Gameplay.

"To the Moon" is built on the RPG Maker XP engine, which is used to create 16-bit 2D role-playing games, in the style of "Dragon Quest" or "Final Fantasy". However, unlike a typical RPG, "To the Moon" has no battle system (aside from a joke battle near the beginning), inventory system, nor party system. The game's focus, being a more story-driven game, is around puzzle solving, interpreting information from the subject's (Johnny's) life, and finding ways to get deeper into his memories.  Gameplay is primarily about exploring Johnny's memories to find significant objects and collect energy from them to strengthen the memory and connect to a more distant one, from Johnny's old age leading back to his childhood. Occasionally, the player will have to explore Johnny's house and the surrounding area for certain clues, if they cannot gather enough energy from a certain memory, or don't know how to proceed to a further one.  Once the items are all gathered and the player has seen all the memories, they can connect certain objects that exist across two different memories to move freely between them. At this point, the player can begin manipulating the memories, by changing around characters, objects and events, to make Johnny believe he had achieved his dream of going to the Moon.

Plot.

Sigmund Corp. uses a technology that can create artificial memories. They offer this as a "wish fulfillment" service to people on their death beds. Since these artificial memories conflict with the patient's real memories, the procedure is only legal to do on people without much time left to live.  Sigmund Corp. employees Dr. Eva Rosalene and Dr. Neil Watts are tasked with fulfilling the lifelong dream of the dying Johnny Wyles. Johnny wants to go to the Moon, although he doesn't know why. The doctors insert themselves into an interactive compilation of his memories and traverse backwards through his life via'mementos', items of great personal significance to Johnny that act as a link between his various memories. With each leap to an important moment in Johnny's memories, they learn more about him and what brought him to his current position in life, including his largely unhappy marriage to his teenage sweetheart, River. Despite this, the doctors remain unable to find out exactly why Johnny wishes to go to the moon. The doctors also encounter an unusual gap in Johnny's memories, preventing them from accessing his earliest childhood memories. Nevertheless, the doctors insert his desire to go to the Moon into his earliest accessible memories of his teenage years. In theory, Johnny's mind would create new memories based on that desire, and Johnny would die believing he lived without any regrets.  Johnny's mind does not create the new memories as planned. The doctors must solve this problem to fulfill Johnny's dying wish of going to the Moon. Eventually, the doctors gain access to his earliest childhood memories, where it is revealed that Johnny and River met as young children at a carnival years ago. They looked at the night sky and made up a constellation: a rabbit with the Moon as its belly. The two agreed to meet at the same place the following year, with Johnny promising that should he forget or get lost, the two would "regroup on the Moon". That night, Johnny gives River a toy platypus which River treasures for the rest of her life. Shortly after, Johnny's twin brother Joey was killed in an accident. Johnny's mother gave him beta blockers to induce memory loss of the tragic event, also causing him to forget his first encounter with River and initially preventing the doctors from accessing those memories. He later happened to meet her again and eventually marry her. River later realized that he had forgotten their meeting at the carnival, after Johnny confessed that he approached her in school because she was different, and that he thought "that" was their first meeting. River, who is strongly implied to have Asperger syndrome (the game references Tony Attwood, who wrote numerous books about Aspergers), did not tell Johnny directly about their first meeting; instead, she tried to indirectly jostle his memories by cutting her hair and crafting paper bunnies, including a dual-colored one representing the constellation they made up during their first encounter, combined with the blue-and-yellow dress she wore on their wedding. River was unable to make Johnny remember before she died, and Johnny was left with lingering guilt and an inexplicable desire to go to the Moon, caused by his subconscious recollection of having promised to regroup with River on the moon as a child.  In the present, Rosalene and Watts eventually implant a memory sequence in which Joey did not die, and lived on to become a popular author, and Johnny did not meet River again until they started working together at NASA. As the comatose real-life Johnny begins to die, he imagines going on a Moon mission with River. During the launch, River holds out a hand to him. The Moon appears through a window on the ship, and Johnny takes her hand as his heart monitor flatlines. In the epilogue, Johnny and River eventually get married, and build and retire to the same house where the real-life Johnny and River lived. Also, in the new memories Joey was part of Johnny's life, being at his wedding, meetings with friends and even in the construction of the house. Rosalene and Watts, now back in the real world, look to Johnny's grave, which is placed adjacent to River's. They reveal to the audience that Johnny willed the house to his caregiver, Lily. Rosalene receives a phone call, and the two move on to their next patient. While Watts is leaving, he stops and the screen briefly flashes red, the same way it did when Johnny felt pain. Watts takes some painkillers, then follows Rosalene to their next adventure.

Development and release.

"To the Moon" was developed and published by Freebird Games, the independent game studio of Canadian designer Kan Gao as their first commercial production. Made using the RPG Maker XP engine, the development started in 2010 after Gao's grandfather became seriously ill, an event that made Gao question mortality and death. His thoughts on regret before one's death eventually inspired the concept for the story of the game.  "To the Moon" was originally released on the author's website and various digital download portals. It was made later also available via major digital distribution sites like Steam (November 2011) or GOG.com (June 2012). Originally available only for Microsoft Windows, it was later released for OS X and Linux with the Humble Bundle X in January 2014. Edward Rudd ported the game with the open-source and cross platform "RPG Maker XP" game engine recreation "MKXP". Later this engine was also used for ports to other systems like the OpenPandora handheld. In May 2017, "To the Moon" was also released on Android and iOS by X.D. Network Inc. with the cross-platform game engine developed by Unity Technologies. Fan-made language translations are also available for the game — supported languages are: Chinese, German, Italian, Spanish, French, Polish, Russian, Brazilian Portuguese, Vietnamese, Dutch, Korean, and Turkish. The score of the game was composed by Gao, with a theme song titled "Everything's Alright" being written and performed by Laura Shigihara. The soundtrack was released on Bandcamp on November 4, 2011.  A downloadable minisode was released on December 31, 2013, which centers on Dr. Rosalene and Dr. Watts during a holiday party at their local Sigmund Corp. office. A second minisode was released on February 18, 2015.

Legacy.

In August 2016, Gao announced that a mobile remake of the game was being developed by X.D. Network Inc. After about a year, the remake released for Android and iOS on May 12, 2017. The remake features high-definition graphics, as opposed to the 16-bit graphics of the original PC release. The game released for Nintendo Switch on January 16, 2020, remade using the Unity engine. However, was removed from some markets shortly thereafter, to fix minor bug issues.  A game set in the same universe, titled "A Bird Story" was released in November 2014. While not a direct continuation of the story, it serves as a bridge between "To the Moon" and "Finding Paradise", a direct sequel which was released on December 14, 2017.  An animated film adaptation is in development, and will be partially scripted and supervised by Gao. The film will be a collaborative project, with Japanese companies mainly in charge of production and Chinese company Ultron Event Horizon mainly in charge of funding.

Reception.

"To the Moon" received generally positive reception, according to review aggregator Metacritic. Critics, while noting that the gameplay itself was lacking, praised the story and music.  In GameSpot's 2011 Game of the Year awards, "To the Moon" was given the "Best Story" award, which was won against "Catherine", "", "Portal 2", and "Xenoblade Chronicles". which were also voted in the same category. To the Moon was also nominated in the categories of "Best Music", "Most Memorable Moment", "Best Writing/Dialogue", "Best Ending", and "Song of the Year".  In 2018, the mobile version was nominated for the "Game, Original Adventure" and "Original Light Mix Score, New IP" categories at the National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers Awards.

To the Moon is an interactive storytelling and adventure game developed and published by Freebird Games. It was originally released for Microsoft Windows in November 2011, with ports later being released for Mac OS X, Linux, Android, iOS and Nintendo Switch. The story follows two doctors who offer to fulfill a dying man's last wish using artificial memories. The game features relatively few gameplay mechanics, with the player controlling the two doctors, exploring the narrative and solving puzzles as they try to reconstruct the dying man's memories in order to fulfill his wish.

To the Moon (auf Deutsch etwa: "Zum Mond") ist das vierte Videospiel von Kan „Reives“ Gao und die erste kommerzielle Produktion seiner unabhängigen Videospielfirma Freebird Games. Das Spiel wurde am 1. November 2011 veröffentlicht und ist ein Adventure mit Rollenspiel-Elementen, das mit dem RPG Maker erstellt wurde. Am 8. September 2012 wurde das Spiel auf Steam veröffentlicht. Das ursprünglich englische Spiel wurde bisher ins Deutsche, Französische, Italienische, Spanische, Russische, Koreanische, Polnische, Portugiesische und Türkische übersetzt.


Life.

Gemayel was born in 1951 at Ain-Kharroubé in Antélias Archeparchy of the Maronites. He attended the seminar at Ghazir and, for some years, the Conservatory of Beirut, while he studied philosophy and theology at the University Institutional Holy Spirit University of Kaslik. He received from the same University and a licentiate in theology and at the Saint Joseph University in the philosophy of Beirut. In 1977 he obtained a masters in philosophy at the Catholic University of Lyon and in 1984 and a doctorate in literature and humanities at the Paris-Sorbonne University in Paris.  He was ordained a priest on 30 August 1981 for the Maronite Catholic Archeparchy of Antelias. He has worked in parishes "Notre Dame du Bon Secours" in Zalka (1984–1985) and "Tues Shaaya" in Brummana (1986–1992). He was then pastor of " Saint Tekla "to Masqua (1992–2000)," Tues Shaaya "in Brummana (2000–2003)," Saint Joseph "in Maamarieh (2003–2004), who worked in the parish of" Saint Jean "on Baouchrié (2004–2005), parish administrator of " Saint Joseph "in Ghabé (2005–2006) and again pastor of" Saint Tekla "Masqua up to the present.  He has taught at several high schools, in some theological colleges and several universities. Gemayel is also the author of books about the Maronite Church.  Gemayel was a member of the Board of Councillors (2003–2004), the Council of Priests of dell'Arcieparchia Antélias (2003–2004), the Central Commission of the Maronite Patriarchal Synod and chaplain in various Catholic schools and Marian confraternities. He has published books on the Maronite Catholic Church. Apart from Arabic, Gemayel speaks French, English, Italian, German and Spanish. He is also an expert in the Syriac language.  His appointment as eparch of the Maronite Catholic Eparchy of Notre-Dame du Liban de Paris was announced on 21 July 2012. Maronite Patriarch of Antioch, Bechara Boutros al-Rahi, OMM, donated to him on 30 August of the same year the episcopal ordination. His co-consecrators were Camille Zaidan, Archbishop of the Maronite Catholic Archeparchy of Antelias, and Samir Mazloum, retired Curial bishop in Antioch. At the same time he was appointed the first Bishop and Apostolic Visitor Eparchial in Western and Northern Europe for the Maronite faithful. He had previously served as pastor of "Saint Tekla" in Masqua, Lebanon.

Nasser Gemayel (born 6 January 1951, in Ain-Kharroubé, Lebanon) is the first and current eparch of the Maronite Catholic Eparchy of Notre-Dame du Liban de Paris.

Nasser Gemayel (* 2. Januar 1953 in Aïn-Kharroubé) ist ein libanesischer Priester und maronitischer Bischof von Notre-Dame du Liban de Paris.


Circumstances.

In 1943, Axis Italy was invaded by American and Imperial forces, and the south-part of the peninsula (almost fully conquered by Allied forces) suffered severe wartime shortages, encouraging an extensive black market. People in large cities like Naples began bartering fresh produce for commodities brought by servicemen, and stowed away on freight trains to reach their suppliers' farms.  The railway companies also suffered shortages of finest-quality coal. The burning of low-grade substitutes developed a reduced power output and produced a large volume of carbon monoxide, an odorless and poisonous gas, a particularly severe problem in Italy's railway network, which crosses mostly mountainous land, and hence makes large use of tunnels with steep inclines of up to 3.5%.

Accident.

At 19:00 on 2 March 1944 the freight train 8017 started from Battipaglia heading to Potenza on the Battipaglia–Metaponto railway. The train, hauled by two locomotives (the 480.016 followed by the 476.058), had a mass of 520 tonnes and also carried many illegal passengers, making it grossly overloaded. In Eboli some passengers were forced off, but more boarded on following stops. At 00:50 the train left the station at Balvano, the last one before the disaster.  On the steeply graded Armi tunnel the train stalled with almost all the cars inside the tunnel, and the passengers and crew were asphyxiated by the carbon monoxideladen smoke, overcome so slowly that they failed to realize what was happening to them. Most died in their sleep. Of the few survivors most were in the last few cars, which were still in the open air. Rescuers later found that the driver of the 480.017 locomotive had tried to restart the train in the forward direction, while the driver of the 476.058 locomotive at some point tried to engage the reverse gear in attempt to exit the tunnel; the two drivers were unable to communicate because the 476 was an Austrian-built locomotive with right-hand drive, while the 480 had left-hand drive.  At 05:10 the Balvano station master learned of the disaster from last car's brakeman, who had walked back to the station. At 05:25 a locomotive reached the site but the many corpses on the track prevented it from removing the train from the tunnel; only some forty survivors in the last cars could be assisted. At 08:40 a second rescue team arrived. Among the crew, only the one brakeman, and the second locomotive's fireman, survived.  Due to the large number of corpses, the wartime lack of resources, and the poverty of many of the victims, most of the dead were buried without religious service in four common graves at the Balvano cemetery.

Responsibility.

The committee did not note any responsibility for the incident, which was considered as caused by force majeure. However, hypotheses were stated for some minor infractions: the train should not have received authorisation to start from Battipaglia even if the two locomotives were nominally sufficient for towing, as it was known that the coal supplied was not able to develop sufficient power to maintain the maximum performance of the machines, and the train should have been put in order with some new regulations.  Concerns were raised about the timeliness of aid and the actions undertaken by the station masters of Balvano and Bella-Muro, who did not act to determine the location of the train when it appeared late on the roadmap. However, in the post-war confusion it was usual for communications to be irregular, and trains could be greatly delayed. It was not uncommon that it would take over two hours to travel the mountainous 7 km between the two stations.  Initially it was also assumed that the drivers had not properly regulated sand boxes, which could prevent wheel spin.  Finally, the catastrophe was attributed mainly to:  It was noted that the provisions for the composition of the train came straight from the Allied Command, and that in any case the train and station staff could not stop the train and modify it. The Command itself organized a train to check the condition of the disaster, with staff equipped with oxygen masks, which recognized the actual development of abnormal amounts of toxic gases. Ferrovie dello Stato Italiane declined all responsibility, claiming that in the complex end-of-war set up (where Italian authorities coexisted with the US command) they could not even immediately determine who had the responsibility for the management of one particular train. However the company could be blamed because at that time, despite the high demand on the route between Naples and Potenza, there was only one scheduled passenger train (train 8021), which left from Naples twice a week, on Wednesdays and Saturdays, which prompted an increase in illegal ridership on freight trains.  In attempt to prevent criticism, the Ministry of Treasury paid compensation to the families of all identified victims as if they were war victims (although it was paid more than 15 years afterwards.)

Regulation changes.

After the disaster a limit of 350 tonnes was introduced on the entire line. In addition, for particularly heavy trains requiring two locomotives, a composition of an American diesel locomotive and an Italian steam locomotive was used in place of a double steam drive. Furthermore, at the south exit of the Armi tunnel a permanent guard post was established, which allowed trains to enter the gallery only when exhaust gases from previous trains had cleared.  The guard post remained in place until 1959, when all steam trains were banned from the line. The weight regulations were repealed in 1996, when the line was electrified.

The Balvano train disaster was the deadliest railway accident in Italian history and one of the worst railway disasters ever. It occurred on the night between 2-3 March 1944 in Balvano, Italy. Over 500 people in a steam-hauled, coal-burning freight train died of carbon monoxide poisoning during a protracted stall in a tunnel.

Bei dem Eisenbahnunfall von Balvano starben am 3. März 1944 bei Balvano, Basilikata, Italien, in einem Tunnel wahrscheinlich mehr als 500 Menschen durch Kohlenmonoxidvergiftung. Dies war der folgenschwerste Eisenbahnunfall in der Geschichte Italiens und eine der schlimmsten Eisenbahnkatastrophen aller Zeiten.


Family and education.

Kalloor was the third son of Abraham and Achiyamma of the Kalloor family of Kadammanitta, in Pathanamthitta District. He received secondary education at Government High School, Kadammanitta, did minor seminary at St. Aloysius Seminary, Trivandrum, and philosophy and theology at St. Paul's Seminary, Tiruchirappalli (Trichy).

Ministry.

Kalloor was ordained a priest by Benedict Mar Gregorios on 5 May 1973. He began pastoral ministry as assistant vicar in the parishes around Balaramapuram. Later he became parochial vicar of Venniyoor, Mulloor, Chowara and Vizhinjam, and later still director of St. Johns Leprosy and HIV Care Services at Pirappancode.  When the Malankara Catholic Mission in North America was inaugurated, Kalloor was appointed co-ordinator and spent time ministering in the Archdiocese of Washington. Based at Holy Comforter-St. Cyprian parish in Washington, DC, he was a chaplain for DC General Hospital and coordinated ministry for Syro-Malankara rite Catholics in the United States. In 1997 he was made chorbishop.  Pope John Paul II appointed Kalloor second bishop of the Eparchy of Marthandom on 16 April 1998. He was ordained a bishop with the name Yoohanon Mar Chrysostom by Archbishop Cyril Mar Baselios at Mar Ivanios Stadium, Trivandrum, on 29 June 1998. He was installed as the bishop of Marthandom on 1 July 1998 at Marthandom Cathedral.  Yoohanon Mar Chrysostom was appointed first bishop of the newly erected Eparchy of Pathanamthitta on 25 January 2010 and enthroned on 20 March 2010. He served until retiring on 7 June 2019.

Yoohanon Chrysostom Kalloor (born 19 May 1944) was the second bishop of the Eparchy of Marthandom (1998-2010) and first bishop of the Eparchy of Pathanamthitta (2010-2019) of the Syro-Malankara Catholic Church. He retired from Pathanamthitta on 7 June 2019 and was succeeded by Samuel Irenios Kattukallil. He is currently Bishop Emeritus.

Yoohanon Chrysostom Kalloor (* 19. Mai 1944 in Kadammanitta, Indien) ist ein indischer syro-malankara katholischer Geistlicher und emeritierter Bischof von Pathanamthitta.


Background.

Vitaly Kaloyev had lost his wife Svetlana Kaloyeva () and two children, 10-year-old Konstantin () and 4-year-old Diana () in the Überlingen mid-air collision two years earlier.  Yuri Kaloyev, the brother of Vitaly Kaloyev, reported that he suffered a nervous breakdown following the loss of his family. Vitaly Kaloyev participated in the search for the bodies and located a broken pearl necklace owned by his daughter, Diana. He also found her body, which was intact as the trees had broken her fall. Svetlana's body landed in a corn field, and Konstantin's body hit asphalt in front of an Überlingen bus shelter.  Kaloyev spent the first year after the accident lingering at the graves of his family and building a shrine to them in his home. At the memorial service for the first anniversary of the tragedy, he asked the head of Skyguide about the possibility of meeting the controller who had been responsible for the disaster, but received no response. Kaloyev then hired a Moscow private investigator to find Nielsen's address outside Zürich, before travelling to the former air traffic controller's home in Kloten.

Murder of Peter Nielsen.

On the afternoon of 24 February 2004, he set off for Nielsen's house. A neighbour spotted Kaloyev and asked what he wanted. He waved a piece of paper with Nielsen's name on it. The neighbour pointed to Nielsen's front door, but instead of knocking, Kaloyev sat down in the garden.  Nielsen, who had lived in Switzerland since 1995, spotted the intruder, went outside and asked what he wanted. His children accompanied him into the garden as well, but his wife tried to call them back; she was still inside when she heard a "kind of scream". Nielsen was stabbed several times and died of his injuries a few minutes later in the presence of his wife and three children.  Answering questions from the judge, Kaloyev said the plane crash above Lake Constance had ended his life. He said his children were the youngest on board Flight 2937, so there was no need for him to identify the bodies. Kaloyev said he was crushed by the loss of his family: "I have been living in the cemetery for almost two years, sitting beside their graves".  Kaloyev presented a document received from a law firm in Hamburg dated 11 November 2003. It was an agreement in which Skyguide offered him 60,000 Swiss francs for the death of his wife and 50,000 francs for the death of each of his two children. In return, Skyguide asked Kaloyev to decline any claims to the company. The document infuriated him; he decided to meet the company director Alan Rossier and Nielsen in person.  "Apparently he did not expect that he would have to answer for the results of his work," Kaloyev said. "He murmured something to me. Then I showed him some pictures of my children and said: "They were my children. What would you feel if you saw your children in coffins? I was infuriated about Skyguide's initiative to haggle over my dead children."  Kaloyev wanted Nielsen to apologize to him for the death of his family. "He hit me on the hand, when I was holding the envelope with the photographs of my children. I only remember that I had a very disturbing feeling, as if the bodies of my children were turning over in their graves", he said. Kaloyev offered no explanation for why he brought the weapon with him on a peaceful errand and initially denied the killing entirely.

Trial.

On 26 October 2005, Kaloyev was convicted of the premeditated killing (a charge that falls between murder and manslaughter in Switzerland) of Nielsen and sentenced to eight years in prison. In 2007, he was paroled by the court, but the prosecution appealed the decision.  On 23 August 2007, the court accepted the appeal, so that Kaloyev remained in prison. On 8 November 2007, Kaloyev was released from prison, as part of his parole.

Return.

Returning to his home in North Ossetian city of Vladikavkaz, Kaloyev was met with enthusiastic crowds who cheered him as a hero. Members of the youth movement Nashi were standing with the accompanying acclamation: "You are the real man."  "Kaloyev is a hero. Those guilty of causing air crashes often remain unpunished. Such a radical punishment is the only way to make them carry responsibility for their crimes," said Vitaly Yusko, a member of a Russian organisation dedicated to helping the relatives of air crash victims. Many Russians shared that sentiment, and believed that he committed "a heroic deed avenging for the death of his family." The positive reaction and appointment in Russia were met with a negative reception in Switzerland.  The Swiss government asked Kaloyev to repay the costs of his incarceration, about US$157,000. Kaloyev has refused to do so. When Kaloyev travelled to Germany to attend the 10th-anniversary memorial, he was detained by German authorities, saying that he was on a Swiss watch list. Russian consular authorities protested the detainment. The Germans released Kaloyev after Russian diplomats agreed to accompany him.  In his native North Ossetia, Kaloyev was appointed Deputy Minister of Construction of the Republic. He held this post until 15 January 2016, when he retired, receiving the highest state award by the local government, the medal "To the Glory of Ossetia", on his 60th birthday. The medal was awarded for the highest achievements, improving the living conditions of the inhabitants of the region, for educating the younger generation and maintaining law and order.  Kaloyev remarried more than a decade after the air tragedy, in approximately 2012 or 2013, to a woman named Irina Dzarasova, who was an engineer at OAO Sevkavkazenergo. On 25 December 2018, Irina gave birth to their twins: a boy, Maxim, and girl, Sofia.  A petition was filed to the government of North Ossetia-Alania on 15 June 2015 to dismiss the murderer Kaloyev from his position of deputy minister because it damages relationships of Russia with other civilized countries. The petition was reproduced in a 2016 article published in the Journal of Defense Management.

In popular culture.

Kaloyev's story has been referenced in various media formats.

Vitaly Konstantinovich Kaloyev (;, born 15 January 1956) is a Russian former architect who was convicted of the premeditated killing of an air traffic controller after his family died aboard Bashkirian Airlines Flight 2937, which collided with DHL Flight 611 over Überlingen, Germany, on 1 July 2002.

Witali Konstantinowitsch Kalojew (; * 15. Januar 1956 in Tschermen bei Ordschonikidse) ist ein russischer Bauingenieur und war zwischen 2008 und 2016 stellvertretender Bauminister von Nordossetien-Alanien.


Background and early life and career.

William Goodhart was the son of Arthur Lehman Goodhart and the brother of Charles Goodhart and Sir Philip Goodhart.  He was educated at Eton College, undertook National Service from 1951–1953, and graduated with a law degree from Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1956 before winning a Harkness Fellowship to study law at Harvard University.  He was admitted to the bar in 1960 and made a Queen's Counsel in 1979. As a barrister he developed a specialist Chancery practice and appeared in a number of notable cases, including in particular (in the House of Lords) "Street v Mountford". He also co-wrote (with Gareth Jones a textbook on the subject of specific performance.

Politics.

A member of the Social Democratic Party, he contested the safe Conservative seat of Kensington in both the 1983 and 1987 general elections.  After the SDP merged with the Liberals, he subsequently fought the Kensington by-election of 1988 under the new Social and Liberal Democrats banner, finishing a weak third.  In the 1992 general election he contested the winnable seat of Oxford West and Abingdon now as a Liberal Democrats candidate. Goodhart cut the Conservative majority by over 1,000 votes down to 3,500 but still finished second.

Peerage.

He was knighted on 14 February 1989 and was created a life peer as Baron Goodhart, of Youlbury in the County of Oxfordshire, on 23 October 1997. In the House of Lords, he served as a spokesman for the Liberal Democrats in several capacities, usually relating to legal matters, including as the Liberal Democrats' Shadow Lord Chancellor. Before the House of Lords Act 1999, he campaigned to reform the Upper House, and later in his career expressed frustration at its undemocratic nature.  He retired from the House of Lords on 15 May 2015.

Humanism and ICJ memberships.

A devoted humanist, Goodhart was a longtime member of the All Party Parliamentary Humanist Group, as well as the British Humanist Association (BHA). He was among a number of parliamentarians who in 2010 called for substantive reforms of public services in Britain following a BHA report into religious influence in public services. From 2007 to 2009, Goodhart was the Chairman of JUSTICE, the UK section of the International Commission of Jurists, as well as serving as a Commissioner of the ICJ since 1993. He was elected as Vice-President of the ICJ in 2002. He was also an honorary associate of the National Secular Society.

Private life.

He had three children with his wife, Celia (née McClare) Goodhart: Annabel Frances Goodhart (born 22 August 1967; married to James Dallas; three daughters), Laura Christabel Goodhart (born 25 December 1970; married to William Watts; three sons), and Benjamin Herbert Goodhart (born 29 December 1972; partner of Wendy Young; one son).

William Howard Goodhart, Baron Goodhart, QC (18 January 1933 – 10 January 2017) was a British Liberal Democrat politician, a leading property and human rights lawyer, and a member of the House of Lords.

William Howard Goodhart, Baron Goodhart Kt QC (* 18. Januar 1933; † 10. Januar 2017) war ein liberaldemokratischer Politiker und Anwalt für Menschenrechte. Er war von 1997 bis 2015 Mitglied des House of Lords des Vereinigten Königreichs.


History.

A rudimentary form of shaving cream was documented in Sumer around. This substance combined wood alkali and animal fat and was applied to a beard as a shaving preparation.  Until the early 20th century, bars or sticks of hard shaving soap were used. Later, tubes containing compounds of oils and soft soap were sold.  In 1919 Frank Shields, a former MIT professor developed the first shaving cream. The innovative product appeared on the American market under the name Barbasol, offered men an alternative to using a brush to work soap into lather. When it was first produced, Barbasol was filled and packaged entirely by hand in Indianapolis. The brand still exists and is currently available worldwide.  The first can of pressurized shaving cream was Rise shaving cream, introduced in 1949. By the following decade this format attained two-thirds of the American market. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) were used as propellants until they were banned in the late 1970s for destroying the ozone layer. Gaseous hydrocarbons such as mixtures of pentane, propane, butane and isobutane took their place.  In the 1970s, shaving gel was developed. In 1993, The Procter & Gamble Company patented a post-foaming gel composition, which turns the gel into a foam after application to the skin, combining properties of both foams and gels.

Contents.

Shaving creams and soaps are available as solids (bars); creams, generally in tubes; or aerosols. All forms may be applied with a shaving brush.  Shaving creams contain 20–30% soap [potassium or triethanolamine (TEA)], up to about 10% glycerine, emollients, emulsifiers, and foaming agents. Aerosols are diluted creams dispensed from pressurized cans with the aid of hydrocarbon propellants (up to about 10%). The flammability of the hydrocarbons is offset by the large amounts of water in cream formulations.  Beard-softening is due to hair hydration, which also depends on pH. In electric or dry shaving, swelling of the hairs is not desired, and such preparations use high amounts of alcohol (50–80%) to dry the skin and stiffen the hairs.

Shaving cream or shave cream is a category of cosmetics used for shaving preparation. The purpose of shaving cream is to soften the hair by providing lubrication.

Rasiercreme, auch schäumende Rasiercreme, besteht meist aus einer reinen Kaliumseife oder einem Gemisch aus Kalium- und Triethanolaminseifen. Der typische Perlmuttglanz wird durch einen Gehalt an freier Stearinsäure hervorgerufen. Oft ist noch ein Überfettungsmittel – Vaseline, Wollwachs etc. – enthalten sowie wasserbindende (d. h. feuchthaltende) Substanzen wie z. B. Glycerin oder Sorbit. Auch Duftstoffe sind ein häufiger Rezepturbestandteil.


Origins.

The organization was founded in 1985 by registered nurse Marilyn Milos, who remains the director today. The organization was the first national clearinghouse in the US for information about circumcision. In its first decade, NOCIRC grew into an international network and now has over 110 centers worldwide, including at least 17 outside of the US. It is a member of the International Coalition for Genital Integrity (ICGI).

Position.

NOCIRC opposes the non-therapeutic circumcision of children. The organization suggests that circumcision be performed only when it is absolutely medically necessary and after alternative non-invasive therapies have failed, or when an adult gives consent, after he has been fully informed about the risks and harm of the procedure. NOCIRC also provides material on their view of circumcision and care of the foreskin. NOCIRC states that their position is based on the understanding that there is not a national or international health association in the world that recommends routine infant circumcision, yet declare that they hold the medical community accountable for "misconstruing the scientific database available on human circumcision in the world today". In a 1996 press release, NOCIRC stated that "We expect this professional organization [the American Academy of Pediatrics] that is concerned with the health of infants and children to reveal the harm of genital cutting and to protect every child's birthright to keep his or her sex organs intact." The American Academy of Pediatrics said in 1999 that the perceived benefits of circumcision are not sufficient to recommend routine neonatal circumcision, but that it should be the decision of informed parents.

Publications.

NOCIRC publishes a number of brochures for parents, providing their recommendations about infant circumcisions, penile care and several related topics. NOCIRC also distributes an annual newsletter to its members. Most of the organization's material is directly available on their website.

International symposia.

Since 1989, NOCIRC has sponsored and organized international symposia on circumcision, human rights, and genital integrity. The following list details the history of NOCIRC's symposia:

Genital Autonomy America, formerly NOCIRC (the National Organization of Circumcision Information Resource Centers), is an educational nonprofit organization. It is headquartered in California, with centers in other US states and countries. In 2016, the organization changed its name from NOCIRC to Genital Autonomy America. Its goal is to secure "the birthright of male, female, and intersex children and babies to keep their sex organs intact."

Genital Autonomy America ist eine non-profit Nichtregierungsorganisation mit Sitz in San Anselmo, USA und mit Zentren in anderen Ländern. Sie war gegründet als NOCIRC, ein Akronym aus "National Organization of Circumcision Information Resource Centers". Sie setzt sich seit 1985 gegen die Zirkumzision Minderjähriger ein und gilt als die erste bzw. älteste Graswurzelbewegung dieser Art. Sie wendet sich an politische Gremien, die Öffentlichkeit, Medien sowie an die Eltern von Minderjährigen (Lobbyismus, Öffentlichkeitsarbeit).


Background.

Born and raised in Manhattan, New York City, Utada started singing at a very young age; she was a member of U, a musical act with her mother Keiko Fuji and her father Teruzane. U released their debut album "Star" in 1993, with the hope to debut in America; the album only peaked at thirty-three in Japan. Utada's mother was a Japanese enka singer and actress, while her father was a Japanese record producer who had contributed to some of Fuji's work. In 1996, the group was re-branded as Cubic U, an R&B project that focused primarily on Hikaru, resulting in the English language album "Precious" in 1998 with record label Toshiba EMI. The album peaked at two on the Oricon Albums Chart and sold over 700,000 units.  Utada moved to Tokyo in early 1997 to attend Seisen International School and American School in Japan. During her studies, Utada signed as a solo artist with Toshiba EMI and begun recording her album "First Love". Fluent in both English and Japanese languages, the head offices at EMI asked if she could write Japanese songs rather than English lyrics. During the process of the album, Utada desired to become a singer-songwriter and occasionally practised producing and composing her music rather than become a Japanese idol. She refused to allow talent agencies to contact her at the start, which was a very common tradition for Japanese singers in the 1990s, and her father started to manage her work along with producing and composing it; to this day, her father continues to manage and co-produce some of her work.

Composition.

The lyrics to the tracks from "First Love" are written by Utada and featured English-language phrases. Utada's father Teruzane and Akira Miyake served as the album's primary producers alongside Hikaru; Saito Masaaki, Nakasone Junya, Sanada Yoshiaki and Okamoto Tatsyua served as the album's executive producers. Utada contributed to editing and producing her recorded vocals for all the tracks. The tracks from "First Love" were recorded in studios across her native New York City, Los Angeles and Tokyo. American producer and mixer Ted Jensen had mixed the tracks at Sterling Sound Studios in New York.  The album's opener "Automatic" is a R&B and dance-pop song that talks about a previous relationship. "Rockin' On Japan"'s editor and chief Kano had commented that Utada had brought a large prominence of R&B and soul music with the tracks "Automatic" and "Time Will Tell", and felt that "Automatic"'s release introduced a new R&B audience inside of Japan. The title track is a pop ballad song conveying slow and off-key vocals that complimented the music to the album.  "Movin' on Without You" is a disco and house inspired track that was influenced by the early 1990s dance music throughout the Western part of the world and lasts a duration total off four minutes and forty-one seconds. "B&C", a funk song, was featured as a b-side to the physical CD format from "Movin' on Without You". The album closer "Give Me a Reason" is a trip hop song. "Interlude" was produced into a song called "Kotoba ni Naranai Kimochi" on Utada's "Distance" album.

Release.

"First Love" was released on 10 March 1999 by Toshiba EMI. The album was released as a compact disc and a double vinyl. The vinyl was exclusively released in North America and Japan by Eastworld Records. "First Love" was released in the Philippines by OctoArts EMI Music. It was released in South Korea by Eastworld and Indonesia by Toshiba EMI Limited and PT EMI Indonesia.  After fifteen years of its release, "First Love" was re-release by Universal Music Japan on 10 March 2014 in two separate versions. The normal version is a two-disc set featuring a remastered version of the normal album along with a second disc featuring Utada's previously unreleased "LUV LIVE" concert. The remastering was done by Ted Jensen. The other version is a limited edition 4-disc set, containing the remastered track list on disc one, "LUV LIVE" concert on disc two, as well as featuring a disc containing karaoke tracks and the last containing a multitude of demos from the "First Love" era of Utada's career. The deluxe edition also carries with it memorabilia from that time, including a hard cover booklet filled with unreleased photoshoots, handwritten lyrics, promotional items as well as replicas of the tickets and backstage passes to her "LUV LIVE" concert. The Deluxe Edition initially was limited to 5,000 copies, however, due to overwhelming demand, this was pushed to 10,000 after the initial 5,000 units were sold almost instantly.

Singles.

The A-side singles "Automatic" and "Time Will Tell' was released on 9 December 1998 as 8cm CD singles. The songs received positive reviews, many whom highlighted them as album stand outs. "Automatic" was given the gold award at the 2000 JASRAC awards, beating her own song "Time Will Tell" and "Dango 3 Kyodai" to be the most royalty-receiving song in 1999. The Japan Record Awards mentioned the song as an Honorable Mention Award. In 2000, The Japan Gold Disc Awards had awarded "Automatic" along with "Movin' on Without You" and "Addicted to You" for Song(s) of the Year. "Automatic/Time Will Tell" peaked at number two and four on the Oricon Singles Chart in their respective formats. "Automatic/Time Will Tell" has sold over 2.1 million units in Japan, making it her best selling physical single and the nineteenth best selling single in Japan.  The third single "Movin' on Without You" was released on 17 February 1999 as a CD single. The song received positive reviews, many of whom highlighted the song as an album stand out. It won the award for Song of the Year at the Japan Gold Disks Awards. The song reached number one on the Oricon Singles Chart, marking this her first number one. The song was certified million by the Recording Industry Association of Japan (RIAJ) for shipments of one million units. The fourth and final single "First Love" was released on 28 April 1999 as a mini-CD single. The song received positive reviews, many of whom highlighted the song as an album stand out. The song peaked at number two on the Oricon Singles Chart, missing the top spot but was certified double platinum by RIAJ for shipments of 800,000 units in Japan.

Commercial performance.

"First Love" entered the Oricon Albums Chart at number one with over two million units sold. It stayed at number one for six weeks and stayed on the chart for eighty-four weeks. By August 2000, "First Love" had sold 9.6million units in Asia, including 8.7million in Japan, 450,000 in Taiwan, and another 450,000 in other Asian countries.  "First Love" is the only album or physical record to have been certified 8x Million by RIAJ, which is equivalent to 32x platinum. This marks "First Love" the best selling Japanese and Asian-oriented album of all time. As of March 2010, "First Love" has sold over ten million units worldwide. In September 2007, "Rolling Stone Japan" ranked "First Love" No.99 on its list of the "100 Greatest Japanese Rock Albums of All Time". "First Love" is the seventh album to claim the highest weekly sales in Japan, behind her 2001 album "Distance" and 2002 album "Deep River".

Personnel.

All Japanese names are in Western order – given name before family name.

First Love is the debut Japanese-language studio album (second overall) by Japanese recording artist Utada Hikaru, released on 10 March 1999 on Toshiba-EMI. Born and raised in New York City to music-oriented parents, Utada moved to Tokyo to attend Seisen International School and American School in Japan. From there, she began writing and composing music for her debut effort. Utada, her father Teruzane Utada and producer Akira Miyake produced the album and remain her two main co-producers and composers.

First Love (dt. Erste Liebe) ist das erste japanischsprachige Studioalbum der japanischen Sängerin Hikaru Utada. Das Album wurde am 10. März 1999 in Japan veröffentlicht und ist das meistverkaufte Album in der japanischen Musikgeschichte. Es verkaufte sich laut Oricon mehr als 7,65 Millionen Mal, die Recording Industry Association of Japan fügte hinzu, dass 8,53 Millionen Exemplare in den Umlauf gebracht wurden. Außerdem ist es das einzige Album, das von der "Recording Industry Association of Japan" (RIAJ) mit 32-×Platin ausgezeichnet wurde. Dies entspricht in Japan acht Millionen verkauften Einheiten.


Planning, marketing, and construction.

Planning for a new 2013 attraction in the Silver Dollar City amusement park began in 2009 with the owners, Herschend Family Entertainment, approaching Rocky Mountain Construction and other manufacturers for ideas for "a ride with marketing appeal". Joel Manby, CEO of Herschend, wanted a "world first", to have a wooden roller coaster that would be "the first to do a double barrel roll", which is when the train goes twice through a combination of a loop and a roll. In 2011, Rocky Mountain Construction showcased their new steel roller coaster, New Texas Giant, to park executives. This demonstration secured the contract.  Marketing began in 2011 when the public were made aware at the 2011 trade show of the International Association of Amusement Parks and Attractions that Rocky Mountain were working on a wooden roller coaster; it being later revealed that this roller coaster would be built at Silver Dollar City. Following the beginning of construction at the park, Silver Dollar City launched a teaser website for a new attraction to open in 2013. The website featured a public notice indicating that the ride's theme would be stagecoaches and the wild west. The teaser website also stated that an announcement would be made on August 9, 2012. As part of its teaser campaign leading to the announcement, the park released two clues; the first clue was a handwritten letter, while the second was a photo of the park's attraction and the nearby Table Rock Lake. On August 9, 2012, Silver Dollar City officially announced that Outlaw Run would open in the second quarter of 2013. At its opening, the ride would be the only wooden roller coaster to feature inversions and would feature the steepest drop on a wooden roller coaster. At a cost of $10 million, the ride would be the most expensive Silver Dollar City attraction in more than a decade.  On September 26, 2012, the last piece of track was installed on Outlaw Run. The ride opened to a limited audience on March 13, 2013, with a public opening two days later. Official opening celebrations were held in April.

Characteristics.

Outlaw Run was Rocky Mountain Construction's first wooden roller coaster. It is the sixth fastest wooden roller coaster in the world, reaching speeds of up to. Throughout the course of the ride, riders go through three inversions, including a double heartline roll. The park's existing terrain (the park is located in the Ozark Mountains) is used to allow a lift hill to be translated into a first drop stretching. The of track is made primarily of layers of laminated wood, with a steel plate located in the upper layers of the track. The steel plating is known as Topper Track and is found on many roller coasters that Rocky Mountain Construction has renovated. This track style is designed to reduce the maintenance typically required for a wooden roller coaster and to provide a smoother ride experience. Rocky Mountain Construction spent four years developing technology to allow them to twist beams of wood, that make up the lower layers of the track. This track configuration allows for more dynamic roller coaster elements to be performed on a wooden roller coaster.  Outlaw Run consists of two trains, each featuring twelve pairs of riders. Riders, who must be 48 inches (122 cm) or taller to ride, are restrained in their individual fiberglass seats with a U-shaped lap bar. Unlike most roller coaster trains, which have polyurethane wheels, Outlaw Run features steel wheels.  Outlaw Run features a Western stagecoach theme. The ride's station is themed as a stagecoach depot located in the outskirts of Silver Dollar City. According to the ride's storyline, stagecoaches depart daily heading west, where they are intercepted by outlaws who want to steal the riders' belongings. Outlaw Run riders are law enforcement personnel tasked with stopping the outlaws. To keep their family-friendly image, Silver Dollar City uses a variety of theming to advertise that the "good guys" will always win.

Ride experience.

The train exits out of the station and ascends the chain lift hill. The track then goes through a small pre-drop, similar to that on Bolliger & Mabillard steel roller coasters, before dropping at an angle of 81°. The train then ascends into the first element, an outside banked turn, where the track is banked over to 153° before rolling back out of the bank. After going around a low-to-the-ground curve, the train enters a double down followed by a double up. This is followed by a left turn into a "twist and turn" element, which is then followed by a "wave turn" that drops to the right into a small airtime hill known as a high-speed float. Outlaw Run's final two inversions are heartline rolls, where the rotation axis occurs at approximately chest level. The train then enters the brake run and returns to the station. A single ride cycle is completed in approximately 1 minute and 27 seconds.

Records.

Outlaw Run debuted with the steepest drop, 81°, on any wooden roller coaster in the world at the time. Although the creators of Outlaw Run originally planned to claim the record for the only operating wooden roller coaster to feature inversions, the announcement of Hades 360 at Mt. Olympus Water & Theme Park in Wisconsin Dells, Wisconsin, forced Silver Dollar City to modify their claim; they now cite Outlaw Run as the only wooden roller coaster to feature multiple inversions. It is also tied with Colossos at Heide Park as the second fastest wooden roller coaster in the world, with a top speed of. The speed, height, and drop angle records were broken by "Goliath" at Six Flags Great America in the first half of 2014. "Goliath" is another Rocky Mountain Construction roller coaster. Outlaw Run retains the record for the wooden roller coaster with the most inversions.

Reception.

Following the announcement of Outlaw Run, the ride's layout received favorable reviews. Arthur Levine of About.com said that "the coaster appears to have a great layout and should provide the kind of ride that fans adore". Brady MacDonald of the "Los Angeles Times" ranked Outlaw Run in his top 13 most anticipated new theme park attractions in the United States for 2013.  Outlaw Run received largely positive reviews following the ride's opening in 2013. Marcus Leshock of "WGN-TV" was among the first to ride Outlaw Run. Despite his high expectations, he described it as "a great ride; an incredible ride". Brandy McDonnell of "The Oklahoman" described Outlaw Run as the highlight of Silver Dollar City: "it's a speedy and spine-tingling ride worth waiting a few hours to take". Tim Baldwin of "Roller Coaster Magazine" described Outlaw Run as "exhilarating but not intimidating" and "satisfying to the thrill seekers and fun for moms as well". Justin Garvanovic of "First Drop Magazine", after describing pacing as an important characteristic of a roller coaster, said "So many coasters get it wrong. Outlaw Run gets it right."  In its debut year, Outlaw Run ranked highly in "Amusement Today"'s Golden Ticket Awards. The ride won the Golden Ticket Award for Best New Ride with 45% of the vote. It also ranked at position 7 for the world's best wooden roller coasters.

Outlaw Run is a wooden roller coaster located at the Silver Dollar City amusement park in Branson, Missouri. The ride was the first wooden roller coaster manufactured by Rocky Mountain Construction and the first wooden roller coaster with multiple inversions, in which riders are turned upside-down and then back upright. The ride features three inversions and a top speed of, making Outlaw Run the sixth-fastest wooden roller coaster in the world. The first drop of the ride is the fourth steepest in the world among wooden roller coasters, at 81°.

Outlaw Run in Silver Dollar City (Branson, Missouri, USA) ist eine Holzachterbahn des Herstellers Rocky Mountain Construction, die am 15. März 2013 eröffnet wurde. Zum Zeitpunkt ihrer Eröffnung ist sie mit einem Gefälle von 81° die steilste Holzachterbahn der Welt. Ausgestattet mit zwei Heartline-Rolls ist sie nach Son of Beast die zweite moderne Holzachterbahn mit Inversionen, die erste Holzachterbahn mit Inversionen in dieser Konstruktionsart und auch die erste Holzachterbahn mit Heartline-Rolls.


Orbit and classification.

"Rupertwildt" orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.5–3.7 AU once every 5 years and 6 months (2,003 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.18 and an inclination of 2° with respect to the ecliptic. Due to a precovery taken at Lowell Observatory in 1929, the asteroid's observation arc begins 22 years before its official discovery observation at Goethe Link.

Physical characteristics.

According to the surveys carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, "Rupertwildt" measures 22.0 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.070. Assuming an albedo in the range of 0.05 to 0.25, the asteroid measures between 12 and 26 kilometers in diameter, based on an absolute magnitude of 11.9.

Lightcurves.

As of 2017, "Rupertwildt"s composition, rotation period and shape remain unknown.

Naming.

This minor planet was named in memory of German–American astronomer Rupert Wildt (1905–1976), professor of Astronomy at Yale University. In 1966, he was awarded the Eddington Medal by the Royal Astronomical Society for his "discovery of the importance of negative hydrogen ions as a contributor to the solar atmosphere's opacity". He was one of the first to construct a model of the composition of the giant planets, as he recognized that the hydrogen-rich methane (CH) and ammonia (NH) are responsible for the absorption bands at red wavelengths. In the 1960s and 1970s, Wildt was chairman, president and the first scientific representative on the board of AURA.  The approved naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 6 June 1982 (). The lunar crater "Wildt" is also named in his honour.

1953 Rupertwildt, provisionally designated, is an asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 22 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 29 October 1951, by the Indiana Asteroid Program of Indiana University at its Goethe Link Observatory, Indiana, United States, and named after astronomer Rupert Wildt.

(1953) Rupertwildt ist ein Hauptgürtel-Asteroid, der am 29. Oktober 1951 von Astronomen des Indiana Asteroid Programs am Goethe-Link-Observatorium (IAU-Code 760) in Brooklyn im US-Bundesstaat Indiana entdeckt wurde.


Definition.

Let formula_1 be a finitely generated group, and formula_2 be its Cayley graph with respect to some finite set formula_3 of generators. The set formula_2 is endowed with its graph metric (in which edges are of length one and the distance between two vertices is the minimal number of edges in a path connecting them) which turns it into a length space. The group formula_1 is then said to be "hyperbolic" if formula_2 is a hyperbolic space in the sense of Gromov. Shortly, this means that there exists a formula_7 such that any geodesic triangle in formula_2 is formula_9-thin, as illustrated in the figure on the right (the space is then said to be formula_9-hyperbolic).  A priori this definition depends on the choice of a finite generating set formula_3. That this is not the case follows from the two following facts:  Thus we can legitimately speak of a finitely generated group formula_1 being hyperbolic without referring to a generating set. On the other hand, a space which is quasi-isometric to a formula_9-hyperbolic space is itself formula_14-hyperbolic for some formula_15 but the latter depends on both the original formula_9 and on the quasi-isometry, thus it does not make sense to speak of formula_1 being formula_9-hyperbolic.

Remarks.

The Svarc--Milnor lemma states that if a group formula_1 acting properly discontinuously and with compact quotient (such an action is often called "geometric") on a proper length space formula_20, then it is finitely generated, and any Cayley graph for formula_1 is quasi-isometric to formula_20. Thus a group is (finitely generated and) hyperbolic if and only if it has a geometric action on a proper hyperbolic space.  If formula_23 is a subgroup with finite index (i.e., the set formula_24 is finite), then the inclusion induces a quasi-isometry on the vertices of any (locally finite) Cayley graph of formula_25 into any (ditto) Cayley graph of formula_1. Thus formula_25 is hyperbolic if and only if formula_1 itself is. More generally if two groups are commensurable, then one is hyperbolic if and only if the other is.

Examples.

Elementary hyperbolic groups.

The simplest examples of hyperbolic groups are finite groups (whose Cayley graphs are of finite diameter hence formula_9-hyperbolic with formula_9 equal to this diameter).  Another very simple example is given by infinite cyclic group formula_31 (with the generating set formula_32 triangles are line segments, hence the Cayley graph is formula_33-hyperbolic). It follows also that any group which is virtually cyclic (contains a copy of formula_31 of finite index) is also hyperbolic, for example the infinite dihedral group.  Members in this class of groups are often called "elementary hyperbolic groups" (the terminology is adapted from that of actions on the hyperbolic plane).

Free groups and groups acting on trees.

Let formula_35 be a finite set and formula_36 be the free group with generating set formula_3. Then the Cayley graph of formula_36 with respect to formula_3 is a locally finite tree and hence a 0-hyperbolic space. Thus formula_36 is an hyperbolic group.  More generally we see that any group formula_1 which acts properly discontinuously on a locally finite tree (in this context this means exactly that the stabilizers in formula_1 of the vertices are finite) is hyperbolic. Indeed, this follows from the fact that formula_1 has an invariant subtree on which it acts with compact quotient, and the Svarc—Milnor lemma. Such groups are in fact virtually free (i.e. contain a finitely generated free subgroup of finite index), which gives another proof of their hyperbolicity.  An interesting example is the modular group formula_44: it acts on the tree given by the 1-skeleton of the associated tessellation of the hyperbolic plane and it has a finite index free subgroup (on two generators) of index 6 (for example the set of matrices in formula_1 which reduce to the identity modulo 2 is such a group). Note an interesting feature of this example: it acts properly discontinuously on a hyperbolic space (the hyperbolic plane) but the action is not cocompact (and indeed formula_1 is "not" quasi-isometric to the hyperbolic plane).

Fuchsian groups.

Generalising the example of the modular group a Fuchsian group is a group admitting a properly discontinuous action on the hyperbolic plane (equivalently, a discrete subgroup of formula_47). The hyperbolic plane is a formula_9-hyperbolic space and hence the Svarc—Milnor lemma tells us that cocompact Fuchsian groups are hyperbolic.  Examples of such are the fundamental groups of closed surfaces of negative Euler characteristic. Indeed, these surfaces can be obtained as quotients of the hyperbolic plane, as implied by the Poincaré—Koebe Uniformisation theorem.  Another family of examples of cocompact Fuchsian groups is given by triangle groups: all but finitely many are hyperbolic.

Negative curvature.

Generalising the example of closed surfaces, the fundamental groups of compact Riemannian manifolds with strictly negative sectional curvature are hyperbolic. For example, cocompact lattices in the orthogonal or unitary group of a form of signature formula_49 are hyperbolic.  A further generalisation is given by groups admitting a geometric action on a CAT(k) space. There exists examples which are not commensurable to any of the previous constructions (for instance groups acting geometrically on hyperbolic buildings).

Small cancellation groups.

Groups having presentations which satisfy small cancellation conditions are hyperbolic. This gives a source of examples which do not have a geometric origin as the ones given above. In fact one of the motivations for the initial development of hyperbolic groups was to give a more geometric interpretation of small cancellation.

Random groups.

In some sense, "most" finitely presented groups with large defining relations are hyperbolic. For a quantitative statement of what this means see Random group.

Generalisations.

Relatively hyperbolic groups.

Relatively hyperbolic groups are a class generalising hyperbolic groups. "Very" roughly formula_1 is hyperbolic relative to a collection formula_61 of subgroups if it admits a ("not necessarily cocompact") properly discontinuous action on a proper hyperbolic space formula_2 which is "nice" on the boundary of formula_2 and such that the stabilisers in formula_1 of points on the boundary are subgroups in formula_61. This is interesting when both formula_2 and the action of formula_1 on formula_2 are not elementary (in particular formula_2 is infinite: for example every group is hyperbolic relatively to itself via its action on a single point!).  Interesting examples in this class include in particular non-uniform lattices in rank 1 semisimple Lie groups, for example fundamental groups of non-compact hyperbolic manifolds of finite volume. Non-examples are lattices in higher-rank Lie groups and mapping class groups.

Acylindrically hyperbolic groups.

An even more general notion is that of an acylindically hyperbolic group. Acylindricity of an action of a group formula_1 on a metric space formula_2 is a weakening of proper discontinuity of the action.  A group is said to be acylindrically hyperbolic if it admits a non-elementary acylindrical action on a ("not necessarily proper") Gromov-hyperbolic space. This notion includes mapping class groups via their actions on curve complexes. Lattices in higher-rank Lie groups are (still!) not acylindrically hyperbolic.

CAT(0) groups.

In another direction one can weaken the assumption about curvature in the examples above: a "CAT(0) group" is a group admitting a geometric action on a CAT(0) space. This includes Euclidean crystallographic groups and uniform lattices in higher-rank Lie groups.  It is not known whether there exists a hyperbolic group which is not CAT(0).

In group theory, more precisely in geometric group theory, a hyperbolic group, also known as a "word hyperbolic group" or "Gromov hyperbolic group", is a finitely generated group equipped with a word metric satisfying certain properties abstracted from classical hyperbolic geometry. The notion of a hyperbolic group was introduced and developed by. The inspiration came from various existing mathematical theories: hyperbolic geometry but also low-dimensional topology (in particular the results of Max Dehn concerning the fundamental group of a hyperbolic Riemann surface, and more complex phenomena in three-dimensional topology), and combinatorial group theory. In a very influential (over 1000 citations ) chapter from 1987, Gromov proposed a wide-ranging research program. Ideas and foundational material in the theory of hyperbolic groups also stem from the work of George Mostow, William Thurston, James W. Cannon, Eliyahu Rips, and many others.

Hyperbolische Gruppen (auch: wort-hyperbolische Gruppen, Gromov-hyperbolische Gruppen, negativ gekrümmte Gruppen) sind eines der zentralen Themen der geometrischen Gruppentheorie. Der Begriff wurde in den 1980er Jahren von Michail Leonidowitsch Gromow eingeführt, die Verwendung geometrischer Methoden in der Gruppentheorie hat aber eine lange bis zu Max Dehns Verwendung hyperbolischer Geometrie zur Lösung des Wortproblems für Fundamentalgruppen kompakter Flächen zurückreichende Tradition. In gewissem Sinne sind fast alle Gruppen hyperbolisch. Zahlreiche Methoden aus der Geometrie negativ gekrümmter Räume lassen sich auf hyperbolische Gruppen übertragen und so für die Gruppentheorie nutzbar machen.


History.

Torpig reportedly began development in 2005, evolving from that point to more effectively evade detection by the host system and antivirus software.  In early 2009, a team of security researchers from University of California, Santa Barbara took control of the botnet for ten days. During that time, they extracted an unprecedented amount (over 70 GB) of stolen data and redirected 1.2 million IPs on to their private command and control server. The report goes into great detail about how the botnet operates. During the UCSB research team's ten-day takeover of the botnet, Torpig was able to retrieve login information for 8,310 accounts at 410 different institutions, and 1,660 unique credit and debit card numbers from victims in the U.S. (49%), Italy (12%), Spain (8%), and 40 other countries, including cards from Visa (1,056), MasterCard (447), American Express (81), Maestro (36), and Discover (24).

Operation.

Initially, a great deal of Torpig's spread was attributable to phishing emails that tricked users into installing the malicious software. More sophisticated delivery methods developed since that time use malicious banner ads which take advantage of exploits found in outdated of versions of Java, or Adobe Acrobat, Flash, Shockwave. A type of Drive-by download, this method typically does not require the user to click on the ad, and the download may commence without any visible indications after the malicious ad recognizes the old software version and redirects the browser to the Torpig download site. To complete its installation into the infected computer's Master Boot Record (MBR), the trojan will restart the computer.  During the main stage of the infection, the malware will upload information from the computer twenty minutes at a time, including financial data like credit card numbers and credentials for banking accounts, as well as e-mail accounts, Windows passwords, FTP credentials, and POP/SMTP accounts.

Torpig, also known as Anserin or Sinowal is a type of botnet spread through systems compromised by the Mebroot rootkit by a variety of trojan horses for the purpose of collecting sensitive personal and corporate data such as bank account and credit card information. It targets computers that use Microsoft Windows, recruiting a network of zombies for the botnet. Torpig circumvents antivirus software through the use of rootkit technology and scans the infected system for credentials, accounts and passwords as well as potentially allowing attackers full access to the computer. It is also purportedly capable of modifying data on the computer, and can perform man-in-the-browser attacks.

Torpig, auch bekannt als Sinowal oder Anserin (wird überwiegend über Mebroot rootkit verbreitet), ist eine Botnetz-Variante, die durch unterschiedliche Trojanische Pferde verbreitet wird, die Computer mit Microsoft Windows betreffen. Torpig umgeht Antivirenprogramme durch die Nutzung von Rootkits. Die infizierten Systeme werden nach Zugangsdaten, Passwörtern gescannt und über Keylogger mitgeschnitten. So ist auch ein Man-in-the-middle-Angriff möglich.


Biography.

The youngest of six sons, Donald J. Hying was born in West Allis, Wisconsin, to parents Albert and Catherine Hying (both deceased) on August 18, 1963. He attended St. Aloysius and Immaculate Heart of Mary grade schools, and graduated from Brookfield Central High School. Hying received his bachelor's degree from Marquette University and his master's degree from Saint Francis de Sales Seminary.  On May 20, 1989, Hying was ordained a priest for the Milwaukee Archdiocese by Archbishop Rembert Weakland. He was associate pastor of St. Anthony Parish, Menomonee Falls, from 1989 to 1994. Hying then served as a Team Member for La Sagrada Familia Parroquia, Dominican Republic, from 1994 to 1997. He served as temporary administrator of St. Peter Parish (1998), then as associate pastor of St. Anthony Parish, Milwaukee, from 1998 to 1999. He was appointed pastor of Our Lady of Good Hope Parish, Milwaukee, from 1999 to 2005. In 2006, Hying was temporary administrator of St. Augustine Parish, Milwaukee in 2006. He then became the Dean of Formation at Saint Francis de Sales Seminary from 2005 to 2007. He was appointed rector of St. Francis de Sales Seminary by Archbishop Timothy Michael Dolan from 2007 to 2011.

Auxiliary Bishop of Milwaukee.

On May 26, 2011, Pope Benedict XVI appointed Hying titular bishop of Regiae and auxiliary bishop of Milwaukee. He was consecrated on July 20, 2011.

Bishop of Gary.

On November 24, 2014, Pope Francis appointed Bishop Hying as the fourth Bishop of the Diocese of Gary, Indiana, and accepted the resignation of Bishop Dale Joseph Melczek, who had submitted his resignation as required when he reached the age of 75. Hying's installation in Gary took place on January 6, 2015. While he was Bishop over the Diocese of Gary, Hying oversaw that diocese's first Synod in 2017.

Bishop of Madison.

On April 25, 2019, he was named Bishop of the Diocese of Madison, Wisconsin, to replace the deceased Bishop Robert Morlino. He was installed on June 25, 2019.

Donald Joseph Hying (born August 18, 1963) is an American Roman Catholic prelate who is the fifth bishop of the Diocese of Madison, Wisconsin. He was an auxiliary bishop of the Archdiocese of Milwaukee, Wisconsin, from 2011 to 2015 and bishop of the Diocese of Gary, Indiana, from 2015 to 2019. On April 25, 2019, he was appointed Bishop of the Diocese of Madison.

Donald Joseph Hying (* 18. August 1963 in West Allis, Wisconsin, USA) ist ein US-amerikanischer Geistlicher und römisch-katholischer Bischof von Madison.


Design and development.

After a disastrous storm which wrecked the Rs.I, Dornier continued development of large seaplanes with the Rs.II. The design and construction drawings of the Rs.II had been prepared during 1915 and the airframe was completed rapidly after the loss of the Rs.I. Although resembling the Rs.I, there was little in common with the Rs.II, which had a much broader, shorter hull, low aspect ratio upper wing and open lattice tail unit.  The Rs.II, (Navy serial no 1433), as launched in 1916, consisted of a sesquiplane flying boat with a short but very broad fuselage and a tail unit supported at the end of a long open lattice box framework of tubular booms cross braced with cables. The short lower wings were intended to support stabilizing floats but these were found unnecessary due to the inherent stability of the broad hull. The tail unit comprised a biplane elevator assembly with a small separate tailplane above a pair of all-flying rudders and the large upper wing was supported by struts which also supported the propellers.  Power was supplied by three Maybach HS engines mounted inside the hull, transmitting power to the three propellers via clutches, gearboxes and shafts. The three propellers were mounted as pushers aft of the wing support structure at about mid-gap. Radiators for the internally mounted engines were mounted as a wide slab on the hull aft of the pilots cockpit.  The wing structure was formed by three built-up girder spars of triangular section with aluminium wing ribs spaced fairly wide apart; the wing fabric was sewn to special eyelets, which were attached to the framework at evenly spaced intervals. The lower wings were attached directly to the fuselage, touching the water when afloat, improving water-borne stability. The low aspect ratio upper wing was supported by a central frame work and N strut assemblies at 1/3rd span and 2/3rd span. Incidence of the upper wing was adjustable by altering the length of the forward N-strut tubes.  Flying controls were fairly conventional despite their size, with unbalanced ailerons on the upper wing and a large biplane elevator unit trailing a small tailplane and small rudders under the tailplane. To improve lateral control at low speeds, and improve spin resistance, the tip incidence was washed-out, ensuring that the inner wing sections stalled first.  The hull, constructed of steel bulkheads and stringers with Duralumin skinning on the sides and bottom, but fabric on parts of the upper decking, housed the crew in a cockpit near the nose, who were protected by a raised coaming. The engines and fuel lines were also housed inside the hull; they could be serviced in flight by a mechanic.

Operational history.

On 17 May 1916 the Rs.II left the hangar at Seemoos for initial taxiing trials with Schroter at the controls, with Graf Zeppelin, Dornier and other important people from the Zeppelin works observing from Zeppelin's motor boat "Württemberg". Initial attempts at taking-off were unsuccessful, attributed to the very calm conditions not allowing the hull to un-stick, they also highlighted the unacceptable rudder power for manoeuvring on the water.  The first modification involved adding a third tall rudder between the original rudders. Flight tests resumed on 30 June 1916, take-off attempts were made with the wing incidence set at one, then two degrees and finally at three degrees which was successful at 07:30 hours. Two more flights were made that day and a further three flights proved the need for changes to the tail framework and tail surfaces; large diameter metal tubes replacing the upper booms and fixed fins fitted between the boom ends, as well as reducing the area of the central rudder and improving the planing surface shape.  Ready for continued flight tests on 17 July 1916, the RS.II still showed poor take-off characteristics and the aircraft was sluggish in roll. Rudder authority was also lacking as it was found impossible to maintain straight flight with the centre and starboard engines throttled back. During these tests the port transmission began to vibrate and eventually it failed, causing the port propeller to break. The aircraft dropped onto the water from about 10 m (33 ft), bounced into the air where the centre propeller transmission broke loose, damaging the tail boom as the aircraft settled with the tail boom in ruins.

Second version.

Rebuilding of the Rs.II was completed by 5 November 1916, with Schroter piloting the aircraft on its second flight the next day.  The much revised Rs.II had four more reliable Maybach Mb.IVa engines fitted in push pull nacelles mounted on struts above the hull at approx. mid gap. Initially the biplane tail cellule was retained with large fins and rudders attached to the tail boom side members; the tail unit was later made more conventional with a large tailplane and twin fins with rudders. Take-off performance was improved by moving the step further aft but the take-off run was still excessive. The upper wing was also lowered by shortening the centre section struts and moving the mounts for the side struts to halfway down the sides of the fuselage. Other changes included aerodynamic balance surfaces for the ailerons, lower wings with reduced chord and rounded tips.  Flight tests of the revised Rs.II were still dogged by engine problems with the engines either over-cooling when un-cowled, or overheating when fully cowled, not to mention spark plug and equipment failures exacerbated by a lack of spare parts. During May 1917, while practising landings, the Rs.II landed hard, breaking the central boom support. Unaware of the damage, the pilot attempted to take-off again, but the sagging tail forced the Rs.II back on to the water, where the tail broke off and sank to the bottom of Lake Constance.  By June 1917 the cumbersome tail unit had been replaced by a cleaner design with a single tailplane and finely formed fins and rudders mounted at the end of each boom. The new boom structure was much stronger and of simpler design. Evaluation by the SVK ("Seeflugzeugs-Versuchs-Kommando" - Seaplane Testing Command), was carried out from 23 to 26 June 1917 testing various engine off configurations and water-borne handling. Given a qualified clean bill of health, the Rs.II was prepared for a transit flight to Norderney on the North Sea coast to carry out seaworthiness trials.  Due to the recurring problems with the engines and the lack of clean high grade fuel, the Rs.II was required to carry out a practice delivery flight to ensure that the aircraft could reach its destination. During one of these practice flights, number 4 engine back-fired violently and number 1 engine's propeller disintegrated, showering the wings and hull with splinters. With two engines shut-down the pilot throttled back number 2 and 3 engines, gliding to a safe landing. The damage caused by the disintegrating propeller was deemed uneconomical to repair.

The Zeppelin-Lindau Rs.II (known incorrectly postwar as the Dornier Rs.II) was a biplane flying boat, designed by Claudius Dornier and built during 1914-15 on the German side of Lake Constance. Initially this aircraft was powered by three engines mounted inside the hull driving three pusher propellers via gearboxes and shafts. The later version was powered by four engines in two push-pull nacelles mounted between the wings.

Die Dornier Rs II war ein viermotoriges Doppeldecker-Flugboot des am Bodensee ansässigen Flugzeugherstellers Dornier-Werke aus der Zeit des Ersten Weltkrieges. In der ersten Version mit drei Motoren erfolgte der Erstflug am 30. Juni 1916 statt. Die endgültige Version mit vier Motoren flog erstmals am 6. November 1916.


Recording.

"Strange Days" was recorded during tour breaks between May and August 1967 at Sunset Sound Recorders in Hollywood (the same studio as their first LP). In contrast to the 1966 sessions, producer Paul A. Rothchild and engineer Bruce Botnick employed a cutting-edge 8-track recording machine. The protracted sessions allowed the band to experiment in the studio and further augment their otherworldly sound with unusual instrumentation and sonic manipulation. According to Botnick, this approach was inspired by the band obtaining an advance copy of the Beatles' "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band" and "absolutely flipping out" at what they heard. Botnick said that, following the Beatles' example, the Doors were determined to pursue "new techniques of recording. No holds barred."  On the track "Horse Latitudes", Botnick took the white noise of a tape recorder and varied the speed by hand-winding it (resulting in a sound akin to wind) as the four band members played a variety of instruments in unusual ways. Further varispeed was then employed to create different timbres and effects. The band also explored musique concrète techniques on the album. Session musician Douglass Lubahn occasionally played bass during the recording of the album.

Composition.

Several of the songs on "Strange Days" had been written around the same time as the ones that appeared on "The Doors". Two ("My Eyes Have Seen You" and "Moonlight Drive") had been demoed in 1965 at Trans World Pacific Studios before Krieger joined the group; indeed, the latter had been conceived by Morrison prior to his fateful reunion with Manzarek in the summer of 1965. Although the song was attempted twice during the sessions for the band's debut, both versions were deemed unsatisfactory. A conventional blues arrangement, "Moonlight Drive"'s defining features were its slightly off-beat rhythm and Krieger's bottleneck guitar, which create an eerie sound.  The LP's first single, "People Are Strange", was composed in early 1967 after Krieger, drummer John Densmore, and a depressed Morrison had walked to the top of Laurel Canyon. Densmore recalled the song's writing process in his book "Riders on the Storm". Densmore and Krieger, who had then been roommates, were visited by a dejected Morrison, who was acting "deeply depressed." At the suggestion of Densmore, they took a walk along Laurel Canyon. Morrison returned from the walk "euphoric" with the early lyrics of "People Are Strange".  Although Morrison was the Doors' primary lyricist, Krieger wrote several of the group's hit singles, with his first composition being "Light My Fire". According to band members, his bluesy "Love Me Two Times" was about a soldier/sailor on his last day with his girlfriend before shipping out, ostensibly to war. Manzarek described the song as "Robby's great blues/rock classic about lust and lost, or multiple orgasms, I'm not sure which." In 1997, Krieger stated to "Guitar World"'s Alan Paul that the musical idea for "Love Me Two Times" came from a lick from a Danny Kalb album. Manzarek played the final version of this song on a harpsichord, not a clavichord. Manzarek described the instrument as "a most elegant instrument that one does not normally associate with rock and roll." It was edited to a 2:37 length and released as the second single (after "People Are Strange") from that album, and reached No. 25 on the charts in the US. "Love Me Two Times" was considered to be somewhat risqué for radio airplay, being banned in New Haven, Connecticut, for being "too controversial," much to the dismay of the band.  The album concludes with the 11 minute-long epic, "When the Music's Over".

Artwork.

The album cover of "Strange Days", photographed by Joel Brodsky, depicts a group of street performers in New York. The location of the photograph is at Sniffen Court, a residential alley next to East 36th Street between Lexington and Third Avenue in Manhattan. The availability of such performers pictured was low, so Brodsky's assistant stood in as a juggler while a random cab driver was paid $5 to pose playing the trumpet. Twin dwarfs were hired, with one appearing on the front cover and one appearing on the back cover, which is the other half of the same photo on the front cover. However, a group shot of the band does appear on a poster in the background of both covers, bearing captions of the band and album name. (The same photograph previously appeared on the back cover of the band's debut album.) Because of the subtlety of the artist and album title, most record stores put stickers across the cover to help customers identify it more clearly.

Release.

"Strange Days" was released on September 25, 1967, by Elektra Records. Although the album was quite successful, reaching No. 3 in the United States during a sixty-three-week chart stay in November 1967, its impact was attenuated by the enduring success of the band's debut album, which remained in the Top Ten over ten months after its release during a 122-week stay.

Critical reception.

Music critic Robert Christgau called the album "muscular but misshapen" in a May 1968 column for "Esquire", but went on to write that The Doors had come "from nowhere to reign as America's heaviest group". "Rolling Stone" opined that the album "has all the power and energy of the first LP, but is more subtle, more intricate and much more effective" and argued that the "whole album, individual songs and especially the final track are constructed in the five parts of tragedy. Like Greek drama, you know when the music's over because there is catharsis."

Legacy.

Critics rank the album highly; in 2012, "Strange Days" was listed at No. 409 on "Rolling Stone magazine's" list of the 500 Greatest Albums of All Time. In 2007, "Rolling Stone" included it on their list "The 40 Essential Albums of 1967". In 2007, on the occasion of the release of the 40th anniversary edition of the album, Sal Cinquemani of "Slant Magazine" argued that "while "The Doors" had more frequent, obvious peaks, the quirky "Strange Days" is a more ambitious, unified work. There are fewer filler tracks and each song carries as much weight as the one before and after it" and called it "a document of a sometimes beautiful, sometimes scary, and often twisted era of fear and idealism."  Some critics feel it does not quite match up to its predecessor. In his retrospective AllMusic review of the album, Richie Unterberger notes, "Many of the songs on "Strange Days" had been written around the same time as the ones that appeared on "The Doors", and with hindsight one has the sense that the best of the batch had already been cherry picked for the debut album. For that reason, the band's second effort isn't as consistently stunning as their debut, though overall it's a very successful continuation of the themes of their classic album."

Personnel.

Details are taken from the 2007 Rhino Records CD 40th Anniversary Edition liner notes with accompanying essays by Bruce Botnick and Barney Hoskyns and may differ from other sources.  The Doors  Additional musicians  Technical

Strange Days is the second studio album by the American rock band the Doors, released on September 25, 1967, by Elektra Records. The album was a commercial success, reaching number three on the US "Billboard" 200, and eventually earning RIAA platinum certification. The album contains the Top 30 hit singles "People Are Strange" and "Love Me Two Times".

Strange Days ist das zweite Studioalbum der US-amerikanischen Rockband The Doors. Es erschien im September 1967 bei Elektra Records. Es wurde auf Platz 409 in die Liste der 500 besten Alben des Magazins "Rolling Stone" aufgenommen.