Location.

Venue.

The contest took place in the International Exhibition Centre in Kiev, following Ukraine's victory at the 2016 contest with the song "1944", written and performed by Jamala. The International Exhibition Centre has a capacity of approximately 11,000 attendees and is the largest exhibition centre in Kiev. Located in the western part of the Livoberezhna microdistrict, the centre was opened in October 2002, and its head since its construction was Anatoly Tkachenko.

Bidding phase.

The Deputy Chief of host broadcaster National Public Broadcasting Company of Ukraine (UA:PBC) and Head of Delegation for Ukraine, Viktoria Romanova, stated on 18 May 2016 that the first organisational meeting for the contest would take place before 8 June, during which the European Broadcasting Union (EBU) and UA:PBC would go through the technical requirements for the contest, as well as any training required for the contest to take place in Ukraine. Romanova also announced that the venue for the contest would be announced over the summer.  UA:PBC and the Ukrainian Government formally launched the bidding process for interested cities to apply to host the contest on 23 June. The selection of the host city was scheduled to be conducted in four stages:  The following criteria were outlined for the selection of the host city:  Six cities submitted applications by the deadline of 8 July: Dnipro, Kharkiv, Kherson, Kiev, Lviv and Odessa. Prior to the opening of the bidding process, the cities of Cherkasy, Irpin, Uzhhorod and Vinnytsia had declared their interest in hosting the contest, but did not submit a formal bid. Ukrainian Culture Minister Yevhen Nyshchuk stated on 30 June that an appropriate venue for the contest does not exist in Ukraine, suggesting that the construction of a new venue in Kiev or Lviv should be considered.  The six candidate cities were officially presented to the LOC on 20 July in a two-hour live discussion show titled "City Battle", broadcast from the UA:Pershyi studios in Kiev and moderated by Timur Miroshnychenko, with radio commentary from Olena Zelinchenko. The show was broadcast on UA:Pershyi, Radio Ukraine and the UA:Pershyi YouTube channel with commentary in English and Ukrainian. During the show, a representative from each candidate city presented its bid in front of a live studio audience:  Members of the LOC, media representatives, Ukrainian musical experts and fans also participated in the discussion.

Host selection.

UA:PBC announced on 22 July that the bids from Dnipro, Kiev and Odessa had been shortlisted for further consideration.  The EBU announced on 30 July that the host city would be announced "in due course", rather than on the previously stated date of 1 August, with Executive Supervisor of the contest Jon Ola Sand stating that the EBU "really want to take the time it takes to come up with the right decision". The Deputy General Director of UA:PBC, Oleksandr Kharebin, stated on 10 August that the host city would be announced on Ukrainian Independence Day, 24 August. The announcement was later scheduled to take place on 25 August; however, it was postponed at 14:00 EEST, one hour before it was due to take place, with NTU citing the need to further consider some fine details regarding the decision.  After several delays in announcing the host city, UA:PBC announced on 8 September that they would be meeting with the Ukrainian Government and the LOC on 9 September and that a press conference to announce the host city was scheduled to take place at 13:00 EEST on the same day from the Government Press Centre in Kiev. Kiev was announced as the host city for the contest with the International Exhibition Centre selected as the venue.  Key

Format.

The preliminary dates for the contest were announced on 14 March 2016 at a meeting of Heads of Delegation in Stockholm, with the semi-finals expected to take place on 16 and 18 May and the final on 20 May 2017. These preliminary dates were chosen by the EBU to avoid the contest coinciding with any major television and sporting events scheduled to take place around that time.  However, the EBU announced on 24 June that the preliminary dates for the contest had been brought forward a week, with the semi-finals scheduled for 9 and 11 May and the final on 13 May. This was reportedly due to a request from UA:PBC, as the initial preliminary dates coincided with the Remembrance Day for the victims of the Deportation of the Crimean Tatars on 18 May. However, the current dates coincide with the second leg of the UEFA Champions League and UEFA Europa League semi-finals.

Semi-final allocation draw.

The draw to determine the allocation of the participating countries into their respective semi-finals took place at Column Hall on 31 January 2017, hosted by Timur Miroshnychenko and Nika Konstantinova. The thirty-seven semi-finalists had been allocated into six pots, based on historical voting patterns as calculated by the contest's official televoting partner Digame. Drawing from different pots helps to reduce the chance of so-called "bloc voting" and increase suspense in the semi-finals.

Visual design.

The theme for the contest, "Celebrate Diversity", was unveiled on 30 January, with its visual design featuring imagery of stylized beads. The main logo used the beads to form a traditional neck amulet. Jon Ola Sand explained that "the notion of celebrating diversity is at the heart of Eurovision values: it is all-inclusive and all about countries around Europe, and beyond, joining together to celebrate both our common ground and our unique differences, as well as some great music."

Presenters.

It was announced on 27 February that the presenters for the contest would be Oleksandr Skichko and Volodymyr Ostapchuk, with Timur Miroshnychenko hosting the green room. It was the first time that the contest was presented by a male trio, and the second time that the contest did not feature a female presenter, after 1956. Miroshnychenko has previously co-hosted the Junior Eurovision Song Contest in and.

Promotional emojis.

It was announced on 30 April that the creative teams from both the Eurovision network and Twitter had worked together to create three emoji that would accompany specific promotional hashtags for the duration of the contest. The heart emoji would appear alongside "#ESC2017" and "#Eurovision", while the winners' trophy emoji would be used for "#12Points" and "#douzepoints". The final emoji is the logo for the contest, which would appear alongside the hashtag "#CelebrateDiversity", the theme for the contest.

Opening and interval acts.

The EBU released details regarding the opening and interval acts for each of the live shows on 20 April. As the interval act of the first semi-final, Jamala performed a revamped version of "1944" as well as "Zamanyly" (). The second semi-final was opened with a medley of Eurovision songs by two of the presenters, Oleksandr Skichko and Volodymyr Ostapchuk, while the interval of the semi-final was a dance performance by Apache CREW called "The Children's Courtyard". In the final, Jamala again performed with her latest single "I Believe in U". ONUKA and Ukraine's National Academic Orchestra of Folk Instruments also performed.

Participating countries.

The European Broadcasting Union initially announced on 31 October 2016 that forty-three countries would participate in the contest, equalling the record set in and. and returned after a year's absence, while did not participate on financial grounds. had planned to participate but announced their withdrawal on 13 April 2017, after their representative, Julia Samoylova, was banned from entering Ukraine by virtue of travelling directly from Russia to Crimea, a region that was annexed by Russia in 2014, to give a performance, which is illegal under Ukrainian law. This subsequently reduced the number of participating countries to forty-two.

Returning artists.

The contest featured five representatives who also previously performed as lead vocalists for the same countries. Valentina Monetta, who performed in a duet this time, represented San Marino in three consecutive editions:,, and. The duo of Koit Toome and Laura Põldvere have both represented Estonia in different years: Toome in as a solo artist, finishing 12th place with the song "Mere lapsed", and Põldvere in as part of Suntribe, finishing 20th in the semi-final with the song "Let's Get Loud". Omar Naber represented Slovenia in, finishing 12th in the semi-final with the song "Stop". The SunStroke Project represented Moldova in alongside Olia Tira, finishing 22nd with the song "Run Away".  The contest also featured the group O'G3NE which previously represented the Netherlands at another Eurovision event, the Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2007, as Lisa, Amy and Shelley, with the song "Adem in, Adem Uit". In addition, the contest featured two lead singers previously participating as backing vocalists for the same countries: Israel's representative Imri Ziv who backed Nadav Guedj in and Hovi Star in and Serbia's representative Tijana Bogićević who backed Nina in.

Semi-final 1.

Eighteen countries participated in the first semi-final., and voted in this semi-final. The highlighted countries qualified for the final.

Semi-final 2.

Eighteen countries participated in the second semi-final., and voted in this semi-final. was originally planned to perform in position three, but withdrew from the contest after the artist they selected was banned from entering Ukraine, resulting in countries originally planned to perform fourth and later, to do so one place earlier. The highlighted countries qualified for the final.

Final.

Twenty-six countries participated in the final, with all 42 participating countries eligible to vote. The running order for the final was revealed after the second semi-final qualifiers' press conference on 11 May.

Scoreboard.

Semi-final 1.

12 points.

Countries in bold gave the maximum 24 points (12 points apiece from professional jury and televoting) to the specified entrant.

Jury.

Below is a summary of the maximum 12 points awarded by each country's professional jury in the first semi-final:

Televoting.

Below is a summary of the maximum 12 points awarded by each country's televote in the first semi-final:

Semi-final 2.

12 points.

Jury.

Below is a summary of the maximum 12 points awarded by each country's professional jury in the second semi-final:

Televoting.

Below is a summary of the maximum 12 points awarded by each country's televote in the second semi-final:

Final.

12 points.

Other countries.

Eligibility for potential participation in the Eurovision Song Contest requires a national broadcaster with active EBU membership that would be able to broadcast the contest via the Eurovision network. The EBU issued an invitation of participation in the contest to all fifty-six active members and associate member Australia, with forty-two countries confirming their participation., and five other countries did not publish their reasons for declining, however the following countries declined to participate, stating their reasons as shown below.

International broadcasts and voting.

It was reported by the EBU that the contest was viewed by a worldwide television audience of approximately 182 million viewers, which was 22 million less than the 2016 record which was viewed by 204 million. The EBU stated that this decrease in viewing figures was likely a result of the withdrawal of Russia and its decision not to broadcast any of the three shows.

Voting and spokespersons.

The spokespersons announced the 12-point score from their respective country's national jury in the following order:

Commentators.

Most countries sent commentators to Kiev or commentated from their own country, in order to add insight to the participants and, if necessary, the provision of voting information. The EBU announced on 9 May, that all three shows would also be streamed live via YouTube.

Incidents.

Organizing team shakeup.

In December 2016 Grytsak was appointed as a new head of the organizing committee. In February 2017, 21 team members resigned claiming that the new appointment effectively stopped the work for two months.

French song submission.

France 2 announced on 9 February 2017 that they would participate at the contest with the song "Requiem", performed by Alma. However, it was discovered during the week of 17 February "Requiem" had been recorded and performed prior to 1 September 2016, the submission deadline set by the EBU, potentially violating the rules of the contest. Further investigation shows that "Requiem" had been performed at the end of January 2015. While France 2 had claimed not to be in breach of the rules of the contest, no ultimate decision had been made regarding their potential disqualification. No further reports were made regarding Alma's participation, and she was able to partake in the competition in May with a revised version of the song.

Russian withdrawal.

Channel One Russia (C1R) announced on 12 March 2017 that they would participate at the contest with "Flame Is Burning", performed by Julia Samoylova. However, Samoylova was issued a three-year travel ban on entering Ukraine by the Security Service of Ukraine (SBU) on 22 March, by virtue of illegally travelling directly from Russia to Crimea, a region that was annexed by Russia in 2014, in 2015 to give a performance. Entry to Crimea by non-Ukrainian citizens via Russia is illegal under Ukrainian law; however, Samoylova confirmed that she performed in Crimea in 2015.  The EBU responded by stating its commitment to ensuring that all participating countries would be able to perform in Kiev, while expressing their disappointment at the lack of compromise from C1R and UA:PBC. C1R were offered the opportunity to allow Samoylova to perform via satellite from a venue of their choice, but such a compromise was rejected by both C1R and the Ukrainian Government.  The Director General of the EBU, Ingrid Deltenre, condemned Ukraine's actions, describing them as "abusing the Contest for political reasons" and "absolutely unacceptable" C1R announced their withdrawal from the contest on 13 April, stating that they also might not broadcast the contest. C1R had not organised accommodation before their artist announcement, as is typically the case, and refused to attend the meeting of Heads of Delegation. By announcing their artist just before the deadline for entry submission to the contest and not booking a hotel, it was speculated that C1R had not intended to go due to audiences booing Russian artists in previous contests.  As part of the Russian Victory Day celebrations on 9 May, Samoylova gave another performance in Crimea, including the song which was intended to represent Russia at the contest.

Israeli broadcaster compromise.

Under a proposal by Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu and Finance Minister Moshe Kahlon, the Israeli Broadcasting Authority (IBA) was reorganised into two separate entities: the Israel Public Broadcasting Corporation (IPBC), with responsibility for "general programming" such as entertainment, and another with responsibility for news and current affairs programming. The IPBC is also branded as """KAN""" (). The EBU informed the IPBC executive board on 7 April that such a compromise would render them unable to remain a member without an outlet for news and current events programming. It has been reported that the IBA may cease to be a member of the EBU.  The IBA was expected to close down on 15 May 2017 before the IPBC was expected to launch. However, on 9 and 10 May 2017 the IBA unexpectedly closed down most of their operations in news and current affair programs. This Eurovision was the last program that Channel 1 aired under the IBA, where minimal staff of twenty people remained to ensure a smooth transmission on Channel 1. After the Eurovision the station displayed a slide about its closure. During the voting portion of the live telecast of the final Ofer Nachshon, Israeli voting spokesperson since 2009, bid farewell on behalf of the IBA before revealing their jury points. This was incorrectly reported by several British media outlets and in other countries as Israel leaving the Contest.  IPBC applied for EBU membership later that year and was accepted, thus Israel continued to participate. They went on to win the contest the next year. The government passed a law splitting new corporation into two entities - one in charge for entertainment programs and the second is for news, which may create an obstacle for either entity joining EBU. However, the High Court of Justice issued a temporary injunction, blocking the split. If the split is cancelled permanently, the new Israel Public Broadcasting Corporation meets all requirements for joining EBU.

Argument for using pre-recorded vocals live.

Norsk rikskringkasting (NRK) had discussions with the EBU regarding the abolition of the rule prohibiting pre-recorded vocals during live performances at the contest. Such a rule is intended to guarantee the authenticity of live performances. The discussion stems from when Norwegian representative JOWST stated his displeasure at the rule in an interview on 24 March, in reference to the sampling technique of chopped vocals in his song "Grab the Moment" which cannot be attributed in the live performance.  Such discussions were also in place in, when pre-recorded vocals during the Croatian entry, "Marija Magdalena", performed by Doris Dragović, led to objections by the Norwegian delegation — led at the time by Jon Ola Sand. Such objections led the EBU to consider deducting a third of Croatia's final score, reducing it from 118 points to 79. However, such a deduction never occurred. The possible abolition of the rule, alongside the abolition of the live orchestra in 1999, has led some fans and critics of the contest to argue that the contest has become too commercialised and the authenticity of live performances has been compromised.  After discussing the matter with the EBU, NRK were granted an exception to the rule. JOWST stated that "[the Norwegian delegation] have now been allowed to use the recorded vocal tracks, [...]. But [they] have also practiced a plan B with the backing vocalists, if there are big protests from others in Kiev." Both JOWST and Aleksander Walmann think that had "Grab the Moment" been in the semi-final of the 2018 contest following an abolition of the rule, they would have had an advantage. NRK stated on 2 May that JOWST are aiming to perform the song acoustically as a back-up, bringing with them two additional backing vocalists who will perform the pre-recorded vocals live using a filter applied by the sound engineering team so as not to compromise on sound quality.

Norwegian jury replacement.

Norwegian jury member Per Sundnes made comments on NRK preview show "Adresse Kiev" on 17 April 2017 against Irish representative Brendan Murray, saying: "It's been a long time since they've gotten up and I do not think they'll do it again. They try the same formula year after year." The comments were not welcomed by the Irish delegation, who subsequently reported the matter to the EBU.  The Irish Independent reported on 8 May that Sundnes had been replaced due to an alleged breach in jury rules. Commenting on the decision, the Head of Delegation for Ireland, Michael Kealy, said: "I'm glad that the European Broadcasting Union have reacted swiftly to this situation and that all jury members are impartial. It's only fair that each song in the Eurovision Song Contest is judged on its individual merits on the night." Sundnes was subsequently replaced by Erland Bakke.  Sundnes stated in an interview with Verdens Gang on 9 May: "I do not know anything about the jury stuff, just that I'm not [in it]. It was not really surprising. The same thing happened in Sweden last year with the Swedish professional jury."  NRK admits that they made a mistake by letting Sundnes sit in both the professional jury and the judging panel of "Adresse Kiev". However, when they were informed by the EBU that this was against the rules, they rectified the situation quickly. Project manager for Melodi Grand Prix, Stig Karlsen, stated: "We have received some concerns from several teams that Per has been in the jury, while at the same time he has been meaningful in the program. Therefore, we took a new assessment.".

Estonian technical issues.

On 11 May 2017, during the transmission of the second semi-final, the microphone of the Estonian representative seemed to have malfunctioned as singer Laura Põldvere could not be heard for approximately two seconds by viewers at home. It was later revealed that the Estonian delegation considered appealing to the EBU to allow Laura and Koit Toome to perform their entry "Verona" again as a result of the error, but later decided against it. Mart Normet, the Head of Delegation for Estonia, explained "If there has been such a powerful performance for three minutes and given an absolute maximum, then this energy again does not come back when you go on stage again". The EBU responded to the situation, reportedly describing the error as purely technical, as the microphone was supposed to automatically come on. Instead, a sound technician was forced to respond by manually switching on the microphone via the sound desk. The country ultimately failed to reach the grand final, with Põldvere expressing her annoyance, however stating "I do not think it’s so tremendously influenced when a few words remain unheard".

Salvador Sobral's political message.

Portugal's representative, Salvador Sobral drew attention to the European migrant crisis by turning up to the first semi-final winners' press conference in an "S.O.S. Refugees" shirt. "If I'm here and I have European exposure, the least thing I can do is a humanitarian message", Sobral said. "People come to Europe in plastic boats and are being asked to show their birth certificates in order to enter a country. These people are not immigrants, they're refugees running from death. Make no mistake. There is so much bureaucratic stuff happening in the refugee camps in Greece, Turkey and Italy and we should help create legal and safe pathways from these countries to their destiny countries", he added, earning a round of applause. Later on, EBU ordered a ban so that he could not wear it for the remainder of the contest. The EBU explained that Sobral's jumper was used as a means of "political message," which violates the rules of the contest. However, Sobral argued in his winning press conference that it was not political, but a message of humanitarianism.

Jamala stage invasion.

A performance by Jamala during the voting interval of the final was disrupted by a man draped in an Australian flag who invaded the stage and briefly mooned the audience before being removed by security. He was later identified as Ukrainian prankster Vitalii Sediuk. Following the incident the EBU released a statement reading: "A person took to the stage at the beginning of Jamala's performance of I Believe in U at tonight's Eurovision Song Contest in Kyiv. He was quickly removed from the stage by security and out of the arena. He is currently being held and questioned by the police at the venue police office." The last time an unauthorised person gained access to the stage was in 2010 when the Spanish performance was disrupted by Jimmy Jump.

Salvador Sobral's victory speech.

After receiving his trophy, Salvador Sobral gave a speech emphasising the quality of music and stated "We live in a world of disposable music – fast-food music without any content," and "I think this could be a victory for music that actually means something. Music is not fireworks. Music is feeling", prompting angry reactions across Europe, including Swedish contestant, Robin Bengtsson.

Other awards.

The Marcel Bezençon Awards, the OGAE voting poll and the Barbara Dex Awards are awards that were contested by the entries competing at the Eurovision Song Contest 2017, in addition to the main winner's trophy.

Marcel Bezençon Awards.

The Marcel Bezençon Awards were first handed out during the Eurovision Song Contest 2002 in Tallinn, Estonia, honouring the best competing songs in the final. Founded by Christer Björkman (Sweden's representative in the Eurovision Song Contest 1992 and the current Head of Delegation for Sweden) and Richard Herrey (a member of the Herreys and the Eurovision Song Contest 1984 winner from Sweden), the awards are named after the creator of the annual competition, Marcel Bezençon. The awards are divided into three categories: Press Award, Artistic Award, and Composer Award. The winners were revealed shortly before the final on 13 May.

OGAE.

Organisation Générale des Amateurs de l'Eurovision (more commonly known as OGAE) is an international organisation that was founded in 1984 in Savonlinna, Finland by Jari-Pekka Koikkalainen. The organisation consists of a network of over 40 Eurovision Song Contest fan clubs across Europe and beyond, and is a non-governmental, non-political, and non-profit company. In what has become an annual tradition for the OGAE fan clubs, a voting poll will run prior to the main Eurovision Song Contest allowing members from over 40 clubs to vote for their favourite songs of the contest. The OGAE Poll 2017 ran from 1 to 30 April 2017, and published daily by the official OGAE International website. Italy won the poll receiving a total of four-hundred and ninety-seven points, from forty-four OGAE member clubs.

Barbara Dex Award.

The Barbara Dex Award is a fan award originally awarded by House of Eurovision from 1997 to 2016, and since 2017 by songfestival.be. This is a humorous award given to the worst dressed artist each year in the contest, and was named after the Belgian artist, Barbara Dex, who came last in the, in which she wore her own self designed dress. This was the first year that songfestival.be awarded the Barbara Dex Award.

Official album.

Eurovision Song Contest: Kyiv 2017 is the official compilation album of the contest, put together by the European Broadcasting Union and was released by Universal Music Group digitally on 21 April and physically on 28 April 2017. The album features all 42 participating entries, including the semi-finalists that failed to qualify for the final. The album also features the Russian entry which withdrew from the contest on 13 April 2017. This is the second consecutive year that the official album featured a song which had withdrawn before the contest.

The Eurovision Song Contest 2017 was the 62nd edition of the annual Eurovision Song Contest. It took place in Kyiv, Ukraine, following Jamala's win at the in Stockholm, Sweden, with the song "1944". It was the second time Ukraine had hosted the contest, having previously done so in. It was, overall, the fourth Eurovision event that were held in the country, including the Junior Eurovision Song Contest in and. Organised by the European Broadcasting Union (EBU) and host broadcaster National Public Broadcasting Company of Ukraine (UA:PBC), the contest was held at the International Exhibition Centre and consisted of two semi-finals on 9 and 11 May, and the final on 13 May 2017. The three live shows were hosted by Oleksandr Skichko, Volodymyr Ostapchuk and Timur Miroshnychenko.

Der 62. Eurovision Song Contest fand vom 9. bis zum 13. Mai 2017 im International Exhibition Centre (IEC) in der ukrainischen Hauptstadt Kiew statt. Kiew war damit nach 2005 zum zweiten Mal Ausrichter des Wettbewerbs. Nachdem Jamala mit dem Lied "1944" am 14. Mai 2016 den ESC 2016 in Stockholm (Schweden) gewonnen hat, wurde die ukrainische Rundfunkanstalt Nazionalna Telekompanija Ukrajiny (NTU) mit der Ausrichtung des Eurovision Song Contest beauftragt.


Background.

Leith is a town which had a population of 16 in 2010. In May 2012, Craig Cobb, an American Canadian white nationalist Neo-Nazi, moved to Leith with the intention of building a community of people sharing his white nationalist ideology and gaining the electoral majority. He purchased 12 plots of land.

Production.

Nichols and Walker, who are based in New York, flew to North Dakota two months after they read an August 2013 "New York Times" article about Craig Cobb's scheme to transform Leith into a white-supremacist town. They made three trips to Leith within an 8-month period, each around 4 weeks long, for the production of the film. 5 months were spent editing the film. In June 2014 Nichols and Walker launched a Kickstarter campaign to raise funds for the production of the film. They surpassed their $60,000 goal, raising $64,751. The directors approached the project in many ways as a documentary version of a horror/western—the residents of Leith were scared and confused and felt as if one wrong move could end in violence. They aimed to capture the sense of fear and isolation that residents living in a town of 24 people 70 miles from anything experienced when Cobb made his takeover intentions public.

Reception.

On July 25, 2017, "Welcome to Leith" was nominated for an Emmy for Best Documentary by the News & Doc Emmy Awards. The film received largely positive reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, it holds a Certified Fresh 98% score based on 43 reviews, with an average rating of 7.7/10. The site's consensus states: "As disturbing as it is thought-provoking, "Welcome to Leith" offers an uncomfortable -- and essential -- glimpse into a part of society many Americans would much rather ignore." Metacritic reports a 78 out of 100 rating based on 16 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".  "Indiewire" critic Eric Kohn gave the documentary an A- grade, described it as "a stunning portrait of First Amendment rights pushed to their extremes".

Welcome to Leith is a 2015 American documentary film directed by Michael Beach Nichols and Christopher K. Walker about white supremacist Craig Cobb's attempt to take over the North Dakota city Leith. The film premiered on January 26, 2015 at the 2015 Sundance Film Festival and, after a limited theatrical release on September 9, was broadcast on PBS' series "Independent Lens" on April 4, 2016.

Welcome to Leith ist ein US-amerikanischer Dokumentarfilm der Regisseure Michael Beach Nichols und Christopher K. Walker aus dem Jahr 2015. Der Film handelt von dem Versuch Craig Cobbs die Mehrheit und die Macht in der Stadt Leith in North Dakota zu übernehmen. Am 26. Januar 2015 hatte der Film Premiere auf dem Sundance Film Festival 2015.


Medical uses.

In the United States, ixekizumab is approved for the treatment of adults with moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis who are candidates for systemic therapy or phototherapy, active psoriatic arthritis, and active ankylosing spondylitis. In Europe it is approved for the treatment of moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis and as a second-line therapy for active psoriatic arthritis.  In studies, the drug reduced the Psoriasis Area and Severity Index by at least 75% (PASI75) in 82–89% of patients during the first three months of treatment (depending on the dosing scheme), and 40% of patients experienced a complete absence of psoriasis symptoms (PASI100). In the placebo group, PASI75 was reached in 4% of patients, and PASI100 in none; in the group of patients receiving etanercept, an older anti-psoriasis drug, PASI75 was reached in 48%. Until the 60th study week, 11–44% of ixekizumab treated patients relapsed (again, depending on the dosing scheme), as compared to 84% under placebo.  In December 2017, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved it for active psoriatic arthritis.

Contraindications.

The medication is contraindicated for patients with certain infections such as active tuberculosis.

Adverse effects.

In studies, ixekizumab increased the rate of infections (27% of ixekizumab treated patients, compared to 23% under placebo), including severe ones (0.6% versus 0.4% under placebo). Other common side effects included injection site pain (13–17% versus 3%), oropharyngeal pain (1%) and nausea (1–2%).

Overdose.

Up to fourfold doses have been given in studies without causing serious side effects.

Interactions.

No interaction studies have been done. Ixekizumab and interleukin 17 are not known to interact with cytochrome P450 (CYP) liver enzymes. Since inflammation suppresses CYP activity, it is theorized that ixekizumab could neutralize this effect and lower blood plasma concentrations of drugs that are metabolized by CYP enzymes, such as warfarin.

Pharmacology.

Mechanism of action.

Ixekizumab binds to interleukin 17 (IL-17), a pro-inflammatory cytokine, and blocks its action. Among other things, IL-17 stimulates proliferation and activation of keratinocytes in the skin. This mechanism is similar to that of another anti-psoriasis antibody, brodalumab, which binds to the interleukin-17 receptor.  The antibody has affinity to the homodimer IL-17A and the heterodimer IL-17A/F, but not to other members of the interleukin 17 family.

Pharmacokinetics.

After subcutaneous injection, ixekizumab has a bioavailability of 54–90%. Highest blood plasma concentrations are reached after four to seven days after a single dose. With the usual dosing scheme (loading plus a dose every two weeks), steady state concentrations are reached in the eighth week on average.  Like other antibodies, ixekizumab is probably degraded by proteolysis. Its elimination half-life is 13 days.

Chemistry.

Ixekizumab is a complete monoclonal antibody of the subclass IgG, consisting of two light chains and two heavy chains linked by disulfide bridges. Both heavy chains are glycosylated at the asparagine in position 296. In the hinge region, a serine is replaced by a proline to reduce formation of half-antibodies and heterodimers in the manufacturing process. The terminal lysine found in wild-type IgG is removed. The antibody is produced in Chinese hamster ovary cells.

History.

Clinical trials included a Phase II trial of patients with moderate to severe psoriasis, and a Phase III open-label trial. The drug was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) on March 22, 2016 for the treatment of plaque psoriasis, under the trade name Taltz, and by the European Medicines Agency (EMA) on April 25, 2016 under the same trade name.  The drug was launched in the US on April 16, 2016, and was approved for use in the UK in the same year.

Ixekizumab, sold under the brand name Taltz, is an injectable drug for the treatment of autoimmune diseases. Chemically, it is a form of a humanized monoclonal antibody. The substance acts by binding interleukin 17A and neutralizing it, reducing inflammation.

Ixekizumab ist ein Arzneistoff zur Behandlung der Schuppenflechte (Psoriasis) und der Psoriasisarthritis. Der humanisierte monoklonale Antikörper wird rekombinant in CHO-Zellen hergestellt.


Description.

Adults can measure up to long, and weigh. They have a white stripe along the side of their torso, highlighted with black markings both above and below the stripe. The rest of the fur is grey with either black or brown markings, with the exception of the underside of the tail which is also white. They are active throughout the year and do not hibernate. They are thought to have evolved to their present state by the Clarendonian period (13,600,000 to 10,300,000 years ago).  The breeding cycle begins in February, with one to two litters of between five and fourteen young raised each year. The young remain in the nest until they are about a quarter grown, which coincides with the move to solid food. Their diet includes insects, seeds and berries, including the fruit and seeds of a variety of cactus species. One adult found in 1905 had eaten the fruit of "Opuntia engelmannii" in sufficient quantities that its flesh was tinted purple.

Habitat.

"A. interpres" nests in burrows or in crevices amongst rocks, usually close to bushes or shrubs. Within the United States they are found in western Texas, and in parts of south central New Mexico. They are also found in northern Mexico, including in the Chihuahuan Desert. Because of the wide range of their habitat, they are listed as least concern by the IUCN Red List. While they are commonly found within pockets of the United States, they are common throughout their range within Mexico. Their main threat from humans comes from accidental trapping or poisoning within the United States, although they are eaten in some parts of Mexico.

The Texas antelope squirrel ("Ammospermophilus interpres") is a species of rodent in the family Sciuridae. It is found in Mexico and in both Texas and New Mexico within the United States.

Der Texas-Antilopenziesel ("Ammospermophilus interpres") ist eine Hörnchenart aus der Gattung der Antilopenziesel ("Ammospermophilus"). Er kommt vom südlichen New Mexico und Texas bis in den Norden Mexikos vor.


History.

Soon after the Partition of India in 1947, a large group of Sindhi Hindus refugees from Sindh of Pakistan migrated to India. The Maharaja of Kutch His Highness Maharao Shri Vijayrajji Khengarji Jadeja, donated of land to Bhai Pratap, who founded the Sindhu Resettlement Corporation Ltd (SRC) to rehabilitate Sindhi Hindus that migrated from Sindh in Pakistan.  The Sindhu Resettlement Corporation Ltd was formed with Acharaya Kriplani as chairman and Bhai Pratap Dialdas as managing director. The main objective of the corporation was to assist in the rehousing of displaced persons by the construction of a new township. The original plan was prepared by a team of planners headed by Dr. O. H. Koenigsberger, director of the division of housing in the Government of India. Later, the plan was revised by Adams Howard and Greeley Company in 1952. The foundation stone of the town was laid with the blessings of Gandhi in 1947. Hence, the town was named Gandhidham. To clean the desert where it was built, Bhai Pratap gave incentive of 25 paise to kill scorpions and 50 paise to kill snakes. The original plan envisaged 400,000 as the ultimate population of the town, expecting half of it to be reached in the mid-seventies. A revised plan envisaged three stages of town development with the mid stage lasting longer with a population around 150,000.

Geography and climate.

Gandhidham is located at latitude 23.08° N longitude 70.13° E. The main city is constructed in accordance with the principles of Vastu-Shastra (Hindu belief of construction), i.e., the main city has its face directed to the East. Summers are hot and dry and frequently the temperature touches. In winters, it falls to accompanied by cold waves. The climate here is "desert." there is virtually no rainfall in a year in Gandhidham. This climate is considered to be BWh according to the Koppen-Geiger classification of climates. The average annual temperature is 26.8c. The average rainfall is 375mm.  Köppen-Geiger climate classification system classifies its climate as hot semi-arid (BSh).

Governance.

The city is represented by a constituency in the Gujarat Vidhan Sabha. It forms part of the Kachchh Lok Sabha constituency

2001 earthquake calamity.

The Gujarat earthquake of 2001 majorly affected the city of Gandhidham along with many nearby towns like Bhuj, Anjar, Bhachau and more. The shock, which measured 7.7 on the moment magnitude scale and had a maximum Mercalli intensity of XI ("Extreme"), killed 13,805–20,023, left roughly 166,800 injured, and many were left homeless including Gandhidham. The death toll in the Kutch region was 12,300. Bhuj, which was situated only 50 km away from the Gandhidham, was devastated. Considerable damage also occurred in City Gandhdidham and Bhachau and Anjar with hundreds of villages flattened in Taluka of Anjar, Bhuj and Bhachau.

Land of Adipur & Gandhidham.

Gandhidham (initially known as Sardarganj) was the dream of Pratap Dialdas. Bhai Pratap Dialdas requested great Leaders of India for procurement of land in Kachchh region. They requested Maharao Vijayraj Ji of Kachchh for grant of land for re-settlement of Sindhi community people migrated from Sindh. Maharao, without any delay, granted 15000 acres of land for the purpose. Bhai Pratap said this is too big land and cannot be developed by SRC Ltd, therefore, he desired to keep with him only 2,600 acres and rest of the land was given to KPT and GDA for management. Today Adipur and Gandhidham townships are the townships of pride in the District of Kachchh only with the grace of Rajput Kshatriya ancestors – Provided by Ram Amarnani.  Distance between twin-townships of Adipur & Gandhidham is 6 km till not developed fully and 0 km if full land constructed. The airport road dividing wards 5 & 7 divides these townships, whereas Municipality is one, known as Gandhidham Municipality. These towns are divided in two parts wherein land is recognized as Wards & Sectors. Townships have six wards each 1to6 in Adipur and 7to12 in Gandhidham. These wards consist of commercial, industrial and residential plots of land. The land which is owned and managed by SRC (The Sindhu Resettlement Corporation Ltd) is known as 'Wards' and The land which is owned and managed by KPT (Kandla Port Trust) is known as 'Sectors'. There are 13 such sectors in Gandhidham. Apart from this, there is vast land managed by GDA (Gandhidham Development Authority) which is known as "NU". For construction of any permanent structure in these townships, permission of GDA is must.  Kandla airport There is a small airport in the outskirt of Gandhidham near Galpadar town, known as 'Kandla Airport' which is not a regular airport. Daily one jet flight to-n-fro service is available from Kandla to Ahmedabad/Surat. SpiceJet has announced one more flight for Mumbai from 11 July 2017 onward. Truejet has stated flight for Ahmedabad.

Education.

Schools in the area include  CBSE SCHOOLS  STATE BOARD ENGLISH MEDIUM SCHOOLS  GUJARATI MEDIUM SCHOOLS  PRE-PRIMARY SCHOOLS  Hindi Medium Schools are  For professional courses like Chartered Accountancy and Cost & Management Accountancy the national professional accounting body of India like Institute of Chartered Accountants of India and Institute of Cost Accountants of India have opened an examination centre at Adipur.

College and graduation.

Colleges for graduation and higher studies are Tolani college of Science & Arts, Tolani Commerce College, Pharmacy college and Diploma in Engineering, Management Institute situated nearby in Adipur. DNV International Educational College is situated in Bharatnagar; the courses provided are BCA and BBA

Transport.

Gandhidham is connected by road and rail to the rest of India. Transport Nagar, on the outskirts of Gandhidham is the hub of all major transport activity. There are trains to, Ahmedabad, Allahabad, Varanasi, Kanpur, Agra, Lucknow, Faizabad, Patna, Jodhpur, Ajmer, Alwar, Abu Road, Jaipur, Mumbai, Vadodara, Surat, Yesvantpur, Kalyan, Bhiwandi, Pune, Kolkata, Ahmedabad, Indore, Bangalore, Thiruvananthapuram, Kochi, Kollam, Kota, Delhi, Durg, Guwahati, Puri, Chengannur, Jalgaon, Bhusaval, Raipur, Vizag, Nagercoil, Vijayawada, Warangal, Rajahmundry and several other cities. Many private companies operate bus services to major cities in Gujarat like Ahmedabad and Rajkot. India's largest port, Kandla is around 11 km from the city. It also has connectivity to Kandla Airport near village Galpadar. From August 2016 Airconnect has started its daily services for Ahmedabad and Surat (Kandla-Ahmedabad-Surat at 17:40 & Surat-Ahmedabad-Kandla at 07:45). Spicejet has announced one flight from Mumbai to Kandla Airport (Gandhidham) Departing at 13:05 and arriving at 14:30; and return to Mumbai with departure at 15:10, arriving at 16:50 from 11 July 2017 onward.

Gandhidham is a city in the Kutch District of Gujarat state of India. The town was created in the early 1950s for the resettlement of the refugees from Sindh (now in Pakistan) in the aftermath of the partition of India. It was named after Mahatma Gandhi, the father of the Indian nation. Gandhidham is an economic capital of Kutch and it is a fast developing city in Gujarat state. A growing retirement and family city, Gandhidham is the 8th most populous city in the state of Gujarat. The city is a popular destinations for conventions, business, and meetings.

Gandhidham (Gujarati: ગાંધીધામ) ist eine Stadt im indischen Bundesstaat Gujarat. Die Stadt liegt im Distrikt Kachchh am Nordufer des Golfs von Kachchh. Die Stadt besitzt den Status einer Municipality ("Nagar Palika"). Sie ist in 14 Wards gegliedert. Beim Zensus 2011 hatte Gandhidham knapp 250.000 Einwohner.


Biography.

Gáspár Miklós Tamás was born in today's Cluj, Romania, but he has been living in Budapest, Hungary, for years. His mother was Jewish and escaped being deported to Auschwitz because she was imprisoned for being a communist. As a dissident at the end of the state socialist (communist) period, he was initially a libertarian socialist. While in contact with libertarian authors, his perspective is distinct from the Budapest School, a major school of thought in Hungarian Neo-Marxism. He was also the member of the informal group called democratic opposition. From 1986 to 1988, he taught in the U.S., Britain, and France, and also continued his studies at Oxford University. At the beginning of the post-socialist era in 1989, he became committed to a liberal program, and was a leader of the Alliance of Free Democrats. He served in the Hungarian Parliament as a representative of the Alliance of Free Democrats (SZDSZ), from 1989 to 1994. He re-identified as a Marxist in the early years of the 21st century. He served as President of the extra-parliamentary Green Left between 2010 and 2011.  He is a vocal opponent of the Hungarian government led by Viktor Orbán and the Fidesz party, as well as capitalism and neoliberalism. His theoretical work draws on the ideas of Italian autonomism (Antonio Negri), German Neue Marx-Lektüre (Hans-Georg Backhaus and Helmut Reichelt), and American Political Marxism (Robert Brenner and Ellen Meiksins Wood). He also refers to the insights of - among others - Georges Bataille and Moishe Postone.  He is known for developing the concept of post-fascism. and also invented the term ethnicism. In his words,

Gáspár Miklós Tamás ("G. M. Tamás"; ; born 28 November 1948), often referred to in the media as TGM, is a Hungarian marxist-anarcho-syndicalist philosopher and public intellectual. He is currently a contributor to online newspaper "Mérce" and to "OpenDemocracy", where he writes primarily about political and aesthetic questions.

Gáspár Miklós Tamás, auch "G. M. Tamás", (geboren 28. November 1948 in Kolozsvár, Rumänien) ist ein ungarischer Philosoph und Politiker.


Club career.

Early career.

Born in Dublin, Quinn started his career with St Patrick's Athletic in the League of Ireland making his debut in a 2–1 loss to Shamrock Rovers in April 2004.

Sheffield United.

Quinn signed for Sheffield United in 2005 and graduated from the Sheffield United Academy, he made his first team debut for the Blades in a League Cup win at Shrewsbury Town on 20 September 2005.  Quinn spent some of the 2005–06 season on loan with Milton Keynes Dons and Rotherham United respectively, becoming a fan favourite at "The Millers" where his performances helped them to avoid relegation.  Quinn made his Premiership debut for the Blades against Charlton Athletic, and could have almost scored within the first 40 seconds of the game. In his second appearance, a match against Aston Villa at Bramall Lane, he did score his first goal for the club. Quinn ended the season by winning the young player of the season award and was rewarded with a new contract. Sheffield United warded off interest allegedly from numerous Championship clubs during the summer 2011 transfer window, with Quinn being made aware of an offer – rejected by Sheffield United – from Blackpool (who also signed Daniel Bogdanović) by his agent. By 9 April 2012, Quinn provided more assists (14) than any other player in League One. He also scored four goals in the 2011–12 season.

Hull City.

Quinn joined Championship club Hull City on a three-year contract for an undisclosed fee on 31 August 2012. It was later revealed that Hull City would pay Sheffield United £2,000 per game for his first 50 games for City. On 1 September 2012 at the KC Stadium against Bolton Wanderers, great work from Jay Simpson on the right edge saw him pull the ball back for Quinn, who marked his home debut with a simple finish past Ádám Bogdán from close range. Quinn enjoyed a highly successful first season in East Yorkshire, ending the campaign by winning Hull's Players' Player of the Season award as the Tigers were promoted to the Premier League under new manager Steve Bruce.  On 13 April 2014, he scored Hull's fourth goal in their 5–3 FA Cup semi-final win over Sheffield United at Wembley Stadium. On 17 May 2014 he started in the 2014 FA Cup Final against Arsenal. On 4 May 2015, Quinn scored for Hull City in a 1–3 defeat to Arsenal at the KC Stadium.

Reading.

On 30 June 2015, Quinn signed a three-year contract with Reading after his deal with Hull City expired. Quinn scored his first goal for the club in a 2–1 loss to Preston North End on 30 April 2016. Reading announced on 11 May 2018 that Quinn would leave the club at the end of his contract.

Burton Albion.

On 22 August 2018, Quinn joined League One club Burton Albion on a short-term deal until January 2019.

International career.

Quinn was called up by the Republic of Ireland for the first time as part of the senior squad to face San Marino in the UEFA Euro 2008 qualifier at the Serravalle Stadium on 4 February 2007.  He made his U21 international debut in the 1–0 loss against the Netherlands in Venlo on 27 March. Quinn scored his first international goal in a 3–2 victory against Sweden U-21 in October 2007.  Quinn won his first senior cap on 2 June 2013 when the Republic of Ireland beat Georgia 4–0. He would also go on to win a second cap against World Cup and European Champions Spain. On 7 September 2014 in Martin O'Neill's first competitive game in charge of Ireland, Quinn started his first competitive game against Georgia alongside Glenn Whelan and James McCarthy in midfield. Ireland won the game 2–1 thanks to a superb last minute winner by Aiden McGeady. Quinn admitted after the game that there was a "weight lifted off his shoulders" after making his competitive debut. Quinn started in the memorable 1–1 draw against Germany, Quinn was criticised in the media for the German goal for standing off and allowing Toni Kroos the time to shoot and score.

Personal life.

Stephen Quinn is the younger brother of former Ipswich Town and Sheffield United midfielder Alan Quinn and the older brother of former fellow Sheffield United midfielder Keith Quinn. He is nicknamed "Mini Quinny" in reference to older brother Alan.

Honours.

Hull City  Individual

Stephen Quinn (born 1 April 1986) is an Irish professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Burton Albion. He has also represented the Republic of Ireland national team.

Stephen Quinn (* 1. April 1986 in Dublin) ist ein irischer Fußballnationalspieler, der seit 2013 für die Republik Irland spielt und seit 2018 beim englischen Drittligisten Burton Albion unter Vertrag steht.


Economy.

The hydroelectric dams of Grand'Maison (completed 1985) and Verney pay Vaujany annual rents of just over 3 million euros. This money has enabled the commune to fund the continuing development of leisure facilities. Vaujany is linked by cable car and gondola lift to the Alpe d'Huez ski area, so Vaujany benefits from winter sport and summer mountain tourism. Two runs drop down into the valley from the ski area above, and a short connecting lift from each run takes skiers to the village.

Grande Boucle Féminine stage finishes.

Vaujany has been a frequent mountain-top finish in the Grande Boucle Féminine bicycle race (the equivalent of the Tour de France for female riders). It has been used on 13 occasions – every year from 1992 to 2003, and again in 2005.

Cable car accident.

During a test run of a new cable car (which was to be the largest and fastest in the world), one week before its expected opening date on 13 January 1989, the cable car fell into the valley below while the cabin was passing a point from the arrival station. There were eight technicians on board the lift, all of whom died. They had all worked for SATA (the lift operator) or Poma (the lift builder). An expert witness at the trial claimed that the design was a poor-quality copy of a Swiss system, leading to design problems which rendered the operation of the cable car unsafe. Poma did not have much experience building this style of lift at the time and had agreed to complete the construction in ten months, compared to the two years proposed by some of its rivals, leading to claims that corners had been cut in the construction of the lift. The consulting engineer (Denis Creissels) also suggested that there was a lack of communication between the companies. On September 9, 1996, five people were charged with manslaughter at the criminal court of Grenoble; these were Jean-Pierre Cathiard (CEO of Poma), Serge Tarassof (technical director), Reylans Michel (engineer), Denis Creissels (supervisor) and Jacques Lombard (chief engineer). As part of the trial, four experts highlighted many mistakes made by Poma, most of which were based on the stabilizer, which had been copied from another company before having further issues added to its design.

Vaujany is a commune in the canton of Oisans-Romanche, in the Isère department in southeastern France. The village is picturesque, with excellent views of the Grand Galbert mountain at the head of the valley.

Vaujany ist eine französische Gemeinde im Département Isère in der Region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes. Die Gemeinde, die zum Arrondissement Grenoble und zum Kanton Oisans-Romanche gehört, hat (Stand: ) Einwohner, die "Vaujanyats" bzw. "Vaujanyates" genannt.


Career.

Thomassen is a graduate from the Norwegian Academy of Music, and collaborates in a variety of rock and jazz bands, including her own Hedvig Mollestad Trio, Thomassen Trio, Bronco Busters, Songs and Sweet Potatoes, and VOM (as "Mester Pøggs"). She also has a central role in the bands of Jarle Bernhoft and Hilde Marie Kjersem, and has performed within Trondheim Jazz Orchestra. Thomassen was awarded "The young jazz talent of the year" at Moldejazz in 2009, and showed up on a gig within Jarle Bernhoft Band at the 2011 Kongsberg Jazzfestival. When she released her debut solo album "Shoot!" (2011) leading her own trio, the music bears little resemblance to what she plays within Jon Eberson Group and the bands of Hilde Marie Kjersem and Jarle Bernhoft.

Hedvig Mollestad Trio.

Hedvig Mollestad Trio (also referred to as HM3) consists of Hedvig Mollestad (guitar, vocals), Ellen Brekken (bass) and Ivar Loe Bjørnstad (drums). The trio has received numerous appraising reviews internationally, for both their studio albums and live performances. Their music is inspired by 70s heavyrock, but creates a peculiar musical mixture of ingredients like free jazz, prog and psychedelia. On its website the band describes their own music as "Outgoing & progressive instrumental rock". Since the trio's formation in 2009, HM3 has played many concerts and jazz festivals in both Norway and abroad and they have toured in Europe, Malaysia, Japan and the USA. In reviews of two of the band's albums, All About Jazz critique John Kelman states:

Hedvig Mollestad Thomassen (born 4 February 1982 in Ålesund, Norway) is a Norwegian musician (guitar, vocals and composing). She is known for a series of album releases and collaborations with musicians like Jon Eberson, Jarle Bernhoft and Hilde Marie Kjersem.

Hedvig Mollestad Thomassen (* 4. Februar 1982 in Ålesund) ist eine norwegische Fusionmusikerin (Gitarre, Gesang, Komposition, auch Orgel), die ein eigenes Trio leitet und mit Jon Eberson und Jarle Bernhoft zusammengearbeitet hat.


2012 Dominican Republic presidential election

Präsidentschaftswahl in der Dominikanischen Republik 2012

Background.

In 2008, Leonel Fernández of the Dominican Liberation Party defeated candidates Miguel Vargas Maldonado of the Dominican Revolutionary Party; Amable Aristy Castro of the Social Christian Reformist Party; Eduardo Estrella of the Revolutionary Social Democratic Party; Trajano Santana of the Independent Revolutionary Party; Guillermo Moreno of the Movement for Independence, Unity and Change; and Pedro de Jesús Candelier of the Popular Alliance Party in the presidential elections, while the Dominican Liberation Party maintained a considerable majority in both houses of Congress. The main topics of the campaign of 2008 were the issue of reelection, the macroeconomic stability maintained by the Fernández government, and the alleged corruption which dominated the political landscape. The Santo Domingo Metro and other national matters were also important topics, especially during the final months of the campaign.  During Fernández's third presidential term several public works projects were carried out, a second line of the metro was opened, tourism grew, and free-trade zones were expanded. There was a constitutional reform, new judges were appointed to the Supreme Court, and the Electoral and Constitutional Tribunals were created. Several treaties were ratified, including seven bilateral accords with the government of Haiti on the Bolivarian Solidarity Fund to finance projects, border security, commerce, migration, health, the environment, and agriculture, as well as an accord with Colombia on air transport. Also passed was a law granting fiscal amnesty to all employers behind on their payments into the Social Security system; nonetheless, the attempt to apply it in its entirety failed.  In the congressional and municipal elections of 2010, the Dominican Liberation Party won the majority of representatives in both houses of Congress, while the Dominican Revolutionary Party only managed a few seats in the Chamber of Deputies and none in the Senate.  A 2011 poll found that the majority of Dominicans were unhappy with the government. Nevertheless, although many Dominicans believed that Fernández could lead them through the economic difficulties, they showed themselves to be dissatisfied with his program.  The internal crisis of the two main contending parties led to divisions within both of them, unleashing mutual defections among their members. The PRD was afflicted with the most complicated internal conflict. In spite of agreeing to campaign in a civil fashion in a resolution signed by both parties in March 2012, this was not observed and the parties pursued an aggressive campaign strategy.

Electorate.

6.5 million Dominican voters were eligible to vote in the 2012 election. There were 14,470 polling places open for the election: 13,865 precincts were located within the Dominican Republic, while an additional 605 precincts were open overseas. Approximately 300,000 expatriates, making up around 5% of the total electorate, were eligible to vote abroad. The election board had set up official precincts for Dominicans voters living in the United States, Belgium, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Spain, Panama, Switzerland and Venezuela. More than 100,000 of the eligible voters resided in the U.S. state of New York.

Political parties.

A total of 24 political parties were represented on the electoral ballot, including the two large parties and 22 small parties. The small parties are those which do not receive more than 10% of the vote and which are clearly not directly rivaling the main candidates. These parties generally choose to ally themselves with one of the large parties. Thirteen parties were previously rejected by the Central Electoral Commission.

Primary elections.

The Dominican Liberation Party and Dominican Revolutionary Party held primary elections with the following results.

Candidates.

Six candidates ran in the election, with former president Hipólito Mejía of the Dominican Revolutionary Party (PRD) and ex-parliamentarian Danilo Medina of the ruling Dominican Liberation Party (PLD) being considered most likely to win. Mejía and Medina had already faced each other in the 2000 election. The constitution barred incumbent president Leonel Fernández of the PLD from running for a third term.

Reactions.

After the PLD declared victory, supporters of Mejía complained about cases of fraud, including vote-buying, and announced to contest the result. Mejía refused to concede to Medina and doubted the result. The PRD representative on the Central Electoral Commission claimed that the official result reflected much fewer votes than Mejía should have had received, and indicated that the head of the commission was a partisan of the PLD. Amid an overall orderly electoral process, there were some reports of adherents of both major parties offering money to voters in exchange for voting for their candidate or for passing their vote cards. Incidents of vote-buying were confirmed by the observers from the Organisation of American States (OAS), headed by Uruguay's ex-president Tabaré Vázquez. However, they considered the cases not sufficient to distort the overall result, and described the election by and large as "successful".

Presidential elections were held in the Dominican Republic on 20 May 2012. They were the fifth quadrennial elections for the presidency and vice-presidency since 1998, when a change in the electoral law separated the presidential from the congressional and municipal elections.

Die dominikanische Präsidentschaftswahl 2012 fand am 20. Mai 2012 statt. Insgesamt waren 6,5 Millionen Dominikaner aufgerufen, ihre Stimme abzugeben. Nach der Verfassung von 1966 ist die Dominikanische Republik eine präsidiale Republik. Staatsoberhaupt und oberster Inhaber der Exekutive (Regierungschef) ist der für vier Jahre direkt gewählte Präsident. Die unmittelbare Wiederwahl wurde 1994 in der Verfassung verboten, 2004 (einmalige unmittelbare Wiederwahl) wieder erlaubt und 2010 wieder verboten.


Early life.

Hodson was born in Hertfordshire, and grew up in Borehamwood, near Watford. He was involved with "Borehamwood 2000", a football scheme run by Boreham Wood, before joining Watford's youth system. Hodson progressed through the academy, playing 26 times for the under-18 side in 2007–08 despite still being a schoolboy. He also started nine times for the club's reserve team. Hodson signed for the club as an academy scholar in June 2008, and continued to play for the club's reserve and under-18 teams in the 2008–09 season.

Club career.

Watford.

Hodson made named on Watford's substitute bench for the first time on 3 May 2009, in a home game against Derby County. He was brought in the 65th minute, as a substitute for Arsenal loanee Gavin Hoyte. The match finished as a 3–1 Watford win.  Following two separate injuries to club captain Jay DeMerit early in the 2009–10 season, Adrian Mariappa moved to central defence, and Hodson started to play regularly in the Championship at right back. Hodson played in every Watford first team game in September and October 2009, and by November he had earned himself a three-year professional contract with the club. He went on to play 34 first-team matches that season—31 in the Championship—and picked up 2 yellow cards. Although primarily used at right-back, he deputised at left-back when Lloyd Doyley sustained an injury towards the end of the season. Hodson was named the Championship's Apprentice of the Month for November 2009, and was nominated for the division's Apprentice of the Year award; the other nominees were Adam Matthews and Nathan Modest. Matthews, an under-21 international for Wales, eventually won the award.  At the start of the 2010–11 season, Hodson retained his place in the first team, playing in all of Watford's first eight league fixtures. However, following the arrival of left-back Andrew Taylor on loan from Middlesbrough, Hodson faced competition from Doyley for his place at right-back. After period out of the team, Hodson returned to Watford's starting line-up early in 2011, following Taylor's return to Middlesbrough. He scored his first ever senior goal against Leeds United in the Championship on 16 April 2011.  Following the arrival of left back Carl Dickinson, Hodson faced competition at right back from Doyley in the 2011–12 season. Hodson did not make his first start until 29 October. He featured regularly in subsequent months; by 3 March 2012 Hodson had made 20 league starts, although that date marked his last appearance in the 2011–12 season.

Brentford (loan).

On 22 November 2012, Hodson joined Brentford on loan until early January. Hodson extended his loan with Brentford on 8 January 2013 until the end of the 2012–13 season.

Milton Keynes Dons.

On 20 July 2013, Hodson joined Milton Keynes Dons on a one-year contract, with the option of another year. On 29 May 2015, Hodson signed a new two-year contract.

Kilmarnock (loan).

On 1 February 2016, Hodson signed for Scottish Premiership club Kilmarnock on loan until the end of the 2015–16 season.

Rangers.

On 29 June 2016, Hodson joined Scottish Premiership side Rangers on a three-year deal for an undisclosed fee. He made his debut for the club in a League Cup match against Annan Athletic on 19 July 2016. On 3 December 2016, he scored his first goal for the club, against Aberdeen, in a 2–1 victory at Ibrox Stadium.

St Mirren (loan).

On 20 August 2018, Hodson joined Scottish Premiership side St Mirren on loan on a season-long loan deal.

Gillingham.

On 8 June 2019, Hodson joined League One side Gillingham on a two-year contract.

St Mirren (second loan).

After limited appearances for Gillingham, Hodson rejoined St Mirren on loan in January 2020, until he end of the season.

International career.

Hodson, who was born and raised in England, is eligible to play for Northern Ireland as his paternal grandmother was born in the country's capital, Belfast. Having represented Northern Ireland at youth and under-19 levels, Hodson moved up to the under-21 team aged 17 in 2009. He played his first games at that level in a side captained by Hodson's former Watford teammate Craig Cathcart. In March 2010 Northern Ireland under-21 manager Steve Beaglehole claimed that the English FA had approached Hodson with a view to him switching his allegiance to England.  Hodson remained with Northern Ireland, and was called up to the senior squad for the first time in November 2010, for a friendly against Morocco. He was subsequently selected for the match. Later that season, Hodson played all of Northern Ireland's matches in the Nations Cup. In 2011–12, Hodson played his first games in the UEFA European Football Championships, in Northern Ireland's qualifiers against Estonia and Italy.

Honours.

Milton Keynes Dons

Lee James Stephen Hodson (born 2 October 1991) is a professional footballer who plays for League One side Gillingham. Hodson is a defender, and plays primarily as a right-back, but has had spells at left back and as a wingback during his career. He made his first team debut for Watford in May 2009 against Derby County, before playing in the majority of Watford's games in the 2009–10 season, during which he earned a three-year professional contract.

Lee James Stephen Hodson (* 2. Oktober 1991 in Hertfordshire) ist ein nordirischer Fußballspieler, der auf der Position des Innenverteidigers spielt.


Early life.

Emre Mor was born and raised in the Copenhagen-quarter of Brønshøj, Denmark, to a Turkish father and a Turkish-Albanian mother. He is a supporter of Galatasaray. Mor speaks Danish and English, but not Turkish.

Club career.

Early career.

At the age of 16 in December 2013, Mor was on a trial training with Saint-Étienne but did not receive a contract.  Mor played at Lyngby on U17 and U19 levels before he was released by the club in January 2015. The message from the club was that "the conclusion is that the talent can not be redeemed in Lyngby Boldklub". In 2016, it was reported that he was released due to attitude problems.

FC Nordsjælland.

On 31 January 2015, it was confirmed, that Mor had signed a contract with FC Nordsjælland, despite being courted by other clubs in the Superliga and abroad. The original intent was for Mor to play for the U19.  Mor got his official debut for FCN on 28 November 2015. Mor started on the bench, but replaced Guðmundur Þórarinsson in the 84th minute in a 0–1 defeat against Randers FC in the Danish Superliga. In the next league match after his debut, Mor was in the starting lineup against Brøndby IF. Mor's performance earned him a new contract and a promotion to the first team squad from January 2016.

Borussia Dortmund.

Borussia Dortmund confirmed signing Mor on 7 June 2016, announcing a five-year contract.  In a training session after a defeat against Bayern Munich in April 2017, Mor and his teammates were sent on a run by manager Thomas Tuchel and physical trainer Rainer Schrey. When Tuchel and Schrey instructed Mor to continue on for an extra round, Mor reportedly loudly protested, which prompted a fiery reaction from Tuchel. Earlier on the year, it was also reported that Dortmund were dissatisfied with Mor's attitude and willingness to integrate into the team.  He made only 12 appearances in the Bundesliga and UEFA Champions League for Borussia Dortmund during the 2016-17 season, usually as a substitute on the right wing or in attacking midfield.

Celta Vigo.

On 29 August 2017, Mor signed for Spanish club Celta Vigo for €13 million. That made him the second most expensive signing in Celta’s history.  He had a bad beginning at his new club, starting just one Liga game for the club and played only 384 minutes until mid December. On 17 December 2017, was on the bench again for the loss to Villarreal while youth team player Brais Méndez filled in for the suspended Iago Aspas.  In April 2018, Mor was late for training before a home game against Sevilla after he had been excluded from the squad in two games. Unzué once again claimed, that Mor had to change his attitude before he again would be a part of the team. Mor then went out and apologized on Twitter, writing:  Good luck to my teammates against Sevilla. Disappointed I can't help them on the pitch today but I can only blame myself. As a professional I shouldn't have been late for training. This won't ever happen again and I will try everything to get back into the squad!  Afterwards, Mor was sent to train on his own for a period. Less than one month later, in May 2018, Mor was sent home early from training for the second time in a month. Mor wasn't a part of the playing team for the remainder of the season.  The 2018/19 season started as the last season ended. In the first eight league games, Mor only played 38 minutes, despite Miguel Cardoso being appointed as the club's new manager. In January 2019, Mor was once again excluded from training because of his attitude and for acts of indiscipline. He was left out from the squad in the following eight league games and was excluded from the training in over one month. Celta gave the player one more chance at the end of February 2019, where he returned to first team training.

Galatasaray.

On 31 July 2019, Galatasaray announced via social media that Mor had joined the club on a season-long loan.

Olympiacos.

On 31 January 2020, Olympiacos confirmed the signing of Mor, on loan from Celta Vigo for the remainder of the 2019–20 season. Olympiacos will pay Celta Vigo a loan fee of €410,000 and Galatasaray will cover €290,000 from this year's contract. Celta Vigo had announced that the deal provided for a compulsory purchase by Olympiacos at the end of the 2019–20 season if specific player goals were met, as agreed between the two clubs, indicated that the compulsory purchase option was set at €4,000,000 and this amount will be paid by the Greek side Mor plays at least half of Olympiacos' matches before the end of the season, with a future resale rate for the Spanish club between 10% to 20%.

International career.

He represented Denmark in their U17, U18, and U19 teams. However, in 2016 he switched allegiances to the Turkish Football Federation, with his father having to sign Emre's citizenship papers from a prison cell while serving a sentence for a driving offense. Emre was called up to the Turkey U21 team, in a 2017 UEFA European Under-21 Championship qualification match against the Slovakia U21.  Mor made his senior debut for Turkey against Montenegro in Antalya in May 2016. He was included in the Turkey senior team's squad for UEFA Euro 2016, making him the third-youngest player at the tournament., and came off the bench to replace Cenk Tosun in Turkey's opening Euro 2016 game against Croatia. He was also part of the starting 11 in the last match Turkey played in the 2016 European Championship against the Czech Republic and made an assist to Burak Yılmaz for the opening goal.

Honours.

Borussia Dortmund

Emre Mor (born 24 July 1997) is a professional footballer who plays as a winger or a forward for Greek club Olympiacos, on loan from Celta Vigo and the Turkey national team.

Emre Mor (* 24. Juli 1997 in Kopenhagen) ist ein türkisch-dänischer Fußballspieler. Er spielt seit August 2017 für den spanischen Erstligisten Celta Vigo. Für die Saison 2019/20 wurde Mor zuerst an Galatasaray Istanbul ausgeliehen. Ende Januar 2020 wurde der Mittelfeldspieler weiter an Olympiakos Piräus verliehen. Nachdem er zunächst für dänische Nachwuchsnationalmannschaften gespielt hatte, ist er nach seinem Verbandswechsel seit 2016 türkischer Nationalspieler.


Playing career.

Junior.

DeMelo played four seasons (2009–13) of major junior hockey in the Ontario Hockey League (OHL) with the Mississauga St. Michael's Majors and Mississauga Steelheads, recording 25 goals and 125 points in 218 games.  DeMelo was Mississauga's nominee for both the Ivan Tennant Memorial Award and Bobby Smith Trophy for the 2010–11 season. Both trophies recognize academic excellence.

Professional.

San Jose Sharks.

DeMelo was selected 179th overall in the 2011 NHL Entry Draft by the San Jose Sharks and he signed an entry-level contract with the organization on April 20, 2012. He made his NHL debut with San Jose on October 17, 2015, in a game against the New York Islanders. DeMelo scored his first NHL goal against goaltender Roman Will on January 26, 2016, in a 6–1 San Jose victory over the Colorado Avalanche.  After completing his second full season with San Jose in 2017–18, DeMelo was an impending restricted free agent and was initially not tendered a qualifying offer by the Sharks. Despite the limited opportunity to explore free agency, DeMelo ultimately re-signed with the Sharks for two more years on July 7, 2018.

Ottawa Senators.

DeMelo was involved in a blockbuster trade on September 13, 2018, as he was dealt by San Jose to the Ottawa Senators as part of a package including Rudolfs Balcers, Chris Tierney, Josh Norris, a conditional 2019 second-round draft pick and a conditional 2020 first-round draft pick, in exchange for Ottawa's captain and two-time Norris Trophy winner Erik Karlsson.  In his first season in Ottawa, DeMelo recorded 22 points in 77 games and was paired with the franchise's top defensive prospect Thomas Chabot. "I've been very pleased", he said of his debut season with the Senators, noting that the Ottawa coaching staff trusted him to play a top-four role, an opportunity he had never received in San Jose.

Winnipeg Jets.

On February 18, 2020, DeMelo was traded by the Senators to the Winnipeg Jets in exchange for a 2020 third-round pick.

Dylan DeMelo (born May 1, 1993) is a Canadian professional ice hockey defenceman currently playing with the Winnipeg Jets of the National Hockey League (NHL). DeMelo was selected by the San Jose Sharks in the 6th round (179th overall) of the 2011 NHL Entry Draft.

Dylan DeMelo (* 1. Mai 1993 in London, Ontario) ist ein kanadischer Eishockeyspieler, der seit Februar 2020 bei den Winnipeg Jets in der National Hockey League auf der Position des Verteidigers spielt.


Career.

FC Viktoria Plzeň.

He made his debut for Viktoria Plzeň against Baník Sokolov on 12 November 2011 in the Czech Cup.  After multiple seasons and becoming a starting XI regular, as well as praise for his performances in 2018–19 UEFA Champions League, it was rumoured that Hrošovský will join one of La Liga's or Premier League's teams - Levante, Getafe and Huddersfield were all named as possible future clubs. During the winter transfer window however, Hrošovský failed to make a transfer. Later during January 2019 transfer window, West Ham was also cited as a contender for his services, however it was dropped as Manuel Pellegrini doesn't favour altering the squad during the season.

Genk.

2019–20 season.

On 5 June 2019, as Hrošovský was preparing with the national team for a double fixture against Jordan and Azerbaijan, it was reported that he was very close to a transfer to Genk. Verbal agreement was apparently complete, yet an issue arose, as Viktoria was happy to let Hrošovský go later during the summer transfer period, in order to help them qualify to the group stage of the Champions League. Genk was said to oppose this arrangement. Nonetheless, it was said that the transfer was more-or-less a done deal, as Plzeň agreed with Wolverhampton Wanderers on a two year loan, with an option to buy for Christián Herc, who had made a good impression during his loan at DAC Dunajská Streda, and was seen as a replacement for Hrošovský. On the following day, Hrošovský however calmed the rumours, during a press conference prior to the match against Jordan, stating that while negotiations did take place, there is no certainty of a transfer and that he is still a player of Plzeň.  Regardless, this arrangement was confirmed on 8 July 2019, as Hrošovský signed a 4-year contract, with an option for an additional year. He made his Jupiler Pro League debut against multiple-time champions Anderlecht Brussels, in a home fixture on 23 August 2020. He completed the last, roughly, 20 minutes, as a replacement for Jakub Piotrowski. Genk secured a narrow 1:0 win with a second-half goal by Mbwana Samatta.  Hrošovský had recorded five starts for Genk in the UEFA Champions League. He played in both matches against Napoli and Red Bull Salzburg. He played against Liverpool at Anfield only. Genk, however, collected a sole point, for a goal-less tie against Napoli and was knocked out with a score of 5:20.  On top of that, Hrošovský made sole seasonal appearance in the Croky Cup in a Round of 16 loss against Royal Antwerp. Genk were knocked out after a penalty shoot-out. Hrošovský was replaced by Théo Bongonda in the second half.  As an occasional scorer, Hrošovský had to wait until 1 February 2020 for his first goal at Genk. In a league fixture against Charleroi, he had beaten Nicolas Penneteau with a back-heel goal in the 39th minute, utilising a pass from Junya Ito. He was replaced by Kristian Thorstvedt in the second-half. Genk won 1:0.

International career.

On 19 November 2014, Hrošovský made his debut for the senior Slovakia squad when he started in a friendly against Finland.

Patrik Hrošovský (; born 22 April 1992) is a Slovak football midfielder who plays for Genk and Slovakia national football team. Previously he was a frequently fielded player and a captain at Viktoria Plzeň.

Patrik Hrošovský (* 22. November 1991 in Prievidza) ist ein slowakischer Fußballspieler. Der Mittelfeldspieler steht seit dem 16. August 2019 beim KRC Genk unter Vertrag und spielt für die slowakische Nationalmannschaft.


Products.

Cochlear produces three implants for different medical situations.  Nucleus is a system combining an electrical simulation device that is surgically implanted behind a patient's ear, a processor that captures sounds, and an electrode array that relays the sounds to the brain. It is a direct descendant of the original cochlear implants, also known as Nucleus, developed by Dr Graeme Clark in Melbourne during the 1970s. Nucleus was the first cochlear implant to be approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. The system is upgradable, for example by installing a new sound processor, without surgery. Cochlear's latest processor, Nucleus 6, was launched in 2013 after six years of development. It replaced the Nucleus 5 system. In 2011, the Nucleus 5 CI500 series internal implant was recalled with up to a 24% failure rate. In 2013, the Nucleus implant recorded 99% reliability over the last 8 years, more than any similar product.  Hybrid is an electro-acoustic system combining a cochlear implant with an acoustic hearing aid, suitable for patients who have residual hearing at low frequencies. The implant of the Hybrid system is a smaller variant of Nucleus, with an electrode that relays only high frequency sounds, while the acoustic component amplifies low frequency sounds and transmits them to the brain through the ordinary nerve pathway. Hybrid was launched in 2008 and won Australian Engineering Excellence and International Design Awards in 2009.  Baha (derived from bone anchored hearing aid) is a bone conduction system involving a small titanium implant that is ossointegrated with the bone behind a patient's ear. A sound processor captures sounds, which is passed to the implant and directly transferred to the inner ear through the skull. Baha was originally produced by Swedish biotechnology group Entific Medical Systems before that company was acquired by Cochlear in 2005.

Corporate Affairs.

Cochlear manufactures principally in Sweden and Australia, including at a purpose-built facility at Macquarie University in Sydney. The company's products are supplied to over 100 countries internationally, with 43% sales revenue ($403 million) derived from the Americas, 40% ($377.6 million) from Europe, the Middle East and Africa and 17% ($161.3 million) from the Asia-Pacific region as of 2015. Cochlear spent $128 million on research and development in FY15.  In 2011, reports arose of Nucleus model CI500 implants shutting down, although less than 1% of devices were affected and the failures posed no health risks. Cochlear funded a complete recall of the model, with an older version of the Nucleus implant being available as a replacement. The company spent $101.3 million on the recall.

Cochlear () is a medical device company that designs, manufactures and supplies the Nucleus cochlear implant, the Hybrid electro-acoustic implant and the Baha bone conduction implant.

Cochlear ist ein weltweit tätiges Medizintechnik-Unternehmen, das implantierbare Hörhilfen entwickelt, produziert und vertreibt. Es wurde 1981 gegründet und hat seinen Hauptsitz in Sydney (Australien). Seit 1995 ist Cochlear eine börsennotierte Aktiengesellschaft. Die deutsche Niederlassung von Cochlear hat ihren Sitz in Hannover (Niedersachsen).


History.

"O"-Acetylpsilocin (psilacetin) and several other esters of psilocin were patented on January 16, 1963 by Sandoz Ltd via Albert Hofmann & Franz Troxler. Despite this, psilacetin remains a psychedelic compound with a limited history of use. It is theorized to be a prodrug of psilocin, as is psilocybin, which occurs naturally in many species of hallucinogenic mushrooms. This is because the aromatic acetyl moiety on the 4th position of the indole ring system is subject to deacetylation in acidic conditions such as those found in the stomach. Psilacetin is "O"-acetylated psilocin, whereas psilocybin is "O"-phosphorylated.

Chemistry.

"O"-Acetylpsilocin can be obtained by acetylation of psilocin under alkaline or strongly acidic conditions. It is, therefore, a semi-synthetic compound. It is believed to be a prodrug of psilocin; however, speculation exists that psilacetin itself also may be psychoactive. "O"-Acetylpsilocin is more resistant than psilocin to oxidation under basic conditions due to its acetoxy group. While "O"-acetylpsilocin is not well researched (sometimes viewed negatively as a research chemical, as opposed to psilocin and psilocybin), it is not as difficult as psilocybin to synthesize. Due to their similar proposed mechanisms of action, this factor may provide further support for the proposition that "O"-acetylpsilocin might serve as an appropriate substitute for psilocybin in research of the application of psychedelic compounds in medicine.

Pharmacology.

In the body "O"-acetylpsilocin is deacetylated to psilocin by deacetylases/acetyltransferases during first pass metabolism and during subsequent passes through the liver (evident as psilacetin is also active via parenteral routes of ingestion).  Claims of subjective differences in effects between the acetylated and non-acetylated forms of psilocin vary: some users report that "O"-acetylpsilocin lasts slightly longer, whilst others report that it lasts for a considerably shorter time. Many users report less body load and nausea compared with psilocin. Some users find that the visual effects produced by "O"-acetylpsilocin more closely resemble those produced by DMT than those produced by psilocin or psilocybin. These differences could be possible if psilacetin is psychoactive in itself and not merely as a prodrug. Despite this, there have been no controlled clinical studies to distinguish among the phenomenological effects of psilacetin, psilocin, and psilocybin.

Legality.

Australia.

"O"-Acetylpsilocin can be considered an analog of psilocin making it a Schedule 9 prohibited substance in Australia under the Poisons Standard (October 2015). A Schedule 9 substance is a substance which may be abused or misused, the manufacture, possession, sale or use of which should be prohibited by law except when required for medical or scientific research, or for analytical, teaching or training purposes with approval of Commonwealth and/or State or Territory Health Authorities.

United States.

"O"-Acetylpsilocin is ambiguously legal for use as a lab reagent or research chemical; however, it is an acetate ester of psilocin, meaning it would be considered Schedule I under the Federal Analogue Act if sold for human consumption.

United Kingdom.

"O"-Acetylpsilocin, being an ester of psilocin, is a Class A drug in the UK under the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971.

Italy.

"O"-Acetylpsilocin is illegal in Italy as it is an ester of a prohibited substance.

Sweden.

The Riksdag added 4-AcO-DMT to under "swedish schedule I" (""substances, plant materials and fungi which normally do not have medical use"" ) as of January 25, 2017, published by Medical Products Agency (MPA) in regulation "HSLF-FS 2017:1" listed as 4-acetoxi-N,N-dimetyltryptamin.

"O"-Acetylpsilocin (also known as psilacetin, 4-acetoxy-DMT, or 4-AcO-DMT) is a semi-synthetic psychoactive drug that has been suggested by David Nichols to be a potentially useful alternative to psilocybin for pharmacological studies, as they are both believed to be prodrugs of psilocin. However, some users report that "O"-acetylpsilocin's subjective effects differ from those of psilocybin and psilocin. It is the acetylated form of the psilocybin mushroom alkaloid psilocin and is a lower homolog of 4-AcO-MET, 4-AcO-DET, 4-AcO-MiPT and 4-AcO-DiPT.

"O"-Acetylpsilocin (auch als Psilacetin bekannt, 4-Acetoxy-DMT oder 4-AcO-DMT) ist eine synthetisch hergestellte psychotrope Droge und wurde von David Nichols als eine potenziell nützliche Alternative zu Psilocybin für pharmakologische Studien vorgeschlagen. Von beiden wird angenommen, Prodrugs von Psilocin zu sein. Allerdings berichten einige Benutzer, dass die subjektiven Wirkungen sich von denen von Psilocybin und Psilocin unterscheiden. Es handelt sich um die acetylierte Form des in Pilzen der Gattung Psilocybe vorkommenden Alkaloids Psilocin und außerdem ein niederes Homolog von 4-AcO-MET, 4-AcO-DET, 4-AcO-MiPT und 4-AcO-DIPT.


Plot summary.

"Eliduc" tells the story of a knight named Eliduc who lives in Brittany. Because he is very loyal to the king, Eliduc is given many gifts and responsibilities. Jealous of the preferential treatment Eliduc receives at court, some of the other knights slander him to the king. The king banishes Eliduc from his presence with no explanation. Disappointed, Eliduc decides to leave Brittany and go to Logres (Great Britain). He leaves his faithful wife, Guildeluec, in charge of his lands while he is abroad.  Once in Logres, Eliduc hears about a king who lives near Exeter. This king does not have a son, and he is being besieged by another king who wishes to marry his daughter. Eliduc decides to fight for the king and he ultimately helps him win against his enemy. Eliduc soon attracts the attention of the princess, Guilliadon, who decides to send him two tokens of love: a belt and a ring. Eliduc accepts these gifts, and the love of the princess, in spite of his marriage. Eliduc and Guilliadon live happily for some time until word reaches him that his former king in Brittany needs him. Eliduc leaves Logres, and Guilliadon asks to accompany him. Instead, Eliduc convinces her to set a date for his return.  Eliduc returns to his king and wife in Brittany. Although he tries to hide his pain of the separation from Guilliadon, she realizes that something is wrong. When the date arrives for him to return to Guilliadon, he goes to Logres with the intention of running off with his lover. Eliduc sends his chamberlain to Guilliadon who agrees to leave with Eliduc. Once the boat leaves port, however, a tempest begins to rage. One of the sailors blames Eliduc, and Guilliadon finally learns that Eliduc has a wife in Brittany. Distraught, she faints. Thinking Guilliadon has died, Eliduc tosses overboard the sailor who accused him, and the storm subsides. When they finally reach land, Eliduc decides to go to a chapel deep in the woods where he will bury Guilliadon. He goes to visit a hermit he knows near the site, but the hermit has recently died. Eliduc's comrades want to leave Guilliadon in the tomb with the hermit, but Eliduc resists, claiming he still wants to build an abbey or church there. He leaves Guilliadon in the hermit's chapel and returns to his wife to think about the plans for his abbey.  Guildeluec is happy to see her husband but soon realizes that his mind is elsewhere. She has one of her servants follow Eliduc one day when he goes to the chapel to visit Guilliadon's body. Guildeluec soon follows to discover the source of her husband's sorrow. Seeing the young woman, Guildeluec understands immediately that this is her husband's lover; and she mourns the young woman. Two weasels run into the chapel. When the servant kills one of the weasels (both female, metaphorically representing the two women), the other one runs into the forest to find a magical flower that revives him. Seeing this, Guildeluec takes the flower from the weasel and uses it to heal Guilliadon. Not knowing that the woman she sees is Eliduc's wife, Guilliadon immediately explains her story, confessing that she did not know that Eliduc was married. Guildeluec reveals her identity and forgives Guilliadon. The two women return to Eliduc who is overwhelmed with joy at the sight of his lover. Noticing this, Guildeluec generously decides to become the abbess of Eliduc's proposed abbey in the forest and frees Eliduc of his marital bond. Eliduc goes on to marry Guilliadon and lives happily for many years. Later in life, Guilliadon enters into the convent of Eliduc's first wife, and Eliduc himself enters into a monastery. All three serve God for the rest of their lives.

Analysis and significance.

"Eliduc" is one of several of Marie's lais dealing with adultery and the importance of fidelity in love. It has been speculated that Marie arranged her poems as they appear in MS H in order to pair a short, tragic poem with a longer one on the power of love and the importance of fidelity. If this is true, "Eliduc"'s may be compared with the previous poem, "Chevrefoil", a short lai about the adulterous love of Tristan and Iseult that eventually caused the lovers' deaths.  The incident on the boat alludes to the Biblical account of Jonah. God sends a tempest to punish Jonah for his disobedience. However, in the Bible, it is the offender who is thrown overboard and not the accuser. In the Middle Ages, the weasel was believed to be skilled in medicine and have the ability to heal death.  Though "Eliduc" does not have any overt connections to the Arthurian legend, Guilliadon's home, Logres, is traditionally the name given to King Arthur's realm. Additionally, characters named "Aliduke" or other variations on Eliduc appear in Arthurian stories.  Unlike most of Marie's "lais", "Eliduc" is not found in Old Norse translation (in the "Strengleikar"), but the motif of a character learning about healing plants by observing weasels appears not only there but in the Icelandic "Völsunga saga", which seems to indicate that "Eliduc" was known in Iceland in some form.

"Eliduc" is a Breton lai by the medieval poet Marie de France. The twelfth and last poem in the collection known as "The Lais of Marie de France", it appears in the manuscript Harley 978 at the British Library. Like the other poems in this collection, "Eliduc" is written in the Anglo-Norman dialect of Old French, in couplets of eight syllables in length. At 1184 lines, it is the longest of the lais attributed to Marie de France. The text of the lai notes that its correct title should be "Guildeluec and Guilliadon", but the name "Eliduc" has stuck.

Eliduc (im Manuskript eigentlich "Guildeluec und Guilliadon") ist der Titel des zwölften und letzten Lais in Marie de Frances Sammlung, die sie um 1170 auf Anglonormannisch in achtsilbigen Verspaaren aufschrieb. "Eliduc" ist mit 1184 Versen das längste ihr zugeschriebene Gedicht.