History.

Chain Home's (CH) large antennas could be seen from the French coast, which meant the Germans were aware of their precise location. Their fixed-direction broadcasts towards the continent meant it was easy to determine which signal was broadcast by which station. This was aided by the way the stations spread out their broadcasts in a series of time slots, known as "running rabbits", which allowed a signal pulse to be traced back to a particular station through its timing.  Beginning in 1942, Dr. Wächter of Telefunken, working with radio engineers at the Reichspost, used this information to build a passive radar system using the CH broadcasts and their own receivers. This was not unlike the Daventry experiment setup that had first been used to demonstrate the radar concept in the UK in early 1935. In both cases, broadcasts from a distant station were used as a signal, and when an aircraft flew into the signal it reflected some of it to the receiver, creating a distinct "blip" on the display.  To this basic concept, Wächter added the ability to measure the rough azimuth of the target by turning the entire antenna and looking for the maximum signal. CH's relatively long wavelength, around 6 m, demanded very large receiver antennas and fairly complex antenna systems to support this rotation. Another side-effect of the long wavelength was that the angular resolution was relatively low, and although a lobe switching system was considered, it was apparently never used in service.  Several test systems were trialled at Cherbourg in 1942 and 1943. The first operational KH system was built at the "Nachtfalter" (Moth) jamming station at Mont de Couple between Boulogne and Calais, across the English Channel from Dover, which became operational near the end of 1943. A second station at Oostvoorne in the Netherlands (Biber) followed in the spring of 1944. Four more stations were completed in 1944, Vaudricourt (Skorpion), Oostende (Bremse), Cap d'Antifer (Auerhahn) and Cherbourg (Tausendfüssler). These were built on Wassermann radar antennas, and sometimes used the Wassermann's own signals for height-finding duties.

Description.

The system used two antennas, a very large one on a rotating platform that was used to receive the signal reflected off the aircraft, and a much smaller one positioned about away that received the signal directly from the CH station. The signals from both antennas were sent to two CRTs taken from the Würzburg radar, which, in typical German fashion, were used in J-scope fashion. This means distances are measured as the angle around the face of the tube, rather than the linear distance across it. A graduated scale around the outside of the CRT was used to measure the angles of the various "blips" in mils (0 to 400).  The operator would first select a single CH station by changing a timer so it picked up only the signals from that station. CH stations broadcast in time slots, one after the other, so it was easy to select a single station using a simple timer. The signal from the smaller antenna was sent to the left display. Using a hand wheel, the operator changed the timing until the main blip of the directly received signal was at the 12 o'clock position.  The right-hand CRT showed the signal received on the larger antenna. As the direct signal from the CH station was very powerful, it appeared on this display no matter what direction the antenna pointed. The display was set so that it showed only of the second time slot, that is, 2 milliseconds. The operator would then further fine-tune the timing so the direct signal was at the 12 o'clock position on this display as well.  When an aircraft flew in front of the larger antenna, some of the CH signal would reflect off it and into the receiver. Since the aircraft was not on the direct line between the two stations, the total distance travelled by the signal to the aircraft and then to the antenna will always be longer than the direct signal. This means a second "blip" appears on the second display, some time after the direct signal. Measuring the angle around the face of the display revealed the "difference" in the signal's time of arrival compared to that of the direct signal, as an elapsed time.  For any given elapsed time difference, there is an infinite number of locations that match that delay. When plotted, these points form an ellipse with the CH station at one foci and the KH receiver at the other. To aid plotting these locations, each set of ten numbers on the circular scale, say 100 to 110, was assigned to a pre-calculated ellipse, in this case "ellipse 10". The operators would then select that ellipse on a set of provided charts.  To measure the angle to the target, the larger antenna was rotated around its vertical axis until the selected target blip was maximized, or alternately disappeared, or "nulled". The angle could then be read off a graduated scale that was mechanically linked to the antenna's rotation. The charts showed the ellipse and the location of the KH station; a line was drawn outward from the station's location at the measured angle, where it would eventually intersect the ellipse, locating the aircraft.  The 2 ms time slot corresponded to a range of, but the system was capable of receiving signals on high-flying aircraft at even longer ranges. In these cases, the operator could use the timer controls to further delay the sweep on the second CRT so that it showed later times, adding that extra fixed delay back to the measured angle when looking up the correct ellipse on the charts. This allowed them to continue tracking as the aircraft flew over Germany.  Estimates vary as to the effectiveness of the system. Pritchard gives a range accuracy of 1 to 2 km with a bearing accuracy of 1 degree at range, while Price suggests at. Given the lack of lobe switching, the angle accuracy was more on the order of 10 degrees (+ or -5 degrees).

Klein Heidelberg (KH) was a passive radar system deployed by the Germans during World War II. It used the signals broadcast by the British Chain Home system as its transmitter, and a series of six stations along the western coast of continental Europe as passive receivers. In modern terminology, the system was a bistatic radar. Because the system sent no signals of its own, the allies were unaware of its presence, and did not learn of the system until well after the D-Day invasion. The system is referred to as Klein Heidelberg Parasit (Small Heidelberg Parasite) in some references.

Klein Heidelberg (KH) war ein passives Radarsystem, das von den Deutschen während des Zweiten Weltkriegs eingesetzt wurde. Als Sender verwendete es die Signale des britischen Chain Home Systems und eine Serie von sechs Stationen entlang der Westküste Kontinentaleuropas als passive Empfänger. In der modernen Terminologie war das System ein bistatisches Radar. Da das System keine eigenen Signale aussandte, wussten die Alliierten nichts von seiner Präsenz und erfuhren erst lange nach der Invasion am D-Day von dem System. Das System wird in einigen Referenzen als Klein Heidelberg Parasit bezeichnet.


West Indian cricket team in New Zealand in 2017–18

West Indies Cricket Team in Neuseeland in der Saison 2017/18

Squads.

Ahead of the first Test, Tom Blundell and Lockie Ferguson were added to New Zealand's squad as cover for BJ Watling and Tim Southee respectively. George Worker was added to New Zealand's squad ahead of the first test after Tim Southee was ruled out due to a family reason. Southee returned for the second Test, following the birth of his child. The West Indies captain Jason Holder was suspended for the second Test, after maintaining a slow over-rate. Kraigg Brathwaite was named as the captain of the West Indies for the second Test in Holder's absence.  For New Zealand, Kane Williamson and Tim Southee were selected only for the first ODI with Neil Broom and Mitchell Santner replacing them for the last two ODIs. Tom Latham was named as captain for the last two ODIs. Sunil Ambris was ruled out of the West Indies' squad for the ODI series, after sustaining a fracture of the left forearm on the final day of the second Test. Colin de Grandhomme was ruled out of New Zealand's ODI squad due to a family reason and was replaced by Doug Bracewell.  Ahead of the limited-overs fixtures, Marlon Samuels, Sunil Narine and Alzarri Joseph were all ruled out of the West Indies' squad. Sheldon Cottrell and Chadwick Walton replaced Samuels and Joseph respectively in the ODI squad. Shimron Hetmyer was also named as Sunil Ambris' replacement for the ODIs following his injury in the second Test. Shai Hope replaced Samuels in the T20I squad, while Ashley Nurse replaced Narine.  Adam Milne injured his foot ahead of the second ODI and was replaced by Seth Rance in New Zealand's squad. Tim Southee was named as New Zealand's captain for the first T20I with Kane Williamson captaining the side for the last two matches. Ross Taylor was selected for the first T20I only while Trent Boult was selected for the third T20I only.  Prior to the T20I series, Kieron Pollard withdrew from the West Indies' squad due to personal reasons and was replaced by Shimron Hetmyer. Ronsford Beaton was also unavailable for the West Indies due to an injury and was replaced by Sheldon Cottrell.

The West Indies cricket team toured New Zealand in December 2017 and January 2018 to play two Tests, three One Day Internationals (ODIs) and three Twenty20 International (T20I) matches. Three Tests were originally planned, but it was reduced to two by New Zealand Cricket (NZC) to conform to the expected tour make-up when the ICC World Test Championship is implemented. Ahead of the Test series, a three-day tour match was planned, which started on 25 November 2017.

Die Tour des West Indies Cricket Teams nach Neuseeland in der Saison 2017/18 fand vom 1. Dezember 2017 bis zum 3. Januar 2018 statt. Die internationale Cricket-Tour war Bestandteil der Internationalen Cricket-Saison 2017/18 und umfasste zwei Tests, drei ODIs und drei Twenty20s. Neuseeland gewann die Test-Serie 2–0, die ODI-Serie 3–0 und die Twenty20-Serie 2–0.


Design.

"PT-617" is a "PT-103"-class ELCO motor torpedo boat. The hull was constructed of two layers of mahogany planking laid diagonally over laminated spruce, white oak, and mahogany frames, reinforced with longitudinal battens, secondary transverse frames, and clamps. A layer of fabric, impregnated with marine glue, was laid between the two layers of planking.  The boat had a displacement of (fully loaded) and was in length, with a beam of, and a draft of. Her three liquid-cooled, supercharged, 12-cylinder Packard 4M-2500 engines each drove a single shaft, giving the boat a top speed of. With a full load of 3,000 gallons (9 tons) of high octane aviation fuel she had a maximum cruising radius of.  "PT-617" was very heavily armed for her size with four Mark 13 torpedoes, a and two guns in the bows, a Bofors 40 mm gun at the stern, and two twin.50 caliber M2 Browning machine guns in mounts each side of the cockpit. There were also two depth charges mounted on racks on the stern, along with a smoke generator. Two Mark 50 rocket launchers and a mortar were also installed. In addition the crew were issued with small arms, each man carrying a M1911.45 caliber pistol, and the boat carried a.30 caliber Browning Automatic Rifle, M1903 Springfield.30-06 bolt-action rifles,.45 caliber Thompson submachine guns, 3-inch rockets, and Mk 2 grenades.

Ship history.

"PT-617" was built by the Electric Launch Company of Bayonne, New Jersey. Laid down on 29 March 1945, and launched on 28 July, she was not completed until 21 September, after the end of the war. The boat was assigned to MTB Squadron 42 and slated for service with the Pacific Fleet, but this was later cancelled. The boat was placed out of service on 28 January 1946, and finally sold on 23 October 1947.  In private hands the boat served as a yacht, and as a salvage and as a diving platform. She was bought by PT Boats, Inc. in 1979, and after restoration to her World War II configuration officially went on display on 1 September 1985.

Motor torpedo boat PT-617, also known as Big Red Cock and Dragon Lady, "is the sole surviving 80' Elco type PT boat and represents the United States's most heavily used, highly favored, and combat-tested PT boat type in World War II." She is a museum ship at the PT Boat Museum in Fall River, Massachusetts. The Elco type boat was the predominant type and is the same type as the famous commanded by John F. Kennedy; the "Higgins" boat is the other type.

PT-617 (vollständig Motor Torpedo Boat PT 617, auch "Big Red Cock" bzw. "Dragon Lady") ist der Name eines PT-Schnellboots der United States Navy. Das 1945 von Electric Boat gebaute Boot befindet sich heute außerhalb des Wassers als Museumsschiff in einer extra zu diesem Zweck errichteten Halle innerhalb des Battleship Cove in Fall River, Massachusetts. "PT-617" wurde im Dezember 1989 als National Historic Landmark in das National Register of Historic Places eingetragen.


Early life and education.

Douglas Stanford was born in Anacortes, Washington. He attended Anacortes Senior High school. Stanford graduated from the Stanford University in 2009 with B.S. in physics and mathematics. He did his M.S. in physics from University of Cambridge in 2010. He earned his Ph.D. in 2014 from Stanford University, under the guidance of Leonard Susskind.

Career.

Research.

Stanford worked at Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton from September 2014 to April 2019 as a post-doctoral researcher. He worked with Juan Maldacena on his and Leonard Susskind's ER-EPR conjecture of the equivalence of wormholes (the ER stands for Einstein-Rosen Bridge) and EPR for quantum entangled particle pairs. The assumption arose as a suggestion to explain the information paradox of black holes, which was heightened by the firewall paradox of Joseph Polchinski. During this time, he worked with Edward Witten on Fermionic localization of the Schwarzian theory. In 2019, Stanford joined Stanford University as an assistant professor. As of now, he is an associate professor of physics at Stanford Institute for Theoretical Physics.

Awards and honours.

In 2017, Douglas Stanford was awarded the Blavatnik Awards for Young Scientists for his works in quantum gravity and condensed matter physics. In 2018, Stanford was awarded the New Horizons in Physics Prize by Fundamental Physics Prize Foundation for his work on improving the understanding of quantum mechanics of black holes via chaos theory. The prize is worth $100,000. In 2019, Stanford was awarded the Gribov Medal by the European Physical Society for his work on quantum chaos and its relation to the near-horizon dynamics of black holes.

Douglas Stanford is an American theoretical physicist. He is an associate professor of physics at Stanford Institute for Theoretical Physics of Stanford University. His research interests include quantum gravity, quantum field theory and string theory. Stanford was awarded the 2018 New Horizons in Physics Prize by Fundamental Physics Prize Foundation for his work on improving the understanding of quantum mechanics of black holes via chaos theory.

Douglas Stanford ist ein US-amerikanischer theoretischer Physiker. Stanford wurde 2014 an der Stanford University in Physik promoviert und war danach am Institute for Advanced Study.


History.

Minocqua was officially organized in the year 1889. Although there are varying explanations regarding the meaning of the word "Minocqua", most credit its origin to the Island's first inhabitants, the Ojibwe. The town Minocqua is named after, "Ninocqua", the Ojibwe name that is defined as "noon-day-rest".  In the late 1800s, Minocqua was a logging town. Minocqua Clawson was the first white child born in the town. Clawson Hill was a famous landmark in town, and it is now the current location of the Pointe Resort & Hotel at the south end of the Highway 51 bridge.  The construction of railroads was a critical component of Minocqua's early growth. The Milwaukee Road originally came to the area to provide access to timber. Later, railroads catered to sportsmen and tourists, transforming Minocqua into the vacation getaway it remains to this day. The two railroad trestles that brought trains to the Island are still intact and serve as the trailhead for the Bearskin State Trail that provides hiking and biking in summer, and snowmobiling in winter.  Much of the town's business district was destroyed by a major fire in 1912. Many of the buildings on the main street today were designed and built after the fire. Although the last several decades have brought a higher percentage of visitor-oriented retail stores, the downtown still retains a U.S. post office, banks, restaurants, and a barbershop. The Island, Minocqua's city center, contains the Campanile Center for the Arts, the Minocqua Police Department, Minocqua Fire Department, and the Minocqua Community Center, which houses the town offices and public library.  Landmarks on the Island include Torpy Park, the Belle-Isle building, the Minocqua Community Center, Bosacki's Boathouse (now The Boathouse), T Murtaugh's Pub, and the Thirsty Whale. Town offices and the Minocqua Public Library are located in the Minocqua Community Center. Bosacki's Boat House burned to the ground in 1972. Although state regulations prohibited the structure being rebuilt over water, a public outcry convinced the DNR to allow it to be rebuilt where it had originally stood.

Geography.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 168.1 square miles (435.4 km2), of which, 150.8 square miles (390.6 km2) of it is land and 17.3 square miles (44.8 km2) of it is water. The total area is 10.29% water.  Termed the "Island City," a portion of the town is situated on what was an actual island, which is accessible by bridge on Highway 51 and "the fill" to the north. Much of Minocqua has sandy soil, although areas of the far northwest and the northeast are clay. The majority of the soil is highly acidic and many areas are covered by forests.  The highest point in Minocqua is Squirrel Hill, located near Winter Park (1735 ft). The highest structure in Minocqua is the Lakeland Sanitary District water tower, a steel tank on Hwy 51 North put in place in the 1960s during the winter.  The community of Bo-di-Lac (short for "Booth-Diamond-Lac du Flambeau) is located in the western portion of the town bordered by Squirrel Lake, Diamond Lake, Booth Lake, and the town of Lac du Flambeau.

Demographics.

As of the census of 2010, there are 4,385 people living in the town occupying 2,079 households. There are a total of 4,835 housing units in town of which 2,493 are seasonal in nature.  The racial makeup of the town is 96.1% White, 0.2% African American, 1.7% Native American, 0.8% Asian, 0.1% from other races, and 1.2% from two or more races. 0.8% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race.  26.4% of the town's population is age 65 or older while 16.3% is below the age of 18. The median age is 51.6 years.  The average household size is 2.11 persons.

Transportation.

The Lakeland Airport (KARV) is located 3 miles northwest of the central business district of Minocqua.  The Rhinelander-Oneida County Airport (KRHI) located 25 miles to the southeast serves Minocqua, Oneida county and surrounding communities with both scheduled commercial jet service and general aviation services.

Government.

The town board, consisting of a town chairman and four supervisors, is responsible for governing the citizens of Minocqua. There have been 30 town chairmen in the history of Minocqua. The list of early town chairmen include A.O. Dorwin, Lincoln Abraham, Jacob Huber, Thomas Bolger, William Schlecht, and Dr. Torpy.  Minocqua is entirely located in Wisconsin's 34th Assembly, 12th Senate, and 7th Congressional District, and is represented by State Representative Rob Swearingen and Congressman Tom Tiffany. The 12th Senate district is current open following the election of Senator Tom Tiffany to the US Congress on May 12, 2020.

Education.

Minocqua has a public elementary school, Minocqua-Hazelhurst-Lake Tomahawk Elementary School, a private Lutheran elementary/middle school, Trinity Lutheran School, and a high school, Lakeland Union High School.

Tourism.

Tourism plays a substantial role in the economy of Minocqua. As a forested lake community, there are many outdoor summer activities, such as fishing, camping, waterskiing, boating, hiking, bike riding, berry collecting, and swimming.  A business strip runs through the downtown ("The Island"), with tourist attractions and shopping. Minocqua's nightlife includes bars hosting live music in the summer. A Fourth of July parade is presented annually. Events include dancing, live music, fireworks, and a Min-Aqua Bat waterski and boat show.  During the fall, rifle and bow hunting draw many visitors, as does the annual downtown merchants' Beef-a-Rama held the last Saturday in September. Winter activities include snowmobile festivals, Nordic (cross country) skiing, ice fishing, downhill skiing in nearby hills, snow tubing, sleigh rides, and snowmobiling. Minocqua is home to Minocqua Winter Park, a cross-country skiing venue, as well as a sledding hill and ice-skating pond.  Minocqua is home to one of the world's oldest amateur water ski teams, the Min-Aqua Bats. The Min-Aqua bats have been performing at the Aqua Bowl for 70 summers now, as a nonprofit organization and will open up the 71st season in June 2020.  Arts activities include the Campanile Center for the Arts which operates year-round, offering an array of high quality artists to captivate, intrigue and inspire audiences. The Campanile also provides music, theater, and visual art instruction.

Museums.

The Minocqua Museum is located in Minocqua. Its exhibits portray Minocqua’s early days.  The U.S. flag that was lowered by the last U.S. soldiers to depart from the Vietnam War, is on exhibit at the American Legion Post in Minocqua.

Minocqua is a town in northwestern Oneida County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 4,388 as of 2017. The census-designated place of Minocqua and the unincorporated community of Rantz are both located in the town. Minocqua is commonly referred to as "The Island City."

Minocqua ist eine kleine Stadt in Wisconsin, USA. Sie liegt im nordwestlichen Oneida County. Minocqua liegt auf einer Halbinsel im Minocqua Lake. Zur Volkszählung 2010 lag die Bevölkerungszahl bei fast 4.400 Einwohnern. Minocqua wird gemeinhin als „The Island City“ bezeichnet.


Early life.

Kathleen Troia was born on July 22, 1951, in Madison, Wisconsin, where she grew up as the oldest of four siblings. Her father was a train dispatcher for the Chicago and Northwestern Railroad.  She later said that her father had persistent rage issues and that she was beaten at least twice a month between the age of 2 and 12. "I had one of the most difficult childhoods imaginable. I was beaten up, I was whipped with a belt, I was kicked, I was shoved, and my father took a gun to us on a couple of occasions at a very young age". She said she avoided further beatings by staying away from home as much as possible and leaving home at the age of 18. In 2006, her father emphatically denied any such behavior; in response, she stood by her statements but requested "privacy for a family that I love and forgave many years ago". She later said that Disney heroines helped her overcome obstacles and inspired her to believe that women could achieve whatever they wanted.  Troia graduated from Madison West High School in 1969.

Education and early government positions.

Troia studied at the Elliott School of International Affairs of the George Washington University in Washington, D.C. In 1970 she worked part-time at the Nixon White House for Henry Kissinger's National Security Council staff. She was on the nighttime typing pool, which meant that she typed the President's Daily Brief. Intrigued by U.S. foreign policy and Nixon's 1972 China visit, Troia majored in Chinese studies, and graduated from George Washington in 1973.  She continued to work in the White House during the Ford administration as a research assistant and at times assisted or filled in for the NSC press liaison. She is sometimes considered a Kissinger protégée. In December 1975, an Associated Press story quoted the 24-year Troia extolling Secretary of State Kissinger in keeping the world's image of the United States strong during the Nixon's impeachment.  After working in the Ford administration, with a desire to be "taken really seriously", Troia studied on scholarship at Oxford University, where she earned a combined bachelor's degree in Politics, Philosophy, and Economics, and was later conferred a master's as is convention in Oxford.  Troia attended the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where she studied nuclear weapons, China, and the Soviet Union for three years toward a Ph.D., but ended up as an "all but dissertation" case. The title of her unfinished thesis was "The Sino-Soviet nuclear confrontation of 1969 from the point of view of the Herman Kahn stepladder period of escalation". A second thesis attempt may have been entitled "The President's Strategic Defense Initiative".  She returned to Washington, D.C., in 1981 following the election of Ronald Reagan as President and the new Republican majority in the U.S. Senate and became a member of the Senate Armed Services Committee staff, working for chair John Tower. There she worked on the preparation of committee briefings and talking points.

Reagan administration.

In the Reagan administration, when she was known informally as Kathy Troia, she started working as speechwriter for U.S. Secretary of Defense Caspar Weinberger in March 1982. Specifically, she worked on his "Six Tests for the Use of U.S. Military Power" speech, sometimes considered a forerunner of the Powell Doctrine.  Speechwriting was a significant activity in the Reagan administration because it forced a decision to be reached among battling factions, sometimes with the president intervening to settle a policy matter. Similar battles took place within the Pentagon, and she said that speeches were used to "short-circuit layers and layers of conflicting interests" in the defense bureaucracy. She likened the particular process she and Weinberger used to the traditional negative response model of the Book of the Month Club: "We'd send out the speech draft with a note saying that if we haven't heard from you by a certain day, we'll assume you agree. The responses were quick and usually on the major issues."  In December 1983 she was promoted to Principal Deputy to Michael I. Birch, the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Public Affairs. She later served as Pentagon spokesperson, with newspaper articles from that time describing her as a "senior Pentagon spokeswoman". She was reportedly under consideration for the Assistant Secretary position. She stayed in this position until around November 1984.

2006 Senate campaign.

In 2006, McFarland ran in the Republican primary in the United States Senate election in New York for a seat held by Democrat Hillary Clinton. She was a late entrant – not forming an exploratory committee until March 2006 – who was recruited once the leading Republican, Westchester County District Attorney Jeanine Pirro, saw her candidacy implode.  McFarland had considered a congressional race to challenge Democratic incumbent Carolyn Maloney of Manhattan, but demurred on the grounds of unlikelihood of success. Nonetheless she wanted to make a point by running as a Republican in New York, saying: "I spent 20 years of my life fighting against single party rule. It was called the Soviet Union and Communism then. But we are now allowing our system in the United States to have single party rule in many states. I am worried that we are dividing into Blue States where the Republicans don't run and Red States where Democrats don't run. That's counter to the whole concept of the United States as a place for competitive debates and competitive elections".  In the Republican nomination race for Senate, McFarland described herself both as a "moderate Republican" and a "Reagan Republican". She was pro-choice. She ran into trouble with a March 2006 comment that appeared to allege that the Clinton campaign had been flying helicopters low over her Southampton, New York, house and spying on her, or that Clinton forces had rented an apartment across from her $18 million duplex on Park Avenue; she later said she had been joking, but the episodes upset her. In May, McFarland's campaign manager Ed Rollins made a variety of coarse personal remarks against her opponent, former Yonkers Mayor John Spencer. All in all, the contest between Spencer and McFarland started ugly and got uglier.  McFarland's candidacy was plagued by media and other allegations that she overstated her credentials. "The New York Times" reported that McFarland's claim that she had written part of Ronald Reagan's "Star Wars" speech was false and had actually been written by Reagan's "top national security advisers", which did not include McFarland. Regarding her being the highest-ranking woman of her time at the Reagan Pentagon, the newspaper reported that this was also false and that two women at the Pentagon at the time held higher ranks. Also at issue was her claim that she had been the first female professional staff member of the Senate Armed Services Committee, which she had not been. Finally, the Spencer campaign objected to her assertion that she had held a civilian rank equivalent to that of a three-star general.  Her inconsistent record of voting in prior New York state elections also became an issue, with her having missed 6 of the last 14 votes. To this charge she responded at the time that she had no excuses, and later conceded that the "realities of family life took precedence". She maintained voting addresses in two different places at the same time, Manhattan and Southampton, sometimes voting in one and sometimes in the other, which was a possible felony under state law. In response, her lawyer conceded that what she did was in violation of election law but said: "there was no criminal intent, no venality here... This is a case of the boards of elections not doing their jobs... She should have been turned away". She emphasized that she had never voted twice and promised to cancel the Southampton registration. Troubled by these disclosures, as well as issues in her personal life, by late June her campaign was just about out of money. She then loaned her campaign $100,000 of her own money. On August 22, McFarland announced that she would be suspending her campaign until further notice after her daughter was caught shoplifting in Southampton.  In the September 12 primary, McFarland was defeated by Spencer 61% to 39%, amid historically low turnout. Despite her loss, her campaign manager Ed Rollins praised her for "a good fundraising effort" and being "a tireless candidate". Spencer went on to lose 31% to Clinton's 67% in the November general election.

Political commentator.

In 2010, McFarland regularly appeared on Fox News as a commentator, wrote a weekly column on FoxNews.com, and hosted an online talk show called "Defcon 3", a reference to DEFCON, the United States' defense readiness levels. She also appeared regularly on Fox News Radio, ABC Radio, WMAL, and WVOX.  In this role, McFarland was highly critical of President Obama's approach to combating terrorism, saying he failed to acknowledge the threat that "global Islamist jihad" posed to "Western Civilization". After the ISIL beheading incidents in 2014, she said Obama had "stuck his head in the sand" and said it was a "dereliction of duty" for "playing a lot of golf".  On the U.S. diplomatic cables leak, McFarland called Julian Assange a terrorist, WikiLeaks "a terrorist organization", and called for the death penalty for Chelsea Manning (whom she referred to as Bradley Manning) if the soldier was found guilty of making the leaks. On waterboarding, she said, "It's not torture, but even if it is torture, it's worth doing".  As a commentator, McFarland often expressed doubts about globalism and the value of U.S. interventions abroad. Regarding the 2011 military intervention in Libya, she characterized it as "insane". In 2016, she applauded the Brexit vote in approval of withdrawal from the European Union. In other cases she advocated for either strong action or none at all: "Either bomb Iran, or let Iran get the bomb." She dismissed putative Saudi support for the Iranian nuclear agreement, saying "they are Arabs, they are not going to say something to your face that will upset you... it's not what they say, it's what they do."  In 2013, McFarland wrote that Vladimir Putin deserved a Nobel Peace Prize for his actions during the Syrian Civil War. In 2014, following the annexation of Crimea, she tweeted, "Putin seizes countries, Obama threatens maybe to kick Russia out of the G-8 club. Bet Putin's sorry now! Winners write history, not whiners." She said the United States might be able to find "common ground" with Putin.  McFarland was a board member of The Jamestown Foundation from June 2008 until her appointment as Deputy National Security Advisor in 2017. She also served as a distinguished advisor to the Foundation for Defense of Democracies. She is a senior fellow at the American Conservative Union.

Trump administration.

Transition.

On November 25, 2016, it was reported that McFarland was selected as President-elect Donald Trump's Deputy National Security Advisor, a position that does not require Senate confirmation. McFarland had no existing relationship with Trump before his campaign but knew his two older sons from their appearances on Fox News, while he liked her appearances on that channel. It would represent McFarland's first government position in over 30 years. Following her selection, McFarland pulled down her website and expunged her public social media accounts.  The selection surprised some people given McFarland's length of time away from government and the fact that she had little experience with intense extra-hours positions and personnel and crisis management. However, her former boss Henry Kissinger praised the selection. Retired general Michael T. Flynn, who had been selected as President Trump's national security adviser, had ties to McFarland and tweeted a welcome to her. Hawk and former Senator Joe Lieberman also praised McFarland for being "one of our country's most experienced, informed and wise foreign policy and national security experts".

Deputy National Security Advisor.

Once in office, McFarland's style annoyed some of the more non-political staffers on the NSC. She repeated the "Make America Great Again" mantra to career employees and mentioned that she was wearing shoes from the Ivanka Trump apparel line, giving other NSC staffers the impression she was too political.  On February 8, 2017, McFarland arranged a meeting in order to reduce and remove the United States sanctions against Venezuela between National Security Council members and major Trump campaign fundraisers Wadie Habboush, an international investor, and Gentry Beach, a Dallas billionaire who is also a hunting friend of Donald Trump Jr.. Jeff Liddle, who is Beach's attorney, denied that the meeting took place.  On February 14, 2017, Flynn announced his resignation after he became embroiled in controversy regarding discussions he had with Russian officials, but one report quoted McFarland as intending to stay on, at Trump's request. Further reports indicated that a requirement for any replacement in the position was that McFarland be kept on as that person's number two, which was a disincentive for some potential nominees, including Vice Admiral Robert Harward. General H. R. McMaster was eventually named Flynn's replacement.  In mid-March 2017, Dina Habib Powell was named as another Deputy National Security Advisor, with an emphasis on strategy. According to "Politico", the appointment had been "designed to effectively push out McFarland", who was "seen as a weak deputy". The increasing problems surrounding Flynn also made McFarland vulnerable due to the ties between the two.  On April 9, 2017, it was reported that McFarland had been asked to step down from her position after less than three months in the role but that she had been offered a position as the U.S. Ambassador to Singapore. McFarland said she viewed the move in a positive light, as a "promotion", and a White House official encouraged the interpretation. She would remain as Deputy National Security Advisor for some amount of time, although probably not all the way until her planned ambassadorial confirmation.  The shuffle was supposed to take place in a fortnight, but that intention did not work out, and after a month went by the shift had still not happened, reportedly pending McMaster's selection of a replacement for McFarland. McFarland continued to perform some duties during this time, such as meeting with the Prime Minister of Australia. She also gave Trump a known online hoax about mainstream media's supposed hypocrisy about climate change in respect to the 1970s global cooling conjecture. According to another report, McFarland was still favored by Trump, who did not understand why her departure was necessary.

Ambassadorial nomination and Special Counsel investigation.

After Ricky L. Waddell was nominated to succeed her as Deputy National Security Advisor on May 10, 2017, she was officially announced as Trump's nominee for U.S. Ambassador to Singapore on May 19, 2017. Singapore-based newspaper "The Straits Times" noted that all U.S. Ambassadors to Singapore had been political appointees since 1986. On June 15, 2017, McFarland was formally nominated by the White House, and her confirmation hearing before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee took place on July 20, 2017, during which she described Singapore's importance with the real estate maxim "location, location, location". McFarland also stated that she believed Russia had interfered in the 2016 U.S. elections. On September 19, McFarland's confirmation was approved by the Committee and was sent on to the full Senate, but as of the end of November her nomination was not scheduled for a vote in the full Senate.  On December 1, Robert Mueller's Special Counsel investigation named McFarland as one of the people involved with Michael Flynn, her former supervisor, and Jared Kushner in developments leading up to Flynn's guilty plea to lying to the Federal Bureau of Investigation. In particular, Kushner and McFarland reportedly briefed Flynn on what to say about. The next day, an email McFarland wrote during the transition surfaced; it read: "If there is a tit-for-tat escalation Trump will have difficulty improving relations with Russia, which has just thrown U.S.A. election to him." After talking to Kislyak, Flynn informed McFarland of the contents of the conversation, who in turn passed on the information to one of her colleagues.  In response to these revelations, Senate Foreign Relations Committee ranking members Mark Warner and Dianne Feinstein suggested that she testify before Congress, Cory Booker questioned whether McFarland had been fully forthcoming in her previous testimony, and Committee Chair Bob Corker pronounced her nomination "frozen". By December 5, committee Democrats had placed a formal Senate hold on her nomination.  At the end of 2017, the U.S. Senate sent McFarland's nomination back to the White House rather than tabling it until 2018, along with other pending nominations. On January 10, 2018, the administration renominated McFarland.  On February 2, 2018, McFarland withdrew her nomination, writing "I have come to this decision reluctantly, because I believe in your mission" in her resignation letter to Trump. In response, Trump blamed the Democrats, noting that they "chose to play politics rather than move forward with a qualified nominee for a critically important post" even though Senate Republicans could have approved her nomination unilaterally given their majority, which suggests that some of them may have been hesitant to approve her.  In September 2018 it became known that she had indeed walked back her story to the special prosecutor. The FBI accepted McFarland's contention that she had not misstated factualities intentionally.

Awards and honors.

In 1985, McFarland received the Department of Defense's highest civilian honor, the Distinguished Civilian Service Award.  At the 2015 CPAC meeting, the Clare Boothe Luce Policy Institute awarded McFarland its Woman of the Year award.  In November 2016, the American Conservative Union selected McFarland as its "Conservative in the Spotlight", with ACU chair Matt Schlapp calling her "not only a brilliant strategist with a wealth of global affairs knowledge, but... also an expert communicator who knows how to effectively deliver clear and concise messages to grassroots activists".

Personal life.

Troia married Alan Roberts McFarland (born 1942) on January 12, 1985, at the National Cathedral in Washington, D.C. He was a general partner in Lazard Frères and went on to become a well-known investment banker.  In 1985, K. T. McFarland became a stay-at-home mother. The couple had three children together, along with two from his first marriage to whom she became stepmother. During the next two decades, McFarland says she "taught Sunday school, served as a class mother, directed school plays, headed a preschool library, and sang in the church choir". She and her husband joined a number of exclusive New York clubs and country clubs. Her youngest daughter attended the United States Naval Academy.  McFarland had two brothers, Tom and Michael. Michael died of an AIDS-related illness on June 8, 1995. Prior to his death, McFarland outed her brother as gay to her parents, blaming his homosexuality on family abuse and cutting off contact with her parents. In 2006, her surviving brother Tom Troia, in defense of their father, told the "New York Post", "If I had one word to describe my sister, it would be 'evil'". McFarland has since reconciled with her parents.  In 2000, McFarland started doing some work for the Foreign Policy Association, booking speakers for ladies' lunches. She is a life member of the Council on Foreign Relations.

Kathleen Troia "K. T." McFarland (born Kathleen M. Troia on July 22, 1951) is a former U.S. government official, and political commentator. She served as Deputy National Security Advisor under Michael Flynn for the first four months of the Trump administration. She was asked to step down by Flynn's successor H. R. McMaster; news of her pending nomination as U.S. Ambassador to Singapore was reported at the same time. President Trump nominated her in May 2017; she withdrew it in February 2018 due to concerns around her answers related to links between Trump associates and Russian officials, in particular about discussions between Flynn and Russian ambassador Sergey Kislyak.

Kathleen Toria McFarland (* 22. Juli 1951 in Madison, Wisconsin; in den Medien meist mit "K. T. McFarland" bezeichnet) ist eine amerikanische Regierungsbeamtin und politische Kommentatorin, die radikale außenpolitische Ansichten vertritt.


Bow Creek (Big Wapwallopen Creek tributary)

Course.

Bow Creek begins on Arbutus Peak in Fairview Township. It flows south for several tenths of a mile until reaching the community of Glen Summit, where it turns west and crosses Pennsylvania Route 437. The creek then receives two unnamed tributaries from the left before briefly turning north and then turning back south again and continuing west-northwest. After several tenths of a mile, it enters Rice Township, receives an unnamed tributary from the right, and crosses Pennsylvania Route 309 before turning southwest for nearly a mile until it reaches its confluence with Big Wapwallopen Creek on the border between Wright Township and Rice Township.  Bow Creek joins Big Wapwallopen Creek upstream of its mouth.

Tributaries.

Bow Creek has no named tributaries. However, it does have several unnamed tributaries. One of these is known as Bow Creek Tributary A. The watershed of this tributary has an area of.

Hydrology.

The concentration of alkalinity in the waters of Bow Creek is 10 milligrams per liter.  Three volatile organic compounds have been detected in surface water in the watershed of Bow Creek: 1,1-Dichloroethene, 1,2-Dichloroethene, and trichloroethene. The maximum observed concentrations of these compounds were 60 nanograms per liter, 3.6 micrograms per liter, and 24 micrograms per liter, respectively. Wastewater was discharged into the creek by the RCA in the 1970s.  The peak annual discharge of Bow Creek at its mouth has a 10 percent chance of reaching 550 cubic feet per second and a 2 percent chance of reaching 920 cubic feet per second. It has a 1 percent chance of reaching 1100 cubic feet per second and a 0.2 percent chance of reaching 1600 cubic feet per second. At the mouth of Bow Creek Tributary A, the peak annual discharge of Bow Creek has a 10 percent chance of reaching 352 cubic feet per second. It has a 2 percent chance of reaching 560 cubic feet per second, a 1 percent chance of reaching 675 cubic feet per second, and a 0.2 percent chance of reaching 1000 cubic feet per second.  At a location approximately upstream of Black Walnut Drive, the peak annual discharge of Bow Creek has a 10 percent chance of reaching 250 cubic feet per second. It has a 2 percent chance of reaching 430 cubic feet per second and 1 percent chance of reaching 520 cubic feet per second. The chance of the creek's discharge peaking at 770 cubic feet per second in any given year is 0.2 percent.  Part of Bow Creek was dry during the summer and early autumn of 2007.

Geography and geology.

The elevation near the mouth of Bow Creek is above sea level. The elevation near the stream's source is between above sea level.  The headwaters of Bow Creek are on a mountain known as Arbutus Peak.  The upper reaches of Bow Creek are mostly on a glacial or resedimented till known as the Wisconsinan Till. However, there are some areas containing bedrock consisting of sandstone, shale, conglomerate, and coal. The same is true in the lower reaches of the watershed, but there are also areas of alluvium along the creek near its mouth.

Watershed.

The watershed of Bow Creek has an area of. The stream's mouth is in the United States Geological Survey quadrangle of Wilkes-Barre West. However, its source is in the quadrangle of Wilkes-Barre East.  The entire length of Bow Creek is in private land. The creek and its unnamed tributary sometimes flood, but since their floodplains are in relatively undeveloped areas, such floods typically cause little damage. A wetland known as the Bow Creek Fen is located in the creek's watershed.

History.

Bow Creek was entered into the Geographic Names Information System on August 2, 1979. Its identifier in the Geographic Names Information System is 1170043.  In the early 1900s, the Luzerne County commissioners received approval to construct a bridge across Bow Creek in Wright Township. A concrete tee beam bridge carrying Pennsylvania Route 309 was constructed over Bow Creek in 1929. It is long and is located in Wright Township. In 2013, the bridge received a weight restriction of 28 tons (35 tons for combination loads).  In the 1970s, the Pennsylvania Department of Economic Resources had a significant amount of interest in Bow Creek. In addition to periodic stream surveys, they performed electrofishing surveys and determined diversity index values for benthos. A request was made in 2012 to redesignate Bow Creek and several dozen other streams as High Quality Coldwater Fisheries due to the fact that they already met the requirements for Class A Wild Trout Waters status.

Biology.

Bow Creek is considered by the Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission to be Class A Wild Trout Waters for both brook trout and brown trout from its headwaters to its mouth. A 298-acre tract of land owned by the North Branch Land Trust in Fairview Township contains a section of the creek that is said to be "teeming" with native brook trout. The main stem of the creek from Pennsylvania Route 309 to its mouth is designated as a Coldwater Fishery and a Migratory Fishery. However, its existing uses are High-Quality Coldwater Fishery and Migratory Fishery.  In the early 1970s, Bow Creek was nearly devoid of aquatic life and its streambed was covered in large populations of "Sphaerotilus", a sewage bacterium. However, five years later, it was "a showplace" and a "cold-water trout stream" with substantial fish populations. The change was made over a three-year period by two teams, one consisting of state government environmentalists and one consisting of people from the industry.

Bow Creek is a tributary of Big Wapwallopen Creek in Luzerne County, Pennsylvania, in the United States. It is approximately long and flows through Fairview Township and Wright Township. The watershed of the creek has an area of. The creek has no named tributaries, but several unnamed ones, such as Bow Creek Tributary A. Bow Creek has been historically nearly devoid of life, but is now considered to be Class A Wild Trout Waters. There is a bridge carrying Pennsylvania Route 309 across the creek. Wisconsinan Till, alluvium, and bedrock consisting of sandstone, shale, conglomerate, and coal occur in the watershed. Several volatile organic compounds have been detected in small amounts in surface water in the watershed. The creek occasionally floods, but such flooding typically causes little damage.

Bow Creek ist ein Bach im Luzerne County des US-Bundesstaats Pennsylvania. Er fließt ca. 7,2 Kilometer und mündet in den Big Wapwallopen Creek. Seine Quelle ist der Arbutus Peak des Fairview Township, drei weitere unbenannte Rinnsale liefern zusätzliches Wasser.


Background.

Sampson lived at Nether Keith, a part of the Barony of Keith, East Lothian, Scotland. She was considered to have healing powers and acted as a midwife. The indictment against her indicated that she was a widow, with children.  In the spring of 1590, James VI returned from Copenhagen after marrying Anne of Denmark, daughter of the King of Denmark-Norway. The Danish court at that time was greatly perplexed by witchcraft and the black arts, and this must have impressed King James. The voyage back from Denmark was beset by storms. In the following months a witch hunt began in Denmark. One of its victims was Anna Koldings, who gave the names of five women, including Mail, the wife of the burgomaster of Copenhagen. The women confessed they had been guilty of witchcraft in raising storms that threatened Anne of Denmark's voyage, and sent devils to climb up the keel of her ship. In September 1590 two women were burnt as witches at Kronborg. James decided to set up his own tribunal in Scotland.  The story of the arrest, trial and confessions of Agnes Sampson and the others accused of witchcraft is known from versions found in a pamphlet printed in London in 1591, the "Newes from Scotland", and from contemporary letters and trial records.

Arrest.

By the autumn of 1590, Scotland was aflame with witch hunts, and many of those sent to trial were questioned by the King himself. Agnes Sampson was accused by Gillis Duncan and arrested along with others, and questioned regarding her role in the storm raising. She was put to the torture, which she resisted at first but, according to the "Newes from Scotland":  This aforeaside Agnis Sampson which was the elder Witch, was taken and brought to Haliruid house before the Kings Maiestie and sundry other of the nobility of Scotland, where she was straitly examined, but all the perswasions which the Kings maiestie vsed to her with ye rest of his counsell, might not prouoke or induce her to confesse any thing, but stood stiffely in the deniall of all that was laide to her charge: whervpon they caused her to be conueied awaye to prison, there to receiue such torture as hath been lately prouided for witches in that country: and forasmuch as by due examination of witchcraft and witches in Scotland, it hath latelye beene found that the Deuill dooth generallye marke them with a priuie marke, by reason the Witches haue confessed themselues, that the Diuell dooth lick them with his tung in some priuy part of their bodie, before hee dooth receiue them to be his seruants, which marke commonly is giuen them vnder the haire in some part of their bodye, wherby it may not easily be found out or seene, although they be searched: and generally so long as the marke is not seene to those which search them, so long the parties that hath the marke will neuer confesse any thing. Therfore by special commaundement this Agnis Sampson had all her haire shauen of, in each parte of her bodie, and her head thrawen with a rope according to the custome of that Countrye, beeing a paine most greeuous, which she continued almost an hower, during which time she would not confesse any thing vntill the Diuels marke was found vpon her priuities, then she immediatlye confessed whatsoeuer was demaunded of her, and iustifying those persons aforesaid to be notorious witches.  According to the "Newes from Scotland", Agnes Sampson confessed to causing the storm that drowned Jane Kennedy by sinking a dead cat, to which her companions had attached parts of dead man, into the sea near Leith. The same charm raised the storm that had threatened the king on his return from Denmark. The English ambassador Robert Bowes wrote in December 1590 that Sampson had confessed and mentioned attempts to obtain the king's shirt or other personal linen in order to work charms. On 27 January she confessed that the Devil had offered to help her and her children because she was a poor widow. The Devil appeared to her as a black man, a dog, or a hay rick. She had attended a witch's convent at North Berwick with her son-in-law. They collected bones and powdered them for charms against the pains of childbirth. She said that Bowes was "a little black and fat man with black hair", who had given the accused gold in a cellar while James VI was in Denmark to make a charm with a toad to hurt the king and make him infertile. Bowes noted that this personal description was inaccurate. Sampson said she had made a wax image of her father-in-law for a woman who complained about his behaviour. According to the pamphlet "Newes from Scotland" printed in London in 1591: Item, the saide Agnis Sampson confessed before the Kings Maiestie sundrye thinges which were so miraculous and strange, as that his Maiestie saide they were all extreame lyars, wherat she answered, she would not wishe his Maiestie to suppose her woords to be false, but rather to beleeue them, in that she would discouer such matter vnto him as his maiestie should not any way doubt off. And therupon taking his Maiestie a little aside, she declared vnto him the verye woordes which passed betweene the Kings Maiestie and his Queene at Vpslo in Norway the first night of their mariage, with their answere eache to other: whereat the Kinges Maiestie wondered greatlye, and swore by the liuing God, that he beleeued that all the Diuels in hell could not haue discouered the same: acknowledging her woords to be most true, and therefore gaue the more credit to the rest which is before declared.  According to the official account, James had not been convinced of Sampson's guilt prior to this last confession, but afterwards changed his mind. On 27 January 1591 the charges of witchcraft against her were drawn up with fifty three points or "articles of dittay".  Agnes Sampson was taken to the scaffold on Castlehill, where she was garrotted then burnt at the stake on 28 January 1591.  Edinburgh Burgh treasurer's accounts itemise the cost of Agnes Sampson's execution, giving the date as the 16 January 1591 and the cost as £6 8s 10d. Robert Bowes wrote that her execution took place on 28 January 1591.

Ghost.

The naked ghost of a Bald Agnes, stripped and tortured after being accused of witchcraft, is said to roam Holyrood Palace.

Legacy.

Sampson is a featured figure on Judy Chicago's installation piece "The Dinner Party", being represented as one of the 999 names on the "Heritage Floor."  A play about her, "The Witch's Mark" by Timothy N. Evers, premièred at the VAULT Festival in London in 2017 before going on tour around the country.  Sampson is also referenced multiple times in "Shadow of Night" by Deborah Harkness.  Sampson is referenced in Traitor, the seventh episode of "", as having perfected a poison powder that is only fatal to men, after one of the warlocks claims to have invented the powder himself.  Agnes Sampson also serves as the inspiration for the short horror story The Last Witch of Berwick House by T J Podger (2019).

Agnes Sampson (died 28 January 1591) was a Scottish healer and purported witch. Also known as the "Wise Wife of Keith", Sampson was involved in the North Berwick witch trials in the later part of the sixteenth century.

Agnes Sampson († 28. Januar 1591 in Edinburgh) war eine schottische Hebamme und Heilerin, die als Hexe angeklagt und verurteilt wurde.


Types.

Many examples of this have been used over the years.

Bedford levitator.

In this early configuration by Bedford, Peer, and Tonks from 1939, an aluminum plate is placed on two concentric cylindrical coils, and driven with an AC current. When the parameters are correct, the plate exhibits 6-axis stable levitation.

Levitation melting.

In the 1950s, a technique was developed where small quantities of metal were levitated and melted by a magnetic field of a few tens of kHz. The coil was a metal pipe, allowing coolant to be circulated through it. The overall form was generally conical, with a flat top. This permitted an inert atmosphere to be employed, and was commercially successful.

Linear induction motor.

Eric Laithwaite and colleagues took the Bedford levitator, and by stages developed and improved it.  First they made the levitator longer along one axis, and were able to make a levitator that was neutrally stable along one axis, and stable along all other axes.  Further development included replacing the single phase energising current with a linear induction motor which combined levitation and thrust.  Later "traverse-flux" systems at his Imperial College laboratory, such as Magnetic river avoided most of the problems of needing to have long, thick iron backing plates when having very long poles, by closing the flux path laterally by arranging the two opposite long poles side-by-side. They were also able to break the levitator primary into convenient sections which made it easier to build and transport.

Null flux.

Null flux systems work by having coils that are exposed to a magnetic field, but are wound in figure of 8 and similar configurations such that when there is relative movement between the magnet and coils, but centered, no current flows since the potential cancels out. When they are displaced off-center, current flows and a strong field is generated by the coil which tends to restore the spacing.  These schemes were proposed by Powell and Danby in the 1960s, and they suggested that superconducting magnets could be used to generate the high magnetic pressure needed.

Inductrack.

Inductrack is a passive, fail-safe magnetic levitation system, using only unpowered loops of wire in the track and permanent magnets (arranged into Halbach arrays) on the vehicle to achieve magnetic levitation. The track can be in one of two configurations, a "ladder track" and a "laminated track". The ladder track is made of unpowered Litz wire cables, and the laminated track is made out of stacked copper or aluminium sheets.  There are two designs: the Inductrack I, which is optimized for high speed operation, and the Inductrack II, which is more efficient at lower speeds.

Electrodynamic bearing.

Electrodynamic bearings (EDB) are a novel type of bearing that is a passive magnetic technology. EDBs do not require any control electronics to operate. They work by the electrical currents generated by motion causing a restoring force.

Uses.

Trains.

In EDS maglev trains, both the rail and the train exert a magnetic field, and the train is levitated by the repulsive force between these magnetic fields. The magnetic field in the train is produced by either superconducting magnets (as in SCMaglev) or by an array of permanent magnets (as in Inductrack). The repulsive force in the track is created by an induced magnetic field in wires or other conducting strips in the track. A major advantage of the repulsive maglev systems is that they are naturally stable - minor "narrowing" in distance between the track and the magnets creates strong forces to repel the magnets back to their original position, while a slight increase in distance greatly reduces the force and again returns the vehicle to the right separation. No feedback control is necessarily needed.  Repulsive systems have a major downside as well. At slow speeds, the current induced in these coils by the slow change in magnetic flux with respect to time, is not large enough to produce a repulsive electromagnetic force sufficient to support the weight of the train. Moreover, the energy efficiency for EDS at low speed is low. For this reason the train must have wheels or some other form of landing gear to support the train until it reaches a speed that can sustain levitation. Since a train may stop at any location, due to equipment problems for instance, the entire track must be able to support both low-speed and high-speed operation. Another downside is that the repulsive system naturally creates a field in the track in front and to the rear of the lift magnets, which act against the magnets and create a form of drag. This is generally only a concern at low speeds, at higher speeds the effect does not have time to build to its full potential and other forms of drag dominate.  The drag force can be used to the electrodynamic system's advantage however, as it creates a varying force in the rails that can be used as a reactionary system to drive the train, without the need for a separate reaction plate, as in most linear motor systems.  Alternatively, propulsion coils on the guideway are used to exert a force on the magnets in the train and make the train move forward. The propulsion coils that exert a force on the train are effectively a linear motor: an alternating current flowing through the coils generates a continuously varying magnetic field that moves forward along the track. The frequency of the alternating current is synchronized to match the speed of the train. The offset between the field exerted by magnets on the train and the applied field creates a force moving the train forward.

Principles.

When a conductive loop experiences a changing magnetic field, from Lenz's law and Faraday's law, the changing magnetic field generates an Electromotive Force (EMF) around the circuit. For a sinusoidal excitation, this EMF is 90 degrees phased ahead of the field, peaking where the changes are most rapid (rather than when it is strongest):

Electrodynamic suspension (EDS) is a form of magnetic levitation in which there are conductors which are exposed to time-varying magnetic fields. This induces eddy currents in the conductors that creates a repulsive magnetic field which holds the two objects apart.

Elektrodynamischer Auftrieb (, EDS) ist eine Ausprägung der magnetischen Levitation, in der sich eine abstoßende Kraft aus der Wechselwirkung induzierter Ströme mit einem magnetischen Wechselfeld ergibt.


Description.

Cole's Hill rises steeply from the shore of Plymouth Bay, near Plymouth Rock, the traditional landing site of the Pilgrims in 1620. It is now bounded by Water, North, Carver, and Leyden Streets. The hill is landscaped with grassy areas, low shrubs, and some trees, and trails wind their way around the hill. A granite staircase rises from Water Street to the summit of the hill. A number of monuments and memorials are on the hill, most of which date to the tercentenary (300-year anniversary) celebration of the Pilgrim landing in 1920. These include a Cyrus Dallin statue of the Wampanoag sachem Massasoit ("c." 1581–1661), whose support was critical to the Pilgrims' survival. At the southern end of the hill stands a granite sarcophagus erected by the General Society of Mayflower Descendants in 1920. It contains skeletal remains accidentally disinterred from the hill in the 18th and 19th centuries, which are believed to be those of "Mayflower" settlers buried here in the winter of 1620-21 when 52 out of 102 died. Two stone benches, one placed by the Pennsylvania Society of New England Women, the other by the Society of the Daughters of Colonial Wars, face seaward.

History.

The Pilgrims built their first houses on Leyden Street rising from the side of Cole's Hill to Burial Hill, and the hill was used in 1620–1621 as a burial ground during their first winter in New England. It is not known whether Cole's Hill was used again as a burying ground between that winter and 1637 when the main town cemetery was established at what is now called Burial Hill. Among those whose remains may have been interred on Cole's Hill are John Carver, Elizabeth Winslow, Mrs. Mary Allerton, Rose Standish, Christopher Martin, Solomon Powers, William Mullins, William White, Degory Priest, Richard Britteridge, John and Edward Tilley and Thomas Rogers. The total burials may have been between 45 and 50.  Cole's Hill was later deeded to Samuel Fuller ("c." 1580–1633), a church deacon and the colony's physician. It afterward became the property of James Cole, who arrived in 1633 and kept a tavern on the hill in the 1640s. It is from him that the hill's name derives: "Cole's Hill" first appears in town records in 1698. Older oral tradition, however, maintained that the first burying ground of the Pilgrims was here. The hill soon lost its identity as a cemetery. Its commanding view of Plymouth Harbor made it a natural site for defensive works. In 1742, the General Court of Plymouth granted a sum of money to the town to erect a battery here. In 1775, the old defense having gone to seed, a new one was built and manned and continued to be kept up during the Revolutionary War. In 1814 still another fort was thrown up here and its commander was placed in charge of companies of soldiers who were billeted in the town.  In the 18th and 19th centuries, various remains were uncovered at Cole's Hill and attributed to the victims of the winter of 1620–21. This seemed to substantiate the earlier oral tradition. Between 1735 and 1883, the remains of at least 11 people were recovered. A summary of these was provided by John A. Goodwin: In a storm of 1735 a torrent pouring down Middle Street made a ravine in Cole's Hill and washed many human remains down into the harbor. In 1809 a skull with especially fine teeth was exposed. In 1855 these graves were exposed in laying the public conduit on Cole's Hill. In one grave lay two skeletons, pronounced by surgeons male and female. The man had a particularly noble forehead; and it was fondly surmised that here were the remains of Mr. and Mrs. Carver. These found a new grave on Burial Hill; but the other relics, with barbaric taste, were placed in the top of the stone canopy over Forefathers' Rock. In 1879, during some work on the southeast side of the hill, many more bones were unearthed, and some, with questionable taste, were carried away by the spectators in remembrance of their "renowned sires"... The fact that some of the skeletons were laid out on an east–west axis with heads to the west—a long-standing tradition with Christian burials—is taken as evidence that these were not Wampanoag Indian remains. Additionally, the fact that no personal items were buried with the bodies further suggests that they were European burials. (Photographs of some of the bones, "circa" 1920, are on display at the nearby Pilgrim Hall Museum).  Meanwhile, Cole's Hill had been acquired by the recently founded Pilgrim Society in 1820. There was once a granite slab on the hill at the foot of Middle Street, describing the discovery of the bones and the location where they had been found. (This slab is now stored at the Town Farm.) An inscription stated: On this hill The Pilgrims who died the first winter were buried. This tablet marks the spot where lies the body of one found Oct. 8, 1883. The body of another found on the 27th of the following month lies 8 feet northwest of the westerly corner of this stone. Erected 1884" About 1920, the layout of Carver Street at the foot of Middle Street was moved somewhat to the west, which necessitated the purchase and removal of buildings. This was done to permit the erection of the present sarcophagus on the place where some bones had been found, as nearly as it could be determined. At this time the hill was transformed into a public park as part of the preparations for the tercentenary celebration. The existing buildings having been removed from the hill, paths and plantings were added.  Cole's Hill was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1960, and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1966.

Cole's Hill is a National Historic Landmark containing the first cemetery used by the "Mayflower" Pilgrims in Plymouth, Massachusetts in 1620. The hill is located on Carver Street near the foot of Leyden Street and across the street from Plymouth Rock. Owned since 1820 by the preservationist Pilgrim Society, it is now a public park.

Cole’s Hill ist der Name einer Erhebung in Plymouth im Bundesstaat Massachusetts der Vereinigten Staaten. Der Hügel wurde 1620 – also im ersten Jahr der Kolonisierung – als behelfsmäßiger Friedhof genutzt, um die Toten des harten Winters 1620/1621 aufzunehmen. Er befindet sich heute im Privateigentum der "Pilgrim Society", ist jedoch als Parkanlage öffentlich zugänglich. Das Gebiet wurde 1966 in das National Register of Historic Places eingetragen, nachdem es bereits 1960 als National Historic Landmark anerkannt worden war.


Early life and education.

Burnett was born and raised in Mardela Springs, Maryland. She is the youngest daughter of Esther Margaret (née Stewart) and Kenneth King Burnett, a corporate attorney. She is of Irish and Scottish ancestry. Burnett attended St. Andrew's School, a private co-educational college preparatory boarding school in Middletown, Delaware, graduating in 1994. She returned to the school in 2009 to deliver the commencement speech. She then attended Williams College in Williamstown, Massachusetts, where she studied political science and economics, graduating with a Bachelor of Arts degree in political economy. As an undergraduate, she played lacrosse and field hockey.

Career.

Burnett began her career as a financial analyst for Goldman Sachs in their investment banking division, where she worked on mergers and acquisitions and corporate finance. While working as an investment-banking analyst, Burnett was offered a position at CNN as a writer and booker for CNN's "Moneyline" with Stuart Varney, Willow Bay, and Lou Dobbs. She left the position to serve as vice president of Citigroup's digital media group, CitiMedia.  Following Citigroup, Burnett joined Bloomberg Television as Stocks Editor and anchor. From 2005 to 2011 Burnett was the host of CNBC's "Street Signs" and co-anchor of "Squawk on the Street" with Mark Haines.  On December 7, 2010, Burnett presented an investigative report on chemical giant Transammonia doing business in Iran. She reported that a wholly owned subsidiary of Transammonia in the United States purchased ammonia from Iran. On December 13, 2010, as a result of the CNBC report, Transammonia sent a press release to congressional leaders stating that Transammonia's Swiss subsidiary would not enter into new contracts with Iranian companies and would wind down its business with Iran "as soon as possible." The following year, the investigative report was nominated for an Emmy.  Following more than five years with CNBC, Burnett left the network on May 6, 2011, and joined rival news outlet CNN beginning October 3, 2011. There she began headlining her own prime-time news program, called "Erin Burnett OutFront", which films at CNN's New York City studios.

Controversy.

On August 5, 2009, Burnett used the term "serial killer" in a discussion with her host Jim Cramer regarding a report about the Australian Prime Minister Kevin Rudd's plans to spend millions of dollars on aerial shooting to cull Australian feral camels in the outback. Cramer referred to the reported plan as "camelcide". The next day on the show, Burnett said her comment was meant as a joke.  Shortly after joining CNN, Burnett aired an October 4, 2011 segment on the Occupy Wall Street protests titled "Seriously?" in which she mocked the protesters. Journalist Glenn Greenwald reacted in a "Salon" article detailing bias in Burnett's reporting, which he attributed to her previous work experience on Wall Street as well as her partner's employment with Citigroup. In response to the criticism, CNN issued a statement saying, "We support Erin and the "OutFront" team and we respect that there will be a range of opinions on any given story."  On October 18, 2019, Hillary Clinton suggested "Russians" are "grooming" Tulsi Gabbard to be a third-party candidate who would help President Trump win reelection through the spoiler effect. Burnett accused Clinton of pushing her own "Russia conspiracy theory".

Personal life.

Burnett met executive David Rubulotta on a blind date in 2003. Rubulotta was previously a trader for Lehman Brothers. They became engaged in September 2011. Burnett and Rubulotta were married on December 21, 2012.  On November 29, 2013, Burnett gave birth to a son. On July 18, 2015, she gave birth to a daughter. The couple welcomed their third child, a boy, on August 20, 2018.

Erin Isabelle Burnett (born July 2, 1976) is an American news anchor, currently the anchor of her own show on CNN, "Erin Burnett OutFront". She previously worked for CNBC as co-anchor of "Squawk on the Street" and the host of "Street Signs". Burnett has also appeared on NBC's "Meet the Press", "Today", MSNBC's "Morning Joe", and "NBC Nightly News" as well as making occasional appearances on "The Celebrity Apprentice", serving as an advisor to Donald Trump.

Erin Isabelle Burnett (* 2. Juli 1976 in Mardela Springs, Maryland) ist eine US-amerikanische Nachrichtenmoderatorin. Sie hat eine eigene tägliche, einstündige Sendung namens "Erin Burnett OutFront" auf CNN welche am Wochenende auch auf CNN International übertragen wird (aber nur zwei Folgen).


Career.

Pool.

Kateryna Polovinchuk was born on 24 November 1995. In June 2010, she became Ukrainian junior champion in all four disciplines (Straight pool, Eight-ball, Nine-ball, Ten-ball). In December 2010, Polovyntschuk beat Viktorija Nahorna 6-3 and became Ukrainian champion for the first time, shortly after her 15th birthday.  In 2011 she won all four titles at the Ukrainian Junior Championship.  In 2012 she was again four times national junior champion. At the 2012 Ukrainian championship, she won the straight pool with a 75–55 final victory over Viktorija Nahorna. In nine-Ball she defended her title with a 7–1 final victory against Alina Holubjewa. Polovinchuk won in three disciplines at the 2013 Ukrainian Junior Championship. However, she lost the 10-ball final to Ljubow Schyhailowa. At the Ukrainian championship in 2013 she won the titles in straight pool, ten-ball, and for the third consecutive year in nine-ball. When she last participated in the Ukrainian Junior Championship, in 2014, she won all four championship titles for the fourth time. At the end of 2014 she became Ukrainian champion in straight pool and eight-ball after final victories against Ljubow Schyhailowa. In December 2015 she became Ukrainian champion in all disciplines, winning in all four finals against Viktorija Nahorna.  At the 2016 European Pool Championships, Polovinchuk reached the final in eight-ball, in which she lost 3–6 to Kristina Tkach 3–6 despite having taken a 3–1 lead.  In September 2017, she won the Kaunas Open with a 7–1 final victory against the Lithuanian Evaldas Sutkus. She later reached the semi-finals at the Klagenfurt Open and was eliminated against Chen Siming. At the 2017 Ukrainian Championship, she took part in three of the four competitions and reached the final three times, each time meeting Daryna Sirantschuk. After Polovinchuk had become Ukrainian champion endlessly for the sixth time in a row in straight pool and for the fourth time in a row in eight-ball, she lost 6–7 in the nine-ball final.

Snooker.

In December 2014, Polovinchuk became Ukrainian champion, with a 3–2 final victory over Daryna Sirantschuk.

Personal life.

Polovinchuk studied at the Economics and Business Faculty of Mykolas Romeris University, graduating at the top of her class in January 2019.

Achievements.

Source: tournamentservice.net (unless otherwise stated)

External link.

Videos (kozoom.com)

Kateryna Polovinchuk (; born 24 November 1995 in Kiev) is a Ukrainian pool player. She has won Ukrainian national championships across different disciplines 20 times, and in 2016 she was runner-up in the European Eight-ball Championship.

Kateryna Ihoriwna Polowyntschuk (, englische Transkription: "Kateryna Polovinchuk"; * 24. November 1995 in Kiew) ist eine ukrainische Poolbillardspielerin. Sie ist mit 19 Titeln ukrainische Rekordmeisterin und wurde 2016 Vizeeuropameisterin in der Disziplin 8-Ball.


Biography.

Fred M. was one of nine children of Joseph Smith III and his second wife, Bertha Madison Smith. He was born on January 21, 1874, at Plano, Illinois, and baptized on July 20, 1883.  Summary of education:  On August 3, 1897, Smith married Alice Lyman Cobb (died May 4, 1926).

Succession to the presidency.

Fred M. Smith became a counselor in the RLDS Church's First Presidency in 1902. As his father’s health declined, Fred M. assumed greater and greater responsibilities in the management of the church and its auxiliary institutions. Joseph Smith III died on December 10, 1914, and Fred M. was ordained as the new Prophet-President the following spring on May 5, 1915.

Zion and the social gospel.

Smith was known for his interests in applying the principles of the newly emerging fields of sociology and social welfare to the Church's thinking on the principles and doctrine of Zion. Smith was influenced by the contemporary Social Gospel movement, which endeavored to apply Christian ethics to societal problems, including social justice, health care, and care for the poor, for orphans, and the elderly. In broad terms, Smith felt the need to address these issues as part of the overall call to "build Zion." In this way he both embraced and modernized his grandfather Joseph Smith Jr.'s vision to build a literal city of Zion in Independence, Missouri.  In order to fulfill his vision, Smith initiated a number of ambitious programs, including the construction of the Auditorium, expansion of the Independence Sanitarium (later known as Independence Regional Hospital), construction of an old-age home in Independence originally known as "Resthaven" (now "the Groves"), and a planned agricultural cooperative in Atherton, Missouri.  As part of his modernizing program, Smith was an early adopter of radio. In 1924, the RLDS Church’s radio station, known as KFIX (later KLDS), became the first church-owned radio station in the United States to be licensed.  He also presided during the difficult depression years which stalled or halted many of his projects, as the church faced issues of major financial debt.

Supreme directional control.

He became embroiled in a controversy over "Supreme Directional Control", regarding leadership and financial control of the church. The dispute led to a significant loss in membership due to the formation of splinter sects by those opposed to the policy. Smith became the first president of the church to submit a notice of resignation. However, the General Conference to which he submitted his resignation, refused to accept it.  He died in 1946, and was succeeded by his brother, Israel Alexander Smith.  The Frederick Madison Smith Library is one of two libraries belonging to Graceland University, and is located on their Lamoni campus. It opened in 1966.  <br

Frederick Madison Smith (January 21, 1874 – March 20, 1946), generally known among his followers as "Fred M.", was an American religious leader and author and the third Prophet-President of the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (renamed the Community of Christ in 2001), serving from 1915 until his death.

Frederick Madison Smith (* 21. Januar 1874; † 20. März 1946), generell unter seinen Anhängern bekannt als „Fred M.“, war ein Kirchenführer und Autor und der dritte Präsident der Gemeinschaft Christi. Er diente als Präsident von dem Jahr 1915, bis zu seinem Tod. Sein Großvater war Joseph Smith und sein Vater war Joseph Smith III, der erste Präsident, nachdem die Kirche reorganisiert worden war. Fred M. war der erste, der einen Abschluss gemacht hatte an der Graceland University. Außerdem schaffte er einen Ph.D. in Psychologie an der Clark University im Jahre 1916. Damit war er eine der am meisten gebildeten Personen in seiner Kirche, zu dieser Zeit. Smith Kirchenführung war kontrovers. Ein Biograph nannte ihn einen „Mann der Gegensätze“ und eine der „am meisten kontroversen Personen in der Kirchengeschichte“. Unter seiner Präsidentschaft begann die Kirche mehrere große Projekte, aber es gab auch eine Kontroverse wegen der Kontrolle über die Kirche.


Early life and college.

Born in Logan, Utah, Dyson graduated in 1993 from Clearfield High School in Clearfield, Utah. In the fall of his senior year, he helped his team win the 1992 State 4A championship.  At the University of Utah, Dyson played on the Utah Utes football team for five seasons (1993 through 1997) and graduated in 1997 with a Bachelor of Science in sociology. In his four seasons as a starter, Dyson caught 192 passes for 2,726 yards and 18 touchdowns.

Professional football career.

Dyson played for the Tennessee Titans from 1998 to 2002, wearing #87. In the 1999 playoffs, he was involved in two of the most memorable plays in NFL history. Dyson was the recipient of Frank Wycheck's disputed lateral known by many as the Music City Miracle, and he was tackled by Mike Jones "one yard short" of scoring the probable game-tying touchdown as time expired in Super Bowl XXXIV, in a play known as The Tackle.  Dyson played for the Carolina Panthers in 2003 but saw very little action due to injury. He did appear briefly in Super Bowl XXXVIII. The San Diego Chargers acquired Dyson for the 2004 season, but later released him. In 2005 he signed with the Washington Redskins but was cut on September 3 when teams reduced their rosters to the final 53 players. He finished his 6 NFL seasons with 178 receptions for 2,325 yards and 18 touchdowns in 59 regular-season games.

Coaching and education career.

After retiring from football, Dyson went on to earn a Master of Education degree from Trevecca Nazarene University in 2007, and followed that up with a doctorate from the same school.  Dyson was a counselor and wide receiver coach at Glencliff Comprehensive High School in Nashville from 2007 to 2009. Since 2008, Dyson has been on the board of the organization Students Taking A Right Stand. He later left to serve as the receivers and backs coach for Independence High School at Thompson's Station, Tennessee as well as the athletic director, eventually ascending to head coach in 2010. Dyson served as an assistant principal at Independence High School. Currently, Dyson serves as the principal of Grassland Middle School in Franklin, Tennessee.

Personal life.

Dyson is the older brother of NFL cornerback and former Titans teammate Andre Dyson. He has lived in Nashville and Salt Lake City during his football career.

Kevin Tyree Dyson (born June 23, 1975) is a former American football wide receiver of the National Football League. He was drafted by the Tennessee Oilers 16th overall in the 1998 NFL Draft. He played college football at Utah.

Kevin Tyree Dyson (* 23. Juni 1975 in Logan, Utah) ist ein ehemaliger US-amerikanischer American-Football-Spieler in der National Football League. Dyson spielte auf der Position des Wide Receivers für die Tennessee Oilers/Titans. Er wurde von den Oilers in der ersten Runde an sechzehnter Stelle im NFL Draft 1998 ausgewählt. Vor dem Draft spielte er im College-Football-Team der University of Utah. Dyson arbeitet als stellvertretender Schulleiter der selbständigen öffentlichen Highschool in Thompson Station, Tennessee.


Junior career.

As a junior curler, Dupont competed in five consecutive World Junior Curling Championships with Denmark from 2006 to 2010. Denmark's best result was in 2009, when they won their first ever junior title. Dupont's all-time World Junior Curling Championship personal record is 22-19.

Professional career.

Dupont jumped into mixed curling, competing in the 2012 World Mixed Doubles Curling Championship with Mette de Neergard. They finished in 9th. He later curled at the 2015 World Mixed Doubles Curling Championship with his sister, Denise. They placed 5th.  At the 2014 European Curling Championships, Dupont and his team finished in ninth. However, Denmark had already qualified for the 2014 World Men's Championships the year before, and the Hvidore CC traveled to Beijing to compete. Dupont was an alternate, but ended up playing. Denmark finished in 12th.  Dupont has also competes at various World Curling Tour events, most recently the 2013 German Masters and 2014 Baden Masters.

Personal life.

Oliver comes from a curling family. Dupont's father, Kim, competed at the 1980 and 1981 World Junior Curling Championships. His mother, Gitte Larsen, won a bronze medal with Denmark at the 1990 World Women's Curling Championships. They both curled for Hvidore CC. His sister, Denise, has competed at the 2006 and 2010 Olympics, as well as nine World Championships. His other sister, Madeleine, competed at the 2010 Olympics, and won the Frances Brodie Award in 2004.  He is engaged to Russian curler Viktoria Moiseeva.

Oliver Dupont (born 16 January 1990) is a Danish curler. He won a gold medal at the 2009 World Junior Curling Championships.

Oliver Dupont (* 16. Januar 1990 in Hvidovre) ist ein dänischer Curler. Zuletzt spielte er als "Lead" im dänischen Nationalteam um Skip Rasmus Stjerne.


Career.

He reached the Quarter-Final of the 2000 Benson and Hedges Championship, with wins against Darren Morgan and Dean Reynolds, as well as others, before losing to Mark Davis 4–5. He also reached the Quarter-Final of the 2001 event, beating the likes of World Championship runner-up Nigel Bond, before losing out to future World Champion Shaun Murphy 3-5  He reached the last 48 of the 2006 World Championship and the 2007 China Open. Previously in the 2005 World Championship he had victories over David Gilbert 10–5, before a remarkable 10–7 win over Ding Junhui, which put him only 2 matches away from a place at the Crucible, but Stuart Bingham denied him with a 10–2 victory. In the 2007 China Open he defeated Jeff Cundy, Tony Drago and Dominic Dale.  In the 2007 UK Championships qualifying in 2007, he defeated Jimmy White 9–7 in arguably one of the best results during his career, but he lost 8–9 to Andrew Higginson in the following round.  At the 2008 China Open, Spick defeated Ashley Wright, Rod Lawler and Mark Davis, before losing in the Last 48 to Dave Harold 0–5.  2008/09 season started relatively quiet for Spick. However, after recording impressive wins over Stephen Craigie (10–5), Barry Pinches (10–5) and Adrian Gunnell (10–2), he was within one match of reaching the Crucible for the first time in his career but lost narrowly 8–10 to Steve Davis. Spick seemed to carry that form into the next season, as he reached the last 48 stage of the Shanghai Masters, however he failed to win a further match during the season and as a result was relegated from the tour.  After having missed the opportunities to return to main tour via Q School in 2011 and 2012, Spick announced his retirement from snooker. However he decided to come back to Q School in 2013, and at Event 3 he defeated Darrell Whitworth, Sanderson Lam, Darren Cook and Duane Jones to win a two-year card for the 2013–14 and 2014–15 seasons. Spick's return proved to be short-lived however, as he only played two matches, losing both, and had multiple withdrawals due to lack of sponsorship and the resulting depression. He never entered another professional tournament after 2013 UK Championship.

Illness and death.

World Snooker announced the death of Spick on 26 January 2015, after a liver-related illness.

Lee Spick (25 April 1980 – 26 January 2015) was an English professional snooker player. A former English under-15 champion, he reached the last 48 of ranking events on five occasions, including twice in the World Championship.

Lee Spick (* 25. April 1980 in Mansfield; † 26. Januar 2015) war ein englischer Snookerspieler. Zwischen 2000 und 2015 spielte er fast 9 Jahre als Profi auf der Snooker Main Tour.


History.

This city was named after U.S. Highway 411, called Rainbow Drive, which runs through the middle of the city. Some of the older citizens say it was named after the US 42nd Infantry Division, known as the "Rainbow Division".  As early as 1818, families from the Carolinas and Georgia began to migrate to the area and homestead land near the Coosa River. Hernando de Soto's troops were the first visitors to the area in 1540, and today a bridge stands where the Pensacola Trading Path crossed the Coosa River. A paved highway now traces the trail that was cut from Nashville to Horseshoe Bend by Andrew Jackson on his way to fight the Creek Native Americans in what is now known as the Battle of Horseshoe Bend.  Originally called "Coosa Bend", the area was later called "Morgan's Cross Road". It was located at the intersection of the Gadsden-Ashville Road and Gilbert's Ferry Road. The land was passed from Edmond Jones to his son Clayton, who never married. When he died, the land passed to his sister, Luvica Morgan, who was also the wife of William Morgan.  Knowing the importance of education, John Sheffield Jones, the grandson of Edmond Jones, an original settler, donated $1,000 and the land for the construction of the first John S. Jones Elementary School. Later, John S. Jones burned to the ground and a new elementary school was built and serves the Rainbow City area today.  On Saturday, April 2, 1831, a church was organized at the Harmony Meeting House. Thomas Morgan served as the first pastor. A few years later, the first Baptist association was organized by Rev. John Gilliland. Harmony was one of the first five members in the association. The adjoining cemetery, Old Harmony Cemetery, has been declared a historic landmark. This cemetery has black and white slaves buried in it, Native Americans, single and double interment, and most of the tombstones have poems and writings on them. They say one man is buried crosswise because he lived crosswise with the world.

Education.

The city is served by the Etowah County Board of Education. The city has one public elementary school, and shares a middle and high school with neighboring Southside. There is also a private school for the city, Westbrook Christian School. Westbrook is a 3k-12 school.

John S. Jones Elementary.

John S. Jones Elementary has been awarded an "A" on the state report card for the last two years. John S. Jones Elementary was awarded the National Blue Ribbon School Award in 2001. John S. Jones is also a CLAS Banner School of Distinction and A Bicentennial School. Students can join various school clubs and activities. The school started a recycling program to promote it throughout the community. The mission of John S. Jones Elementary is to develop competent, respectful, and resourceful students who pursue life-long learning. We will accomplish this by providing a comprehensive, challenging, and diverse curriculum taught by enthusiastic, dedicated professionals in a safe, healthy, child-centered environment. JSJ Commendation

Rainbow Middle School.

Rainbow Middle School is the shared middle school for the area of Southside and Rainbow City. It houses grades 6-8. The mission of Rainbow Middle School is to assure the development of successful, caring, responsible students by providing a nurturing learning environment.

Southside High School.

Southside is the shared high school for the area of Southside and Rainbow City. It houses grades 9-12. The Southside mascot is a Panther. The mission of Southside High School is to make certain that each student realizes his or her own unique potential. We strive to provide progressive instruction and a broad curriculum to ensure that all students meet state standards and are prepared for future challenges.

Geography.

Rainbow City is located in southern Etowah County at (33.943964, -86.061546). It is bordered to the northeast by Gadsden, the county seat, to the southeast by the Coosa River, across which is the city of Southside, and to the southwest, across Little Canoe Creek, by the town of Steele in St. Clair County.  U.S. Route 411 (Rainbow Drive) is the main road through the city, leading northeast to the center of Gadsden and southwest to Ashville. Alabama State Route 77 (Grand Avenue) crosses US 411 in the center of Rainbow City, leading northwest to Interstate 59 at Exit 181 and south to Lincoln.  According to the U.S. Census Bureau, Rainbow City has a total area of, of which is land and, or 0.58%, is water.

Demographics.

As of the census of 2000, there were 8,428 people, 3,586 households, and 2,517 families residing in the city. The population density was 335.3 people per square mile (129.5/km2). There were 3,824 housing units at an average density of 152.1 per square mile (58.8/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 93.09% White, 3.51% Black or African American, 0.34% Native American, 1.45% Asian, 0.51% from other races, and 1.09% from two or more races. 1.45% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.  There were 3,586 households out of which 30.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.9% were married couples living together, 11.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.8% were non-families. 27.0% of all households were made up of individuals and 10.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.35 and the average family size was 2.84.  In the city, the population was spread out with 23.0% under the age of 18, 8.0% from 18 to 24, 28.8% from 25 to 44, 25.7% from 45 to 64, and 14.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 89.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.2 males.  The median income for a household in the city was $40,216, and the median income for a family was $50,844. Males had a median income of $38,278 versus $26,483 for females. The per capita income for the city was $20,860. About 6.9% of families and 8.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 9.7% of those under age 18 and 7.5% of those age 65 or over.

2010 census.

As of the census of 2010, there were 9,602 people, 4,113 households, and 2,721 families residing in the city. The population density was 333.1 people per square mile (128.5/km2). There were 4,534 housing units at an average density of 179.2 per square mile (69.1/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 87.4% White, 7.2% Black or African American, 0.4% Native American, 2.6% Asian, 1.0% from other races, and 1.4% from two or more races. 2.4% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.  There were 4,113 households out of which 27.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.1% were married couples living together, 13.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.8% were non-families. 29.9% of all households were made up of individuals and 12.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.33 and the average family size was 2.88.  In the city, the population was spread out with 22.9% under the age of 18, 8.5% from 18 to 24, 24.8% from 25 to 44, 27.0% from 45 to 64, and 16.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40.5 years. For every 100 females, there were 90.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.0 males.  The median income for a household in the city was $40,236, and the median income for a family was $60,000. Males had a median income of $45,593 versus $32,421 for females. The per capita income for the city was $23,422. About 10.5% of families and 12.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 21.1% of those under age 18 and 7.8% of those age 65 or over.

Politics and government.

The current mayor of Rainbow City is Terry John Calhoun, who was first elected in 2004.

Rainbow City is a city in Etowah County, Alabama, United States. It incorporated in 1950. The population was 9,602 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Gadsden Metropolitan Statistical Area.

Rainbow City ist eine Stadt im Etowah im nordöstlichen Alabama. Das Stadtgebiet zählt zur "Gadsden Metropolitan Statistic Area", dem urbanisierteren Teil des Countys im südlichen Zentrum. Gegründet als eine der ersten Ansiedlungen im County, genießt Rainbow City seit 1960 den Status einer Incorporated City. Die Einwohnerzahl lag im Jahr 2016 bei 9531.