Plot introduction.

The novel describes the life of a young man (Frédéric Moreau) living through the revolution of 1848 and the founding of the Second French Empire, and his love for an older woman (based on the wife of the music publisher Maurice Schlesinger, who is portrayed in the book as Jacques Arnoux). Flaubert based many of the protagonist's experiences (including the romantic passion) on his own life. He wrote of the work in 1864:  The novel's tone is by turns ironic and pessimistic; it occasionally lampoons French society. The main character, Frédéric, often gives himself over to romantic flights of fancy.

Plot summary.

Part 1.

Frédéric Moreau renews his acquaintance with a childhood friend, Deslauriers, who advises him to meet with Dambreuse, a rich Parisian banker. Frédéric leaves for Paris, armed with a letter of recommendation from his neighbour M. Roque, who works for Dambreuse. Despite this, his introduction to Dambreuse is not very successful. In Paris, Frédéric stumbles across a shop belonging to M. Arnoux, whose wife he developed a fascination for when he met her briefly at the start of the novel. However, he does not act on his discovery, and lives idly in Paris for some months. A little more than a year after the start of the story, Frédéric is at a student protest and meets Hussonet, who works at M. Arnoux's shop. Frédéric becomes part of a group of friends who meet at the shop. Eventually, he is invited to dinner with M. and Mme Arnoux. At the same time, his old friend Deslauriers comes to Paris. Frédéric becomes obsessed with Mme. Arnoux. Deslauriers tries to distract him by taking him to a cabaret, where they encounter M. Arnoux and his mistress Mlle Vatnaz. Later, Frédéric is persuaded to return home to his mother, who is having financial difficulties. At home, he meets Louise, the daughter of his neighbour M. Roque. His financial worries are eased by the chance death of an uncle, and he leaves again for Paris.

Part 2.

Returning to Paris, Frédéric finds that M. and Mme Arnoux no longer live at their previous address. He searches the city, eventually meeting Regimbart, one of his group of friends. He learns that Arnoux has financial problems and is now a pottery merchant. Arnoux introduces Frédéric to another of his mistresses, Rosanette. Frédéric likes Rosanette, and has Pellerin paint him a portrait of her. Mme Arnoux learns of her husband's infidelity. Frédéric has promised money to Deslauriers, but has to lend it to Arnoux instead, who is unable to repay him. Deslauriers and Frédéric fall out. In an attempt to resolve the financial situation, Frédéric returns to Dambreuse, who this time offers him a position. However, Frédéric fails to keep his appointment, instead visiting Mme Arnoux at the pottery factory. She is unresponsive to his advances, and on his return to Paris he instead pursues Rosanette. His difficulties mount and eventually he meets again with Deslauriers, who advises him to return home. At home, Frédéric falls in love with and becomes engaged to Louise, his neighbour's daughter. Deslauriers conveys this news to Mme Arnoux, who is upset. Frédéric says he has business to complete in Paris. While there, he meets Mme Arnoux, and they admit their love for one another. They arrange to meet in private, but Mme Arnoux's son falls seriously ill. Upset and unaware of the reason for Mme Arnoux's absence, Frédéric sleeps with Rosanette instead.

Part 3.

In the midst of the revolution, Frédéric's political writings win him the renewed respect of his friends and of M. Dambreuse. Frédéric, living with Rosanette, becomes jealous of her continued friendship with M. Arnoux, and persuades her to leave with him for the countryside. On his return, Frédéric dines at the Dambreuse's house with Louise and her father, who have come to Paris to find him. Louise learns of Frédéric's relationship with Rosanette. Frédéric meets with Mme Arnoux, who explains why she missed their arranged meeting. During this encounter, Rosanette appears and reveals she is pregnant. Frédéric decides to seduce Mme Dambreuse in order to gain social standing. He is successful, and soon afterwards M. Dambreuse dies. Rosanette's newborn child becomes severely ill and lives only a short time. Meanwhile, M. Arnoux has finally been overtaken by his financial difficulties and is preparing to flee the country. Unable to face the loss of Mme Arnoux, Frédéric asks for money from Mme Dambreuse, but is too late to stop M. and Mme Arnoux from leaving. Mme Dambreuse meanwhile discovers his motive for borrowing the money. Frédéric returns to his childhood home, hoping to find Louise there, but discovers that she has given up on him and married Deslauriers instead. Frédéric returns to Paris. Many years later, he briefly meets Mme Arnoux again, swearing his eternal love for her. After another interlude, he encounters Deslauriers and the novel ends the way it began, with the pair swapping stories of the past.

Characters in "Sentimental Education".

The characters of Sentimental Education are marked by capriciousness and self-interest. Frédéric, the main character, is originally infatuated with Madame Arnoux, but throughout the novel falls in and out of love with her. Furthermore, he is unable to decide on a profession and instead lives on his uncle's inheritance. Other characters, such as Mr. Arnoux, are as capricious with business as Frédéric is with love. Without their materialism and "instinctive worship of power", almost the entire cast would be completely rootless. Such was Flaubert's judgment of his times, and the continuing applicability of that cynicism goes a long way in explaining the novel's enduring appeal.

Literary significance and reception.

Henry James, an early and passionate admirer of Flaubert, considered the book a large step down from its famous predecessor. "Here the form and method are the same as in "Madame Bovary"; the studied skill, the science, the accumulation of material, are even more striking; but the book is in a single word a "dead" one. "Madame Bovary" was spontaneous and sincere; but to read its successor is, to the finer sense, like masticating ashes and sawdust. "L'Education Sentimentale" is elaborately and massively dreary. That a novel should have a certain charm seems to us the most rudimentary of principles, and there is no more charm in this laborious monument to a treacherous ideal than there is interest in a heap of gravel."  French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu, however, found it interesting, and made a map of the novel's social spaces, linking social organization to literary space. György Lukács in his "Theory of the Novel" found "L'Education Sentimentale" quintessentially modern in its handling of time as passing in the world and as perceived by the characters.  More recently, American literary critic James Woods dedicated two chapters of his book "How Fiction Works" to Flaubert’s significance. The first chapter, “Flaubert and the Modern Narrative”, begins as follows, ”Novelists should thank Flaubert the way poets thank spring: it all begins again with him. There really is a time before Flaubert and a time after him. Flaubert established, for good or ill, what most readers think of as modern realist narration, and his influence is almost too familiar to be visible. We hardly remarked of good prose that it favors the telling and a brilliant detail; that it privileges a high degree of visual noticing; that it maintains an unsentimental composure and knows how to withdraw, like a good valet, from superfluous commentary; that it judges good and bad neutrally; that it seeks out the truth, even at the cost of repelling us; and that the authors fingerprints on all this are, paradoxically, traceable but not visible. You can find some of this in Defoe or Austin or Balzac, but not all of it until Flaubert.“

Allusions.

Early in the novel, Frédéric compares himself to several popular romantic protagonists of late 18th-century and early 19th-century literature: Young Werther (1774) by Goethe, René (1802) by Chateaubriand, "Lara" (1824) by Byron, Lélia (1833/1839) by George Sand and Frank of "La Coupe et les Lèvres" (1832) by Alfred de Musset. His friend Deslauriers also asks Frédéric to "remember" Rastignac from Balzac's "Comédie humaine" and Frédéric asks Mlle. Louise Roque if she still has her copy of "Don Quixote".

Sentimental Education (French: "L'Éducation sentimentale", 1869) is a novel by Gustave Flaubert. Considered one of the most influential novels of the 19th century, it was praised by contemporaries such as George Sand and Émile Zola, but criticised by Henry James. The story focuses on the romantic life of a young man at the time of the French Revolution of 1848.

L’Éducation sentimentale, "Histoire d’un jeune homme", ist der letzte vollendete Roman des französischen Schriftstellers Gustave Flaubert (1821–1880). Er erschien 1869 und gilt heute als einer der einflussreichsten Romane des 19. Jahrhunderts. Es liegen mehrere Übersetzungen ins Deutsche vor, unter anderem erschien das Werk unter den Titeln "Die Erziehung der Gefühle", "Die Erziehung des Herzens", "Die Erziehung des Gefühls", "Lehrjahre des Gefühls", "Lehrjahre des Herzens", "Die Schule der Empfindsamkeit" und "Der Roman eines jungen Mannes".


2000 Sydney Olympics Marathon Controversy.

Lagat's win in the Boston Marathon initially gave him a spot on Kenya's marathon team in the 2000 Olympics. Lagat indicated his enthusiasm for running in the Olympics immediately after Boston. However, later in the year the director of the Kenyan Amateur Athletics Association, David Okeyo, replaced the three runners who had initially made the team (Lagat, Tanui and Japhet Kosgei) with three other Kenyans Ondoro Osoro, Erick Wainaina and Kenneth Cheruiyot. He claimed that the three who had initially made the team had not been training hard enough. This move may have been precipitated by poor Kenyan showings in the Olympic marathons in the past. It also may have been brought about by the three initial qualifiers' criticism of the Kenyan Amateur Athletics Association officials. Despite Kenya's many successes in marathoning, The distance running mecca was unable to secure an Olympic gold medal until Samuel Wanjiru's record setting run in the 2008 Beijing games.  Later in the summer of 2000 however, Onsaro was shot in a carjacking incident. Lagat found his way back onto the team as a replacement after being clearly miffed by what he called a strange dismissal from the team. When the Sydney Olympics finally came about, Lagat was on the team and started the race but did not finish. He blamed his failure to finish on excessive preparation for the Olympic marathon; he claimed he wanted to show the Kenyan athletics officials he really could win but overtrained as a result.

Reasons for Running.

Lagat began running simply to lose weight and not necessarily to compete at the highest level of the sport. As a young man, a physician told him that he "had a lot of fat around his heart" and needed to lose weight. The Kenyan obliged and his weight decreased from 158 pounds in 1992 to 125 by the time he won Boston. He started jogging in 1993 and began competing in 1994. He was already 27 when he first began competing; his late start in the sport is unusual and a testament to his innate talent. Before running, Lagat worked as an educational administrator before switching to full-time athlete.

Other Notable Performances.

Lagat won the Prague Marathon in 1998 and the Berlin Marathon in 1997. His best time was a 2:07:41 during his win in Berlin.  He tried to defend his Boston title in 2001 but finished 17th with a time of 2:17:59 that year. He has not competed at the same level since then.

Politics.

Prior to the 2002 general elections, Lagat was persuaded by his friends to vie for the Emgwen Constituency parliamentary seats. After initial resistance, Lagat agreed and vied for the seat on KANU ticket. He lost, however, to Stephen Kipkiyeny Tarus who represented the victorious NARC coalition. After the elections, Lagat continued his athletics career.  At the 2007 parliamentary elections, Lagat successfully vied for Emgwen Constituency parliamentary seat on ODM ticket, beating Tarus, who now represented the PNU party.  He has a degree in History from Baraton University, and besides being MP, is studying for an MBA in Strategic Management at Africa Nazarene University.

Elijah Kiptarbei Lagat (born 19 June 1966) was born and raised in Saniak Village in Nandi District of Kenya. He was the winner of the 104th running of the Boston Marathon held in 2000. He won in the closest finish in the race's history when he edged out Gezahgne Abera of Ethiopia and fellow Kenyan and previous year's champion, Moses Tanui. Abera and Lagat were both clocked at 2 hours 9 minutes and 47 seconds while Tanui finished three seconds back. Lagat's win enabled the Kenyans to capture the individual men's Boston Marathon title for the 10th straight year. This is a record that still stands.

Elijah Lagat (* 19. Juni 1966) ist ein ehemaliger kenianischer Langstreckenläufer, der seine größten Erfolge im Marathon hatte. Lagat war im kenianischen Erziehungsministerium angestellt, als Ende 1992 ein Arzt, den er wegen Herzbeschwerden aufgesucht hatte, ihm riet, abzunehmen und Sport zu treiben. Anfang 1993 begann er regelmäßig zu laufen, und er verlor nicht nur insgesamt 15 kg seines Körpergewichts, sondern stellte auch fest, dass er bei Wettkämpfen hervorragende Resultate erzielte, so dass er nach einem Jahr beschloss, das Laufen als Leistungssport zu betreiben.


In space.

Mechanical problems in early satellites were sometimes attributed to cold welding.  In 2009 the European Space Agency published a peer reviewed paper detailing why cold welding is a significant issue that spacecraft designers need to carefully consider. The paper also cites a documented example from 1991 with the Galileo spacecraft high-gain antenna.  One source of difficulty is that cold welding does not exclude relative motion between the surfaces that are to be joined. This allows the broadly defined notions of galling, fretting, sticking, stiction and adhesion to overlap in some instances. For example, it is possible for a joint to be the result of both cold (or "vacuum") welding and galling (and/or fretting and/or impact). Galling and cold welding, therefore, are not mutually exclusive.

Nanoscale.

Unlike cold welding process at macro-scale which normally requires large applied pressures, scientists discovered that single-crystalline ultrathin gold nanowires (diameters less than 10 nm) can be cold-welded together within seconds by mechanical contact alone, and under remarkably low applied pressures. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy and in-situ measurements reveal that the welds are nearly perfect, with the same crystal orientation, strength and electrical conductivity as the rest of the nanowire. The high quality of the welds is attributed to the nanoscale sample dimensions, oriented-attachment mechanisms and mechanically assisted fast surface diffusion. Nanoscale welds were also demonstrated between gold and silver, and silver and silver, indicating that the phenomenon may be generally applicable and therefore offer an atomistic view of the initial stages of macroscopic cold welding for either bulk metals or metallic thin film.

Cold welding or contact welding is a solid-state welding process in which joining takes place without fusion/heating at the interface of the two parts to be welded. Unlike in the fusion-welding processes, no liquid or molten phase is present in the joint.

Als Kaltverschweißen bezeichnet man das Phänomen, vorwiegend metallische Werkstücke gleichen Materials bereits bei Raumtemperatur so miteinander verbinden zu können, dass die Verbindung dem „normalen“ Verschweißen sehr nahekommt; daher rührt auch die Bezeichnung. Dieses Phänomen wurde in den 1940er-Jahren entdeckt.


History.

In the year 1886, Theodor Escherich established that spiral form bacteria were noted in the stool specimen and large intestinal mucous of neonates (an infant less than 4 weeks), and kittens. Throughout that century, publication of the organism in the “spirilla” form description came mainly in German language (Kist M., 1986). However, it was not until 1957, as widely spread as the bacteria were, Campylobacter was still not implicated in the human diarrhea. Further to this, in 1973, "Campylobacter" as a new genus was proposed and in the 1980s, the importance of the genus in the human infection of gastroenteritis was given full recognition (David and Ban, 2001).

Sources.

"Campylobacter" species lives in the intestine of poultry animals, sheep, cattle, and pigs. Additionally, "Campylobacter" colonized the intestine of pets such as dogs and cats. As well, it has also been found in shellfish (WHO, 2018).

Pathogenicity and transmission.

"C. coli" are thought to be mainly transmitted to humans via handling and eating raw or undercooked meat or other contaminated food products, but due to their broad natural reservoir, they can also be transmitted via soil and water. The infectious dose of "Campylobacter" ranges between 1000–10,000, but even 500–800 colony forming units (CFU) has also been reported to cause disease. The bacteria can also be transmitted to humans via direct contact with infected animals. Usually the incubation time after ingestion ranges between 24–72 hours, but incubation times up to a week have been reported. The adhesion to eukaryotic cells is mediated by several proteins, including the "Campylobacter" adhesion to fibronectin protein ("CadF"), which binds specifically to fibronectin in the cell membrane.

Virulence factors.

Campylobacteriosis seems to be dependent on several virulence factors involving adhesion, invasion and bacterial motility adherence. "Campylobacter" secrete a cytolethal distending toxin (CDT), which is an AB toxin composed of three subunits encoded by "cdtA", "cdtB" and "cdtC". This toxin has DNase activity, which causes DNA double-strand breaks during the cell cycle G2 phase, leading eventually to cell apoptosis in HeLa and Caco-2 cells.

Survival of "C. coli".

"Campylobacter"<nowiki> are microaerophilic, fastidious organisms that become stressed in aerobic condition, temperature variations, osmotic balances, and starvation. However, in the community of </nowiki>"Campylobacter" species, "C. coli" has been discovered to be more aerotolerant than "C. jejuni"; this explains the increasing survival and transmission of the strains during stressful processing and storage conditions (Karki et al., 2019).

Human infection.

Campylobacteriosis is characterized by symptoms including high fever, headache, nausea, abdominal cramps, and diarrhoea, sometimes bloody. Foodborne infections caused by "Campylobacter" spp. can be diagnosed by isolation of the organism from faeces and identification by growth-dependent tests, immunological assays, or genomic analyses.

Treatment.

Campylobacteriosis is often self-limiting infection, which is treated according to the symptoms, for example with electrolyte replacement and rehydration. While extra fluid is required of an infected person for as long as the symptoms lasts, antibiotics such as azithromycin or ciprofloxacin can be used to treat risk groups, including immunocompromised patients. Due to the increased antibiotic usage in both animal agriculture and human populations, "Campylobacter" spp. has been reported to be progressively resistant to several antibiotics, including fluoroquinolones and macrolides. Although most patients recover from the infection, severe post-infectious complications such as Gullain-Barré syndrome, a rare autoimmune condition which causes muscle weakness as a result of the immune system damaging the peripheral nervous system, have been linked to campylobacteriosis.

Campylobacter coli is a Gram-negative, microaerophilic, non-endospore-forming, S-shaped bacterial species within genus "Campylobacter". In humans, it "C. coli" can cause campylobacteriosis, a diarrhoeal disease which is the most frequently reported foodborne illness in the European Union. "C. coli" grows slowly with an optimum temperature of 42 °C. When exposed to air for long periods, they become spherical or coccoid shaped.

Campylobacter coli ist ein mikroaerophiles, gramnegatives Bakterium aus der Gattung "Campylobacter". Es ist eng verwandt mit "Campylobacter jejuni", beide Arten wurden früher der Gattung "Vibrio" zugeordnet und sind die Krankheitserreger der Campylobacter-Enteritis, einer entzündlichen Durchfallerkrankung beim Menschen. Sie werden von Tieren über Lebensmittel und Trinkwasser auf den Menschen übertragen.


Critical reception.

Contemporary reviews for "Black Celebration" in the British press were mixed. "Melody Maker"s Steve Sutherland lambasted the album and wrote that Depeche Mode came off as "pussycats desperate to appear perverted as an escape from the superficiality of teen stardom", and "Sounds" published a similar scathing review. While criticizing chief songwriter Martin Gore's "adolescent fragments of despair", Sean O'Hagan of "NME" nonetheless praised "Black Celebration"s "perfectly constructed jigsaw melodies" and concluded, "When the songs address topics other than the composer's state of mind – as on the evocative exploration of loneliness that is 'World Full of Nothing' – Depeche Mode sound like a lot more than just a high tech, low-life melodrama". Betty Page of "Record Mirror" felt that the band should be admired for their "refusal to follow anything but their own fashion" and "unswerving ability to come up with great, fresh melodies".  "Black Celebration" has since been reappraised in retrospective reviews. In 2007, Rob Sheffield of "Rolling Stone" referred to the album as an "instant classic for the band's fans" that at the time of its release had seemingly been "utterly ignored by everybody else".  Trent Reznor of Nine Inch Nails cited "Black Celebration", and its subsequent tour, as an influence and said it helped inspire him to write "Pretty Hate Machine".

Re-release.

In 2007, "Black Celebration" was re-released with a bonus DVD. It was released on 20 March 2007 in the United States, on 26 March in the United Kingdom and on 2 April in the rest of Europe, as a part of the third wave of re-issues (along with "Construction Time Again"). The first CD was remastered and (except in the US) released on a CD/SACD hybrid. The bonus DVD includes the B-sides in addition to the singles and B-sides for "Shake the Disease" and "It's Called a Heart", two songs that were recorded shortly before the album and were released too early to be put on the album. There are also several live versions of some of the songs from "Black Celebration". The album is released the way it was originally intended and ends with "New Dress" (not "Black Day" or "But Not Tonight").  Like the other reissues, the DVD includes a documentary on the album. The title—"The Songs Aren't Good Enough, There Aren't Any Singles and It'll Never Get Played on the Radio"—is Gore paraphrasing Daniel Miller about his demos for "Black Celebration" in the film. The double-documentary discusses both "The Singles 81→85" and "Black Celebration", its more challenging commercial success (especially the song "Stripped") and all five related singles. It also includes a plethora of behind-the-scenes footage of the making of "Black Celebration" and the ensuing tour. Highlights include the band meeting The Cure, and behind the scenes footage of several of the music videos. The documentary is nearly an hour long.  The remastered album was released on vinyl on 2 April 2007 in Europe and on 11 September 2007 in the United States.

Personnel.

Credits adapted from the liner notes of "Black Celebration".

Black Celebration is the fifth studio album by English electronic music band Depeche Mode. It was released on 17 March 1986 by Mute Records. The album further cemented the darkening sound created by Alan Wilder, which the band later used for their subsequent albums "Music for the Masses", "Violator", and "Songs of Faith and Devotion", a sound that was initially hinted towards on their albums "Construction Time Again" and "Some Great Reward".

Black Celebration ist das fünfte Studioalbum der britischen Pop-Band Depeche Mode. Wie schon die beiden Vorgänger wurde es in den Hansa-Studios in Berlin produziert, außerdem bei Westside Records, London.


Amateur highlights.

As an amateur Simon represented Namibia as a welterweight at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, Spain, and had an overall amateur record of 121-9. His result was:

Professional career.

Simon turned pro in 1994 and won the WBO Light Middleweight title in 1998 by defeating Winky Wright by controversial decision. The bout had initially been ruled a draw, but then a "scoring error" favoring Simon was discovered. He defended the title four times against Kevin Lueshing, Enrique Areco, Rodney Jones and Wayne Alexander. He later captured the WBO Middleweight title against Sweden's Armand Krajnc in a unanimous 12-round decision. In 2002 Simon was involved in a serious car accident, sustaining injuries that prevented his defending his title; because of this he was stripped of the belt.  Simon returned to boxing in March 2007, winning an eight round decision over Stephen Nzuemb, in Namibia. He won a fight against Tanzanian Rashid Mutumla by knockout on 2 December 2010. Following his release from jail in 2009, Simon launched a comeback, recording several wins over journeyman opposition.  On 24 November 2018 Simon fought together with his son, Harry Simon Jr. They both won their fights, making it a first in Namibia for father and son to appear together, and to both win.

Outside the ring.

Simon was involved in two serious car accidents resulting in fatalities. In the first accident in 2001, two people died outside Swakopmund in a hit-and-run accident. Simon's car's estimated speed was. Some controversy developed around this accident, as blood samples disappeared, and originally Simon was reported to be driving. His driver later admitted to have steered the vehicle and was sentenced to 2 years' jail.  The second accident, in late 2002, saw Simon seriously injured and eventually sent to jail. Three Belgian tourists - two adults and a baby - died in the collision with Simon's Mercedes-Benz at Langstrand in November 2002. On 5 August 2005, Simon was given a two-year jail sentence, after he was found guilty of culpable homicide stemming from the November 2002 car accident, which resulted in the deaths of the three people.  On 9 July 2007, Simon began serving his two-year prison sentence for culpable homicide after losing the appeal of his 2005 conviction. Simon did not call any witnesses or testify in his own behalf during the appeal proceedings, and his conviction and sentence were not overturned. He was released in 2009. In 2020 he published a book, ""Lifestyle and Treatments in Prison"", detailing his experiences in jail.

Harry Simon (born 21 October 1972) is a Namibian professional boxer. He is a two-weight world champion, having held the WBO junior middleweight title from 1998 to 2001, and the WBO middleweight title in 2002. He holds the longest undefeated streak in boxing history, at 24 years.

Harry Simon (* 21. Oktober 1972 in Walvis Bay) ist ein namibischer Profiboxer und ehemaliger Weltmeister der WBO im Halbmittel- und Mittelgewicht.


Club career.

Monaco.

On 10 February 2007, Pino played his first Ligue 1 match for Monaco against Paris Saint-Germain.

Galatasaray.

On 19 July 2010, Galatasaray announced that Pino had joined the team on a three-year contract for a sum of €3 million. The 23-year-old has signed a three-year deal with his new club.  He was picked man of the match during the Istanbul derby against Fenerbahçe in Kadikoy which finished 0–0 on 24 October 2010. Pino scored his first goal against Antalyaspor on 30 October 2010 which ended in a 2–1 victory for Galatasaray. Before the 2011–12 season, the new Galatasaray manager, Fatih Terim left him in Istanbul and did not call him for a pre-season camp.  On 29 August he left on loan to for Al-Nassr for €400,000.

Return to Galatasaray.

After Pino returned from his loan spell at Al Nassr, he expressed his interest to stay at Galatasaray, however Terim refused Pino's interest to stay at Galatasaray and was not included in the Austria training camp squad.

Mersin İdman Yurdu.

On 20 July 2012, Pino signed for Turkish club, Mersin İdman Yurdu for a fee of €100,000 on a two-year contract. After the team's training camp in Slovenia, the club and the player mutually terminated their contract. The club cited inability to adjust to the club as the reason for the termination.

Olympiacos.

On 14 September 2012, Pino was in talks with the Greek club, Olympiacos F.C. to play for the team in the 2013 season. He made his debut against Veria F.C. in a 3–0 home win, contributing two assists.

Independiente Medellín.

On 29 July 2013, Pino returned to his homeland to play for the club he started his career.

Arema.

On 17 April 2017, Pino joined the Indonesian club side, Arema. He signed one-year deal and will used the number 20 for the 2017 Liga 1 season.

International career.

Pino is also a Colombian international having previously played for the under-20 team. He made his national team debut in 2009. Pino never represented Colombia in any World Cup Tournament.

Personal life.

In 2011, while playing for Al Nasr, Pino was taken into custody by Saudi moral police after mall customers complained about his religious tattoos. Pino later apologized for his actions and was released from custody after a team delegate discussed the matter with police.

Honours.

Club.

Independiente Medellín  Olympiacos

Juan Pablo Pino Puello (born 30 March 1987) is a Colombian professional footballer who plays as a forward for Cúcuta Deportivo.

Juan Pablo Pino Puello (* 30. März 1987, Cartagena) ist ein kolumbianischer Fußballspieler, der auf der Position des Stürmers spielt.


Geography.

The terrain of Faulk County consists of low rolling hills, largely devoted to agriculture, sloping to the east. The highest point of the terrain is the county's SW corner, at 1,916' (584m) ASL. The county has a total area of, of which is land and (2.4%) is water.

Demographics.

2000 census.

As of the 2000 United States Census, there were 2,640 people, 1,014 households, and 708 families in the county. The population density was 3 people per square mile (1/km2). There were 1,235 housing units at an average density of 1.3 per square mile (0.5/km2). The racial makeup of the county was 99.47% White, 0.08% Black or African American, 0.15% Native American, 0.04% Asian, and 0.27% from two or more races. 0.23% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 65.0% were of German, 6.2% American and 5.2% Norwegian ancestry.  There were 1,014 households out of which 28.90% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 63.40% were married couples living together, 3.40% had a female householder with no husband present, and 30.10% were non-families. 29.10% of all households were made up of individuals and 16.30% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.56 and the average family size was 3.18.  The county population contained 26.60% under the age of 18, 5.40% from 18 to 24, 23.10% from 25 to 44, 22.00% from 45 to 64, and 22.90% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females there were 99.80 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 97.70 males.  The median income for a household in the county was $30,237, and the median income for a family was $34,508. Males had a median income of $25,085 versus $16,346 for females. The per capita income for the county was $14,660. About 12.60% of families and 18.10% of the population were below the poverty line, including 24.60% of those under age 18 and 7.80% of those age 65 or over.

2010 census.

As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 2,364 people, 869 households, and 532 families in the county. The population density was. There were 1,136 housing units at an average density of. The racial makeup of the county was 98.9% white, 0.1% Asian, 0.1% American Indian, 0.1% black or African American, 0.0% from other races, and 0.7% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 0.8% of the population. In terms of ancestry, 70.0% were German, 9.6% were Irish, 7.1% were English, 5.7% were Norwegian, and 4.3% were American.  Of the 869 households, 20.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.9% were married couples living together, 4.1% had a female householder with no husband present, 38.8% were non-families, and 36.1% of all households were made up of individuals. The average household size was 2.15 and the average family size was 2.79. The median age was 46.9 years.  The median income for a household in the county was $38,203 and the median income for a family was $55,234. Males had a median income of $40,641 versus $23,571 for females. The per capita income for the county was $21,898. About 14.4% of families and 17.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 15.3% of those under age 18 and 14.3% of those age 65 or over.

Politics.

Faulk County voters have largely voted Republican for several decades. In only two national elections since 1944 has the county selected the Democratic Party candidate (as of 2016).

Faulk County is a county in the U.S. state of South Dakota. As of the 2010 census, the population was 2,364. Its county seat is Faulkton. The county was founded in 1873 and organized in 1883. It is named for Andrew Jackson Faulk, the third Governor of Dakota Territory.

Faulk County ist ein County im Bundesstaat South Dakota der Vereinigten Staaten. Er hat 2640 Einwohner. Der Verwaltungssitz (County Seat) ist Faulkton.


Personal life.

Morgan was born in Kansas City, Missouri. She attended the Lindenwood University.  Her addiction to gambling was the subject of the TV-movie "High Stakes: The Melanie Morgan Story". In 2006, she told the San Francisco Chronicle that she had not placed a bet in 13 years, and has served as president of the California Council on Problem Gambling.  Morgan is married to Jack Swanson, Director of News and Programming at KCBS Newsradio in San Francisco. They live in Novato, California, north of San Francisco, and have two children.  Morgan serves on the boards of a number of other nonprofit organizations, including the Bruin Alumni Association.  On February 15, 2010 she revealed she had been diagnosed with thyroid cancer but the cancer has not spread.

Professional career.

Morgan began her career reporting on the 1983 Beirut Marine Barracks Bombing, Lebanon, where 241 Marines lost their lives. While she focuses on San Francisco Bay Area regional issues, she has covered events in China, Mexico and Iraq.  In 2006, Morgan's report on U.S. soldiers serving in Iraq: "Voices of Soldiers" earned was recognized by the Associated Press Mark Twain Awards for Best Special Program.  In October 2006, Morgan and reporter Catherine Moy published "American Mourning", which reported on two families whose sons, best friends from Army training and who died two weeks apart in Iraq, dealt with their sorrow. Anti-war activist Cindy Sheehan became angry and hung an American soldier in effigy outside of Sacramento. The book contains allegations from Sheehan's sister-in-law that Sheehan engaged in sexual misbehavior, and contrasts her behavior with the family of Justin Johnson, whose father enlisted as a private in the military at age 46 following his sons death. Both families remain traumatized.  Melanie Morgan co-hosted a highly rated morning show with Lee Rodgers and traffic reporter "Officer Vic" on San Francisco Bay Area radio station KSFO. Her tenure on the KSFO morning show ended in March 2008 when the station "decided not to renew her contract as part of the company’s announced across-the-board financial cost cutting".  Talk Radio Network tapped Morgan to be the host of the network's new morning show, "America's Morning News". It debuted June 15, 2009, co-hosted by John McCaslin and managed by the "Washington Times", who contributes reporters to the program. Morgan left the show January 5, 2010, citing health issues.  Morgan was added back to the KSFO morning show in January 2012, but has since left again, as of July 10, 2013.

Political activism.

Morgan and Michelle Malkin organized a pro-troop "webathon" on June 26, 2008. Conservative talk-show talent Rush Limbaugh, Sean Hannity, and Mark Levin participated. MAF members raised an aggregate of $1.055 million in gifts for U.S. soldiers and Iraqi children.  She is currently Chair of Move America Forward (MAF), a nonprofit, political advocacy group Supporting our military and providing gifts to U.S. soldiers in Iraq. She was honored by Move America Forward (MAF) members on May 10, 2008. Morgan stated in the USA Today "I don't like third parties" and has been working with the Tea Party movement in California. As the chairman of Move America Forward, Morgan lead a 40-city campaign "Heroes for the Holidays Tour" to "rally support for the troops and their mission." During her last trip to the Middle East, Melanie Morgan and one of the Gold Star Mothers, Debbie Lee, brought over 100,000 Christmas cards to troops throughout the area of operations. Morgan will co-host Troopathon 2013.

Controversial statements and criticism.

After "The New York Times" published a story regarding U.S. government tracking of terrorist funding, Morgan said that editor Bill Keller should be tried for treason and "If he were to be tried and convicted of treason, yes, I would have no problem with him being sent to the gas chamber."  Melanie Morgan's comments about House Speaker Nancy Pelosi on the November 14, 2006 broadcast of the "Lee Rodgers & Melanie Morgan Program" have drawn criticism from media watchdogs and liberal bloggers. Morgan commented "We've got a bull's-eye painted on her big, wide laughing eyes." Morgan said the statement was a political metaphor that had been distorted by critics in order to appear violent.  In 2007, Morgan claimed during a broadcast on KSFO that Hungarian financier George Soros worked with the Nazis "in order to further his own career;" Soros was age 13 when the Nazis entered Hungary. During the broadcast, the station manager came on-air to deny the accuracy of the statements and to say KFSO "regrets that they were broadcast." This incident and others led to Morgan twice being named "Worst Radio Host in America" by MSNBC talk show host Keith Olbermann.  Morgan has also claimed that President Barack Obama attended a madrassa, an allegation that has been discredited.

"The News Hour with Jim Lehrer".

On May 9, 2007, Morgan appeared with VoteVets.org co-founder and chairman Jon Soltz on "The News Hour with Jim Lehrer". Morgan accused the veteran of "political games" and undermining the U.S. troops serving in Iraq. Executive Producer Linda Winslow responded to complaints by saying, Since neither guest was in the studio with Judy Woodruff, there wasn't much she could do to prevent them from interrupting one another, short of saying – as she did at least three times – 'please let him/her finish his/her point'. The NewsHour style is to ask pointed questions politely; we expect our guests to subscribe to the same rules. Since the program is produced live, we can't do much to eliminate rude guests from your television screen once the segment has begun; what we can do is guarantee you will never see Morgan on our program again. Morgan subsequently blamed Media Matters for America for her "persona non grata" status, accusing the organization of "a bottom-line effort... [where] they call their people and ask them to call PBS."

Melanie Morgan is an American radio personality, formerly with KSFO (560 kHz AM) in San Francisco, where her husband, Jack Swanson, was VP of News and Programming. She was laid off from KSFO due to budget cutbacks and declining ad revenue, returned to host the morning show, then once more left the station as of July 10, 2013. She has also previously worked as a reporter for KGO-TV in San Francisco. She is the Chairman of Move America Forward, a non-partisan, non-profit, charitable organization that supports the U.S. armed forces and their missions in the War on Terrorism. She is known for her advocacy on behalf of the American military, defense of the War on Terror and criticism of American liberals.

Melanie Morgan (* 1956 in Kansas City, Missouri) ist eine konservative US-amerikanische Hörfunkmoderatorin. Morgan arbeitet für die Talkradio-Station KSFO in San Francisco. Sie ist Vize-Vorsitzende von „Move America Forward“, einer Non-profit-Organisation mit dem Ziel, die US-amerikanischen Truppen im Irak zu unterstützen.


History.

Aaron Bruno and Drew Stewart formed a band called Home Town Hero and signed to the now defunct Maverick Records from 2002-2004. In 2004, after several member changes and label woes, the band went on hiatus. Around this time, Bruno and Stewart reconnected with childhood friend and former Audiovent drummer Jamin Wilcox and began to play music together. All three had experienced turmoil with major record labels and wanted to create music on their own terms. The music from these sessions would later be recorded and released free over the internet under the album title "Bitch City". While the band was still called HomeTown Hero at this point, they felt the evolution of the music did not fit the name so they dropped the name. Since HomeTown Hero was still contractually obligated to Maverick, the label held the legal rights to HomeTown Hero's music. The members of the band quit the label, forced to leave their music behind.  The band continued under the name "Under the Influence of Giants", a name meant to reflect of their continuous struggle to operate free of authority. They recruited keyboardist Katie Logan and bassist David Amezuca and began to play shows in the Los Angeles area in mid-2005, selling out venues like the Roxy and Key Club several times. In the spring of 2006, after a short West Coast tour, Logan decided to amicably leave the band and created the duo Katie and Katie with a friend.  In the winter of 2005 they signed with Island Records. They released their debut in summer of 2006 on Island Records.  In November 2006, they headlined the halftime show at Major League Soccer's MLS Cup championship game at Pizza Hut Park in Frisco, Texas.  They have headlined and sold out numerous club tours in the US and UK. They have also gone on tour in the UK and Europe with The Sounds, as well as opening for them on select dates in the United States.  Aaron Bruno is currently in the band Awolnation, and David Amezcua as well as Drew Stewart were in the band until each left. They released their debut EP "Back from Earth" in 2010 on iTunes. Jamin Wilcox has released a solo album on iTunes. David Amezcua is currently in the band Hotstreets, who released their self-titled debut album in 2010 on iTunes.

Under the Influence of Giants (sometimes abbreviated UTIOG) was an American alternative rock band from Los Angeles, California. They released their major label debut album in August 2006, which was a number one hit on the Top Heatseekers chart. Among their influences are the Beatles, The Who, Led Zeppelin, the Bee Gees, Prince, WHAM!, Chicago and Todd Rundgren. UTIOG have performed on "Last Call with Carson Daly" and "Jimmy Kimmel Live!" as well as opening for acts such as Aerosmith, Darrell DMC, Crowded House, Angels and Airwaves and The Sounds.

Under the Influence of Giants (gelegentlich mit UTIOG abgekürzt) ist eine Musikgruppe aus Los Angeles, Kalifornien, welche zuvor unter dem Namen Home Town Hero musizierte. Sie veröffentlichten ihren gleichnamigen zweiten LP im August 2006, welcher bereits Platz 1 in den Top Heatseekers-Charts erlangte. Als Einflüsse sind unter anderem die Bee Gees, Prince, WHAM! und Todd Rundgren zu nennen. Sie traten bereits in den US Late Night-Shows Last Call with Carson Daly und Jimmy Kimmel Live auf und erspielten sich insbesondere 2007 auf Europa-Tournee mit The Sounds zahlreiche Sympathien.


History.

Pre formation.

Two of Olive's founding members had been members of successful acts. Tim Kellett was a member of Simply Red from 1981 until 1991. Robin Taylor-Firth had decided to branch out although continuing with George Evelyn's project Nightmares on Wax. The two met through a mutual friend who had recently joined Simply Red as bassist and formed a musical collaboration.

Demos to success.

By 1994, three demos (which would become "Miracle", "Falling" and "You're Not Alone") were recorded in Kellett's cellar studio, upon which the two began their search for a singer. At this time, Kellett went on tour as keyboardist with Vini Reilly's The Durutti Column, with whom he had played for a decade prior to joining Simply Red. While playing back pre-recorded keyboard samples on stage, Kellett heard a favourable vocal sample; the voice was that of Ruth-Ann Boyle, who had provided the samples for The Durutti Column's 1994 album "Sex and Death".  Kellett contacted Boyle about singing for the collaboration; at the time working in a bar, and though disillusioned from past experiences singing in bands, Boyle accepted. After an audition with "Miracle", Boyle's membership in the band was set. The completion of the three initial demos attracted the interest of various UK record labels, and Olive signed with the top bidder, RCA, in September 1995.  The songwriting and recording process concluded with the completion of their first album in January 1996. The first single, "You're Not Alone," was released in 1996. It reached number one in 1997, after the release of a remixed version, selling over 500000 copies. Popularity in America and Australia was muted, with the track falling short of an American Top 40 position and being restricted to a small musical niche with Australians. "Outlaw" followed not long after, with similar responses, as well as their first album, "Extra Virgin" in 1997.  Riding the success of the remixed single, "Extra Virgin" was re-released in 1997 with a bonus disc of remixes by producers including Monkey Mafia, Roni Size, and duo Paul Oakenfold and Steve Osborne.  The band went on tour to promote the album with a seven-piece band, playing three episodes of "Top of the Pops" ("You're Not Alone" twice in May 1997, "Outlaw" in August), a ten-date UK tour, as well as legs in Germany and the US  In the time leading up to the release of the follow-up album, Taylor-Firth had left the group to concentrate on Nightmares on Wax, and begin other projects (Sub Machena, BudNubac, Piano Segundo) bringing it down to a duo. He also founded BlancoMusic, a release platform for the aforementioned acts, plus others such as Mil i Maria. Meanwhile, Olive lost the support of RCA's UK branch, which dropped the band; however, they were then picked up by Madonna's Maverick Records, supposedly with Madonna's personal approval after she attended one of their concerts in Germany.  In 2000, their second album "Trickle" was released. The album was more dance-oriented, and a cover of the 10cc song "I'm Not in Love" reached number one on the "Billboard" Hot Dance Club Play chart. The song also featured on the soundtrack to "The Next Best Thing".  From that point on the band's profile became lower and the band entered an extended hiatus. Kellett focussed on songwriting for other artists so that he could spend more time with his family. Boyle joined Enigma as a vocalist and released her first solo album "What About Us" on 4 June 2007. It was released exclusively through iTunes.  In 2009, Tinchy Stryder released a version of 'You're Not Alone', sparking new interest in Olive. Around the same time, Digital Spy announced that Olive was working on its third album, due for release in early 2011. The album was to feature Ruth Ann on vocals once more, as well as featuring other special guest vocalists, but as of 2014, the album has not been released.

Reception.

At the 1997 Ivor Novello Awards (28 May 1998), Kellett and Taylor-Firth received the Best Dance Music award for "You're Not Alone". The song was also covered as a 2002 single by German dance producer ATB.  During the American leg of the "Trickle" promotional tour, the band suggested that 60–70% of their audience demographic at the time was gay. This was recognised to the extent that the final show of the tour was played at the San Francisco Pride festival.  Today, Olive is generally placed alongside mid-1990s trip hop and electronica artists such as Moloko, Beth Orton, and the Sneaker Pimps.

Discography.

Singles.

– Released in the United States only.

Olive was a trip hop group from London, England. The founding membership consisted of producer, instrumentalist and songwriter Tim Kellett, producer and keyboard programmer Robin Taylor-Firth, and singer Ruth-Ann Boyle. The band has released two albums, the second without Taylor-Firth. Their 1996 single "You're Not Alone" reached number one in the UK singles chart.

Olive war eine Dance-/Breakbeat-/Trip-Hop-Formation aus Nordengland, die Ende der 1990er-Jahre aktiv war. Die Gründungsmitglieder waren Tim Kellett (Produzent, Instrumentalist und Songwriter, vormals bei Simply Red), Robin Taylor-Firth (Produzent, Keyboards, Sequencing) und Ruth-Ann Boyle (Gesang). Die Band gab zwei Alben heraus, das zweite ohne Taylor-Firth, der zuvor die Band bereits verlassen hatte.


Early years.

Kearny was born in Newark, New Jersey, the son of Philip Kearny Sr. and Susanna Watts. His maternal grandparents were the wealthy merchant Robert Watts of New York and Mary Alexander, the daughter of Major General "Lord Stirling" William Alexander and Sarah "Lady Stirling" Livingston of American Revolutionary War fame. Stephen Watts Kearny went to public schools. After high school, he attended Columbia University in New York City for two years. He joined the New York militia as an ensign in 1812.

Marriage and family.

In the late 1820s after his career was established, Kearny met, courted and married Mary Radford, the stepdaughter of William Clark of the Lewis and Clark Expedition. The couple had eleven children, of whom six died in childhood. His nephew is Philip Kearny, who became a General in the American Civil War, but was killed in action at the Battle of Chantilly.

Career.

In 1812 Kearny was commissioned as a First Lieutenant in the War of 1812 in the 13th Infantry Regiment in the U.S. Army. He fought on 13 October 1812 at Queenston Heights, where he was wounded and taken prisoner. Kearny spent several months in captivity before being paroled. Kearny was promoted to captain on April 1, 1813. After the war, he chose to remain in the US Army and was promoted to brevet major in 1823; major, 1829; and lieutenant colonel, 1833. He was assigned to the western frontier under command of Gen. Henry Atkinson, and in 1819 he was a member of the expedition to explore the Yellowstone River in present-day Montana and Wyoming. The Yellowstone Expedition of 1819 journeyed only as far as present-day Nebraska, where it established Cantonment Missouri, later renamed Fort Atkinson. Kearny was also on the 1825 expedition that reached the mouth of the Yellowstone River. During his travels, he kept extensive journals, including his interactions with Native Americans.  In 1826, Kearny was appointed as the first commander of the new Jefferson Barracks in Missouri south of St. Louis. While stationed there, he was often invited to the nearby city, the center of fur trade, economics and politics of the region. By way of Meriwether Lewis Clark, Sr., he was invited as a guest of William Clark of the Lewis and Clark Expedition.  In 1833, Kearny was appointed second in command of the newly organized 1st Dragoon Regiment. The U.S. Cavalry eventually grew out of this regiment, which was re-designated the 1st United States Cavalry in 1861, earning Kearny his nickname as the "father of the United States Cavalry". The regiment was stationed at Fort Leavenworth in present-day Kansas, and Kearny was promoted to the rank of colonel in command of the regiment in 1836. He was also made commander of the Army's Third Military Department, charged with protecting the frontier and preserving peace among the tribes of Native Americans on the Great Plains.  By the early 1840s, when emigrants began traveling along the Oregon Trail, Kearny often ordered his men to escort the travelers across the plains to avoid attack by the Native Americans. The practice of the military's escorting settlers' wagon trains would become official government policy in succeeding decades. To protect the travelers, Kearny established a new post along Table Creek near present-day Nebraska City, Nebraska. The outpost was named Fort Kearny. However, the Army realized the site was not well-chosen, and the post was moved to the present location on the Platte River in central Nebraska.  In May 1845, Kearny marched his 1st Dragoons of 15 officers and 250 men in a column of twos out the gates of Ft. Leavenworth for a nearly four-month-long reconnaissance into the Rocky Mountains and the South Pass, "the gateway to Oregon." The Dragoons traveled light and fast, hauling 17 supply wagons, driving 50 sheep, and 25 beefs on the hoof (cattle). Kearny's Dragoons covered nearly 20 miles a day and upon their approach to Ft. Laramie they had traveled nearly 600 miles in four weeks. "Barely two weeks later Kearny and his troopers stood atop South Pass, held a regimental muster on the continental divide, and turned toward home." Marching his Dragoons down the Rocky Mountains, past the future site of Denver Colorado, then Bent's Fort, then onto the Santa Fe Trail. When they arrived back to Ft. Leavenworth on August 24, 1845, they had successfully conducted a reconnaissance of over 2,000 miles in 99 days. "The march of the 1st dragoons was truly "an outstanding example of cavalry mobility.""

Mexican–American War (1846–1848).

At the outset of the Mexican–American War, Kearny was promoted to brigadier general on June 30, 1846, and took a force of about 2,500 men to Santa Fe, New Mexico. His Army of the West (1846) consisted of 1600 men in the volunteer First and Second Regiments of Fort Leavenworth, Missouri Mounted Cavalry regiment under Alexander Doniphan; an artillery and infantry battalion; 300 of Kearny's 1st U.S. Dragoons (light cavalry) and about 500 members of the Mormon Battalion. The Mexican military forces in New Mexico retreated to Mexico without fighting and Kearny's forces easily took control of New Mexico.  Kearny established a joint civil and military government, appointing Charles Bent, a prominent Santa Fe Trail trader living in Taos, New Mexico as acting civil governor. He divided his forces into four commands: one, under Col. Sterling Price, appointed military governor, was to occupy and maintain order in New Mexico with his approximately 800 men; a second group under Col. Alexander William Doniphan, with a little over 800 men was ordered to capture El Paso, in the state of Chihuahua, Mexico and then join up with General John E. Wool; the third command of about 300 dragoons mounted on mules, he led under his command to California along the Gila River trail. The Mormon Battalion, mostly marching on foot under Lt. Col. Philip St. George Cooke, was directed to follow Kearny with wagons to blaze a new southern wagon route to California.  On the plaza in Santa Fe, a monument marks a fateful day. Gen. Kearny had entered the city after routing the militia of New Mexico under the command of Governor Armijo and entered a city then undefended but very hostile He marched to the plaza in front of the Palacio Real, and took down the flag of the state of New Mexico, which he thought was the flag of Mexico. In its place he hoisted the Stars and Stripes and gave the speech which is summarized on the monument. New Mexico was then a state with a democratically constituted government, which Kearny overthrew, installing in its place under the Kearny Code a military dictatorship. The next year, in 1847, three men pressed the case for the restoration of New Mexico’s statehood and its admission to the American Union: Zachary Taylor, Abraham Lincoln, and Kearny’s rival, John Charles Frémont. This effort was however blocked by the Slavocrats and Kearny who wanted to see New Mexico enter the Union as a slave state, and who even contemplated enslaving the New Mexicans. New Mexico’s statehood and self-government were not restored until 1912. And this explains why Taylor, Lincoln and Frémont are positively remembered in New Mexico today, while the memory of Kearny is scorned.

California.

Kearny set out for California on September 25, 1846 with a force of 300 men. En route he encountered Kit Carson, a scout of John C. Frémont's California Battalion, carrying messages back to Washington on the status of hostilities in California. Kearny learned that California was, at the time of Carson's last information, under American control of the marines and bluejacket sailors of Commodore Robert F. Stockton of the U.S. Navy's Pacific Squadron and Frémont's California Battalion. Kearny asked Carson to guide him back to California while he sent Carson's messages east with a different courier. Kearny sent 200 dragoons back to Santa Fe believing that California was secure. After traveling almost his weary 100 dragoons and most of his nearly worn-out mounts were replaced by untrained mules purchased from a mule herder's herd being driven to Santa Fe, New Mexico from California. On a trip across the Colorado Desert to San Diego Kearny encountered marine Major Archibald H. Gillespie and about 30 men with news of an ongoing Californio revolt in Los Angeles.  On a wet December 6, 1846 day Kearny's forces encountered Andrés Pico (Californio Governor Pio Pico's brother) and a force of about 150 Californio Lancers. With most of his men mounted on weary untrained mules, his command executed an uncoordinated attack of Pico's force. They found most of their powder wet and pistols and carbines would not fire. They soon found their mules and cavalry sabers were poor defense against Californio Lancers mounted on well-trained horses. Kearny's column, along with the small force of Marines and volunteer militia, suffered defeat. About 18 men of Kearny's force were killed; retreating to a hill top to dry their powder and treat their wounded, they were surrounded by Andre Pico's forces. Kearny was slightly wounded in this encounter, the Battle of San Pasqual. Kit Carson got through Pico's men and returned to San Diego. Commodore Stockton sent a combined force of U.S. Marine and U.S. Navy bluejacket sailors to relieve Kearny's column. The U.S. forces quickly drove out the Californios. In January 1847 a combined force of about 600 men consisting of Kearny's dragoons, Stockton's marines and sailors, and two companies of Frémont's California Battalion won the San Gabriel and the La Mesa and retook control of Los Angeles on January 10, 1847. The Californio forces in California capitulated on January 13 to Lt. Col. John C. Frémont and his California Battalion. The Treaty of Cahuenga ended the fighting of the Mexican–American War in Alta California on that date. Kearny and Stockton decided to accept the liberal terms offered by Frémont to terminate hostilities, despite Andrés Pico's breaking his earlier, solemn pledge that he would not fight U.S. forces.  As the ranking Army officer, Kearny claimed command of California at the end of hostilities despite the fact that California was brought under U.S. control by Commodore Stockton's Pacific Squadron's forces. This began an unfortunate rivalry with Stockton, whose rank was equivalent to a rear admiral (lower half) today. Stockton and Kearny had the same equivalent rank (one star) and unfortunately, the War Department had not worked out a protocol for who would be in charge. Stockton seized on the treaty of capitulation and appointed Frémont military governor of California.  In July 1846, Col. Jonathan D. Stevenson of New York was asked to raise a volunteer regiment of 10 companies of 77 men each to go to California with the understanding that they would muster out and stay in California. They were designated the 1st Regiment of New York Volunteers and fought in the California Campaign and the Pacific Coast Campaign. In August 1846 and September the regiment trained and prepared for the trip to California. Three private merchant ships, "Thomas H Perkins", "Loo Choo" and "Susan Drew", were chartered, and the sloop was assigned convoy detail. On 26 September the four ships left New York for California. Fifty men who had been left behind for various reasons sailed on November 13, 1846 on the small storeship. The "Susan Drew" and "Loo Choo" reached Valparaíso, Chile by January 20, 1847 and after getting fresh supplies, water and wood were on their way again by January 23. The "Perkins" did not stop until San Francisco, reaching port on March 6, 1847. The "Susan Drew" arrived on March 20 and the "Loo Choo" arrived on March 16, 183 days after leaving New York. The "Brutus" finally arrived on April 17.  After desertions and deaths in transit the four ships brought 648 men to California. The companies were then deployed throughout Upper ("Alta") and Lower ("Baja") California from San Francisco to La Paz, Mexico. These troops finally allowed Kearny to assume command of California as ranking Army officer. The troops essentially took over all of the Pacific Squadron's on-shore military and garrison duties and the California Battalion and Mormon Battalion's garrison duties as well as some Baja California duties.  With all these reinforcements in hand Kearny assumed command, appointed his own territorial military governor and ordered Frémont to resign and accompany him back to Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. On Kearny and Frémont's trip back east on the California Trail, accompanied by some members of the Mormon Battalion who had re-enlisted, they found and buried some of the Donner Party's remains on their trip over the Sierra Nevadas. Once at Fort Leavenworth, Frémont was restricted to barracks and ordered court-martialed for insubordination and willfully disregarding an order. A court martial convicted Frémont and ordered that he receive a dishonorable discharge, but President James K. Polk quickly commuted Frémont's sentence due to services he had rendered over his career. Frémont resigned his commission in disgust and settled in California. In 1847 Frémont purchased the Rancho Las Mariposas, a large land grant in the foothills of the Sierra Nevada mountains near Yosemite, which proved to be rich in gold. Frémont was later elected one of the first U.S. senators from California and was the first presidential candidate of the new Republican Party in 1856.

Governorship and last years.

Kearny remained military governor of California until May 31, when he set out overland across the California Trail to Washington, D.C. and was welcomed as a hero. He was appointed governor of Veracruz, and later of Mexico City. He also received a brevet promotion to major general in September 1848, over the heated opposition of Frémont's father-in-law, Senator Thomas Hart Benton.  After contracting yellow fever in Veracruz, Kearny had to return to St. Louis. He died there in October (1848) at the age of 54. He was buried in Bellefontaine Cemetery, now a National Historic Landmark in St. Louis.

Legacy and memory.

Historian Allan Nevins, examining his attacks on Frémont, states that Kearny:  Kearny is the namesake of Kearny, Arizona and Kearney, Nebraska. Kearny, New Jersey near Kearny’s place of birth is named after his nephew, Philip Kearny, Jr.. Many schools are named after Kearny, including Kearny Elementary in Santa Fe, New Mexico and Kearny High School in the San Diego neighborhood of Kearny Mesa. Kearny Street, in downtown San Francisco, is also named for him, as is a street within Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. Camp Kearny in San Diego, a U.S. military base which operated from 1917 to 1946 on the site of today's Marine Corps Air Station Miramar, was named in his honor. Fort Kearny in Nebraska is also named for him.  His nephew was Major General Philip Kearny of American Civil War fame.  Two U.S. postage stamps relate to Kearny. Scott catalog number 970, printed in 1948, commemorates Fort Kearny, and number 944, issued in 1946, the capture of Santa Fe. The accuracy of the latter's depiction has been questioned.  Actor Robert Anderson (1920-1996) played General Kearny in the 1966 episode "The Firebrand" of the syndicated western television series, "Death Valley Days". Gregg Barton was cast as Commodore Robert F. Stockton, with Gerald Mohr as Andrés Pico and Will Kuluva as Pio Pico. The episode is set in 1848 with the establishment of California Territory and the tensions between the outgoing Mexican government and the incoming American governor.

Stephen Watts Kearny ( ; surname also appears as Kearney in some historic sources; August 30, 1794October 31, 1848) was one of the foremost antebellum frontier officers of the United States Army. He is remembered for his significant contributions in the Mexican–American War, especially the conquest of California. The Kearny code, proclaimed on September 22, 1846, in Santa Fe, established the law and government of the newly acquired territory of New Mexico and was named after him. His nephew was Major General Philip Kearny of American Civil War fame.

Stephen Watts Kearny (* 30. August 1794 in Newark, New Jersey; † 31. Oktober 1848 in St. Louis) war ein US-amerikanischer Offizier, dessen Name hauptsächlich mit militärischen Aktionen im Südwesten der USA und im Zusammenhang mit der Eroberung von Kalifornien in Verbindung gebracht wird. Er gilt auch als Vater der US-amerikanischen Kavallerie.


Early life.

Elkin was born at West Maitland, New South Wales. His father, Reuben Elkin, was an English Jew and worked as a salesman; his mother, Ellen Wilhelmina Bower, was a seamstress of German ancestry. His parents were divorced in 1901, his mother died the next year and he was then brought up by his maternal grandparents as an Anglican. He went to school at Singleton and Maitland East Boys' High School. After finishing school he worked at banks in New South Wales, but then won a theological scholarship to St Paul's College, University of Sydney, where he graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in 1915.

Clerical and anthropological career.

From 1916 to 1919 Elkin worked in the Anglican diocese of Newcastle and he then became a teacher at St John's Theological College, Armidale, under Ernest Henry Burgmann.  Elkin became interested in Australian Aboriginal culture and although no anthropology was taught in Australia at the time, his master's thesis—which he completed successfully in 1922—was on this subject and he lectured on it at St John's. In 1922 he married Sara (Sally) Thompson, an Irish nursing sister whom he had met during an influenza epidemic. He was Anglican rector of Wollombi from 1922 and 1925 and during this period he also lectured for the University of Sydney in the Hunter Region on Aboriginal culture.  In 1925, Elkin resigned from his post at Wollombi and began studying anthropology at University College, London under Grafton Elliot Smith, where he earned a PhD in 1927. In 1927 the anthropologist Alfred Radcliffe-Brown helped Elkin to gain Rockefeller funding in order to work on Australian culture in the Kimberley, Western Australia. In 1928, he was appointed as Anglican rector of Morpeth on the basis that he could continue with his anthropology. He also became co-editor of St John's Theological College's "Morpeth Review". He also became editor of "Oceania" from its founding in 1931 until his death. He visited many missions in Western Australia, including the Mount Margaret Mission, part of the Australian Aborigines Mission (later United Aborigines Mission) in 1930 on behalf of the Australian National Research Council.  Elkin became an activist for the amelioration of Aboriginal Australians, whom he saw as best served by being assimilated into European society. In 1934 he successfully lobbied for the reprieve of Dhakiyarr (Tuckiar) Wirrpanda, a Yolngu man who had been sentenced to death for murder.

Professor of anthropology.

Following Radcliffe-Brown's resignation from Sydney University Elkin was appointed lecturer-in-charge of the anthropology department in late 1932 and he was promoted to professor in December 1933. Until his retirement in 1956, he effectively dominated Australian anthropology, advised governments, trained administrators sent to Papua New Guinea, while also continuing his field research. He was president of the Association for the Protection of Native Races from 1933 to 1962. He was vice-president of the Aborigines Protection Board of New South Wales, (renamed Aborigines Welfare Board in 1940).  After his retirement in 1966, Elkin was appointed a Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George (CMG) in the 1966 Birthday Honours. In 1970 he received an honorary doctorate of letters from the University of Sydney. He died at a meeting at the University, survived by his wife and two sons.

Adolphus Peter "A. P." Elkin CMG (27 March 1891 – 9 July 1979) was an Anglican clergyman, an influential Australian anthropologist during the mid twentieth century and a proponent of the assimilation of Indigenous Australians.

Adolphus Peter Elkin (* 27. März 1891 in West Maitland, New South Wales, Australien; † 9. Juli 1979 in Sydney) war ein australischer Ethnologe, Anthropologe und Linguist.


Structure.

The superficial temporal artery is the smaller of two end branches that split superiorly from the external carotid. Based on its direction, the superficial temporal artery appears to be a continuation of the external carotid.  It begins within the parotid gland, behind the neck of the mandible, and passes superficially over the posterior root of the zygomatic process of the temporal bone; about 5 cm above this process it divides into two branches, "a. frontal" and "a. parietal".

Branches.

The parietal branch of superficial temporal artery (posterior temporal) is a small artery in the head. It is larger than the frontal branch and curves upward and backward on the side of the head, lying superficial to the temporal fascia, and joins with its fellow of the opposite side, and with the posterior auricular and occipital arteries.  The frontal branch of superficial temporal artery (anterior temporal) runs tortuously upward and forward to the forehead, supplying the muscles, skin, and pericranium in this region, and anastomosing with the supraorbital and frontal arteries. An estimate of the path of the nerve in the soft tissue of the temporal frontal branch using landmarks by Pitanguy. He describes a line starting from a point 0.5 cm below the tragus in the direction of the eyebrow, passing 1.5 cm above the lateral extremity of the eyebrow

Relations.

As it crosses the zygomatic process, it is covered by the auricularis anterior muscle, and by a dense fascia; it is crossed by the temporal and zygomatic branches of the facial nerve and one or two veins, and is accompanied by the auriculotemporal nerve, which lies immediately behind it.  The superficial temporal artery joins () with (among others) the supraorbital artery of the internal carotid artery.

Clinical significance.

The superficial temporal artery is often affected in giant-cell arteritis and biopsied if the diagnosis is suspected.

In human anatomy, the superficial temporal artery is a major artery of the head. It arises from the external carotid artery when it splits into the superficial temporal artery and maxillary artery.

Die Arteria temporalis superficialis („oberflächliche Schläfenarterie“) ist der letzte Abgang der äußeren Halsschlagader ("Arteria carotis externa"), die anschließend als "Arteria maxillaris" („Oberkieferarterie“) bezeichnet wird. Die Arteria temporalis superficialis zieht vor dem Ohr über die Schläfe und versorgt die obere Kopfhälfte. Unmittelbar vor dem Ohr kann oberhalb des Jochbogens an der Arterie der Puls gefühlt werden. Die Arterie wird vom Nervus auriculotemporalis und der gleichnamigen Vene ("Vena temporalis superficialis") begleitet.


History.

Hosts.

""The Ball"," as it is commonly called, replaced "Heavy Metal Mania" (which began airing monthly in June 1985), helmed by Dee Snider of Twisted Sister fame. In doing so, MTV expanded the format and added more live interviews with bands. At its premiere it was hosted briefly by Kevin Seal, then by VJ Adam Curry, before ultimately settling on Riki Rachtman, who to many viewers became the most identifiable host of the show.

Popularity and influence.

The name "Headbangers Ball" was originally invented and used by DJ John Brent of Bury, Lancashire and was used on his rock and metal roadshows from 1980 onwards and toured throughout the UK with great success. John's Headbangers Ball Rock charts were also regularly featured in the pages of Rock publications "Kerrang!" and "Sounds" along with many features on the show in local periodicals.  "Headbangers Ball" was one of the most popular music shows ever to air on MTV, on the air for nearly 8 years, and for a time, it was one of the network's flagship shows. For some time in 1988 and 1989, the show was increased to 3 hours. One hour added, plus "Hard 60", a daily version of the ball that aired for an hour every weekday afternoon.  Its influence was made widespread with the rise of heavy metal in the 1980s and early 1990s. While the program primarily showed videos from the mainstream friendly "hair metal" during the 1980s, it gave an equal amount of time to the often more aggressive-sounding heavy metal music scene active in the late 1980s and early 1990s. This level of popularity also resulted in North American tours presented by Headbangers Ball; one took place in 1987 and featured Helloween, Armored Saint and Grim Reaper, while the lineup of the 1989 tour consisted of Anthrax, Exodus and Helloween and the 1992 version had Megadeth and Suicidal Tendencies. Heavier alternative acts, spearheaded by the likes of The Cult, Faith No More, Primus and Jane's Addiction, were finding increased residence on "Headbangers Ball" at the turn of the decade, but it was early into the 1990s that grunge and alternative rock bands like Nirvana, Pearl Jam, Soundgarden and Alice in Chains began to uproot the "hair metal" scene and led to its final decline. Bands such as Stone Temple Pilots, White Zombie, Tool and Blind Melon would follow suit, resulting in a major shift in identity for the show, where metal mainstays such as Metallica, Megadeth, Pantera, Testament, Suicidal Tendencies and Dream Theater shared airspace with the new crop of alternative hard rock acts. Several punk rock bands, including the Ramones, The Offspring, Rancid, Bad Religion and Sick of It All, also received airplay on the show, which, by 1995, would continue to focus on less mainstream forms of heavy metal.  Other notable TV programs have emulated "Headbanger's Ball", such as Fuse TV's "Uranium" and VH1's "Rock Show". Indeed, the popularity and effectiveness of "Uranium" in the early 2000s (decade) may be cited as a strong influence to the revival of "The Ball" in 2003.

Road trips.

Bands would visit the set for interviews, and in some instances, the show would follow bands on trips to assorted locations across the world. Memorable road trip episodes include the Moscow Music Peace Festival with Ozzy Osbourne, Mötley Crüe, Bon Jovi, Skid Row, Cinderella and Gorky Park, Monsters of Rock in Donington, Alice in Chains' trip to Action Water Park, bowling with Soundgarden, skydiving with Megadeth, Oktoberfest in Munich with Danzig and Van Halen's adventure at Cabo Wabo.

Death of "The Ball".

The show remained on the air until January 1995, when MTV abruptly canceled the show without any prior warning to viewers, host Riki Rachtman, or the production staff. The European version, hosted by Vanessa Warwick, was on the air until 1997, but limited to an hour and a half (as opposed to the three hours given in past years).  Rachtman was informed of the cancellation days afterward when, after filming what would end up being the final episode, he was simply informed via phone call that he would not have to show up to work the following week. No official reason was given for the show's cancellation, but it is suspected to be because MTV was then playing grunge and alternative more often during its main programming, although they did not play a lot of metal or interview the bands.  Many MTV fans were outraged at the show's abrupt cancellation, as well as denying Rachtman and the production staff the chance to inform viewers that the show was going off the air, or to allow them to put together a "farewell show" for the loyal viewers of "Headbangers Ball". Some regular-citizen critics of MTV even cite the cancellation of "Headbangers Ball" as one of the key decisions which caused the network to "jump the shark". The demise of "The Ball" also came in at #4 on VH1's "40 Least Metal Moments" in 2005. In mid-February The Ball would be replaced by the short lived "Superock", a show featuring videos and interviews with metal, alternative and rap artists.  Over the years, MTV Europe attempted to fill the void left by the cancellation of "Headbangers Ball" with other rock-themed block programs such as the Julia Valet hosted "Superock", but all have failed for various reasons – including MTV Europe's addition of pop, dance and alternative videos to some of the shows which made them not much different from the rest of the day.

Rebirth.

After nearly a decade of the show being off the air, MTV2 started up the series again on Saturday, May 10, 2003 at 11 p.m. The revived "Headbangers Ball" initially had the same type of playlist as its latter "sister shows" in MTV Europe, as well as interviews with metal artists (current and classic). The debut episode was hosted by Metallica, a trend which continued with various artists. Later on, Hatebreed vocalist Jamey Jasta became a permanent host. However, the show still continued to have guest host artists at times. The show eventually returned to its roots (in types of music) of showing underground music, as well as metalcore, death metal and thrash.  During VH1's "40 Least Metal Moments" countdown, musicians criticized the 2003 incarnation of "Headbangers Ball" in comparison with the original, citing its "scripted" studio feel and lack of excitement. The new version mostly shows only music videos and in-studio interviews, which was not true of the original show.  When asked in September 2015 about a possible return of "Headbangers Ball", former host Riki Rachtman stated, "It's not gonna happen. I tried, I told them I would do it for free, they never even returned my calls."  Although the show is currently no longer on the air, there have been European tours called "MTV Headbangers Ball" since 2016; this tour package traditionally takes place from late November to mid-December, and features four metal bands. The European "MTV Headbangers Ball" tour has included mostly thrash metal bands such as Exodus, Overkill, Death Angel, Sodom and Suicidal Angels ‒ as well as other acts like Max + Igor Cavalera, Iced Earth, Kataklysm, Insomnium, Ensiferum, Unearth, Deserted Fear, Whitechapel, Fleshgod Apocalypse and Dyscarnate ‒ as a headlining or opening act; the only band so far that has taken part of the tour more than once is Kataklysm.

Removal of the show from "Headbangers Ball".

Since the January 13, 2007, episode, "Headbangers Ball" simply became the title for a block of metal videos, rather than an actual show. However, the June 23, 2007, episode went behind the scenes of the induction of Pantera guitarist "Dimebag" Darrell Abbott at the Hollywood Walk of Fame, including segments covering the event in between music videos. Also, brief interview segments still frequently air before and after commercial breaks, typically re-airing on several consecutive episodes for a long period.  On April 14, 2007, MTV2 began to air the show from 11 p.m. to 1 a.m. and put "Saturday Rock the Deuce", a hard rock–alternative show, at 10. The week's episode was also re-aired on Tuesday mornings from 4:00 to 6:00 a.m.  Starting in 2008, "Headbangers Ball" had been aired erratically, sometimes airing several hours later than its normal airtime or not being aired at all. Its last on-air time slot was Tuesdays 3AM-4AM.  Since July 21, 2011, Jose Mangin took over as host of "Headbangers Ball", which is now a web only show.

Discography.

"Headbangers Ball" labeled products, including a guitar tabs book and three CD sets including artists such as Hatebreed, Opeth, DevilDriver, God Forbid, Chimaira, Dirge Within, Sevendust, Lacuna Coil, Atreyu, Mushroomhead, Shadows Fall, Children of Bodom, Lamb of God, A Life Once Lost, Cradle of Filth, Deftones, and Godsmack have also been sold.  Each album has at least one live song. The first "Headbangers Ball" compilation featured "Raining Blood" by Slayer as its live track, the second compilation used an in-studio performance of "My Tortured Soul" by Probot, and the latest compilation had two live tracks: "A Bid Farewell" by Killswitch Engage and "Now You've Got Something To Die For" by Lamb of God. The earliest-released CD has famous bands, and the second has obscure ones. Songs featuring Slipknot band members Corey Taylor and Joey Jordison appeared on all three CDs through their other bands. Other bands that have appeared on all three compilations include Killswitch Engage, Lamb of God, and In Flames.

Headbangers Ball was a music television program consisting of heavy metal music videos airing on MTV, MTV2 (its sister channel), MTV Australia, MTV Rocks (formerly known as MTV2 Europe), MTV Adria (the MTV subsidiary covering the former Yugoslavia), MTV Brand New, MTV Portugal, MTV Finland, MTV Arabia, MTV Norway, MTV Sweden, MTV Denmark, MTV Greece, MTV Türkiye, MTV Israel, MTV Hungary, MTV Japan; MTV Brasil aired a program with a similar premise, named "Fúria Metal". The show began on MTV on April 18, 1987, playing heavy metal and hard rock music videos late at night, from both well-known and more obscure artists. The show offered (and became famous because of) a stark contrast to Top 40 music videos shown during the day.

Headbangers Ball ist eine Fernsehsendung über Heavy Metal, die früher auf MTV und in Europa auf MTV Europe lief. Inzwischen läuft sie auf MTV2 und diversen internationalen MTV-Ablegern, jedoch gegenüber der Ursprungsversion in deutlich reduzierter Form. Die Sendung lief erstmals am 18. April 1987 spätabends auf MTV in den USA und Kanada und zeigte Musikvideos von Heavy-Metal- und Hard-Rock-Bands. Die Show wurde ursprünglich als klarer Kontrast zum gängigen Mainstreamgeschmack ausgestrahlt. Seit Oktober 2019 läuft die Sendung wieder jeden Freitag auf MTV Germany.


Special cases.

Electrical mobility equation.

For a particle with electrical charge "q", its electrical mobility "μ" is related to its generalized mobility "μ" by the equation "μ" = "μ"/"q". The parameter "μ" is the ratio of the particle's terminal drift velocity to an applied electric field. Hence, the equation in the case of a charged particle is given as  where  If the temperature is given in Volt, which is more common for plasma: where

Stokes–Einstein equation.

In the limit of low Reynolds number, the mobility "μ" is the inverse of the drag coefficient formula_14. A damping constant formula_15 is frequently used for the inverse momentum relaxation time (time needed for the inertia momentum to become negligible compared to the random momenta) of the diffusive object. For spherical particles of radius "r", Stokes' law gives  where formula_17 is the viscosity of the medium. Thus the Einstein–Smoluchowski relation results into the Stokes–Einstein relation  In the case of rotational diffusion, the friction is formula_19, and the rotational diffusion constant formula_20 is

Semiconductor.

In a semiconductor with an arbitrary density of states, i.e. a relation of the form formula_22 between the density of holes or electrons formula_23 and the corresponding quasi Fermi level (or electrochemical potential) formula_24, the Einstein relation is  where formula_7 is the electrical mobility (see section below for a proof of this relation). An example assuming a parabolic dispersion relation for the density of states and the Maxwell–Boltzmann statistics, which is often used to describe inorganic semiconductor materials, one can compute (see density of states): where formula_28 is the total density of available energy states, which gives the simplified relation:

Nernst–Einstein equation.

By replacing the diffusivities in the expressions of electric ionic mobilities of the cations and anions from the expressions of the equivalent conductivity of an electrolyte the Nernst–Einstein equation is derived:

Proof of the general case.

The proof of the Einstein relation can be found in many references, for example see Kubo.  Suppose some fixed, external potential energy formula_31 generates a conservative force formula_32 (for example, an electric force) on a particle located at a given position formula_33. We assume that the particle would respond by moving with velocity formula_34. Now assume that there are a large number of such particles, with local concentration formula_35 as a function of the position. After some time, equilibrium will be established: particles will pile up around the areas with lowest potential energy formula_31, but still will be spread out to some extent because of diffusion. At equilibrium, there is no net flow of particles: the tendency of particles to get pulled towards lower formula_31, called the "drift current", perfectly balances the tendency of particles to spread out due to diffusion, called the "diffusion current" (see drift-diffusion equation).  The net flux of particles due to the drift current is  i.e., the number of particles flowing past a given position equals the particle concentration times the average velocity.  The flow of particles due to the diffusion current is, by Fick's law,  where the minus sign means that particles flow from higher to lower concentration.  Now consider the equilibrium condition. First, there is no net flow, i.e. formula_40. Second, for non-interacting point particles, the equilibrium density formula_41 is solely a function of the local potential energy formula_31, i.e. if two locations have the same formula_31 then they will also have the same formula_41 (e.g. see Maxwell-Boltzmann statistics as discussed below.) That means, applying the chain rule,  Therefore, at equilibrium:  As this expression holds at every position formula_33, it implies the general form of the Einstein relation:  The relation between formula_41 and formula_31 for classical particles can be modeled through Maxwell-Boltzmann statistics  where formula_52 is a constant related to the total number of particles. Therefore  Under this assumption, plugging this equation into the general Einstein relation gives:  which corresponds to the classical Einstein relation.

In physics (specifically, the kinetic theory of gases) the Einstein relation (also known as Wright-Sullivan relation) is a previously unexpected connection revealed independently by William Sutherland in 1904, Albert Einstein in 1905, and by Marian Smoluchowski in 1906 in their works on Brownian motion. The more general form of the equation is

Die Einstein-Smoluchowski-Beziehung, auch Einstein-Gleichung genannt, ist eine Beziehung im Bereich der kinetischen Gastheorie, die zuerst von Albert Einstein (1905) und danach von Marian Smoluchowski (1906) in seinen Schriften zur Brownschen Bewegung aufgedeckt wurde. Sie verknüpft den Diffusionskoeffizienten formula_1 mit der Beweglichkeit formula_2 der Teilchen: