History.

Monroe was laid out in 1817 on the Dayton and Cincinnati pike. The city is named for President James Monroe, fifth President of the United States.  In the early 1830s, Monroe contained one store and 119 inhabitants.

Geography.

Monroe is located at (39.444658, −84.364044).  According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of, of which is land and is water.

Demographics.

2010 census.

As of the census of 2010, there were 12,442 people, 4,649 households, and 3,481 families living in the city. The population density was. There were 4,896 housing units at an average density of. The racial makeup of the city was 92.6% White, 3.7% African American, 0.2% Native American, 1.7% Asian, 0.7% from other races, and 1.3% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.8% of the population.  There were 4,649 households of which 39.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 61.6% were married couples living together, 8.8% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.5% had a male householder with no wife present, and 25.1% were non-families. 21.3% of all households were made up of individuals and 10.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.63 and the average family size was 3.07.  The median age in the city was 36.9 years. 27% of residents were under the age of 18; 5.9% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 29.7% were from 25 to 44; 23.1% were from 45 to 64; and 14.3% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48.8% male and 51.2% female.

2000 census.

As of the census of 2000, there were 7,133 people, 2,685 households, and 2,040 families living in the city. The population density was 459.9 people per square mile (177.6/km2). There were 2,822 housing units at an average density of 182.0 per square mile (70.3/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 97.15% White, 1.42% African American, 0.10% Native American, 0.34% Asian, 0.22% from other races, and 0.77% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.64% of the population.  There were 2,685 households out of which 32.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 65.1% were married couples living together, 6.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 24.0% were non-families. 20.3% of all households were made up of individuals and 9.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.52 and the average family size was 2.91.  In the city the population was spread out with 22.8% under the age of 18, 6.5% from 18 to 24, 29.1% from 25 to 44, 22.6% from 45 to 64, and 19.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 91.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.3 males.  The median income for a household in the city was $56,012, and the median income for a family was $62,528. Males had a median income of $44,864 versus $27,385 for females. The per capita income for the city was $24,735. About 1.0% of families and 1.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 0.4% of those under age 18 and 2.1% of those age 65 or over.

Schools and utilities.

Most of the city is in the Monroe Local School District with some falling in the Lakota School District. Telephone service is provided through the Monroe, Middletown, and Mason exchanges. Mail is delivered through the Monroe, Middletown, and Lebanon post offices. There is both a police station and a fire station on the main road.

Monroe is a city located in east central Butler and west central Warren counties in the southwestern part of the U.S. state of Ohio. As of the 2010 Census, the city population was 12,442, up from 4,008 in 1990.

Monroe ist eine Stadt, die im zentralen Ostbutler County und im zentralen Westwarren County im südwestlichen Teil des US-Bundesstaats Ohio gelegen ist. Bei der Zählung 2000 stieg die Stadtbevölkerung auf 7133, von 4008 1990. Monroe wurde nach James Monroe benannt, dem US-Präsidenten, der zur gleichen Zeit der Stadtgründung (1817) auf sein Amt vereidigt wurde.


Band history.

In Extremo (abbreviated InEx, or just IE) began as two projects: a nameless, purely medieval band, and a rock band. They became known at that time through frequent appearances at medieval market meetings, at which they performed their acoustic pieces and sold CDs of their renditions of traditional songs. On April 11, 1995, during the recording for that year's season, Michael Rhein (alias "Das letzte Einhorn," engl. "The Last Unicorn") found the project name "In Extremo, "Latin for "At The Edge".  Most of the band members perform under stage names. The initial members of the medieval band were "Das letzte Einhorn" (engl. "The Last Unicorn," vocals), "Flex der Biegsame" (engl. "Flex the Flexible," bagpipes), "Dr. Pymonte" (bagpipes), Conny Fuchs (who left the band before the official release date, due to her pregnancy, and was replaced by Dr. Pymonte) and Sen Pusterbalg (replaced shortly after the official release by "Yellow Pfeiffer," engl. "Yellow Piper," bagpipes). The rock band originally consisted of "Thomas der Münzer" (engl. "Thomas the Coiner," guitar), "Der Morgenstern" (engl. "The Morning Star," drums), and "Die Lutter" (engl. "The Lutter," bass guitar). Der Münzer subsequently left the band and,, the band's guitarist is "Van Lange" (engl. "The Long One"). As noted below, almost all of the band members play multiple instruments.  The increasing number of visitors, success of their CDs, and the popular interest, as well as cross-pollination from groups such as Corvus Corax and Bathory, encouraged In Extremo in 1995 to attempt to start a band combining bagpipes and other traditional instruments with rock guitars. The result was the current incarnation of In Extremo, a rock group that integrates modern instruments like the drum set, electric bass and guitar with the acoustic elements previously used for the medieval songs, and which plays both types of music as well as a hybrid of the two.  In August 1996, they began work on the first In Extremo album, which already contained two tracks of the new rock project. Because the album had no official name, it became known as "Gold" because of the golden cover. In February 1997, like the single "Der Galgen" (engl. "The Gallows"), it quickly sold out in Medieval markets.  In Extremo played separately as a medieval and a rock band, until on March 29, 1997, when they played their first live rock concert. Since that time, they have given this date as their date of establishment. The two projects were officially merged on January 11, 1998. April 1998 saw the first "high occupancy" In Extremo concert in the Rabenstein castle in Brandenburg.  Over the years, their music became more heavy metal based, while at the same time becoming increasingly commercially successful. The classical instruments, however – bagpipes, shawms, and lutes – still play a large role. The band is likewise noted for their conspicuous stage costumes and known for using pyrotechnics in their concerts, including Der Morgenstern playing cymbals which have been set on fire.  On 26 February 2010 In Extremo announced that Der Morgenstern left the band because of musical differences via their homepage. On June 11, Florian "Specki T.D." Speckardt was announced as his replacement on drums. Since then, they have proceeded to release 3 albums: Sterneneisen, Kunstraub, and Quid Pro Quo, all of which have reached the top 10 in the German charts, with Sterneneisen and Quid Pro Quo both having number 1 positions for a time. Their 13th album, Kompass zur Sonne is planned for release on May 8, 2020, and is to come with a tour with openers such as Lacuna Coil, Russkaja, and Fiddler's Green. This tour was also originally planned for May, but it was delayed to the end of the year due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Instruments.

Besides the electric guitar, bass, and drum set, In Extremo defines itself by unconventional (for a rock band) instruments mainly of medieval origin. They include hurdy-gurdy, bagpipes, Uilleann Pipes, shawm, nyckelharpa, harp, cittern, tromba marina, hammered dulcimer, Klangbaum, and various types of drums and percussion. Bagpipes are the most conspicuous of these instruments, as Dr. Pymonte, Yellow Pfeiffer, and Flex der Biegsame all play bagpipes, sometimes all three at once. All of the band members play multiple instruments, and frequently rotate instruments between songs; Das letzte Einhorn frequently plays a cittern during certain songs, such as Ai Vis A Lo Lop.  Their bagpipes were partially made by Dr. Pymonte, but are also partially built by a well-known pipe builder. The band also uses a custom-built frame drum covered in zebra skin, called "Das Pferd" (engl. "The Horse"). Most of the other acoustic instruments, such as their shawms, are only made by a few other instrument builders.

Style and lyrics.

Some lyrics are not written by the band, but some – like the instruments – from traditional songs written during the Middle Ages and Renaissance.  Many of the lyrics to the band's repertoire of medieval songs come from church writings (e.g. "Wessebronner Gebet"), Benedictine writings (e.g. "Raue See"), or are "trad. arr.", meaning traditional songs with unknown authors, rearranged by the band (e.g. Merseburger Zaubersprüche, Tannhuser, Poc Vecem). The band also frequently uses songs from the Carmina Burana, a medieval collection of songs, as well as lyrics written as poetry by the 15th-century French poet François Villon ("Rotes Haar," engl. "Red Hair," and "Erdbeermund," engl. "Strawberry Mouth," translated into German by Paul Zech).  The band also uses poems from later writers such as Johann Wolfgang von Goethe ("Der Rattenfänger," engl. "The Ratcatcher") and Ludwig Uhland, who wrote "Des Sängers Fluch" (engl. "The Singer's Curse") – which In Extremo changed to be called "Spielmannsfluch" (engl. "The Minstrel's Curse"). For the album Mein Rasend Herz, In Extremo originally wrote the lyrics to the song "Liam" in German, after which it was translated into Irish by Rea Garvey, who was also a guest singer on the song.

Appearances.

Their first major appearance was in the first part of the computer game "Gothic". Some time in the game, a group of traveling musicians called 'In-Extremo' plays their version of the song "Herr Mannelig", from the album "Verehrt und Angespien"; by the gallows outside the Old Camp Castle.  With their success, the music programs also began to pay attention to In Extremo. They were invited on the television program Viva Interactive, where they gave a fifteen-minute call-and-response and played two songs. They rejected at that time an invitation to Top of the Pops to play "Küss Mich" (engl. "Kiss Me"), because it was, according to Das letzte Einhorn, not their environment. Nevertheless, they did accept a further invitation to TotP in 2005 and played "Nur Ihr Allein" (engl. "Only You Alone").  At the same time, their audience grew with live appearances, from marketplaces to festivals like Rock Am Ring, the Taubertal Festival, and the Nova Rock in Austria. Their largest public appearance however, had In Extremo opening for the farewell tour of Böhse Onkelz in June 2005, with about 120,000 spectators.  In Extremo last participated on February 9, 2006, in the Bundesvision Song Contest of Stefan Raab for the Free State of Thuringia; Das letzte Einhorn was born in Dingelstädt (Eichsfeld), and grew up in Leinefelde. Both cities lie in North Thuringia. The group occupied the third spot with "Liam (German)". Before, they had introduced themselves on February 2 on the TV show TV Total.  In Extremo played further in 2006 at the Wacken Open Air, as well as on the M'era Luna Festival in Hildesheim. At the end of 2006 they played in the framework their "10 Year Anniversary Tour" in Germany, Austria, and Switzerland.

Success.

The first In Extremo album that attracted attention was "Verehrt und Angespien" (engl. "Worshipped and Spat At"). It achieved an at the time sensational 11th place in the German album charts. The subsequent album, "Sünder ohne Zügel" (engl. "Unbridled Sinners"), got to the 10th place.  The band had much success with the album "7"; it came in 3rd place on the German charts. The video of the single "Küss Mich" was frequently shown on German music television. The singles reached high chart placements.  The eighth album "Mein Rasend Herz" (engl. "My Racing Heart") achieved third place on the album charts in 2005. Three singles were published from this album: "Nur Ihr Allein" (engl. "Only You Alone") on May 17, 2005, "Horizont" (engl. "Horizon") on September 12, 2005, and "Liam (German)" on February 3, 2006. On February 10, 2006, the second live CD/DVD, "Raue Spree", was published, coming in at 4th place of the German charts. In addition, the CD "7" and the DVD "Raue Spree" achieved gold status at the beginning of 2007.  The ninth album "Sängerkrieg" (engl. "Singers' War") went first place on the album charts of Germany on May 23, 2008. In Austria it reached the thirteenth and in Switzerland the twenty-second place. In Germany it was the 41st best-selling album of the year in 2008.

Band members.

Current members  Former members

In Extremo () is a German medieval metal band originating from Berlin. The band's musical style combines metal with medieval traditional songs, blending the sound of the standard rock/metal instruments with historical instruments (such as bagpipes, harp, hurdy-gurdy and shawm). Versions of well-known traditional/medieval ballads make up the main part of their repertoire, but the band has written an increasing share of original material in recent years. Their own material is written in German, whilst the traditional songs are in a variety of languages, including Gaelic, Spanish, English, Norwegian, Swedish, Icelandic, French, Estonian, Galician, Hebrew, Latin, Ladino, Occitan, Old High German and Middle High German.

In Extremo ist eine deutsche Band, die dem Mittelalter-Rock zugeordnet wird. Die siebenköpfige Gruppe wurde 1995 in Berlin gegründet. Mit über 1,5 Millionen verkauften Tonträgern ist sie die kommerziell erfolgreichste Formation im Bereich des Mittelalter-Rock/Mittelalter-Metal.


History.

While the effect is named after Portevin and Le Chatelier, they were not the first to discover it. Felix Savart made the discovery when he observed non-homogeneous deformation during a tensile test of copper strips. He documented the physical serrations in his samples that are currently known as Portevin -Le Chatelier bands. A student of Savart, Mason, repeated the experiment while controlling for loading rate. Mason observed that under a constant loading rate, the samples would experience sudden large changes in elongation (as large as a few millimeters).

Underlying Physics.

Much of the underlying physics of the Portevin -Le Chatelier effect lies in a specific case of solute drag creep. Adding solute atoms to a pure crystal introduces a size misfit into the system. This size misfit leads to restriction of dislocation motion. At low temperature, these solute atoms are immobile within the lattice, but at high temperatures, the solute atoms become mobile and interact in a more complex manner with the dislocations. When solute atoms are mobile and the dislocation velocity is not too high, the solute atoms and dislocation can move together where the solute atom decreases the motion of the dislocation.  The Portevin -Le Chatelier effect occurs in the specific case where solute drag creep is occurring and there is an applied stress, with a material dependent range, on the sample. The applied stress causes the velocity of the dislocations to increase, allowing the dislocation to move away from the solute. This process is commonly referred to as “breakaway”. Once the dislocation has moved away from the solute, the stress on it decreases which causes its velocity to decrease. This allows the solute atoms to “catch up” with the dislocation. As soon as the solute atom catches up, the stress on the dislocation significantly increases, causing the process to repeat.  The cyclic changes described above produce serrations in the plastic region of the stress strain diagram of a tensile test that is undergoing the Portevin -Le Chatelier effect. The variation in stress also causes non-homogeneous deformation to occur throughout the sample which can be visible to the naked eye through observation of a rough finish.

Conditions that affect the PLC effect.

Temperature.

Temperature affects both the speed of band propagation through the material and the critical strain. The speed of band propagation is proportional to the temperature (lower temp lower speeds, higher temp higher speeds). Often the critical strain will first decrease due to temperature. The temperature effect on the PLC regime is caused by the increased ability of the solutes to diffuse to the dislocations with increasing temperature. Although the mechanism of diffusion is not entirely understood, it is believed that solute atoms diffuse by either volume (high temperature), by diffusion in stacking fault ribbons between partial dislocations (intermediate temperature) or pipe diffusion (low temperature).

Strain rate.

While temperature is related to the rate of diffusion, strain rate determines the time the dislocations take to overcome these obstacles, and has a dramatic effect on the conditions of the PLC effect. So generally, the critical stress will decrease with imposed strain rate. Also the higher the stress rate, the lower the band speed.

Precipitates.

Precipitates, often found in Al alloys (especially of the Mg variety), complicate the PLC effect. Often these precipitates will cause the so-called inverse behavior, which changes the effect of both strain rate and temperature on the solid The presence of precipitates is shown to have an influence on the appearance and disappearance of serrations in the stress strain curve.

Grain size.

The structure of the material, as well, has an effect on the appearance and parameters that describe the PLC effect. For example, the magnitude of the stress drops is larger with a smaller grain size. The critical strain often increases with larger grains, which is linked to the dependence of the dislocation density to grain size. Serration amplitude is greater in Al-Mg alloys for a finer grain size. There is a correlation between increasing the critical strain and the onset of serration with increasing grain size. But some findings indicate that the grain size has practically no effect on the band velocity or the band width.

Material finish.

Polishing the material affects the beginning of the PLC effect and the band velocities. Apparently a rougher surface provides more nucleation points for high stress, which help initiate deformation bands. These bands also propagate twice as fast in the polished specimen.

Non effects.

The number of vacancies does not directly affect the PLC start point. It was found that if a material is pre-strained to a value 1⁄2 of that required to initiate jerky flow, and then rested at the test temperature or annealed to remove vacancies (but low enough that the dislocation structure is not affected), then the total critical strain is only slightly decreased as well as the types of serrations that do occur.

Serrations descriptors.

While properties like strain rate sensitivity and critical strain mark the beginning of the PLC effect, people have developed a system to describe the serrations themselves. These types are often dependent on strain rate, temperature, and grain size. While usually the bands are labeled A, B, and C some sources have added a D and E type Bands. Because the type A, B, and C type bands are most found in literature they will be the only ones covered here.

Type A bands.

Type A bands are often seen at high strain rate and low temperatures. They are a random development of bands that form over the entire specimen. They are usually described as continuously propagating with small stress drops.

Type B bands.

Type B bands are sometimes described as “hopping” bands and they appear at a medium to high strain rates. They are often seen as each band forming ahead of the previous one in a spatially correlated way. The serrations are more irregular with smaller amplitudes than type C.

Type C bands.

C bands are often seen at low applied strain rate or high temperatures. These are identified with random nucleated static bands with large characteristic stress drops the serration.

Other notes on band types.

The different types of bands are believed to represent different states of dislocation in the bands, and band types can change in a materials stress strain curve. Currently there are no models that can capture the change in band types  Portevin-Le Chatelier (PLC) effect is a proof of non-uniform deformation of CuNi25 commercial alloys at intermediate temperature. In CuNi25 alloy it manifests itself as irregularities in the form of serrations on the stress–strain curve. It proves instability of force during tension and heterogeneity of microstructure and presence of many heterogeneous factors, affecting its mechanical properties.

Problems caused by the PLC effect.

Because the PLC effect is related to a strengthening mechanism, the strength of steel may increase; however, the plasticity and ductility of a material afflicted by the PLC effect decrease drastically. The PLC effect is known to induce blue brittleness in steel; additionally, the loss of ductility may cause rough surfaces to develop during deformation (Al-Mg alloys are especially susceptible to this), rendering them useless for autobody or casting applications.

The Portevin–Le Chatelier effect (PLC) describes a serrated stress–strain curve or jerky flow, which some materials exhibit as they undergo plastic deformation, specifically inhomogeneous deformation. This effect has been long associated with dynamic strain aging or the competition between diffusing solutes pinning dislocations and dislocations breaking free of this stoppage.

Der Portevin-Le-Chatelier-Effekt (PLC-Effekt) wird auch als dynamische Reckalterung bezeichnet. Seine Entdeckung wird Albert Portevin und Henry Le Chatelier zugeschrieben. Manche Legierungen zeigen bei einer kontinuierlichen Belastung ein ruckeliges und ungleichmäßiges Verformungsverhalten. Im Zugversuch zeigt sich beispielsweise eine über weite Abschnitte gezackte Spannungs-Dehnung-Kurve. Die plastische Deformation tritt ungleichmäßig verteilt über der Probe auf. Die Zonen erhöhter plastischer Deformation werden auch als Fließfiguren bezeichnet.


Story.

The present conventional form of the tale (Standard Type) can be summarized as follows: Momotarō was born from a giant peach, which was found floating down a river by an old, childless woman who was washing clothes there. The woman and her husband discovered the child when they tried to open the peach to eat it. The child explained that he had been bestowed by the Gods to be their son. The couple named him Momotarō, from "momo" (peach) and "tarō" (eldest son in the family).  When he matured into adolescence, Momotarō left his parents to fight a band of "Oni" (demons or ogres) who marauded over their land, by seeking them out in the distant island where they dwelled (a place called Onigashima or "Demon Island"). En route, Momotarō met and befriended a talking dog, monkey and pheasant, who agreed to help him in his quest in exchange for a portion of his rations ("kibi dango" or "millet dumplings"). At the island, Momotarō and his animal friends penetrated the demons' fort and beat the band of demons into surrendering. Momotarō and his new friends returned home with the demons' plundered treasure and the demon chief as a captive. This Standard Type of "Momotarō" was defined and popularized due to them being printed in school textbooks during the Meiji Period.  This is the result of development literary "Momotarō", which had been handwritten and printed since the early Edo period into Meiji. One significant change is that in most examples of Edo Period literature, Momotarō was not born from a peach, but born naturally to the elderly couple who ate the peach and regained their youth. Such subtypes are classed as, whereas the now convention subtypes are termed.

Development in literature.

Although the oral version of the story may have emerged during the Muromachi Period (1392–1573), it may not have been set down in writing until the Edo Period (1603–1867). The oldest works of Momotaro known to have existed had been dated to the Genroku era (1688–1704) or perhaps earlier.

Edo Period.

These older texts from around the Genroku era (e.g. "Momotarō mukashigatari") are lost, but surviving examples of later dates, such as the reprint "Saihan Momotarō mukashigatari" (c. 1777) purportedly preserve the older tradition, and form the first (most primitive) group of texts according to. The late date of the reprint has sometimes caused it to be classed as "kibyōshi" ("yellow cover") or later type of "kusazōshi" literature, but it should properly be classed as "akahon" ("red book") or early type.  A second group of texts, which Koike considered to be younger, includes the miniature "akahon",, printed in Kyōhō 8 (1723). This miniature book is now considered to be the oldest surviving copy of any written Momotarō story.  Whether belonging to the first or second groups, texts from the Edo Period generally follow the same general plot as the modern standard versions but exhibit certain differences in detail.

Dumpling, kindling, animals.

Momotarō is not supplied with "kibi dango" ("millet dumplings") but rather and other treats, in the oldest Genroku era texts and the first group. In the first group, the old man goes out to cut grass, rather than to cut. The same three companion beasts (pheasant, monkey, then dog) appear in both groups, but in different order.

Birth from peach.

As noted above, in most of the Edo Period books, peach boy is not born from the peach but from the woman who consumes the peach and grows years younger in age. Both the first and second groups consist entirely of "rejuvenation" types. The "birth from the peach" type examples (such as the version in Takizawa Bakin's 1811 essay "Swallowstone Miscellany") are found among tales that have deviated further, which Koike assigns to a third group of texts. While "birth from the peach" version has not been confirmed in earlier written texts from the Edo Period, one tantalizing sculpture dating to 1614 depicted a man standing in the middle of a split peach. This purported Momotarō carving at Kehi Shrine in Tsuruga, Fukui was lost during the air raids of 1945.

Momotarō's age.

It was noted that the protagonist Momotarō was being drawn progressively younger by artists over the years. In one subjective estimation, Momotarō appeared about age 30-ish until c. 1735, 25-ish up to c. 1800, and 20-ish until the end of Edo Period in 1867.  Not every text specifies age, but in the version in (1798–1861)'s Momotarō's was 15 years and 6 months when he set out on his expedition. And in "Momotarō takara no kurairi" (c. 1830-40), Momotarō was aged sixteen. The Momotarō in Iwaya Sazanami's version of 1894 was of similar age (15 years old) when he resolved to go to devil island.  Researcher also noticed the trend of Momotarō being depicted younger and younger, and he dubbed the phenomenon.

Meiji Period.

After Japan abandoned the feudal system and entered the Meiji Period, became a seminal figure in how the Momotaro story was shaped and became familiarized to the Japanese masses. For he was not only the author of the Momotaro tales in his commercially successful folktale collections, but also a major contributor to the textbook versions.  The "Momotarō" tale was first incorporated into nationalized textbooks for elementary schools by the Meiji government in 1887. It was subsequently omitted from the 1st edition of the National Language Reader or but reappeared from the 2nd edition onward to the 5th edition. It has been generally accepted that the 2nd edition reader of 1910 was "de facto" written by storybook author Iwaya Sazanami, who had joined the Ministry of Education as nonpermanent staff in 1906.  Iwaya had already published a version of "Momotaro" (1894) for his "Nihon mukashibanashi" (Japanese Folktales), where Momotaro is cast as a military soldier or commander (shōgun) of Great Japan (Dainihon), dispatched on a punitive campaign to quell the ogres who live in the northeast. Older texts took the punishing of "oni" for granted and dispensed with explaining what crimes the oni committed to deserve condemnation. But in Iwaya's version, the ogres were explicitly stated as being evil beings, who devoured the "poor people" and taken "plunder" from the Emperor's land of Japan (Ozaki's translation), thus morally justifying Momotaro's expedition. It has been suggested these ogres represented the Qing dynasty of China since the publication occurred in the year of outbreak of the Sino-Japanese War.

Taishō and Shōwa eras.

From the 3rd edition National Language Reader (1918–1932) onwards (until the end of World War II), "Momotaro" has occupied the spot of the last tale in Book 1 of these nationalized elementary textbook series. Teachers in essays submitted 1917 stated that the perception of the Momotaro tale was shifting, so that they were seen as containing lessons of assertiveness and helping in the material advancement of one's country. There was criticism from the liberalism side, for example, the novelist Yamamoto Yūzō (1925) protesting that the "oni" were being punished for no apparent reason, and is "tantamount to telling [children] to think of foreigners as "oni"".  In the early Shōwa era, after Emperor Hirohito assumed the throne, Momotarō continued to be used to instill patriotism (or the teachings of the Rescript on Education) pupils with the 4th edition National Language Reader (1933–1938) which begins with the picture of the cherry blossom. The "Momotarō" of the 4th edition was modified so that the "oni" now stated "We will no longer torment the people nor take things. Please spare our lives", and forfeits their treasures out of their own volition, thus addressing the foregoing issues (i.e., Momotarō accused of attacking "oni" for no legitimate reason).  The use of Momotarō in wartime propaganda against the U.S. and its Allies was discussed extensively by John W. Dower in his book "War Without Mercy" (1986). Dower is credited with coining the term "Momotarō paradigm" in this respect. Momotarō disappeared from Japanese textbooks at the end of World War II.

Oral variants.

The story has some regional variations in oral telling.  In some variants, a red and white box is seen floating down the river, and when the red box is chosen to be recovered, Momotarō is found inside. These may be a red box and a black box, or the box may contain a peach inside. These types are often seen in the northern parts of Japan (Tōhoku and Hokuriku regions).  Or Momotarō may exhibit the characteristic of the lazy protagonist in the "Sleeping Boy" stories. These subtypes have been collected mainly in the Shikoku and Chūgoku regions.  There are variances about the Momotarō's process of growth; one is that he grew up to meet the expectation of the old couple to be a fine boy. Another is that he grew up to be a strong but lazy person who just sleeps all day and does not do anything. It is possible that the Momotarō being a fine boy version is more famous to give lessons to children. Nowadays, Momotarō is one of the most famous characters in Japan, as an ideal model for young kids for his kind-heartedness, bravery, power, and care for his parents.  Grown up, Momotarō goes on his journey to defeat the demons when he hears about the demons of the Onigashima (demon island). In some versions of the story, Momotarō volunteered to go help the people by repelling the demons, but in some stories he was forced by the townspeople or others to go on a journey. However, all the stories describe Momotarō defeating the Oni and live happily ever after with the old couple.

Claims as local hero.

Momotarō now enjoys popular association with Okayama City or its prefecture, but this association was only created in the modern era. The publication of a book by Nanba Kinnosuke entitled "Momotarō no Shijitsu" (1930) for example helped the notion of Momotarō's origins in Okayama to gain wider familiarity. Still, even as late as the antebellum period before World War II (1941–1945), Okayama was considered only the third contender behind two other regions known as Momotarō's homeland.  The demon island () of the story is sometimes associated with Megijima Island, an island in the Seto Inland Sea near Takamatsu, due to the vast manmade caves found there.  Inuyama, Aichi has with a legend associated with it. In the 1920s and 1930s, lyricist Ujō Noguchi wrote three "folk songs" for the locality alluding to the Momotaro legend.

English translations.

The story has been translated into English many times. "The Adventures of Little Peachling" appeared in A.B. Mitford's "Tales of Old Japan" in 1871. William Elliot Griffis published a version in 1880, which remained obscure even to researchers, even though English translations in subsequent decades apparently borrowed from Griffis's phraseology and use of idiom, sometimes even copying outright.  Rev. David Thompson's translation as "Little Peachling" appeared as the first volume of Hasegawa Takejirō's "Japanese Fairy Tale" series in 1885. A second edition appeared in 1886, with a different set of illustrations, drawn by Kobayashi Eitaku  Susan Ballard included the tale in "Fairy Tales from Far Japan" (1899).  Yei Theodora Ozaki included a loosely translated version in her "Japanese Fairy Tales" (1903); Ozaki's retellings were based on a version by "Sadanami sanjin" ("sic.", i.e., ). Ozaki was credited with spreading Japanese folktales to the English-speaking nations by researchers such as.  There was another English translation that used the same source as Ozaki and published around the same time, namely, "The Story of Peach-Boy" in "Iwaya's Fairy Tales of Old Japan" (1903, repub. 1914) translated by Hannah Riddell. The translation of the collection was a collaborative effort with other translators, such as Fanny B. Greene, Tsuda Umeko and others. This latter effort was acknowledged by Iwaya himself.  Teresa Peirce Williston in her "Japanese Fairy Tales", Second Series, in 1911. And there are many other translations.

"Momotarō's Song".

The popular children's song about Momotarō titled "Momotarō-san no Uta" ("Momotarō's Song") was first published in 1911; the text's author is unattributed, while the melody was written by Teiichi Okano. The first two stanzas, with romanization and translation, are given below.

As war propaganda icon.

Portrayal of Momotarō as a soldier in the Japanese Imperial Army fighting hostile nations was already happening by the (First) Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895). The Momotaro tale was altered by Iwaya Sazanami in 1894 so that the "oni" lived to the northeast of Japan, a thinly veiled reference to Qing China given the then current geopolitics. Iwaya was not purely a major figure in children's literature, but a government official working as the head of the editorial bureau of the Ministry of Education, since 1878. Iwaya would later pen a whole book of essay on the use of Momotaro as an instructional tool, "Momotarō-shugi no kyōiku" ("the Education Theory Based on Principles in Momotaro", 1915).  Comic images picturing Momotarō defending Japan against "Oni" representing Russian "Northern Devils" were given out during the 1904-1905 Russo-Japanese War.  Momotarō was an immensely popular figure in Japan during World War II, appearing in many wartime films and cartoons. Momotarō represented the Japanese government, and the enemy states, namely the Allies, later including the United States was symbolized by the oni, the demonic figure. One wartime movie in which Momotarō and his animals mount on a military operation for the Japanese Armed Forces (against the British) is "".

There is now a popular notion that Momotarō is a local hero of Okayama Prefecture, but this claim was invented in the modern era, and not accepted as consensus in scholarly circles.

Momotarō (jap., dt. etwa: „Pfirsichjunge“) ist eine beliebte Figur des japanischen Volksglaubens. Der Legende nach schlüpfte Momotarō aus einem Pfirsich.


History.

The first choice for the role of McCloud was Fess Parker, who turned it down. Universal hired Dennis Weaver, who was well known as a "western" actor from "Gunsmoke". The pilot, "Portrait of a Dead Girl", aired on February 17, 1970, and established the premise by having McCloud escort a prisoner from New Mexico to New York City, only to become embroiled in solving a complicated murder case.  This premise of "a cowboy in the big city" was adapted from the 1968 Don Siegel film, "Coogan's Bluff", starring Clint Eastwood. Herman Miller, who was responsible for the story of "Coogan's Bluff" and co-wrote the screenplay with Dean Riesner and Howard A. Rodman, is credited as the creator of "McCloud". "Coogan's Bluff" reflects Richard Thorpe's 1942 film "Tarzan's New York Adventure" and the latter-day career of Bat Masterson. (Siegel appeared in the "Return to the Alamo" episode as "2nd Desk Sergeant"). Like Coogan, McCloud galloped the length and breadth of Manhattan (he was joined by a mounted unit in "The 42nd Street Cavalry"), and the sight of McCloud on horseback riding down the middle of a busy traffic choked city street flanked by tall skyscrapers (taken from an early episode) became one of the series' most famous images.  NBC picked up the show for six 60-minute episodes in September and October 1970, placing it in the rotation of its original wheel series "Four in One" along with "San Francisco International Airport", "The Psychiatrist" and "Rod Serling's Night Gallery". The following fall, the network commissioned a new wheel series and lengthened "McCloud" from sixty to ninety minutes. NBC ordered two new series, "McMillan & Wife" and "Columbo", to fill the wheel and all three became part of the newly named "NBC Mystery Movie" series, which aired on Wednesday nights. The series, with a distinctive opening musical theme composed by Henry Mancini over a video collage of the various series became a hit, finishing at number 14 in the Nielsen ratings for that 1971–1972 season. NBC then decided to try another competitive move and relocated "McCloud", along with "McMillan" and "Columbo", to Sunday nights for the following Fall 1972. The "Mystery Movie" series was an even bigger draw on Sundays, finishing at number 5 in the ratings for the season.  Starting in the fifth season in September 1974, the episodes were two hours long, but were dropped again to 90 minutes for the seventh and final season starting in the October 1976. The 46th and last episode, "McCloud Meets Dracula", was aired on April 17, 1977.  Weaver received Emmy nominations in 1974 and 1975 for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Limited Series.  The executive producer was Glen A. Larson, who also wrote for the series, as did Peter Allan Fields, Lou Shaw, Jimmy Sangster, and others. Larson won an Edgar Award for "The New Mexican Connection".  In 1989, Weaver reprised the role in a made-for-television movie, "The Return of Sam McCloud", in which his character was now a United States Senator. It first aired on November 12, 1989. Diana Muldaur returned to reprise her role as McCloud's love interest, Chris Coughlin.

Recurring themes and characters.

The westerner in New York City.

The most enduring theme of the show was the conflict between the good-natured, clear-eyed buoyancy of McCloud and the metropolitan cynicism of the residents of New York City, including his fellow officers. McCloud's attire, typically consisting of a sheepskin coat or Western jacket, bolo tie and cowboy hat and boots, allowed for implied comic relief in many encounters with New Yorkers. That New Yorkers might mistake him for a "rube" because of his appearance occasionally worked to his advantage. He would often allay suspicion of his motives by insisting he was in New York "to observe and learn". Under his jacket or coat, he usually wore a khaki uniform shirt with a brown star-shaped uniform patch with gold trim on left sleeve, lettered "Marshal's Office Taos, N.M.". There was a yellow circle in the center with the number 33. He wore two collar pins one was "NM" and the other was "33". McCloud carried a blued.45 Colt SAA Western-style six-shooter with a 43⁄4" barrel.  The signature of McCloud's character was his Western unflappability and seeming inability to recognize an insult, especially from his NYPD superior, Chief of Detectives Peter B. Clifford, whose jibes ("send in the sagebrush Sherlock Holmes") he never would take personally. Weaver's grin and drawling twang represented McCloud as the embodiment of the American law officer who always sees the good in people but knows the real stakes and spares no pain to catch the bad guy. The character's signature catchphrase was "There ya go!", often received with bemusement or puzzlement by the listener. (One exception was a character played by John Denver; at the end of the show they traded catchphrases, Denver responding "There ya go!" to McCloud's "Far out!")

Antagonism with Chief Clifford.

Another recurring theme in the show was the conflict between McCloud and Chief Clifford, who was played in every episode but the pilot by J. D. Cannon. In the first episodes, their relationship was portrayed as somewhat amiable, with Clifford showing a wary respect for the unconventional Westerner assigned to his command. The relationship quickly soured based mostly on McCloud's seeming disregard of authority combined with a charm that let him escape many of the consequences of his "cowboy-like" determination. Clifford's attitude to McCloud became one of cynical antagonism, bordering at times on extreme rage, but usually tempered with a grudging respect for McCloud's ability to solve the most difficult of cases. McCloud frequently interrupts a dressing-down from Clifford by saying "I 'ppreciate yer confidence, Chief!"

Friendship with Sgt. Broadhurst.

In many episodes, McCloud was partnered with Sgt. Joe Broadhurst, played by Terry Carter. Broadhurst, a New Yorker, was portrayed with a certain existential pessimism to counter McCloud's high spirits. Like Chief Clifford, Broadhurst felt himself wise to McCloud's peculiarities, but was without the anger, and usually wound up resigned to being drawn into McCloud's schemes to solve particular cases, sometimes against direct orders. He would then sometimes play the role of voluntary lightning rod for Clifford's anger, and absorb as much of the blame for McCloud's initiative as McCloud himself. (Broadhurst served as acting Chief of Detectives three times during Clifford's absence, in "This Must Be the Alamo", "Return to the Alamo" and "'Twas the Fight Before Christmas...".)

Other characters.

Other recurring characters on the show included the gravel-voiced Sgt. Grover, played by Ken Lynch, who seemed to be forever at his desk in the squad room. The ever-smiling but somewhat batty Sgt. Phyllis Norton was played by Teri Garr.

Love interests.

McCloud was portrayed as something of a ladies' man, and the characters played by the frequent female guest stars would often fall for his protective charm. Chris Coughlin, played by frequent guest star Diana Muldaur, was McCloud's off-and-on lover throughout the course of the series. Chris was a journalist whose duties as newspaper writer ("never a reporter") sometimes came into conflict with McCloud's police work.

Portrayal of New York City in the 1970s.

The show, which was in some sense is a big city western, was set in New York City during what was arguably NYC's lowest point in the late 20th century, a period following the troubled 1960s and leading up to the fiscal crisis of 1975 (which figured, for example, in the episode "The Day New York Turned Blue"). The title card of the early seasons of the show prominently showed the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center still under construction, which at the time was a highly controversial urban regeneration project in the city.  At the time, the city seemed to be on an inexorable downward slide into chaos, a theme that was explored in a more brutal fashion in movies such as William Friedkin's film "The French Connection", which was released in 1971, the year after the pilot of "McCloud", and Michael Winner's 1974 urban thriller "Death Wish". In some episodes (such as "Walk in the Dark") the city was portrayed as particularly crime-ridden with the danger of muggings and bodily harm at every turn. Such lurking evil was often more in the dialogue than the pictures, however, and the show retained a somewhat whimsical and sunny flavor despite the subject matter.  "McCloud" was filmed partially on location (the unit was in New York for "A Little Plot at Tranquil Valley" notably, and traveled to Hawaii for "A Cowboy in Paradise", to Mexico City and Teotihuacán for "Lady on the Run", and to Sydney for "Night of the Shark" — second-unit footage came from London, Paris, Monaco, Rome, and Moscow at various times), but utilized the Universal back lot for many scenes.  A recurring theme in many episodes was the incorporation of a plot device from Hollywood cinema, particularly at the climax of an episode. Examples included chases on horseback to lasso cattle rustlers ("The Colorado Cattle Caper"), a 1930s-style gangster shoot-out (the film-within-a-film shot on location in "The Gang That Stole Manhattan"), a Jesse James-style train hold-up on the Long Island Rail Road ("Butch Cassidy Rides Again"), and a showdown with a vampire on the Third Street Bridge ("McCloud Meets Dracula").

Home media.

Universal Studios released Seasons 1 & 2 of "McCloud" on DVD in Region 1 and Region 2 in 2005/2006. Season 1 as released by Universal were not the original episodes but conflated "TV Movie" re-creations by Universal producer Harry Tatelman and editor Jean-Jacques Berthelot to extract additional revenues from a series considered too short of episodes to produce useful syndicated material. By editing together pieces from multiple episodes in season 1 it made it appear that McCloud solves two mysteries in each "movie". Subplots and some characters were edited out. This process was made easier by the fact that McCloud's uniform remained the same in each episode. The results were disjointed enough that at least one original writer, Douglas Heyes, required his name being changed in the credits to a pseudonym. These hybrid episodes were at one time considered all that was left of the original six programs of season 1 (Universal could not locate them when it issued the U.S. DVD set). The originals, located after a diligent search by the Australian independent label Madman Entertainment, were found in good condition stored in a vault at a station in London.  In Denmark (region 2) where "McCloud" was a hit when it was new, all 7 seasons have been released on DVD.  In Region 4, Madman Entertainment has released all seven seasons on DVD in Australia. Seasons 6 & 7 were released on June 19, 2013. The Season 7 release includes the reunion television film "The Return of Sam McCloud".  The show is rated PG for Parental Guidance in Australia and PG in New Zealand for violence and drug references.

In popular culture.

"McCloud" became the basis for a recurring joke on the movie-mocking TV series "Mystery Science Theater 3000": whenever one character in the featured movie would call out to someone else, host characters Joel Robinson, Tom Servo, and Crow T. Robot would chime in by calling out to other unrelated fictional characters such as Mr. Drysdale and "Mr. Eddie's father". Invariably, these exchanges ended with Servo calling "Chief?" and Crow responding with "McCloud!" The gag was most prominently featured in episode 303, "Pod People".  On an episode of "The Simpsons", "The Lastest Gun in the West", Weaver guest-stars as an old-time cowboy star named Buck McCoy, who in the 1970s had starred on a detective show called ""McTrigger"", about which McCoy admits, "Seems all I did was shoot hippies." A clip showed McTrigger driving through New York in a convertible shooting at random members of the hippie crowd that covered the sidewalks. McCoy mentions the show was retooled after his character was written out to become "Room 222".

Syndication.

"McCloud" has aired in reruns on local stations in the past, and continues to do so on some to this day.  Me-TV brought "McCloud" to its schedule as part of the late night "MeTV Mystery Movie" programming block which premiered on January 1, 2015. The network was employing a wheel arrangement similar to the original NBC Wednesday and Sunday "Mystery Movie" and rotated several other long-running programs from those including, "McMillan & Wife", "Columbo", "Banacek", "Quincy" and the "Perry Mason" telefilms produced by NBC. The network eventually ceased airing the Mystery Movies, which moved to Cozi TV.

McCloud is an American police drama television series created by Herman Miller, that aired on NBC from September 16, 1970, to April 17, 1977. The series starred Dennis Weaver, and for six of its seven years on the air it aired as part of the "NBC Mystery Movie" rotating wheel series that was produced for the network by Universal Television. The show was centered on Deputy Marshal Sam McCloud of the small western town of Taos, New Mexico, who was on loan to the metropolitan New York City Police Department (NYPD) as a special investigator.

Ein Sheriff in New York (Originaltitel "McCloud") war eine US-amerikanische Fernsehserie, die von Universal TV für NBC produziert wurde und zunächst im Zuge der NBC Mystery Movies ausgestrahlt wurde. Zwischen 1970 und 1977 entstanden sieben Staffeln mit 46 Episoden unterschiedlicher Länge (zwischen 60 und 120 Minuten). Die Hauptrolle der von Glen A. Larson produzierten Serie spielte Dennis Weaver. Zu den Gaststars gehörten unter anderem Britt Ekland, Jane Seymour, George Hamilton, John Denver und Shelley Winters. Die Serie war insgesamt für sechs Emmy-Awards nominiert.


History.

Prior to 403 BCE, courts published schedule and number dikastes required for the day. Those citizens who wanted to be dikasts queued at the entrance of the court at the beginning of the court day. Originally, the procedure was based on "first come, first serve." Beginning in 403 BCE, Athenian allotment underwent a series of reforms, and from 370 BCE onwards, they employed the kleroterion.

Procedure.

In his "Constitution of the Athenians", Aristotle gives an account of the selection of jurors to the "dikastra". Each "deme" divided their "dikastes" into ten sections, which split the use of two "kleroteria". Candidate citizens placed their identification ticket ("pinaka") in the section's chest. Once each citizen who wished to become judge for the day placed their "pinaka" in the chest, the presiding archon shook the chest and drew out tickets. The citizen whose ticket was first drawn became the ticket inserter ("empektes"). The ticket inserter then pulled out tickets and inserted them into their corresponding sections. The "kleroterion" was divided into five columns, one column per tribe section (between two machines). Each row was known as a "kanomides". Once the ticket inserter filled the kleroterion, the archon then placed a mix of black and white dice ("kyboi") into the side of the kleroterion. The number of white dice was proportional to the number of jurors needed. The archon allowed the dice to fall through a tube on the side of the "kleroterion" and drew them one by one. If the die was white, the top row was selected as jurors. If the die was black, the archon moved on to the next row down from the top and repeated the process until all juror positions were filled for the day.

Scholarship.

The first significant examination of Athenian allotment procedures was James Wycliffe Headlam's "Election by Lot", first published in 1891. Aristotle's "Constitution of the Athenians", the text of which was first discovered in 1879 and first published as Aristotle's in 1890, became an important resource for scholars. Throughout the text, Aristotle makes references to a lottery system which was used to appoint government officials.  Archaeologists first discovered "kleroteria" in the 1930s in the Athenian Agora, dating them to the second century BC. In "Aristotle, the Kleroteria, and the Courts" (1939), Sterling Dow gave an overview and analysis of the discovered machines. Contrary to previous scholars, who translated "kleroterion" as "allotment room," Dow reasoned that "kleroterion" cannot be translated to mean "room," as Aristotle writes: "There are five "kanomides" in each of the "kleroteria". Whenever he puts in the "kyboi," the archon draws lots for the tribe the "kleroterion"." Dow concluded that Aristotle's fourth-century description of the "kleroterion" applied to the second-century "kleroterion."  In 1937, Dow published a catalog of his archaeological discoveries in the Athenian agora. He describes eleven "kleroteria'c fragments:

A kleroterion () was a randomization device used by the Athenian polis during the period of democracy to select citizens to the boule, to most state offices, to the nomothetai, and to court juries.

Das Kleroterion (, von griechisch „Los“) war eine antike Losmaschine. Sie bestand aus einer großen Steinplatte, in der sich in mehreren Spalten angeordnete Schlitze befanden. In diese Schlitze wurden Plättchen mit den Namen der zur Losung stehenden Personen geschoben. An der Seite der Maschine befand sich eine senkrechte Röhre, in die weiße und schwarze Kugeln eingefüllt wurden, die dann in zufälliger Reihenfolge am unteren Ende der Röhre wieder entnommen werden konnten.


Description.

The codex contains almost complete text of the four Gospels on 256 parchment leaves (size ), with the average dimensions of the text. Some texts were defects and were supplied in the 15th century on six paper leaves by later hands with texts of Matthew 1:1-6:2; Luke 13:15-14:20, 18:8-19:9, John 16:25-end.  The text is not divided according to the ("chapters"), but there are ("titles of chapters") at the top of the pages. There is a division according to the Ammonian Sections (in Mark 234, 16:9) but added by later hand, with references to Eusebian Canons.  It contains the Eusebian tables, tables of the ("tables of contents") before each Gospel, lectionary markings at the margin (for liturgical use), numbers of, and numbers of. Synaxaria and Menologion were added by a later hand.  The codex contains supplementary leaves in Matthew, Luke, and John. The supplementary leaves of Luke 13:35-14:20 and 18:8-29 are palimpsest on parchment, the underwriting contains the Psalms.  The hand is not neat, but readable.

Text.

The Greek text of the codex is a representative of the Caesarean text-type. It belongs to the textual Family 1. Aland placed it in Category III. As a member of the "f" has a close affinity to the codices 205 and 209. They together constitute a sub-group within this family. According to the Claremont Profile Method 118 is a core of Family 1.

History.

C. R. Gregory dated it to the 13th-century. Currently it is dated by the INTF to the 13th-century.  The manuscript was donated by Narcissus March († 1713), Archbishop of Armagh, to the Bodleian Library.  It was well collated by Griesbach. According to Griesbach the text of this manuscript is a representative of the Alexandrian textual recension. C. R. Gregory saw it in 1883.  The manuscript was examined by Kirsopp Lake.  It is currently housed at the Bodleian Library (Auct. D. inf. 2.17), at Oxford.

Minuscule 118 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), ε 346 (Soden), is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment leaves. Paleographically it has been assigned to the 13th-century. It has complex contents with some marginalia.

Minuskel 118 (in der Nummerierung von Gregory-Aland, ε 346 von Soden) ist ein griechisches Minuskelmanuskript des Neuen Testaments auf Pergamentblättern. Mittels Paläographie wurde es auf das 13. Jahrhundert datiert.


Biography.

Fletcher was born in Indianapolis, Indiana on September 25, 1853. The son of a successful banker whose family was originally from Proctorsville, Vermont, he was educated at Willston Seminary in East Hampton, Massachusetts and became a banker and businessman with homes in Indianapolis and New York City. In 1881 he built a summer home in Proctorsville. He married Mary E. Bence and they had three children. In 1899 he moved to New York City and became a member of the Stock Exchange. Six years later he retired to spend more time in Vermont.  A Republican, Fletcher was a Proctorsville Village Trustee and served in the Vermont House of Representatives from 1902 to 1903, the Vermont State Senate from 1904 to 1905, and the Vermont House again from 1906 to 1912. He was a delegate to the Republican National Convention in 1908. Fletcher was a leader in the legislature; during his Senate term he was chairman of the Finance Committee. During the 1906 to 1908 legislative session, he was chairman of the House Appropriations Committee. In his final two House terms, he was chairman of both the Rules and Ways & Means Committees.  In 1912, Fletcher was elected Governor, serving from 1912 to 1915. Fletcher was selected by the Vermont General Assembly after a three way race including a Progressive party nominee prevented any candidate from obtaining the popular vote majority required by the Vermont Constitution. While in office the end of Fletcher's term was extended from October, 1914 to January, 1915 as part of changing the start and end dates of all statewide offices to January.  After leaving the Governor's office, Fletcher returned to his business interests, and was an unsuccessful candidate for the Republican U.S. Senate nomination in 1916, losing to incumbent Carroll S. Page.

Death and legacy.

Fletcher died of a cerebral hemorrhage while staying at Rutland's Berwick Hotel. He is interred at Crown Hill Cemetery, Indianapolis, Indiana.  Fletcher's family made numerous contributions for civic causes in Cavendish and Ludlow including constructing and donating Ludlow's Fletcher Library in 1901. His home "The Castle" is now an inn and restaurant near Okemo Mountain ski resort. In addition, his heirs donated the Ludlow property that is today the Fletcher Farm School, a non-profit educational center that offers instruction in the arts.  Governor Fletcher's son Allen M. Fletcher, Jr. served in the Vermont House and Senate in the 1940s.

Allen Miller Fletcher (September 25, 1853 – May 11, 1922) was an American politician who served as the 54th Governor of the U.S. state of Vermont from 1912 to 1915.

Allen Miller Fletcher (* 25. September 1853 in Indianapolis, Indiana; † 11. Mai 1922 in Rutland, Vermont) war ein US-amerikanischer Politiker und von 1912 bis 1915 Gouverneur des Bundesstaates Vermont.


Biographical.

Hartness was born in Schenectady, New York, one of three sons. His family moved to Cleveland, Ohio in 1863 where his father was a foreman in local machine shops and Hartness attended public school. Hartness worked up through the ranks in machine shops in Connecticut before moving to Springfield, Vermont, where he had a brilliant career as an innovator of machine tools. He became one of the nation's first aviators and became a one-term governor of the state of Vermont. He had two daughters, Anna and Helen. His daughter, Helen (Helen Hartness Flanders), was a noted folk song collector who married Ralph Flanders, a U.S. Senator from Vermont Hartness died in Springfield in 1934. He is buried in the Summer Hill Cemetery in Springfield, not far from his mansion.  He built his Springfield home in 1904, which is an example of shingle style architecture. An inn and restaurant since 1954, it is listed on the National Register of Historic Places for its connection to him.

Engineering innovation and entrepreneurship.

At age 16, Hartness began his career in machine shops. At age 21 he became a foreman at the Winsted-Norway Bolt Company in Winsted, Connecticut. He moved in 1886 to Torrington, Connecticut to work as a tool-maker and foreman at the Union Hardware Company. His lifetime achievement of more than 100 patents began here with patents of locks, roller skates, and bicycle pedal mechanisms.  Hartness had an unpleasant experience at Union Hardware: he had been understandably naive about arranging for royalties on his patents, and the business owners chose not to help rectify the oversight. He did not get to share in the profits derived from the patents. In September 1888, after he had lost several weeks' work to illness, Union Hardware told him not to return.  During the winter of 1888–1889, he worked briefly for several companies: Pratt & Whitney in Hartford, Connecticut; Eaton, Cole and Burnham Co. in Bridgeport, Connecticut, and a plant in Scottdale, Pennsylvania. Roe (1937) surmised that Hartness developed the idea of the flat-turret lathe sometime before this period and sought a suitable machine tool company at which to build it. Only Ambrose Swasey of Warner & Swasey. saw the potential for success of Hartness' idea, reportedly saying "You will hear from that young man again, and from this 'Lazy Susan' of his".  In April 1889 Hartness moved to Springfield, Vermont to become the superintendent at the struggling Jones and Lamson (J&L) Machine Company. He used his creative energy to revitalize the company. Here he found his chance to manufacture the flat-turret lathe, which increased efficiency and productivity and was especially well adapted to the burgeoning automobile industry. The flat turret lathe improved upon earlier turret lathes via greater rigidity, allowing higher precision, higher speeds and feeds, and longer cuts. Hartness also developed an array of highly advanced tooling to complement the lathe, including improved roller bar feed and die head designs. All of these advantages allowed better parts to be made faster, and thus less expensively, which made the lathe highly desirable to manufacturers. This time, Hartness was prepared to defend his interest in his patent. He arranged with J&L to receive a $100 royalty on each machine.  Hartness changed J&L's business model from making a wide variety of machines to order to specializing in the manufacturing and improving of this one product. With rapid acceptance of this machine tool, orders reached 10 units per day from the manufacturing sector. As a result, Hartness reportedly received up to $1,000 per day in royalties. He also introduced appealing and informative catalogues to market the new Jones and Lamson products. Hartness acquired a large interest in J&L. He became manager in 1896 and president in 1901 until his retirement in 1933.  In 1915 Hartness reluctantly decided to engage in "war business," heeding his brother John's pleas from the London office of J&L. During World War I Hartness, as a representative of American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), became Chairman of the National Screw-Thread Commission, the mission of which was to create international standards for the measurement and sizing of screw threads.  Hartness discouraged modernizing of the Hartness Flat Turret Lathe. Nevertheless, it remained a very successful product until after Hartness's retirement, when a new J&L turret lathe model by John Lovely finally replaced it.  The 1921 edition of the ASME mechanical catalog and directory showed that J&L offered several models of Hartness flat turret lathe, an automatic chucking lathe, an automatic die, a screw-thread comparator, and the Fay automatic lathe. J&L had offices in Springfield, Vermont, San Francisco, California, and London, England, plus agents in five other countries.  In 1929, Hartness and Russell W. Porter patented an optical comparator, a device that applies the principles of optics to the inspection of manufactured parts by projecting the magnified silhouette of a part onto a screen where its dimensions and geometry of the part are measured against prescribed limits. Traditionally, mechanics used a mechanical gauge to assess whether screws were to specifications. Hartness employed his knowledge of optics and magnification to devise a much more practical optical method for measurement. This contribution stemmed from Hartness' work as the Chairman of the U.S. National Screw-Thread Commission and from his familiarity with optics in astronomy and telescope-building. The Hartness Screw-Thread Comparator was for many years a profitable product for J&L. The optical comparator remains a standard means inspection of many kinds of parts.

Mentor of machine tool entrepreneurs.

Hartness encouraged talented inventors in his employ at J&L to strike out on their own as entrepreneurs. These included three Springfield companies and one Windsor, Vermont company:  The companies started by these men helped make Springfield and Windsor a prosperous manufacturing region, thanks not to its access to raw materials or markets, but due to a pool of talented engineers and machinists. Joseph Roe ranked Hartness in the class of Henry Maudslay and Elisha K. Root for his mentorship of a younger generation of machine tool builders.

Encouragement of smarter management with better relationship to workers.

His son-in-law, Ralph Flanders, reported that Hartness examined "some of the elements which go into making workmen both contented and productive" in his book "The Human Factor in Works Management." His "Hartness Turret Lathe Manual" starts with the statement, "Since the machine is only an implement, it cannot be considered a thing entirely apart from the man. In fact, the man is the greater part. The personal welfare of the operator must be considered. This is something more than the man's relation to the machine. It includes an equally important phase—his relationship to other men and to his environment in general."  In a sense Hartness was responding to the era's enthusiastic fervor for scientific management, which Hartness and many others felt did not adequately address the psychology of how to manage employees as human beings and maintain their respect.

Affiliations, degrees, and medals.

Hartness was an active member of the following engineering, scientific, and arts societies: His life achievements were recognized with honorary degrees from the University of Vermont (ME in 1910 and LLD in 1920) and Yale University (MA in 1914). The Franklin Institute awarded Hartness the Edward Longstreth Medal in 1921, recognizing his invention of the Hartness screw thread comparator. In the same year the American Philosophical Society and the City Trusts of Philadelphia awarded the John Scott Medal to Hartness for the flat turret lathe, citing its usefulness in making artillery.

Aviation.

Hartness first flew in Germany in 1913 in a hydrogen-filled airship, designed by Ferdinand von Zeppelin. In 1914, Hartness learned to fly a Wright Flyer near Garden City, New York. Hartness then obtained his pilot's license from the Aero Club of America. He encouraged, and served as president of, the Vermont Aero Club. He donated the land for the Springfield Aerodrome to the state, establishing the first airfield in Vermont, now known as "Hartness State Airport".  After his trans-Atlantic flight, Charles Lindbergh toured the United States in the "Spirit of St. Louis" to promote aviation. He landed in Springfield on July 26, 1927 in his visit to Vermont and spoke at a large gathering at the airport. Hartness hosted Lindbergh at his home.

Astronomy.

Hartness's interest in optics and astronomy led to his development of a telescope mount with the revolving dome on an equatorial plane. An additional feature of this telescope, which still stands at the former Hartness Mansion, was that the optics of the telescope passed through a lens in the wall of the dome. This allowed the observer to stay warm in winter. (Conventional telescopes were often contained within domes that opened an aperture for the telescope to gain exposure both to the sky and the ambient air.) The success of this patent led to more telescope activities and commissions. With Hartness's encouragement and financial support, Russell W. Porter initiated the Springfield Telescope Makers Club. The club still celebrates their annual Stellafane gathering in Springfield.

Governor of Vermont.

Hartness was a one-term governor of Vermont, elected in 1920 and serving from 1921 to 1923. He campaigned on the issue of enticing Vermonters to stay in state rather than seek employment elsewhere. He also promised an improved transportation system and more manufacturing to supplement the traditional agricultural economy. He won the election by a wider margin in the state than Warren Harding, who carried Vermont in the presidential race that year.

James Hartness (September 3, 1861 – February 2, 1934) was an American inventor; a mechanical engineer; an entrepreneur who mentored other inventors to develop their machine tool products and create a thriving industrial center in southeastern Vermont; an amateur astronomer who fostered the construction of telescopes by amateurs in his town; an early aviator who built one of Vermont's first airports; and the 58th Governor of Vermont from 1921 to 1923.

James Hartness (* 3. September 1861 in Schenectady, New York; † 2. Februar 1934 in Springfield, Vermont) war ein US-amerikanischer Politiker und von 1921 bis 1923 Gouverneur des Bundesstaates Vermont.


Brief history.

The British League was formed in 1965 as the sole professional speedway league in Britain, expanding in 1968 to incorporate two divisions. In 1995 & 1996 there was a single professional tier known as the Premier League (an amalgamation of the British League Division One and the British League Division Two), before the Elite League was created as a new top tier in 1997. The Championship was decided on a straight league table basis until 2001. A play-off system was introduced in 2002, with the top four in the table taking part in a knockout competition to decide the champions.

League format.

Each team raced every other team in the league home and away, and then raced five teams again home and twice away, giving a total of 38 meetings. The first of these home and away fixtures are called the 'A' fixtures, the second are the 'B' fixtures.  Teams were awarded two points for a win, one point for a draw and from 2008 three points for an away win. Placings were determined by points accumulated over all matches. Where two or more teams were tied on league points, the team with the greater difference of race points scored over race points conceded was placed higher.  The top four teams qualified for the play-offs. The semi-finals were single matches with the top two league positions having home advantage (1st vs 3rd and 2nd vs 4th). Winners from the semi-finals then met in a two-legged final to decide the Elite League winner.  From 2008, promotion and relegation between the Elite League and Premier League was introduced for the first time since 1991. The team finishing last faced the Premier League play-off winner over two legs (one match at each track), with the aggregate winner taking the Elite League spot in the following season, and the losing team racing in the Premier League. There is now no relegation from the Elite League, although teams can apply to move up or down between leagues.  For 2014 it was announced that each Elite League team would field two British riders from lower leagues at reserve. These would be picked from a draft of 23 riders. Riders were picked in two rounds, with the club finishing bottom of the league in 2013 getting the first pick.

Teams.

Team building.

At the start of each season, teams were built up to maximum points limit. The combined Calculated Match Average (CMA) of the best five riders declared in the team was limited to an agreed figure set at the British Speedway Promoters' Association (BSPA) Annual General Meeting. For the 2015 the limit was 34.

2016 teams.

Source:

See also.

List of United Kingdom Speedway League Champions

The Elite League was the top division of speedway league competition in the United Kingdom, governed by the Speedway Control Bureau (SCB), in conjunction with the British Speedway Promoters' Association (BSPA). It was sponsored by Sky Sports until the end of the 2013 season. In 2016, the Elite League featured 8 teams, unlike 10 in 2014, during a season which ran between March and October. Each team had a designated race day on which they normally staged their home fixtures, and they regularly had home and away fixtures scheduled in the same week.

Die Elite League ist die höchste Klasse im britischen Speedwaysport. Über sie werden die britischen Mannschaftsmeister ermittelt. Die Liga besteht aus neun Mannschaften, die, wie bei der Speedway-Bundesliga, im direkten Vergleich gegeneinander antreten. Dabei fährt jede Mannschaft gegen jede andere jeweils einmal auswärts und zu Hause. Für einen Heimsieg bekommt eine Mannschaft zwei Punkte, für einen Auswärtssieg drei Punkte und für ein Unentschieden noch einen Punkt.


History.

From the knapped flints that have been unearthed here, it can be concluded that the area around Oldendorf was settled as early as the Stone Age (8000 to 2000 BC). Oldendorf was first mentioned in the records in a document dating to AD 968 by the Saxon duke, Hermann Billung. At that time, a protective castle was built in Oldendorf, which was razed by the Wends in 959 and finally demolished in 1345.  In 1620 the first school was established in Oldendorf.  On 28 May 1785 a large fire broke out. As the houses of the time had thatched roofs and were built of wood, the fire spread very quickly. Within half an hour a total of 14 buildings fell victim to the blaze.  On 20 April 1820 a second major fire broke out in Oldendorf. Nine farms and all their outbuildings burned down. The character of the village changed significantly as a result.  On 10 August 1975 the largest forest fire in the Federal Republic of Germany broke out between Oldendorf and Eschede. Not until a whole week later, on 17 August 1975, was the fire extinguished.  The River Örtze flows through the town in a north-south direction. The original village lies on the west bank of river. This is where the first three free farms in Oldendorf are supposed to have been.  In the 1960s, a gravel works was built. First, only gravel from the old fish ponds on "Schlüpker Weg" was extracted, but later the operation was continually expanded towards Eschede. By autumn 2007, large-scale gravel extraction was under way. In 1986 a holiday home development of 32 small houses was established on the site of the first gravel pits to be exploited and subsequently abandoned. 400 houses had initially been planned, but were not approved. The gravel mines created large areas of water (the flooded gravel pits) which after a very short time provided a haven for many, sometimes rare, birds. The great crested grebe, coot and greylag goose breed here. Woodlark, goldeneye, little ringed plover, redwing, marsh harrier, reed bunting, reed warbler, teal, shoveler, pintail, wigeon and tufted duck can all be observed here; on rare occasions, osprey may be seen. Sand martins have created nesting holes in the banks.  Today Oldendorf is dominated by agriculture and tourism.

Oldendorf Manor ("Rittergut Oldendorf").

400 m north of Oldendorf lies the Oldendorf manor. In 1788 Field Marshal Johann Wilhelm von Reden was given the fief of Hermannsburg-Oldendorf by George III, prince-elector of Hanover and King of England, for his service as a soldier. He secured the field marshal's services particularly during the Seven Years' War (1756 to 1763) during which he was promoted from lieutenant colonel to lieutenant general. Johann Wilhelm von Reden died childless. He had, however, willed the fief during his lifetime to his two nephews, Friedrich Otto and Franz. On 5 November 1840 his heirs divided the fiefdom of Hermannsburg and Oldendorf between them. Each property was then about 500 ha in size. The estate is still owned by the von Redens today.

Beutzen Farm ("Hof Beutzen").

The parish of Oldendorf also includes the farmstead of Beutz. It is 1.5 miles south and was once owned by Julius Kothe and his wife, née Hartung. This Kothe family also owned the corn mill in Scharnebeck, where they also lived. Scharnebeck Mill lies to the north halfway between Oldendorf and Hermannsburg, on the Örtze. When the son and heir Traugott Kothe fell in the First World War, his father sold Beutz Farm in 1917 for 440,000 marks to a judge, Wilhelm Meyer, from Hanover. Judge Meyer was head of the Ilsede Ironworks ("Ilseder Hütte") and Peine Mills ("Peiner Walzwerke"). He designated his wife, Anna Meyer, née Glenck, an actress, as the owner. In 1926, a turbine house was built on her premises which produced electricity for her own use from a water-driven turbine until the 1950s. The mill, that had previously been working, was closed.  In 1933, Judge Meyer died and his wife sold the farm to Mr. Bertram, the Director of Hannover-Döhren Wool Washing, for 350,000 marks. In 1945 a children's home was established in the manor house of the farm by the Lobetal Institute, in which children, mainly orphans, of school and pre-school age, some seriously handicapped, were taught. In 1954 the orphanage closed in Beutz and moved to Stübeckshorn. On 1 October 2007 the St. Paul Academy (ASP) rented the former manor house. Chairman of the Beutz Farm board of trustees ("Johanneshaus Beutzen") is Prof. Dr. Paul Imhoff, who is also director of the ASP. The academy has since given the building up and it is now a spa house ("Kurhaus").  In the immediate vicinity of the farm is the Bornrieth Moor nature reserve. Part of this moor also belongs to the farm.

Dehningshof.

3.5 km southeast of Oldendorf lies Dehningshof farm. The name comes from Peter Heinrich Dehning (1781-1832), a carter ("Fuhrmann") from Oldendorf, who had been looking for a place to set up a staging inn at this spot as early as 1804. After twice being rejected by the farmers from Oldendorf who had wood grazing rights there, he was granted a site, four morgens in area, on 11 May 1816, subject to various constraints. Dehning saw this place as suitable for a carter's tavern, because the "Old Celle Military Road", from Hanover to Celle ran past here. They called the plot "Sandschellen". This was a spot that was unsuitable for farming because it was covered with sandy soil. This name is still in common use by the villagers of Oldendorf today. Later, when new roads were built that no longer passed by here, the inn was closed. Around 1950 its then owner, Gustav Stucke, built another restaurant, which he called "Zur Alten Fuhrmannsschänke" ("The Old Carter's Tavern") The property was not connected to mains electricity. In the public rooms and guest rooms the tavern only had gas lights until the 1960s. Later, electricity was produced using a diesel generator set. In 1984 the tavern changed owners. Next a power cable was laid to the Dehningshof and a hotel with a guest house for riders was established. The tavern is still run in this form today, even though the owner has changed again. The E1 European long distance path runs right past the property.

Oldendorf (meaning: "old village") is a village in the municipality of Südheide in the northern part of Celle district in Lower Saxony, Germany. It lies on the western edge of the Southern Heath Nature Park, on the Lüneburg Heath, about 2 km south of the main village of Hermannsburg and currently has about 640 inhabitants. In 1973 Oldendorf was incorporated into Hermannsburg as part of the Lower Saxony regional and administrative reforms.

Oldendorf (Bedeutung des Ortsnamens ist „altes Dorf“) ist eine zur Gemeinde Südheide gehörende Ortschaft im nördlichen Landkreis Celle. Sie liegt am westlichen Rand des Naturparks Südheide, in der Lüneburger Heide, etwa 2 km südlich vom Kernort Hermannsburg entfernt, und hat derzeit etwa 640 Einwohner.


Early life.

Piero Piccioni was born in Turin, Piedmont. His mother's maiden name was Marengo, hence his pseudonym Piero Morgan, which he adopted until 1957.  When he was growing up, his father Attilio Piccioni (a prominent member of the Italian Christian Democratic Party with the post-war Italian government), would frequently take him to hear concerts at the EIAR Radio Studios in Florence. Having listened to jazz throughout his childhood (he loved the music of Art Tatum and Charlie Parker) and attending studies at the Conservatorio Luigi Cherubini, Piero Piccioni became a musician.

Career.

Piccioni made his radio debut at 17 with his 013 Big Band in 1938, but only returned on air after the liberation of Italy in 1944. His 013 was the first Italian jazz band to be broadcast in Italy after the fall of Fascism.  He was influenced in the use of jazz by 20th century classical composers and American films. Directors he liked included Frank Capra, Alfred Hitchcock, Billy Wilder, and John Ford, while Alex North was a film score composer he admired. He began writing songs of his own and was soon able to get some of his works published by Carisch editions.  Piero Piccioni came into contact with the movie world in Rome during the fifties, when he was a practicing lawyer securing movie rights for Italian producers such as Titanus and De Laurentiis. During that time, Michelangelo Antonioni had called Piccioni to score a documentary film directed by Luigi Polidoro, one of his apprentices. Piccioni’s first score for a feature film was Gianni Franciolini’s "Il mondo le condanna" (1952). He consequently changed his lawyer's "toga" for a conductor's baton. He developed close-knit working relationships with directors Francesco Rosi and Alberto Sordi, and established strong personal and professional bonds with them.  Many directors sought Piero Piccioni to score the soundtracks for their films: Francesco Rosi, Mario Monicelli, Alberto Lattuada, Luigi Comencini, Luchino Visconti, Antonio Pietrangeli, Bernardo Bertolucci, Roberto Rossellini, Vittorio De Sica, Lina Wertmuller, Tinto Brass, Dino Risi, and others.  His film scores include "Il bell'Antonio", "Contempt", "The 10th Victim", "More Than a Miracle", "The Deserter", "The Light at the Edge of the World", "Puppet on a Chain", "Lucky Luciano", "Camille 2000", "The Nun and the Devil", "Swept Away", "Christ Stopped at Eboli", "Fighting Back", and many Alberto Sordi movies. He is credited with over 300 soundtracks and compositions for radio, television, ballets and orchestra. Among his favorite vocalists were female soul singer Shawn Robinson and Edinburgh born Lydia MacDonald.

Awards and legacy.

Piccioni won many prestigious prizes including the David di Donatello Award for the movie "Swept Away" (1975), Nastro d’argento Award for the movie "Salvatore Giuliano" by Francesco Rosi (1963), Prix International Lumière 1991, Anna Magnani Award 1975 and Vittorio De Sica Award 1979.  His song "Traffic Boom" was featured as the song for the fictional "Logjammin"' movie-within-a-movie in" The Big Lebowski".  The song "It's Possible" was sampled by DJ Khaled in "Jermaine's Interlude" on his "Major Key" album.

Death.

Piccioni died in Rome in 2004.

Piero Piccioni (; December 6, 1921 – July 23, 2004) was an Italian lawyer and film score composer. A pianist, organist, conductor, composer, he was also the prolific author of more than 300 film soundtracks. He played for the first time on radio in 1938 with his “013” Big Band, to return on air only after the liberation of Italy in 1944. “013” was the first Italian jazz band to be broadcast in Italy after the fall of Fascism.

Piero Piccioni (vollständiger Name: "Gian Piero Piccioni"; * 6. Dezember 1921 in Turin; † 23. Juli 2004 in Rom) war ein italienischer Filmkomponist und Anwalt.


History.

FINMA was founded on the 22 June 2007 with the passing of the Federal Act on the Swiss Financial Market Supervisory Authority (FINMASA). This merged the Federal Office of Private Insurance (FOPI), the Swiss Federal Banking Commission (German acronym: EBK) and the Anti-Money Laundering Control Authority into one agency responsible for all financial regulation in Switzerland.  Banking and financial regulation has a long history in Switzerland and the Swiss Federal Banking Commission was in existence since at least 1934, before it was merged into the FINMA.  Switzerland is home to two of the worlds major banks UBS and Credit Suisse and as these are significant to the Swiss economy, FINMA has a special regulatory team dedicated to each of these two institutions.

UBS and US tax affair.

On 19 February 2009, the US government filed suit against UBS to reveal the names of all 52,000 American customers, alleging that the bank and these customers conspired to defraud the US tax authority IRS of legitimately owed tax revenue. However revealing customer names was contrary to Swiss law and put UBS in a difficult position. Eventually UBS, with the support of FINMA, agreed to provide the names of 250 to 300 clients through FINMA and pay U.S. $780 million fines to settle the matter. FINMA used a section of the Act provided for situations where a bank is threatened with bankruptcy to allow this to happen. Subsequently, in February 2009 the Federal Administrative Court of Switzerland ordered FINMA to stop the transmission to the U.S. tax authorities. However it is believed that data from 250 UBS clients had already been transmitted.

Responsibilities and functions.

As a state regulatory body, the FINMA is endowed with supreme authority over banks, insurance companies, stock exchanges, securities dealers and collective investment schemes. It is responsible for combating money laundering and, where necessary, conducts financial restructuring and bankruptcy proceedings. In addition, it has supervisory powers with respect to the disclosure of participations and is the complaints body for decisions of the Takeover Board in the area of public takeover bids for listed companies.  The FINMA grants operating licences for companies and organisations subject to its supervision, monitors the supervised institutions with respect to their compliance with the requisite laws, ordinances, directives and regulations, as well as with the conditions for the granting of licences that must be complied with at all times. Where necessary and to the extent permissible by law, the FINMA imposes sanctions, provides administrative assistance and regulates. In other words, it participates in the amendment of laws and corresponding ordinances, issues circulars and, where it is authorized to do so, its own ordinances. FINMA is also responsible for ensuring that self-regulation is acknowledged appropriately. The FINMA provides supervision where there is a risk to creditors, investors and policy holders and can penalise individuals or authority, its decision, however, can be challenged in a court. It can also ensure compliance, issue warnings, cancel licenses and liquidate companies.  Supervision: FINMA takes a risk-based approach to its supervision of financial institutions, working to identify threats that could affect individual institutions or the entire financial system. FINMA is particularly vigilant about money laundering and the financing of terrorism and closely monitors the Swiss financial markets for AML/CFT compliance.

Organisational structure.

The FINMA is made up of a board of directors, an executive board and an extended executive board.  The Board of Directors is a strategic management body and has seven to nine independent expert members appointed via parliament. It decides on matters of substantial importance, issues ordinances and circulars, and is responsible for FINMA’s budget. It also ensures internal controls by means of an internal audit unit and oversees the Executive Board. The Board of Directors maintains institutionalised contact at the highest management level with key authorities and organisations in Switzerland and abroad. It thus has the opportunity to raise important developments and issues with selected stakeholders.  The Executive Board is FINMA's operational management body and is responsible for ensuring that banks, insurance companies, stock exchanges, securities dealers and other financial intermediaries are supervised in accordance with the law and respective strategy. The Executive Board decides on matters such as the granting of licences, key management, organisational and personnel issues, directives and supervisory matters of cross-divisional significance. The Executive Board prepares the necessary files and materials for decisions on items of business that fall under the remit of the Board of Directors and is responsible for implementing the resolutions of the Board of Directors and its committees.  The Extended Executive Board assists and relieves the burden on the Executive Board. It performs key functions in relation to strategy implementation, staff development and the representation of the FINMA towards external audiences.  The FINMA is the Swiss government body responsible for financial regulation. This includes the supervision of banks, insurance companies, stock exchanges and securities dealers as well as other financial intermediaries in Switzerland.

The Swiss Financial Market Supervisory Authority (FINMA) is the Swiss government body responsible for financial regulation. This includes the supervision of banks, insurance companies, stock exchanges and securities dealers, as well as other financial intermediaries in Switzerland.

Die Eidgenössische Finanzmarktaufsicht (kurz: FINMA;,, ) beaufsichtigt und kontrolliert als schweizerische Finanzmarktaufsichtsbehörde alle Bereiche des Finanzwesens, insbesondere Banken, Versicherungen, Börsen, Effektenhändler sowie kollektive Kapitalanlagen und Prüfgesellschaften.


Life.

Sibour was born at Saint-Paul-Trois-Châteaux in Drôme in 1792. After his ordination to the priesthood at Rome in 1818, he was assigned to the Archdiocese of Paris. He was named canon of the cathedral of Nîmes in 1822, became known as a preacher, and contributed to "L'Avenir". In 1837, during a vacancy, he was chosen administrator of the Diocese of Nîmes, and two years later was made bishop of the Diocese of Digne.  His administration was marked by his encouragement of ecclesiastical studies, a practical desire to increase the importance of the functions exercised by his cathedral chapter, and an observance of canonical forms in ecclesiastical trials. The same principles actuated him in his rule of the Archdiocese of Paris, to which he was called largely because of his prompt adhesion to the new government after the Revolution of 1848. Sibour was part of the ministerial commission which prepared the draft project for the Falloux Laws on education, which highly increased the clergy's influence in schools.  He held in 1849 a provincial council in Paris, and in 1850 a diocesan synod. In 1853 he officiated at the marriage of Napoleon III, who had named him senator the previous year.  Although in his answer to Pope Pius IX he declared the definition of the Immaculate Conception inopportune, he was present at the promulgation of the decree and shortly afterwards solemnly published it in his own diocese. The benevolent co-operation of the imperial government enabled him to provide for the needs of the poor churches in his diocese and to organize several new parishes. In 13th May 1856, he granted Peter Julian Eymard, permission to found in the Archdiocese of Paris a new Religious Institute which became known as the Congregation of the Blessed Sacrament. He also aimed at introducing the Roman Rite in Paris and was progressing favorably in this direction at the time of his death.

Assassination.

Sibour was assassinated at the church of St. Etienne du Mont by an interdicted priest named Jean-Louis Verger, who openly admitted to the crime.  Archbishop Sibour may be the only cleric murdered in modern times due to his assassin's views on papal doctrine. Verger was an opponent of the newly defined doctrine of immaculate conception as well as celibacy for the clergy. However, he was a continuous troublemaker, frequently complaining about his assignments, most of which he was unable to accomplish due to his temper. The trial became, in his mind, a sounding board for his notions. He was found guilty on the day of the trial (17 January 1857) and sentenced to death. To the end, Verger had convinced himself that Emperor Napoleon III would pardon him. When he was executed at La Roquette Prisons on 30 January 1857, he was in a state of panic and fear due to the failure of the pardon to come.

Marie-Dominique-Auguste Sibour (4 August 1792 – 3 January 1857) was the French Catholic Archbishop of Paris from 1848 to 1857.

Marie Dominique Auguste Sibour (* 4. April 1792 in Saint-Paul-Trois-Châteaux, Département Drôme; † 3. Januar 1857 in Paris) war Erzbischof von Paris.


Interim President.

On 25 May 1926, "El Imparcial" -a private newspaper- had published a news flash: "Martial law enacted" which referred to executive decree 916, in which President Orellana had suspended the individual guarantees contained in the Constitution; the main reason for such decision was that "insidious and unpatriotic activities of certain elements" tended "to disrupt the peace and development of the country", which, at once, made it impossible to solve the national economic problem. Although "El Imparcial" was not circulating regularly in the previous days -due to a government boycott-, after May 26 it ceased publication indefinitely. Thereafter, only the official news outlets, such as "Diario de Centro América" and "El Guatemalteco", could circulate, carrying irrelevant information. The story took a sudden turn on Sunday September 26, when, at 0:15 pm, Orellana died during a vacation trip to Antigua Guatemala; he was in a room at Hotel Manchén. "A violent angina attack ended the life of our illustrious president," explained "Diario de Centro America" in a special edition that day. These strange circumstances led to the suspicion that he was poisoned. General Lázaro Chacón assumed as interim President and immediately lifted Martial Law and allowed private newspaper to be published again.

Presidency.

Chacón was first appointed to the position of Chairman and interim president following the death of General José María Orellana. He then called for elections in which his main opponent was general Jorge Ubico. Chacón defeated Ubico thanks in part to the strong campaign that journalist Clemente Marroquín Rojas made against the latter in his column called "Desnudando al ídolo". Chacón government took some liberties such as creating the National Mortgage Bank (Crédito Hipotecario Nacional) as well as constructing the Faculty of Medicine building for the Faculty of Natural Sciences. During his tenure the Legislative Palace and the national railroad were also completed. During his presidency, the Guatemalan currency was stabilized, but Guatemala suffered the effects of the Great Depression in 1929.

Stroke and resignation.

In December, 1930 the following events occurred in a rapid succession:

Death.

Chacón died in New Orleans, Louisiana, United States on April 9, 1931 at age 57 as a consequence of his stroke.

Additional information.

His granddaughter Josefina Chacon de Machado was a magistrate and President of the Guatemalan Supreme Court.  His grandson Carlos Gilberto Chacon Torrebiarte was also magistrate and President of the Guatemalan Supreme Court.

Lázaro Chacón González (June 27, 1873 – April 9, 1931) was the acting President of Guatemala from 26 September 1926 to 18 December 1926 and President of Guatemala from 19 December 1926 to 2 January 1931.

Lázaro Chacón González (* 27. Juni 1873 in Teculután; † 9. April 1931 New Orleans) war vom 27. September 1926 bis 12. Dezember 1930 guatemaltekischer Präsident.


History.

TSW Pegasus was established on June 2008, and they had their first season in Hong Kong First Division League 2008–09 with a budget of about HKD$10,000,000.  On 21 December 2008, Pegasus won their first trophy, defeating Sun Hei in the 2008 Senior Shield Final.  In July 2012, the club was renamed as Sun Pegasus following introduction of a new sponsor.  After the 2014–15 season, Sun International Resources Limited withdrew their sponsorship. Their club was renamed Hong Kong Pegasus following a takeover by Canny Leung.

Colours and badge.

Pegasus's home colours are a red shirt with white shorts. Their away colours are a white shirt with black shorts. The current kits are designed by adidas. The team historically has played with an all yellow kit as their home colours, but after their name change to Hong Kong Pegasus, the club owners decided to make a change. It proved to be a largely unpopular decision with the club's fans.  The current Pegasus badge is a pegasus inside a yellow and red shield, which is representative of "creating miracles", "vigor", "vitality" and "creativeness" in Greek mythology.

Club equipment.

TSW Pegasus has a bus for team transportation which is sponsored by Fuso.  The team also rented an entire 48th floor of a block of Central Park Towers in Tin Shui Wai as accommodation for team members. Renovation work is already completed.

Stadium.

TSW Pegasus applied to the Hong Kong Football Association for the use of Yuen Long Stadium and Tin Shui Wai Sports Ground for its home matches. HKFA replied that it will grant the application provided the grass turf at the stadium is up to standard after its examination. Later, the HKFA accepted the application of having the Yuen Long Stadium as TSW Pegasus's home ground for the game against South China on 5 October 2008. The team's directors promised to make a fanfare at the stadium on the day.  HKFA chairman Leung Hung Tak later claimed that a total of three home games for TSW Pegasus will be played at Yuen Long Stadium in the 2008–09 season.  For the 2013–14 season, TSW Pegasus has moved its home ground from Yuen Long Stadium to Mong Kok Stadium.  From 2015 to 2018, the club used Hong Kong Stadium as their home ground.  By virtue of their third-place finish in the 2017–18 season, Pegasus exercised their right to use the Mong Kok Stadium for 2018–19.

Supporters.

Pegasus has a fanbase mainly based in Yuen Long and Tin Shui Wai as they are Pegasus' original home districts. The club has an official fanclub known as "Pegasus Base". The club's slogan is "Pegasus, our team".

Community contribution.

TSW Pegasus held a big recruitment event at Tin Shui Wai Sports Ground to recruit U-15 and U-19 team players on 3 August 2008. At the same time, the team also recruited a few team assistants in order to provide job opportunity for the local residents. It played a friendly game against South China in the afternoon and the teams drew 1–1, TSW Pegasus lost (3–5) on penalties.

Hong Kong Pegasus FC () are a Hong Kong professional football club based in Kwai Chung. Founded in 2008, the club currently competes in the Hong Kong Premier League.

Hong Kong Pegasus FC (), auch "The Flying Horsemen" genannt, ist ein Fußballverein aus Hongkong, das 2008 gegründet wurde. Aktuell spielt der Verein in der höchsten Liga der Stadt, der Hong Kong Premier League (HKPL).