Early life.

Francona was born on April 22, 1959, in Aberdeen, South Dakota to Tito Francona (1933-2018), who played outfield for several Major League clubs from 1956 to 1970, and Roberta Jackson (1932–1992).

Youth.

Francona grew up in New Brighton, Pennsylvania, about northwest of Pittsburgh, where he got his start in baseball at New Brighton Area High School.

Career.

As a player.

Francona represented the United States at the 1979 Pan American Games and attended the University of Arizona, where he played college baseball for the Arizona Wildcats baseball team. Francona and the Arizona Wildcats won the 1980 College World Series and Francona was named the tournament's Most Outstanding Player. Francona won the 1980 Golden Spikes Award.  Francona was drafted in the first round of the 1980 amateur draft by the Montreal Expos, using the 22nd overall selection. After briefly playing in the minor leagues, Francona made his major league debut with Montreal on August 19, 1981, a week after the end of that summer's player strike. He appeared mainly as an outfielder that first year, and he went 4-for-12 in the National League Division Series against the Philadelphia Phillies, an extra playoff round utilized that year because the season was conducted in two halves as the result of the strike. The Expos won that series, three games to two.

First base.

As the seasons went on, Francona shifted to first base, where he ultimately played one hundred games more than he had in the outfield. He also developed a reputation as a contact hitter, with very few home runs, walks, or strikeouts.

Journeyman years.

The Expos released Francona after the 1985 season, during which his batting average had slipped to.267 after posting a.346 average in limited action in 1984. He went on to sign one-year contracts with the Chicago Cubs, Cincinnati Reds, Cleveland Indians, and Milwaukee Brewers. The Brewers re-signed Francona for 1990, but he only played in three games for the Brewers that year, the last on April 19. In 10 seasons and 708 games, he posted a.274 career average, with 16 home runs and 143 RBIs. He also made an appearance as a pitcher with Milwaukee on May 15, 1989, throwing 12 pitches and striking out one batter (Stan Javier) on three pitches.

As a coach.

Minor Leagues.

After retiring as a player, Francona began coaching, spending several years in the Chicago White Sox organization. In 1991, he managed the rookie league Sarasota White Sox of the Gulf Coast League. In 1992, he ran the South Bend White Sox of the mid-level Class A Midwest League. As manager of the AA franchise Birmingham Barons in 1993–95, he posted a 223-203 record and won two distinctions: Southern League Manager of the Year in 1993, Baseball America's Minor League Manager of the Year in 1993, and top managerial candidate by "Baseball America" in 1994, the same year Michael Jordan played for Birmingham. Birmingham won the Southern League championship in 1993.  He managed in the Dominican Winter League with the Águilas Cibaeñas, and he also won the championship and the Serie del Caribe in 1995–96. That team included Miguel Tejada, Manny Ramirez, and Tony Batista.

Major Leagues.

Francona became third-base coach for the Detroit Tigers in 1996, working under their new skipper, Buddy Bell, a former teammate of Francona on the Reds.

As a Manager.

Philadelphia Phillies.

After the 1996 season ended, he was hired as manager of the Phillies, who had won the NL pennant in 1993 but then had three consecutive losing seasons. In Francona's four seasons (1997 through 2000) as the Phils' skipper, the club never rose above third place in the National League East. His best finish with the Phillies was 77–85 in 1999. In 1998 and 1999, the Phillies finished in third place, behind the Atlanta Braves and their division-rival New York Mets.  He was fired following the 2000 campaign. He finished with a 285–363 record. He spent the following season as a special assistant to the general manager with the Cleveland Indians in 2001, which was followed by two one-year terms as a bench coach for the Texas Rangers (2002) and Oakland Athletics (2003).

Boston Red Sox.

The Red Sox hired Francona to manage their club in 2004, after Grady Little's contract was not renewed following the Red Sox loss in the 2003 American League Championship Series.  Francona led the Red Sox to a 98–64 record in 2004, the second-best record in the American League behind their biggest rival, the New York Yankees. The club gelled in the second half and won more games than any other team in the American League after the All-Star break.  As the American League wild card, the Red Sox swept the AL West champion Anaheim Angels, three games to none, in the Division Series. In the 2004 American League Championship Series, the Red Sox fell behind the Yankees, three games to none, including a 19–8 loss in Game 3 at home in Fenway Park. However, the club regained its composure and won the last four games of the series, the first time in Major League Baseball history that a team rallied from an 0–3 deficit to win a playoff series (only the third team to even make it as far as Game 6, and the only team to even force a Game 7 after trailing a series three games to zero). The Red Sox then swept the St. Louis Cardinals 4–0 in the 2004 World Series to win the sixth world title in franchise history, and their first since 1918. The long-awaited victory ended 86 years of frustration for Red Sox fans.  During the 2005 season, Francona was hospitalized after complaining of severe chest pains. Tests revealed significantly clogged arteries, but it was concluded that Francona had not suffered a heart attack. This incident, as well as a life-threatening pulmonary embolism suffered in 2002, painful knees, and ongoing treatment for blood clots, has led to circulation issues which necessitate wearing extra clothes, including two pairs of tights. This is also why his regular uniform top is usually hidden by a pullover.  Two years later, the Sox won the AL East Division, finishing two games ahead of the Yankees. Under Francona's leadership, the Sox swept the Angels in the Division Series before dropping three of the first four games to the Cleveland Indians in the ALCS. The Sox, facing elimination, went on to win their next three games, defeating Cleveland to advance to the 2007 World Series, where they swept the Colorado Rockies in four games. Terry Francona is the only manager in Major League history to win his first eight consecutive World Series games and just the second manager to guide two Red Sox clubs to World Series titles, the other being Bill "Rough" Carrigan who led Boston to back-to-back championships in 1915 and 1916.  As of October 1, 2008, Francona's career regular-season managerial record was 755–703 (.518), while his post-season record was 22–9 (.710). Among managers who have managed at least 20 post-season games, he has the highest winning percentage. Francona won his first seven playoff elimination games (not losing until being swept by the Chicago White Sox in the 2005 ALDS) and first nine ALCS elimination games (not losing until Game 7 of the 2008 ALCS at the Tampa Bay Rays).  On February 24, 2008, the Red Sox announced that they had extended Francona's contract. Instead of expiring at the end of the 2008 season, it would expire after the 2011 season. The team also held club options for 2012 and 2013. Francona was guaranteed a total of $12 million over the first three years of the contract, plus a $750,000 buyout to be received if his 2012 and 2013 options were not exercised.  On June 2, 2009, Francona recorded his 500th win as manager of the Red Sox, making him the third manager in club history to have 500 wins. The only other two to win at least 500 games as manager of the Red Sox are Joe Cronin (1,071), and Pinky Higgins (560). On May 6, 2010, Francona became the fourth person to manage 1,000 games for the Red Sox.  On July 23, 2011, Francona got his 1,000th win as a manager, but his team collapsed historically in September, finishing 7–20 and squandering a nine-game lead over the Rays for the AL Wild Card spot. Following the season, the Red Sox declined to exercise Francona's 2012 option. He finished his Red Sox career with a 744–552 record in the regular season—second to Cronin in victories, but tops in winning percentage (.574) among those of manage at least 750 games—and 28–17 (.622) in the postseason with those two World Series championships.

Cleveland Indians.

Francona was hired as manager of the Cleveland Indians on October 6, 2012, and officially introduced on October 8. The Indians chose Francona over Sandy Alomar Jr., who had served as the club's interim manager for the final six games of the 2012 season after Manny Acta was fired on September 27. Francona and Alomar, who had spent the past three seasons as a coach in Cleveland, were the only candidates interviewed for the Indians' opening. Alomar stayed in Cleveland in Francona's staff as the bench coach. Under Francona, the Cleveland Indians finished the 2013 regular season with a record of 92-70, which was a 24-game improvement over the previous year. The Indians were eliminated from the 2013 MLB playoffs by losing 4-0 to the Tampa Bay Rays in the American League Wild Card Game. On November 12, 2013, Terry Francona was named as the American League Manager of the Year. Francona agreed to a two-year extension on November 4, 2014. He led the team to a 177-147 record in his first two seasons as Indians manager.  Francona managed the Indians to the American League Central Division title in 2016. His team swept his former club, the Boston Red Sox, in three games in the divisional series—clinching a berth in the ALCS with a win at Fenway Park on October 10, 2016. On October 19, 2016, Terry Francona's Indians beat the Toronto Blue Jays to move on to the World Series, where the Indians won game 1 against the Chicago Cubs 6-0 to extend his World Series record to 9–0. He lost his first World Series game when the Indians were defeated by the Cubs in game 2 by a score of 5–1. The Indians won game 3 against the Chicago Cubs 1–0. The Indians won game 4 against the Chicago Cubs 7–2 to give Cleveland a 3–1 lead. The Indians would fall to the Cubs 3–2 in game 5. Cleveland went on to lose Game 6 by a score of 9–3, then lose 8–7 in 10 innings in Game 7 handing Francona his first World Series loss. On November 15, 2016, Francona was named American League Manager of the Year for the second time in his career.  Cleveland turned in another successful season in 2017, with Francona undergoing a cardiac ablation. The highlight of the season was a 22-game win streak that spanned August 24−September 15. Of historic proportions, the streak placed second longest all-time in major league history to the New York Giants' 26 consecutive (included ties and suspended games) in 1916. It surpassed the 2002 Oakland Athletics' 20 consecutive wins for the American League record. Dominant in all aspects, the Indians trailed at the end of just eight of the 199 innings, and their run-differential of plus-105 (142−37) was higher than all but six teams through that point in the entire 2017 season. The offense produced a.937 OPS, 54 points higher the next best team, the Twins. The Indians' 1.58 ERA scaled 1.15 points lower than the next-best club, the Arizona Diamondbacks. Their Central division lead over the second-place Twins swelled from games to games. In April 2019, the Indians extended Francona's contract for two more years.

Broadcasting.

Following his departure from the Red Sox in 2011, Francona was employed by the Fox network as a substitute color analyst for the first two games of the American League Championship Series. Francona, who teamed with play-by-play announcer Joe Buck, filled in for regular Fox analyst Tim McCarver, who was recuperating from minor heart surgery. On December 5, 2011, Francona signed with ESPN joining their "Sunday Night Baseball" telecast, replacing Bobby Valentine, who himself replaced Francona as manager of the Red Sox. During the 2012 season, he worked as an analyst on "Sunday Night Baseball", contributed to ESPN.com, and contributed to ESPN's Little League World Series coverage. Francona dearly thanked ESPN as he left for the job as Cleveland Indians manager.

Personal life.

Francona married Jacque Lang on January 9, 1982, and they have four children: son Nicholas, and daughters Alyssa, Leah, and Jamie. Nick played collegiate baseball for the University of Pennsylvania and for a time in the Cape Cod Baseball League. He was a lieutenant in the United States Marine Corps. In 2003, Nick was drafted by the Boston Red Sox. Alyssa and Leah played on the University of North Carolina softball team.  In 2009, Alyssa was a senior and Leah was a freshman on the team. Jamie currently attends the United States Naval Academy. It was revealed in October 2011, that Francona and Lang had recently separated and that Francona had been living in a hotel room during the baseball season. Francona later admitted that he and Lang were in the final stages of divorcing. He is known for his ever-present wad of chew. Francona and Indians' bench coach Brad Mills have been best friends since their college playing days and have coached together on the Phillies, Red Sox and Indians.  Francona's mother, Roberta, died in 1992. His father, Tito, died in 2018.

Health.

During the months of June and July 2017, Francona missed several games due to feeling lightheaded. He was admitted to the Cleveland Clinic to undergo a series of tests. On July 7, 2017, it was announced that Francona underwent a catheter ablation to correct an irregular heartbeat. Because of the recovery period from the procedure, Francona had to skip the 2017 MLB All-Star Game, which he was due to coach. On July 8, 2017, he was released from the hospital and expected to rest until July 14, 2017, when the Indians start the second half of the season.

Terrence Jon Francona (born April 22, 1959), nicknamed "Tito", is the manager of the Cleveland Indians of Major League Baseball (MLB). Previously, he was the manager of the Boston Red Sox, whom he led to two World Series titles, ending the franchise's 86-year championship drought.

Terry Jon „Tito“ Francona (* 22. April 1959 in Aberdeen, South Dakota) ist ein US-amerikanischer Baseball-Manager in der Major League Baseball. Francona ist derzeit Manager bei den Cleveland Indians. Zuvor war er sieben Jahre lang Manager der Boston Red Sox, mit denen er zweimal die World Series gewann (2004, 2007).


History.

LDS Church leaders discussed building a temple in the western part of Idaho as early as 1939. However, with the majority of church's membership in the eastern part of Idaho, the leaders decided against it and concentrated on building the Idaho Falls Idaho Temple.  Forty-five years later, on March 31, 1982, church leaders announced that a temple would be built in the Boise area. The temple site is located near an exit from Interstate 84 and is very visible to those traveling along the highway and is also a visible landmark for pilots at Boise Airport.  In 1984, 70,000 visitors were expected to tour the temple during the nineteen-day open house. Instead, over 128,000 attended. The open house brought an increased interest in the church. The Boise Idaho Temple was dedicated May 25, 1984 by Gordon B. Hinckley. After the dedication, attendance at the temple was much higher than expected. As a result, in October 1986, the temple was closed for renovation. After reopening in 1987, the temple was able to serve more than 100,000 members in southwestern Idaho and part of eastern Oregon.  The Boise Idaho Temple has a total of, four ordinance rooms, and four sealing rooms. It was built with a sloping roof & six-spire design.  In 2020, the Boise Idaho Temple was closed in response to the coronavirus pandemic.

Renovation.

The temple closed on July 11, 2011 for extensive renovations and was rededicated on November 18, 2012 by Thomas S. Monson. Preceding the rededication an open house was held between October 13 and November 10, excluding Sundays. The renovation included work on the heating and cooling systems and a reconfiguration of the floor plan to make it more efficient. Most visibly, the marble tiles that covered the temple were removed and replaced with gray granite tiles.

The Boise Idaho Temple is the 29th constructed and 27th operating temple of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). The temple is located in the city of Boise, Idaho.

Boise-Idaho-Tempel (englisch: "Boise Idaho Temple") ist ein Tempel der Kirche Jesu Christi der Heiligen der Letzten Tage in Boise, der 1984 eingeweiht wurde.


Background.

In Australia a two-disc Tour Edition of the album was released. The first disc consists of the album proper, while the second is an unofficial hits compilation.  Unlike other Pantera releases, two b-sides were recorded during the "Reinventing the Steel" sessions, those being "Avoid the Light" and "Immortally Insane", found on the "Dracula 2000" and "Heavy Metal 2000", "The Texas Chainsaw Massacre" soundtracks, respectively.

Lyrics and style.

"Reinventing the Steel" contains lyrics mostly about the band itself, as on "We'll Grind that Axe for a Long Time" (where the band members tell about how they have kept it "true" throughout the years, while many of their peers "sucked up for the fame") and "I'll Cast a Shadow" (about Pantera's influence on the genre). There are also songs about their fans, like "Goddamn Electric" and "You've Got to Belong To It". "Goddamn Electric" mentions Black Sabbath, and Slayer, two of the band's main influences. The band members dedicated "Reinventing the Steel" to their fans, whom they viewed as their brothers and sisters.

Artwork.

The cover art is a photo taken by Scott Caliva (1967-2003), a friend of Phil Anselmo’s. Scott took the photo while attending a party at Phil’s house where a bonfire was built. One of the patrons jumped through the bonfire clutching a bottle of Wild Turkey. Scott captured the moment and it became the cover art for Reinventing the Steel.

Critical reception.

It reached number 4 on the "Billboard" 200 chart, number 8 on the Top Canadian Albums chart, and number 5 on the Top Internet Albums chart. It held its position in the Billboard 200 for over 12 weeks. The album's fifth track, "Revolution Is My Name", reached number 28 on "Billboard"'s Mainstream Rock Tracks. The album was certified gold by the RIAA on May 2, 2000, however, the album has yet to reach platinum status, making it Pantera's only major label studio album not to reach sales of 1,000,000.  "Rolling Stone" (5/25/00, p. 73) – 3.5 stars out of 5 – "Metal-revivalist...relying on the genre's primal elements of rage and analog noise...chopped up with squealing dissonance...brutal enough to please underground purists and familiar enough for weekend headbangers."  "Entertainment Weekly" (3/24/00, p. 102) – "...resumes their scorched-earth policy with vigor...dropping aural anvils [along] with a dash of inventiveness..." – Rating: B+  "Q" magazine (6/00, p. 112) – 3 stars out of 5 – "Pantera's attempt to upgrade <nowiki>[</nowiki>Judas Priest's] British Steel-era pure metal spirit...unequivocal heavy metalness."  "Alternative Press" (7/00, pp. 108–9) – 5 out of 5 – "An undiluted, unvarnished slab of riffs paying distinct homage to Judas Priest's "British Steel", and not just in a titular sense, but in basic song construction."  "CMJ" (4/3/00, p. 32) – "Crammed with everything they've used to revolutionize metal...so old-school it could have been easily made in between the quartet's back-to-back classics."  "NME" (4/15/00, p. 34) – 6 out of 10 – "An unfashionably old-school metal album...it's Pantera's bid to herald the rebirth of bullet-belt, cut-off denim metal...It's a solid album, oozing drunk-as-hell metal spirit."

Accolades.

In the 2000 "Metal Edge" Readers' Choice Awards, the album was voted "Album of the Year" and "Album Cover of the Year" (tying with Iron Maiden's "Brave New World" for the latter), while the single "Revolution Is My Name" won "Song of the Year".  "Revolution Is My Name" was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Metal Performance in 2001, but lost to Deftones' "Elite".  The album was ranked at #2 on "Guitar World"'s Readers Poll for "The Top 10 Guitar Albums of 2000".  A section of "Death Rattle" was used for the 2001 episode of "SpongeBob SquarePants" called "Pre-Hibernation Week".

Personnel.

Pantera  Additional musicians  Technical

Reinventing the Steel is the ninth and final studio album by American heavy metal band Pantera, released on March 21, 2000 by EastWest Records.

Reinventing the Steel ist das neunte und letzte Studioalbum der US-amerikanischen Thrash-Metal-Band Pantera. Das Album wurde am 14. März 2000 durch Eastwest Records veröffentlicht. Es erreichte wie der Vorgänger "The Great Southern Trendkill" Platz vier der Billboard 200. Der Song "Revolution Is My Name" war 2001 für den Grammy Award for Best Metal Performance nominiert.


Life.

Born in Westmeath, Ontario, Canada, he received a Bachelor of Science in 1949 and a Master of Science in 1950 from Queen's University. He received a M.S. and a Ph.D. degree in nuclear physics in 1952 from the University of Rochester in the United States. From 1952 to 1953, he was an instructor, and from 1953 to 1954 he was an assistant professor at the University of Rochester. In 1955, he was hired as an associate research officer, Atomic Energy of Canada Ltd., and from 1958 to 1960 he was a senior research officer and section head.  In 1960, he moved to the United States to become an associate professor of physics at Yale University. He became a U.S. citizen in 1970. He was appointed a professor in 1961 and was associate director of the Heavy Ion Accelerator Lab from 1960 to 1963. He was the founder, and from 1963 to 1989, the director, of Yale's A. W. Wright Nuclear Structure Lab. From 1970 to 1977, he was chairman of the Physics Department. In 1972, he was appointed the Henry Ford II Professor of Physics and was in this position until 1993.  Before being appointed under the Bush Cabinet, he was a member of President Ronald Reagan's White House Science Council. While serving as Bush's science advisor from 1989 to 1993, he pushed for major increases in scientific research funding so that the United States could compete with Japan and Germany in manufacturing. He also supported the expansion of the high-speed network which eventually became the Internet. In addition he is known for having played a key role in impeding progress toward international action on climate change at the Noordwijk Climate Conference. During the final negotiation, Bromley, urged by White House Chief of Staff John Sununu, convinced the conference to abandon the commitment to freeze emissions.  Following his public policy work, he returned to Yale University to serve as Sterling Professor of the Sciences and Dean of the Yale Faculty of Engineering from 1994 to 2000. His tenure as dean substantially revived Yale's engineering programs and led to its re-establishment as the Yale School of Engineering & Applied Science. He continued teaching at Yale until his death in 2005.  Over his career, he had many honors including 33 honorary degrees and membership in the United States National Academy of Science and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. In 1988, Bromley was awarded the National Medal of Science.

David Allan Bromley (May 4, 1926 – February 10, 2005) was a Canadian-American physicist, academic administrator and science advisor to American president George H. W. Bush. His field of research was the study of low-energy nuclear reactions and structure using heavy ion beams.

David Allan Bromley, häufig zitiert als D. Allan Bromley, (* 4. Mai 1926 in Westmeath, Ontario, Kanada; † 10. Februar 2005 in New Haven, Connecticut) war ein kanadisch-US-amerikanischer Kernphysiker, bekannt als Pionier der Schwerionenphysik. Außerdem war er ein einflussreicher Wissenschaftsorganisator in den USA.


Background.

In July 2004, Spears announced her engagement to American dancer Kevin Federline, whom she had met three months before. The romance received intense attention from the media, since Federline had recently broken up with actress Shar Jackson, who was still pregnant with their second child at the time. The initial stages of their relationship were chronicled in Spears's first reality show "". They held a wedding ceremony on September 18, 2004, but were not legally married until three weeks later on October 6 due to a delay finalizing the couple's prenuptial agreement. In October 2004, the singer announced she would be taking another career break to start a family. Spears gave birth to her first child, Sean Preston Federline, on September 14, 2005.  "Someday (I Will Understand)" was composed by Spears on the piano at her house, two weeks before she learned of her pregnancy with Sean Preston. She explained the song came "like a prophecy... when you're pregnant, you're empowered". It was produced by Guy Sigsworth, who previously worked with the singer on "Everytime" (2003). Spears recorded her vocals for the song at Conway Studios in Los Angeles, California, and at Frou Frou Central in London. The piano was played by Spears herself, while all other instruments and mixing were done by Sigsworth. Background vocals for the song were provided by Kate Havnevik.

Critical response.

"Someday (I Will Understand)" initially received mixed reviews from music critics. While reviewing "", Mike McGuirk of Rhapsody noted, "Britney now sings about either the husband or the kid. Gil Kaufman of MTV thought the song a "horrible Britney ballad with the black-and-white video that began her descent into madness." Leo Ebersole of the "Chicago Tribune" considered it "a fictional piece", while another reviewer from the same newspaper noted that "as a matter of fact, the song is more or less a lesson in Britney history." Becky Bain of Idolator praised the track, stating that "Britney goes genuine for this ode to her unborn baby." Kurt Kirton of About.com said that "And Then We Kiss" and other remixes of songs like "Toxic" and "Someday (I Will Understand)" on the remix album "" "hold their own". IGN writer Spence D. noted the Hi-Bias Signature Radio Remix "reverberates with all the clichés that often stifle the music that rustles through the late night/early morning club scenes around the world." "Rolling Stone" contributor Barry Walters gave the song's remix a negative review, saying that "nothing can rescue Spears' freakishly sappy flop single "Someday (I Will Understand)"." Bradley Stern also of MTV, however, praised the Leama & Moor Remix, saying it "transforms the tearjerker of a ballad into a full-on trance anthem. Big beats, stuttering vocals -- it's heartbreak on the dance floor."  Over the years following its release, attitude toward the song began to change for the positive. Ten years after its release, a reviewer for AXS called the song "serene" and the "most sincere single of her career." A writer for "MuuMuse" said that while the song was not career-defining, it was "interesting, and certainly personal."

Commercial performance.

On September 1, 2005, "Someday (I Will Understand)" debuted at number 46 on the Swedish Singles Chart. It peaked at number 10 the following week. In Switzerland, the song debuted at number eight on the week of September 4, 2005. On September 9, 2005, the song debuted in the Danish Singles Chart at number 11. The following week, it peaked at the eight position. "Someday (I Will Understand)" also reached the top 20 in Belgium (Flanders and Wallonia), Finland and Norway and charted in Austria and the Netherlands. "Someday (I Will Understand)" has sold 60,000 paid digital downloads in the United States, according to Nielsen SoundScan.

Music video.

The music video for "Someday (I Will Understand)" was directed by Michael Haussman. Spears commented that he "[did] a great job capturing the song, the essence and the emotion" and added that the video had "a different feeling" from any of her previous videos. It was shot entirely in black-and-white. Spears asserted that her life had "come full circle" and implied that in the process she underwent changes in her soul and body, as shown in the video. It premiered on June 14, 2005 during the fifth and last episode of Spears's reality show "Britney & Kevin: Chaotic", titled "Veil of Secrecy". The music video features a pregnant Spears lying in bed and walking around a house while singing to her unborn child. She also gazes through the window at the Roman sculptures in the garden.  Hayley Butler of Jam! said "the video is a far cry from the snake handling, sweating and skimpy Britney videos of the past. Dressed in a classy silk dress, she runs through gardens, lies in bed and walks through the grass, all with a burgeoning belly." John Mitchel of MTV included the video on the list "Beyonce, Britney And Madonna: What To Expect When You're Expecting — Music Video Edition" in 2011. Despite praising the track, Idolator blogger Becky Bain stated that "at this point she still looks like a teenager herself, so it's a little disconcerting seeing her with that huge belly, singing about motherhood."

Credits and personnel.

Source:

"Someday (I Will Understand)" is a song recorded by American singer Britney Spears. It was written by Spears and produced by Guy Sigsworth. The song was released on August 18, 2005, by Jive Records, as the sole single from Spears' first extended play, "" (2005). In July 2004, Spears announced her engagement to American dancer Kevin Federline, later revealing she would be taking another career break to start a family. Spears wrote the song two weeks before knowing she was pregnant with her first child, Sean Preston Federline. A pop ballad, its lyrics refer to a feeling of empowerment as a pregnant woman. A remixed version of the song was included on the 2005 remix compilation, "".

Someday (I Will Understand) ist ein Popsong der US-amerikanischen Sängerin Britney Spears. Das Stück konnte sich in zahlreichen europäischen Ländern in den Hitparaden platzieren.


History.

Xtranormal was launched after four years of software development. It was established as a storyboarding tool for writers and film directors. The original intent was to allow users to create videos by choosing from a menu of predesigned characters and sets, and scripting their own dialogue.  Xtranormal's State platform allowed casual users to create their own animated videos, and could be downloaded for free and run offline. At some point, Slate was replaced with a newer version of the animation software called Xtranormal Desktop (or, XD). Like Slate, XD was free to download from the Xtranormal website, but is no longer available after Xtranormal's shutdown. Xtranormal also released a web-based animation software tool called Movie Maker (alternately known as "Text-To-Movie"). Movie Maker offers users a more limited subset of functionality in exchange for the convenience of a web browser. Xtranormal videos could at one time be created through an interface directly on the YouTube website.  In 2011, Xtranormal launched a subscription service called "Xtranormal for Education". This program aimed to empower teachers and students by giving them a new way to express themselves in the classroom. Teachers could create and grade animation-based assignments directly from their web browsers. "Xtranormal for Education" was implemented in K–12, university and special needs classes all over the world.  In January 2013, Xtranormal's CEO at the time told "Forbes" magazine that Xtranormal had a viable web subscription model, including Tellagami app, but they believed that the real opportunity for growth was now in mobile. On June 28, 2013, the company announced that they would be shutting down its online services including all current subscriptions, points plans and existing services as of July 31, 2013. They encouraged users to use up existing points and to publish and download created movies before that date. The future was insane.  Xtranormal's online services were taken down shortly after, with the content of their web site replaced by a holding page showing the company's logo, a set of media player control buttons, and the word "pause", but in early October, the placeholder was gone, thus their site was shut down altogether. Its official YouTube, Facebook, and Twitter pages had also deleted. The site was briefly home to a store called "The College Shop" in November 2013.  In July 2014, it was announced that the assets of Xtranormal had been acquired by Nawmal Ltd. As of 2016, Xtranormal's new parent company, Nawmal Ltd. has split Xtranormal into 2 different animators named after the company itself, both just like Xtranormal, except one being for professional use and one being for education.  As of 2018, Xtranormal had a new feature of Nawmal Ltd. but is introducing new VR, AR, advanced customization and more. Nawmal Ltd. was also introduced NawmalSPARK, that can also purchase and use fun stuff including PRO features that believed from Xtranormal.

Legacy.

Some user-created videos reached more than a million views on YouTube. In 2010, the short film "Sleeping with Charlie Kaufman" by director J Roland Kelly, animated entirely with Xtranormal, premiered at the Little Rock Film Festival and was shown at The Rome International Film Festival in Rome, Georgia. Xtranormal videos once formed a recurring feature on the late night FNC talk show "Red Eye w/ Greg Gutfeld", and were featured as part of a GEICO advertising campaign. The Micros series of shorts about the world of online has been the most popular Xtranormal web-series on YouTube.  Another popular video was Graphic Designer vs Client, where it shows a Graphic Designer dealing with a difficult, ignorant and cheap client, whose design ideas, recommendations and deadlines enrage the professional designer. This video inspired other Graphic Designers to post sequels of the video as well as people who work in Web Development, Photography and Music to post videos of what its like to deal with similar clients in their industries.  Some videos created on Xtranormal videos have appeared on shows such as "The Colbert Report", "The Kroll Show" and "Howard 100".

Xtranormal Technology, Inc., or simply known as just Xtranormal, was an American digital entertainment company based in Newark, New Jersey, that produced do-it-yourself animation software for the web and desktop and turned words from a script into an animated movie using text-to-speech and animation technologies.

Xtranormal war eine Website, die mit einer künstlichen Stimme versehen, Computer animierte Videoclips präsentierte. Die Videoclips konnten von jedem Nutzer erstellt und mit einem frei herunterladbaren Programm bearbeitet und hochgeladen werden.


Youth and early career.

Li came from a long line of scholar-officials. Though his family was from Gaoyang County, Hebei, Li was brought up in Beijing. His father was Li Hongzao, a high official of the Qing dynasty. The family was open to new ideas and to the West, and Li was encouraged to study foreign languages and modern subjects. When Li Hongzao died in 1897, the government rewarded his sons with ranks which entitled them to hold middle-level office. The title for this ranking was known as Lung-Chang.  In 1900, the family fled the Boxer Uprising and invasion of the Allied Armies. After their return to Beijing, Li attended a banquet at the home of a neighboring high official who had been a friend of his father. There he met Zhang Renjie, the son of a prosperous Zhejiang silk merchant whose family had purchased him a degree and who had come to the capital to arrange a suitable office. The two quickly discovered that they shared ideas for the reform of Chinese government and society, beginning a friendship which lasted the rest of their lives. When Li was chosen in 1903 as an "embassy student" to accompany China's new ambassador Sun Baoqi to Paris, Zhang had his family arrange for him to join the group as a commercial attache. Li and Zhang traveled together, stopping first in Shanghai to meet with Wu Zhihui, by then a famous radical critic of the Qing government, where they also met Wu's friend, Cai Yuanpei.

Paris, anarchism, and Sino-French Friendship.

At the time, since France had the reputation of being the home of revolution, Chinese officials were reluctant to sponsor study there. Li and Zhang, however, were well connected, and arrived in France, December 1902, accompanied by their wives. Ambassador Sun was indulgent and allowed Li to spend his time in intense French language study, but Li soon resigned from the embassy to enroll in a graduate program in chemistry and biology at in Montargis, a suburb south of Paris. In three years he earned his degree, then went to Paris for further study at the Sorbonne University and the Pasteur Institute. He announced that he would break with family tradition and would not pursue an official career. Zhang, meanwhile, began to make his fortune by starting a Paris company to import Chinese decorative art and curios. Li and Zhang persuaded Wu Zhihui to come to Paris from Edinburgh, where he had been attending university lectures. Li, Zhang, and Wu did not forget their revolutionary goals. On route back to China for a visit, Zhang met the anti-Manchu revolutionary, Sun Yat-sen and promised him extensive financial support. On his return to Paris in 1907, Zhang led Li and Wu to join Sun's Tongmenghui (Chinese Revolutionary Alliance).

The Paris Anarchists.

The three young radicals had come in search of ideas to explain their world and of ways to change it. They soon discovered the fashionable doctrines of anarchism, which they saw as a scientific and cosmopolitan set of ideas which would bring progress to China. The key point of difference with other revolutionaries was that for them political revolution was meaningless without cultural change. A group of Chinese anarchists in Tokyo, led by Liu Shipei, favored a return to the individualist Daoism of ancient China which found government irrelevant, but for the Paris anarchists, as the historian Peter Zarrow puts it, "science was truth and truth was science." In the following years they helped anarchism to become a pervasive, perhaps dominant, strand among radical young Chinese.  The Paris anarchists argued that China needed to abolish Confucian family structure, liberate women, promote moral personal behavior, and create equitable social organizations. Li wrote that "family revolution, revolution against the sages, revolution in the Three Bonds and the Five Constants would advance the cause of humanitarianism." Once these goals had been accomplished, they reasoned, the minds of the people would be clear and political improvement would follow. Authoritarian government would then be unnecessary.  Although these anarchists sought to overthrow Confucian orthodoxy, their assumptions resonated with the idealistic assumptions of Neo-Confucianism: that human nature is basically good; that humans do not need coercion or governments to force them to be decent to each other; and that moral self-cultivation would lead individuals to fulfill themselves within society, rather than by liberating themselves from it. For these anarchists, as for late imperial Neo-Confucians, schools were a non-authoritarian instrument of personal transformation and their favored role was as teacher. In 1906 Zhang, Li, and Wu founded the first Chinese anarchist organization, the World Society (世界社 "Shijie she"), sometimes translated as New World Society. In later years, before moving to Taiwan in 1949, the Society became a powerful financial conglomerate, but in its early phase focused on programs of education and radical change.  In 1908, the World Society started a weekly journal, "Xin Shiji" 新世紀週報 (New Era or New Century; titled "La Novaj Tempoj" in Esperanto), to introduce Chinese students in France, Japan, and China to the history of European radicalism. Zhang's successful enterprise selling Chinese art funded the journal, Wu edited it, and Li was the major contributor. Other contributors included Wang Jingwei, Zhang Ji, and Chu Minyi, a student from Zhejiang who accompanied Zhang Renjie back from China and would be his assistant in the years to come.  Li eagerly read and translated essays by William Godwin, Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, Élisée Reclus, and the anarchist classics of Peter Kropotkin, especially his"The Conquest of Bread" and "". Li was struck by their arguments that cooperation and mutual aid were more powerful than the Social Darwinist forces of competition or heartless survival of the fittest. Li was also impressed by conversations with the Kropotkinist writer Jean Grave, who had spent two years in prison for publishing "Society on the Brink of Death" (1892) an anarchist pamphlet.  Progress was the legitimizing principle. Li wrote in 1907 that  The Paris group worked on the assumption that science and rationality would lead toward a world civilization in which China would participate on an equal basis. They espoused Esperanto, for instance, as a scientifically designed language which would lead toward a single global language superior to national ones. Their faith in moral self-cultivation led Li to adopt vegetarianism in 1908, a lifelong commitment. Yet he also believed that individuals could not liberate themselves simply by their own will, but needed strong moral examples of teachers.  "Xin Shijie" even called for the reform of Chinese theater. Li regretted that reform had stopped at halfway measures such as introducing gas lights. He called for deeper reforms such as stage sets rather than bare stage and allowing men and women to act on the same stage. Li consulted several French friends before deciding to translate two contemporary French plays, "L'Echelle", a one-act play by Edouard Norès (?-1904), which he translated as "Ming bu ping", and "Le Grand Soir" by Leopold Kampf (1881-1913), which he translated as "Ye wei yang".  By 1910, Zhang Renjie, who continued to travel back and forth to China to promote business and support revolution, could no longer finance both Sun Yat-sen and the journal, which ceased publication after 121 issues.

Soy factory and first Work-Study program.

The anarchists Li and Zhang Renjie were practical entrepreneurs whose businesses financed their revolutionary activities. As Zhang expanded his import business, Li realized that he could put his scientific training to use in manufacturing soy products. He felt that beancurd "(doufu)", would appeal to the French public as characteristically Chinese. In 1908 Li opened a soy factory, the Usine de la Caséo-Sojaïne, which was the world's first soy dairy and the first factory in France to manufacture and sell "doufu" (beancurd).  The plant, housed in a brick building at 46–48 Rue Denis Papin in the suburb of La Garenne-Colombes a few miles to the north of Paris, produced a variety of soy products. There was little market for bean-curd jam, soy coffee and chocolate, eggs, or bean-curd cheese (in Gruyere, Roquefort or Camembert flavors), but soy flour and biscuits sold well. The company offered free meals to Chinese students, who gathered also to discuss and debate revolutionary strategy. Sun Yat-sen visited the factory in 1909, and wrote: "My friend Li Shizeng has conducted research on soybeans and advocates eating soybean foods instead of meat."  Li planned the first Work-Study program as a way to bring young Chinese to France whose study would be financed by working in the beancurd factory and whose character would be uplifted by a regimen of moral instruction. This first Work-Study program eventually brought 120 workers to France. Li aimed to take these worker-students, who he called "ignorant" and "superstitious", and make them into knowledgeable and moral citizens who on their return would become models for a new China. The program instructed them in Chinese, French, and science and required them to abstain from tobacco, alcohol, and gambling.  Li returned to China in 1909 to raise further capital for the factory. Again using family connections, he secured an interview with the governor of Zhili, Yang Lianpu, a friend of his father's, and secured a contribution. His father-in-law, Yao Xueyuan (1843–1914), head of the salt merchants of Tianjin, solicited the national community of salt merchants for investment.. In six months Li raised some $400,000. He arrived back in France with five workers (all from Gaoyang, his home district), and a supply of soybeans and coagulant.

Introducing soy products to France.

In 1905, while he was still a graduate student, Li presented (in French) his first paper on soy at the Second International Dairy Congress in Paris, and published it in the proceedings of the conference. In 1910 he published a short treatise in Chinese on the economic and health benefits of soy beans and soy products, especially "doufu", which he maintained could alleviate diabetes and arthritic pain, and then in 1912 "Le Soja" in French. At the annual lunch of France’s Society for Acclimatization ("Société d’Acclimatation"), in keeping with its tradition of introducing new foods from little-known plants, Li served a meal of vegetarian ham ("jambon végétal"), soy cheese ("fromage de Soya"), soy preserves ("confitures de Soya", such as "crème de marron"), and soy bread ("pain de Soya").  Together with his partner L. Grandvoinnet, in 1912 Li published a 150-page pamphlet containing their series of eight earlier articles: "Le soja: sa culture, ses usages alimentaires, thérapeutiques, agricoles et industriels" (Soya – Its Cultivation, Dietary, Therapeutic, Agricultural and Industrial Uses) (Paris: A Challamel, 1912). The soy historians William Shurtleff and Akiko Aoyagi call it "one of the earliest, most important, influential, creative, interesting, and carefully researched books ever written about soybeans and soyfoods. Its bibliography on soy is larger than any published prior to that time."  Li and the factory engineers developed and patented equipment for producing soymilk and beancurd, including the world’s first soymilk patents. Shurtleff and Aoyagi comment that their 1912 patent was "packed with original ideas, including various French-style cheeses and the world’s first industrial soy protein isolate, called Sojalithe, after its counterpart, Galalith, made from milk protein." Li claimed that Sojalithe could also be used as a substitute for ivory.

Revolution in China and friendship with France.

On the eve of the Xinhai revolution, Li joined Zhang Renjie in Beijing (they may have taken part in a plot to assassinate Yuan Shikai, who had edged out Sun Yat-sen from the presidency of the new republic). Wu Zhihui borrowed money from Sun to join them and other of the Paris anarchists such as Zhang Ji. Wang Jingwei, who had been jailed for an assassination attempt on a Manchu governor in 1910, was freed by the new government. These anarchists took advantage of the new political openness to practice what one historian calls "applied anarchism".  Soon after their return, the group organized The Society to Advance Morality (進德會 "Jinde hui"), also known as the "Eight Nots", or "Eight Prohibitions Society" (八不會 "Babu hui"). True to its anarchist principles, the Society had no president, no officers, no regulations or means to enforce them, and no dues or fines. Each level of membership, however, had increasingly rigorous requirements. "Supporting members", the lowest level, agreed not to visit prostitutes and not to gamble. "General members" agreed in addition not to take concubines. The next higher level further agreed not to take government office—"Someone has to watch over officials"—not to become members of parliament, and not to smoke. The highest level promised in addition to abstain from alcohol and meat. These moral principles had a wide appeal among the new intelligentsia which was forming in cities and universities, but Li, in light of the Society's prohibition on holding office, turned down Sun Yat-sen's request that he join the new government, as did Wang Jingwei.

Diligent Work-Frugal Study Movement.

In April 1912, still excited by the prospect of the new-born Chinese Republic, Li, Zhang Renjie, Wu Zhihui, and Cai Yuanpei founded in Beijing the Association for Frugal Study in France (留法儉學會 "Liufa jianxue hui"), also known as the Society for Rational French Education ("la Societé Rationelle des Etudiants Chinois en France"). At that time, most students who went abroad went on government scholarships to Japan, though the Chinese Educational Mission of 1872-1881 and the Boxer Indemnity Scholarship Program sent students to the United States. In contrast to his own experience on the 1902 program as an "embassy scholar", which involved only a handful of students from privileged families, Li hoped to welcome hundreds of working-class students into his program. For Li, work-study continued to have a moral as well as an educational function. In addition to making workers more knowledgeable, work-study would eliminate their "decadent habits" and transform them into morally upright and hard-working citizens  Yuan Shikai's opposition closed the program down. In September 1913, after Yuan violently suppressed Sun's "second revolution", Li and Wang Jingwei took their families to France for safety. Wang lived with Li in Montargis and lectured to the Work-Study students. The bean-curd factory began to do better. Over the first five years, bean-curd sales averaged only 500 pieces (cakes) per month but increased to 10,000 a month in 1915, sometimes to more than 17,000 pieces a month. In 1916, however, wartime conditions forced the factory to close (it re-opened in 1919, when post-war milk shortages made soy milk more attractive).  The outbreak of war in Europe in 1914 led the French government to recruit Chinese workers for their factories. By the end of the war, the Chinese Labor Corps in France brought more than 130,000 workers, mostly from North China villages. In June 1915, Li and his friends in Paris took advantage of this opportunity to provide schooling and training for those working in French factories. They renewed the Work-Study program, though on a different basis, involving less educated workers rather than students. By March 1916 their Paris group, the Societe Franco-Chinoise d'Education (華法教育會 "Hua-Fa jiaoyuhui") was directly involved in recruiting and training these workers. They pressed the French government to give the workers technical education as well as factory work, and Li wrote extensively in the "Chinese Labor Journal" ("Huagong zazhi"), which introduced Western science, the arts, fiction, and current events.  In 1921, after Li had returned to China, leaders of riots in Lyons against the leadership of the program were expelled from the country. The younger generation of students then became angry critics who dismissed anarchism and rejected older leaders. The Sino-French Institute did not became central to Sino-French relations.

Nationalist Party and anarchism in the 1920s.

In 1919 Li returned to Beijing to accept Cai Yuanpei's offer to teach science at the forward-looking Peking University and to also become president of the Sino-French University just outside the city.  Although the basic slogan of the New Culture Movement was "Science and Democracy", Li was one of the few influential intellectuals to have professional training in a hard science. In keeping with anarchist opposition to religion, Li continued to use science to attack religion as superstition. When he became president of the Anti-Christian Movement of 1922 Li told the Beijing Atheists' League: "Religion is intrinsically old and corrupt: history has passed it by." He went on to make clear that as a cosmopolitan he did not oppose Christianity because it was foreign, but all religion as such:  The former Paris Anarchists became a force in Sun Yat-sen's Nationalist Party as it rose to national power in the early 1920s. Zhang Renjie's Shanghai stock-market earnings made him a major financial supporter of the party and an early patron of Chiang Kai-shek. After Sun's death in 1925 and the initial success of Chiang's Northern Expedition, the Nationalists split into left and right factions. In 1927, Li Shizeng, Wu Zhihui, Cai Yuanpei, and Zhang Renjie became known as the party's Four Elders ("yuan lao"). As members of the Central Supervisory Committee in April 1927 they strongly supported Chiang Kai-shek over the leftist Wuhan government headed by their old colleague, Wang Jingwei, and they cheered the expulsion of all Communists and the bloody suppression of the communists and the left in Shanghai.  The Four Elders had never established an independent power base within the party but relied on their personal relations, first with Sun, then with Chiang Kai-shek, in their efforts to make the Nationalist Party the instrument for their anarchist ambitions. In 1927, Li and Wu Zhihui were appointed as Chairmen of the Party, Cai Yuanpei accepted a series of offices in the new government, and Zhang Renjie was one of the powers behind Chiang's takeover after Sun's death. They encouraged their young anarchist followers to join the party, organize labor, and work for revolution. Many of these young anarchists did so but others sharply pointed out that Li had originally made the renunciation of political office a key principle; the defining goal of anarchism was to overthrow the state not join it. One critic wrote that "the moment Li and Wu entered the Guomindang they as good as stopped being anarchists."

The Labor University, Palace Museum, and French university model.

Li indeed had on principle refused government office but he did accept cultural positions. In November 1924, Feng Yuxiang, the Nationalists' rival, captured Beijing and evicted the former emperor, Puyi, from the Forbidden City. When the Palace Museum was set up to oversee the vast art collections left by the emperors, Li was appointed Director General, and his protégé and distant relative Yi Peiji was made curator. Deciding the disposition and even the ownership of these former imperial treasures was a challenge since many had already been sold by the eunuchs or impoverished imperial household staff. By the mid-1920s, many intellectuals and nationalists had come to recognize and strongly oppose the depredation of China's artistic heritage and the export of art by Chinese and foreign dealers. Therefore, the handling of the imperial collections in the Forbidden City was both a cultural and a political problem. The Palace Museum was opened on October 10, 1925, the anniversary of the Republican revolution. Li was forced to flee in fear for his life in 1926 when he was accused of communist sympathies but returned when KMT troops took the city in June 1928. Li served as chair of the Board of Directors until 1932 and also became sponsor of the Academia Sinica.  In 1927, following bloody suppression of the communists and the left in April, Li gained preliminary support for a National Labor University (Laodong Daxue) in Shanghai. The National Labor University was to be the cornerstone of anarchism and the training ground for new leaders who would rise within the GMD. Drawing on the anarchist Work-Study experience in Europe, Li's aim was to produce a labor-intellectual who would embody the fusion in school slogan: "turn schools into fields and factories, fields and factories into schools.”  Yet the result was mixed. The GMD Central Political Council approved the proposal in May and the University opened in September. Two factories had been set up by the Shanghai municipal government several years earlier, one for juvenile delinquents and homeless youth and another to provide jobs for the urban poor, but they had been shut down when the Chiang's troops took the city, leaving six-hundred young workers with no work. The new university re-opened these factories and welcomed workers and peasants to attend classes free of charge. Li, Cai Yuanpei, Zhang Renjie, Chu Minyi and seven others were appointed to the Board, and Yi Peiji, who had fled Beijing with Li, became president.  The Charter for the university announced that its mission was to be the "educational organ of the laborers," and that it would be an "experiment in social-welfare and conduct surveys into working conditions." The Charter continued that students would be sent to factories and fields to "cultivate manual skills and to learn to respect hard work." That is, as one historian observes, the school was based on the assumption that "revolution should be contained in an evolutionary process" and that the goal was "cultivating personal revolutionary virtues," not social or political revolution. Even if Li had intended the school to be a revolutionary training ground, in the anti-leftist atmosphere the actual practice of the university was limited and subdued. The university was closed down in 1932.  For many years Li had used his connections in France and China to build cultural relations. In 1917 Li had first urged France to return her portion of the Boxer Indemnity Fund to be used for cultural activities and educational exchange. In 1925, after long negotiations, the two governments signed an agreement. The money was funneled through Li, ensuring him a role of power for the next several decades. He may well have devoted a portion of it, together with money from his family, to support his own projects. Chief among these projects was the Sino-French University in Beijing, which Li had started in 1920 as a counterpart to the Sino-French University in Lyon, also started in 1920. The Sino-French University in Beijing at one point was so well-funded that it gave Peking University substantial help in repaying its debts.  In 1927 the new nationalist government appointed Cai Yuanpei head of a board of universities which would replace the ministry of education. Li and Cai had been impressed with the rational organization of the French system of higher education in which, instead of random groupings, the country was divided into regional districts which did not overlap or duplicate each other's missions. Peking University was renamed Beiping University and reorganized to absorb other local universities. In 1928, Cai made Li head of the district for Beiping, but there was general resistance to the new scheme and the two old friends had a falling out. The new system was abandoned.  By 1929 the anarchist attempt to prosper within the GMD reached a dead end. The Labor University, conclude historians Ming Chan and Arif Dirlik, added another dimension and constituency to the ideal of labor-learning which Li and the Paris anarchists had introduced into the revolutionary discourse, but they argue that by the 1920s the concept had been adopted by a wide range of revolutionaries, including their rivals, the Marxists. The Four Elders had relied on personal relations with Chiang Kai-shek but lost traction when Chiang shifted his support to other factions, as Chiang often did when one faction became too strong. Dirlik also suggests that activist Chinese now felt, fairly or not, that the anarchist agenda was theoretical and long term, so could not compete with Communist or Nationalist programs of immediate and strong organization needed to save China. Li continued to work and write freely, but many of his activist followers were suppressed or put in jail.

Later years.

Accusations about the handling of Palace Museum finances began to dog Li and his protégé, Yi Peiji. To pay for ambitious cataloging and publication projects Yi had sold off gold dust, silver, silk, and clothing without government approval. In October 1933, after several years of investigations which Li had fought, a procurator brought formal charges against both men, with another round of indictments a year later and further charges against Yi in 1937. Yi fled to the Japanese concession at Tientsin and Li could move about in Shanghai and other coastal concessions only in disguise.  In 1932, Li traveled to Geneva, Switzerland, to organize the Chinese delegation to the International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation of the League of Nations. While at Geneva he established the Sino-International Library.  During World War II, Li lived for most of the time in New York, with trips to Chongqing and Kunming. After the 1941 death of his first wife in Paris, he was reported to have a relation with a Jewish woman named "Ru Su" ("Mrs. Vegetarian"?), but they did not marry. He served as a cochairman of the Emergency Committee to Save the Jewish People of Europe, an offshoot of the Bergson Group, which lobbied the US government and took out advertisements in newspapers urging American intervention to save European Jews. In 1943 and 1944 he was a featured speaker at the Committee's Emergency Conferences to Save the Jewish People of Europe.  Following the war, Li returned once again to China. As Rector of the National Peiping Research Academy Li was a delegate to the First Soya Congress in Paris, March 1947. The Congress was organized by the French Bureau of Soya ("Bureau Français du Soya"), the Laboratory of Soya Experiments ("Laboratoire dEssais du Soya"), and the France-China Association ("lAssociation France-Chine"). As communist armies approached Beijing in 1948, Li moved to Geneva, where he and his wife remained until 1950, when Switzerland extended recognition to the People’s Republic. He then moved to Montevideo, Uruguay. After his wife died there in 1954, Li established a second home in Taiwan and resumed his role as national policy advisor to Chiang Kai-shek and a member of the Central Appraisal Committee, which superseded the Central Supervisory Committee.  In 1958, one of Li's last public acts was to dedicate a middle-school in Tainan named in honor of his friend, Wu Zhihui.  Li died April 3, 1973 in Taipei, aged 92. He was given a large funeral ceremony and buried there.

Family and personal life.

In 1897, at the age of 17, Li married Yao Tongyi, his older cousin, who died in Paris in 1941. They had two children. Li Zongwei, a son, born in 1899 in China, who married Ji Xiengzhan and had three children, Aline, Dayang and Eryang. He died in 1976. Their daughter, Li Yamei (called "Micheline"), was born in 1910 in Paris. She married Zhu Guangcai and had three children, Zhu Minyan, Zhu Minda, and Zhu Minxing.  In 1943, Li met a Mrs. "Ru Su", who is described as a Jewish woman who lived in New York. She became his partner but they did not marry. On February 14, 1946, Li married Lin Sushan in Shanghai. She died in Montevideo in 1954. Li married for the third time in 1957, to Tian Baotian in Taibei, when he was age 76-77 and she was 42.

Li Shizeng (; 29 May 1881 – 30 September 1973) was an educator, promoter of anarchist doctrines, political activist, and member of the Chinese Nationalist Party in early Republican China.

Li Yuying (), Großjährigkeitsname Li Shizeng (), (* 29. Mai 1881 in Guangyang, Hebei, Chinesisches Kaiserreich; † 30. September 1973 in Taiwan) war ein chinesischer Agrarökonom und Pädagoge. Er begründete zahlreiche Institutionen zur Förderung chinesischer Kultur, zum Beispiel das "Institut Franco-chinois de Lyon". Zudem war er einer der Begründer des Schüleraustausches zwischen China und Frankreich, der so genannten "Mouvement Travail-Études".


History.

The Kaohsiung City Government undertook a feasibility study for constructing a rapid transit system in Kaohsiung in 1987. After finding favorable results, the city government began lobbying the Central Government for approval and funding. In 1990 approval was obtained to establish the "Kaohsiung City Mass Rapid Transit Bureau" and planning of the rapid transit network started. The first phase of the "Kaohsiung Mass Rapid Transit System", the Red and Orange Lines, was approved in 1991, but disputes in funding shares between Kaohsiung City and Kaohsiung County Governments stalled the project. The "Kaohsiung City Mass Rapid Transit Bureau" was officially established in 1994, to coincide with the project's move into the final scoping and detail design stages.  Work continued until 1996, when the Central Government ordered KMRT to look into constructing the project via the Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT) method. In 1999 the city government put out a request for the BOT contract to construct the first phase of the KMRT system. In 2000, out of the three consortia that submitted bids, "Kaohsiung Rapid Transit Corporation" ("KRTC") was awarded the contract, receiving priority negotiating rights with the city government in constructing the system. KRTC obtained a company license and was registered in December 2000. In January 2001, KRTC signed the "Construction and Operation Agreement" and the "Development Agreement" with the Kaohsiung City Government, signaling the beginning of construction of the KMRT system. The main participants of the KRTC are: China Steel Corporation, Southeast Cement Corporation, RSEA Engineering Corporation, China Development Industrial Bank, and the Industrial Bank of Taiwan. The current system cost NT$181.3 (US$5.46 billion) to construct and includes a contract for 30 years of operation and maintenance. Construction costs were shared between the central government (79%), Kaohsiung City Government (19%), and Kaohsiung County Government (2%).  Construction began in October 2001, with 66 shield tunnels (45.3 km) completed in May 2006. The cut-and-cover and bored tunnel methods were used for construction of the lines. In November 2006, the first trial runs began on the Red Line. In January 2007, the last concrete slabs were laid for the 37 planned stations.

Scandals and major construction accidents.

In August 2004, a section of subway tunnel near Sizihwan MRT station at the west end of the Orange line collapsed during construction due to loose sand underground and water break-ins. Four low-rise buildings near the collapsed tunnel had to be evacuated and later on had to be torn down due to major structure damages.  The Kaohsiung MRT Foreign Workers Scandal, involving alleged inhumane treatment of Thai migrant workers, erupted in 2005. Investigation revealed kickbacks to politicians by the contractor. The scandal had tainted the public confidence in the construction of the system and prompted a diplomatic response by the Thai Prime Minister asking the migrant workers to return to Thailand. Chen Chu, the Chairperson of the Council of Labor Affairs of the Executive Yuan, resigned as a result of the scandal.  In December 2005, another subway tunnel section of the Orange line at eastern Kaohsiung City collapsed during construction. The collapse of the subway tunnel also brought about the collapse of a road tunnel above the subway tunnel. Several nearby buildings were evacuated for several days for inspection. It was estimated that the road tunnel could not be rebuilt and reopened for traffic for at least a few months. In January 2008 the section was still closed and traffic is diverted around the affected area.

Opening.

Construction accidents delayed the opening of the MRT considerably from the originally planned December 2006 date. The Sanduo-Siaogang section of the Red Line was eventually opened to the public for free test rides during 8–11 February 2008, and the Red Line (except for 2 stations) opened for service on 9 March 2008. The Orange Line fully opened for service on 14 September 2008.

Ridership.

Ridership has been far below expectations, with an average of 100,000 passengers per day versus an expected 360,000, and accumulated losses are expected to reach NT$6 billion by the end of 2009. , the average daily ridership stands at about 178,975, with ridership figures significantly greater on weekends than on weekdays. During New Year's Eve on 31 December 2012, the system transported 472,378 passengers. KRTC stated that ridership would need to exceed 380,000 passengers per day in order to break even.

Unopened Stations.

The R1, R2, and O3 stations were planned originally but never built. The R1 and R2 stations were cancelled before construction, and the plan of O3 was abandoned after a fire in the nearby underground shopping mall.

Routes.

The MRT is made up of the Red Line and Orange Line with 37 stations covering a distance of. 27 of these stations are underground, with 8 elevated and 2 at-grade level. All underground stations have full height platform screen doors.  The light rail transit (LRT) system consists of the Circular Line with 14 stations and a length of with 1 elevated and 13 ground level.

Red line.

From the intersection of Yanhai and Hanmin Roads in the Siaogang District in the South, the Red Line travels northwards, following Jhongshan Road as it passes by Kaohsiung International Airport, Labour Park, Sanduo Shopping District, Central Park, and the Dagangpu circle to. After crossing the track yard of TRA, the route then follows Bo'ai Road arriving at. Then the route passes through Banpingshan, extends along Zuonan Road to Nanzih Export Processing Zone, and continues into parts of the city formerly part of Kaohsiung County. The route finally passes along the Gaonan Highway to Ciaotou District and the southern border area of Gangshan District. The total length of Red Line is approximately 28.3 kilometres, with 24 stations on the route, of which 15 are underground, 8 elevated and 1 at ground level. Two depots served the line with one near and. The Red line (excluding Gangshan South Station) commenced passenger service on 9 March 2008. Gangshan South station was opened for passenger service on 23 December 2012.

Orange line.

From the west, the Orange line starts at Sizihwan (Linhai 2nd Road), crosses the track yard of TRA Kaohsiung Port Station and follows Dayong Road, passing through Love River. The route then follows Jhongjheng Road as it passes by Kaohsiung City Council, Dagangpu Circle, Cultural Center, Martial Arts Stadium, and the Weiwuying Park planning site before entering parts of the city formerly part of Kaohsiung County. The route continues along Zihyou Road, Guangyuan Road and Jhongshan East Road in Fengshan District to Daliao District. The total length of the line is approximately 14.4 kilometers, with 14 stations on the route. All stations are underground except Daliao Station, which is at ground level. A single depot has been built beside Daliao station to serve the line. The Orange Line commenced passenger service on 14 September 2008.

Circular light rail.

The Circular LRT Line (aka Kaohsiung LRT, Kaohsiung Tram) for Kaohsiung City is a light rail line. Construction of Phase I, C1 Kaisyuan to C14 Sizhihwan began in June 2013. Phase I had operations on September 2017.  A temporary light rail system for demonstration purposes, with just 2 stations, was built in the Central Park in 2004, using Melbourne D2 Tram cars from Siemens. As it was simply for demonstration purposes, it was closed soon after, and is no longer operational.

Expansion projects.

The Kaohsiung MRT is expected to be extended further into parts of Greater Kaohsiung, as well as Pingtung County.

Active projects.

The Kaohsiung Underground Tunnel Project, extending from Baozhen Road, south of Zuoying Station, to Zhengyi Road, covers a distance of approximately 9.75 kilometers. Alongside a twin-track tunnel, it will construct five commuter stations—Fine Arts Museum, Gushan, Sankuaicuo, Minzu and National Science and Technology Museum —as well as move underground Kaohsiung Station (R11 Station of Kaohsiung MRT included). The Zuoying Project runs from the new Zuoying Station to Baozhen Road, a length of 4.13 kilometers, with the Neiwei and Zuoying stations to be moved underground. The Fengshan Project is the Kaohsiung project extension to Fengshan. It starts from the east of Dashun Overpass to Dazhi Overpass at Fengshan zone, covering a total length of about 4.3 kilometers. The project includes adding one new underground commuter station Zhengyi/Chengqing station and the Fengshan Station underground. The Duration for the project is from 2006 to 2018. In 2016, subsequent works are under way on stations, tunnels and rail tracks.

Rolling stock.

The rolling stock is based on the Siemens Modular Metro design manufactured by Siemens Mobility. Trains run in 3 car sets (though platforms are designed to be able to accommodate up to 6 car sets, with the exception of Kaohsiung Main Station of only 3 car accommodations) and are powered by third rail. Seats are arranged parallel to the windows, unlike their Taipei Metro counterparts. LED displays are installed above every alternate door (other doors show the route map), showing the name of the current station and next station in Chinese and English. Automated announcements are made in Mandarin, Taiwanese (with the exception of Kaohsiung Arena Station since the Taiwanese translation for the name is not available), Hakka, and English, with Japanese announcements at the major stations. The train uses IGBT-VVVF traction motors powered by Siemens.

Fares and ticketing.

The fares of KMRT is distance-based, with a minimum of NT$20 for trips within 10 km. The maximum fare on Red Line is NT$60, from Siaogang Station to Ciaotou Station.  One way fare is ticketed with an RFID IC token. In addition to the RFID IC token, there are four kinds of contactless smart card are accepted by the system. The iPASS card was the only card that could be deducted before 1 July 2016. After 1 July 2016, EasyCard, iCash2.0, HappyCash are accepted by the system.

Art.

Kaohsiung Arena Station, Formosa Boulevard Station, and Kaohsiung International Airport Station feature artworks integrated into the design of the station by international artists.

Facilities and services.

Platform screen doors were supplied by ST Electronics have been installed at all underground stations. LCD television units have also been installed on platform doors for the broadcast of train information and advertisements. All stations are wheelchair accessible.

The Kaohsiung Rapid Transit System () is a rapid transit and light rail system covering the metropolitan area of Kaohsiung, Taiwan. The metro system is commonly known as Kaohsiung MRT for "mass rapid transit". Construction of the MRT started in October 2001. The MRT opened in 2008 and the Circular light rail in 2015. KRTS is operated by the Kaohsiung Rapid Transit Corporation (KRTC; ) under a BOT contract the company signed with the Kaohsiung City Government.

Die Kaohsiung Mass Rapid Transit "(KMRT)" bezeichnet das U-Bahn-System der taiwanischen Stadt Kaohsiung. Betreiber ist die Kaohsiung Rapid Transit Corporation. Baubeginn war 2001.


Research and Academic Career.

After leaving school in 1972, he studied philosophy, politics and literature in Kiel, Freiburg im Breisgau and Marburg until 1980. In 1980, he successfully completed a doctorate on the early work of Friedrich Nietzsche under the direction of Hans Heinz Holz, Gert Mattenklott and Katharina Kanthack. From 1983 to 1985, holding grants from the German Academic Exchange Service and the Italian foreign ministry, he worked in Florence with Mazzino Montinari, who was editing the first Nietzsche edition free of falsifications, based on the studies he had been carrying out in Weimar since the 1960s.  Until 1997, Schmidt-Grépály lectured in philosophy at the Universities of Florence, Kiel, Oldenburg and Bremen, then from 1998 at Jena and the Bauhaus University, Weimar. From 1989 to 1995 he was the Philosophical Director of the "Karl Jaspers Vorlesungen zu Fragen der Zeit" at the University of Oldenburg under Rudolf zur Lippe. In 1994 Schmidt-Grépály worked at Theater Bremen together with the pioneer of German dance theatre, Johannes Kresnik. He occasionally presented the radio programme "Doppelkopf" on hr2 for Hessischer Rundfunk in conversation with guests such as Nike Wagner, Almos Csongár and Ágnes Heller. In 1999 Schmidt-Grépály organised a Nietzsche evening in Brussels with the title "Ich bin kein Mensch, ich bin Dynamit" (Friedrich Nietzsche) as one of the official contributions by the State of Thuringia to celebrating the German Presidency of the European Union. Involved in the Nietzsche event were the actors Silvia Fink and Harald Schwaiger of the Deutsches Nationaltheater Weimar, and Luise Härtwig, alumna of the Musikgymnasium Weimar. The play was subsequently performed in Weimar, Naumburg, Munich, Lyon and elsewhere.

Founding of the Kolleg Friedrich Nietzsche.

In 1992, with the idea of turning the Villa Silberblick, the legendary former Nietzsche Archive, into a venue for free spirits in Nietzsche's sense, Schmidt-Grépály came to Weimar. After working for the Stiftung Weimarer Klassik from 1993 to 1999 first as a freelance collaborator, in October 1999 Schmidt-Grépály was appointed Director of the Kolleg Friedrich Nietzsche. For his initiative in founding and building up the Kolleg he was awarded the "Premio Internazionale Federico Nietzsche" by the "Associazione Internazionale di Studi e Ricerche Federico Nietzsche" (Palermo, Italy) in 2002. Shortly after celebrating its 10th anniversary, the Kolleg was nominated Weimar's first "Ort der Vielfalt" (Place of Diversity) in January 2012.

Rüdiger Schmidt-Grépály (born 13 July 1952 in Bad Oldesloe, Schleswig-Holstein) is a German Cultural Manager and Director of the Kolleg Friedrich Nietzsche at the Klassik Stiftung Weimar.

Rüdiger Schmidt-Grépály (* 13. Juli 1952 in Bad Oldesloe, Schleswig-Holstein) ist ein deutscher Kulturmanager und ehemaliger Leiter des Kollegs Friedrich Nietzsche der Klassik Stiftung Weimar.


Early life and education.

Adler was born in Miami, Florida, and raised as the only child of David and Bertha Adler. Adler earned his Bachelor of Science in mathematics and Master of Science in electrical engineering degrees from the University of Florida in 1981 and 1985, respectively. In 1990, Adler earned his Ph.D. in physics from the California Institute of Technology.

Career.

Post-doctoral.

After his doctorate, Adler worked for Hughes Aircraft in their Space and Communications Group, working on diverse projects including the analysis of the effects of X-ray bursts on satellite cables, development of new error-correcting codes, designing an automobile anti-theft key, and digital image and video compression research (wavelets and MPEG-2).

Mars exploration.

From 1992 through 1995, Adler was the Lead Mission Engineer on the Cassini–Huygens mission. Afterwards, he became the Mars Exploration Program Architect at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) from 1996 through 1998, which meant that Adler was responsible for planning the Mars exploration missions from 2001 on as well as handling inter-project engineering issues for missions in flight and in development during the time. In 1999 and early 2000, Adler was the Mission and Systems Manager and Chief Engineer for the Mars Sample Return project, which was to launch three missions in 2003 and 2005 to bring Martian samples back to Earth in 2008. The project was canceled after the failure of Mars Polar Lander.

Mars Exploration Rover mission.

Adler initiated and led a three-and-a-half-week study on the concept that was later selected as the Mars Exploration Rover (MER) mission for 2003. He has served as the Deputy Mission System Manager, the Acting Project Engineer, the Deputy Assembly, Test, and Launch Operations Manager, the Landing Site Selection Engineer, and the Spirit Mission Manager.

Low Density Supersonic Decelerator.

Adler is currently the project chief of the Low Density Supersonic Decelerator.

Personal life and interests.

Adler is an instrument-rated private pilot, a certified scuba diver, and an amateur theater actor.  He lives with Diana St. James in La Cañada, California. They have two children, Joshua and Zachary. St. James works at the California Institute of Technology and acts in and directs theatrical performances.

Awards and recognition.

Together with co-author Jean-loup Gailly, Adler received the 2009 USENIX Software Tools User Group (STUG) award for their contributions to FLOSS algorithms for data compression.

Mark Adler (born 1959) is an American software engineer. He is best known for his work in the field of data compression as the author of the Adler-32 checksum function, and a co-author together with Jean-loup Gailly of the zlib compression library and gzip. He has contributed to Info-ZIP, and has participated in developing the Portable Network Graphics (PNG) image format. Adler was also the Spirit Cruise Mission Manager for the Mars Exploration Rover mission.

Mark Adler (* 3. April 1959 in Miami) ist ein US-amerikanischer Informatiker und Raumfahrtingenieur. Adler studierte Mathematik (Bachelor 1981) und Elektrotechnik (Master 1985) an der University of Florida. 1990 wurde er am Caltech in Physik promoviert. Danach arbeitete er bei Hughes Aircraft an unterschiedlichen Projekten wie Datenkompression. 1992 bis 1995 war er leitend an der Cassini-Huygens Mission beteiligt (Lead Mission Engineer für Cassini) und danach am Jet Propulsion Laboratory leitender Ingenieur für unbemannte Erkundungsmissionen zum Mars. Er leitete die Entwicklung für geplante Missionen, die Bodenproben zurückbringen sollten (Mars Sample Return Project), was aber nach dem Misserfolg des Mars Polar Lander nicht mehr realisiert wurde, und hatte leitende Funktionen bei der Mars Exploration Rover Mission von 2003 am JPL (unter anderem für die Exploration mit dem Spirit-Rover).


General information.

The parish of Namdalseid was established as a municipality on 1 January 1838 (see formannskapsdistrikt), but it was merged into the neighboring municipality of Beitstad on 1 January 1846. On 1 January 1904, the Namdalseid district (population: 1,368) was separated from Beitstad to form a municipality of its own (once again).  During the 1960s, there were many municipal mergers across Norway due to the work of the Schei Committee. On 1 January 1964, the parts of the neighboring municipality of Otterøy that were located south of the Namsenfjorden (population: 571) were transferred to Namdalseid municipality. On 1 January 2018, the municipality switched from the old Nord-Trøndelag county to the new Trøndelag county.  On 1 January 2020, the neighboring municipalities of Fosnes, Namsos, and Namdalseid merged to form a new, larger Namsos Municipality. This occurred because on 16 June 2016, the three municipalities voted to merge as part of a large municipal reform across Norway.

Name.

The Old Norse form of the name was just "Eið" (or "Eldueið"). The name is identical with the word "eið" which means the "path/road between two waters" (here the Beitstadfjorden and Namsenfjorden). The Vikings used to drag boats across Namdalseid using the rivers and waterways in the area, to get from one fjord to another without having to risk crossing the treacherous Folda fjord by travelling up the sheltered Trondheimsfjord and continuing north along the coast. The passage was much easier in olden times as the sea level was higher and the waterways more numerous, but as recently as 2004 a boatdrag was done to commemorate the old traditions. Nowadays, however, one has to transport the boats by road for a fairly long stretch. The first element "Namdals-" was added around 1550. It is the genitive case of the old region name Namdalen.

Coat of arms.

The coat of arms was granted on 8 December 1989. The arms show green and white clover leaf shapes which represent the history of agriculture in the municipality.

Churches.

The Church of Norway had two parishes () within the municipality of Namdalseid. It is part of the Nord-Innherad prosti (deanery) in the Diocese of Nidaros.

Geography.

The municipality bordered the municipalities of Flatanger, Roan, and Osen to the west; Namsos to the north; Åfjord and Verran to the southwest; and Steinkjer to the southeast. Lakes in the region include Gilten and Finnvollvatnet. The river Sverka runs through the western part of the municipality. The Namsenfjorden formed most of the northern border.

Government.

All municipalities in Norway, including Namdalseid, are responsible for primary education (through 10th grade), outpatient health services, senior citizen services, unemployment and other social services, zoning, economic development, and municipal roads. The municipality is governed by a municipal council of elected representatives, which in turn elect a mayor. The municipality falls under the Namdal District Court and the Frostating Court of Appeal.

Municipal council.

The municipal council () of Namdalseid is made up of 19 representatives that are elected to four year terms. The party breakdown of the final municipal council was as follows:

Economy.

Being mainly an agricultural municipality, Namdalseid struggled with a decline in population, as fewer and fewer people find they can make a living growing crops and raising cattle. Other areas of interest for business were fishing, hunting, and nature. Having one of the best small-salmon (grisle) rivers in Trøndelag, Namdalseid is a haven for fly fishing and attracts many fishermen every year. In addition to fishing many visit Namdalseid to experience the beautiful mountain scenery and to do some hunting.  Namdalseid also had some industry. Hundseth Mølle is one of the largest mills in Norway, Namdal Plast AS is a factory manufacturing fiberglass products, and Pelsberederiet AS is a manufacturer of furs from moose, deer, and other wild animals.

Namdalseid is a former municipality in Trøndelag county, Norway. The municipality existed from 1838 until its dissolution in 2020 when it joined Namsos Municipality. It was part of the Namdalen region. The administrative centre of the municipality was the village of Namdalseid. Other villages and farm areas in the municipality included Sjøåsen, Statland, Tøttdalen, and Sverkmoen.

Namdalseid ist ein Ort und eine ehemalige norwegische Kommune im Fylke Trøndelag mit 1576 Einwohnern (Stand 1. Januar 2019) auf einer Fläche von 769,54 km2. Der Sitz der Verwaltung war in der gleichnamigen Ortschaft. Im Zuge der Kommunenreform in Norwegen wurden Namdalseid und Fosnes zum 1. Januar 2020 mit Namsos zusammengelegt.


Early life.

Born in Montreal, Quebec, Peuchen was the son of a railroad contractor; his maternal grandfather managed the London, Brighton and South Coast Railway. He was educated in private schools.  In 1888, he entered military life and became a lieutenant of The Queen's Own Rifles of Canada. Peuchen moved up the ranks, and in 1911, was marshalling officer at the coronation of King George V and Queen Mary.  In 1897, Peuchen perfected plans for extracting useful chemicals from coarse hardwoods and waste woods, the principal products being acetic acid, acetate of lime, acetone, methanol, and formaldehyde. The acids were used by dyeing industries, formaldehyde was used by wheat growers in Canada, and acetone was used to manufacture high explosives like cordite.  Peuchen subsequently became president of Standard Chemical, Iron & Lumber Company of Canada, Ltd. The company had many plants and facilities in Canada, as well as refineries located in Canada (Montreal), France, (Germany), and the UK (London). Because some company facilities were located abroad, Peuchen often traveled to Europe by ship.  Peuchen owned a yacht named "Vreda" which crossed the Atlantic under its own canvas. For a time, he was Vice-Commodore and Rear-Commodore of the Royal Canadian Yacht Club.

"Titanic".

Peuchen boarded "Titanic" at Southampton, on April 10, 1912, as a first-class passenger on his 40th transatlantic voyage. He reportedly was concerned that Captain Smith was in command, because he thought Smith was a poor commander and too old.  On the night "Titanic" sank, one of the lifeboat ropes got tangled and almost fell onto another lifeboat, Captain Smith and Second Officer Lightoller asked if anyone knew anything about seamanship, Peuchen stepped forward saying he was a yachtsman. He climbed down the rope and untied it and fell into Lifeboat No. 6. Peuchen was the only male passenger that Lightoller would allow into a lifeboat that night. He later claimed he did not realize "Titanic" was doomed until he viewed the ship from the lifeboat.  Because Peuchen was a military officer, he came under scrutiny for allowing Hichens to prevent the boat's occupants from going back for survivors and for tolerating the verbal abuse Hichens reportedly gave. Peuchen was also criticized for exaggerating his own role and for not recognizing the pivotal role Margaret (Mrs J J) Brown played in leading the lifeboat's occupants in rowing and in raising morale. It is possible that Peuchen, as a yachtsman, may have thought that second-guessing an officer in charge would encourage mutiny.  Peuchen publicly blasted Captain Smith and the crew of "Titanic", criticizing their seamanship as substandard; however, his official testimony at the United States Senate inquiry into the disaster was tempered somewhat from interviews he gave in the days after the rescue.  In 1987, Peuchen's wallet was recovered from the area around the remains of "Titanic"; streetcar tickets, a traveler's cheque, and his calling card were found inside.

Later years.

In Toronto, Peuchen was deemed a coward, largely because of his self-serving attitude, and speculation gathered that his expected promotion to Lieutenant-Colonel in The Queen's Own Rifles would not be awarded. Despite the publicity, the promotion was made on May 21, 1912; he also received the Volunteer Officers' Decoration. When World War I began, Peuchen retired from Standard Chemical to command the Home Battalion of the Queen's Own Rifles.  In later years Peuchen's social standing in Canadian society had slipped greatly, as a man who survived both the sinking of "Titanic" and World War I. He made bad investments and lost much of his finances during the 1920s.  He died in Toronto on December 7, 1929 in his 71st year. His body was buried in Toronto's Mount Pleasant cemetery.

Lieutenant Colonel Arthur Godfrey Peuchen (April 18, 1859 – December 7, 1929) was a Canadian businessman and RMS "Titanic" survivor.

Arthur Godfrey Peuchen (* 18. April 1859 in Montreal, Québec, Kanada; † 7. Dezember 1929 in Toronto, Ontario, Kanada) war ein kanadischer Geschäftsmann, Militär und Yacht-Sportler. Er gründete 1897 den Chemiekonzern Standard Chemical, Iron & Lumber Company, dessen Präsident er bis 1914 war.


Gameplay.

"NBA 2K11" is a basketball simulation game which strives to emulate the National Basketball Association. Players mostly play NBA basketball games with real or created players and teams. The game features several aesthetical details found in real televised NBA games, such as commentary from Kevin Harlan and Clark Kellogg, sideline reports from Doris Burke, halftime shows, replays, customizable camera angles, and other details.  Along with standard online and quick play game modes, several other game modes are present. Association mode allows the player to assume control of an entire NBA organization, simulating through NBA seasons, managing personnel, and participating in off-season activities, such as the draft and free agency. MyPlayer mode returns from "NBA 2K10", in which the player creates their own basketball player. The player customizes the appearance, animations, and other aspects of their player, and plays through their basketball career, upgrading their attributes.  One of the game's most-touted features is the "Jordan Challenge" mode. The mode centers on Michael Jordan, and tasks the player with achieving ten of his most memorable accomplishments in his career, such as scoring 69 points in a game. Completing the challenges unlocks a selection of shoes worn by Jordan throughout his career, which can then be used in several game modes. Another mode focusing on Jordan is present; similar to the MyPlayer mode, it allows the player to play through the entire career of Jordan, instead of a customizable player. The player can play with Jordan on any team, and will start as the rookie version before progressing through his career. Jordan's appearance changes as the player progresses in the mode.  Along with current NBA teams, such as the Houston Rockets and Orlando Magic, "NBA 2K11" introduces 18 classic NBA teams. The teams are used in the Jordan Challenge mode, but the player may use them in quick play. Some of the teams included are the 1985–86 Boston Celtics, the 1997–98 Utah Jazz, the 1991–92 Portland Trail Blazers, and several of Jordan's Chicago Bulls teams.

Development and release.

"NBA 2K11" was released in October 2010 for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 3, PlayStation 2, PlayStation Portable, Xbox 360, and Nintendo Wii. It was developed by Visual Concepts and published by 2K Sports, a subsidiary of Take-Two Interactive. Michael Jordan is the game's cover athlete. "NBA 2K11" features a soundtrack consisting of 27 songs.

Reception.

According to the review aggregation website Metacritic, the Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 3, and Xbox 360 versions of "NBA 2K11" all received "generally favorable" reviews from critics upon release. The PlayStation 2, PlayStation Portable, and Nintendo Wii versions of the game do not hold an aggregated score on the website, due to a lack of reviews.  Matt Bertz of "Game Informer" praised the Michael Jordan-centric mode, calling it "must-play", the realistic presentation, the well-rounded gameplay, the controls, and the soundtrack, describing it as the best in any sports game of the year. Bertz experienced some technical issues, but described them as being minor, finishing his review by saying that other basketball games are inferior to "NBA 2K11".  "GameSpot"s Tom Mc Shea called "NBA 2K11" a "huge improvement" over "NBA 2K10", citing the "lifelike" presentation, improved artificial intelligence, and "overhauled" controls as reasons for that. He also enjoyed the addition of classic NBA teams, even if he felt that the Michael Jordan-focused mode didn't provide enough entertainment. Mc Shea's biggest criticism of the game focused on the technical issues he encounters, particularly in regard to the online modes.  Richard Grisham from "GamesRadar" wrote: "No hoops junkie should miss "NBA 2K11". It's not just another yearly update with some obligatory back-of-the-box modifications; it's a loving study of the greatest player of his generation and his biggest rivals, played out with beautiful sights and sounds that remind us just how great the Air Jordan era was."  By August 2011, the game had sold over 5.5 million copies worldwide.

NBA 2K11 is a basketball simulation video game developed by Visual Concepts and published by 2K Sports. It was released in October 2010 for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 3, PlayStation 2, PlayStation Portable, Xbox 360, and Nintendo Wii. As the twelfth installment in the "NBA 2K" series, it is the successor to "NBA 2K10" and the predecessor to "NBA 2K12". Michael Jordan is the cover athlete of the game. This is the first game on PlayStation 3 to be used with the PlayStation Move.

NBA 2K11 ist ein Basketball Sportsimulations-Spiel der "NBA-2K-"Serie, welches von Visual Concepts entwickelt und von 2K Sports veröffentlicht wurde. Es erschien am 5. Oktober 2010 in den USA und am 8. Oktober in Europa. Das Cover ziert der Basketball-Star Michael Jordan, welcher in verschiedenen Arten im Spiel auftaucht.


Education.

After studying biology and medicine, Remmes did his medical doctorate in 1986 in neuroradiology, and became a consultant radiologist specialized in cross sectional imaging. He was awarded a Graduation in Professional Photography by the New York Institute of Photography.

Career.

Remmes' first photo exhibition "Operaria" at the University of Düsseldorf presents a portrait of backstage operations of the Deutsche Oper am Rhein. Remmes worked at various European opera and ballet theatres such as the Teatro Regio of Turin, the Graz Opera, the English National Opera in London, the Savonlinna Opera Festival in Finland and at the Chang'an Grand Theatre in Beijing, China. In 2002, the Theatre Museum Düsseldorf established the „Remmes Collection". Remmes was elected a Fellow of the Royal Photographic Society (FRPS), Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts (FRSA) and a Fellow of The Royal Society of Medicine. He represented the City of Düsseldorf at the World Exhibition EXPO 2010 in Shanghai, showing his work in an exhibition on the interface between theater work and theatrical stage art in Liu Haisu Art Museum Shanghai

Photographic style.

Remmes'photographic style is based on pictorialism. His „Intrinsic Photography" (Remmes about his work) is contrary to the New Objectivity of the Düsseldorf School of Photography founded by Bernd and Hilla Becher. He captures multiple dimensions of theater reality by including diverse temporal, spatial, contextual and reality layers in one image. His pictures tell stories of the theatre machinery. He shows the backgrounds and unwritten laws, the union of scientific and superstitious components behind the scenes. Remmes writes small notes and poems with light to show different realities: the world outside and the artificial world on stage, when actors and singers swap from one world to the other. He represents modern theatre photography but he’s not interested in personality cult or in documentation of the action on stage. He uses unusual prospects, i.e. bird's eye view. The photographs carry emotion in a different way, by blurred and strong contrasted sujets. Remmes manages to bring the sensitive balance between theatrical work and art to perceptibility.

Karl Maria Udo Remmes (born 2 July 1954 in Tübingen, West Germany – 25 November 2014 in Köln) was a German photographer and physician. He has become known especially for his work in backstage photography specializing in opera, ballet and musicals. The leading idea of Remmes' photographic work is not the documentation – he wants to capture the moments when the hard work of acting transmutes into art.

Karl Maria Udo Remmes (* 2. Juli 1954 in Tübingen; † 25. November 2014) war ein deutscher Fotograf und Arzt. Er wurde bekannt durch seine stilistisch neue Fotografie, vor allem Backstage-Fotografie im Bereich Oper, Ballett und Musical. Die Idee in Remmes’ Arbeiten war nicht die Dokumentation – er wollte den Moment einfangen, in dem die harte Arbeit der Schauspieler, Sänger und Tänzer in Kunst umschlägt.