Etymology.

The dik-dik's name is derived from its call. When they feel threatened, dik-diks lie low to prevent detection. If they are discovered, they run in a swift, zigzag-like pattern until they reach refuge in a nearby thicket. During this ‘flight’, they emit trumpet-like "zik-zik" calls to raise an alarm or to harass predators and publicize the presence of a mated pair.

Physical characteristics.

Dik-diks are some of the world's smallest antelopes, with the largest, the Kirk's dik-dik, standing between 14 and 18 inches tall and weighing no more than. Female dik-diks tend to be 1 to 2 pounds heavier than males. They are dainty creatures with a pointed, mobile snout, large eyes and ears, prominent preorbital glands, pipestem legs, hare-like hind limbs that are significantly larger than their forelimbs, and a vestigial tail. Their coats, depending upon their habitat, range from grey to gray-brown with tan flanks, limbs, and an erectile head crest and whitish eye rings, ear lining, underparts, and rump.  Only male dik-diks sport horns, which are about 3 in (8 cm) long, corrugated, and backward-slanted. Horns of male Kirk's dik-diks may be straight or curved backwards from the profile of the face, and the basal half of the horns have seven to nine annular ridges that are frequently covered by the crest. Kirk's dik-diks are sexually dimorphic; females are larger and lack horns, while males sport a more developed muzzle, have a longer crest, and tend to be lighter in color. Though physically very similar, Kirk's dik-dik can be distinguished from Guenthers’ dik-dik by its longer nasals and premaxillae and shorter proboscis, which gives the head a more wedged-shaped profile than that of Guenther's dik-dik.

Adaptations.

Kirk's dik-diks are highly adapted to surviving in the arid regions of eastern Africa. They have a hairy proboscis with tiny, slit-like nostrils, a feature that is most pronounced in Guenther's dik-diks. This proboscis contains an enlarged nasal chamber supplied with a rich amount of blood that is cooled by rapid nasal panting. Panting through their snouts leads to airflow and evaporation that cools the blood before it is pumped back into the body. This process is also efficient, because it results in a minimal loss of water in the exhaled air. Water- and energy-conserving methods, such as fluctuating body temperatures, lowered metabolic rates, concentrated urine, and dry feces, all contribute to the ability of the dik-dik to survive harsh arid climates. Further, they also conserve fluids by licking dew from their nose and reabsorbing water from their feces. When compared to cattle, dik-diks have a significantly lower density of sweat glands.  Behaviorally, dik-diks are highly nocturnal, and during the daytime seek shade to rest throughout the hottest parts of the day to help avoid the loss of valuable fluids. Dik-diks are also highly selective when browsing on succulents, herbs, and foliage as to maximize fluid acquisition. The hind legs of Kirk's dik-diks are longer and are structurally more uniform, than the fore legs. Hopwood 1936 suggests this helps the hind legs propel the dik-dik forward, as the relatively short fore legs of dik-diks are more efficient at ascending broken terrain.

Habitat and territoriality.

"Kirk's dik-dik are endemic to savanna areas of eastern and southwestern Africa, occurring primarily in the Somali and Southwest arid biotic zones, but encroaching into the Southern savanna biotic zone". Their distribution can be described as discontinuous and as a result they often occur in dispersed patches due to their unique habitat requirements. In Namibia, Kirk's dik-dik occur in isolated areas along the Fish River and do not reside in the Namib desert, though they may traverse desert thickets along sources of water. They prefer habitats with good cover but lacking tall vegetation. Ideal habitats contain a variety of browse, extensive shade, and an open understory at their eye level. (Tinley, 1969) As a result, they move to different ranges when grass grows too high and obstructs their view. As noted by Tinley (1969), typical habitats of Kirk's dik-dik consist of thicket mosaics characterized by well-developed shrub layers and scant short grass cover. Dik-diks live in pairs on territories of 2–86 acres, depending on cover and resources. If no unfavorable events occur a pair of Kirk's dik-dik may reside within the same territory for life. Males are the main defenders of territories, as females are unable to maintain territories themselves. (Kingdon 1982) According to MacDonald (1985), territorial conflicts over quality habitat are not frequent, however, when do they occur, males charge one another, stopping just short of physical contact, before repeating the process by running from a longer distance. Furthermore, the encounter ends when one male surrenders, which results in both males scratching at the ground, urinating, and defecating".

Diet.

Dik-dik are herbivorous and their diets consist mainly of foliage, fruits, shoots, and berries. Due to their adaptations, dik-diks are water-independent and rely on vegetation as a source of water. Kirk's dik-diks are concentrate selectors, feeding selectively on dicotyledonous plants that can be rapidly fermented and digested. This includes leaves and fruit high in nutrients and water, but low in fiber and cellulose. Grasses are only consumed when they are germinating and Kirk's dik-diks have stomach capacities and mass that consist of 8.5–10.0% of body mass when full and 2.2% when empty". Because of the aforementioned facts and their high food requirements, Kirk's dik-diks feed and ruminate periodically throughout day and night. They consume roughly 3.8% of their body mass daily.

Reproduction and behavior.

Similar to other dwarf antelopes, Kirk's dik-diks exist in monogamous pairs on territories. Territories are marked with dung and urine that are deposited in a ritual that is performed to help helps maintain pair bonds. During the ritual, the female will excrete, followed by the male, which samples the female's urine stream to check her reproductive capacity. He paws over and then marks his dung and urine over her deposit. Finally, the pair marks nearby twigs with secretions from their preorbital glands. The male courts the female by running up behind her with his head and neck stretched and his muzzle pointing out in front. Copulation begins with the male standing on his hind legs behind the female and waving his forelegs at an acute angle to his own body in the air over her back". Copulation typically occurs three to five times within a 9-hour period.  Kirk's dik-diks have a gestation period of 5–6 months, and may produce up to two offspring per year. Females reach sexual maturity between 6 and 8 months of age, while this occurs for males between 8 and 9 months. Dik-diks produce one offspring per gestation. Most births occur between November and December and April through May, which coincides with the timing of the rainy seasons. Dik-diks differ from other ruminants in that offspring are born with their fore legs along the body, rather than extended forward. After birth, the offspring lie concealed away from their mother 2–3 weeks, and survival rates for fawns are roughly 50%. Once offspring reach a certain age, they also begin to participate in the bonding ritual, and remain with the parents until another offspring is born. At this point, the parents chase the older sibling out of their territory. The older offspring then seeks out its own territory and mate.

Genetics.

Dik-diks in general have complex chromosomal arrangements. They typically have 2n=46 to 2n=48 arrangements; however, dik-diks with 2n=49 have been discovered, as well. Furthermore, some have 47 chromosomes with X/A translocation. The two common cytotypes (46- and 48-chromosome individuals) are different enough so that resulting hybrids are sterile. Many zoos are now known to harbor hybrids between different cytotypes, with anomalous chromosome numbers and causing unexplained sterility. Examination of these individuals shows a lack of spermatogenesis in males, for example hybrids between Kirk's and Guenther's dik-diks are infertile.

Predators.

Dik-diks are susceptible to a myriad of predators including eagles, wildcats, jackals, caracals, leopards, hyenas, cheetahs, Cape wild dogs, honey badgers, crocodiles, pythons, lions, monitors, and humans. Young dik-diks are particularly preyed upon by baboons, genets, and eagles. Dik-diks have fine-tuned senses of hearing, sight, and smell. When they feel in danger or hear the alarm calls of other animals, they hide, rather than flee. Only when frightened or disturbed do they emit their iconic "zik-zik" alarm.

Human impacts and interactions.

Humans are the greatest threat to dik-diks, which are sometimes hunted for their hides and bones, often using snares. The bones from their legs and feet are used in traditional jewelry, while their hides are fashioned into suede gloves. An entire dik-dik hide is required to produce a single glove. Nowak (1991) asserted that dik-dik are disliked by local hunters because they flush and warn larger game to the presence of humans. Dik-diks also benefit from the destruction of vegetation via human-mediated slash-and-burn agriculture that results in the subsequent secondary growth of shrubs that serve as a food source and place of refuge for dik-diks. The IUCN Redlist lists Kirk's dik-dik as "least concern".

Subspecies.

Usually, four subspecies of Kirk's dik-dik are distinguished, but they may represent three or more distinct species:

Kirk's dik-dik ("Madoqua kirkii") is a small antelope native to Eastern Africa and one of four species of dik-dik antelope. It is believed to have six subspecies and possibly a seventh existing in southwest Africa. Dik-diks are herbivores, typically of a fawn color that aids in camouflaging themselves in savannah habitats. According to MacDonald (1985), they are also capable of reaching speeds up to 42 km/hour. The lifespan of Kirk's dik-dik in the wild is typically 5 years, but may surpass 10 years. In captivity, males have been known to live up to 16.5 years, while females have lived up to 18.4 years.

Das Kirk-Dikdik ("Madoqua kirkii", fälschlicherweise auch "Madoqua kirki"), auch bekannt als Zwergrüssel, ist eine der kleinsten Antilopen Afrikas. Es ist in Ostafrika weit verbreitet und eine der am besten erforschten Arten innerhalb seiner Gattung.


History.

Bureau County was created from a portion of Putnam County in 1837. It is named for brothers Michel and Pierre Bureau, French Canadians who ran a trading post from 1776 until the 1780s near the conjunction of Big Bureau Creek with Illinois River. Their actual surname most likely was Belleau, but the local American Indians had difficulty pronouncing the "l" sound, which was not found in some local languages. An early settler of this area was Bulbona, a man of mixed French and Native American descent with a Native American wife. Unlike most of the other Native Americans in the area, Bulbona remained after the area was settled by Euro-Americans and ran a trading post, where he sold whiskey among other necessities.  The founders of Princeton, the area's oldest town, were settlers from New England, descendants of the English Puritans who settled New England in the 17th century. They were part of a wave of New England farmers who moved to the Northwest Territory in the early 19th century. Most of them came soon after of the completion of the Erie Canal. When they arrived, they faced virgin forest and wild prairie. These New Englanders laid out farms, constructed roads, erected government buildings and established post routes. They brought with them many of their Yankee New England values, such as a passion for education, establishing many schools, and were staunch abolitionists. They were mostly members of the Congregationalist Church or Episcopalians. Early Bureau County, like much of northern Illinois, was culturally very continuous with early New England culture.  Like so many other areas in the Midwest, this county was on a "line" of the Underground Railroad. There was a "station" at the home of Owen Lovejoy in Princeton, and several other locations in the county.

Geography.

According to the US Census Bureau, the county has a total area of, of which is land and (0.5%) is water. Big Bureau Creek is the main body of water.

Climate and weather.

In recent years, average temperatures in the county seat of Princeton have ranged from a low of in January to a high of in July, although a record low of was recorded in February 1996 and a record high of was recorded in June 1988. Average monthly precipitation ranged from in February to in August.

Demographics.

As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 34,978 people, 14,262 households, and 9,605 families residing in the county. The population density was. There were 15,720 housing units at an average density of. The racial makeup of the county was 94.2% white, 0.7% Asian, 0.6% black or African American, 0.3% American Indian, 3.0% from other races, and 1.3% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 7.7% of the population. In terms of ancestry, 32.8% were German, 13.8% were Irish, 12.1% were English, 9.2% were American, 8.8% were Italian, 7.6% were Swedish, and 5.8% were Polish.  Of the 14,262 households, 29.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.6% were married couples living together, 9.2% had a female householder with no husband present, 32.7% were non-families, and 28.0% of all households were made up of individuals. The average household size was 2.42 and the average family size was 2.94. The median age was 42.5 years.  The median income for a household in the county was $45,692 and the median income for a family was $55,217. Males had a median income of $42,327 versus $29,210 for females. The per capita income for the county was $24,103. About 8.6% of families and 11.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 15.3% of those under age 18 and 7.5% of those age 65 or over.

Politics.

As part of Yankee-settled Northern Illinois, Bureau County became powerfully Republican for the century following the Civil War. The only Democrat to carry the county between 1856 and 1988 was Franklin D. Roosevelt during his landslide 1932 victory, although Progressive Theodore Roosevelt did carry the county during the 1912 election when the GOP was mortally divided. Between 1988 and 2012, the county trended Democratic – Bill Clinton won pluralities in both his elections and Barack Obama won an absolute majority in 2008 and nearly did so in 2012 – however concern with lack of employment opportunities in the Rust Belt led to a powerful swing toward Donald Trump in 2016 for the best GOP result since Ronald Reagan’s 1984 landslide.

Bureau County is a county located in the U.S. state of Illinois. As of the 2010 United States Census, the population was 34,978. Its county seat is Princeton.

Das Bureau County ist ein County im US-amerikanischen Bundesstaat Illinois. Im Jahr 2010 hatte das County 34.978 Einwohner und eine Bevölkerungsdichte von 15,7 Einwohnern pro Quadratkilometer. Der Verwaltungssitz (County Seat) ist Princeton.


History.

Cass County was formed in 1837 out of Morgan County. It was named for Lewis Cass, a general in the War of 1812, Governor of the Michigan Territory, and United States Secretary of State in 1860. Cass was serving as Andrew Jackson's Secretary of War just before the County was named.

Geography.

According to the US Census Bureau, the county has a total area of, of which is land and (2.1%) is water.

Climate and weather.

In recent years, average temperatures in the county seat of Virginia have ranged from a low of in January to a high of in July, although a record low of was recorded in February 1934 and a record high of was recorded in July 1954. Average monthly precipitation ranged from in January to in May.

Demographics.

As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 13,642 people, 5,270 households, and 3,561 families residing in the county. The population density was. There were 5,836 housing units at an average density of. The racial makeup of the county was 86.3% white, 3.1% black or African American, 0.3% Asian, 0.3% American Indian, 8.7% from other races, and 1.4% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 16.8% of the population. In terms of ancestry, 22.6% were German, 21.0% were American, 10.6% were Irish, and 9.5% were English.  Of the 5,270 households, 33.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 51.1% were married couples living together, 10.9% had a female householder with no husband present, 32.4% were non-families, and 26.5% of all households were made up of individuals. The average household size was 2.55 and the average family size was 3.06. The median age was 38.7 years.  The median income for a household in the county was $41,544 and the median income for a family was $51,624. Males had a median income of $37,267 versus $26,634 for females. The per capita income for the county was $19,825. About 10.1% of families and 12.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 14.2% of those under age 18 and 9.2% of those age 65 or over.

Politics.

Typically for German-settled western Central Illinois, Cass County opposed the Civil War and became solidly Democratic for the next six decades. Only hatred of Woodrow Wilson’s policies towards Germany following World War I drove the county into Republican hands in the 1920 landslide. Between 1924 and 2008, the county was something of a bellwether, missing the national winner only in the very close 1960 election and the heavily drought- and farm crisis-influenced election of 1988. In the 2010s, the county has become powerfully Republican due to opposition to the Democratic Party's social liberalism.  Cass County is located in Illinois's 18th Congressional District and is currently represented by Republican Davin LaHood. For the Illinois House of Representatives, the county is located in the 93rd district and is currently represented by Republican Norine Hammond. The county is located in the 47th district of the Illinois Senate, and is currently represented by Republican Jil Tracy.

Cass County is a county located in the U.S. state of Illinois. As of the 2010 United States Census, the population was 13,642. Its county seat is Virginia. It is the home of the Jim Edgar Panther Creek State Fish and Wildlife Area. Cass County's official website can be found at https://co.cass.il.us/.

Das Cass County ist ein County im US-amerikanischen Bundesstaat Illinois. Im Jahr 2010 hatte das County 13.642 Einwohner und eine Bevölkerungsdichte von 14 Einwohnern pro Quadratkilometer. Der Verwaltungssitz (County Seat) ist Virginia.


Early life.

Savage was born in Old Bethpage, New York, to Muriel (née Smeallie), a housewife, and Floyd-Jones Youngs, an insurance salesman who served on Guadalcanal during World War II with the Marine Corps. His sisters are Boston-based radio and television personality Robin Young and actress Gail Youngs. His brother is actor Jim Youngs.

Career.

Savage has appeared in more than 200 feature films, short films, recurring roles in television series and guest appearances in episodes of television series. One of Savage's first notable roles is as Claude Bukowski in the 1979 film "Hair". His first major film role was as Steven Pushkov in the multiple Oscar-winning 1978 film "The Deer Hunter". He also had a lead role in the 1979 film "The Onion Field". In the late 1970s, he performed in the Broadway production of David Mamet's play "American Buffalo".  In 1991, he starred in Italian director Lucio Fulci's final film "Door to Silence". He then had a brief role in the 1998 war film "The Thin Red Line," portrayed Captain Ransom in the two part episode "Equinox" of the television series "" in 1999, and appeared in the recurring role of Donald Lydecker in the first and second seasons of the 2000 television series "Dark Angel."  Savage appeared in the recurring role of Henry Scudder in the HBO television series "Carnivàle" between 2003 and 2005. He appeared in unrelated roles in two of the series in the "Law & Order" franchise: the 2004 episode "" of "", and the 2005 episode "" of "".  Savage starred in the 2015 horror film "Tales of Halloween," the 2017 film "In Dubious Battle," and on the 2017 continuation of the television show "Twin Peaks." In 2018, he appeared on the television show "Goliath".  In 2018, Savage lent his voice to a monologue on the title track of the album "This Town" by Steve Smith of Dirty Vegas.  In 2019 Savage played the role of The Narrator in upcoming fantasy crime drama "Karma" from award-winning filmmaker Bizhan Tong, having collaborated with him earlier that year.  In 2017, Savage spoke at a tribute honoring director Richard Donner, held by The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences.

John Savage (born John Smeallie Youngs; August 25, 1949) is an American actor, best known for his roles in the films "The Deer Hunter" (1978), "The Onion Field" (1979), "Hair" (1979) and "Salvador" (1986). He is also known for his role as Donald Lydecker in the TV series "Dark Angel".

John Savage; eigentlich "John Youngs" (* 25. August 1949 in Old Bethpage, Long Island, New York) ist ein US-amerikanischer Filmschauspieler und Produzent.


Career.

Germany.

Baumjohann began his youth career in 1991 with Teutonia Waltrop and in summer 2000, joined Schalke 04. After only two appearances in the first team he was signed by to Mönchengladbach in January 2007 on the promise of greater first team exposure. On 27 January 2007 he made his debut with Mönchengladbach against Energie Cottbus.  In July 2009, he moved to Bayern Munich on the recommendation of Jupp Heynckes, who personally scouted the player. Six months before the move, Heynckes foreshadowed a deal, saying that "Talent makes Alex a 'Bayern player', even though he has yet to make the breakthrough in the Bundesliga." However, after six months with Bayern and sporadic Bundesliga game time, he rejoined FC Schalke.  On 21 August 2012, Baumjohann joined 2. Bundesliga club Kaiserslautern on a one-year contract. In Baumjohann's 27th game for the club, he netted his sixth goal, scoring with a free-kick in a playoff vs. Hoffenheim for a place in the Bundesliga.  On 8 June 2013, it was announced that Baumjohann would leave Kaiserslautern, who lost to Hoffenheim in their Bundesliga play-off over two legs, for newly promoted Hertha BSC, signing a three-year contract with the capital club. On 18 March 2016, he extended his contract until 2017.

Brazil.

After the 2016–17 season, Baumjohann considered playing in Brazil, the country of his wife. In July 2017, he signed with Coritiba. Having limited playing time at Coritiba due to a broken hand, Baumjohann left the club after its relegation, although wanting to renew his contract. In 2018, he joined Vitória.

Australia.

On 9 August 2018, Baumjohann was brought to the A-League by coach Markus Babbel, signing with Western Sydney Wanderers. At the end of the season, the Wanderers released Baumjohann choosing not to renew his contract.  On 2 June 2019, Baumjohann signed a two-year deal with local rivals Sydney FC.

Personal life.

Baumjohann grew up in Waltrop, and attended the Gesamtschule Berger Feld.  In addition to his native German, Baumjohann can also speak Portuguese.  Baumjohann has a wife and two daughters.

Alexander Baumjohann (born 23 January 1987) is a German footballer who plays for Sydney FC as an attacking midfielder. After developing as a star junior with Schalke 04, he moved to Borussia Mönchengladbach and enjoyed great success with the Bundesliga club, earning a move to Bayern Munich in 2009.

Fangseile (engl. "Arrestor cables" oder "Arrestor wires") werden bei Seilfanganlagen genutzt, um Flugzeuge auf kurzer Strecke sicher abzubremsen. Verwendet wird das System bei Flugzeugträgern mit CATOBAR (Catapult Assisted Take Off But Arrested Recovery) und STOBAR (Short Take Off But Arrested Recovery) System sowie auf militärischen Landebahnen als Notlandesystem.


History.

From 1964 to 1974, French radio and television was monopolized through an organization known as the Office de Radiodiffusion Télévision Française. In an effort to stimulate competition, the organization was split in 1975 so that the France's three television channels—TF1, Antenne 2, and FR3, would still be owned by the French government, but be operated independently from each other. However, the privatization of TF1 in 1987 and increased competition from other new private broadcasters (such as Canal+ and La Cinq, the latter having been replaced by public channel La Cinquième after it ceased transmissions in April 1992) led to a decline in viewership for the two remaining public channels, which lost 30% of their market share between 1987 and 1989. The channels were however saved when a single director-general was appointed to manage both Antenne 2 and FR3, becoming part of a joint entity known as France Télévision. They were renamed in 1992 as France 2 and France 3 respectively.  In August 2000, France Télévisions S.A. was formed as a holding company for France's public television channels, absorbing control of France 2, France 3, and La Cinquième (later renamed France 5). In 2004, Réseau France Outre-mer was absorbed by France Télévisions. Beginning in 2008, the President of France took the duty of naming the presidents for the French public broadcasters; they were previously nominated by the Conseil supérieur de l'audiovisuel.

Channels.

Thematic.

France Télévisions has an interest in a number of thematic cable/satellite channels in France:  France Télévisions holds 100% of France Télémusique SAS.  The thematic channel Planète Juniors (formerly "Ma Planète") ceased operations in March 2009.

International.

France Télévisions holds 45% of the ARTE France holding company together with the French state (25%), Radio France (15%) and INA (15%). "ARTE France" and "ARTE Deutschland" form the ARTE Consortium that manages the bilingual French-German channel (ARTE shared its analogue channel with France 5, but both channels have separate full-time services on cable, satellite and digital broadcasts).  France Télévisions also controls the new R1 digital multiplex that currently hosts France 2, France 3, France 5, Arte and La Chaîne parlementaire. France 4 was originally on the R1 multiplex but was moved to R2 to allow space for regional channels on R1.

France Télévisions () (stylized as ) is the French public national television broadcaster. It is a state-owned company formed from the integration of the public television channels France 2 (formerly Antenne 2) and France 3 (formerly France Régions 3), later joined by the legally independent channels France 5 (formerly La Cinquième), France Ô (formerly RFO Sat), and France 4 (formerly Festival).

France Télévisions ist die öffentlich-rechtliche Fernsehanstalt Frankreichs mit Sitz in Paris und gehört zu 100 Prozent der Französischen Republik. Das Hörfunkpendant ist Radio France.


National rules.

United Kingdom.

A very simplified 'rule of thumb' is that under UK law a person is "tax resident" if that person meets any of the residency tests set out under the Statutory Residency Test introduced on 6 April 2014. The reality of the matter is far more complex and unclear.

United States.

Under the Internal Revenue Code, a "U.S. person" (including United States citizens and U.S. permanent residents) is taxed on his or her worldwide income regardless of place of residence. U.S. persons can avoid U.S. tax liability on non-U.S. source income only by moving abroad, renouncing citizenship (or terminating or losing permanent residence), documenting that renunciation/termination/loss, and (as often required) formally exiting the U.S. tax system via IRS Form 8854. Exiting high net worth and high income individuals may owe an expatriation tax. However, if they continue to receive income from any U.S. sources, they will still be liable for U.S. taxes, often on a tax withholding basis and sometimes with less favorable tax rates (such as dividend tax rates). U.S. states and municipalities with their own tax systems sometimes have different exit rules.  U.S. persons living abroad are often entitled to substantial U.S. tax relief principally through the foreign earned income exclusion, foreign housing exclusion, and/or foreign tax credit (claimed via IRS Forms 2555 and 1116). Moreover, effective U.S. income tax rates can occasionally be negative: in principle, some U.S. persons can qualify for refundable tax credits (net cash payments from the IRS) on non-excluded income even while living outside the U.S., such as the past Making Work Pay tax credit. All other U.S. tax advantages remain available in principle, such as U.S. tax-advantaged retirement and education savings accounts. No matter where they live, U.S. persons must file all required financial reports such as U.S. FinCEN Form 114.  As mentioned above, a permanent resident in the United States is generally treated as a citizen for tax purposes unless his or her residency lapses or otherwise ends. Former "long-term" permanent residents remain liable for U.S. taxes unless and until they formally exit the U.S. tax system via IRS Form 8854. An immigrant not legally admitted for permanent residence (such as a guest worker) generally becomes liable for U.S. taxes on worldwide income after spending a certain number of days in the U.S. within a certain time period, as described in IRS Publication 519.

A tax exile is a person who leaves a country to avoid the payment of income tax or other taxes. It is a person who already owes money to the tax authorities or wishes to avoid being liable in the future to taxation at what they consider high tax rates, instead choosing to reside in a foreign country or jurisdiction which has no taxes or lower tax rates. In general, there is no extradition agreement between countries which covers extradition for outstanding tax liabilities. Going into tax exile is a form of tax mitigation or avoidance. A tax exile normally cannot return to their home country without being subject to outstanding tax liabilities, which may prevent them from leaving the country until they have been paid.

Steuerflucht bezeichnet die Verlagerung von Einkunftsquellen, Betriebssitz, Wohnsitz oder Aufenthaltsort in andere Staaten oder Wirtschaftsgebiete aus steuerlichen Gründen. Zielländer sind häufig sogenannte Steueroasen (Niedrigsteuerland). Die Bezeichnung Steuerflucht wird sowohl für Fälle illegaler Steuerhinterziehung als auch bei legaler, von manchen jedoch als moralisch fragwürdig angesehener Steuervermeidung verwendet. Der Begriff fungiert auch als politisches Schlagwort.


History.

An earlier Romanesque basilica from the 12th century stood in the place of the current church as part of an ensemble of ecclesial buildings, including a graveyard and administrative structures. This was a "Probstei" of the Benedictinians of Saalfeld Abbey. The existing St. Moriz church dates from the 14th century, which makes it Coburg's oldest existing church. Construction began around 1310. The earliest surviving section is the eastern choir, completed in 1330. In the 15th century, the west portal with its two towers was demolished and replaced by the current structure with its two dissimilar towers.  Reformation came early to Coburg, with preaching there in 1518. With Reformation, ownership of the church passed to the town, who took on the cost of operation. During the Easter week of 1530, Martin Luther gave several sermons at the Morizkirche.  In the late 17th century,, a writer of hymns, was parson and deacon at St Moriz.  The interior of the late Gothic hall church was refurbished in Baroque style in the middle of the 18th century. Thus most of what is visible of the interior today dates from the 1740-2 renovation. Architect Johann David Steingruber created the current structure with two galleries. In this refurbishment, much of the Gothic interior was destroyed or changed substantially. Most of the rich medieval features, such as 15 altars and valuable figures, had already been lost during the Reformation, however.  The church served as the burial place of the Ducal family until it became too small and a new mausoleum on the " was constructed in the 1850s, with financial support from the Royal houses of Belgium and the United Kingdom.  On 20 October 1932, Prince Gustaf Adolf of Sweden and Princess Sibylla of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, the parents of King Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden, were married at St. Moriz.  On 7 July 2018, Princess Stephanie of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, only daughter of Andreas, Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha married at St. Moritz to Jan Stahl, an engineer with BMW.

Architecture and art.

The church contains the tomb of the Ducal family. It is dominated by the 13 m (47ft) high Renaissance alabaster epitaph for Duke Johann Friedrich II, by sculptor Nikolaus Bergner (finished in 1598).

Organ.

The organ by " was installed in 1989 into a reconstructed frame originally built by Wolfgang Heinrich Daum (1740).

Today.

The church is owned by the town of Coburg, but serves as main church of the Protestant congregation of St. Moriz.  As of early 2016, the church is closed for renovation.

Morizkirche (or "Stadtkirche St. Moriz") is a Protestant church dedicated to Saint Maurice in Coburg, Bavaria, Germany, and is the town's oldest church. Its earliest remaining structures date back to the 14th century, which superseded a church from the 12th century. Martin Luther is known to have given several sermons there in 1530 A.D. This church currently houses the family tomb of the Dukes of Coburg. In modern times, Morizkirche serves as the main church for the congregation of St. Moriz. Due to the height of its towers, the church is one of the landmarks of Coburg. It is also one of the most important Luther memorial sites in southern Germany.

Die Morizkirche ist die evangelisch-lutherische Stadtkirche St. Moriz und älteste Kirche Coburgs. Sie geht zurück auf eine romanische Basilika aus dem 13. Jahrhundert, von der noch Fundamentreste vorhanden sind. Der Kirchenname wurde erstmals Anfang des 14. Jahrhunderts urkundlich erwähnt und nimmt Bezug auf St. Mauritius.


Club career.

Stöger started his career at Favoritner AC Wien, and played six years for FK Austria Wien from 1988 through 1994, winning the league three years in a row, with players like Ralph Hasenhüttl. After a year at FC Tirol Innsbruck, he joined SK Rapid Wien in 1995 and won a league title with them. He also played in the 1996 UEFA Cup Winners Cup Final against Paris St Germain in Brussels, which Rapid lost. He then returned to Austria after a year at LASK Linz and finished his career at 38 years of age with SC Untersiebenbrunn.

International career.

He made his debut for Austria in February 1988 against Switzerland, missed out on the 1990 FIFA World Cup, but was a participant at the 1998 FIFA World Cup. He earned 65 caps, scoring 15 goals. His last international was a March 1999 friendly match, also against Switzerland.

Managerial career.

Austria.

Stöger, along with Frank Schinkels, became coach of Austria Wien on 6 May 2005 and was scheduled to end his role at the end of the season. However, Stöger continued in the position until December 2005, then became sporting director. After winning the championship in that season, the following season did not start well and both coach and manager were sacked before year's end. Stöger eventually moved for 3 years to First Vienna FC, then Grazer AK, and SC Wiener Neustadt. Stöger returned to manage Austria Wien on 30 May 2012, stayed for one year and celebrated the Austrian championship with a record number of points, despite Red Bull Salzburg investing much more money in Schmidt as coach, Mane, Alan, Soriano, Kampl as players.

1. FC Köln.

Stöger and his co-trainer Manfred Schmid were bought out of their contracts for 700,000 EUR and a friendly, and thus started at 1. FC Köln on 11 June 2013. A couple of weeks later, Köln signed Jörg Schmadtke as co-CEO. The Billy Goats continuously improved under their tenure, from 33 points in the first half in the 2. Bundesliga, to 35 points in the second half, followed by promotion. The next half in the German top-flight ended with 19 points, followed by 22 points. The first half of 2015/16 ended with 24 points. In January 2016, Stöger, along with his co-trainer Manfred Schmid, let his contract be extended to 2020, including a buy-out clause. During the second half of the season, Köln was not as good, with 19 points, but finished on a single-digit rank for the first time in 24 years. In the season 2016/17, Köln reached 26 and 23 points, and was on the lucky end of the congestion for the places which brought international football back into the city after 25 years. Cologne finished 5th and qualified for the Europa League. In the 2017/18 season, Köln's poor start was the worst ever start to a Bundesliga season, with only three points from the opening 14 matches. In October, Schmadtke resigned. After a win against Arsenal in the Europa League, a loss against Hertha and a draw against Schalke in the league, Schmidt and Stöger were sacked on 3 December 2017. Stöger was still supported by the fans and the team at the time; he came to a fundraising event for disabled kids the night after his dismissal.

Borussia Dortmund.

On 10 December 2017, Stöger was contracted as successor to Peter Bosz to coach Borussia Dortmund until end of the season. Taking on this challenge a couple of days after leaving Köln, some colleagues found it a little hard to do. With BVB sitting eighth in the league table, Stöger stabilized the team, his squad including young players such as Manuel Akanji and Jadon Sancho, as well as Sergio Gómez. At the end of the season, BVB finished fourth, qualifying for the UEFA Champions League on the final matchday. He left Dortmund on 12 May 2018.

Peter Stöger (; born 11 April 1966) is a retired Austrian footballer and current football coach. On May 12, 2018, he stepped down as the head coach of Borussia Dortmund.

Peter Stöger (* 11. April 1966 in Wien) ist ein österreichischer Fußballtrainer und ehemaliger Fußballspieler. Seit dem 1. August 2019 ist er Sportvorstand von Austria Wien.


Biography.

Born in East Horsley, Surrey, Tyrrell served in the Royal Air Force during World War II. After the war he became a timber merchant; as a result, he was sometimes known as "Chopper". In 1952, at 28, he began racing a Norton-powered Cooper in Formula 3. In 1958, he advanced to Formula Two in a Cooper-Climax, joining Cecil Libowitz and Alan Brown. He achieved a number of good placings and the occasional win.  Realising, however, that he was not going to reach the top and recognising that his talents were better suited to team management, Tyrrell stood down as a driver in 1959 and began to run the works Cooper Formula Junior team, using the woodshed owned by his family business, Tyrrell Brothers, as a workshop. By 1961 he was also managing the Mini Coopers, as well as deputising for an injured John Cooper in Formula One.  Tyrrell was responsible for discovering Jackie Stewart, whom he contracted to race for his Formula Junior team, after a test in 1963. Along with numerous lesser lights, he also approved Jody Scheckter and motorcycle racing ace John Surtees. Recognizing the value of the new Cosworth DFV, after a Lotus win at Zandvoort in its debut in 1967, with financial help from Elf, Dunlop and Ford, Tyrrell achieved his dream of moving to Formula 1 in 1968, as team principal for Matra International, a joint-venture established between Tyrrell's own team and the French auto manufacturer Matra. He persuaded Matra that a DFV was good insurance against the possible failure of Matra's V12 and thus the Matra MS10 was the result.  Stewart helped the new team to place second in the Constructors' Championship for 1968. The success led to Matra's Gérard Ducarouge and Bernard Boyer creating the DFV-powered Matra MS80 for 1969, driven by Jean-Pierre Beltoise and Stewart, who won his first World Drivers Championship. Matra insisted on focusing on their V12, leading Tyrrell to secretly employ Derek Gardner, then at Ferguson (whom he had encountered in trials with a four-wheel drive Matra) to build what became the Tyrrell 001. It was quick, if a trifle unreliable, and spawned the much better Tyrrell 003 for 1971. This, in the hands of Stewart and newly-hired François Cevert, took eight wins during 1971 and 1972 and gave Stewart the 1971 World Drivers' Championship.  For 1972, Gardner tried inboard brakes on the 005 but proved unable to work out their problems.  During his early years in F1, "Uncle" Ken, as he was often known, reached the peak of his career. The 006, with its tall airbox, appeared in 1973 and was better than the 005. However, Tyrrell was profoundly affected by the death of Cevert in practice for the 1973 US Grand Prix, leading to Stewart announcing his retirement, the World Championship already his.  With the death of Cevert and the departure of Stewart, Tyrrell in 1974 hired Scheckter and Patrick Depailler and Gardner designed the less-twitchy 007. It was good enough for Scheckter to place third in the World Championship and for Depailler to be ninth in his rookie season and for the team to continue to campaign the car during 1975. In the following years, the Tyrrell team slipped down the rankings to mid-field, despite having employed natural talents such as Scheckter, Depailler and Ronnie Peterson, as well as lesser lights like Jean-Pierre Jabouille, in a third 007 in 1975.  Still, Tyrrell found the time to introduce new concepts for F1. In 1976, the Tyrrell team created the six-wheeled P34, with four front wheels. The Gardner-designed single-seater achieved a race victory but it was abandoned after Goodyear refused to develop the small tyres needed exclusively for the car as it would detract from the efforts in the ongoing tyre war with other tyre manufacturers.  In the early 1980s Tyrrell's fortunes declined to the point where he had to run his team without sponsorship. Tyrrell still retained his eye for talent, bringing Michele Alboreto, Stefan Bellof and Martin Brundle to F1, but was not able to retain them. Without the proper funding, Tyrrell was the only entrant with the Cosworth DFV at a time when all other teams had switched to turbocharged engines. Alboreto scored the engine's last win in 1983, but in 1984 the team was excluded from the championship after being found to have run underweight cars before adding ballast during pit stops. Tyrrell denied this and felt his team was being singled out for refusing to run more expensive turbos.  In the early 1990s Tyrrell relinquished much of the company's control to his sons and to Harvey Postlethwaite, who was the first to introduce the high-nose concept in the 1990 Tyrrell. Jean Alesi scored two-second places in the car and the team led a lap for the last time. Their final podium finish was in 1994 with Mark Blundell and their final points at the 1997 Monaco Grand Prix, with 5th position from Mika Salo.  In 1997 the Tyrrell F1 team was bought by British American Tobacco and Craig Pollock to create British American Racing. Tyrrell did not stay with the team for its last year under the Tyrrell name (1998), after Pollock insisted on hiring Ricardo Rosset, whom Tyrrell regarded as less capable than the also-available Jos Verstappen. Tyrrell also approached Norberto Fontana and had even drafted a contract, but this was also vetoed by British American Racing.  On 25 August 2001 Ken Tyrrell died of pancreatic cancer at the age of 77.

Robert Kenneth Tyrrell (3 May 1924 – 25 August 2001) was a British Formula Two racing driver and the founder of the Tyrrell Formula One constructor.

Ken Tyrrell (eigentlich "Robert Kenneth Tyrrell") (* 3. Mai 1924 in East Horsley, Surrey; † 25. August 2001 ebenda) war ein britischer Automobilrennfahrer und -rennstallbesitzer. Mit seinem Team Tyrrell Racing Organisation, das von 1968 bis 1998 an der Formel 1-Weltmeisterschaft teilnahm, gewann er drei Fahrer- und drei Konstrukteurstitel. Ken Tyrrell gehörte zwei Jahrzehnte lang zu den einflussreichsten Personen der Formel 1.


General information.

The municipality of Bømlo was established on 1 July 1916 when the old municipality of Finnås was divided into three smaller municipalities: Bømlo, Bremnes, and Moster. Initially, the municipality encompassed the southern part of the island of Bømlo and it had a population of 1,217. During the 1960s, there were many municipal mergers across Norway due to the work of the Schei Committee. On 1 January 1963, the municipalities of Bremnes (population: 4,829) and Moster (population: 1,834) were merged with Bømlo (population: 1,463) which together formed a new, larger municipality called Bømlo. On 1 January 1970, a small area along the Valvatnavågen bay on the island of Stord was transferred from Bømlo to the neighboring Stord Municipality. On 1 January 1995, the islands of Aga, Agasystra, Gisøya, Vikøya, Selsøy, Risøya, and many smaller surrounding islands (population: 225) were transferred from the neighboring Fitjar Municipality to Bømlo. These islands had recently been connected to Bømlo by road bridges which precipitated the municipal transfer.

Name.

The municipality is named after the main island of Bømlo (), possibly derived from "bembel", meaning "navel" or "stomach". In this context, it is believed that it refers to something thick or swollen, similar to the mountain formation of Siggjo (for other possible interpretations, see Bamble). Until 1918 the name was written "Bømmel".

Coat of arms.

The coat of arms was granted on 29 February 1980. Its colors include red and light grey, and illustrates the leaf of a water lily interlaced with a trefoil. The trefoil symbolizes the three former municipalities Bremnes, Moster, and Bømlo, which were united in 1963. The water lily leaf, however, was simply chosen as a decorative element without any further significance.

Churches.

The Church of Norway has four parishes () within the municipality of Bømlo. It is part of the Sunnhordland prosti (deanery) in the Diocese of Bjørgvin.

Geography.

The municipality includes about 900 islands, islets, and skerries, although most are very small and uninhabited. The main island is also called Bømlo, and other notable islands in Bømlo municipality include Moster, Otterøya, Spyssøya, Goddo, and Espevær. The municipality lies north of the entrance to the Hardangerfjorden, south of the Selbjørnsfjorden, and west of the Stokksundet. The Innværfjorden is a small fjord that cuts into the island of Bømlo around the village of Rubbestadneset.  The large island of Stord lies to the east. Bømlo is connected to Stord by the Triangle Link, which has made transportation to and from the municipality easier and more effective.  Bømlo is commonly distinguished in respect to residential ares. These areas include Svortland (previously Bremnes), Søra-Bømlo (South-Bømlo), Rubbestadneset, Moster, Finnås, Gilje, Goddo, and Hiskjo. Svortland is the administrative centre where there are stores, a cultural centre, schools and official buildings, and is located a bit north of the centre of the island. Moster is on the other hand more to the east with a high percentage of Christians devoted to at least three different christian denominations.

Siggjo.

At in height, the mountain Siggjo is the highest mountain on the island of Bømlo. The rocks on Siggjo contain large amounts of the igneous rock rhyolite, which was used in the Stone Age to create armament and tools. They have found rhyolite from Siggjo as far north as the Trøndelag region of Norway. Siggjo is a popular attraction among locals and tourists.

Lykling.

The Lykling village area has become a popular tourist attraction, mainly due to its history of extensive gold mining in "Lyklingeberga". The discovery of gold in 1862 by a young shepherd, led to several constructions being built in the area. These were built by three major companies, mainly financed and run by English businessmen. In addition to the mining constructions, there was also built two hotels, one hotelship, several bakeries, and a number of retail stores. Mining activity started in 1882 and ended in 1910, lasting more than 25 years.

Government.

All municipalities in Norway, including Bømlo, are responsible for primary education (through 10th grade), outpatient health services, senior citizen services, unemployment and other social services, zoning, economic development, and municipal roads. The municipality is governed by a municipal council of elected representatives, which in turn elect a mayor. The municipality falls under the Sunnhordland District Court and the Gulating Court of Appeal.

Municipal council.

The municipal council () of Bømlo is made up of 27 representatives that are elected to four year terms. The party breakdown of the council is as follows:

Mayor.

The mayors of Bømlo (incomplete list):

Culture.

Bømlo is regionally known for several musical theatres and other theatrical productions performed in "Moster Amfi", a local amphitheatre. The most famous performance, "Mostraspelet", surrounds the topics of how Christianity arrived to Norway via Bømlo, late during the first millennium.  In 1975, the island of Espevær became known for its conspirative 'UFO-Ring', a physical imprint to the ground supposedly made from a stationed UFO, which is still visible.

Sports.

Many local youths are active in some form of sport or activity, either as a hobby, as part of education, or sometimes even with the specific goal of becoming a professional.  Association football is one of the most popular sports played by the male population on the island. In recent years, there has been an increasing number of female footballers as well. Children often start playing football at an early age, and many play active for several years. As their skills develop, they are systematically graded up (or down) in divisions, a type of ranking system. Notable soccer players, such as Arne Larsen Økland, Geirmund Brendesæter, and Gunnar Meling, started their careers in Bremnes IL, one of the local sports clubs. Former top player and current coach for SK Brann, Mons Ivar Mjelde, had a brief stay at Moster IL.  Other popular sports and activities include team handball, motocross, athletics, shooting sports, social dance, floorball, baton twirling, rhythmic gymnastics, swimming, and martial arts.

Industry and economy.

Wärtsilä, Eidesvik Offshore, Brandasund fiskeforedling, and Bremnes Seashore are notable industries, all of which are active in industries somehow related to the ocean. This, as well as tourism and agriculture, constitutes the main industries of Bømlo.  The economy of Bømlo is largely sustained by Eidesvik Offshore, Wärtsilä, fishing industry, tourism and general offshore related work.

Education.

There are several schools in the area. They are all named according to their geographical locations, and include Svortland, Gilje, Meling, Folderøy, Våge, Håvik, and Espevær, which comprises students from 1st through 7th grade. Rubbestadneset, Moster, and Hillestveit have students from 1st through 10th grade. Bremnes Ungdomsskule, often abbreviated "BUS", is located in Svortland, and gathers most students from 8th through 10th grade. There are two upper secondary schools, Bømlo Vidaregåande skule and Rubbestadnes Vidaregåande Skule (formerly Rubbestadnes Yrkesskule).  There is also a Folk High School, Olavskulen Folkehøgskule, which is located at Finnås.

Transport.

An extensive tunnel and bridge system, the Triangle Link, connected Bømlo to the mainland and neighboring island Stord on 30 April 2001. It was officially opened on the latter date by king Harald V of Norway. The system includes the Bømlafjord Tunnel, the Bømla Bridge, and the Stord Bridge. The Norwegian County Road 542 is one of the main roads in Bømlo.  There is also a ferry that goes from Langevåg to Buavåg in Sveio, connecting the southern part of Bømlo to the mainland.

Bømlo is a municipality in the southwestern part of Vestland county, Norway. It is located in the traditional district of Sunnhordland. The administrative centre of the municipality is the village of Svortland. Other villages in Bømlo include Mosterhamn, Rubbestadneset, Lykling, and Langevåg. Most of the municipal residents live on the island of Bømlo, which makes up the majority of the land in the municipality.

Bømlo ist eine Kommune im Süden der norwegischen Fylke Vestland. Sie besteht aus mehreren Inseln und Holmen. Der höchste Berg der Kommune heißt "Siggjo" (). Durch ein Tunnel- und Brückensystem ("Trekantsambandet") ist Bømlo seit dem 30. April 2001 mit dem Festland und der Nachbarinsel Stord verbunden.


History.

Established in 1839, Logan County was named after physician and State Representative John Logan, father of Union General John Alexander Logan.

Geography.

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of, of which is land and (0.1%) is water.

Climate and weather.

In recent years, average temperatures in the county seat of Lincoln have ranged from a low of in January to a high of in July, although a record low of was recorded in December 1914 and a record high of was recorded in July 1936. Average monthly precipitation ranged from in February to in May.

Demographics.

According to the 2010 United States Census, there were 30,305 people, 11,070 households, and 7,274 families residing in the county. The population density was. There were 12,107 housing units at an average density of. The racial makeup of the county was 89.1% white, 7.5% black or African American, 0.6% Asian, 0.2% American Indian, 1.2% from other races, and 1.3% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 2.9% of the population. In terms of ancestry, 30.9% were German, 17.4% were American, 13.1% were Irish, and 10.8% were English.  Of the 11,070 households, 29.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.3% were married couples living together, 10.6% had a female householder with no husband present, 34.3% were non-families, and 29.2% of all households were made up of individuals. The average household size was 2.34 and the average family size was 2.85. The median age was 39.4 years. 14.4% of the population were living in group quarters including 11.4% of the population institutionalized.  The median income for a household in the county was $48,999 and the median income for a family was $63,245. Males had a median income of $43,940 versus $31,783 for females. The per capita income for the county was $22,063. About 6.8% of families and 9.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 15.1% of those under age 18 and 5.2% of those age 65 or over.

Government and infrastructure.

The Illinois Department of Corrections Logan Correctional Center is located in unincorporated Logan County, near Lincoln.

Politics.

In the period following the Civil, War Logan was a swing county, following the popular vote winner in every election up to 1936 except those of 1900 and 1916. Since 1940, when its isolationist sentiment drove voters to Wendell Willkie, Logan has become a strongly Republican county. No Democratic Presidential candidate has won Logan County since Lyndon Johnson’s 1964 landslide over Barry Goldwater. In fact, apart from Johnson, Illinoian Barack Obama in 2008 is the solitary Democrat to reach forty percent in the past nineteen elections.

Logan County is a county located in the U.S. state of Illinois. According to the 2010 census, it had a population of 30,305. Its county seat is Lincoln.

Das Logan County ist ein County im US-amerikanischen Bundesstaat Illinois. Im Jahr 2010 hatte das County 30.305 Einwohner und eine Bevölkerungsdichte von 18,9 Einwohnern pro Quadratkilometer. Der Verwaltungssitz (County Seat) ist Lincoln.


Early life.

Joseph McGinty Nichol was born in Kalamazoo, Michigan, and grew up in Newport Beach, California. As his uncle and grandfather were also named Joe, his mother nicknamed him "McG" to avoid confusion.  McG attended Corona del Mar High School, where he met Mark McGrath. Initially he wanted to become the lead singer of a band he formed with McGrath. However, he failed as a front man and persuaded McGrath to take over. Instead he worked behind the scenes as producer and marketer for the band until he was 22. He then obtained a Bachelor of Arts in psychology from UC Irvine. The band had several hit singles as Sugar Ray, signed with a label, and went on tour. McG worked as a still photographer, shooting local bands and musicians. This led him to form a record label known as G Recordings in 1993.

Career.

Early work.

In 1995, McG produced Sugar Ray's first album and co-wrote several songs on their second, including their smash hit "Fly". His music career included directing over fifty music videos such as Smash Mouth's "All Star", The Offspring's "Pretty Fly (For a White Guy)", and directing documentaries on Korn and Sugar Ray. In 1997, he was awarded the Billboard's Pop Video of the Year Award for Smash Mouth's "Walking on the Sun" and the Music Video Production Association's Pop Video of the Year Award for Sugar Ray's "Fly". Eventually, this landed him in the television commercial business, directing advertisements for Major League Baseball and Coca-Cola. A notable one was a commercial for Gap, which was honored at the 1999 London International Film Festival.

2000–2007.

Impressed with McG's music videos, Drew Barrymore approached him about directing a "Charlie's Angels" film. He accepted, wanting to take on bigger projects, and pitched the movie to the studio executives, who were initially reluctant but later approved the project after much persistence. The film, for which he was paid $350,000, was released in 2000 and went on to gross over $250 million worldwide with mixed critical reception from critics and fans alike. However, he won the Hollywood Breakthrough Award at the 6th Annual Hollywood Film Festival held in 2002. Proving himself to be quite bankable, Sony paid him $2.5 million to helm the military action-drama "Dreadnought" for Red Wagon Entertainment. He was also set to develop a sequel to "Charlie's Angels" and present his film producing debut with "Airshow", the latter of which has yet to be made.  In February 2002, Jon Peters and Lorenzo di Bonaventura attached him onto the fifth installment in the "Superman" film series that was in development hell, thus putting his previous projects on hold. McG and Peters hired J. J. Abrams to pen a new script for the film entitled "Superman: Flyby", which was submitted in July 2002. Bailing out of the project in favor of "" in September 2002, McG was replaced by Brett Ratner. Meanwhile, he developed and co-created a television series with John McNamara called "Fastlane" (2002), which was eventually canceled after one season due to the high costs of each episode. Josh Schwartz approached him and his producing partner, Stephanie Savage, about another television series as well, "The O.C." (2003), which revolved around the lives of several teenagers based in McG's hometown of Newport Beach. McG was set to direct the pilot, but because of scheduling conflicts with "Charlie's Angels: Full Throttle", he was replaced by Doug Liman. The show ended after four seasons in 2007.  The sequel to "Charlie's Angels" followed in 2003, and although not as successful as the first, "Charlie's Angels: Full Throttle" (2003) also made over $250 million worldwide. Shortly thereafter, Sony extended its first-look production deal with Wonderland Sound and Vision for an additional three years, with "Hot Wheels", "Airshow", and "Radiant" on their film slate. Since then, none of those films have been developed with the former, which was previously supposed to be a directing vehicle for him in 2003 (he later chose to produce instead in 2006), being put into turnaround in 2009.  Warner Bros., still satisfied with his bankability, re-hired him to direct "Superman: Flyby" in April 2003 after Ratner had dropped out due to casting and pre-production difficulties. During his tenure, McG and the producers spent more than $15 million planning storyboards, concept art, and locations, as well as having script revisions and the film completely pre-visualized. However, McG later left the project, citing his fear of flying to Sydney. This eventually brought Bryan Singer on board in July 2004, resulting in "Superman Returns". McG produced the television series, "The Mountain" (2004), on the same year, also getting canceled after one season.  His next television work was "Supernatural" (2005), for which he served as an executive producer until 2013. The following year saw Warner Bros. allowing McG, who "looked to improve as a storyteller and wanted to get more substantial material," to direct "We Are Marshall" (2006), a sports drama film. Although the film received mixed critical reception, McG was complimented for his ability of emotional storytelling. Jessica Reaves of the "Chicago Tribune" noted that "McG shows new maturity. Scenes that could have been played for ghoulish effect, like the plane crash and its fiery aftermath, are handled with skillful efficiency." At a budget of $35 million, the film only made $43.5 million. He had also produced the horror film "Stay Alive" (2006), which received largely negative reception.  Along with Adam Brody, McG was next set to produce a remake of the cult comedy hit "Revenge of the Nerds", planned for a release in 2007 with a budget of $12.5 million and filming to begin at Emory University. However, after reviewing the script, university officials backed out two weeks before filming, citing it as "too bawdy." This led the film to be shot at Agnes Scott College for two weeks, but producers Fox Atomic shelved it due to the "lack of wide open space Emory's campus would have afforded them and [the fact that] winter was fast approaching making the prospect of shooting the movie's many outdoor scenes problematic." Furthermore, studio executive Peter Rice was disappointed with the dailies.  In 2007, McG worked mostly on television, producing "" (2007) and "Chuck" (2007). Co-created by Josh Schwartz, his partner on "The O.C.", he directed the latter's pilot and continues to be an executive producer on the ongoing series. Fox had also given a script commitment to "Invisible", a television pilot written by Ari Eisner about a criminal who becomes invisible he was supposed to produce, and "We Are Marshall" writer Jamie Linden was working with him on a TV pilot called "Flash Back". However, as of 2011, there have been no updates on these shows.

2007–present.

On August 2, 2007, McG signed a three-year first-look production deal for his Wonderland Sound and Vision company with Warner Bros., planning to "produce three movies a year" and directing "one of them every year." The first four films set up were "Nightcrawlers" (now known as "Monster Squad"), an untitled spy project, "Yucatan", and "Maintenance". The former, about an aberrant father who must confront his childhood tormentor to rid of his fear of monsters and the dark, was arranged to start in November 2007, but McG dropped out and was later replaced by Mike Mitchell; the untitled spy project was rewritten by Phil Alden Robinson and was to be produced by Basil Iwanyk; "Yucatan", based on Steve McQueen's leftover notes and storyboards of his passion project, is an epic adventurous heist film, though Warner Bros. has now placed the project under Team Downey; and "Maintenance" was a film adaptation of Jim Massey's comic book series of the same name about two janitors who work for a weapons manufacturer that supply to the world's most evil super villains, but the rights of the film has moved to DreamWorks Animation. As a result, none of them will feature the involvement of McG.  On October 30, 2007, Fox approved a pilot for an American remake of the British cult show "Spaced", which McG served as an executive producer, even though Simon Pegg and fans were outraged at the prospect of having a remake without the original creators' involvement. Nonetheless, the pilot, written by Adam Barr, was panned before its airing, resulting in Fox scrapping the series. McG then executive produced "" (2008). The "Pussycat Dolls Present" series was canceled afterward. He was the executive producer for the WB Television Network's online series, "Sorority Forever" (2008) and "Exposed" (2010), as well.  McG's next film project was "Terminator Salvation" (2009), the fourth installment of the "Terminator" film series that introduces the future war fought between humanity and Skynet. After the Halcyon Company purchased the rights, they signed McG onto the project, for which he was paid $6 million. Although he promised fans that he would bring back credibility to the saga, with the casting of Christian Bale and a personal talk with James Cameron, the film, released on May 21, 2009 in the United States and Canada, received mixed reviews. It grossed $371 million worldwide, well below industry expectations considering its high budget.  Following "Terminator Salvation", he was expected to direct a remake of "20,000 Leagues Under the Sea" for Disney, for which he was interested in casting Sam Worthington for Captain Nemo. However, after spending nearly $10 million on pre-production work, Walt Disney Studios' movie chief Rich Ross put the project on hold indefinitely due to creative concerns, and McG is no longer attached. Subsequently, he went into negotiations with 20th Century Fox to direct "This Means War", a spy comedy project about two best friends who go to war against each other after falling for the same girl. Though initially troubled with numerous casting dropouts, including Bradley Cooper, Seth Rogen, and Sam Worthington, the film was finally filmed in Vancouver and was released in 2012. Since then, he has been in negotiations for the directing duties for Universal Pictures' "Oujia" (a film based on the Hasbro board game of the same name,) and has been attached to Lorene Scafaria's pitch based on a "Rolling Stone" article about the true life events of Esther Reed named "The Girl Who Conned the Ivy League," along with Amanda Seyfried, and a high-profile untitled space adventure project written by David Callaham for 20th Century Fox. McG was also in discussions to supervise development and direct the fifth installment of the "Terminator" film series, having made a $10 million right-of-first-refusal deal with the Halcyon Company, but with the rights of the series transferred to hedge fund Pacificor, his further involvement is unlikely. The film adaptation of Peter M. Lenkov's graphic novel series "R.I.P.D." was another project he was circling, but because of his commitment to "This Means War", he was replaced by Robert Schwentke. He produced "The Duff" (2015), a teen comedy based on a book.  McG has also delved into comics with Wonderland set to publish the original "Haunted City", written by Chap Taylor, that will expand into a feature film, which he plans to direct, a television show, and a video game.  He has been actively developing a film adaptation of the rock musical "Spring Awakening", planning to independently produce and film it in six weeks for $25 million, with additional producing duties for: a film adaptation of Jon Stock's "Dead Spy Running" novel that is meant to reinvent the spy genre; "I Am A Genius of Unspeakable Evil and I Want to be Your Class President", a film adaptation of the book of the same name by Josh Lieb; "Medieval", a film he was previously set to direct but is now being helmed by Rob Cohen; "Elysium", a modern retelling of a classic Greek myth written by Matt Cirulnick for New Regency; "Medallion", an action thriller starring Nicolas Cage about a former master thief on the search for his kidnapped daughter; "Tink", a live action romantic comedy based on Disney's Tinkerbell; and CBS Films' "Face It". Other projects he has expressed interest in include a World War II film and an adaptation of "Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?", which was previously filmed by Ridley Scott as 1982's "Blade Runner".  For his television work, Wonderland Sound & Vision sold three pilots for the 09–10 season: "Thunder Road", a reality show described as an automobile version of "Wipeout", for CBS; "Limelight", a contemporary version of "Fame" based on the life of Pharrell Williams, who was also executive producing, for ABC; and "Human Target", loosely based on the comic book of the same name about a bodyguard hired to protect his clients, for Fox. Only the latter ended up airing on network TV, debuting on January 17, 2010, and ending after two seasons. On the same year, The CW gave a series order to "Nikita", a remake of "La Femme Nikita", which premiered on September 9.  Since 2009, McG and Wonderland Sound & Vision have been lined up to produce numerous shows for a variety of networks: the Josh Friedlander-developed "Camp Morningwood"; "Our Show", an NBC comedy project co-developed with Larry Charles about "a disparate group of people who begin making episodes of their favorite sci-fi show after it ends"; the Danny Comden-penned "The Intruders"; an untitled space Western conceived by Scott Rosenbaum; and "Clive Barker's Hotel" for ABC, about "a series of ghoulish incidents at a haunted hotel." However, like the majority of shows that get green-lit every season, none of them has actually aired or picked up for a full season.  The recent line-up of shows he's been attached to are "Zombies vs. Vampires", a buddy cop series about two officers, one of whom is a vampire, that deal with "zombie crimes"; a private eye series named "I, PI" he co-developed with Paul Scheuring; and the web series "Aim High", premiered on October 18, 2011 on Facebook.  On December 11, 2008, he was awarded the Kodak filmmaker of the year by CineAsia.  In October 2011 McG was set to direct "Puzzle Palace" for the Summit Entertainment.  On January 22, 2016, Deadline reported that McG will direct the reboot film for "Masters of the Universe" and will also oversee a rewrite of the script. It was announced on April 26, 2017, that McG would no longer be directing or involved with the film.

Personal life.

McG has suffered from agoraphobia. He was unable to board a plane going to Australia to shoot "" and dropped from the film as a result. McG told people he suffered from fear of flying despite the issue being persistent agoraphobia. "It was easier to say it was a fear of flying because, while it might make me look weak, people can understand it and I don't have to say, 'Well, I'm kind of crazy,'" he told Fast Company.  His brother died of a cocaine overdose in 2007, which he says has kept him grounded and reminds him not to take life for granted.  He and actress Bridget Moynahan dated for a time, starting in late 2010, after having met on an airplane.

Filmography.

Film.

Producer only

Television.

Executive Producer only

Joseph McGinty Nichol (born August 9, 1968), known professionally as McG, is an American director, producer, and former record producer.

Joseph McGinty Nichol, besser bekannt als McG (* 9. August 1968 in Kalamazoo, Michigan), ist ein US-amerikanischer Film- und Fernsehproduzent sowie Regisseur.


background of appearance.

Due to the prolonged low growth and economic slump, the proportion of consumption to income will inevitably decrease. However, they cannot completely give up their consumption, so they have found ways to maintain a similar level of consumption at a minimum cost.

Examples.

Consumer and medical products.

According to futurist Raymond Kurzweil, products start out as highly ineffective and highly expensive.  Gradually, products become more effective and cheaper until they are highly effective and almost free to buy. Some of the products that have followed this example include AIDS medications (which are now affordable to the majority of AIDS sufferers), text-to-speech programs, and digital cameras. However, products that rely primarily on paper (e.g., newspapers and toilet paper) and/or fossil fuels (e.g., electricity in most countries and petroleum gasoline for automobiles) have only increased in price.  This directly contradicts the trend of electronic gadgets like netbooks, desktop computers, and laptop computers that also have been decreasing in price. However, the prevailing inflation rate of a country or province/state may negate the plummeting costs of software, AIDS medications, and/or digital cameras in certain regions along with certain governmental policies. This has the effect of keeping costs high in certain areas while they are dramatically reduced in others.  In theory, this means that the rich people have earlier access to highly inefficient technologies, medical treatments, and therapies (that are prototypical in nature) while the poor get access to these same products when they become more efficient and easier to manufacture several years down the road.

Business world.

During the latter 1990s, the cost–performance ratios of the larger mainframe systems fell tremendously in comparison to a number of smaller microcomputers handling the same load. As a result, many of the older computer companies were shut down and people were put out of work. However, most of them were able to be re-hired at the newer corporations after undergoing a series of re-training involving the newer technologies.  In the business world, there is usually a value associated with a typical cost–performance ratio analysis. This value can either be positive, neutral, or negative depending on the amount of money spent versus the results achieved by the spending of the available capital. A cost-performance ratio with a positive value (i.e. greater than 1) indicates that costs are running under budget. A negative value (i.e. less than 1) indicates that costs are running over budget. However, a neutral cost-performance ratio (between 1.0 and 1.9) could suggest a certain degree of stagnation in the budget. Business trips can also be factored into the cost–performance ratio because spending $50 to do a journey spanning in two hours is a better cost–performance ratio than spending $105 to do the journey in one hour.

Computer technology.

The term tends to be used quite a bit when comparing computer hardware. During the latter 1990s, the price–performance ratios of midrange and large mainframe systems fell tremendously in comparison to a number of smaller microcomputers handling the same load. Many companies were forced out of the industry as this happened, including DEC, Data General and many multiprocessor vendors such as Sequent Computer Systems and Pyramid Technology.

In economics and engineering, the price–performance ratio refers to a product's ability to deliver performance, of any sort, for its price. Generally speaking, products with a lower price/performance ratio are more desirable, excluding other factors.

Als Preis-Leistungs-Verhältnis wird in der Betriebswirtschaftslehre, der Vergabepraxis für öffentliche Aufträge und im Bereich privatwirtschaftlicher Ausgaben die betriebswirtschaftliche Kennzahl für den Quotienten zwischen den Kosten (Preis) und einer klar definierten Leistung für Güter und Dienstleistungen bezeichnet. Die Formulierung wird auch im allgemeinen Sprachgebrauch benutzt, um auszudrücken, was man „für sein Geld“ bekommt.


First generation (G10, G20; 1977–1983).

The first generation (G10) appeared in October 1977. It was a front-engined front-wheel drive car, originally available only as a five-door hatchback, powered by a 993 cc three-cylinder, all-aluminum engine (CB20) with. Japanese market cars claimed JIS at 5,500 rpm. The three-door hatchback version ("Runabout"), introduced in the fall of 1978, received two little round opera windows in the C-pillars. The Charade was a surprise best-seller in Japan, where ever tighter emissions standards had made many observers consider the one-litre car dead in the marketplace. The Charade became an overnight success and also became the Japanese "Car of the Year" for 1979.  The early G10 (Series 1) had round headlights and the later G10 (Series 2) had square headlights. The Series 2 was introduced for 1981. Between the introduction in 1977, and December 1982, Daihatsu built 89,792 G10/G20 type Charades.  The Daihatsu Charade was very popular in Chile and some other Latin American countries during the 1970s and 1980s. Originally the same as in the rest of the world, later Chilean Charades (called G20s) came equipped with a downsleeved 843 cc version (CD) of Daihatsu's three-cylinder engine. This engine produced at 5,500 rpm and has also appeared in export versions of the Daihatsu Hijet. The G20 appeared in 1980 and was developed as a result of a Chilean decision to lower import tariffs on cars with engines of less than 850 cc in May 1979. The G20 was also able to run on low-octane fuel or even ethanol. The first G20 version (1978–1981) had round headlights, while the second generation G20 (sold from 1981 to 1984) received the same facelift as did the G10, meaning square headlights and slightly different rear lights. The three-door "Runabout" retained the larger 1-liter "CB20" engine, and also received a five-speed manual transmission and a tachometer.

Greece.

The Greek Automeccanica company, founded in 1979, developed an off-road style torpedo design version of the Charade à la the Citroën Méhari. With a metal body, the "Daihatsu Zebra" used Daihatsu mechanicals, grille and headlights, and many other Daihatsu parts. Production began in 1981 and continued until 1985, by which point changing Greek tax laws meant that this "fun car" could no longer be registered as a commercial vehicle and the market evaporated. The very first cars used the Series 1 round headlights; these were changed to the square Series 2 units before the first year of production had ended. Automeccanica also assembled regular Charades.

Competition.

Uruguayan driver Guillermo Viera driving his Daihatsu Charade G10 with his brother Agustín Viera as copilot, had competed several times in the "19 Capitals Historic Rally" of Uruguay. In 2011 they finished 41st in the overall rank, in 2012 they finished 18th, in 2014 they finished 9th, and in 2016 they finished second overall with a tight final difference with the winners of only two hundredths of a second after nearly 50 hours of competition.  They were ranked seventh overall and first in its class at the "500 miles rally" of Entre Ríos in 2011.  They also had an outstanding performance in the Uruguayan Championship of Historical Tourism 2013, where they won first place in category A.

Second generation (G11; 1983–1988).

The second generation (G11) was released in March 1983, again as a three- or a five-door hatchback. It featured several variations of the three-cylinder 1.0-litre engine, including a turbocharged version with JIS and diesel and turbo-diesel versions. The turbo diesel first appeared in the fall of 1984. The base Charades received the naturally aspirated, three cylinder, 993 cc "CB23" engine with. 0–60 mph takes around 12–13 seconds. Japanese market models had twin carburettors as standard, while most export versions received a single unit which made marginally less power.  The Charade Turbo and Charade DeTomaso models had the upgraded "CB23" engine, called the "CB60". The "CB60" was also a 993 cc engine, but was fitted with a very small IHI turbocharger, which increased its power to in Japanese market cars, in European export models. The tiny turbocharger meant that an intercooler was not necessary. The suspension was lightly upgraded, with thicker anti-roll bars and slightly stiffer suspension, and the car also received alloy wheels rather than the standard steel items. The turbo version was available in both bodystyles. This was the first turbo sedan to go on sale in Indonesia, in July 1986, where it was only available as a five-door model. Singaporean-market Charades received the same engines as used in Japan.  There were also high roofed versions available in some markets, either with the three- or five-door bodywork. This was called the "Dolphin Roof" in Japan. The three-door model was also available in a Van model for commercial use, offered with the naturally aspirated diesel or petrol engines and fitted with the higher roof. Depending on market requirements, the Charade Van was also available with blanked rear windows. To escape quotas and some of the ADR strictures, the high-roof van version was sold in Australia as the Daihatsu Charade Duet in parallel with the passenger models. In Chile (and some other Latin American countries) this generation was called the G21 (although the labels on the trunk read "G20"), and like the G20 before it, it was equipped with the smaller CD-series 843 cc three-cylinder engine. The G21 was sold between 1985 and 1990 approximately.  The G11 was produced with two frontends, with square headlights (Series 1) and rectangular "cat's eye" shaped headlights (Series 2). The facelift was first presented in the summer of 1985. In Europe, the G11 underbody and various engines and transmissions also formed the basis for the Innocenti Minitre after Innocenti's contract with British Leyland expired. The G11 underpinnings continued to be used by the Italian automaker until 1992. Aside from four- and five-speed manuals a two-speed automatic option called the "Daimatic" was also available.  In Australia the range began with the high roofed two-seater, three-door CC model, while the rest of the range (CS, CX, CX-A, and turbo CX-T) had five-door bodywork. Taiwanese assembly began in 1983 or 1984. In 1987 they also presented a locally developed longer notchback version of the five-door, similar to the Subaru Tutto and Nissan March Cubic, sold as the Daihatsu Skywing. Developing a model locally also gained the assembler a three percent tax subsidy. In New Zealand, the naturally aspirated petrol model was assembled locally. The Turbo was also sold there, imported fully built-up.  In 1985, at the Tokyo show, Daihatsu introduced the 926R, a prototype of a mid engine Charade, developed together with DeTomaso and designed to take part in the World Rally Championship for cars under 1,300 cc. With a 1.4 equivalence factor for forced induction engines, this meant that the downsized engine was classified as being of 1296.4 cc. The 926R had a mid-mounted 926 cc twelve valve, twin-cam, turbocharged three-cylinder engine ("CE") – moving the rear wheels through a five-speed manual transmission and delivering. The 926R weighed 800 kg and had wider fenders to cover the 205/225 15" wheels. However, following significant crashes in the 1985 championship, Group B was banned and the 926R project was called off. There was also a limited homologation series of 200 Charade 926 Turbos built, with the same 926 cc engine producing.  For China, the G11 Charade was known as the Tianjin TJ730 as a CKD from 1986 to 1988. It was then replaced by the popular G100 Charade.  Nonetheless, the second generation Daihatsu Charade did see some rally usage. Charades (both Turbos and normally aspirated cars) were entered in the 1984 through 1988 Safari Rallys. They were runners-up in their class in 1984 and won both A5 and B9 categories in 1985. The Charades were the only cars entered in those classes, but a 13th overall finish was still impressive for the little car. The Swiss Daihatsu importer campaigned a Charade Turbo in their national Group A rally championship in 1985, with Florence L'Huillier as a driver.  In South Africa, Alfa Romeo's local subsidiary assembled Daihatsu Charades beginning in March 1983. The only model available was the naturally aspirated petrol 1.0, with five doors and the high roof. Power is, and either a four- or five-speed manual transmission was available. These Charades were also exported to Italy to circumvent Italian laws hindering the import of Japanese cars. South African assembly ended in 1985.

Third generation (G100; 1988–1993).

The third generation of the Daihatsu Charade (G100) debuted in 1987. With styling by Daihatsu chief stylist Hiroshi Aoki and colleague Hideyuki Ueda, it originally shipped with a carburetted 1.0-litre three-cylinder engine ("CB23"), also available as a diesel and turbodiesel, or with a 1.3-litre four-cylinder with single carburetor (HC-C). The four-cylinder was built with lightness in mind, featuring a hollow crankshaft and camshaft, and the weight of a four-cylinder car was no higher than a similarly equipped three-cylinder model. Featuring fully independent suspension front and rear, either three-door or five-door hatchback body styles were originally offered. A four-door sedan later expanded the range, sold as the Charade Social in Japan. There was also a version with permanent four-wheel drive and the fuel injected 1.3 liter engine, called the TXF/CXF (3-door/5-door). In New Zealand, this generation was available with a 846 cc ED-series three-cylinder engine.  A 1.0-litre twin-cam fuel injected intercooled turbo ("CB70"/"CB80"), named GTti and delivering JIS was later added, only available as a three-door hatch. Fuel injected versions of the 1.3-litre four-cylinder (HC-E), 1.6 litre four-cylinder (HD-E) and three-cylinder ("CB90") were later added. A four-door sedan was released with the 1.3-litre EFI engine in 1988. There were two different sport models available (both with G100S-FMVZ model codes), the GTti and the GTxx. Both versions are mechanically identical, but the GTxx features many added luxury items. These include full bodykit, lightweight 14-inch speedline alloys, air-conditioning, power steering, one-touch electric window down, and electric sunroof. Some of these options were also available to buy as optional extras on the GTti. Side-skirts were also fitted to many GTtis, but in some countries they were only sold as a dealer optional extra. The Charade GTti was the first production car to produce per liter and the fastest 1.0-liter car produced.  The GTxx is much rarer than the GTti, mainly being sold in Japan, although some were exported and sold in other countries in small numbers. All GTxxs have engine code "CB70", whereas GTtis can have "CB70" or "CB80", depending on the country and region sold. There are no known differences with the actual engine internals, all "CB70"s feature catalyst emissions control systems. Even some "CB80"s for Europe featured the catalyst, although UK cars did not. There are more than likely slight differences between the "CB70" and "CB80" ECU mapping, with "CB70" cars quoted as producing compared to the "CB80"'s. This is probably down to the "CB70" having the ignition timing mapped more advanced to suit the higher octane fuel used in Japan.  A slight facelift in 1991 gave the cars smoother style rear lights and reflector panel, a slightly longer tailgate top spoiler, and a revised interior trim with fabric also on the door trim panels. There was also a four-wheel drive version of the fuel injected 1.3-litre ( HC-E engine, G112 chassis code) sold at home and also exported to a few countries, for example in Scandinavia and Switzerland.  The third-generation car was sold in the United States for just five years, from 1988 through 1992. The car sold poorly, despite construction "as tight as a frozen head bolt" and attractive styling for the market segment, perhaps because of its high price, few dealerships, rough-running three-cylinder, low performance (0- in 15 seconds), Toyota, which had recently procured a controlling interest in Daihatsu, withdrew all Daihatsu-badged cars from the US market. Sales for 1989 were 15,118. Only the three-door hatchbacks and four-door sedans were available. The North American Charade appeared in three different trim levels until 1989; the CES (base model), CLS, and CLX. The CES came with a, 1.0-litre three-cylinder, fuel injected engine called the "CB90". The other two variants were available with the standard "CB90" or the more powerful 1.3-litre four-cylinder SOHC 16-valve fuel injected, all-aluminum HC-E engine. In 1990, the trim levels were reduced to just two, the SE (base) and more luxurious SX. Four-cylinder models were available with a five-speed manual gearbox or a three-speed automatic transmission, while three-cylinder models were offered with the manual transmission only.  In the Australian market, the GTti was unavailable and the turbocharged petrol Charade used the lower powered carbureted engine (CB60/61) from the previous generation. However, quite a few GTtis and GTxxs have been imported from Japan and so do have a good following. In Australia, the third generation was assessed in the Used Car Safety Ratings as providing "worse than average" protection for its occupants in the event of a crash and the second generation was assessed as "significantly worse than average".  Taiwanese assembly of the G100 began in 1989, although the Skywing liftback version of the G11 continued to be sold into 1990. It continued until local assembler Yu Tian went bankrupt in 1996 in the midst of a financial scandal.

Competition.

In the UK, the GTti had a fairly successful rally career competing in the RAC Lombard Rally in 1989 and 1990 and was highly competitive in the Safari Rally. The GTti won class honours many times and was able to mix it with some of the 2.0-litre cars and on occasion troubling some of the considerably more powerful 4WD cars. With the "turbo factor" increased to 1.7, the one-litre Charade was forced into the same category as the 2.0-litre cars. The best result was in the 1993 Safari Rally, where Charade GTxx models finished fifth, sixth, and seventh overall.

Fourth generation (G200; 1993–2000).

The fourth generation was introduced in January 1993, again with hatchback and (later) sedan bodies. The design was more conservative than that of the third generation model. Being somewhat larger than the predecessor, in spite of a marginally longer wheelbase, it was still very compact. Although the 1.0-litre engines were no longer offered in most markets, the 1.0L did remain available in Australia and also in Brazil (where a lower tax rate for vehicles equipped with engines displacing less than 1.0 litres was in effect at the time) in the G202 Charade. The G202 came equipped with the "CB24" 1.0-litre engine; the heads and emission hose layout are completely different from those of the earlier "CB23". The SOHC 1.3-litre became the base motor instead for most markets. The sedan, introduced in 1994, featured a 1.5-litre engine with optional 4WD. The bigger engines were also available with hatchback bodywork. The four-wheel drive models received the G213 chassis code, while front-wheel-drive models had codes in the G200 range. The diesel models were dropped in all markets where they had previously been available. In Australia, the fourth generation was assessed in the Used Car Safety Ratings as providing "worse than average" protection for its occupants in the event of a crash and the second generation was assessed as "significantly worse than average".  The turbocharged GTti version was replaced by a more conventional GTi with an SOHC 16-valve 1.6-litre engine. In the Japanese domestic market this version was named in honour of an Argentinian ex-racing driver Alessandro Detomaso (the previous owner of Innocenti, who had worked closely with Daihatsu), including a racing-derived camshaft, and was capable of JIS in the Japanese market. The export version, simply called "GTi", was detuned to DIN. De Tomaso also added their own bodykit, Recaro seats, a Nardi Torino steering wheel, and Pirelli sports tires. A total of 120,000 Charade GTis were produced following this joint effort.  The Charade was restyled in 1996, only two years after release. It now had a "smiley face" grille and changed headlights, looking more like its Toyota sibling, the Starlet. It was produced until 2000, when it was replaced by the Sirion and Storia.

Nameplate use with other vehicles.

In Australia, the name had previously been used for the L500 series of the Daihatsu Mira, which was sold there as the Daihatsu Charade Centro between March 1995 and 1998.  In 2003, the Charade name was resurrected in Europe, Australia, and South Africa, on a rebadged version of the Daihatsu Mira (L250). It was positioned one market segment below its previous generations and was available as a three- or five-door hatchback with a 1.0-litre inline-four engine. It has since been discontinued in Australia in 2006, due to Toyota retiring the Daihatsu nameplate there. The L250 series of the Daihatsu Mira was produced for other markets until 2007.  From 2007, Daihatsu in South Africa offered the Daihatsu Mira (L275) as the Charade in that market. Production ended around 2011.  Between 2011 and 2013, Daihatsu Europe brought the Thai-built Toyota Yaris (XP90) on the market as the Daihatsu Charade. This was the last Charade model introduced under the Daihatsu nameplate in Europe.

Chinese copies and derivatives.

The Tianjin Xiali TJ730, based on the G11 Charade was built by FAW Tianjin from knock-down kits from 1986 to 1988. It was then replaced by the Xiali TJ7100 and TJ7100U hatchback and sedan, based on the G100 platform. The hatchback commenced production in 1988, while production commenced for the sedan in October 1990 for the model year 1991. Both variants were produced up to 1997 and 1999 respectively where facelifted versions with more modern Toyota engines were put into production. The Xiali N3 was facelifted again in 2012 and was discontinued, although it is still displayed on the Tianjin FAW website as of 2018. All Xiali based Charades had a 5 speed manual gearbox as standard. The Xiali brand was defunct in 2015.  The Xiali was also used a taxicab in Beijing throughout the 1980s and 1990s coloured in a red livery with Chinese characters in white. The Xiali taxi was retired from the taxi market in February 2006 in an effort to cut down pollution where the Hyundai Elantra replaced it. It was also available in its home city, Tianjin.  Chinese brand Ling Kong made a series of cars based on the Tianjin Xiali in exterior design and was known as the KJ6380. Available as a sedan, notchback and hatchback, the KJ6380 was available with three one litre four-cylinder engines known as the JL462, DA462 and 377Q-L. All variants were equipped with a 4-speed manual gearbox as standard. For the sedan, it has a 3800 millimetre length, 1510 millimetre width, 1480 millimetre height and sits on a 2460 millimetre wheelbase. Production started in 1988 and ended in 1995 after the company merged with Sanjiu Auto. Another manufacturer based in Anhui called Anda'er made an MPV variant of the Xiali in 1996 known as the Anda'er AAQ 6370 along with other cars. The 1-litre TJ376QE engine came standard paired with a 4 speed manual gearbox. The MPV is 3750 millimetres long, 1580 millimetres wide, 1770 millimetres high and runs on a 2300 millimetre wheelbase. Kerb weight is 950 kilograms. The MPV was given a facelift in 2001 featuring a new set of lights and dashboard then ended production in 2003.  Geely also made a series cars based on the Xiali which were licensed by FAW Tianjin known as the Liangjing JL6360E1 for the hatchback, sold from 1998 to 2004, the Haoqing SRV station wagon, sold from 1998 to 2006 for the 2007 model year, the Merrie (吉利美日)/MR303 notchback, sold from 2003 to 2006 and the Uliou (优利欧) sedan sold from 2003 to 2008. A pickup variant was introduced in 2001 and was known as JL1010N sold up to 2005. A panel van variant known as the JL5010X was sold from 2001 to 2004 which was replaced by the JL1010E1 and was sold from 2005 to 2007.

The Daihatsu Charade is a supermini car produced by the Japanese manufacturer Daihatsu from 1977 to 2000. It is considered by Daihatsu as a "large compact" car, to differentiate it from the smaller "kei car" compacts in its line-up, such as the Daihatsu Mira. In Japan, it offers buyers more interior space and a larger engine that allows for the car to also be used outside of urban areas. It replaced the Daihatsu Consorte, although the Charmant took over from the bigger-engined Consortes.

Der Daihatsu Charade ist ein seit 1977 (ab 1978 Export nach Europa) produziertes Pkw-Modell des japanischen Herstellers Daihatsu. Eine Besonderheit des Charade war, dass er genau zwischen der Klasse der Kleinwagen und der Kompaktwagen positioniert war. 2000 wurde die Modellbaureihe vorübergehend eingestellt, und 2003 schließlich auf einigen Märkten als Schwestermodell zum Daihatsu Cuore wiederbelebt.