FC Mordovia Saransk of the Russian Professional Football League, replacing Start Stadium. It has a capacity of 44,442 spectators. The total area of the facility is 122,700 sq m.

Die Mordwinien-Arena () ist ein Fußballstadion in der russischen Stadt Saransk, Republik Mordwinien. In der Anlage wurden vier Spiele der Fußball-Weltmeisterschaft 2018 ausgetragen. Die Fußballarena ist außerdem die neue Heimat vom Fußballclub Mordowija Saransk. Die Gesamtfläche des Baus umfasst 122.700 Quadratmeter. Die Arena befindet sich im Stadtzentrum und liegt fußläufig von den wichtigsten Einrichtungen der städtischen Infrastruktur. Die Grundlage für das Erscheinungsbild des Stadions war die Sonne – das wichtigste Symbol der alten Mythen und Legenden des mordwinischen Volkes. Nach der Weltmeisterschaft ist geplant, das Stadion in das größte in Saransk und Mordwiniens Sport-, Kultur- und Freizeitzentrum umzuwandeln.


Early life and education.

Rakhshan Banietemad was born into a middle-class family. While her parents wanted her to pursue a career in teaching, she demonstrated an interest in film from a young age. As a teenager, she decided to study film. She received her Bachelor of Arts degree in film studies from the Dramatic Arts University in Tehran.

Career.

Shortly after completing her degree, Banietemad began working for the Iranian television network IRIB (Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting), where she began directing television documentary features. Her films are steeped in the social and economic problems of Iran.  Banietemad did not receive immediate praise upon entering the film industry. Her early feature films were met by harsh criticism. However, she finally earned critical and popular success in 1991 with her film "Nargess". She received the Best Director Award from the Fajr Film Festival, marking the first time in the history of the festival that a woman was awarded the Best Director prize. Since then, she has received numerous awards for her films, including a Bronze Leopard Award for "The Blue-Veiled" at the 1995 Locarno Film Festival.  While Banietemad's feature films have been acclaimed and honored worldwide, her documentaries have also been successful and popular internationally. "Our Times..." (2002) was the first documentary ever released in movie theatres in Iran. It was also screened in highly prestigious and prominent festivals and TV channels such as IDFA, Sundance Film Festival and ARTE.  Making documentaries have been her main way of connecting with the society and social issues. Indeed, the realistic aspects and the authentic feel of her feature films stems from her documentary style to life and social matters. Her approach in making documentaries and in depicting the social issues has been so strong and effective that her works have always resulted in causing change in the lives of her documentaries' subjects. Her documentaries center on issues of poverty, criminality, divorce, polygamy, social norms, cultural taboos, women's oppression, and cultural expectations.  With her 2002 film "Our Times", Banietemad became the first female filmmaker to explicitly confront the Iran-Iraq war, placing her in an important role in Iranian film history. She has been known to challenge censorship codes to the very edge.  Banietemad has an interest and an attraction to strong female characters dealing with social issues. In her more recent films, she features female characters from lower classes and incomes who are struggling to make a living. She highlights the strength and resilience of Iranian women as the hope for the future of the country. According to the filmmaker, despite the legal and cultural barriers and the economic hardships for lower income women, their strong nature is the admirable quality about women in Iran. In addition, her films focus on the complex relationships between mothers and their children. This stems from her own experience as a mother in Iran, but also from the Iranian woman's inability to tackle her life without considering her maternal role — a reality that is deeply ingrained in the Iranian patriarchal structure.  Despite the predominance of strong female protagonists in her work, Banietemad is not to be associated with feminist filmmaking. In fact, Banietemad has explicitly rejected the label often applied to her by Western film festivals as a "feminist filmmaker." She is more concerned in the universal struggle of society’s lower rungs, regardless of gender. She does not identify with the label due to the implications of the word "feminist," which in Iran has a more negative connotation than in America. According to Banietemad, as long as the understanding of the term remains in Iran, she will disassociate with the label.  In conjunction with her documentary approach to fictional film, Banietemad's signature style consists of films that deal with social issues specific to Iran yet still maintain broad international appeal. She is recognized for reflecting the struggles of Iran's lower classes, the plight of single women and single mothers in Iran, and complicated family relationships. She often examines the duality of human nature in familial and work spaces. To accommodate documentary conventions, her characters directly address the camera.  Her film "Tales" was selected to compete for the Golden Lion at the 71st Venice International Film Festival.

Legacy.

With a collection of films that combine absolute honesty with extraordinary subtlety, Banietemad offers an analysis of the current cultural pressures shaping Iranian women's lives. She is widely recognized among Iranian audiences and critics as one of Iran's most prominent filmmakers, and has also enjoyed international popularity.  She was awarded an honorary degree from SOAS in 2008.

Personal life.

She is the wife of Iranian film producer Jahangir Kosari. Her daughter is Iranian actress Baran Kosari, who has worked with her mother throughout most of her films. Kosari began acting from a young age, and she is now a professional actress. She has appeared in her mother's films, as well as those of other Iranian filmmakers.

Humanitarian actions.

Banietemad donated her international prize for the movie "Ghesseh-ha" to build a shelter for homeless women. She also donated some of her awards to help disadvantaged women.

Filmography.

Feature films Documentaries

Rakhshān Banietemad (; born April 3, 1954 in Tehran, Iran) is an internationally and critically acclaimed Iranian film director and screenwriter who is widely considered a premier female director and her films have been praised at international festivals as well as being popular with Iranian critics and audiences. Her title as "First Lady of Iranian Cinema" is not only a reference to her prominence as a filmmaker, but also connotes her social role of merging politics and family in her work.

Rakhshān Banie'temād (, * 3. April 1954 in Teheran, Iran) ist eine iranische Filmregisseurin und Drehbuchautorin. Ihre Filme werden auf internationalen Festivals gezeigt und mit Auszeichnungen bedacht, sodass sie als „First Lady des iranischen Kinos“ angesehen wird.


Early life.

King was born in New York City on October 31, 1886 to Thomas and Ellen King, both of whom were born in Ireland and had immigrated to the U.S. in 1883. Eleven children would be born to them, but only three were living by 1900: Charles, Nellie and Mary. Under the name of Mollie King, Mary would eventually pursue a film career between 1916 and 1924.

Theatrical career.

By 1908, King had begun acting on the Broadway stage; his first known role came in the revue "The Mimic World". In the 1910s his most frequent partner was Elizabeth Brice with whom he appeared in "The Slim Princess", "A Winsome Widow", "Watch Your Step" and "Miss 1917". King continued to appear in many major Broadway successes during the 1920s, including "George White's Scandals" (1921 edition), "Little Nellie Kelly", "Keep Kool, Hit the Deck" and "Present Arms", before turning his attention to Hollywood and the nascent genre of film musicals.

Recordings.

Between January 1911 and April 1930, Charles King made a series of commercial recordings for Victor, Columbia, and Brunswick including several of his stage and film hits. A total of 26 recordings were issued, 12 of them duets with Elizabeth Brice.

Film career.

In late 1928, like many of his musical theatre colleagues, Charles King journeyed to Hollywood to begin appearing in films. His feature-film debut, "The Broadway Melody", was an immense hit for MGM in 1929 and featured him singing the title song and "You Were Meant for Me", two significant song hits the same year. King introduced such other hits as "Orange Blossom Time" in "The Hollywood Revue of 1929" (1929) and "Happy Days Are Here Again" in "Chasing Rainbows" (1930), but could not sustain the initial momentum of his film popularity as musicals saturated the market, many failed at the box office and studios ended their contracts with musical performers. By the end of 1930, he had returned to the Broadway stage where he spent the remainder of his career.

Death.

Charles King died in London in 1944 from pneumonia, aged 57, while on a USO tour.

Charles Joseph King (October 31, 1886 – January 11, 1944) was a vaudeville and Broadway actor who also starred in several movies. He starred as the leading actor in the hit MGM movie, "The Broadway Melody" (1929), the first all-talking film to win the Academy Award for Best Picture.

Charles J. King (* 31. Oktober 1886 in New York City; † 11. Januar 1944 in London, England) war ein US-amerikanischer Theater- und Filmschauspieler sowie Sänger.


Plot.

Lockhart, an executive at a financial services firm in New York City, is sent by the board of directors to retrieve CEO Roland Pembroke, who had abruptly decided to stay at a "wellness center" in the Swiss Alps. At the spa, Lockhart is met with resistance by the staff and Dr. Heinreich Volmer in attempting to speak with Pembroke.  Lockhart leaves, but is involved in a car accident and awakens at the center – supposedly three days later – with his leg in a plaster cast. In spite of the horrendous accident, both he and the driver suffer only minor injuries. Lockhart meets a mysterious young girl named Hannah who, among others, doses herself with a mysterious fluid from small, cobalt-colored bottles.  Patient Victoria Watkins and residents of the nearby town regale a fascinated Lockhart with the history of the spa. It was built on the ruins of a castle owned 200 years ago by a baron, who desired an heir of pure blood and married his sister. Learning she was infertile, he performed hellish experiments on the peasants to find a cure. He succeeded, but after finding the carelessly buried bodies of his victims, the peasants stormed the castle and set it on fire. They captured the baron's pregnant sister and the baby was cut from her womb before she was burned. The baby was thrown into the local aquifer, but somehow survived.  Lockhart attempts to escape the center but finds no one is allowed to leave. After gifting Hannah a ballerina figurine, Lockhart bikes into town with her help, leaving her in a bar and seeking out a translator for Pembroke's German medical dossier. He learns that the people of the spa suffer from dehydration despite the water they imbibe from the aquifer. Hannah, kept at the spa her entire life, explores the bar and attracts the locals’ attention. Lockhart returns and gets into a fight with a man who was dancing with Hannah. He is rescued by Dr. Volmer, by whom the locals are curiously cowed.  Lockhart discovers the transfusion wing of the spa is a front for macabre medical experiments, and that the water from the local aquifer possesses unique properties – toxic to humans, but with life-restoring properties for the eels living in the water. The baron had devised a process to filter the water through the bodies of humans and distill it into a life-giving essence; Volmer uses the patients as filters for this process.  This "cure" is ingested by Hannah, Volmer, and his staff to gain vastly lengthened lifespans. Lockhart realizes that his leg is not broken and he is being kept prisoner. Volmer subjects Lockhart to nightmarish treatments, warping his mind until he believes he is insane. Hannah perceives this change and gives Lockhart back the ballerina figurine, breaking him out of his delirium.  Hannah has her first menstruation, and Volmer marries her. During the reception, he leads her to a secret room in the ruins of the castle and begins to sexually assault her. Lockhart confronts Volmer and realizes Volmer is the baron and Hannah is his daughter, the baby who was thrown into the well; both have been aging very slowly due to the "cure".  In the ensuing fight, Volmer's face is revealed to be a mask hiding his hideous burns. Lockhart sets Volmer and the castle on fire, but is overpowered by Volmer. Hannah saves Lockhart by killing her father, who falls into the aquifer and is eaten by the eels. Lockhart and Hannah escape on her bicycle as fire engulfs the center, and crash into a car carrying Lockhart's employers, having come to retrieve him and Pembroke. Lockhart tells his employers that Pembroke died, and is ordered into the car. Unable to abandon Hannah, he rides away with her, smiling as they finally escape the asylum.

Production.

The screenplay for "A Cure for Wellness" was written by Justin Haythe, and based on a story conceived by Haythe and Verbinski, who were both inspired by the 1924 Thomas Mann novel "The Magic Mountain". The central plot of Mann's novel also involves a sanitarium in the Swiss Alps.  The film's leads, Dane DeHaan and Mia Goth, were announced in April 2015, Jason Isaacs was added to the cast that June.  Principal photography for the film began on June 22, 2015 and took place mainly at Babelsberg Studio (co-producer) in Potsdam, Germany. Another great part of the film was shot at former royal Hohenzollern Castle, in the German municipality of Bisingen. The castle was closed to the public for filming from July 13 to July 24, 2015. Aside from Hohenzollern, parts of the film were also shot in Saxony-Anhalt and Zella-Mehlis, Germany. An abandoned hospital in Beelitz-Heilstätten, Germany, served as a location for many of the hospital interiors. The film received funds of €8.1 million, from the German Federal Film Fund (DFFF), as well as €500,000 from Medienboard Berlin-Brandenburg.  Benjamin Wallfisch composed the score for the film, with music conductor Gavin Greenaway and performed by Chamber Orchestra of London in Abbey Road Studio.  The water tank scenes took two weeks to film. DeHaan and the director communicated through an intercom, and DeHaan wore a buoyancy and body-positioning waist harness connected with wires and an oxygen tank.  The directors used a rubber drill in the scene where Dr. Brennan, the facility's dentist, drills through Mr. Lockhart's healthy tooth without anesthesia. According to DeHaan, he was genuinely nervous and his reaction was used in the filming. Verbinski stated that the scene had compositing, and DeHaan stated there was no outright CGI. DeHaan filmed the scene while wearing a dental gag and strapped to the chair.  In the car crash scene, DeHaan was placed into a harness inside a device described by Bryan Alexander of "USA Today" as being similar to a rotisserie before being tossed around. DeHaan stated that he experienced his sole filming injury there, in which his arm was dislocated from and then relocated into the socket in its shoulder.  The German actors used in the scene in which Lockhart is assaulted by elderly people had no prior experience in film acting. Alexander wrote that this scene "wasn't as torturous as it appears."

Music.

"A Cure for Wellness" was scored by Benjamin Wallfisch and recorded at Abbey Roads Studios in London. It was released by Milan Records on February 17, 2017. The soundtrack album consists of the film's score plus a stripped-down version of a Ramones song "I Wanna be Sedated" which is performed by Mirel Wagner.

Release.

The film premiered at the Alamo Drafthouse Cinema in Austin, Texas on December 10, 2016, as part of the Butt-Numb-A-Thon Film Festival. It subsequently received a theatrical release in the United States on February 17, 2017, by 20th Century Fox, after initially being slated for a September 23, 2016 release date.  In the United States, 20th Century Fox premiered a 40-second exclusive commercial during the 51st Super Bowl on February 5, 2017, which resembled a medication advertisement. An article in "Vulture" reviewed the television commercial, which noted: "This spot that aired during the Super Bowl tonight may have tricked you into thinking you were just watching a regular commercial for some terrible new medication, probably not approved by the FDA. But it turned out you were watching a trailer for a new supernatural horror film."  Two days before the film's U.S. premiere, "The New York Times" reported that 20th Century Fox had created a group of fake news sites as part of a viral marketing campaign for "A Cure for Wellness". The film trailer also gained media attention for showing a scene where Mia Goth was in a bathtub full of eels.

Reception.

Box office.

"A Cure for Wellness" grossed $8.1 million in the United States and Canada and $18.4 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $26.5 million, against a production budget of $40 million.  In the United States and Canada, the film was initially projected to gross $6–8 million from about 2,700 theaters in its opening weekend. However, after making just $300,000 from Thursday night previews and $1.5 million on its first day, weekend projections were lowered to $4 million. It ended up debuting to $4.2 million, finishing 10th at the box office.  In its third week of release the film was pulled from 97.8% of theaters (2,704 to 88) and grossed just $31,347, marking the second largest third-week theater drop in history (just ahead of the 2,659 theater decrease set by "Live by Night" two months prior).

Critical response.

"A Cure for Wellness" received mixed reviews from critics, with praise for its visuals, cinematography, performances and ambition, but criticism for its length, plot and structure. Critics have noted the film's Lovecraftian elements. On the review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 42% based on 202 reviews, with an average rating of 5.32/10. The site's critical consensus reads, ""A Cure for Wellness" boasts a surfeit of visual style, but it's wasted on a derivative and predictable story whose twists, turns, and frights have all been more effectively dealt before." On Metacritic, the film has a score of 47 out of 100, based on 40 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "C+" on an A+ to F scale.  A.O. Scott of "The New York Times" compared the film to works by Martin Scorsese and Guillermo Del Toro, adding: "It’s all in good fun, really, though two and a half hours may be more of this kind of fun than a body can stand. You might feel like you’re in the company of a manic cinephile friend breathlessly recounting his favorite movie scenes in no particular order. You admire his devotion, his taste and his scholarship, but in the end the experience is probably more satisfying for him than it is for you." Justin Chang of the "Los Angeles Times" wrote that the film's first hour "sustains a creepy, clammy tension that draws you along without quite accelerating into outright terror," but concluding: "The terrors we see in "A Cure for Wellness" are never as scary as they are beautiful, but they are never so beautiful as they are arbitrary." Andrew Lapin of National Public Radio wrote that DeHaan's "disarmingly boyish face instantly gives us the impression of someone out of his element", but felt the film was derivative and overly long.  "The New Republic"s Josephine Livingstone criticized the film's conclusion: "The poor ending is a great shame. For Verbinski calls upon a great pantheon of stories in order to talk about daddy issues, yes, but more importantly to talk about capitalism. In the movie, two strains of moneymaking compete. Financial services go up against the wellness industry in a fully binaristic duel: city versus mountaintop, suit versus white coat, aggression versus docility. Both industries exploit those they profit from, and "A Cure for Wellness" is at its best when showing how contemporary philosophies of “health and wealth” are, at base, all the same old sin." Moira Macdonald of "The Seattle Times" was critical of the film's runtime, noting: "If Verbinski could have trimmed about an hour from the film (which weighs in at a portly 146 minutes), he might have had something... [it] looks terrific — clearly money was spent on production values, which is always a pleasant surprise in a non-franchise film...And the first half of the film nicely creates a squirmy, elegant tension." Tim Holland of "TV Guide" awarded the film three out of five stars, writing:  Writing for "TheWrap", Alonso Duralde praised the film's production design but criticized its narrative, saying: "While the movie is about people who are happy to remain removed from the world, not realizing that they are involved in something truly dreadful, many viewers will be all too willing to head for the exits."

Home media.

The film was released on Blu-ray and DVD in North America by 20th Century Fox on June 6, 2017. The Blu-ray release features a deleted sequence, featurettes, and theatrical trailers as bonus materials, as well as digital and DVD copies.

A Cure for Wellness is a 2016 psychological horror film directed by Gore Verbinski and written by Justin Haythe, based on a story co-written by Haythe and Verbinski, who were both inspired by Thomas Mann's 1924 novel "The Magic Mountain". Starring Dane DeHaan, Jason Isaacs and Mia Goth, the plot follows a young executive who is sent to retrieve a colleague from a mysterious rehabilitation center in the Swiss Alps.

A Cure for Wellness (engl. für „Ein Heilmittel gegen Wellness“) ist ein deutsch-US-amerikanischer Mystery-Thriller von Gore Verbinski aus dem Jahr 2016. Der Film kam am 17. Februar 2017 in die US-amerikanischen und am 23. Februar 2017 in die deutschen Kinos. Premiere hatte er am 10. Dezember 2016 beim Butt-Numb-A-Thon Filmfestival. Das Drehbuch schrieb Justin Haythe. Der Film basiert auf einer von Verbinski und Haythe gemeinsam erdachten Geschichte.


Player movements and retirements.

The 2017 NFL League year began on March 9 at 4:00 p.m. ET. On March 7, clubs were allowed to contact and enter into contract negotiations with the agents of players who became unrestricted free agents upon the expiration of their contracts two days later. On March 9, clubs exercised options for 2017 on players who have option clauses in their contracts, submitted qualifying offers to their restricted free agents with expiring contracts and to whom desire to retain a Right of Refusal/Compensation, submitted a Minimum Salary Tender to retain exclusive negotiating rights to their players with expiring 2016 contracts and who have fewer than three accrued seasons of free agent credit, and teams were required to be under the salary cap using the "Top-51" definition (in which the 51 highest paid-players on the team's payroll must have a collected salary cap hit below the actual cap). The 2017 trading period also began the same day.

Free agency.

A total of 496 players were eligible for some form of free agency at the beginning of the free agency period. Notable players to change teams via free agency included:

Trades.

The following notable trades were made during the 2017 league year:

Draft.

The 2017 NFL Draft was held on April 27–29 in Philadelphia. The Cleveland Browns selected Myles Garrett with the first overall pick.

Officiating changes.

Alberto Riveron replaced Dean Blandino as the league's Vice President of Officiating. Blandino would then be hired by Fox Sports as a rule analyst.

Rule changes.

The following rule changes were approved for the 2017 NFL season at the owners' meeting on March 28, 2017:  The following rule changes were approved for the 2017 NFL season at the NFL Spring League meeting on May 23, 2017:  The ban on teams contacting potential coaching candidates until that candidate's team has been eliminated from the playoffs was tabled.

2017 deaths.

The following people associated with the NFL (or AFL) died in 2017.

Preseason.

Training camps for the 2017 season were held in late July through August. Teams started training camp no earlier than 15 days before the team's first scheduled preseason game.  Prior to the start of the regular season, each team played four preseason exhibition games, beginning on August 10. The preseason began on August 3, with the 2017 Pro Football Hall of Fame Game between the Dallas Cowboys (represented in the 2017 Hall of Fame Class by owner Jerry Jones) and the Arizona Cardinals (represented by quarterback Kurt Warner). It was televised nationally on NBC. The preseason schedule ended on August 31; One preseason game between the Dallas Cowboys and Houston Texans, was canceled in the aftermath of Hurricane Harvey.

Regular season.

The 2017 regular season's 256 games which were played over a 17-week schedule which began on September 7. Each of the league's 32 teams plays a 16-game schedule, with one bye week for each team. The slate also features games on Monday nights. There are games played on Thursday, including the National Football League Kickoff game in prime time on September 7 and games on Thanksgiving Day. The regular season concluded with a full slate of 16 games on Sunday, December 31, all of which were the intra–division matchups, as it has been since.  Under the NFL's current scheduling formula, each team plays the other three teams in its own division twice. In addition a team plays against all four teams in one other division from each conference. The final two games on a team's schedule are against the two teams in the team's own conference in the divisions the team was not set to play which finished the previous season in the same rank in their division (e.g. the team which finished first in its division the previous season would play each other team in its conference that also finished first in its respective division). The preset division pairings for 2017 will be as follows. Highlights of the 2017 schedule included:  The entire schedule was released on April 20, 2017.

In-season scheduling changes.

The following games were moved or canceled because of severe weather, by way of flexible scheduling, or for other reasons:

Postseason.

The 2017 playoffs began on January 6–7, 2018 with the Wild Card playoff round. The four winners of these playoff games visited the top two seeded teams in each conference in the Divisional round games played on January 13–14. The winners of those games advanced the Conference championship games was held on January 21. The two Conference champions advanced to Super Bowl LII was held on February 4 at U.S. Bank Stadium in Minneapolis. The 2018 Pro Bowl was held at Camping World Stadium in Orlando on January 28.

Notable events.

Protesting police brutality.

During a September 22, 2017 speech, the President of the United States, Donald Trump made controversial remarks criticizing the practice of taking a knee during the playing of the national anthem—a practice popularized by Colin Kaepernick in 2016 as part of an effort to protest alleged racial inequality and police brutality. Trump suggested that those who partake in the practice were disrespecting the country's heritage, and asked his audience, "wouldn't you love to see one of these NFL owners, when somebody disrespects our flag, to say, 'Get that son of a bitch off the field right now. Out! He's fired. He's fired!'" During the subsequent weekend of games, over 200 players protested the remarks, by either kneeling or locking arms during the playing of the national anthem. The Pittsburgh Steelers (with the exception of offensive tackle and former Army Ranger Alejandro Villanueva), Tennessee Titans and Seattle Seahawks chose to not go out on field at all during the anthem.

Sale of the Carolina Panthers.

On December 17, 2017, Jerry Richardson, owner of the Carolina Panthers, announced he was putting the team up for sale. Richardson had previously indicated the team would be put up for sale after his death (since his only living son left the team in 2009), but an exposé in "Sports Illustrated" accused Richardson of paying hush money to cover up questionable conduct, including racial slurs and sexually suggestive requests of employees, hastening Richardson's decision. The Panthers' lease on Bank of America Stadium expires after the 2018 season, which would allow any incoming owner to relocate the team out of the Carolinas to another market of their choice without penalty if they so desired.

Awards.

Individual season awards.

The 7th Annual NFL Honors, saluting the best players and plays from 2017 season, was held at the Northrop Auditorium in Minneapolis, Minnesota on February 3, 2018.

All-Pro team.

The following players were named First Team All-Pro by the Associated Press:

Players of the week/month.

The following were named the top performers during the 2017 season:

Stadiums.

Atlanta Falcons.

The Atlanta Falcons played their first season at Mercedes-Benz Stadium, after playing in the Georgia Dome for the previous 25 seasons. The Georgia Dome was demolished by implosion on the morning of November 20, 2017.

Relocations.

San Diego Chargers' relocation to Los Angeles.

On January 12, 2017, the San Diego Chargers exercised their option to relocate to Los Angeles as the Los Angeles Chargers. They will be joining the Los Angeles Rams as tenants in their new stadium, SoFi Stadium in Inglewood, California when that stadium is complete in 2020. For the time being, the Chargers are playing at the 30,000 seat StubHub Center in Carson, California, the smallest venue (in terms of number of seats) the league has used for a full season since 1956.

Oakland Raiders' relocation to Las Vegas.

On January 19, 2017, the Oakland Raiders filed paperwork to relocate to Las Vegas, Nevada. The NFL officially approved the Raiders relocation to Las Vegas on March 27. Unlike the Chargers, the Raiders will remain at the Oakland–Alameda County Coliseum through at the 2018 and 2019 seasons while Allegiant Stadium is built, with the team moving to Nevada in 2020.

Attendance.

The Los Angeles Rams, who had capped season ticket sales at 55,000 for the 2017 season, announced to have 60,128 spectators in the first home game on week 1. However, reports estimate that spectators only filled a third of the 93,607 seats of the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum. The Los Angeles Chargers did not sell out their week 2 game at the StubHub Center, which was never expanded to 30,000 seats as originally stated and has typically had less than 26,000 fans in attendance. When the StubHub Center was at capacity, the majority of the fans present were supporters of the opposing team. Among the most notable examples was the October 1 game against Philadelphia Eagles being a mainly pro-Philadelphia crowd.  The San Francisco 49ers reported a Week 3 attendance total that exceeded the capacity of Levi's Stadium, even as wide swaths of empty seats were seen throughout the game. This followed similar sparse attendance for the 49ers' home opener. Even the Dallas Cowboys, a team whose fan base is among the largest in the United States, played their week 13 "Thursday Night Football" game in front of a half-empty AT&T Stadium. The lifting of the league's blackout policy was cited as one factor in the decline in ticket sales, as viewers would rather watch from the comfort of their homes, especially when weather conditions were less than ideal. At a Colts-Bills game held in blinding lake-effect snow on December 10, scalpers said they had not sold any tickets, an extreme rarity. A majority of television sets in all Western New York were tuned into some portion of the game, the highest viewership for a non-Super Bowl NFL game in the region since record-keeping began.

Media.

Broadcast rights.

Television.

This was the fourth season under the current broadcast contracts with ESPN, CBS, Fox, and NBC. This included "cross-flexing" (switching) Sunday Afternoon games between CBS and Fox before or during the season (regardless of the conference of the visiting team). NBC continued to air "Sunday Night Football", the annual Kickoff game, and the primetime Thanksgiving game, and broadcast Super Bowl LII. ESPN continued to air "Monday Night Football" and the Pro Bowl. This also was the second and final year of the current "Thursday Night Football" contract with CBS, NBC, and NFL Network.  Along with ESPN's Wild Card game on ABC, ESPN announced on May 24, 2017, that the 2018 Pro Bowl would also be simulcast on ABC, marking the return of the Pro Bowl to ABC for the first time since 2003. For the first 9 weeks of the regular season, ESPN2 simulcast ESPN Deportes' Spanish-language "Monday Night Football" broadcasts; this served as filler programming for the channel until the start of its Monday-night college basketball broadcasts.  Although never explicitly announced, the league continued the moratorium on its blackout policy, ensuring all games would be televised in the market of their home teams regardless of ticket sales.  Because of fog and smoke obstruction, NBC was forced to televise large portions of two of their "Sunday Night Football" games from the skycam angle. Positive reception led NBC to experiment with increased usage of the angle as a primary view during its November 16 and December 14 "Thursday Night Football" telecasts. Because the angle distorts distance, the traditional sideline camera angle was used for close-yardage situations such as the red zone.

Digital.

In over-the-top rights, Amazon Video acquired non-exclusive streaming rights to the 10 broadcast television "Thursday Night Football" games for $50 million. These streams are exclusive to paid Amazon Prime subscribers, in contrast to Twitter, which held the rights to the same package in 2016 and had made those streams free to most of the world.  Verizon Communications acquired international streaming rights to an NFL London Game between the Baltimore Ravens and Jacksonville Jaguars, in a similar arrangement to the 2015 game that was streamed by Yahoo!—which was acquired by Verizon in 2017. The game was streamed by Yahoo and other Verizon-owned platforms, including AOL, go90, and Complex. NFL Network remains a partner with Twitter for online content, including its new streaming news program "NFL Blitz Live". The NFL also reached a deal with Facebook in September 2017 to offer video highlights following games, and streaming programs on the service's new Watch platform.  This was the final season of the NFL's exclusive mobile streaming contract with Verizon Wireless; the league intended to no longer have a single exclusive partner going forward, citing changes to viewing habits. On December 11, 2017, the NFL announced that it had agreed to a new 5-year, $2.5 billion digital rights agreement with Verizon, allowing it to stream in-market Sunday afternoon games, as well as all nationally televised games, across its mobile platforms. Unlike the previous deal, these streams are no longer exclusive to Verizon Wireless subscribers, as Verizon planned to leverage the divisions of its digital media subsidiary Oath (including the aforementioned Yahoo) as a platform to promote these streams to a larger audience, as well as other digital content and expanded highlights rights. As part of the agreement, Verizon began allowing access to its existing mobile streams to non-customers for the 2017-18 playoffs. As the new contract is non-exclusive, the NFL's television partners may negotiate to add the mobile streaming rights that were reserved to Verizon under the previous contract; NBC was the first to do so.  Two new international digital rights deals led to user criticism over their quality of service. In Canada, NFL Sunday Ticket shifted from distribution through television providers to the over-the-top provider DAZN, while in Europe, Deltatre took over European distribution of NFL Game Pass and launched new mobile apps. Both services faced criticism over their streaming quality, while Delatre's app faced criticism for having bugs and initially lacking features seen in the previous version of the platform. "The Independent" exposed that Deltatre had also issued an internal e-mail instructing its employees to give the apps 5-star reviews. DAZN subsequently announced that it would return to distributing Sunday Ticket through Canadian television providers in addition to their OTT service.

Radio.

This was the final season of the NFL's existing national radio contract with Westwood One. Entravision (in the last year of a three-year deal) and ESPN Deportes Radio split Spanish broadcast rights.

Commercials.

The league has sought to reduce the number of standard commercial breaks (media timeouts) on its telecasts from 21 to 16, four in each quarter, with each break extended by one additional 30-second commercial. One particular scenario the league sought to eliminate is the "double-up," in which a network cuts to a commercial after a scoring play, then airs the kickoff, and again goes to commercial before play from scrimmage resumes. Under the proposal, the league will allow networks to cut to commercial during instant replay reviews, which it had not been allowed to do before. Commissioner Roger Goodell stated that the changes are being made in an attempt to consolidate downtime between the actual game play so that there are fewer and less noticeable interruptions; he does not expect the changes to have an appreciable impact on the real-time length of a game, which currently clocks in at slightly over three hours.  The NFL has also, as a trial, lifted its ban on the broadcast of commercials for distilled spirits during its telecasts. However, they are subject to restrictions; a maximum of four liquor ads may be broadcast per-game, along with two per-pregame and postgame show. These ads may not contain football-related themes or target underage viewers, and must contain a "prominent social responsibility message".

Personnel changes.

Tony Romo, who announced his retirement as a player on April 4, 2017, joined CBS, where he replaced Phil Simms as lead color commentator. Simms and Nate Burleson, who comes over from NFL Network, will replace Tony Gonzalez and Bart Scott on CBS's pregame show, "The NFL Today". Jay Cutler also announced his retirement from professional football on May 5 and was slated to join Fox as a color analyst for its NFL coverage; he later rescinded that announcement in August and joined the Miami Dolphins. Gonzalez will move to Fox, where he will join "Fox NFL Kickoff"; upon his departure, Gonzalez stated that he wished to pursue opportunities closer to his home in California, rather than travel to New York weekly to appear on CBS. James Lofton, coming over from radio, will replace Solomon Wilcots as a CBS analyst.  On May 31, 2017, it was announced that Mike Tirico would replace Al Michaels on play-by-play on NBC's portion of the "Thursday Night Football" package, joined by Cris Collinsworth. The NFL had previously required this role to be filled by NBC's lead broadcast team of Michaels and Collinsworth; Tirico called a limited slate of games in 2016, including several NBC-broadcast games as a fill-in for Michaels (who voluntarily took several games off due to the increased number he was calling that season), and as part of a secondary team for selected games the "TNF" package. He will also succeed Bob Costas as the lead studio host for NBC. However, due to its proximity to the 2018 Winter Olympics (where he also succeeded Bob Costas as lead host), Tirico did not participate in NBC's Super Bowl LII coverage.  Beth Mowins became the second woman to call play-by-play for a national NFL broadcast, following Gayle Sierens in 1987, when she served as play-by-play announcer for the nightcap in ESPN's Week 1 Monday Night doubleheader, with Rex Ryan as her color commentator. In an unusual case of a broadcaster working for two networks in the same season, Mowins also called a regional game for CBS in Weeks 3, 15 and 17, with Jay Feely as her partner.  Also, this would end up being the last season for the Monday Night Football broadcast team of Sean McDonough, Jon Gruden, and Lisa Salters. Gruden would return to coaching the next year for the Oakland Raiders, while McDonough would return to doing College Football for ESPN, although Salters will still be on MNF. McDonough will be replaced by Joe Tessitore, who has done work for ESPN as a College Football announcer, like McDonough, while Jason Witten, who would end up retiring after this season, will replace Gruden, with Booger McFarland, being added as a field analyst.

The 2017 NFL season was the 98th season in the history of the National Football League (NFL). The season began on September 7, 2017, with the Kansas City Chiefs defeating the defending Super Bowl LI champion New England Patriots 42–27 in the NFL Kickoff Game. The season concluded with Super Bowl LII, where the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Philadelphia Eagles faced the American Football Conference (AFC) champion New England Patriots. The Eagles defeated the Patriots 41–33 to win their first Super Bowl title, and fourth NFL championship, in franchise history.

Die NFL-Saison 2017 war die 98. Saison im American Football in der National Football League (NFL). Die Regular Season begann am 7. September 2017. Die Saison 2017 endete am 4. Februar 2018 mit dem Super Bowl LII im U.S. Bank Stadium in Minneapolis, Minnesota.


Career.

Born and raised in Tarkio, Missouri, Greene attended Tarkio College and the Horner Institute for Fine Arts. He toured with and arranged for big bands led by Orville Knapp, Freddy Martin, Horace Heidt, Wayne King, Xavier Cugat, and Harry James.  Greene entered the world of film scoring as orchestrating for MGM, with his first films being "Two-Faced Woman" (1941) and Abbott and Costello's "Lost in a Harem" (1944). He became a composer of music scores for films for the Producers Releasing Corporation studio with his first film being "Crime, Inc." (1945). Other PRC films included Lash LaRue Westerns. When LaRue switched studios to Screen Guild and Howco Green continued with the series.  He earned an Academy Award nomination in 1946 for his score to the 1945 film "Why Girls Leave Home". Greene composed other films such as "Jesse James' Women" (1954), "Teenage Doll" (1957), "The Brain from Planet Arous" (1957), "Teenage Monster" (1958), "War of the Satellites" (1958) and "Thunder in Carolina" (1960). Greene also provided the score for the Crown International Pictures US released of the German/Polish 1960 film "First Spaceship on Venus" and the Woolner Brothers US release of "Hercules and the Captive Women" (1963).  Greene started his career in scoring cartoons at the Walter Lantz Studio, first credited in the 1963 "Greedy Gabby Gator" Woody Woodpecker short. Starting with 1967's "Hot Time on Ice" Chilly Willy short, Greene would be the sole composer of the Lantz cartoons until the last one, which is 1972's "Bye, Bye, Blackboard", in which also would be the final cartoon short with new Greene music (as mentioned below, later Pink entries would reuse his cues).  Around 1966, he started providing musical scores for some "Pink Panther" animated shorts (as well as those of "The Inspector"), replacing William Lava. Greene's scores were built around "The Pink Panther Theme" composed by Henry Mancini, creating different variations of the famous theme. Unlike the music scores composed by Bill Lava, which were custom made for a specific entry, his compositions were generic and could be reused more freely. He is first credited is in the 19th "Pink Panther" theatrical short, "Pink, Plunk, Plink", with his final original music in "Pink Panic". From "Pink Posies" on, he never composed music for other shorts, even though his name his mentioned. This is because most of his cues (and some Lava cues as well) were reused frequently. His is last mentioned in the Pink Panther short "Therapeutic Pink" in 1977 (he didn't compose the music, as his cues were reused).  Greene also composed musical scores for the 1966 "Tarzan" TV series with some episodes linked together for feature film release and "The New Three Stooges" (1965).  Putting the context of his short-lived contract with DFE, he indirectly recorded some music for six "Looney Tunes"/"Merrie Melodies" shorts from 1966 to 1967. Those include "A Squeak in the Deep", "Feather Finger", "Swing Ding Amigo", "Sugar and Spies", "A Taste of Catnip", and "Daffy's Diner", all of these are Daffy\Speedy entries (except "Sugar and Spies", which is a Road Runner\Wile E. Coyote entry).

Death.

Greene died on December 23, 1983 in Victorville, California.

Walter Greene (January 23, 1910 – December 23, 1983) was a film and television composer who worked on numerous productions for over 30 years.

Walter Greene (* 23. Januar 1910 in Tarkio, Missouri; † 23. Dezember 1983 in Victorville, Kalifornien) war ein US-amerikanischer Film- und Fernsehkomponist, der 1946 für einen Oscar nominiert war.


System by period.

Korea Semi-professional Football League was a semi-professional football league between corporate teams in South Korea from 1964 to 2002. In 1983, with the establishment of K League which is a professional league, Semi-professional League became the second tier and remained until 2002 before Korea National League was officially founded in 2003. The third tier K3 League was founded as an amateur league in 2007, and became the fourth tier after K League 2, the second division of the professional league, was founded in 2013. K3 League also divided into the Advanced and the Basic, and they became semi-professional leagues with new names, K3 League and K4 League, after the merger of National League in 2020.

Current system.

Outside this league structure, there are university, reserve and youth level competitions. University clubs' U-League and reserve teams' R League are operating independently from the league system.

Qualification for Cups.

Domestic cups.

All K League, K3 League and K4 League sides qualify for the Korean FA Cup tournament. The top eleven sides from the K5 League gained qualification to the next season's FA Cup tournament. The Korean League Cup competition was open to K League teams only, whilst sides from the National League could compete in the National League Championship, but both were abolished now.

Continental competition.

At present, four South Korean sides qualify automatically for the AFC Champions League. Three top teams from K League 1 automatically gains entry to the AFC Champions League. The Korean FA Cup winners also qualify for the AFC Champions League only. However, if the champions of Korean FA Cup are not members of K League, the fourth placed team of the K League 1 receive the entry spot.

The South Korean football league system contains two professional leagues, two semi-professional leagues and three amateur leagues for Korean football clubs.

Das südkoreanische Fußball-Ligen-System hat zwei Profiligen, eine Semi-Profiliga und eine Amateurliga. Die höchste nationale Spielklasse ist die K League Classic, welche 1983 gegründet wurde. Die K League Challenge wurde 2013 gegründet und ist die zweithöchste nationale Spielklasse. Zwischen der ersten und der zweiten Spielklasse gibt es die Möglichkeit auf- oder abzusteigen. Die dritthöchste nationale Spielklasse ist die Korea National League. Die vierthöchste nationale Spielklasse ist die Amateurliga K3 League, welche 2007 gegründet wurde.


Early years.

Hardy attended West Craven High School in Vanceboro, North Carolina. As a senior on the football team, he played quarterback after previously being a wide receiver. That season, he passed for 2,500 yards and had 35 passing touchdowns. Hardy also picked two additional letters as a shooting and point guard on the basketball floor and another in track as a high jumper (best of 6-4 or 1.93m).

College career.

Hardy was redshirted as a freshman at East Carolina University in 2010, a season in which he walked on. After earning a scholarship in spring 2011, he started eight of 10 games in his redshirt freshman season in 2011, recording a school freshman record 64 receptions for 658 yards and six touchdowns. As a sophomore in 2012 Hardy was an All-Conference USA first-team selection after recording 88 receptions for 1,105 yards and 11 touchdowns. As a junior in 2013, Hardy was again first-team All-Conference USA after setting school records for receptions (114) and receiving yards (1,284) in a season. During the first game of his senior season in 2014, he set East Carolina's record for career receptions, passing Dwayne Harris' 268. On November 22, 2014, against Tulane, Hardy became the NCAA's all-time leading receptions leader, passing Ryan Broyles' 349. On December 8, 2014, Hardy was named the winner of that season's Burlsworth Trophy, awarded annually to the most outstanding player who began his college career as a walk-on. For the season, Hardy had 121 receptions for 1,494 yards and 10 touchdowns.  Hardy finished his collegiate career with 387 receptions for 4,541 yards and 35 touchdowns.

Professional career.

Hardy was selected by the Atlanta Falcons in the fourth round (107th overall) in the 2015 NFL Draft. In his rookie season, Hardy played in nine games, catching 21 passes for 194 yards. In Week 2 of the 2016 season, against the Oakland Raiders, Hardy scored his first career touchdown when he caught a deflected pass from Matt Ryan in the end zone. In the 2016 season, he had 21 receptions for 203 yards and four touchdowns. Hardy and the Falcons reached Super Bowl LI, where they faced the New England Patriots. In the Super Bowl, Hardy had two kickoff returns for 17 total yards as the Falcons fell in a 34–28 overtime defeat. In the 2017 season, Hardy recorded 20 receptions for 221 yards and three touchdowns.  On March 21, 2019, Hardy re-signed with the Falcons.

Justin Hardy (born December 18, 1991) is an American football wide receiver who is a free agent. He was drafted by the Falcons in the fourth round of the 2015 NFL Draft. He played college football at East Carolina. Hardy was the NCAA all time reception leader until his former teammate Zay Jones overtook his record during the 2016 season.

Justin Hardy (* 18. Dezember 1991 in Vanceboro, North Carolina) ist ein US-amerikanischer American-Football-Spieler auf der Position des Wide Receivers. Derzeit spielt er für die Atlanta Falcons in der National Football League (NFL).


Plot.

Starting with the development of the first joint venture between a Western company and China, initiated by the Schindler Group, the documentary traces the relationship between Uli Sigg and the Chinese society art throughout his careers. Further steps were his appointment as the Swiss ambassador in Beijing, his return to Switzerland and his latest cooperation with the M+ museum in Hong Kong. The connection between Sigg and the transformations of the Chinese art scene are depicted by its protagonist, namely Wang Guangyi, Fang Lijun and Ai Weiwei – alongside Uli Sigg he has already been part of the documentary Bird's Nest – Herzog & de Meuron in China, directed by Michael Schindhelm and Christoph Schaub. Alongside archival material the protagonist provide an insight to the ongoing complex relationship between state and art.

Release.

The Chinese Lives of Uli Sigg premiered on February 16, 2016 at Kino Rex in Bern. The premiere in Asia took place on the 21st of March in Hong Kong. The documentary participated at many international film festivals, including the 69° Festival del film Locarno, 35th Vancouver International Film Festival, Lo schermo dell’arte Film Festival in Florence, Festival do Rio, and the Art Film Festival in Beirut. From January 19 – 26, The Chinese Lives of Uli Sigg was part of the 52nd Solothurn Film Festival.

Reception.

[...] Despite it all, China's contemporary scene took off like a rocket in the years after Mao's death. Often working underground, the artists were radical, and when Swiss businessman Uli Sigg first went to China in 1979, he hesitated to make contact for fear of getting the artists in trouble with the authorities. That's one of many intriguing details revealed by Michael Schindhelm about the collector' life, showing in Art Basel Hong Kong's film section." Jan Dalley: "Medici prince of China". In: Financial Times, March 2016

The Chinese Lives of Uli Sigg is a documentary by the filmmaker Michael Schindhelm, released in 2016. At its opening in 2019, the M+ museum for visual culture in Hong Kong will present 1500 art works by contemporary Chinese Artist to the public. The collection is credited the most important of its kind worldwide. The documentary The Chinese Lives of Uli Sigg portrays Uli Sigg's involvement in one of the first economic projects that introduced China's opening toward the West and his following support of the Chinese art scene. His work as an art collector recently led to the donation of his collection to the M+ museum.

The Chinese Lives of Uli Sigg ist ein 2016 veröffentlichter Dokumentarfilm des Filmemachers Michael Schindhelm. Zur Eröffnung des Museums für Visuelle Kultur M+ in Hongkong 2019 werden 1500 Werke zeitgenössischer chinesischer Kunst aus der Sammlung von Uli Sigg, die als Schenkung an das Museum übertragen wurden, präsentiert. Die Sammlung gilt als die wichtigste ihrer Art weltweit. Der Film zeichnet nach, wie der Schweizer Uli Sigg bereits Ende der 70er Jahre an ersten Projekten, mit denen sich China dem Westen gegenüber ökonomisch öffnete, beteiligt war und später durch seine Tätigkeit als Sammler die Vernetzung chinesischer Künstler förderte.


History.

The Mayaimis built ceremonial and village earthwork mounds around Lake Okeechobee similar to those of the Mississippian culture and earlier mound builders. Fort Center is in the area occupied by the Mayaimis in historic times. They dug many canals as other earthworks, to use as pathways for their canoes. The dugout canoes were a platform type with shovel-shaped ends, resembling those used in Central America and the West Indies, rather than the pointed-end canoes used by other peoples in the southeastern United States.  Hernando de Escalante Fontaneda, who lived with the tribes of southern Florida for seventeen years in the 16th century, said that the Mayaimis lived in many towns of thirty or forty inhabitants each, and that there were many more places where only a few people lived. The game and fish of Lake Okeechobee provided most of the Mayaimis' food. They used fishing weirs and ate Black bass, eels, American alligator tails, Virginia opossum, terrapins and snakes, and processed "coontie" for flour. In high-water season they lived on their mounds and ate only fish.  At the beginning of the 18th century, raiders from the Province of Carolina repeatedly invaded the territory, burning villages, and capturing or killing members of all Florida tribes down to the southern end of the Florida peninsula. They sold the captives into slavery, destined for markets from Boston to Barbados. In 1710 a group of 280 refugees from Florida that included the Cacique of "Maimi" arrived in Cuba. In 1738, the Maymi had a "fort" on the coast south of Cape Canaveral. In 1743, Spanish missionaries sent to Biscayne Bay reported that a remnant of the Mayaimis (which they called Maimies or Maymíes) were part a group of about 100 people, which also included Santaluzos and Mayaca people, still lived four days north of the Miami River. Any survivors were presumed to have been evacuated to Cuba when Spain turned Florida over to the British Empire in 1763.  Several archaeological sites are known from the area occupied by the Mayaimi, including Fort Center, Belle Glade, Big Mound City, the Boynton Mounds complex, and Tony's Mound.

The Mayaimi (also Maymi, Maimi) were Native American people who lived around Lake Mayaimi (now Lake Okeechobee) in the Belle Glade area of Florida from the beginning of the Common Era until the 17th or 18th century. In the languages of the Mayaimi, Calusa, and Tequesta tribes, Mayaimi meant "big water." The origin of the language has not been determined, as the meanings of only ten words were recorded before extinction. The linguist Julian Granberry states that the language of the Calusa, Mayaimi (which he calls Guacata) and Tequesta people is related to the Tunica language. The current name, Okeechobee, is derived from the Hitchiti word meaning "big water". The Mayaimis have no linguistic or cultural relationship with the Miamis of Great Lakes region. The city of Miami is named after the Miami River, which derived its name from Lake Mayaimi.

Die Mayaimi, Maymi, auch Maimi waren ein Indianerstamm Nordamerikas, der zur Zeit des europäischen Kontakts ein Gebiet rund um den Lake Mayaimi (Lake Okeechobee) im südlichen Florida bewohnte. Wie die übrigen Ureinwohner Floridas litten auch die Mayaimi unter eingeschleppten europäischen Krankheiten und gelten seit etwa 1750 als ausgestorben. Die Mayaimi sollten nicht mit den weder ethnisch noch sprachlich verwandten Miami (Myaamiaki) verwechselt werden, die südlich des Lake Michigan lebten.


History.

Compilation.

The original compiler of the poems may have been Hammad al-Rawiya (8th century). The grammarian Ahmad ibn Muhammad al-Nahhas (d. 949 CE) says in his commentary on the "Mu'allaqat": "The true view of the matter is this: when Hammad al-Rawiya saw how little men cared for poetry, he collected these seven pieces, urged people to study them, and said to them: 'These are the [poems] of renown.'" Orfali suggests that the connection is "the multi-thematic "qaṣidāh" form".  Hammad was a Persian by descent, but a client of the Arab tribe, Bakr ibn Wa'il. For this reason, some suppose he not only received into the collection a poem of the famous poet Tarafa, of the tribe of Bakr, but also that of another Bakrite, Harith. The latter had been a prominent chieftain, while his poem could serve as a counterpoise to Harith's contemporary 'Amr, chief of the Taghlib, the rival tribe of the Bakr. 'Amr praises the Taghlib in glowing terms: Harith, in a similar vein, extols the Bakr ancestors of Hammad's patrons.  The collection appears to have consisted of the same seven poems which are found in modern editions, composed respectively by Imru' al-Qais, Tarafa, Zuhayr, Labīd, 'Antara Ibn Shaddad, 'Amr ibn Kulthum, and Harith ibn Hilliza. These are enumerated both by Ibn Abd Rabbih (860–940 CE), and, on the authority of the older philologists, by Nahhas; and all subsequent commentators seem to follow them. There is, however, evidence of the existence, at an early period, of a slightly different arrangement. The "Jamharat Ash'ar al-Arab" claims that two of the most competent ancient authorities on Arabic poetry, al-Mufaddal (d. "c." 790) and Abu ʿUbaidah (d. 824 CE), had already assigned to the "Seven" (i.e. "the seven Mu'allaqat") a poem each of al-Nabigha and al-A'sha in place of those of 'Antara and Harith. The learned Ibn Qutaiba (9th century), in his book "Of Poetry and Poets", mentions as belonging to the "Seven" not only the poem of 'Amr, which has been reckoned among the "Mu'allaqat" (ed. de Goeje, p. 120), but also a poem of 'Abid ibn al-Abras (ibid. 144). The variance in the lists of poets may have been due to tribal rivalries.  Nabigha and A'sha were more famous than any of the poets represented in the "Mu'allaqat", with the exception of Imru' al-Qais, so it could be that scholars of a somewhat later date appended a poem by each of these to the "Mu'allaqat", without intending by this to make them an integral part of that work. This is indicated by the introductory words of Yahya ibn Ali Tibrizi (d. 1109 C.E.) to his commentary on the "Mu'allaqat". Appended to this he gives a commentary to a poem of Nabigha, to one of A'sha, and moreover one to that poem of 'Abid which Ibn Qutaiba had counted among the seven. Ibn Khaldun (1332–1406 CE), in his "Muqaddimah", speaks of nine Mu'allaqat, but this was probably due to a misunderstanding.

The hanging of the poems.

Ibn Abd Rabbih in the "Al-ʿIqd al-Farīd" ("The Precious Necklace") states, "The Arabs had such an interest in poetry, and valued it so highly, that they took seven long pieces selected from the ancient poetry, wrote them in gold on pieces of Coptic linen folded up, and hung them up ("allaqat") [sic] on the curtains which covered the Kaaba. Hence we speak of 'the golden poem of Imru' al-Qais,' 'the golden poem of Zuhayr.' The number of the golden poems is seven; they are also called 'the suspended' ("al-Muʻallaqāt")." Similar statements are found in later Arabic works. Al-Nahhas, however, denied this in his commentary on the "Muʻallaqāt": "As for the assertion that they were hung up in the Kaaba, it is not known to any of those who have handed down ancient poems."  No trace of this story is found in early sources about Mecca or the customs of pre-Islamic Arabia. There are records of other items being hung in the Kaaba: a Meccan was reported to have hung a spoil of battle on the Kaaba (Ibn Hisham, ed. Wiistenfeld, p. 431), and an important document may have been deposited there (ibid. p. 230). A passage of late origin claims that the poems were taken down after the capture of Mecca by the Prophet (De Sacy, Chrestom. ii. 480), but the event is not otherwise attested.  While the poems were almost certainly transmitted orally before being recorded in writing, scholars such as Brown see no reason why significant change through the oral transmission should exist—because the poems were held in high regard, there would be more social pressure to repeat them precisely.  Another version of the legend, also given by Nahhas, is as follows:  However, there was no king of all the Arabs, and it is unlikely that any Arabian king attended the fair at Okaz. The story that the poems were written in gold originated in the name "the golden poems" (literally "the gilded"), a figurative expression for excellence. The designation "suspended" may be interpreted in the same way, referring to those (poems) which have been raised, on account of their value, to a specially honourable position. Another derivative of the same root is "ʻilq", "precious thing." Another name sometimes used for these poems is "assumut", "strings of pearls". From this usage it became popular, even in ordinary prose, to refer to speech in rhythmical form as "naqm" "to string pearls." The selection of these seven poems is unlikely to have been the work of the ancient Arabs, but rather some one writing at a later date.  Another hypothesis is given by Robson, who argues that the title was given by Hammad to indicate that the poems are "suspended" from their rightful place—that is, like a disrespected wife denied her place by a husband of multiple wives (Qu'ran 4.128), the poems are denied their proper place: a diwan. Regardless of meaning, most scholars doubt the poems were physically hung at the Kaaba.

Authorship.

The seven renowned ones.

The lives of these poets were spread over a period of more than a hundred years. The earliest of the seven was Imru' al-Qais, regarded by many as the most illustrious of Arabian "Muʻallaqah" poets. His exact date cannot be determined; but probably the best part of his career fell within the midst of the sixth century. He was a scion of the royal house of the tribe Kindah, which lost its power at the death of its king, Harith ibn ʻAmr, in the year 529. The poet's royal father, Hojr, by some accounts a son of this Harith, was killed by a Bedouin tribe, the Banu Asad ibn Khuzaymah. The son led an adventurous life as a refugee, now with one tribe, now with another, and appears to have died young. A contemporary of Imruʻ al-Qais was Abid ibn al-Abras, one poem of whose is by some authorities reckoned among the collection.  The "Muʻallaqah" of 'Amr ibn Kulthum hurls defiance against the king of al-Hirah, 'Amr III ibn al-Mundhir, who reigned from the summer of 554 until 568 or 569, and was afterwards killed by the poet. This prince is also addressed by Harith in his "Muʻallaqa". Of Tarafa, a few satirical verses have been preserved, directed against this same king. This agrees with the fact that a grandson of the Qais ibn Khalid, mentioned as a rich and influential man in Tarafa's "Muʻallaqah" (v. 80 or 81), figured at the time of the Battle of Dhi Qar, in which the tribe Bakr routed a Persian army. This battle falls about 610 CE.  The "Muʻallaqah" of Antarah ibn Shaddad and that of Zuhayr bin Abi Sulma contain allusions to the feuds of the kindred tribes Banu Abs and Banu Dhubyan. Famous as these contests were, their time cannot accurately be ascertained. But the date of the two poets can be approximately determined from other data. Ka'b bin Zuhayr, composed first a satire, and then, in the year 630, a eulogy on the Prophet; another son, Bujair, had begun, somewhat sooner, to celebrate Muhammad. Antara killed the grandfather of Ahnaf ibn Qais, who died at an advanced age in 686 or 687; he outlived 'Abdallah ibn Simma, whose brother Duraid was old when he died in battle against Muhammad's army (early in 630 CE); and he had communications with Ward, whose son, the poet Urwah ibn al-Ward, may perhaps have survived the flight of Muhammad to Medina. From these indications, German scholar Theodor Nöldeke placed the productive period of both poets in the end of the 6th century. The historical background of Antara's "Muʻallaqat" lies somewhat earlier than that of Zuhayr's.  The poems of 'Alqama ibn 'Abada and Al-Nabigha are from the same period. In Al-Nabigha's poem sometimes reckoned as a "Muʻallaqah", he addresses himself to the king of al-Hirah, al-Nu'man III ibn al-Mundhir, who reigned in the two last decades of the sixth century. The same king is mentioned as a contemporary in one of poems of ʻAlqama.  The poem of al-A'sha, sometimes added to the "Muʻallaqāt", contains an allusion to the battle of Dhi Qar (under the name "Battle of Hinw", v. 62). This poet, lived to compose a poem in honour of Muhammad, and died not long before 630 CE.  Labīd is the only one of these poets who converted to Islam. His "Muʻallaqa", however, like almost all his other poetical works, belongs to the pre-Islamic period. He may have lived until 661 or later.

The poems.

The seven Mu'allaqat, and also the poems appended to them, represent almost every type of ancient Arabian poetry. Tarafa's poem includes a long, anatomically exact description of his camel, common in pre-Islamic poetry. The "Mu'allaqat" of 'Amr and Harith contain "fakhr" (boasting) about the splendors of their tribe. The song of Zuhayr is presented as the "practical wisdom of a sober man of the world." The other poems are fairly typical examples of the customary qasida, the long poem of ancient Arabia. The "Mu'allaqat" of 'Antara has a warlike tone, in contrast to the peaceful themes of Labid.  There is a high degree of uniformity in the "Mu'allaqat". The poets use a strict metrical system. The only poem which shows unusual metrical freedom is the song of 'Abid. However, Abid's contemporary Imru' al-Qais, in a poem which in other respects also exhibits certain coincidences with that of 'Abid, also shows considerable licence in the use of the same rare metre. The deviations from the schema in 'Abid may be due to incorrect transmission by compilers who failed to grasp the metre. The other poems ascribed to 'Abid, together with all the rest attributed to Imru' al-Qais, are constructed in precise accord with the metrical canons.  The last poet in the "Mu'allaqat" is Hammad, the compiler of the "Mu'allaqat". Hammad may have altered the text and transposed some verses. Some of the Mu'allaqat have several preambles: so, especially, that of 'Amr, the first eight verses of which belong not to the poem, but to another poet. Some of the poems exhibit great divergences (both in the order and number of the verses and in textual details) from their exemplars in other poetic anthologies. This is particularly the case with the oldest "Mu'allaqat", that of Imru' al-Qais. According to Nöldeke, the most accurate text is that of the latest Mu'allaqat, the song of Labid.  The Mu'allaqat exist in many manuscripts, some with old commentaries. Printed editions include that of Charles James Lyall with the commentary of Tibrizi (Calcutta, 1894).

The Muʻallaqāt, ) is a group of seven long Arabic poems. The name means The Suspended Odes or The Hanging Poems, the traditional explanation being that these poems were hung on or in the Kaaba in Mecca, while scholars have also suggested that the hanging is figurative, as if the poems "hang" in the reader's mind.

Mu'allaqat () sind eine Sammlung von arabischen Gedichten in der Qasida-Form aus dem 6. Jahrhundert. Dies ist die berühmteste Anthologie aus der vorislamischen Zeit und wurde von den mittelalterlichen arabischen Dichtern und Literaturkritikern als beispielhaft angesehen. Sie vermittelt ein packendes Bild der damaligen Lebens- und Denkweise der Beduinen.


History.

In 2005, Drinks Americas signed with Donald Trump to promote a new brand of vodka which became known as Trump Vodka. The brand was launched with the slogan "Success Distilled", with Trump predicting it would outsell Grey Goose vodka. He also said that when mixed with tonic, which he referred to as a "Trump & Tonic" (T&T), it would become the most drunk cocktail in the United States. In 2007, Drinks Americas signed a deal to export 50,000 cases of Trump Vodka annually to Russia.  The Trump Vodka brand was discontinued in the United States in 2011 due to sales failing to meet the company threshold requirements. Several reasons were attributed for this. One was because Trump himself is a non-drinker and never drank Trump Vodka, as he blamed alcohol for the death of his brother Fred Trump, Jr. Drinks Americas also had problems producing it because the glass used in the bottles and the gold leaf labels were expensive and the company could not afford to produce them in large numbers. In 2015, during his campaign for President, Trump did not include Trump Vodka amongst assets submitted to the Federal Election Committee.

Lawsuits.

Drinks Americas was subject to several lawsuits surrounding Trump Vodka. Bruni Glass sued over unpaid bills and, as a result, melted in a furnace 500,000 Trump Vodka mini-bottles ready for shipment. Donald Trump also sued Drinks Americas for unpaid royalties, but the case was dismissed for lack of subject matter jurisdiction.

Israel.

Trump Vodka started being sold unofficially in Israel by H. Pixel International based on a signed deal with Drinks Americas, but Trump brought a lawsuit against the company for copyright infringement, as they did not have his agreement to use his image in advertising or the brand. However, Trump later dropped the lawsuit and signed a deal with H. Pixel International to allow them to sell Trump Vodka in Israel.  Despite the failures in the United States, Trump Vodka found a level of popularity in Israel. This was because it was a popular choice around Passover for both secular and Orthodox Jews, as the vodka was made from potatoes and not grain, thus satisfying kosher for Passover dietary laws. However, some Trump Vodka produced in 2013 was found to contain leavened ingredients, making it unsuitable for consumption during Passover.

Trump Vodka was an American brand of vodka produced at first in the Netherlands, then later in Germany by Drinks Americas under license from The Trump Organization. The brand was launched in the United States in 2005, but ceased production under the Trump name in 2011 when it failed to meet the required threshold for distribution. However, it is still sold in Israel, especially around the Jewish holiday of Passover.

Trump Vodka ist eine Wodkamarke der Trump Organization unter dem Namen des Eigentümers Donald Trump. Die Marke startete 2005, die Produktion wurde mangels Nachfrage 2011 eingestellt. Einen gewissen Erfolg hat die Marke noch in Israel, wo sie vor allem um die Zeit von Pessach abgesetzt wird.


College career.

Clemson University, 2013–2016.

Sheridan played her college soccer for the Clemson Tigers. Sheridan played for the Tigers from 2013–2016 under coach Eddie Radwanski. Sheridan made 76 appearances for the Tigers recording 229 saves and 28 shutouts. In both 2014 and 2015, Sheridan was named to the All-ACC first team. Her nomination to the team in 2014 was the first for a Tiger since 2007.

Club career.

Sky Blue FC, 2017–present.

In January 2017, Sheridan was selected as the 23rd overall pick by Sky Blue FC at the 2017 NWSL College Draft. She was later named an allocated player by Canada Soccer.  Sheridan was named to the Team of the Month for May 2017, she recorded 19 saves during the month, helping Sky Blue to a 3–1–0 record. Sheridan's 2018 season saw her start and play all but one of Sky Blue's games where she led the league with 7.38 goals prevented per game. She started her 2019 season by winning back-to-back NWSL Saves of the Week in weeks 2 and 3.

International career.

Sheridan has represented Canada on the senior national team as well as numerous youth national teams including the U-17, U-20 and U-23 teams. She made her debut for the senior national team in March 2016 at the 2016 Algarve Cup. Sheridan was an alternate at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio. Sheridan was called up for the 2017 Algarve Cup.  Sheridan was added to the roster for the 2018 CONCACAF Women's Championship after an injury to goalkeeper Erin McLeod.  On 25 May 2019 she was named to the roster for the 2019 FIFA Women's World Cup.

Kailen Sheridan (born 16 July 1995) is a Canadian international footballer who currently plays as a goalkeeper for the Sky Blue FC of the National Women's Soccer League and the Canadian national team.

Kailen Sheridan (* 16. Juli 1995 in Pickering, Ontario) ist eine kanadische Fußballtorhüterin, die seit der Saison 2017 beim Sky Blue FC in der National Women’s Soccer League unter Vertrag steht.


Biography.

Braz was born in Jacarepaguá, Rio de Janeiro, to a family of musicians: her father was an orchestra leader and her mother a popular and classical pianist. She learned to play the piano at the age of four and started singing at 13. She lived in Paris from 1985 and in Geneva from 2010 until her death in 2017.  She grew up surrounded by Brazil’s rhythms, which shine through her songs. Her natural gifts are strengthened by hard work. Braz quickly obtained many awards, and started performing at Rio’s most prestigious night clubs. Her talent gained her the recognition of Brazil’s greatest pop artists Gilberto Gil, Tim Maia, Alcione, Maria Bethânia, Emílio Santiago, Gal, Costa, Caetano Veloso, who became her stage and recording co-workers from 1975 to 1985. She moved to Paris in 1985, after her success at the Palais des Sports, with the show “Brésil en Fête”.  Braz appeared at major show business venues: Paradis Latin, Méridien (Paris), Olympia (88 and 92), TLP Dejazet, New Morning, Zenith, Madison Square Garden, London Palladium, Waldorf Astoria. In 1989, Braz provided vocals for the Lambada song, which became a worldwide hit but was a song originally composed by Ulysses Hermosa the leader of the popular folk group “Los Kjarkas” from Bolivia and used without his permission; a settlement for an undisclosed sum was later reached. Lambada's success also brought new attention to Latin music in non-Latin regions.  Braz composed and sang two songs for the sound-track of the movie “Le Roi Desperados” – produced by French TV studio Canal + - and performed with the London Philharmonic Orchestra, in Abbey Road, for the sound-track of the French movie “Dis-Moi Oui”; directed by Alexandre Arcady and music by Phillipe Sarde. Many songs have marked her career: Chorando se Foi (Lambada), Tago Mago, Dançando Lambada, Mélodie d’Amour, La Media Noche, etc. Braz's adaptation of Stevie Wonder’s song “Another Star” (Outro Lugar) into Portuguese demonstrates her skills, and that is why great names of world music were interested in her compositions and arrangements.  Braz was a member of the Arts, Sciences and Literature French Academy; she was decorated with the silver medal (Prix Thorlet) in 2003.  A new solo album was released in 2006, a trip between romanticism and the explosion of rhythms which characterize the artist's musical style. A new title enriched the singer's career, who had just been honorably named Ambassadress of the Association Francophone pour la Promotion de l'Esprit Sportif (AFPES) all over the world.

Death.

In the early hours of 19 January 2017, police found her body in a burnt-out car next to a road in Saquarema, 73 km from Rio de Janeiro. According to witnesses, two men had been seen earlier in Braz's home, not far from the place where the vehicle was found. Police detained three men as suspects in her death, describing the crime as "a robbery gone awry". According to the police investigation, she was murdered by one of her employees who had started work at the singer's inn just 15 days prior to her death.

Loalwa Braz Vieira (3 June 1953 – 19 January 2017) was a Brazilian vocalist and musician. She was known for providing the lead vocals for the French-Brazilian recording act Kaoma for their 1989 cover of Ulysses Hermosa’s "Llorando se fue" (lead singer of the popular Bolivian folk group "Los Kjarkas") later renamed as "Lambada". She was fluent in four languages, and recorded songs in her native Portuguese, as well as in Spanish, French and English.

Loalwa Braz Vieira (* 3. Juni 1953 in Rio de Janeiro; † 19. Januar 2017 in Saquarema) war eine brasilianische Sängerin und Songwriterin. Als Sängerin der französisch-brasilianischen Popgruppe Kaoma wurde sie 1989 mit dem Lied "Lambada" weltberühmt, das in elf Ländern den Spitzenplatz der Hitparaden erreichte.


Early life.

Bruno Zach was born in Zhytomyr, Ukraine, on 6 May 1891. He emigrated to Austria as a young man and studied at the Vienna Academy under sculptors Hans Bitterlich (1860–1949) and Josef Müllner (1879–1968). His styles ranged from art deco, art nouveau, sporting, to orientalism. His oeuvre would generally be considered decorative if not for his success in producing erotic sculpture.

Career.

Zach became a prolific creator of sculptures featuring tall, athletic, dominating women in bronze and ivory, the combination of the two in art casting sometimes being referred to as “chryselephantine”. He most often signed as "B. Zach" or "Bruno Zach", however a number of his pieces were signed with his pseudonyms, being "Prof. Tuch", "Professor Tuch" or "K. Salat". His erotica sculptures usually featured sexy, dreamy, scantily clad mistresses in stockings, garters, and high heels.  One of his better known sculptures is the sado-masochistic "The Riding Crop". Original period castings of this sculpture have sold for as much as $151,849, one such sale having taken place at the Bonhams auction house in Knightsbridge on 23 November 2011. According to Bonhams' director of decorative arts, Mark Oliver, "the demand for his work just grows and grows".  One of Zach's more controversial sculptures, created circa 1930, was his extremely erotic piece entitled "The Hugger". The sculpture depicts a woman hugging a larger-than-life penis. Zach frequently portrayed the seedy side of nightlife in Berlin with many of his sculptures which often featured prostitutes.  His bronze sculptures were generally fired and coated with chemical patinas in mid-brown colors but were sometimes cold painted or polychromed. His used ivory, sparingly, and it was generally well carved. Zach's work was edited by several firms, including Argentor-Werke (Vienna), Broma Companie, S. Altmann and Company, and Franz Bergmann.

Death.

Zach died in Vienna, Austria, on 20 February 1945.

Literature.

Davenport's Art Reference & Price Guide, 2007/2008 Edition –.
 Romeo and Juliet in Zhytomyr words, 2016 -
 Житомирська сторінка кохання скульптора Бруно Зака -

Bruno Zach (6 May 1891 – 20 February 1945) was an Austrian art deco sculptor of Ukrainian birth who worked in the early-to-mid 20th century. His output included a wide repertoire of genre subjects, however he is best known for his erotic sculptures of young women.

Bruno Zach (* 6. Mai 1891 in Schytomyr, Ukraine, Russisches Kaiserreich; † 20. Februar 1945 in Wien, Österreich) war ein österreichischer Bildhauer.


Background.

There are two tunnels between Welwyn station and Knebworth on the East Coast Main Line, known as Welwyn South Tunnel and Welwyn North Tunnel. In 1866, traffic through the tunnels was operated using a form of block working - the signalmen at Welwyn and Knebworth communicated with each other via a telegraph system, and were not permitted to signal a train into the tunnels until they had received confirmation that the previous train had cleared the section. The instrument was a "speaking" telegraph, which was used for general communication between the signal boxes.

Trains involved.

The first train involved in the accident consisted of 38 empty coal wagons, hauled by a tender locomotive. The second train was a Midland Railway goods train from London, with 26 wagons. The third train was a Great Northern express freight train, carrying meat from Scotland for Smithfield Market.

Sequence of Events.

The train of coal empties was signalled away from Welwyn at 23:20. When passing through the North tunnel, the engine failed and the train came to a stand. At first, guard Wray recommended that the train be allowed to roll back on the falling gradient to Welwyn, but the driver refused, as such a move would be dangerous and contrary to the rules. According to regulations, Wray should have placed detonators on the line to protect the rear of his train, but he did not, and he also failed to communicate with either signal box.  At 23:36, the Midland Goods train stopped at Welwyn signal box. The signalman at Welwyn, who had not received the "out of section" signal for the train of coal empties, sent a telegraph message to Knebworth asking if it had cleared the tunnel. The Knebworth signalman stated to the official enquiry that he had replied with the code for "No", but the Welwyn signalman claimed that he had received a "Yes". The code for "No" differed from the code for "Out" only by the number of beats on the telegraph needle, and the enquiry ruled that the Welwyn signalman had misinterpreted the signal as being "Out", which would have the same meaning as "Yes" in answer to his question. He therefore cleared his signals and allowed the Midland train into the tunnel.  The Midland train ran into the stationary first train at a speed estimated between 20 and 25 mph. The driver had no warning of its presence, and the collision killed Wray whilst severely injuring Rawlins, an employee of the Metropolitan Railway, who was travelling in the guard's van contrary to the regulations of the Great Northern Railway. He was severely injured and died on the morning of the 12th. The driver and fireman of the Midland train were not seriously injured, but it took them some time to extricate themselves from the debris of the accident.  Before any of the railwaymen could communicate with either signal box, the up meat train was allowed into the tunnel, where it struck the wreckage from the first collision and caught fire. Due to the difficulty of accessing the tunnel after the accident, and because the fire was directly beneath one of the tunnel's ventilation shafts, it was not extinguished until 11 June - according to Rolt, "all that night and all through the next day the ventilation shaft belched flames, smoke and the smell of roasting meat over the surrounding countryside."

Investigation and consequences.

The official report, by Captain F. H. Rich of the Royal Engineers, blamed the collision mainly on Guard Wray of the first train, for failing to protect the rear of his train after it had stopped, and for relying on the signals for protection in this situation. A secondary cause was the misreading of the telegraph message by the Welwyn signalman. Rich recommended two changes to the signalling method, which were subsequently adopted in the system of absolute block working - before a train is allowed into a section, the signalman must positively request clearance from the next box ahead, rather than relying on the "out of section" message for the previous train, and a separate block telegraph that permanently displays the state of the section should be used, in addition to the general-purpose "speaking" telegraph.

The Welwyn Tunnel rail crash took place in Welwyn North Tunnel, north of Welwyn (now Welwyn North) station on the Great Northern Railway, on 9 June 1866. According to L T C Rolt, "from the point of view of damage to engines and rolling stock it was one of the most destructive in railway history."

Bei dem Eisenbahnunfall im Welwyn-Tunnel kollidierten am 9. Juni 1866 drei Güterzüge im "Welwyn-Nord-Tunnel". Zwei Menschen starben. Nach den Sach- und Materialschäden soll es einer der umfangreichsten Eisenbahnunfälle in Großbritannien gewesen sein.


Location.

The castle is sited on a promontory of a raised beach jutting out at a height of above coastal flats, with a level top defended by steep slopes or cliffs to each side of the point. At one time, this was the location of a watch tower to fend off Viking raiders. Inverkip Castle later became an important medieval fortress.

History.

Inverkip Castle featured in what was later called the First War of Scottish Independence. In 1301, king Edward I of England sent two armies into Scotland, with the plan that they would meet up at Inverkip. The main force under his own command struck through the east of Scotland, while his son Edward, Prince of Wales, commanded a western army which captured Turnberry Castle and Bothwell Castle, but the armies then met at Linlithgow to overwinter.  In 1302 Robert the Bruce, Earl of Carrick, submitted homage to Edward of England, and on 12 May 1303 Bruce provided forces to a muster at Roxburgh. While Edward invaded the east of Scotland, in July he ordered a contingent including Bruce and Aymer de Valence to press up through Clydesdale, and meet a large seaborne force led by Bruce's father-in-law the Earl of Ulster which attacked Rothesay Castle then besieged Inverkip Castle. By early September the joint force had taken both fortresses. Bruce is said to have taken part in the fight to seize Inverkip Castle, and then had the task of getting the siege engines north for the English assault on Stirling Castle: on 16 April 1304 Edward wrote to thank Bruce, referring in particular to the problem of finding "a waggon fit to carry the frame" of "the great engine of Inverkip".  In 1306, Inverkip was held for Edward by the Lothian Scot Sir Adam Gordon. Around mid March the castle was besieged by supporters of King Robert the Bruce, led by Robert Boyd of Cunningham. On 24 July 1306, after Bruce's defeat at the Battle of Methven, Edward gave orders that Sir Thomas Randolph was to be held prisoner in Inverkip castle, supervised by Gordon, with no option of bail: by September of 1307 he had apparently been freed. When Bruce's ally Sir James Douglas defeated Sir Philip Mowbray in 1307, Sir Philip left his forces and escaped to Inverkip Castle, as described in John Barbour's "The Brus":  Sync throu the Largis, him allane
 Till Ennerkip the way he tane,
 Rigcht to the castell that wes then
 Stuffyt all with Ingless men,
 That him resaiffyt in daynte.  The English men later escaped from the castle by sea.

The Ardgowan Estate.

In 1403, King Robert III granted the lands of Ardgowan to his natural son, Sir John Stewart. Ardgowan castle, now a ruin, is a tower house built within the site of the earlier castle, and is dated to the late 15th century. It is sited on the south edge of the promontory, perched on a cliff.  In 1667 Archibald Stewart was created a baronet. The 3rd baronet married, in 1730, Helen Houston, heiress of the Shaws of Greenock. Their son Sir John Shaw Stewart, 4th Baronet, commissioned a design for Ardgowan House from the architect Hugh Cairncross. Construction began in 1797, and was completed around 1801, after which the old castle was abandoned. Its ruin was consolidated and repaired in 1936.

Ardgowan Castle, originally called Inverkip Castle, is located in the grounds of Ardgowan House near Inverkip, Scotland. It is near the Firth of Clyde in Inverclyde, in the former county of Renfrewshire. The three-storey ruin of the 15th century tower house is protected as a category B listed building.

Ardgowan Castle (auch Inverkip Castle) ist eine Burgruine auf dem Anwesen von Ardgowan House an den Ufern des Firth of Clyde in der schottischen Grafschaft Renfrewshire (heute Inverclyde). Die dreistöckige Ruine hat Historic Scotland als historisches Bauwerk der Kategorie B gelistet.