Design.

Basic layout.

The locomotive had a tall smokestack chimney at the front, a cylindrical boiler in the middle, and a separate firebox at the rear. The large front pair of wooden wheels was driven by two external cylinders set at an angle. The smaller rear wheels were not coupled to the driving wheels, giving an 0-2-2 wheel arrangement.

Design objectives.

Stephenson designed "Rocket" for the Rainhill Trials, and the specific rules of that contest. As the first railway intended for passengers more than freight, the rules emphasised speed and would require reliability, but the weight of the locomotive was also tightly restricted. Six-wheeled locomotives were limited to six tons, four-wheeled locomotives to four and a half tons. In particular, the weight of the train expected to be hauled was to be no more than three times the actual weight of the locomotive. Stephenson realised that whatever the size of previously successful locomotives, this new contest would favour a fast, light locomotive of only moderate hauling power.

Innovations.

Single pair of driving wheels.

Stephenson's most visible decision was to use a single pair of driving wheels, with a small carrying axle behind. This was the first 0-2-2 and first single driver locomotive. The use of single drivers gave several advantages. The weight of coupling rods was avoided and the second axle could be smaller and lightweight, as it only carried a small proportion of the weight. Rocket placed just over tons of its ton total weight onto its driving wheels, a higher axle load than "Sans Pareil", even though the 0-4-0 was heavier overall at 5 ton, and officially disqualified by being over the ton limit. Early locomotive designers had been concerned that the adhesion of a locomotive's driving wheels would be inadequate, but Stephenson's past experience convinced him that this would not be a problem, particularly with the light trains of the trials contest.

Multiple boiler fire-tubes.

"Rocket" uses a multi-tubular boiler design. Previous locomotive boilers consisted of a single pipe surrounded by water (though the "Lancashire Witch" did have twin flues). "Rocket" had 25 copper fire-tubes that carry the hot exhaust gas from the firebox, through the wet boiler to the blast pipe and chimney. This arrangement resulted in a greatly increased surface contact area of hot pipe with boiler water when compared to a single large flue. Additionally, radiant heating from the enlarged separate firebox helped deliver a further increase in steaming and hence boiler efficiency.  The original innovator of multiple fire-tubes is unclear, between Stephenson and Marc Seguin. It is known that Seguin visited Stephenson to observe "Locomotion" and that he also built two multi-tubular locomotives of his own design for the Saint-Étienne–Lyon railway before "Rocket". "Rocket"s boiler was of the more highly developed form, with the separate firebox and a blastpipe for draught, rather than Seguin's cumbersome fans, but "Rocket" was not the first multi-tubular boiler, although it remains unclear just whose invention it was.  The benefits of increasing the fire-tube area had also been attempted with Ericsson and Braithwaite's "Novelty" at Rainhill. Their design though used a single fire-tube, folded in three. This offered an increased surface area, but only at the cost of a proportionately increased length and so poor draught on the fire. Its arrangement also made tube cleaning impractical.  The advantages of the multiple-tube boiler were quickly recognised, even for heavy, slow freight locomotives. By 1830, Stephenson's past employee Timothy Hackworth had re-designed his return-flued "Royal George" as the return-tubed "Wilberforce" class.

Blastpipe.

"Rocket" also used a blastpipe, feeding the exhaust steam from the cylinders into the base of the chimney so as to induce a partial vacuum and pull air through the fire. Credit for the invention of the blastpipe is disputed, though Stephenson used it as early as 1814. The blastpipe worked well on the multi-tube boiler of "Rocket" but on earlier designs with a single flue through the boiler it had created so much suction that it tended to rip the top off the fire and throw burning cinders out of the chimney, vastly increasing the fuel consumption.

Cylinders closer to the horizontal.

Like the "Lancashire Witch", "Rocket" had two cylinders set at angle from the horizontal, with the pistons driving a pair of diameter wheels. Most previous designs had the cylinders positioned vertically, which gave the engines an uneven swaying motion as they progressed along the track. Subsequently, "Rocket" was modified so that the cylinders were set close to horizontal, a layout that influenced nearly all designs that followed.

Pistons directly connected to driving wheels.

Again like the "Lancashire Witch", the pistons were connected directly to the driving wheels, an arrangement which is found in subsequent steam locomotives.

Separate firebox.

The firebox was separate from the boiler and was double walled, with a water jacket between them. Stephenson recognised that the hottest part of the boiler, and thus the most effective for evaporating water, was that surrounding the fire itself. This firebox was heated by radiant heat from the glowing coke, not just convection from the hot exhaust gas.  Locomotives of "Rocket"s era were fired by coke rather than coal. Local landowners were already familiar with the dark clouds of smoke from coal-fired stationary engines and had imposed regulations on most new railways that locomotives would 'consume their own smoke'. The smoke from a burning coke fire was much cleaner than that from coal. It was not until 30 years later and the development of the long firebox and brick arch that locomotives would be effectively able to burn coal directly.  "Rocket"s first firebox was of copper sheet and of a somewhat triangular shape from the side. The throatplate was of firebrick, possibly the backhead too. When rebuilt around 1831, this was replaced by a wrought iron backhead and throatplate, with a drum wrapper (now missing), presumed to be of copper, between them. This gave a larger internal volume and encouraged better combustion within the firebox, rather than inside the tubes. These early fireboxes formed a separate water space from the boiler drum and were connected by prominent external copper pipes.

Credit for the design.

There have been differences in opinion on who should be given the credit for designing "Rocket". George Stephenson had designed several locomotives before but none as advanced as "Rocket". At the time that "Rocket" was being designed and built at the Forth Banks Works, he was living in Liverpool overseeing the building of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway. His son Robert had recently returned from a stint working in South America and resumed as managing director of Robert Stephenson and Company. He was in daily charge of designing and constructing the new locomotive. Although he was in frequent contact with his father in Liverpool and probably received advice from him, it is difficult not to give the majority of the credit for the design to Robert. A third person who may deserve a significant amount of credit is Henry Booth, the treasurer of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway. He is believed to have suggested to Robert Stephenson that a multi-tube boiler should be used.

Evolution of the Stephenson locomotive design.

Before "Rocket".

"Rocket" was built at a time of rapid development of steam engine technology. It was based on experience gained from earlier designs by George and Robert Stephenson, including the Killingworth locomotive "Blücher" (1814); "Locomotion" (1825); and the "Lancashire Witch" (1828).

"Rocket" type locomotives.

"Rocket" was followed by a number of other engines of similar 0-2-2 layout with rear-mounted cylinders built for the L&MR before it opened on 15 September 1830, culminating in the "Northumbrian" (1830), by which time the cylinders were horizontal. Other engines of the "Rocket" design which were delivered to the Liverpool and Manchester railway included "Arrow", "Comet", "Dart" and "Meteor" all being delivered to the railway during 1830.

After "Rocket".

At around the same time, Stephenson experimented with front-mounted cylinders. The unsuccessful 0-4-0 "Invicta", built in 1829 immediately after "Rocket", still had them at an angle. The successful 2-2-0 locomotive "Planet" (1830) had internal front-mounted cylinders set to the horizontal.  Engines built to the "Planet" design and the subsequent 2-2-2 "Patentee" design of 1833 made the design of "Rocket" obsolete.

Rainhill Trials.

On 20 April 1829 the board of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway project passed a resolution for a competition to be held to prove their railway could be reliably operated by steam locomotives, there being advice from eminent engineers of the age that stationary engines would be required. A prize of £500 was offered as an incentive to the winner, with strict conditions a locomotive would need to meet to enter the trial. Robert Stephenson was able to report to Henry Booth on 5 September 1829 that "Rocket" had performed initial manufacturer tests with flying colours at Killingworth. "Rocket" was dismantled at Newcastle and began the long trip to Rainhill: by horse wagon to Carlisle; lighter to Bowness-on-Solway then by the "Cumberland" steamer to Liverpool for re-assembly on 18 September 1829. "Rocket" passed the trial requirement of achieving an average speed of over by over 40 percent. Demonstrations also saw "Rocket" consistently and easily haul a carriage of over 20 person up the Whiston incline at over, and light engine running of around. No other locomotive at the trials was able to achieve anything like the level of performance reliably, with partners Booth and Stephensons sharing the £500 winnings, and perhaps more importantly the need for stationary engines being demonstrated as unnecessary with sceptics such as Rastrick on the way to conversion.

Operation and subsequent history.

Opening-day accident.

The opening ceremony of the L&MR, on 15 September 1830, was a considerable event, drawing luminaries from the government and industry, including the Prime Minister, the Duke of Wellington. The day started with a procession of eight trains setting out from Liverpool for Manchester. The parade was led by "Northumbrian" driven by George Stephenson, and included "Phoenix" driven by his son Robert, "North Star" driven by his brother Robert Sr. and "Rocket" driven by assistant engineer Joseph Locke. The day was marred by the death of William Huskisson, the Member of Parliament for Liverpool, who was struck and killed by "Rocket" at Parkside.

Service.

History between 1830 and 1840 is only vaguely documented. From 1830 to 1834, "Rocket" served on the Liverpool and Manchester Railway.  After service on the L&MR, "Rocket" was used between 1836 and 1840 on Lord Carlisle's Railway near Brampton, in Cumberland (now Cumbria), England.

Modifications.

Built as a prototype to win a speed trial, the engine was soon superseded by improved designs, such as Stephenson's "Northumbrian" and "Planet" designs, both of 1830.  Within a few years, the "Rocket" itself had been much modified to be similar to the "Northumbrian" class. The cylinders were altered to a near-horizontal position, compared to the angled arrangement as new; the firebox capacity was enlarged and the shape simplified; and the locomotive was given a drum smokebox. These arrangements can be seen in the engine today. Such are the changes in the engine from 1829 that "The Engineer" magazine, circa 1884, concluded that "it seems to us indisputable that the "Rocket" of 1829 and 1830 were totally different engines".

Lord Dundonald's rotary engine.

In 1834, the engine was selected for further (unsuccessful) modifications to test a newly developed rotary steam engine designed by Admiral The 10th Earl of Dundonald. At a cost of nearly £80, "Rocket"s cylinders and driving rods were removed and two of the engines were installed directly on its driving axle with a feedwater pump in between. On 22 October, of that year, an operational trial was held with disappointing results; one witness observing, that "the engine could not be made to draw a train of empty carriages". Due to inherent design flaws and engineering difficulties associated with their design, Lord Dundonald's engines were simply too feeble for the task.

Lord Carlisle's Railway.

In 1836, "Rocket" was sold for £300 and began service on the Brampton Railway, a mineral railway in Cumberland that had recently converted to Stephenson gauge. It remained here at Tindale, after service, until 1862 and its donation to the London museum.

Preservation.

In 1862 "Rocket" was donated to the Patent Office Museum in London (now the Science Museum) by the Thompsons of Milton Hall, near Brampton. It was meant to take part in the Great British Empire Exhibition of 1851 at Crystal Palace but this never happened because the preparation of the locomotive for the event took too long.  The locomotive still exists. It was displayed at the Science Museum for 150 years, although in a form much modified from its state at the Rainhill Trials. In 2018 it was displayed first in Newcastle and then in Manchester at the Science and Industry Museum until 2019. Following this it will be displayed at the National Railway Museum, York from 26 September 2019.

Replicas.

In 1923, Buster Keaton had a functioning replica built for the film, "Our Hospitality". Two years later, the replica was used again in the Al St. John film, "The Iron Mule", directed by Keaton's mentor, Roscoe "Fatty" Arbuckle. The subsequent whereabouts of the replica are unknown. There are, however, at least two other replicas of "Rocket" in the US, both built by Robert Stephenson and Hawthorns in 1929; one is at the Henry Ford Museum in the Metro Detroit suburb of Dearborn, Michigan, the other at the Museum of Science and Industry, Chicago.  The earliest full-size replica of "Rocket" seems to have been one depicted on a London & North Western Railway postcard (therefore pre-1923).  A cut-away static replica (see photo above) was built in 1935 and displayed for many years next to the original at London's Science Museum, and in 1979 a further, working replica "Rocket" was built by Locomotion Enterprises in the Springwell workshops at the Bowes Railway for the 150th anniversary celebrations. It has a shorter chimney than the original to clear the bridge at Rainhill: the trackbed is deeper than in the 19th century, giving less headroom. Both of these replicas are now based at the National Railway Museum, York.

Models.

In 1963 Tri-ang Railways released a 00 Gauge model of "Rocket" containing three coaches and crew members. It was produced until 1969 by Tri-ang Hornby. It was re-introduced to the Hornby range in 1982 until 1983 in Hornby Railways packaging. However this 1982 re-introduced model was un-catalogued, and it was only available through exclusive retailers and from Hornby directly.  In 1980, as part of the Rocket 150 anniversary, Hornby launched a live steam "Rocket" locomotive, with additional track and coaches available separately.  In 2020 as part of their Centenary range Hornby announced a newly tooled 00 Gauge model of Stephenson's "Rocket" with three coaches and crew members. Available as a standard model and a limited edition with commemorative certificate of authentication in retro 1963 Hornby Centenary Tri-ang Railways packaging.

In fiction.

In the "Thomas & Friends" television series, Stephenson's "Rocket" is represented by "Stephen", a friend of Sir Robert Norramby, Earl of Sodor. "Stephen" first appeared in the series' special "King of the Railway". Though his design is based on the post-Rainhill modifications, "Stephen" has identified himself as the original "Rocket", describing the Rainhill trials and his subsequent working years. The name Stephen is derived from the designer, Robert Stephenson.

Stephenson's "Rocket" was an early steam locomotive of 0-2-2 wheel arrangement. It was built for, and won, the Rainhill Trials held by the Liverpool and Manchester Railway in October 1829 for demonstration of improved steam locomotive designs able to demonstrate fixed stationary engines would not be required.

The Rocket ( für "Die Rakete") war eine frühe Dampflokomotive, die im Jahr 1829 von George und Robert Stephenson für das Rennen von Rainhill gebaut wurde, das zur Ermittlung einer geeigneten Lokomotive für die Liverpool and Manchester Railway ausgeschrieben wurde.


Early life.

Portia de Rossi, born Amanda Lee Rogers in Horsham, Victoria, Australia, is the daughter of Margaret, a medical receptionist, and Barry Rogers, who was part Jewish. Her father died when she was nine years old. She grew up in Grovedale, a suburb of Geelong, Victoria, and modelled for print and TV commercials as a child. In 1988, at age 15, Rogers adopted the name Portia de Rossi, by which she remains best known. In 2005, she explained she had intended to reinvent herself, using the given name of Portia, a character from William Shakespeare's "The Merchant of Venice," and an Italian last name. She was educated at Geelong Grammar School and the University of Melbourne, where she studied law.

Career.

De Rossi's first significant role was as a young and impressionable model in the Australian 1994 film "Sirens." Soon afterward, she moved to Los Angeles and won guest roles on several TV shows and a permanent role in "," before landing a part in the film "Scream 2." During her time in the United States, de Rossi worked diligently to drop her Australian accent.  De Rossi garnered international attention when she joined the main cast of "Ally McBeal" in 1998, playing lawyer Nelle Porter. She remained with the show until its end in 2002. In 2001, she starred in "Who Is Cletis Tout?" alongside Christian Slater. From 2003–06, de Rossi starred as Lindsay Bluth Fünke on Fox Television's "Arrested Development." She next portrayed John F. Kennedy, Jr.'s wife, Carolyn Bessette-Kennedy, in the made-for-TV movie "" in 2003. That same year, she portrayed an Australian reporter who inspires a protest against Frank Sinatra during a concert tour in "The Night We Called It a Day."  In 2005 de Rossi portrayed Zela, a fortune-teller, in the Wes Craven thriller "Cursed." From 2007–2008, de Rossi appeared in "Nip/Tuck's" fifth season as Julia McNamara's girlfriend, Olivia Lord.  In 2009 and 2010, de Rossi played the high-strung and controlling Veronica Palmer on the ABC show "Better Off Ted." In 2011, she appeared in "Better Off Ted" cast member Malcolm Barrett's music video for "Revenge of the Nerds," spoofing her character of Veronica in a cameo alongside other cast members of the cancelled series. She ranked 69th in "Stuff Magazine's" 100 Sexiest Women, 31 in "Femme Fatales"' Sexiest Women of 2003 list, and 24 in "Maxim's" 100 Sexiest Women List in 2004; in late 2006, the magazine "Blender" listed her as one of the hottest women of film and TV. In May of 2007, she was featured as one of 100 Most Beautiful in a "People" special edition. "TV Guide" included her and Ellen DeGeneres in their Power A-List couples in 2007.  In February 2012, it was announced that ABC had ordered a pilot for a new drama series "The Smart One," one of whose executive producers was listed as Ellen DeGeneres, and which featured de Rossi in a leading role. The actress was to star as a "brilliant and successful woman who begrudgingly goes to work for her less-brainy but more popular sister – a former beauty queen, weather girl and now big-city Mayor." But "The Smart One" was not picked up for the 2012-13 season.  Six years after the series was canceled by Fox, filming for a revived fourth season of "Arrested Development" began on 7 August 2012, and de Rossi reprised her role as Lindsay Bluth Fünke. This fourth season consisted of 15 new episodes, which debuted at the same time on Netflix on 26 May 2013. Each episode focused on one particular character, with de Rossi's Lindsay featured in Episode 3, "Indian Takers," and Episode 8, "Red Hairing," and also appearing in several other episodes of the season.  In July 2014, ABC confirmed that de Rossi was joining season 4 of "Scandal," in the role of Elizabeth North. De Rossi joined "Scandal" in the fourth season in a recurring role, before being upped to a series regular for the fifth season. In April 2017, in season six, de Rossi's character, Elizabeth North, was killed off by a golf club attack. De Rossi herself made the decision to depart the "Scandal" series, saying, "I am incredibly grateful for my time here at "Scandal." I will miss playing Elizabeth North but I've made the decision to focus on a business opportunity. Shonda, Betsy and the cast have been incredibly supportive of my decision. I will always love my "Scandal" family. I'll be watching!" Creator Shonda Rhimes added, "I have been a fan of Portia's for years and it was an honor to have her join our "Scandal" family."  In May 2018, de Rossi announced on "The Ellen DeGeneres Show" that she would be retiring from acting, though she later elaborated that she would make an exception for future seasons of "Arrested Development".

Personal life.

De Rossi was married to documentary film-maker Mel Metcalfe, from 1996 to 1999, initially part of a plan to get a green card, though she did not go through with the plan. She said about the marriage that "it just obviously wasn't right for me." In a 2010 interview on "Good Morning America," she explained that as a young actress, she was fearful of being exposed as a lesbian.  From 2001 to 2004, de Rossi dated director Francesca Gregorini, the daughter of Barbara Bach and the stepdaughter of Ringo Starr. She said that most of her family and "Ally McBeal" castmates did not know she was a lesbian until tabloid pictures of the couple were published. She declined to publicly discuss the relationship or her sexual orientation at the time.  De Rossi and Gregorini broke up in late 2004 because de Rossi began dating DeGeneres, whom she met backstage at an awards show. In 2005, she opened up publicly about her sexual orientation in interviews with "Details" and "The Advocate." She and DeGeneres became engaged when DeGeneres proposed in 2008. They were married at their Beverly Hills home on 16 August 2008, witnessed by their mothers and 17 other guests. On 6 August 2010, de Rossi filed a petition to legally change her name to Portia Lee James DeGeneres. The petition was granted on 23 September 2010. She became a United States citizen in September 2011.  In 2010, de Rossi published her autobiography, titled "Unbearable Lightness: A Story of Loss and Gain," within which she wrote about the turmoil that she had experienced in her life, including suffering from anorexia nervosa and bulimia and being misdiagnosed with lupus. She had struggled with the eating disorders for four years while filming "Ally McBeal." To promote the book, she appeared on "The Oprah Winfrey Show" and "The Ellen DeGeneres Show." DeGeneres and de Rossi both became vegans in 2008, though DeGeneres stated that she is no longer vegan. They have adopted several rescue animals.  In 2017, de Rossi tweeted that actor Steven Seagal exposed himself to her while she was auditioning for one of his films.

Philanthropy.

De Rossi supports a variety of charitable organizations, including Locks of Love, a group that provides human hair wigs (made from donated ponytails) either free of charge or on a sliding scale based on their own guidelines for children with alopecia and other medical conditions that cause hair loss, such as chemotherapy for certain types of cancer.  She has also supported fundraising efforts for FXB International, an African AIDS relief organization, and The Art of Elysium, an art foundation for terminally ill children. An avid animal lover, de Rossi also supports Alley Cat Allies, an organization dedicated to protecting and improving the lives of cats. De Rossi and DeGeneres are strong supporters of The Gentle Barn, a California sanctuary for abused animals.

Portia Lee James DeGeneres (born Amanda Lee Rogers; January 31, 1973), known professionally as Portia de Rossi, is an Australian-American model, philanthropist, and actress. She is best known for starring as Nelle Porter on the American drama series "Ally McBeal" (1998–2002), for which she won a Screen Actors Guild Award, as Lindsay Bluth Fünke on the American television sitcom "Arrested Development" (2003–2006, 2013, 2018–2019), and as Elizabeth North on the American political thriller series "Scandal" (2014–2017).

Portia de Rossi (* 31. Januar 1973 in Horsham, Victoria als Amanda Lee Rogers; bürgerlich heute Portia Lee James DeGeneres) ist eine australische Schauspielerin, die seit 2011 auch die US-amerikanische Staatsangehörigkeit besitzt. Ihre bekannteste Rolle ist die der Nelle Porter in "Ally McBeal".


Early history.

According to Francisco Riso Patrón, and stated in "Diccionario Geográfico de las Provincias de Tacna y Tarapacá", the name Pisagua has a quechua origin, meaning "place of scarce water": "Pis" - scarce, "agua" - water.  Pisagua was founded in 1611 after an edict by the Viceroy of Peru which established a base from which it could be possible to stem the illegal traffic of gold and silver flowing from the important mines of Potosí and Oruro, in the Highlands of the "Audiencia of Charcas", to the British and Dutch pirates operating in the Corregimiento de Arica. Thus, Pisagua became a minor port, subjected to the major Port of San Marcos de Arica.  This settlement, known today as 'Pisagua Viejo' (Old Pisagua) developed at the south side of the Quebrada Tiliviche, on part of an extensive ancient midden deposit. Some adobe ruins remain.

The "Nitrate boom".

It was not until 1810 when large nitrate ("salitre" or saltpeter) deposits were discovered in the Corregimiento de Tarapacá that Pisagua became an important port due to its major role in the export of this product. Tsunami forced the transfer of Pisagua to the place where it lies today, in 1836. This site is a small plain located between the peninsulas of Punta Pichalo and Punta Pisagua, about 3 km South of Pisagua Viejo.

The War of the Pacific.

On November 2, 1879 Pisagua was occupied by Chilean troops during the Guerra del Pacífico, in the "Battle of Pisagua". After the war, Pisagua went from Peruvian hands to Chilean administration.

The heydays of the town.

Pisagua became an important port of the South Pacific during the nitrate boom of the 1870s. During the first years of the 20th century, Pisagua had become one of the most important ports of the whole country (after Valparaíso and Iquique), with offices from major banks, and one of the most beautiful cities on the Southern Pacific coast.

Railway history.

The construction of a standard gauge railway line to connect Pisagua with the interior started in about 1865, while Pisagua was still a Peruvian possession. Work continued under Chilean administration, and by 1935 Pisagua was the northern terminus of a network of main and branch lines, with a connection to Iquique, the principal terminus of the line. Trains climbed from sea level at Pisagua to the interior plateau via three reversing zig-zags and a heavily graded line. Supplies for the interior towns and nitrate works were hauled up from the coast, and nitrate for export made up the return load. The principal traffic was always nitrate, after which came fuel, passengers, perishables, parcels, general merchandise, and livestock. Water for the steam locomotives and the town relied on two wells at Dolores (see map), from Pisagua, which today still derives its water from this source.

Decline.

When the nitrate boom came to an end, the port of Pisagua could keep some degree of importance because of its new role in the fishmeal industry. However, at the end of the 1950s, Pisagua lost most of its population and economic base and went into precipitous decline and even ceased to be the third town in importance of Tarapacá province (after Arica and Iquique).

Pisagua as a prisoner site.

Pisagua has often been used as a concentration camp for political prisoners. This happened during the rule of Carlos Ibáñez del Campo (for male homosexuals), as well as that of Gabriel González Videla (for communists, anarchists and revolutionaries) and more recently, during Augusto Pinochet's dictatorship (for left-wing militants). Many bodies have been found under the waters of the port and several graves have been discovered in Pisagua since the end of Pinochet's military regime. Pisagua is geographically isolated, with the ocean on one side and a big desert on the other.

Pisagua today.

The earthworks, embankments and cuttings that carried the railway into the town are clearly visible on the bare ground. The old railway station still stands in Pisagua itself, where there are other interesting (although semi-derelict) buildings made with Oregon pine wood. Good examples are the turret of the clock, the municipal theatre, and the hospital, all dating from the nitrate period. Today, Pisagua is no longer the proud and rich port that once was but a small and isolated village with a population of just 260, included in the municipality of Huara, which has only 2,600 inhabitants itself.

Pisagua is a Chilean port on the Pacific Ocean, located in Huara "comuna" (municipality), in Tarapacá Region, northern Chile. In 2007, the new province of El Tamarugal was established and the "comuna" of Huara, previously within the province of Iquique, was incorporated to the newly created province.

Pisagua ist ein Fischerhafen in der Kommune Huara, der Región de Tarapacá, im Norden Chiles. Der Ort liegt ca. 50 km westlich der Panamericana und wird nur selten von öffentlichen Verkehrsmitteln angefahren.


Origins of the name.

The story behind the name of Est! Est!! Est!!! di Montefiascone has been widely repeated for centuries and, though likely apocryphal, has served as a tourism draw for the region and gives some notoriety to the wine. While variations of the tale exist, the basic legend involves a traveling Catholic bishop on his way to Rome who sends a servant ahead to find places with the best wine for the bishop to enjoy. Visiting villages throughout Italy, the servant would scrawl "Est" (Latin for "There is") on the door of the places he found to have good wine for the bishop's party to later visit. The legend has it that the servant was so impressed with the wine being served at a Montefiascone inn that he enthusiastically scrawled "Est! Est!! Est!!!" on the door.  While that is the basic outline of the story, over the centuries several variations have popped up that slightly change some details. One of the more detailed retellings can be found in Tom Stevenson's "Sotheby's Wine Encyclopedia" where he pinpoints the events to late 1110 or early 1111 when a 12th-century German bishop, Johann Fugger, was traveling to Rome for the coronation of Henry V as Holy Roman Emperor. On his travels, Fugger sent his majordomo ahead of him to taste the local wines and report back which wines were "Vinum est bonum". As with other retellings, the majordomo documented his research by writing "Est" in chalk on the door of the establishments whose wines he enjoyed and, being so impressed with the wines of Montefiascone, punctuated his message with multiple "Est! Est!! Est!!!". But Stevenson also reports that the bishop, himself, was also so impressed with the wines that he canceled the rest of his journey and stayed in Montefiascone until his death. Today, there is a tomb in a local church in Montefiascone believed to be the resting place of Bishop Fugger, which bears the Latin inscription: ""Est est est - Propter nimium est - Johannes de Foucris - dominus meus - mortuus est"".

DOC regulations.

The white blended wines of Est! Est!! Est!!! di Montefiascone received DOC status in 1966 and includes the volcanic soils encircling Lake Bolsena in the northern Latium region. According to DOC regulations (last changes approved on date 30-11-2011) the must should come from grapes grown within the DOC area in the province of Viterbo and included in the administrative territory of the municipalities of Montefiascone, Bolsena, San Lorenzo Nuovo, Grotte di Castro, Gradoli, Capodimonte and Marta, harvested to a maximum yield of 13 tonnes/ha. The finished wine must have a minimum alcohol level of at least 11% and be composed of a blend of Trebbiano Toscano (known locally as "Procanico") by a percentage between 50% and 65%, Malvasia bianca by a percentage between 10% and 20% and Trebbiano Giallo (known locally as "Rosetto") by a percentage between 25% and 40%.

Wine styles.

Wine writer Joe Bastianich describes the wines of Est! Est!! Est!!! di Montefiascone as mildly aromatic with apple notes and high acidity. The wines can be produced in dry and sweeter "abboccato" styles. Locally, the wines are often paired with Roman cuisine such as fritto misto and deep-fried artichokes.  One major producer is Falesco. Their version has been called a "generic Umbrian (sic) cheap white known around the world."

Est! Est!! Est!!! di Montefiascone (also known as just Est! Est!! Est!!!) is an Italian wine region centered on the commune of Montefiascone in the province of Viterbo in Lazio. Since 1966, the white Trebbiano- and Malvasia bianca-based wines produced within the of the region can qualify for "Denominazione di origine controllata" (DOC) designation under Italian wine laws.

Est! Est!! Est!!! di Montefiascone ist ein italienischer Weiß- oder Schaumwein (Spumante) aus der Provinz Viterbo (Region Latium), der seit 1966 eine „kontrollierte Herkunftsbezeichnung“ (Denominazione di origine controllata – DOC) besitzt, die zuletzt am 7. März 2014 aktualisiert wurde.


Concept.

The adjacent diagram shows three different sorts of fianchetti (not as part of an actual game, but as separate examples that have been collapsed into a single chessboard). White's king bishop is in a regular fianchetto, with the knight pawn advanced one square and the bishop occupying the long diagonal. This is by far the most common type of fianchetto, seen in the Sicilian Dragon, Pirc Defence, Modern Defence, Modern Benoni, Grünfeld Defence and King's Indian Defence, among other openings.  Black's queen bishop is also fianchettoed, but the knight pawn has moved forward two squares, making this a "long" fianchetto. The b-pawn also controls the c4-square, which is often advantageous. If White plays the King's Indian Attack 1.Nf3 2.g3, Black may play a long queen's fianchetto to oppose White's bishop and make it more difficult for White to play a c4. A long fianchetto on the kingside is more rarely played, because it weakens the pawn shield in front of the castled position and controls a less important square. Nevertheless, Grob's Attack 1.g4 and the Borg Defence ("Grob" backwards) 1.e4 g5 are sometimes played by players such as IM Michael Basman.  White's queen bishop has moved to a3 in what is sometimes called an "extended" fianchetto. Rather than control the long diagonal, it takes aim at Black's f8-square. If Black moves his e-pawn, White can play Bxf8, after which Black will have to waste on artificial castling after recapturing with his king. This tactic is often seen in the Evans Gambit and gives the Benko Gambit much of its bite. Black often plays...Ba6 in the French Defence, and the Queen's Indian Defence if White plays g3 in order to fianchetto his own bishop (Aron Nimzowitsch's move against the classical main line).

Four fianchettoed bishops.

The game Rubinstein–Nimzowitsch, Marienbad 1925, had four fianchettoed bishops, two developed knights, and two on their home squares. In this position, Nimzowitsch humorously pointed out in "My System": "Each side castles now with a clear conscience, for not even the most hypermodern pair of masters can produce more than four fianchettoed Bishops!"

References.

Bibliography

In chess, the fianchetto (; "little flank") is a pattern of wherein a bishop is developed to the second rank of the adjacent b- or g-, the having been moved one or two squares forward.

Das Fianchetto ( – von italienisch "il fianco" = die Flanke; fälschlich auch ) ist ein Begriff aus dem Schachspiel. Man bezeichnet damit die Aufstellung eines Läufers an der Flanke der eigenen Figurenaufstellung, auf einer der beiden Hauptdiagonalen des Brettes, in einer eigens dafür zu schaffenden „Höhle“ innerhalb der eigenen Bauernstruktur.


Structure and Organization.

The DAV represents the German legal profession and aims at uniting all 160.000 lawyers in Germany and German lawyers abroad. Currently it has app. 66.000 individual members, organized in 259 local bar associations, 13 of which are based outside Germany (Brazil, France (2), Greece, Italy, Netherlands, Luxembourg, Poland, Portugal, Spain, Turkey, Ukraine, and United Kingdom).

Aims and Activities.

With offices in Berlin and Brussels the "German Bar Association" has an abundance of solid institutional mechanisms and practiced instruments, as is necessary for a strong lobbying practice which is specifically tailored to the special characteristics of national and European legislative processes. Primarily relevant in this context is its direct influence on federal and state legislative and executive branches – both through the federal association as well as through the "DAV" local bar associations. The "DAV" has an extremely effective network of close personal contacts to political decision-makers and other influential persons, in Berlin, state capitals, and Brussels.  Since the establishment of the "German Bar Association" its legislative committees have supported and enriched the work of the Executive Board and the management. The legislative committees are composed of members of the legal profession who serve on a voluntary basis. It is the task of the legislative committees to formulate opinions on all relevant draft legislation on the German and European level.

Publications.

The German Bar Association publishes the Anwaltsblatt, a monthly journal for lawyers that strictly focuses on the practice of law. The Anwaltsblatt regularly addresses questions regarding taxes and liability and publishes current judgments in the areas of fees and the law of professional rules.

The DAV Annual Conference.

Every year, the "German Bar Association" organizes the "DAV" Annual Conference Deutscher Anwaltstag. The "DAV" Annual Conference is the yearly meeting of the German legal profession dedicated to legal policy and sociopolitical issues. Participants are regularly at least 1800 legal practitioners with different professional backgrounds as well as representatives from politics, the judiciary and science. The DAV Annual Conference usually receives immense attention in the media. It is the biggest event of its kind in Germany.

Membership.

The "German Bar Association" is a member of the following international organisations: American Bar Association (ABA), Council of Bars and Law Societies of Europe (CCBE), European Company Lawyers Association (ECLA), International Association of Young Lawyers (AIJA), International Bar Association (IBA), International Criminal Bar (ICB), Union Internationale des Avocats (UIA).

References.

Deutscher Anwaltverein (Hg.): "Anwälte und ihre Geschichte. Zum 140. Gründungsjahr des Deutschen Anwaltvereins", Verlag Mohr Siebeck, Tübingen 2011

The German Bar Association (German: Deutscher Anwaltverein – ) is a voluntary association of German and German-speaking lawyers. It seeks to safeguard, protect and promote the professional and economic interests of the Bar, notary lawyers included, especially by promoting fair administration of justice and legislation, education and further training, encouragement of professional solidarity and scientific spirit among lawyers.

Der Deutsche Anwaltverein (DAV) e.V., Eigenschreibweise "DeutscherAnwaltVerein", wurde im Jahre 1871 in Bamberg als Interessenvertretung der deutschen Rechtsanwälte gegründet und hat heute seinen Sitz in Berlin.


History.

When the Royal Württemberg State Railways ("Königlich Württembergischen Staats-Eisenbahnen") opened the Rottweil–Villingen railway on 26 August 1869, Trossingen was not included in the route of the line. The new line ran about four kilometres in a straight line to the north of Trossingen. Despite the economic growth as a result of increasing industrialisation, in particular in the musical instrument industry (for instance Hohner), Trossingen found itself increasingly isolated. Therefore, committed citizens of the town tried in subsequent years to improve the transport situation and when the state railway had shown no interest they ended up agreeing to establish a private company.  To this end, the "AG Elektrizitätswerk und Verbindungsbahn Trossingen" (“Trossingen Electrical Works and Connecting Railway”) was established in 1896 and the appropriate license for the new line was issued on 31 December 1897. Because a power station was built nearby in Trossingen at the same time, the projected line was to be electrified. The relatively steep slope of the track—it climbed 66 metres towards the town—also favoured electric operations. The new railway was finally opened on 14 December 1898. It was taken over by the town of Trossingen in 1908 and it has been operated ever since as a municipal utility.  The Trossinger Railway is unusual in that it does not use the 15 kV/16.7 Hz electrical system that eventually became normal in Germany. It also does not abut any other electrified railway lines.  Since the 1990s, the line has been considered in danger of being closed, but instead it was saved by being integrating into the Ringzug concept of the Schwarzwald-Baar-Heuberg planning region. Consequently, diesel-powered Regio-Shuttle railcars, operated by the HzL, took over the operation of all traffic on the Trossingen Railway in 2003. Some of the services run via Villingen-Schwenningen and Donaueschingen to Bräunlingen.  The catenary has not been needed in scheduled operations since Friday, 11 July 2003 and the electrical infrastructure is now only used in museum operations. However, two vintage railcars were temporarily restored to scheduled operations from December 2004 because the Ringzug was short of rolling stock.

Trossingen Stadt station.

The Trossingen Stadt terminus now has only one platform track for passenger traffic. The remaining three tracks are used for the railway museum.  In addition to connecting services to trains in Trossingen Station, some Ringzug services also run directly to Villingen and Bräunlingen.  In Trossingen Stadt station there are connections to the following bus routes (as of 2014):

Museum.

A small museum of items from the Trossinger Railway has been located in the roundhouse at Trossingen Stadt station since 5 June 2005. Most of the historic rolling stock have been housed here. The "Freundeskreis der Trossinger Eisenbahn" (Friends of the Trossinger Railway) is involved in the Museum. This was established on 7 September 2004 and its first official excursion trip ran on 1 May 2005. The T1 railcars are said to be the world's oldest operational electric railway vehicles.

The Trossingen Railway ("Trossinger Eisenbahn", "TE") is a DC-electrified branch line in the German state of Baden-Württemberg. The branch line has connected the town of Trossingen with Trossingen station, which is located on its periphery, since 1897. Trossingen station (formerly called "Trossingen Staatsbahnhof"—"state station") is on the Rottweil–Villingen railway. The railway is not part of the Deutsche Bahn network; instead it is owned by "Stadtwerke Trossingen GmbH". This company formerly operated the railway, but since 2003, operations have been carried out by the Hohenzollerische Landesbahn (HzL). Freight operations were abandoned in 1996.

Die Trossinger Eisenbahn, abgekürzt TE, ist eine mit Gleichstrom betriebene Stichbahn in Baden-Württemberg. Die Nebenbahn verbindet seit 1898 die Stadt Trossingen mit dem peripher gelegenen Bahnhof Trossingen, veraltet auch „Trossingen Staatsbahnhof“ genannt, an der Bahnstrecke Rottweil–Villingen. Die Strecke ist eine Nichtbundeseigene Eisenbahn, als Eisenbahninfrastrukturunternehmen fungieren die "Stadtwerke Trossingen GmbH". Diese waren früher auch das verantwortliche Eisenbahnverkehrsunternehmen für den Regelverkehr, seit 2003 ist jedoch die Hohenzollerische Landesbahn AG (HzL) mit der Durchführung des Betriebes beauftragt. Der Güterverkehr wurde 1996 aufgegeben.


Early life.

Stride was born Elisabeth Gustafsdotter on 27 November 1843 in Stora Tumlehed; a rural village within the parish of Torslanda, west of Gothenburg, Sweden. She was the second of four children born to Swedish farmer, Gustaf Ericsson (age 32), and his wife Beata Carlsdotter (age 33). As a child, Gustafsdotter lived upon this village farm. All four children were raised in the Lutheran faith, and all were required to perform numerous chores upon the farm. Gustafsdotter was confirmed at the Church of Torslanda on 14 August 1859 at the age of 15. The following year, she chose to relocate from Stora Tumlehed to the city of Gothenburg in search of employment. Shortly thereafter, she obtained employment as a domestic worker in the Gothenburg parish of Carl Johan, being employed by a couple named Olofsson. This employment lasted until 2 February 1864, whereupon Gustafsdotter relocated to another district of Gothenburg, again securing employment as a domestic servant. She was between 5 feet 2 inches and 5 feet 5 inches in height and had curly dark brown hair, light grey eyes and a pale complexion.  Unlike the other canonical victims of the Whitechapel murders—at least three of whom resorted to prostitution due to poverty following failed marriages—Stride became a prostitute earlier in life. Gothenburg police records dating from March 1865 confirm her arrest upon this charge. She is also known to have been treated on a minimum of two occasions for a contracted venereal disease. On 21 April 1865, Gustafsdotter gave birth to a stillborn girl.

Relocation to London.

In February 1866, Gustafsdotter relocated from Gothenburg to London. Her precise reason for choosing to relocate from Sweden to England is unknown, as she is known to have told acquaintances two differing stories as to why she relocated. To some, Gustafsdotter claimed she had relocated to England due to her employment in the domestic service of "a gentleman" who lived near Hyde Park; to others, Gustafsdotter claimed she had family in London and chose to visit her relatives in the city before opting to remain in England. Whatever the truth regarding Gustafsdotter's decision to relocate to London, it is likely she funded this trip with the 65 krona she inherited following the death of her mother in August 1864, and which she had received in late 1865.  Upon her arrival in London, Gusdafsdotter learned to speak both English and Yiddish in addition to her native language. She is also known to have briefly dated a policeman in the late 1860s.

Marriage.

On 7 March 1869, Gustafsdotter married John Thomas Stride, a ship's carpenter from Sheerness who was 22 years her senior. The couple were married in a modest ceremony conducted at St Giles in the Fields Church. The couple had no children.  For several years following their marriage, the couple resided in East India Dock Road, operating a coffee shop in Poplar, east London. Their income was also supplemented by John Stride continuing his trade as a carpenter.  By 1874, the Strides' marriage had begun to deteriorate, although the couple continued to live together. The following year, John Stride sold the coffee shop, likely due to financial hardship.

Separation.

In March 1877, Stride was admitted to the Poplar Workhouse, suggesting that the couple had separated by this date. However, census records from 1881 indicate the two had reunited and lived together in the district of Bow, although the couple had permanently separated by the end of that year, with Stride being admitted to a Whitechapel workhouse infirmary suffering from bronchitis in December 1881. She was discharged from this infirmary on 4 January 1882, and is believed to have taken residence in one of several common lodging-houses on Flower and Dean Street, Whitechapel, shortly thereafter. Two years later, on 24 October 1884, John Stride died of tuberculosis in the Poplar and Stepney Sick Asylum. In the years following the collapse of her marriage and the death of her husband, Stride is known to have informed several individuals that her husband and two of her nine children had drowned in the 1878 sinking of the "Princess Alice" in the River Thames. According to Stride, she and her husband had been employed upon this steamer, although she had survived the accident by climbing the ship's mast, but as she had done so, she had been kicked in the mouth by another survivor of the sinking, and this injury to her palate had caused her to permanently suffer from a stutter.

Common lodging residences.

While residing in common lodging-houses, Stride occasionally received charitable assistance from the Church of Sweden in London, and from 1885 until her death lived much of the time with a local dock labourer named Michael Kidney, who resided in Devonshire Street. The couple had a tumultuous relationship, and on numerous occasions, the couple separated, with Stride sleeping in various local lodging houses before returning to live with Kidney. In April 1887, Stride filed a formal assault charge against Kidney, although she later failed to pursue this charge in court and the case was discharged.  In addition to prostitution, Stride occasionally earned income by performing sewing and housecleaning work. An acquaintance described her as having a calm temperament, though she had appeared before the Thames Magistrates' Court on approximately eight occasions for both drunk and disorderly conduct and the use of obscene language. Occasionally, Stride used the alias Annie Fitzgerald at these hearings. Her relationship with Kidney would continue in an on-and-off fashion between 1885 and 1888.

1888.

Following an argument on 26 September 1888, Stride and Kidney again separated, and she again took residence at 32 Flower and Dean Street (then a notorious slum and criminal rookery), informing a fellow lodger named Catherine Lane she and Kidney "had had a few words". Over the following days, she regularly earned money by performing cleaning duties both at the lodging house and for local residents, being observed by the house keeper, Elizabeth Tanner, to be a quiet woman, who occasionally performed cleaning work for local Jews.

29 September.

On the day prior to her murder, Stride is known to have cleaned two rooms at her lodging house, for which she was paid sixpence. That evening, she wore a black jacket and skirt, with a posy of a red rose in a spray of either maidenhair fern or asparagus leaves. Her outfit was complemented by a black crêpe bonnet. In an effort to make her clothing look more respectable, she is known to have borrowed a brush from a fellow resident. At 6:30 p.m., Stride and Elizabeth Tanner briefly visited the Queen's Head pub on Commercial Street before Stride returned alone to the lodging house.  Subsequent eyewitness accounts of Stride's movements later in the evening of 29 September and the early morning of 30 September indicate she may have been in the company of one or more acquaintances and/or clients. The first of these individuals is described as a short man with a dark moustache, wearing a morning suit and bowler hat, with whom she was seen at approximately 11:00 p.m. at a location close to Berner Street. A second eyewitness account by labourer William Marshall places Stride in the company of a man wearing a peaked cap, black coat and dark trousers standing on the pavement opposite number 58 Berner Street at approximately 11:45 p.m. According to Marshall, Stride had stood with this "decently dressed" individual, and the two had repeatedly kissed before the man had said to her: "You would say anything but your prayers."

30 September.

At 12:35 a.m., PC William Smith observed Stride in the company of a man wearing a hard felt hat standing opposite the International Working Men's Educational Club, a socialist and predominantly Jewish social club, at 40 Berner Street (since renamed Henriques Street) in Whitechapel. This man was carrying a package about 18 inches (45 cm) in length. Having no reason to feel suspicious, Smith continued on his beat in the direction of Commercial Road. Between 12:35 a.m. and 12:45 a.m., a dockworker named James Brown observed a woman he believed to be Stride standing with her back against a wall at the corner of Berner Street conversing with a man of average build and wearing a long black coat. Brown overheard Stride state to this man, "No. Not tonight. Some other night."

Murder.

Stride's body was discovered at approximately 1:00 a.m. on Sunday 30 September 1888 by a man named Louis Diemschutz, the steward of the International Working Men's Educational Club, in the adjacent Dutfield's Yard. Diemschutz had drove into the poorly illuminated yard with his horse and two-wheeled cart, when his horse abruptly shied to the left to avoid what appeared to be a bundle lying upon the ground. Noting what he later described as a "dark object" lying on the ground, Diemschutz unsuccessfully attempted to lift the object with his whip handle before alighting his cart to inspect his discovery. Upon lighting a match, Diemschutz observed Stride's prone body. He immediately ran inside the club to report his discovery before running to find a policeman.  Blood was still flowing from a single knife wound inflicted to Stride's neck, and although her hands were cold to the touch, other sections of her body were still either slightly or "quite" warm. These physical indications suggest Stride had been killed very shortly before Diemschutz's arrival in the yard. Several patrons of the Working Men's Educational Club who had left the premises between 12:30 and 12:50 a.m., later informed police they had observed nothing amiss within Dutfield's Yard.

Post-mortem.

A local doctor named Frederick William Blackwell was the first individual with medical knowledge to attend the scene. Police surgeon Dr George Bagster Phillips, who had examined the body of previous Whitechapel murder victim Annie Chapman, also arrived at the crime scene approximately ten minutes later. Phillips's official documents pertaining to his examination of the decedent, the crime scene, and subsequent post-mortem state:  Blackwell opined his belief that Stride's murderer may have pulled her backwards on to the ground by her neckerchief (the bow of which was observed to be markedly tight) before cutting her throat. Phillips concurred with this opinion, stating that Stride had most likely been lying supine upon the ground when she was killed by a single, swift slash wound inflicted left to right across her neck, strongly indicating her murderer had been right-handed. Bruising on her chest also supports the forensic deduction that Stride's torso had been pinned to the ground prior to the wound to her neck being inflicted by her assailant.

Investigation.

In addition to searching the actual crime scene, police interrogated all those present within the International Working Men's Educational Club and the adjacent properties. Ultimately, all residents within the general area of the murder would be interviewed.  No money was found upon or around Stride's body, indicating a possibility her murderer may have taken any money upon her possession, either within or following the altercation witnessed by Israel Schwartz, or by her murderer should this individual not have been her actual killer. Regardless of the issues regarding the lack of money within Stride's possession, all the facts surrounding her death indicate she had willingly entered Dutfield's Yard and had either encountered her murderer within this location or had walked with this individual into the yard location prior to being attacked.  Israel Schwartz informed investigators he had seen Stride being attacked outside Dutfield's Yard at approximately 12:45 a.m. by a man with dark hair, a small brown moustache and approximately 5 feet 5 inches in height. According to Schwartz, this man attempted to pull Stride onto the street before turning her around and shoving her to the ground. As Schwartz had observed this assault, Stride's assailant shouted the word "Lipski" either to Schwartz himself or to a second man who had exited the club amidst this altercation and lit a pipe. Schwartz did not testify at the inquest on Stride, possibly because he was of Hungarian descent and spoke very little, if any, English. Ripper investigator Stephen Knight found Schwartz's statement in case files in the 1970s. At approximately the same time, Stride (or a woman matching her description) was seen by James Brown rejecting the advances of a stoutish man slightly taller than her in the adjacent street to Berner Street (Fairclough Street). A note in the margin of the Home Office files on the case points out that there was sufficient time for Stride to meet another individual between her death and the latest sightings of her.  A Mrs Fanny Mortimer, who lived two doors away from the club, had stood in Berner Street to listen to the communal singing at about the time Stride had been murdered, but had not observed anyone entering the yard or heard anything amiss. Mortimer did report seeing a man with a shiny black bag race past, which was reported widely in the press. However, one of the club's members, Leon Goldstein, identified himself as the man Mortimer had seen and he was soon eliminated from the inquiry.  On 19 October, Chief Inspector Swanson authored a report detailing that 80,000 leaflets appealing for public information relating to Stride's murder had been distributed in and around Whitechapel, noting that, among other lines of active enquiry, some 2,000 lodgers had been interrogated or investigated in relation to her death.

Reaction of Michael Kidney.

On 1 October, a drunken Michael Kidney walked into Leman Street police station and decried his belief in police incompetence, stating that had he been the policeman on active duty in Berner Street on 30 September, he would have committed suicide by shooting himself.  Kidney has been suspected of being Stride's actual murderer both due to the general turbulent relationship between the two and the fact no official record of his alibi on the night of her murder exists. However, investigators appear to have eliminated Kidney from their inquiries into her murder.  The following year, contemporary Whitechapel Workhouse Infirmary records list Kidney's name on three separate occasions: for syphilis in June 1889; for lumbago that August; and for dyspepsia in October. Kidney's overall gradual decline in health and general distress in the year following Elizabeth Stride's murder indicates an extremely detrimental psychological and emotional reaction to her death.

Inquest.

The official inquest into Stride's death was opened at the Vestry Hall, Cable Street, St George in the East on 1 October. This inquest was presided over by the Middlesex coroner, Wynne Edwin Baxter. The first day of the inquest heard testimony from three witnesses: two patrons of the International Working Men's Educational Club who had been in the premises on the night of Stride's murder, and Louis Diemschutz. The two patrons to testify—William Wess and Morris Eagle—each stated approximately 25 to 30 individuals had been in the club at the time of the discovery of Stride's body, that they had heard nothing amiss while in the club, with Wess also stating Stride's body could not have been in the location where Diemschutz had discovered her when he had left the premises at approximately 12:15 a.m. Diemschutz recounted his discovery of Stride's body before informing the coroner the first medical personnel at the scene had arrived "about twenty minutes" after the police.  The second day of the inquest heard conflicting testimony as to the actual identity of the decedent. Although police were certain the woman was Elizabeth Stride, a Mrs Mary Malcolm swore the body was that of her sister, Elizabeth Watts. Also to testify on this date was physician and surgeon Frederick Blackwell, who testified he had been summoned to the crime scene at precisely 1:16 a.m. on 30 September by a policeman, being joined by Dr Phillips approximately twenty minutes later. Blackwell testified blood was still flowing from Stride's neck wound into a gutter and down a drain close to her feet, and that he estimated death had occurred "from twenty minutes to half an hour" prior to his arrival. As the blood vessels on only one side of Stride's neck had been cut, with her carotid artery only partially severed, Blackwell stated her death would have occurred "comparatively slowly", and that Stride would have been unable to cry for help.

Character testimony.

On 3 October, the house keeper of the common lodging-house Stride resided in at the time of her murder, Elizabeth Tanner, testified at the inquest. Tanner identified Stride as a woman she knew as "Long Liz", adding she had lodged at 32 Flower and Dean Street "on and off, for the last six years" and that, prior to her taking lodging at Flower and Dean Street on 26 September, she "had been away from my [lodging] house about three months". Referencing Stride's character, Tanner stated she had been a "very quiet" and sober woman. Tanner also testified she had known of Stride's Swedish heritage, although she emphasised that she had "[spoken] English as well as an English woman", and that Stride had informed her that her husband and children had drowned in the 1878 "Princess Alice" paddle steamer sinking.  Sections of Tanner's testimony were corroborated by a charwoman named Catherine Lane, who testified the decedent was a Swedish woman she and her husband knew as Long Liz and who both had known for approximately six months. Lane stated Stride had informed her in the days prior to her death she had "had a few words" with her partner, and that this was the reason she was again taking residence at Flower and Dean Street. Questioned in relation to the last occasion she had seen Stride in the hours before her death, Lane stated Stride had handed her a large piece of green velvet as she left the lodging-house, asking her to "mind" the garment until she returned.  Michael Kidney also testified before the coroner on 3 October, formally identifying the decedent as Elizabeth Stride. Kidney confirmed the two had been in a relationship for "nearly three years", adding that they had occasionally separated due to Stride's heavy drinking, although she would inevitably return to him.

Medical testimony.

Shortly after the conclusion of Kidney's testimony, Dr Phillips testified as to his examination of the body in situ at Dutfield's Yard, and the subsequent post-mortem he had conducted at St. George's Mortuary, stating the cause of death had been "undoubtedly the loss of blood from the left carotid artery and the division of the windpipe." Phillips's testimony concluded the following day, during which he stated his firm belief Stride had been "seized by the shoulders and placed on the ground, and that [her] murderer was [kneeling to] her right side" when he had inflicted the wound to her throat.

Conclusion.

The inquest into Stride's murder lasted five days, with the final day of hearings being adjourned until 23 October. This final day of hearing saw three witnesses testify—all of whom provided testimony confirming the identity of the decedent.  At the conclusion of this final day of hearings, coroner Baxter stated his belief that Stride had been attacked in a swift, sudden manner, with her death undoubtedly being a homicide, and no known circumstances being available which could reduce the crime to one of manslaughter. The murderer could have taken advantage of the checked scarf Stride was wearing to grab her from behind before slitting her throat, as had earlier been suggested by Phillips. Baxter, however, thought the absence of a shout for assistance and the lack of obvious marks of a struggle indicated that Stride had willingly lain down on the ground before the wound had been inflicted. Stride was still clenching a packet of cachous in her left hand when she was discovered, indicating that she had not had time to defend herself and that the attack had been sudden.  In relation to the actual crime scene, Baxter noted the decedent had been attacked in the passageway leading into a courtyard in which several families resided in cottages located a matter of yards from where her body was discovered, and that although this location afforded darkness, it was unlikely the murderer would have selected the location on account of Dutfield's Yard being an unfrequented location. Baxter further noted the windows of the International Working Men's Educational Club had been open, and that both Stride and her assailant would undoubtedly have heard the patrons' singing and dancing.  With regard to the witness testimony pertaining to the man or men seen in Stride's company in the two hours before the discovery of her body, Baxter stated many points of similarity had been given with regards to the physical description of the individual in her company, but also some of dissimilarity. However, Baxter stated these discrepancies did not conclusively prove there had been more than one man in the company of Stride between 11:00 p.m. and 12:45 a.m., but that the eyewitness descriptions suggested either that she had been in the company of a minimum of two men in her final hours, or that one or more eyewitness was mistaken in details of the description of the man he had seen.  Following a short deliberation, the jury, having been instructed to deliberate precisely how, when, and by what means Stride came about her death, returned a unanimous verdict: "Wilful murder against some person or persons unknown."

Connection to Jack the Ripper.

Stride's murder occurred in the midst of the spree of murders attributed to a serial offender known prior to her death as both the Whitechapel Murderer and Leather Apron, and due to a letter forwarded to Scotland Yard the day immediately prior to her death as Jack the Ripper. However, unlike at least three other murder victims then-ascribed to this perpetrator (each of whom had received extensive abdominal injuries in addition to one or more slash wounds across her neck), Stride had received no mutilation injuries, with her sole injury being a deep cut measuring two-and-a-half-inches beneath her jaw, which had severed her left carotid artery and trachea and had terminated beneath her right jaw.  As two other murders (those of Mary Ann Nichols and Annie Chapman) had occurred in the districts of Whitechapel and Spitalfields—both of which had been initially caused by knife wounds to the throat—within the previous month, Stride's murder was added to the Whitechapel murders investigation, and was widely believed to have been perpetrated by the same killer. However, some commentators on the case conclude that Stride's murder was unconnected to the other canonical murders This opinion is upon the basis that the body had not been subjected to any mutilation, and that this murder was the only murder ascribed to Jack the Ripper to occur south of Whitechapel Road. Furthermore, it is believed that the blade used to cause the wound to Stride's neck may have been shorter and of a different design than that used to murder and subsequently mutilate the other four canonical murder victims. Most experts, however, consider the similarities in this case distinctive enough to connect Stride's murder with the two earlier Ripper murders, in addition to the murder of Catherine Eddowes later that same night.  The murder of Stride is regarded as one of the canonical Ripper killings due to numerous factors, including the general physical and lifestyle characteristics of the victim, the day of the week she had been murdered, the time of death, the murder location, and the method of murder. It is generally believed the overall act of Stride's murderer and subsequent acts of mutilation and evisceration her murderer had intended to inflict had been interrupted after he had cut her throat and before he had the opportunity to perform these acts upon her body. Less than one hour later, Catherine Eddowes was murdered in Mitre Square, and both Stride and Eddowes had lived in Flower and Dean Street.  The deaths of Eddowes and Stride sent London into a renewed state of general panic, as this was the first occasion in which two murders ascribed to the Ripper had occurred in one night.

Correspondence.

On 1 October, a postcard, dubbed the "Saucy Jacky" postcard and also signed "Jack the Ripper", was received by the Central News Agency. This letter claimed responsibility for the murders of both Stride and Eddowes, and described the killing of the two women as a "double event"; a designation which has endured. It has been argued that this postcard was mailed before the murders were publicised, making it unlikely that a crank would hold such detailed knowledge of the crime. However, the letter was postmarked more than 24 hours after the killings had occurred; long after details of the murders were known by both journalists and residents of the area. Police officials later claimed to have identified a journalist as the author of the postcard, leading this letter to be dismissed as a hoax, an assessment shared by most Ripper historians.  Two weeks later, on 16 October, a parcel containing half a preserved human kidney, accompanied by a note, was received by the Chairman of the Whitechapel Vigilance Committee, George Lusk. This note has become known as both the "Lusk letter" and the "From hell" letter, because of the return address used by the writer: "From hell". The author of this letter claimed to have "fried and ate" the missing half of the human kidney. The handwriting and general style of this letter significantly differ from that of the "Saucy Jacky" postcard.  The section of kidney was taken to Dr Thomas Horrocks Openshaw at the nearby Royal London Hospital. He believed that the kidney was human and originated from the left side of the individual from whom it had been taken. Dr Openshaw also stated the organ had been preserved in spirits prior to postage.  Acting Commissioner of the City Police, Major Henry Smith, claimed in his memoirs that this kidney matched the one missing from the body of Catherine Eddowes, because the length of renal artery attached to the kidney matched the missing length from Eddowes's body, and that the forensic examination conducted upon Eddowes's body and the section of kidney revealed signs of Bright's disease. Smith's story is considered by some historians to be a dramatic recollection on his part.

Other theories.

In his book "", author Stephen Knight linked the prominent physician Sir William Gull to Stride on the basis that both were reported to carry grapes; a theory which another author, Martin Fido, has dismissed as a "wild allegation".  A grocer named Matthew Packer in known to have implied to two private detectives employed by the Whitechapel Vigilance Committee named Le Grand and Batchelor that he had sold some grapes to Stride and her murderer shortly before her death. When interviewed by the police, Packer described the man he had seen as being aged between 25 and 30, slightly taller than Stride, and wearing a soft felt hat. Neither of Packer's descriptions of this individual matched witness statements provided by other witnesses who may also have seen Stride with potential clients shortly before her murder. However, overall, the witness descriptions given to police of individuals seen either in the company of Stride or the vicinity of her murder differed significantly. Moreover, Packer is known to have also informed a police sergeant named Stephen White that he had closed his shop on the date of the murder without seeing any suspicious characters or activity.  At the inquest into Stride's murder, pathologists had stated emphatically that the decedent had not held, swallowed or consumed grapes in the hours before her death. Both Blackwell and Phillips described the contents of Stride's stomach as being "cheese, potatoes and farinaceous powder".  Despite Packer's self-contradictory statements, investigators did discover a single grape stalk in Dutfield's Yard, and his story was reported in the "London Evening News" on 3 October. Nonetheless, the overall commander of the investigation into the Ripper murders, Chief Inspector Donald Swanson, is known to have stated that "any statement [made by grocer Matthew Packer] would be rendered almost valueless as evidence" and had likely been fabricated in order that Packer could sell his story to the press.  Further doubt is cast on the truthfulness of Packer's accounts by the general character of Le Grand (also known as Charles Grand, Charles Grandy, Charles Grant, Christian Neilson, and Christian Nelson). This individual had accrued an extensive criminal record, which included assault on a prostitute and conviction for theft. He was convicted of conspiracy to defraud in 1889 and served two years' imprisonment. After his release, this individual was arrested while in possession of a revolver and charged with demanding money with menace; a crime for which he was sentenced to twenty years' imprisonment.

Funeral.

Elizabeth Stride was buried on Saturday 6 October 1888. She was laid to rest in the East London Cemetery, located within the east London district of Plaistow. Her funeral was attended by a small number of mourners, and the costs of this service were provided at the expense of the parish by the undertaker, a Mr Hawkes.  Stride's headstone is inscribed with her name and the years of her birth and death.

Elizabeth "Long Liz" Stride (née Gustafsdotter; 27 November 1843 – 30 September 1888) is believed to have been the third victim of the unidentified serial killer known as Jack the Ripper, who killed and mutilated a minimum of five women in the Whitechapel and Spitalfields districts of London from late August to early November 1888.

Elizabeth Stride (* 27. November 1843 in Torslanda auf der Insel Hisingen, Schweden als "Elisabeth Gustafsdotter"; † 30. September 1888 in London, England) war eine britische Prostituierte. Sie gilt als das dritte Opfer des bis heute nicht identifizierten Serienmörders „Jack the Ripper“, der im späten Sommer und Herbst 1888 mehrere Prostituierte im Londoner Stadtteil Whitechapel tötete und verstümmelte.


Duchess of Saxony and Bavaria.

Clementia was the youngest of six children, her family owned territory in Swabia. She was a great-granddaughter of Conrad I, Count of Luxembourg and his wife Clementia of Aquitaine, herself daughter of William VII, Duke of Aquitaine.  Clementia was firstly married in 1147 to Henry the Lion, Duke of Saxony, he later inherited Bavaria. The marriage was arranged to confirm her father's alliance with the Welf party in Southern Germany. She was heiress of Badenweiler, although her husband sold these Swabian estates to Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor in 1158, receiving in exchange Herzberg, Scharzfels and Pöhlde south of the Harz.  Clementia and Henry had three children:  Henry repudiated Clementia because of the growing difficulties between her brother Duke Berthold IV and Emperor Frederick, the latter with whom Duke Henry was by then in close alliance with. Frederick did not cherish Guelphish possessions in his home area and offered Henry several fortresses in Saxony in exchange. The couple were officially divorced at Constance on 23 November 1162.

Countess of Savoy.

Clementia remained unwed for two years before she married her second husband, Umberto III, Count of Savoy, she was his third wife. Umberto's first two marriages were not successful, his first wife died young; his second marriage ended in an annulment. Umberto gave up and became a Carthusian monk. However, the nobles and common people of Savoy begged him to marry yet again, which he reluctantly did to Clementia.  Clementia and Humbert had two daughters:  Clementia died in 1175, predeceasing both her husbands and three of her four daughters. After her death, Umberto attempted to return to the monastic life yet again but was forced to remarry a fourth and final time to Beatrice of Viennois who bore him the long-awaited son and heir, Thomas.

Clementia of Zähringen (unknown–1175), was a daughter of Conrad I, Duke of Zähringen and his wife Clementia of Namur. By her first marriage, Clementia was Duchess of Bavaria and Saxony. By her second marriage she was Countess of Savoy.

Clementia von Zähringen († um 1167) war von 1147 bis 1162 Ehefrau Heinrichs des Löwen. Die Hochzeit der Tochter von Konrad von Zähringen mit dem welfischen Heinrich war ein politisches Bekenntnis der Zähringer gegen die Staufer und diente der Konsolidierung der erreichten Machtbasis der Zähringer.