History.

Chantilly was home to a number of colonial plantations in the 1700s, including the Sully Plantation (now the Sully Historic Site) built by Richard Bland Lee I. Other plantations included George Richard Lee Turberville's "Leeton Grove" (originally a 5,000+ acre plantation, the main house of which still stands at 4619 Walney Rd.), the John Hutchison Farm, and the Chantilly Plantation, after which Chantilly is named. Cornelia Lee Turberville Stuart, who was born at Leeton and was the daughter of George Richard Lee Turberville and Henrietta Lee, inherited a portion of Leeton in 1817 from her father. Stuart and her husband Charles Calvert Stuart, whom she had married in 1816, constructed the Chantilly Plantation and named it after the Westmoreland County plantation owned by her grandfather, Richard Henry Lee, a signer of the Declaration of Independence. During the Civil War, federal troops destroyed by fire the Chantilly Plantation manor house. One building remains, a stone house across Route 50 from the Greenbriar Shopping Center. While it is not clear what this stone house was used for, most historical evidence suggests it was probably a plantation overseer's quarters during the antebellum period, and a tavern or boarding house following the war. After the war, Cornelia Stuart, who had become deeply in debt, sold her Chantilly estate. The advertisement for the sale referenced several "tenements", one of which was the Stone House.  The village grew during the 19th century, particularly following the construction of the Little River Turnpike to Winchester.  The evolution of the Chantilly area into an outer suburb of Washington, D.C., gained momentum after 1980, as developers built residential subdivisions and commercial areas, filling in the farmland south of Dulles Airport.

Civil War.

During the American Civil War on September 1, 1862, the Battle of Chantilly (or Ox Hill) was fought nearby. Following his victory at the Second Battle of Bull Run (or Second Manassas), Confederate General Robert E. Lee directed Major General Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson to cross Bull Run on August 31 and sweep around the position of Major General John Pope's Union Army of Virginia at Centreville. Reaching the Little River Turnpike (now U.S. Route 50) northwest of Centreville, Jackson turned southeastward toward Fairfax Court House (now the city of Fairfax) to strike in rear of Pope's army.  During September 1, Pope, apprised of Jackson's movement, began to withdraw toward Fairfax Court House. Late in the day, Jackson clashed with Union forces under Brigadier General Isaac Stevens and Major General Philip Kearny near Ox Hill, west of Fairfax. During the ensuing battle, which was fought amid a raging storm, both Union generals Stevens and Kearny were killed. The fighting ended at dusk, and Pope's army continued its withdrawal to Fairfax and subsequently to the Washington defenses.  Although commercial and residential development now covers most of the Chantilly (Ox Hill) battlefield, the small Ox Hill Battlefield Park preserves a portion of the battle site.

Geography.

Chantilly is located in western Fairfax County at (38.894146, −77.431407). It is bordered to the west by the South Riding CDP in Loudoun County, to the north by Washington Dulles International Airport, to the northeast by the Franklin Farm CDP, to the east by the Greenbriar CDP, and to the south by Centreville. To the southwest is Schneider Crossroads, not part of any census-designated area.  The present center of Chantilly is located around the intersection of U.S. Route 50 (Lee Jackson Memorial Highway) and Virginia Route 28 (Sully Road).  According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of, of which is land and, or 1.07%, is water.

Governance.

Chantilly is part of Sully District in Fairfax County and is governed by the Fairfax County Board of Supervisors. The current supervisor for Sully District is Kathy Smith.

Demographics.

As of the census of 2010, there were 23,039 people, 7,218 households, and 5,939 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 1,916.7 people per square mile (740.1/km). There were 7,403 housing units at an average density of 615.9/sq mi (237.8/km). The racial makeup of the CDP was 57.6% White, 6.5% African American, 0.3% Native American, 25.2% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 6.1% some other race, and 4.3% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 15.9% of the population.  There were 7,218 households, out of which 47.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 67.0% were headed by married couples living together, 10.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 17.7% were non-families. Of all households 13.0% were made up of individuals, and 2.4% were someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.19, and the average family size was 3.46.  In the CDP the population was spread out, with 27.8% under the age of 18, 7.8% from 18 to 24, 28.6% from 25 to 44, 29.3% from 45 to 64, and 6.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36.1 years. For every 100 females there were 100.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 98.7 males.  For the period 2010 through 2014, the estimated median annual income for a household in the CDP was $118,991, and the median income for a family was $130,280. Male full-time workers had a median income of $81,596 versus $62,228 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $46,341. About 7.5% of families and 8.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 14.3% of those under age 18 and 6.2% of those age 65 or over.

Economy.

The American Registry for Internet Numbers is headquartered adjacent to Washington Dulles International Airport, near Chantilly.  At one time, Compass Airlines was headquartered near Chantilly. The headquarters was relocated to Minnesota in late 2009.

Education.

Primary and secondary schools.

Residents of the CDP go to Fairfax County Public Schools.  Elementary schools within the CDP include Brookfield Elementary School, Greenbriar East Elementary School, Greenbriar West Elementary School, Lees Corner Elementary School, Navy Elementary School, and Poplar Tree Elementary School.  Rocky Run Middle School, Franklin Middle School, and Chantilly High School are located within the CDP. Westfield High School is a large high school located outside of the CDP.  St. Timothy School and St. Veronica School, private Catholic schools, are located in the CDP.

Public libraries.

Fairfax County Public Library operates the Chantilly Regional Library in the CDP.

Media.

Chantilly is served by "The CentreView" newspaper.

Chantilly is a census-designated place (CDP) in western Fairfax County, Virginia, United States. The population was 23,039 at the 2010 census. Chantilly is named after an early-19th-century mansion and farm, which in turn took the name of an 18th-century plantation that was located in Westmoreland County, Virginia. The name "Chantilly" originated in France with the Château de Chantilly, about 25 miles north of Paris.

Chantilly ist ein Census-designated place (CDP) im Fairfax County, Virginia in den Vereinigten Staaten. Rund 40 km westlich von Washington, D.C. leben hier 23.039 Einwohner auf 30 km2 Fläche.


Background and education.

Brett was a son of the Reverend Joseph George Brett, of Chelsea, London, by Dorothy, daughter of George Best, of Chilston Park, Boughton Malherbe, Kent. He was educated at Westminster School, King's College London and at Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge. Brett rowed for Cambridge University Boat Club against Leander Club in 1837 and 1838, then in the victorious Cambridge crew against Oxford University in the 1839 Boat Race.

Career.

Called to the Bar in 1840, Brett went to the northern circuit and became a Queen's Counsel in 1861. On the death of Richard Cobden in 1865, he unsuccessfully contested Rochdale as a Conservative, but in an 1866 by-election, he was returned for Helston in unique circumstances. He and his opponent polled exactly the same number of votes, and the mayor, as returning officer, then gave his casting vote for the Liberal candidate. As the vote was given after four o'clock, however, an appeal was lodged, and the House of Commons allowed both members to take their seats.  Brett rapidly made his mark in the House, and in early 1868, he was knighted and appointed Solicitor General under Benjamin Disraeli. On behalf of the Crown, he prosecuted the Fenians charged with having caused the Clerkenwell Outrage. In Parliament, he took a leading part in the promotion of bills connected with the administration of law and justice. In August 1868, he was appointed a Justice of the Court of Common Pleas. Some of his sentences in this capacity excited much criticism, notably so in the case of the gas stokers strike, when he sentenced the defendants to imprisonment for twelve months, with hard labour, which was afterwards reduced by the Home Secretary to four months.  On the reconstitution of the Court of Appeal in 1876, Brett was elevated to the rank of a Lord Justice of Appeal. He was sworn of the Privy Council at the same time. After holding the position for seven years, he succeeded Sir George Jessel as Master of the Rolls in 1883. In 1885 he was raised to the peerage as Baron Esher, "of Esher in the County of Surrey". He opposed the bill proposing that an accused person or his wife might give evidence in their own case and supported the bill that empowered Lords of Appeal to sit and vote after their retirement. The Solicitors Act 1888, which increased the powers of the Incorporated Law Society, owed much to his influence. In 1880, he delivered a speech in the House of Lords, deprecating the delay and expense of trials, which he regarded as having been increased by the Judicature Act 1873. He retired from the bench at the close of 1897, and was created Viscount Esher, "of Esher in the County of Surrey", a dignity never given to any judge, Lord Chancellors excepted, for mere legal conduct since the time of Lord Coke.

Family.

Lord Esher married Eugénie Mayer (1814–1904) in 1850. Eugénie was possibly the illegitimate daughter of Napoleon Bonaparte and Fanny Meyer, though other sources suggest that her father was one Louis Mayer. They had two sons, Reginald, and Eugène, and a daughter Violet, wife of William Humble Dudley Ward and mother of William Dudley Ward. Lord Esher died in London in May 1899, aged eighty-one, and was succeeded by his eldest son, Reginald.

William Baliol Brett, 1st Viscount Esher, PC (13 August 181524 May 1899), known as Sir William Brett between 1868 and 1883, was a British lawyer, judge, and Conservative politician. He was briefly Solicitor-General under Benjamin Disraeli and then served as a justice of the Court of Common Pleas between 1868 and 1876, as a Lord Justice of Appeal between 1876 and 1883 and as Master of the Rolls. He was raised to the peerage as Baron Esher in 1885 and further honoured when he was made Viscount Esher on his retirement in 1897.

William Baliol Brett, 1. Viscount Esher, PC, QC (* 13. August 1815 in Lenham, Kent; † 24. Mai 1899 in London) war ein britischer Jurist, Richter und Politiker der Conservative Party.


Geography.

Hanover Park is located at (41.978827, −88.146109).  According to the 2010 census, Hanover Park has a total area of, of which (or 98.37%) is land and (or 1.63%) is water.

Demographics.

As of the census of 2016, there were 38,210 people, 11,264 households, and 9,123 families living in the village. The population density was 5,634.4 people per square mile (2,176.6/km2). There were 11,343 housing units at an average density of 1,669.6 per square mile (645.0/km2). The racial makeup of the village was 68.13% White, 6.13% African American, 0.28% Native American, 11.95% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 10.36% from other races, and 3.13% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 26.73% of the population.  Of the 11,264 households 49.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 64.4% were married couples living together, 11.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 18.0% were non-families. 13.5% of households were one person and 2.1% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 3.44 and the average family size was 3.75.  The age distribution was 31.5% under the age of 18, 10.9% from 18 to 24, 35.0% from 25 to 44, 18.5% from 45 to 64, and 4.1% 65 or older. The median age was 30 years. For every 100 females, there were 106.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 105.9 males.  The median household income was $66,343 and the median family income was $78,456. Males had a median income of $40,109 versus $29,343 for females. The per capita income for the village was $22,643. About 4.7% of families and 6.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 7.3% of those under age 18 and 3.4% of those age 65 or over.  In 2011, 15.2% of Hanover Park's residents were Asian, making it the Chicago suburb with the eighth highest percentage of Asians.

Education.

The town is served by several school districts. One is Elgin Area School District U46, a Unit School District. It serves an area of some in Cook, DuPage and Kane Counties. Almost 40,000 children of school age are in its area. U-46 is the second largest in Illinois behind Chicago Public Schools. Other school districts serving Hanover Park include Schaumburg Township Elementary School District 54, Township High School District 211, Community Consolidated School District 93, Glenbard Township High School District 87, Keeneyville School District 20 and Lake Park High School District 108. A total of six different public high schools serve the village.

Transportation.

Hanover Park has a station on Metra's Milwaukee District/West Line, which provides daily rail service between Elgin, Illinois and Chicago, Illinois (at Union Station). In Metra's zone-based fare system, Hanover Park is in zone F.

Parks and libraries.

The Hanover Park Park District is a general park district established by the voters of Hanover Park in 1964. The park district is responsible for the maintenance, operation and administration of parks and park facilities and is governed by five commissioners elected at large for overlapping, four-year terms.  The Hanover Park Park District maintains 21 park sites encompassing.

Hanover Park is a village in Cook and DuPage counties in the U.S. state of Illinois, a suburb of Chicago. The population was 37,973 at the 2010 census. Ontarioville is a neighborhood within the village.

Hanover Park ist ein Ort in Cook und DuPage County in Illinois, Vereinigte Staaten und ist ein Vorort von Chicago. Laut der Volkszählung des Jahres 2000 wohnten 38.278 Einwohner in der Stadt.


History.

The first people to occupy the area around Tarkastad were the San who left an abundance of rock art paintings in Grootvlei just north of the town.. The first farmers settled in Tarkastad in 1795 who built watermills, inns and both a Dutch Reformed and Presbyterian Church. Two Great Trek leaders, Andries Potgieter and Piet Retief, farmed here for a short while. After the Dutch farmers decided to accompany their leaders on the Great Trek, the English 1820 settlers moved in, and in 1862 Tarkastad was established as a church centre and became a municipality in 1864. Elands River Poort, a mountain pass located on the Karoo, 24 km to the NNW of Tarkastad, where the Battle of Elands River (1901) was fought during the Second Boer War. The grave of Lt. Sheridan, cousin of Winston Churchill, who was killed in the Battle of Elands River can be found on the Modderfontein farm just outside Tarkastad. Victorian cast iron lamp posts, old water mills and broekie lace adornments indicate the British colonial influence.  Tarkastad's first Municipal Manager after apartheid was Mr Smilo Dayi an ex-political prisoner. The first mayor after apartheid was Mr Ntsikelelo Sampempe.

Climate.

Scientists have stated that Tarkastad has one of the healthiest climates in the world. Winters are cold with frequent snowfalls on high lying mountain tops, while summers are hot and dry. Tarkastad which is situated at an elevation of 4,280 feet normally receives about 335mm of rain per year, with most rainfall occurring mainly during summer.

Economy.

Surrounded by commercial farms, which specialize in crop, animal farming (Merino sheep, goats and cattle) and game farming, Tarkastad caters for the surrounding villages in Ntabethemba such as Tentergate, Khwezi and Khayalethu. Although no longer the capital of the Tsolwana Local Municipality which has been absorbed into the Enoch Mgijima Local Municipality, the town still offers public and administrative services for surrounding villages.

Demographics.

The following statistics describing Tarkastad are from the 2011 census.

Tarkastad is a Karoo semi-urban settlement situated on the banks Tarka River in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa. Tarkastad is on a plain to the north of the Winterberg mountain range on the R61 between Cradock and Queenstown and only three hours from Port Elizabeth. The name Tarkastad is believed to come from the Khoi-Khoi word "Traka" (meaning women) or the Celtic word "Tarka" (meaning otter) and the Afrikaans word "Stad" (meaning city). The fact that the town is overlooked by Martha and Mary; two peaks which look like two women resting after a hard day's work, also lends to the name.

Tarkastad ist eine Stadt in der südafrikanischen Provinz Ostkap. Sie ist Verwaltungssitz der Gemeinde Enoch Mgijima im Distrikt Chris Hani.


Geography.

Blauvelt is located at (41.064396, -73.956881).  According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of, of which is land and, or 1.52%, is water.

Demographics.

As of the census of 2000, there were 5,207 people, 1,564 households, and 1,313 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 1,144.4 per square mile (441.9/km). There were 1,588 housing units at an average density of 349.0/sq mi (134.8/km). The racial makeup of the CDP was 88.42% White, 1.56% African American, 0.02% Native American, 7.34% Asian, 1.44% from other races, and 1.23% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 5.93% of the population.  There were 1,564 households, out of which 38.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 71.9% were married couples living together, 8.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 16.0% were non-families. 13.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.08 and the average family size was 3.40.  In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 25.6% under the age of 18, 9.8% from 18 to 24, 25.9% from 25 to 44, 22.2% from 45 to 64, and 16.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 90.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.7 males.  The median income for a household in the CDP was $103,071, and the median income for a family was $104,944. Males had a median income of $90,125 versus $80,096 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $94,211. About 1.9% of families and 3.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 2.1% of those under age 18 and 11.5% of those age 65 or over.

History.

The name "Blauvelt", of Dutch origin, is that of a prominent family that settled in the area in the 17th century. The etymology of the name probably comes from the coat of arms adopted by the first Blauvelt, Pieter Blauwveld, a prominent trader in the Netherlands. Literally, it means "blue-field", or "blue pasture fields", likely a reference to the blue and yellow shields hung on Pieter's ships (a common 14th century Dutch method of identifying the owner). The first Blauvelt in America was a peasant farmer who worked on Kiliaen van Rensselaer's estate cultivating tobacco, in 1638.  In 1909, New York State purchased property in Blauvelt to create Camp Bluefields, a large rifle range used to train members of the New York National Guard prior to World War I. The property was later used by the YWCA, ROTC, Columbia University and the U.S. Army for various purposes before being abandoned following World War II. The land is today the site of Blauvelt State Park.  In 1972, Robert Salvia and Professor Dr. Paul Olson of the Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory, a research unit of Columbia University located on a campus in Palisades, New York, discovered several 200-million-year-old dinosaur tracks that were identified as being from the coelophysis. Some of these tracks were sent to the New York State Museum in Albany, New York for identification and preservation. The fossils date from the Triassic period and are claimed to be the only dinosaur tracks ever discovered in the state of New York.  The 914 Sound Studios was a musical recording studio in the 1970s. Several albums were recorded in Blauvelt, including the title track of Bruce Springsteen's album "Born to Run" in 1974.

Tourism.

Historical markers.

The Jacob J. Blauvelt house and its four remaining acres of land had been in the Blauvelt family since the time it was built, in 1832, up until when it was acquired by the Historical Society of Rockland County in 1970. The Blauvelt family first arrived in America in 1638, and first arrived in Rockland County in 1683. Their genealogy today contains more than 26,000 names.

Blauvelt is a hamlet and census-designated place, formerly known as Greenbush and then Blauveltville, in the town of Orangetown, Rockland County, New York, United States. It is located north of Tappan, east of Nauraushaun and Pearl River, south of Central Nyack, and west of Orangeburg. As of the 2010 census, the CDP had a population of 5,689.

Blauvelt ist ein Hamlet und Census-designated place innerhalb von Orangetown. In dem Ort südlich von Nyack leben knapp 6.000 Einwohner.


Largest CSHPs.

Hereafter you find a plant in Rise (DK) with a new collector producer, Marstal VVS (DK), a plant in Ry (DK), one of the oldest in Europe, a plant in Hamburg and a number of plants below 3,000 m2. It may be relevant mentioning, that the island of Ærø in Denmark has three of the major CSHP, Marstal, Ærøskøping and Rise.

History of central solar heating plants.

Sweden has played a major role in the development of large-scale solar heating. According to (Dalenbäck, J-O., 1993), the first steps were taken in the early seventies in Linköping, Sweden, followed by a mature revision in 1983 in Lyckebo, Sweden. Inspired by this work, Finland developed its first plant in Kerava, and the Netherlands built a first plant in Groningen. These plants are reported under the International Energy Agency by (Dalenbäck, J-O., 1990). Note that these plants did already combine CSHPs with large-scale thermal storage.  The first large-scale solar collector fields were made on-site in Torvalle, Sweden, 1982, 2000 m2 and Malung, Sweden, 640 m2. Prefabricated collector arrays were introduced in Nykvarn, Sweden, 4000 m2 in 1985. There was from the beginning a strong international perspective and cooperation within this research field, through investigation with the European Communities (Dalenbäck, J-O., 1995) and the International Energy Agency (Dalenbäck, J-O., 1990). Denmark did enter this research area parallel to the Swedish activities with a plant in Vester Nebel in 1987, one plant in Saltum in 1988 and one in Ry in 1989, taking over the know-how for prefabricated solar collectors of large size by the Swedish company Teknoterm by the dominating company ARCON, Denmark. In the later 1990s Germany and Switzerland were active among others with plants in Stuttgart and Chemnitz.  Due to cheap land prices, in the Nordic countries new collector arrays are ground-mounted (concrete foundations or pile-driven steel) in suitable areas (low-yield agricultural, industry etc.). Countries with high ground prices tend to place solar collectors on building roofs, following the 'block plant' variant of CSHPs. In Northern Europe, 20% solar heat of annual heating requirement is the economic optimum in a district heating plant when using above-ground storage tanks. If pond storage is used, the solar contribution can reach 50%.  By 1999 40 CSHPs were in operation in Europe generating about 30 MW of thermal power.

Related systems.

Central solar heating is a sub-class of 'large-scale solar heating' systems - a term applied to systems with solar collector areas greater than 500 m2.  Aquifers, boreholes and artificial ponds (costing €30/m3) are used as heat storage (up to 90% efficient) in some central solar heating plants, which later extract the heat (similar to ground storage) via a large heat pump to supply district heating. Some of these are listed in the table above.  In Alberta, Canada the Drake Landing Solar Community has achieved a world record 97% annual solar fraction for heating needs, using solar-thermal panels on the garage roofs and thermal storage in a borehole cluster.

Central solar heating is the provision of central heating and hot water from solar energy by a system in which the water is heated centrally by arrays of solar thermal collectors (central solar heating plants - CSHPs) and distributed through district heating pipe networks (or 'block heating' systems in the case of smaller installations).

Solare Fernwärme bezeichnet die Versorgung von größeren Wohn- und Industriegebieten mittels großer Kollektorfelder und Wärmenetzen mit erneuerbarer, emissionsfreier Solarthermie. Um die Wärmeversorgung zu verstetigen, sind solare Fernwärmeanlagen in aller Regel mit Wärmespeichern ausgerüstet, oftmals große Erdgrubenspeicher, die eine saisonale Wärmespeicherung für das Winterhalbjahr ermöglichen. Häufig werden solare Fernwärmesysteme mit weiteren Wärmequellen wie z. B. Wärmepumpen, Power-to-Heat-Anlagen, Blockheizkraftwerken, Spitzenlastkesseln oder Industrieabwärme kombiniert; möglich ist auch die Ergänzung bereits bestehender Fernwärmenetze mit Solarthermiekollektoren.


History.

The Voigtland State Railway ("Voigtländische Staatseisenbahn"), which was opened in 1865 by the Royal Saxon State Railways ("Königlich Sächsische Staatseisenbahnen"), provided a rail connection to numerous villages and towns in the Vogtland railway, but it involved numerous twists on a long route. In the 1860s, it was planned to shorten the route by the construction of the Plauen–Oelsnitz link. Weischlitz received a station on the section of the line approved in 1868. The White Elster was moved a little farther west into a new river bed to allow the station to be built on the river bed. From the outset, the station was designed for the integration of the Wolfsgefährth–Weischlitz railway of the private Saxon-Thuringian Railway Company ("Sächsisch-Thüringische Eisenbahngesellschaft", Sä.-Th.E.). Weischlitz station was opened on 1 November 1874 together with the Plauen–Oelsnitz line. The private railway built its facilities east of the existing facilities of the state railway, the only necessary change to the buildings that had already been built was a slight enlargement of the entrance building. The Sä.-Th.E. opened its last section between "Plauen unt Bf" (Plauen lower station) and Weischlitz on 20 September 1875. A rail link enabled the exchange of carriages. The station became a virtual "Inselbahnhof" (island station), since the entrance building was surrounded by tracks, except for the access road. The Sä.-Th.E., along with its railways, was taken over by the Saxon state in 1876, but this did not change rail operations at all. The trains to Wolfsgefährth continued to begin and end in the eastern part of the station. In the following years smaller additions and conversions were made, including the building of another auxiliary building and an additional loading track with a ramp. Larger conversions and extensions were made around 1900. Following the largest stage of building, there were 42 sets of points and 21 tracks in the station, of which 9 were on the Plauen side and 12 were on the Gera side. Four platform tracks were used for passenger services, while several freight tracks, ramps and a goods shed were available for freight operations. In addition, there was a private storage shed. An overpass was built for the village’s main street, which crosses the railway at the southern end of the station. In essence, the railways remained the same until after the Second World War. After the Second World War the tracks inside the station was reduced by the dismantling of the second through track for reparations. In the mid-1970s all semaphore signals were replaced by colour light signals. With the economic impact of Die Wende, the freight traffic almost completely disappeared. Until the end of the 1990s, only three tracks on the eastern and six tracks on the western side were used. Then a platform track on the eastern side was dismantled in favour of a bus loop. There are now eight railway tracks in the station, six of them on the west side. There is also the loading track, the only remaining track for freight traffic.

Weischlitz locomotive depot.

The Sä.-Th.E. built a two-storey "Heizhaus" (a roundhouse where locomotives were heated) in Weischlitz. In 1899, this rectangular building was supplemented by four further stalls, which could be reached via a 20-m turntable. In the meantime, it was no more than a minor locomotive depot, which was responsible after the Second World War to Adorf locomotive depot ("Bahnbetriebswerk Adorf"). Later it was responsible to Reichenbach locomotive depot. With the change of traction to diesel, the locomotive depot became redundant and closed in the 1970s. The listed "Heizhaus" still exist, but the turntable was dismantled before 1989.

Weischlitz station is a local railway junction in the municipality of Weischlitz in Vogtland in the German state of Saxony. The station is located on the Plauen–Cheb railway and the railway from Gera Süd.

Der Bahnhof Weischlitz ist ein lokaler Bahnknotenpunkt in der Gemeinde Weischlitz im Vogtland in Sachsen. Der Bahnhof liegt an der Bahnstrecke Plauen–Cheb, zudem endet hier die Bahnstrecke aus Gera.


Recording and release.

On April 11, 2012, Green Day announced that they would be releasing a trilogy of albums titled "¡Uno!", "¡Dos!", and "¡Tré!" and stated that they would be released on September 25, 2012, November 13, 2012, and January 15, 2013, respectively, through Reprise Records. On August 22, Armstrong gave preview of some songs through his iPhone on Zane Lowe's show on BBC Radio 1 in the UK. The preview included a brief snippet of "8th Ave Serenade". The track listing for "¡Tré!" was revealed at the beginning of their video for the promotional single "Nuclear Family" from "¡Uno!" It was later released officially on the "Idiot Club" and was later posted on their website. The song "99 Revolutions" previously appeared in the film "The Campaign". "99 Revolutions" also appeared in a trailer released by Green Day on their YouTube channel on June 21, 2012. On October 29, it was announced that the album's release will be pushed forward to December 11, 2012, due to Green Day having to cancel their upcoming 2012 section of their 2012/2013 tour and delay much of the 2013 leg. On November 1, Green Day released "Behind The Scenes of "¡Uno!", "¡Dos!", and "¡Tré!" – Part 1" which featured the preview of the song "X-Kid". The release date of the "¡Tré!" LPs were pushed back to February 12, 2013, presumably to correct the erroneous inclusion of "Stray Heart" on initial pressings of the album, replacing the track with "Drama Queen", as present on CD and digital releases of the album. Previews of "Missing You" and "Dirty Rotten Bastards" were featured on Green Day's "¡Cuatro!" documentary.

Singles.

The band released a video of a cassette tape playing for the song "X-Kid" and later confirmed it as the first single released on February 12, 2013.

Music and composition.

Billie Joe Armstrong had said the following about the trilogy: Each of the three albums has a totally different vibe. "The first one is power pop. The second is more garage-y, "Nuggets"-type rock. And the third is supposed to be epic. With the first album you're getting in the mood to party. On the second one, you're at the party. And the third album you're cleaning up the mess." "¡Tré!" will be geared more towards stadium rock and will have more of a grandiose sound complete with string arrangements and brass sections. He also went on to say that the mood of "¡Tré!" will be "reflective" and explained the album would be a "mixed bag" with the sound fluctuating from the punk rock feel of "Dookie" and "Insomniac", the experimental elements of "Nimrod" and "Warning" and finishing with the stadium rock/rock opera sound taken from "American Idiot" and "21st Century Breakdown". While musically, Rob Cavallo said that "They wanted to return to the simplicity of "Dookie"." "We also wanted to go pre-"Dookie", back to our love of Fifties and Sixties music, close-to-the-bone rock and roll. You don't hear a gazillion parts. The majority of this is drums, bass, two guitars and vocals." Frontman Billie Joe also stated that "¡Tre!" would be the most ambitious album of the trilogy. He has also stated the following of the album's opening track: "Brutal Love", which marries glam rock, doo-wop and soul music, includes swelling strings at its conclusion."

Critical reception.

At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, "¡Tré!" received an average score of 64, which indicates "generally favorable reviews", based on 19 reviews. Ray Rahman of "Entertainment Weekly" wrote that the album "lets their tightly wound hooks decompress, delivering stadium-worthy three-chord nods to various ghosts of rock past". AllMusic editor Stephen Thomas Erlewine felt that the album is "hookier and not as ponderous as "¡Uno!" but not quite as breakneck as "¡Dos!"", writing that it "feels like... a collection of songs capturing the band at its loosest and poppiest, throwing away tunes without much care." "Kerrang!" cited it as "the best of the bunch". Although he found it to be "littered with head-scratching filler and awkward sonic diversions", Ryan Reed of "Paste" called "¡Tré!" "more raw, pointed and hard-hitting than anything they've released in years".  Michael Hann of "The Guardian" felt that "it's got some pretty good songs – but they never get better than pretty good." "Alternative Press" commented that the album "feels scattershot and slapped together, making it difficult to enjoy on its own merits." Jason Heller of "The A.V. Club" observed a lack of "inspiration" and wrote that the album "succeeds most as an exercise in influence-dropping and self-recycling". Barry Nicolson of "NME" viewed its songs as formulaic and found "little to distinguish them" from songs in the trilogy's first two albums. AJ Ramirez of PopMatters criticized its instrumentation as "functional and characterless", while critiquing the trilogy in general, "The wide spread afforded by the "¡Uno!"/"¡Dos!"/"¡Tré!" trilogy does not suit a band whose aptitudes include simplicity, energy, and irreverence." Stephanie Benson at "Spin" stated ""¡Tré!" is not nearly the vivacious "Let Yourself Go"/"Fuck Time" party of its two predecessors. The music may be just as strong, tight, and impeccable — this is a band that's been going at it for more than a quarter of a century, after all — but there's a lightness missing here, a lack of passion." Benson also compared some of the songs to those on "Dookie" and "Nimrod".

Commercial performance.

The album debuted at number 13 on the US "Billboard" 200 chart, with first-week sales of 58,000 copies in the United States. This became the second consecutive Green Day album, after "¡Dos!", not to sell 100,000 records in its first week after signing to a major record label. As of October 2016, the album had sold 155,000 copies. The album debuted at number 31 on the UK charts with first-week sales of 24,000 and total sales of 62,000 as of October 13, 2016

Personnel.

Credits for "¡Tré!" adapted from liner notes.  Green Day  Additional Personnel

¡Tré! (stylized as ¡TRÉ!) is the eleventh studio album by American rock band Green Day. It is the third and final installment in the "¡Uno!" "¡Dos!" "¡Tré!" trilogy, a series of studio albums that were released from September to December 2012. Green Day started recording material for the album on February 14, 2012, and finished on June 26, 2012. "¡Tré!" follows the power pop style of "¡Uno!", and the garage rock feel of "¡Dos!" The album's title is a nod to the band's drummer Tré Cool, who turned 40 years old two days after the release of the album. Cool is also featured on the album's cover. It is the band's last album as a quartet, as Jason White reverted to being a touring member in 2016 and is also their last album to be produced by their long-time producer Rob Cavallo, whose relationship with the band began with their 1994 album "Dookie".

Tré (eigene Schreibweise: ¡Tré!) ist das elfte Studioalbum der US-amerikanischen Punkband Green Day und der dritte Teil der "Uno-Dos-Tré"-Trilogie. Es erschien am 7. Dezember 2012 bei Reprise Records.


History.

The title was established on 5 February 1965 by Pope Paul VI. The original scheme was part of the 1936 Fascist scheme for hosting the World Exhibition in 1942, which never took place because of World War II but which left a legacy of monumental buildings in a rather megalomaniac layout. The church was planned for a high point at the west end of the site, and was entrusted to a committee of architects: Arnaldo Foschini, Alfredo Energici, Vittorio Grassi, Nello Ena, Tullio Rossi and Costantino Vetriani. They chose a plan based on a Greek cross, in deliberate emulation of the original plan for the new St Peter’s by Michelangelo. Construction began in 1939, but was delayed by the war and by a lack of enthusiasm on the part of the Diocese to be involved. It was only completed in 1955, and became a parish church in 1958. Apparently, the original function of this building was to be the mausoleum of Mussolini.  The parish is administered by the Franciscan Conventuals. The cardinalate title is Santi Pietro e Paolo in Via Ostiense, and the present titular is Pedro Barreto.

Exterior.

The site is on a ridge overlooking the Tiber valley, and sloping down to the main area of the EUR on the other side. It is in the north-west corner of the EUR, and is not very conveniently situated; the intention of the planners was that the building should be visible from afar. The monumental approach from the east side, up a slope,  The edifice is a cube in brown brick with stone trim, and with four gigantic pylons attached to each face forming the Greek cross. These pylons are banded with six horizontal stone string courses. The hemispherical dome is covered in hexagonal tiles and sits on a drum having six rectangular recesses containing porthole windows. The lantern is a cylinder with fourteen rectangular slits, capped with a conical finial crowned by a statue of Our Lady. The entrance is in the eastern pylon, and in the enormous rectangular recess above the doors is a relief of the resurrected Christ with the apostles. Immediately above the door is the Confession of Peter in Latin, and above the recess is a dedicatory inscription.

Interior.

Apart from a marble dado, all the interior surfaces are painted in a uniform light brownish yellow and have developed surface cracks. The dome is coffered with a cross motif, has a stained glass window in the oculus showing a cross. There are eight round windows in the dome's drum. The interior is dominated by the mosaic of Christ in glory over the main altar. The left-hand side chapel is dedicated to the Immaculate Conception and contains a mosaic of the Madonna and Child venerated by angels, while the right-hand one is dedicated to St Francis of Assisi and contains a mosaic of him and other Franciscan saints. There are reliefs depicting the Evangelists at the cardinal points. In the center of the church is an enormous corona, a sixteen-sided light fitting suspended from the dome pendentive and matching the width of the dome.

Holders of the title.

The Cardinal-Priests of Ss. Pietro e Paolo a Via Ostiense include:

Santi Pietro e Paolo a Via Ostiense is one of the titular churches in Rome, to which Cardinal-Priests are appointed. It is a modern building at Piazzale dei Santi Pietro e Paolo 8 in EUR (Esposizione Universale Roma). It is at the west end of the Viale Europa, the last two blocks of which is a monumental approach reserved for pedestrians and paved with polychrome marble. There are colossal statues of the apostles Peter and Paul near the church.

Die Basilika St. Peter und Paul ("Basilica parrocchiale dei Santi Pietro e Paolo a Via Ostiense") ist eine römisch-katholische Kirche im Süden Roms auf der höchsten Stelle am Westrand des Quartiere XXXII. Europa (EUR). Der von Arnaldo Foschini entworfene monumentale kuppelgekrönte Zentralbau im neoklassizistischen Stil entstand ab 1939 im Rahmen des architektonischen Vorzeigeprojekts Mussolinis. Nach ihrer kriegsbedingt verzögerten Vollendung wurde St. Peter und Paul 1952 Minoritenkirche, 1958 Pfarrkirche, 1965 Titelkirche und 1967 Basilica minor.


Background.

"Wet" was written by Snoop Dogg along with The Cataracs, who produced the song. Snoop Dogg specifically recorded the song for Prince William of Wales' bachelor party upon the request of the royal family of the United Kingdom and the Commonwealth Realms. Titled "Wet", Snoop spokespeople bill the song as a sequel to 2008's "Sexual Eruption". Produced by The Cataracs producers of the number-one single "Like a G6", Snoop spoke of the gift: "When I heard the [British] royal family wanted to have me perform in celebration of Prince William's marriage, I knew I had to give them a little something. 'Wet' is the perfect anthem for Prince William or any playa to get the club smokin'." The song was premiered on Snoop's SnoopDogg.com website at precisely 4:20 pm PST, November 30. The official remix, featuring Jim Jones and Shawty Lo, was released on February 8, 2011 as a part of Snoop Dogg's "Puff Puff Pass Tuesdays" giveaway.

"Sweat".

The second official remix features production by French DJ David Guetta. This version is entitled "Sweat", and was released on March 4, 2011. The remix interpolates Felix's "Don't You Want Me". A dub remix, which features production by both David Guetta and Afrojack, was released on May 13, 2011.

Chart performance.

In the United Kingdom, "Sweat" debuted at #16 before moving into the top 10 two weeks later, and eventually reached a peak position of #4. The song also hit number one in Belgium for three non-consecutive weeks. Elsewhere, "Wet" peaked in the top 5 in Finland, Germany and Ireland. On March 14, 2011, "Sweat" debuted on the ARIA Singles Chart at #60, and the following week it climbed 51 places to #9. Three weeks later it reached #1 for a week, becoming Snoop's third number one single in Australia. It has since been certified 4× platinum with sales exceeding 280,000.

Music video.

The video for "Wet" was shot at the Palms Casino in Las Vegas. In the video, Snoop Dogg throws a bachelor party for Prince William who is accompanied by his brother Prince Harry, before his marriage to Kate Middleton. The video shows scenes including Snoop laying next to several women and walking through a hallway with more women dancing around him. The music video for the song premiered on Snoop Dogg's Vevo account on January 5, 2011. An edited version of the video has been released for "Sweat", which extra scenes featuring David Guetta himself.

Credits and personnel.

"Sweat".

Source:

"Wet" is the official lead single from hip-hop artist Snoop Dogg's eleventh studio album "Doggumentary". The original version was produced by The Cataracs. "Wet" reached #40 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs, #18 on the Hot Rap Songs and #13 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles. A remix of the song entitled "Sweat" was released by French DJ David Guetta on March 4, 2011.

Wet ist ein Song des US-amerikanischen Rappers Snoop Dogg. Er wurde am 13. Dezember 2010 als Leadsingle seines Albums "Doggumentary" ausgekoppelt und war ursprünglich für Prinz Williams Junggesellenparty gedacht. In den deutschen Single-Charts MediaControl/GfK ist der Kalifornier vor allem mit Duetten bzw. Kollaborationen erfolgreich. Bei allen fünf Songs, die er bislang in der Top Ten unterbrachte, waren stets Kollegen mit an Bord. Die höchste Chartposition einer solchen Zusammenarbeit erzielte der Remix seines Titels "Wet". Der französische Star-DJ David Guetta nahm sich des Hits an und erreichte mit "Sweat" im April/Mai 2011 für vier Wochen Rang zwei.


Career.

She is the original singer behind Jamelia's international hit single "Superstar", which was written and produced by Danish producers Cutfather & Joe and Remee in 2002. It spent seven weeks at number one on the official Danish singles chart, sold over 12,000 copies, and gave Milton her first gold and platinum record.  In 2004 she co-hosted the annual Danish MGP, a junior singing competition, on DR1.  On 8 April 2004, Milton released her debut album "Friday". Written and produced by the Swedish producers Ghost (Ulf Lindström & Johan Ekhé) and Danish producers Cutfather & Joe and Remee, the album was a #1 success in Denmark. It also spawned three further singles, "Whicketywhack (I Ain't Coming Back)", "Shine On" and "So Addictive".  In 2005 she provided the voice dubbing for one of the characters in the Danish release of the adventure/comedy film "Racing Stripes".  In November 2006, "Superstar" appeared on the debut album of American singer Bianca Ryan, the first winner of the reality talent show "America's Got Talent".  Milton released her first Danish single, "Det' forbi" ("It's Over") in 2007. A year later, she released the single "Tilbage" on Smokenhagen Records, a label owned by the hip-hop production team Madness 4 Real.  On 12 April 2010, Milton returned with the come-back single "Leave You Now", released on Danish house producer Rune RK's Nightology Records.

Personal life.

Milton was born on 18 July 1985 in Amager, Denmark and was raised in Gilleleje, as one of four siblings.  Contrary to popular belief, she is not the daughter of Danish football referee Kim Milton.

Christine Milton (born 18 July 1985) is a Danish pop singer, songwriter and professional dancer. She was one of the participants in the second series of Denmark's popular "Popstars" series. Although she did not win she was signed to record label BMG.

Christine Milton (* 18. Juli 1985 auf Amager) ist eine dänische Popsängerin. Bekannt wurde sie 2002 als Teilnehmerin der zweiten Staffel der dänischen Version der Castingshow Popstars. Sie trug keinen Sieg davon, erhielt aber einen Plattenvertrag bei BMG. Ihre Debütsingle "Superstar" von 2003 erreichte Platz eins in den dänischen Charts und wurde im selben Jahr von Jamelia gecovert, ein Welterfolg. 2004 erschien ihr Album "Friday". In jenem Jahr moderierte sie den Songwettbewerb MGP Nordic.


Career.

Beginning.

Caroline Hjelt (born 8 November 1987, of a Swedish mother and Sweden-Finnish father) and Aino Jawo (born 7 July 1986, of a Finnish mother and Gambian father) attended the same music school in Stockholm, but met by chance at a party in February 2009 and formed the duo. Four weeks later, they had written songs for their very first performance as a duo. Two years later, the duo described their music as "classical pop melodies with drums and synths".  The press, including "NME", "The Guardian", "Rolling Stone" and Pitchfork Media, have praised the duo. "The Guardian" described the debut single "Manners" as "effortlessly cool". The duo has worked in the studio with producers including Style of Eye, Patrik Berger (Robyn), Elof Loelv (Niki & The Dove) and Starsmith.  In fall 2012, the duo released an extended play "Iconic" in the US and the album "Icona Pop" in Sweden. The duo have performed in Sweden, the US, the UK, Germany, Italy, Canada, and Hong Kong and have also been interviewed by Swedish and worldwide press.

2012–13: Breakthrough with "I Love It" and "This Is... Icona Pop".

In the summer of 2012, they took part in a number of festivals including electro music festival Summerburst in Gothenburg and also appeared at the Stockholm Stadium, at the start of an international festival and broadcast via Sveriges Television (SVT).  "I Love It", a pre-release of their self-titled debut album "Icona Pop" charted on Sverigetopplistan, the official Swedish singles chart. The song was also featured in the 2012 video game "", in a German television commercial for Coca-Cola Light in January 2013, the theme song to the MTV reality-television series "Snooki & JWoww", and in an episode of the HBO comedy-drama television series "Girls "and the popular vampire-teen drama television series "The Vampire Diaries". The second single "Ready for the Weekend" was released on 11 September 2012. Both tracks appear on their second extended-play album, released on 16 October 2012. "I Love It" was also used in the commercial for the Samsung Galaxy S4.  Their EP "Iconic EP" reached a peak height of 21 on the U.S. iTunes dance chart. In 2013, they embarked on a tour of the United States with Passion Pit and Matt & Kim. In January 2013, "I Love It" was featured in the third episode of the second season of "Girls", an comedy-drama series created by Lena Dunham. In March 2013, the duo was named one of Fuse's 30 must-see artists at the South by Southwest festival. In March 2013, "I Love It" was featured in the 16th episode of the fourth season, named "Bring It On", of "The Vampire Diaries". On 26 March 2013, "I Love It" was performed on the week 2 results show of "Dancing with the Stars". On 3 May 2013, the duo performed "I Love It" on the NBC late-night talk show, "Late Night with Jimmy Fallon" and on ABC's "Good Morning America" morning news/entertainment show. On 6 May 2013, "I Love It" was featured in the Fox musical-comedy series, "Glee". The song was performed by the "New Directions" in Glee's 22nd and final episode of season four, "All or Nothing". This song is featured in a 2013 ShoeDazzle commercial. On 19 May 2013 the duo performed "I Love It" on the Billboard Music Awards, wearing custom light up outfits by designer Geoffrey Mac. The song also is featured in a commercial for the WNBA's upcoming season that was aired during the 4th quarter of Game 7 of the Heat-Pacers Eastern Conference Championship game on 3 June 2013. It was also featured in a commercial during the Spurs-Heat basketball game on 9 June 2013.  On 4 June 2013, the duo released their new single "Girlfriend". Icona Pop revealed in one interview that they recorded their international album with all new songs. The duo said that "the new album isn't just going to be sixteen tracks like 'I Love It'" and that they are trying new genres and sounds. In July 2013, Icona Pop received two Teen Choice awards for Choice Music Breakout Group and Choice Single: Group. On 28 July 2013, "All Night" was released as the official third single from the album. It gained moderate success in European charts.  On 4 August 2013, the duo visited Montreal, where they performed at the Osheaga Festival in Canada.

2014–present.

On 23 June 2014 the duo released a new single called "Get Lost" which gained less international attention. In the same period, the duo also performed as the opening act for Katy Perry and Miley Cyrus tours. They also collaborated with Tiesto for the song "Let's Go" and with Cobra Starship for the single "Never Been In Love" which became a successful hit in Italy. On 26 May 2015, the duo released the single "Emergency", a collaboration with Erik Hassle. The song peaked a few weeks later on the Billboard Dance Chart, making their second single to top that chart after "All Night". The song was also featured in the video game "FIFA 16". In July the EP "Emergency" was released. It includes the critically acclaimed "First Time" and the smash-hit "Clap Snap". The duo was announced as an opening act for the North American leg of One Direction's "On the Road Again" tour in 2015. Also in 2015, their song "We Got The World" was featured in the movie Pitch Perfect 2. On 23 February 2016, Icona Pop performed a new single, "Someone Who Can Dance" at the Grammis in Stockholm. On 20 October 2016, the duo released their new single "Brightside". On 16 June 2017, Icona Pop released a new single "GIRLS GIRLS", co-written by Tove Lo. In October 2017, they released a song with Australian duo Peking Duk called "Let You Down". In late December 2017, the duo released an EP called "Så mycket bättre 2017 – Tolkningarna" including 7 covered songs. In early March 2018, the duo collaborated with Avon on a music video called "All My Girls". In late April 2018, the duo was featured on a song called "Faded Away" by Sweater Beats. In late May 2018, Icona Pop said on their social media that they were currently working on their third studio album. In June 2019 the duo performed at St. Louis Pridefest. Icona Pop released a song with R3hab called "This Is How We Party" on 8 February 2019. On 26 July 2019, the duo returned with the first single from the upcoming third studio album – "Next Mistake". The Swedish duo have signed to Ultra Music as of 2019.  | 2012  | 2018  | rowspan=2|2014  | 2018  | 2014  | rowspan=2|2014

Icona Pop () is a Swedish electropop duo that formed in 2009, with electro house, punk and indie pop music influences. The two members Caroline Hjelt and Aino Jawo, who grew up in Stockholm, create what has been described as music "you can both laugh and cry to at the same time". They signed to TEN Music Group in 2009, and are currently also in a label deal with Ultra Music. Their biggest hit to date has been "I Love It". Since September 2012, the duo have been based in the United States, in Los Angeles and New York City.

Icona Pop ( ; ital. "Popstar") ist ein schwedisches Elektropop-Duo. Es besteht aus den Sängerinnen Aino Jawo (* 7. Juli 1986) und Caroline Hjelt (* 8. November 1987).


Early life and career.

T. Vincent Quinn was born in Long Island City, New York on March 16, 1903. He attended schools in Queens, graduated from William Cullen Bryant High School, and received his LL.B. degree from Fordham University School of Law in 1924.  Quinn practiced in New York City. Active in the Democratic Party, he served as Assistant District Attorney of Queens County from September 1931 to August 1934. From 1934 to 1947 he was an Assistant United States Attorney for the Eastern District of New York, and he twice served as Acting U.S. Attorney.

Political career.

In July 1947 Quinn was appointed by President Harry Truman as an Assistant United States Attorney General for the Criminal Division and was confirmed in September. In the post, he worked on the post-war cases of World War II propagandists Iva Toguri D'Aquino, better known as Tokyo Rose and Robert Henry Best.  After 13 months at the Justice Department, Quinn resigned in August 1948 to run for Congress from New York's 5th congressional district. In the 1948 election, Quinn defeated freshman Republican Robert Tripp Ross. He defeated Ross in a rematch in 1950; but ran successfully for Queens County’s District Attorney in 1951 and resigned from Congress in December.

Criminal Charges.

In 1953, Quinn and his former law partners were indicted for allegedly enabling Quinn to accept legal fees for advising clients with business before the federal government while he was serving in Congress, and taking steps to conceal this activity. Despite the charges and the Queens Democratic Party’s refusal to endorse him, he ran for re-election as district attorney in 1955 with former state Senator Frank D. O'Connor challenging him in the Democratic primary. O’Connor prevailed by 1,452 votes after a recount. Quinn and his associates were acquitted on some charges in 1956. The judge ruled that prosecutors had presented no evidence that Quinn was aware the legal fees in question were from cases that took place during his time in Congress. In 1957, the remaining charges were dismissed.

Later career.

In 1957, Quinn was appointed to the New York City Magistrates' Court. He served as a magistrate until 1962, when the court was merged with the New York City Criminal Court. After the merger Quinn was a Judge on the criminal court until retiring in September 1972.

Personal life.

In retirement Quinn resided in Venice, Florida, where he died on March 1, 1982.

Thomas Vincent Quinn (March 16, 1903 – March 1, 1982) was an American jurist and politician from New York. He served as an assistant Attorney General and was elected to one term in the United States House of Representatives. He left Congress to become the Queens County District Attorney and was defeated for re-election after being indicted on Federal corruption charges. He was not convicted and was later appointed as a criminal court judge.

Thomas Vincent Quinn (* 16. März 1903 in Long Island City, Queens, New York; † 1. März 1982 in Venice, Florida) war ein US-amerikanischer Jurist und Politiker. Zwischen 1949 und 1951 vertrat er den Bundesstaat New York im US-Repräsentantenhaus.


Gameplay.

"The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time" is a fantasy action-adventure game set in an expansive environment. The player controls series protagonist Link from a third-person perspective in a three-dimensional world. Link primarily fights with a sword and shield, but can also use other weapons such as projectiles, bombs, and magic spells. The control scheme introduced techniques such as context-sensitive actions and a targeting system called "Z-targeting", which allows the player to have Link focus and latch onto enemies or other objects. When using this technique, the camera follows the target and Link constantly faces it. Projectile attacks are automatically directed at the target and do not require manual aiming. Context-sensitive actions allow multiple tasks to be assigned to one button, simplifying the control scheme. The on-screen display shows what will happen when the button is pushed and changes depending on what the character is doing. For example, the same button that causes Link to push a box if he is standing next to it will have him climb on the box if the analog stick is pushed toward it. Much of the game is spent in battle, but some parts require the use of stealth.  Link gains new abilities by collecting items and weapons found in dungeons or in the overworld. Not all are required—"Ocarina of Time" has several optional side quests, or minor objectives that the player can choose to complete or ignore. Completing the side quests usually results in rewards, normally in the form of weapons or abilities. In one side quest, Link trades items he cannot use himself among non-player characters. This trading sequence features ten items and ends with Link receiving an item he can use, the two-handed Biggoron Sword, the strongest sword in the game. In another side quest, Link can acquire a horse. This allows him to travel faster, but attacking while riding is restricted to arrows.  Link is given an ocarina near the beginning of the game, which is later replaced by the Ocarina of Time. Throughout the game, Link learns twelve melodies that allow him to solve music-based puzzles and teleport to previously visited locations in the game. The Ocarina of Time is also used to claim the Master Sword in the Temple of Time. When Link takes the sword, he is transported seven years into the future and becomes an adult. Young Link and adult Link have different abilities. For example, only adult Link can use the Fairy Bow, and only young Link can fit through certain small passages. After completing certain tasks, Link can travel freely between the two time periods by replacing and taking the sword.

Plot.

Setting.

"Ocarina of Time" is set in the fictional kingdom of Hyrule, the setting of most "Legend of Zelda" games, and takes place before all previous games in the series. Hyrule Field serves as the central hub connected to several outlying areas with diverse topography and the races of Hyrule.

Story.

The fairy Navi awakens Link from a nightmare in which he witnesses a man in black armor pursuing a young girl on horseback. Navi brings Link to the Great Deku Tree, who is cursed and near death. The Deku Tree tells Link a "wicked man of the desert" cursed him and seeks to conquer the world, and that Link must stop him. Before dying, the Great Deku Tree gives Link the Spiritual Stone of the Forest and sends him to Hyrule Castle to speak with Hyrule's princess.  At the Hyrule Castle garden, Link meets Princess Zelda, who believes Ganondorf, the Gerudo king, is seeking the Triforce, a holy relic that gives its holder godlike power. Zelda asks Link to obtain the three Spiritual Stones so he can enter the Sacred Realm and claim the Triforce before Ganondorf reaches it. Link collects the other two stones: the first from Darunia, leader of the Gorons, and the second from Ruto, princess of the Zoras. Link returns to Hyrule Castle, where he sees Ganondorf chase Zelda and her caretaker Impa on horseback, like in his nightmare, and unsuccessfully attempts to stop him. Inside the Temple of Time, he uses the Ocarina of Time, a gift from Zelda, and the Spiritual Stones to open the door to the Sacred Realm. There he finds the Master Sword, but as he pulls it from its pedestal, Ganondorf, having snuck into the Temple after Link, appears and claims the Triforce.  Seven years later, an older Link awakens in the Sacred Realm and is met by Rauru, one of the seven sages who protects the entrance to the Sacred Realm. Rauru explains that Link's spirit was sealed for seven years until he was old enough to wield the Master Sword and defeat Ganondorf, who has now taken over Hyrule. The seven sages can imprison Ganondorf in the Sacred Realm, but five are unaware of their identities as sages. Link is returned to the Temple of Time, where he meets the mysterious Sheik, who guides him to free five temples from Ganondorf's control and allow each temple's sage to awaken. Link befriended all five sages as a child: his childhood friend Saria, the Sage of the Forest Temple; Darunia, the Sage of the Fire Temple; Ruto, the Sage of the Water Temple; Impa, the Sage of the Shadow Temple; and Nabooru, leader of the Gerudos in Ganondorf's absence, the Sage of the Spirit Temple. After the five sages awaken, Sheik reveals herself to be Zelda in disguise, and the seventh sage. She tells Link that Ganondorf's heart was unbalanced, causing the Triforce to split into three pieces. Ganondorf acquired only the Triforce of Power, while Zelda received the Triforce of Wisdom and Link the Triforce of Courage.  Ganondorf appears and kidnaps Zelda, imprisoning her in his castle. The other six sages help Link infiltrate the stronghold; Link frees Zelda after defeating Ganondorf, who destroys the castle in an attempt to kill Link and Zelda. After they escape the collapsing castle, Ganondorf emerges from the rubble and transforms into a boar-like beast named Ganon using the Triforce of Power, knocking the Master Sword from Link's hand; with Zelda's aid, Link retrieves the Master Sword and defeats Ganon. The seven sages seal Ganondorf in the Dark Realm; still holding the Triforce of Power, he vows to take revenge on their descendants. Zelda uses the Ocarina of Time to send Link back to his childhood. Navi departs and young Link meets Zelda in the castle garden once more, where he retains knowledge of Hyrule's fate, starting with Hyrule's decline.

Development.

First shown as a technical and thematic demonstration video at Nintendo's Shoshinkai trade show in December 1995, "Ocarina of Time" was developed concurrently with "Super Mario 64" by Nintendo's Entertainment Analysis & Development (EAD) division.  Nintendo planned to release "Super Mario 64" as a launch game for the Nintendo 64 (N64) and later release "Ocarina of Time" for the 64DD, a disk drive peripheral for the system, which was still in development. Nintendo eventually migrated the development of "Ocarina of Time" from disk to cartridge media due to the high data performance requirements imposed by continuously reading 500 motion-captured character animations throughout gameplay. They planned to follow its release with a 64DD expansion disk.  Initially planned as a 16-megabyte game, it was later increased to 32 megabytes, making it the largest game Nintendo had created at the time. Early in development, the team had concerns about the data storage constraints of the N64 cartridge; in the worst-case scenario, "Ocarina of Time" would follow a similar structure to "Super Mario 64", with Link restricted to Ganondorf's castle as a central hub, using a portal system similar to the paintings that Mario uses to traverse the realm. An idea that arose from this stage of development, a battle with a doppelganger of Ganondorf that rides through paintings, was used as the boss of the Forest Temple dungeon.  While Shigeru Miyamoto had been the principal director of "Super Mario 64", he was now in charge of several directors as a producer and supervisor of "Ocarina of Time". Different parts were handled by different directors, a new strategy for Nintendo EAD. Four or five initial teams grew over time, each working on different basic experiments, including scenario and planning, Link's actions, transforming classic 2D items into improved 3D form, camera experiments, motion capture, sound, special effects, and the flow of time.  Although the development team was new to 3D games, assistant director Makoto Miyanaga recalled a "passion for creating something new and unprecedented". Miyamoto intended the game, a "medieval tale of sword and sorcery", to be in the chanbara genre of Japanese sword fighting. The development involved more than 120 people, including stunt performers used to capture the effects of sword fighting and Link's movement. Miyamoto initially intended "Ocarina of Time" to be played in a first-person perspective to enable players to take in the vast terrain of Hyrule Field better and let the team focus more on developing enemies and environments. The concept was abandoned once the idea of a child Link was introduced, and Miyamoto believed it necessary for Link to be visible on screen. Originally Z-targeting involved a generic marker, however Koizumi changed the design to that of a fairy to make it less "robotic". The fairy gained the name of the "Fairy Navigation System" amongst staff, and ultimately, this turned into the nickname "Navi", which in turn resulted in the "birth" of Navi's character. The "birth" of Navi was a pivotal point in the story's development.  Some of Miyamoto's ideas were instead used in "Super Mario 64", since it was to be released first. Other ideas were not used due to time constraints. "Ocarina of Time" originally ran on the same engine as "Super Mario 64", but was so heavily modified that Miyamoto considers the final products different engines. One major difference between the two is camera control; the player has a lot of control over the camera in "Super Mario 64", but the camera in "Ocarina of Time" is largely controlled by the game AI. Miyamoto said the camera controls for "Ocarina of Time" are intended to reflect a focus on the game's world, whereas those of "Super Mario 64" are centered on the character of Mario. Miyamoto wanted to make a game that was cinematic, yet distinguished from films. Takumi Kawagoe, who creates cutscenes for Nintendo, said that his priority was to have the player feel in control of the action. To promote this instantaneous continuity of cinematic gameplay, the cutscenes in "Ocarina of Time" are completely generated with real-time computing on the Nintendo 64 and do not use prerendered full-motion video. Miyamoto's vision required this real-time architecture for the total of more than 90 minutes of cutscenes, regardless of whether the console had a vast medium like CD-ROM on which to store prerendered versions. Toru Osawa created the scenario for the game, based on a story idea by Miyamoto and Yoshiaki Koizumi. He was supported by "A Link to the Past" and "Link's Awakening" script writer Kensuke Tanabe. Miyamoto said the real-time rendering engine allowed his small team of 3 to 7 cinematic developers to rapidly adjust the storyline and to focus on developing additional gameplay elements even up to the final few months of development, instead of waiting on a repeated prerendering process. The dungeons were designed by Eiji Aonuma.  Throughout the late 1990s, the Nintendo 64 was said to lack hit first-party games. "Next Generation" wrote that "Nintendo absolutely can't afford another holiday season without a real marquee title" and that "Zelda" was "one of the most anticipated games of the decade", upon which the Nintendo 64's fate depended. In March 1998, Ocarina of Time was the most anticipated Nintendo 64 game in Japan. Chairman Howard Lincoln insisted at E3 1998 that "Zelda" ship on time and become Nintendo's reinvigorating blockbuster, akin to a hit Hollywood movie.  Customers in North America who pre-ordered the "Ocarina of Time" received a limited-edition box with a golden plastic card reading "Collector's Edition". This edition contained a gold-colored cartridge, a tradition that began with the original "Legend of Zelda" (1986) for the Nintendo Entertainment System. Demand was so great that Electronics Boutique stopped pre-selling the game on November 3, 1998.  Several versions of "Ocarina of Time" were produced, with later revisions featuring minor changes such as glitch repairs, the recoloring of Ganondorf's blood from crimson to green, and the alteration of the music heard in the Fire Temple dungeon to remove a sample of an Islamic prayer chant. The sample was taken from a commercially available sound library, but the developers did not realize it contained Islamic references. Although popularly believed to have been changed due to public outcry, the chanting was removed after Nintendo discovered it violated policy of avoiding religious material, and the altered versions of "Ocarina of Time" were made prior to the original release.

Music.

"Ocarina of Time"s music was written by Koji Kondo, the composer in charge of music for most of the games in "The Legend of Zelda" series. In addition to characters having musical themes, areas of Hyrule are also associated with pieces of music. This has been called leitmotif in reverse—instead of music announcing an entering character, it now introduces a stationary environment as the player approaches. In some locations, the music is a variation of an ocarina tune the player learns, related to that area.  Beyond providing a backdrop for the setting, music plays an integral role in gameplay. The button layout of the Nintendo 64 controller resembles the holes of the ocarinas in the game, and players must learn to play several songs to complete the game. All songs are played using the five notes available on an ocarina, although by bending pitches via the analog stick, players can play additional tones. Kondo said that creating distinct themes on the limited scale was a "major challenge", but feels that the end result is very natural. The popularity of "Ocarina of Time" led to an increase in ocarina sales.  The official soundtrack of "Ocarina of Time" was published by Pony Canyon and released in Japan on December 18, 1998. It comprises one compact disc with 82 tracks. A U.S. version was also released, although with fewer tracks and different packaging artwork. Many critics praised the music in "Ocarina of Time", although IGN was disappointed that the traditional "Zelda" overworld theme was not included. In 2001, three years after the initial release of Ocarina of Time, GameSpot labeled it as one of the top ten video game soundtracks. The soundtrack, at the time, was not released in Europe or Australia. In 2011, however, a 51-track limited edition soundtrack for the 3DS version was available in a free mail out through a Club Nintendo offer to owners of the 3DS edition, as an incentive to register the product. The original musical theme for the Fire Temple area was altered before release of the game, due to Nintendo's policy of not including real religious references in their products, with the altered theme simply removing the chanting samples.  "Hero of Time", an orchestral recording of "Ocarina of Time"s score performed by the Slovak National Symphony Orchestra, was released by video game label Materia Collective in 2017. A vinyl version was published by iam8bit. It was nominated for "Best Game Music Cover/Remix" at the 16th Annual Game Audio Network Guild Awards.

Rereleases.

Nintendo ported "Ocarina of Time" to its next console, the GameCube, as part of "", a compilation of "Zelda" games. The port runs at a resolution of 640×480, quadruple that of the original, and supports progressive scan. Another GameCube release included the original game and a second, more difficult "master quest" that was included as a pre-order bonus with "" (2002) in Japan and North America and included in GameCube bundles worldwide. It was also given to those who registered certain hardware and software or subscribed to official magazines and clubs.  In February 2007, "Ocarina of Time" was released for the Wii Virtual Console service for 1000 Wii Points. This version is an emulation of the Nintendo 64 version; as controller vibration is unsupported, the "Stone of Agony" item, which employs vibrations via the Nintendo 64 Rumble Pak controller accessory, has no function. A five-minute demo of the game can be unlocked in "Super Smash Bros. Brawl" (2008). "Ocarina of Time" was rereleased on the Wii U Virtual Console worldwide on July 2, 2015, this time including the original controller vibration.  "Ocarina of Time" was one of the few games ported to the iQue Player.

Nintendo 3DS remake.

In June 2011, Nintendo released "Ocarina of Time 3D", an enhanced port for the Nintendo 3DS handheld console. It was developed by Nintendo EAD with Grezzo, an independent Japanese studio headed by Koichi Ishii. The game includes "Master Quest" and adds features including touchscreen and gyroscope controls, a "Boss Challenge" mode, instructional videos to guide stuck players, and modified version of the Water Temple with reduced difficulty.

"Master Quest".

After completing "Ocarina of Time", Nintendo developed a new version of the game for the then-unreleased 64DD peripheral with the working title "Ura Zelda", commonly translated as "Another Zelda". Described as a second version of "Ocarina" with rearranged dungeons, it contains new content, some that had been cut from "Ocarina" due to time and storage constraints. In 1998, "Ura Zelda" was delayed indefinitely following problems with the development of the 64DD, and was canceled due to the 64DD's commercial failure. In August 2000, Miyamoto stated that "Ura Zelda" had been finished and that no online functions had ever been planned.  "Ura Zelda" was ported to the GameCube in 2002 in Japan as and in 2003 in North America and Europe as "The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time Master Quest". According to Miyamoto, the "Ura Zelda" was simple to port as it used few of the 64DD features. "Master Quest" uses the same engine and plot of "Ocarina of Time", but with increased difficulty and altered dungeons and puzzles.  IGN's Peer Schneider gave "Master Quest" a mostly positive review, likening the concept to the second quest of the original "Legend of Zelda". He felt that some redesigned areas were poorer than the original "Ocarina of Time", and speculated that they may have been constructed from "second choice" designs created during development. He described the port as graphically improved, but contained no substantial improvement to the frame rate. He also expressed the controls translated to the GameCube controller felt clumsy. Nonetheless, he summarized "Master Quest" as a "sweet surprise for any "Zelda" fan" and wrote that he would have recommended it even at full price. Zachary Lewis of RPG Gamer praised the revised puzzles, which require precise timing and find new uses for the "Ocarina" items, but wrote that players would be enthralled or frustrated by the increased difficulty.

Reception.

"Ocarina of Time" was released to universal acclaim and strong commercial success worldwide. In the United States, over 500,000 preorders were placed, more than tripling the number of preorders for any previous video game, and more than 1 million copies were sold there in less than a week. In 1998, 2.5 million copies were sold, although it was released only 39 days before the end of the year; it earned $150 million in U.S. revenues, higher than any Hollywood film in the last six weeks of 1998. In Japan, 820,000 copies were sold in 1998, becoming the tenth best-selling game of that year; a reported 386,234 copies were sold in its first week there, surpassing the 316,000 first-week sales of "Metal Gear Solid". In the United Kingdom, 61,232 copies were sold during its first weekend. During its lifetime, "Ocarina of Time" saw 1.14 million copies sold in Japan, and 7.6 million copies worldwide.  On its initial Nintendo 64 release, "Ocarina of Time" received perfect review scores from the majority of gaming publications that reviewed it, including "Famitsu", "Next Generation", "Edge", "Electronic Gaming Monthly", GameSpot, and IGN. The review aggregator websites Metacritic and GameRankings respectively rank the original Nintendo 64 version as the highest and second highest reviewed game of all time, with average scores of 99/100 from Metacritic and 98% from GameRankings. The reviews praised multiple aspects of the game, particularly its level design, gameplay mechanics, sound, and cinematics. GameSpot reviewer Jeff Gerstmann wrote that "Ocarina of Time" is "a game that can't be called anything other than flawless", and IGN called it "the new benchmark for interactive entertainment" that could "shape the action RPG genre for years to come". Editors of GameTrailers called it a "walking patent office" due to the number of features it contains that became "industry standard".  The graphics were praised for their depth and detail, although reviewers noted they were not always the best the console had to offer. Game Revolution noted the characters' faces, the "toughest graphical challenge on 3D characters", saying that the characters' expressions and animation featured "surprising grace". IGN believed that "Ocarina of Time" improved on the graphics of "Super Mario 64", giving a larger sense of scale. Impressive draw distances and large boss characters were also mentioned as graphical highlights. Although excelling in the use of color and the visibility and detail of the environment, reviewers noted that some graphical elements of "Ocarina of Time" did not perform as well as "Banjo-Kazooie", a game released for the same platform earlier that year. IGN said that the frame rate and textures of "Ocarina of Time" were not as good as those of "Banjo-Kazooie", particularly in the marketplace of Hyrule Castle, which was called "blurry".  Gameplay was generally praised as detailed, with many side quests to occupy players' time. IGN said players would be "amazed at the detail" of the environment and the "amount of thought that went into designing it". IGN praised the cinematics, citing great emotional impact and "flawless camera work". "EGM" enjoyed that Nintendo was able to take the elements of the older, 2D "Zelda" games and "translate it all into 3D flawlessly". "Nintendo Power" cited "Ocarina of Time", along with "Super Mario 64", as two games that "blazed trails" into the 3D era. The context-sensitive control system was seen as one of the strongest elements of the gameplay. Reviewers noted that it allowed for simpler control using fewer buttons, but that it occasionally caused the player to perform unintended actions. The camera control was quoted as making combat "second nature", although the new system took time for the player to get used to.  The game's audio was generally well received, with IGN comparing some of Koji Kondo's pieces to the work of Philip Glass. Many atmospheric sounds and surround sound were designed to effectively immerse the player in the game world. Some reviewers complained that the audio samples used in the game sounded dated; others considered this a benefit, calling them "retro". Game Revolution called the sound "good for the Nintendo, but not great in the larger scheme of things" and noted that the cartridge format necessitated "MIDI tunes that range from fair to terrible".  In 1998, "Ocarina of Time" won the Grand Prize in the Interactive Art division at the Japan Media Arts Festival.  It won six honors at the 2nd Annual Interactive Achievement Awards, including "Game of the Year", "Outstanding Achievement in Interactive Design", "Outstanding Achievement in Software Engineering", "Console Game of the Year", "Console Adventure Game of the Year" and "Console RPG of the Year", along with a nomination for "Outstanding Achievement in Character or Story Development".  "Electronic Gaming Monthly" gave it both the editors' choice and readers' choice awards for "Game of the Year for All Systems", "Nintendo 64 Game of the Year" and "Action RPG of the Year" as well as the readers' choice awards for "Best Music" and "Best Graphics", and it was runner-up for the reader's choice "Best Sound Effects" award. "Edge" gave it the awards for "Game of the Year" and "Gameplay Innovation" and placed it 2nd place for "Graphical Achievement" (behind "Virtua Fighter 3tb").

Legacy.

After publication, "Ocarina of Time" was featured on a number of compiled lists of best or most influential games. It was ranked the greatest video game of all time by numerous publications including "Computer and Video Games", "Edge", "Entertainment Weekly", GameTrailers, IGN, Metacritic, "Next Generation", "Nintendo Power", GameFAQs, GameStats, GamingBolt,, "Game Informer", "Slant", "FHM", Joystik, and PALGN. It also appeared on other lists of greatest games including those of "Electronic Gaming Monthly" and IGN. The game was placed second in "Official Nintendo Magazine"s "100 greatest Nintendo games of all time", behind only "Super Mario Bros." "Game Informer" ranked it as its 11th favorite game of all time and described it as "untouchable". In May 2011, IGN held a tournament-style competition celebrating the 25th anniversary of the original "The Legend of Zelda"s release in which fans voted "Ocarina of Time" the greatest "Zelda" game; it beat "" in the final round. Rockstar Games vice president of creativity Dan Houser stated in 2012, "Anyone who makes 3-D games who says they've not borrowed something from "Mario" or "Zelda" [on the Nintendo 64] is lying." "Ocarina of Time" has consistently been placed at number one in "Edge"s "top 100 games" lists: a staff-voted list in January 2000, a staff- and reader-voted list in July 2007, a list of "The 100 Best Games to Play Today" in March 2009, and a 2013 readers' poll selecting the 20 best games released since the magazine's launch in 1993. "Edge" concluded its 2009 list with, ""Ocarina of Time" is here in the list not because Nintendo had the power and wisdom to make a great game, but because it had the courage to make a unique one."  Reception for the "Master Quest" and Virtual Console rereleases was positive; while some considered aspects of the graphics and audio to be outdated, most thought that the game has aged well. The "Master Quest" version holds an average score of 89.50% on GameRankings and 91/100 on Metacritic. IGN said in their review, ""Ocarina of Time" has aged extremely well", and noted in regard to the game's graphics, "While the textures and models look dated, the game's wonderful visual presentation stood the test of time." Game Revolution said that although the game has "noticeably aged compared to brand new RPGs... it's still a terrific game", awarding 91 out of 100. In 2007, former GameSpot editor Jeff Gerstmann gave the Virtual Console port 8.9 out of 10, writing, "Even after nine years, "Ocarina of Time" holds up surprisingly well, offering a lengthy and often-amazing adventure".

The player controls Link in the fantasy land of Hyrule on a quest to stop the evil king Ganondorf, traveling through time and navigating dungeons and an overworld. The game introduced features such as a target-lock system and context-sensitive buttons that have since become common in 3D adventure games. Music plays an important role, as the player must learn to play numerous songs on an ocarina to progress.

The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time (Kurz: TLoZ:OoT oder OoT; jap., "Zeruda no Densetsu: Toki no Okarina", wörtlich: "Die Legende von Zelda: Okarina der Zeit") ist ein Videospiel vom japanischen Spieleentwickler und Spielkonsolenhersteller Nintendo. Es wird den Genres Action-Adventure beziehungsweise Action-Rollenspiel zugeordnet und erschien 1998 als fünfter Teil der "The-Legend-of-Zelda"-Reihe für die Nintendo-64-Konsole. Bei dem Titel handelt es sich um den ersten Teil der Serie mit 3D-Grafik.


Election and assassination.

Ragnvald Knaphövde had been elected king by the Swedes in Uppland and then acknowledged by the East Gothlanders in Östergötland, but when he entered Västergötland, he did so without taking Geatish hostages. In Karleby, he was murdered by the Geats who instead had elected the Danish prince "Magnus Nielsen" who became King Magnus I of Sweden.  The Danish chronicler Saxo Grammaticus explained later in the same century that the election of Magnus and the murder of a rightful king of Sweden was part of a Gothic (Geatish) plan to arrogate the right of electing the king from the Swedes: In the following century, in the "Westrogothic law", the Geats would acknowledge that it was the Swedes who were entitled to elect and depose the king. In the regnal list of this law, they ignored the existence of any Magnus, but instead they defended the murder of Ragnvald as follows: Thus, the Geats explained the murder of Ragnvald as vengeance for his arrogant attitude towards them. After the death of King Magnus, the West Gothland region was ruled by jarls, probably under the nominal supremacy of Danish kings during a few decades until the Swedish king Sverker the Elder and after him the Swedish king Erik Jedvardsson were accepted there. The 16th-century Swedish King John III would later have a damaged tombstone replaced for Ragnvald, over a grave at Vreta Abbey. This is considered the family grave of King Inge the Elder, named for that king's son mentioned above.

Ragnvald Knaphövde was a King of Sweden whose reign is estimated to have occurred in the mid-1120s or c. 1130. His cognomen "Knaphövde" is explained as referring to a drinking vessel, the size of a man's head or meaning "round head" and referring to his being foolish. Ragnvald is mentioned in the regnal list of the "Westrogothic law" as the successor of King Inge the Younger. His parentage is uncertain: King Inge the Elder of Sweden had a son named Ragnvald, and historian Sven Tunberg has suggested him as identical with Ragnvald Knaphövde. However, another tradition presents King Ragnvald as the son of an Olof Näskonung ("Neskonungr" meant "king of a ness" or "petty king", in Old Norse), and the regnal list of the Westrogothic law does not mention that Ragnvald had any connection with the old line of kings.

Ragnvald (* um 1100; † um 1130) war Anfang des 12. Jahrhunderts König in Schweden. Seine Lebensdaten und seine Eltern sind nicht bekannt. Er wird in der "Äldre Västgötalagens Kungakrönika" (Königschronik des Vestgöta-Gesetzes) von 1240 erwähnt. Dort wird gesagt, dass er König zwischen Inge II. und Sverker I. gewesen sei. Dass er mit dem Sohn gleichen Namens von Inge I. identisch sei, lässt sich nicht verifizieren. Aber die Tatsache, dass er König wurde, lässt darauf schließen, dass er königlicher Abstammung war. In Betracht wird die Zugehörigkeit zum Geschlecht Stenkils oder zu der alten Uppsala-Könige gezogen. Er hatte die Tochter Ingrid Ragnvaldsdatter und war Schwiegervater von König Harald Gille von Norwegen. In einer Marginalie wurde mit bedeutend jüngerer Handschrift zu Ragnvalds Namen in der Königschronik der Beiname „knaphövda“ hinzugefügt, wahrscheinlich aus einer anderen Quelle übernommen. Saxo Grammaticus nennt seinen Namen nicht, wohl aber, dass die Svear, als Gauten den dänischen Königssohn Magnus Nilsson zum König gewählt hatten, einen eigenen König gewählt haben, den die Gauten töteten. Magnus Nilsson kommt allerdings in der Königschronik des Västgötalag nicht vor.


Early life.

Born Robert Chester Ruark Jr., to Charlotte A. Ruark and Robert C. Ruark, a bookkeeper for a wholesale grocery, young Ruark grew up in Wilmington, North Carolina. His brother, David, was adopted, and little is known about him. The Ruark family was deeply affected by the Depression, but still managed to send Robert to college. He graduated early from New Hanover High School, and enrolled in the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill at age 15. His studies included a few journalism classes but, contrary to popular belief, he did not earn a degree in journalism.

Early career.

In the 1930s, Ruark was fired from an accounting job in the Works Progress Administration, and did a hitch in the United States Merchant Marine. He worked for two small town newspapers in North Carolina: the "Hamlet News Messenger" and, later, the "Sanford Herald".  In 1936, Ruark moved to Washington, D.C., and was hired as a copy boy for "The Washington Daily News", a Scripps-Howard newspaper. In just a few months he was the paper's top sports reporter.  During World War II, Ruark was commissioned an ensign in the United States Navy, and served ten months as a gunnery officer on Atlantic and Mediterranean convoys.

Marriage.

In 1938, Ruark married Virginia Webb, an interior designer from an upper-middle-class family in the Washington, D.C. area, and a graduate of Georgetown University. They divorced in 1963, and had no children. Virginia Webb-Ruark died in 1966.

Writing career.

Upon his return to Washington, Ruark joined the Scripps-Howard Newspaper Alliance. As his obituary in "The New York Times" stated, Ruark was "sometimes glad, sometimes sad, and often mad — but almost always provocative." Some of his columns were eventually collected into two books, "I Didn't Know It Was Loaded" (1948) and "One for the Road" (1949).  As he became recognized, Ruark began to write fiction, first for literary magazines, and then his first novel, "Grenadine Etching", in 1947. The novel parodied the popular historical romances of the time and set the stage for his many humorous novels and articles published in the "Saturday Evening Post", "Esquire", and other popular publications.

African safari.

After enjoying some success as a writer, Ruark decided that it was time to fulfill a lifelong dream to go on safari to Africa, fueled by his doctor's advice to have a year's rest. Legendary Ker and Downey Safaris booked him with Harry Selby, and Ruark began a love affair with Africa. Ruark was booked with Selby because of a desire to use a tracker named Kidogo, who had once hunted with Ernest Hemingway. Ruark's pairing with Selby, though fortuitous, was pure chance. Kidogo was a member of Selby's crew.  As a result of this first safari, Ruark wrote a book called "Horn of the Hunter", in which he detailed his hunt. Selby became an overnight legend and was subsequently booked for up to five years in advance by Americans wishing to duplicate Ruark's adventures. After the first safari, Selby and Ruark again went hunting, and this time they took cameras along. The result was a one-hour documentary entitled "Africa Adventure", released by RKO pictures. Though extremely difficult to find, a 16mm print of this movie was discovered in 2002, and a DVD copy was created and donated to the Robert Ruark Foundation in Southport, North Carolina.  In 1953, Ruark began writing a series for "Field & Stream" magazine entitled "The Old Man and the Boy". Considered largely autobiographical (although technically fiction), this heartwarming series ran until late 1961. The stories were characterized by the philosophical musings of the "Old Man", who was modeled after both of Ruark's grandfathers, but mostly on Captain Edward "Ned" Hall Adkins, Ruark's maternal grandfather. In the stories, young Bob Ruark grows up hunting and fishing in coastal North Carolina, always guided by the Old Man. However, the pain of his parents' difficult domestic life and his relatively few childhood friends (Ruark, something of a child prodigy in school, was a loner) are tellingly absent from the narratives. Many of the stories were collected into a book of the same name, followed shortly thereafter by a companion book entitled "The Old Man's Boy Grows Older". Today these two books are probably his best remembered works. Twenty stories were also published in the book "Robert Ruark's Africa".  Ruark's first bestselling novel was published in 1955. Entitled "Something of Value", it describes the Mau Mau Uprising by Kenyan rebels against British rule. The novel drew from the author's personal knowledge and experiences on safari in Africa, and was adapted into a successful 1957 film, "Something of Value". "Uhuru", a novel with a similar theme, but not intended to be a sequel, was published in 1962. "Uhuru" is the Swahili word for "freedom". He had intended to write a final chapter in the series with the working title of "A Long View From a Tall Hill", but this never materialized.

Last years.

After his first half dozen books or so, Ruark continued to write, though few of his later novels matched his earlier successes. In 1960, after a bittersweet visit to his hometown of Wilmington, North Carolina, Ruark left the U.S. for good. He lived in London and Barcelona, before settling in Sant Antoni de Calonge, Spain. Shortly before his death, he wrote a final article which later appeared in "Playboy" and was titled "Nothing Works and Nobody Cares." He died in London, England, on July 1, 1965, of cirrhosis of the liver brought on by alcoholism. His last novel, "The Honey Badger", exemplified the condition of the author at this time in his life. The book was published posthumously, as was "Use Enough Gun", which is essentially a collection of excerpts from his earlier works. More notable are the two collections published by McIntosh and Casada, which are representative of the author's finest work.  Robert Ruark is buried in Palamos, Spain.

Bibliography.

By Robert Ruark:  About Robert Ruark:

Robert Ruark (December 29, 1915 in Wilmington, North Carolina – July 1, 1965 in London, England) was an American author, syndicated columnist, and big game hunter.

Robert Chester Ruark (* 29. Dezember 1915 in Wilmington (North Carolina), USA; † 1. Juli 1965 in London, England) war ein US-amerikanischer Kolumnist und Autor.