Early life and career.

Schonfeld was the second son Rabbi Avigdor and Rochel Leah Schonfeld, one of seven children. His family home was at 73 Shepherd’s Hill, Highgate, London and he was educated at Highbury County School. His family were originally from Hungary.  Schonfeld studied at the yeshiva in Nyitra, Austria-Hungary (now Nitra, Slovakia), and studied for a doctorate at the University of Königsberg, East Prussia. In Nitra he became the student and lifelong friend of Rabbi Michoel Ber Weissmandl, who acted as his inspiration in his rescue work.  In 1933 he became the rabbi of the Adath Yisroel Synagogue in North London, and succeeded his father as principal of the fledgling Jewish Secondary School. He was the Presiding Rabbi of the Union of Orthodox Hebrew Congregations and president of the National Council for Jewish Religious Day Schools in Great Britain.  When the scale of rescue work needed became apparent in the 1930s, he became the executive director of the Chief Rabbi's Religious Emergency Council, formed under the auspices of his future father-in-law, Chief Rabbi Joseph H. Hertz, in 1938. He personally rescued many thousands of Jews from Nazi forces in Central and Eastern Europe during the years 1938-1948. He felt Zionism had aided the Nazi regime's persecution of Jews.  In 1940 he married Judith Helen Hertz, daughter of the Chief Rabbi Joseph Hertz. They had three sons.

During the Holocaust.

Schonfeld personally rescued thousands of Jews. He was a very charismatic, dedicated, innovative and dynamic young man. His rescue efforts were inspired by his teacher at the Nitra Yeshivah, Rabbi Michael Ber Weissmandl. This explains, in part, some of his daring and innovative rescue style. His rescue activities were under auspices of the Chief Rabbi’s Religious Emergency Council, which he created with approval of Chief Rabbi Joseph H. Hertz, his father-in-law.  In the fall of 1938, following Kristallnacht, Julius Steinfeld, a communal leader in Austria, called Rabbi Schonfeld, pleading with him to assemble a children’s transport to England for Vienna’s Orthodox Jewish youth. Rabbi Schonfeld met with Yaakov Rosenheim and Harry Goodman, president and secretary of World Agudath Israel respectively, but even before they could decide on a strategy, he boarded a train to Vienna. Rabbi Schonfeld helped Steinfeld organize a Kindertransport of close to 300 Orthodox Jewish youngsters, providing the British government with his personal guarantee in order to secure their entry.  He saved large numbers of Jews with South American protection papers. He brought over to England several thousand young people, rabbis, teachers, ritual slaughterers and other religious functionaries. He provided them with kosher homes, Jewish education and jobs.  Schonfeld also initiated major rescue initiatives. In late summer 1942 he convinced the Colonial Office to allow Jews to find safe haven in Mauritius. In December 1942 he discussed his ideas about rescue with a number of prominent churchmen and Members of Parliament, and organized parliamentary support for a motion that asked the government to make a declaration along the following lines: ""That in view of the massacres and starvation of Jews and others in enemy and enemy-occupied countries, this House asks H. M. Government, following the United Nations Declaration read to both Houses of Parliament on 17th December, 1942, and in consultation with the Dominion Governments and the Government of India, to declare its readiness to find temporary refuge in its own territories or in territories under its control for endangered persons who are able to leave those countries; to appeal to the Governments of countries bordering on enemy and enemy-occupied countries to allow temporary asylum and transit facilities for such persons; to offer to those Governments, so far as practicable, such help as may be needed to facilitate their co-operation; and to invite the other Allied Governments to consider similar action."" Within ten days, two Archbishops, eight Peers, four Bishops, the Episcopate of England and Wales and 48 members of all parties signed the notice of meeting to consider the Motion. Eventually the number of members of Parliament in support of the motion rose to 177.  In January 1943 Schonfeld worked with Eleanor Rathbone to devise a practical rescue plan, but they then encountered Zionist opposition. The Parliamentary motion had omitted Palestine as a haven, and was therefore vocally opposed as was the case with the Mauritius initiatives.  He assumed that if he owned an island he is free to invite Jews who can escape from the continent to stay there even for extended periods. He got positive response from the Colonial Office, raised £10,000 and purchased Stranger's Cey, an island in the British Bahamas. Later a different Colonial Office department countered the initial support for the plan.  Schonfeld considered as another failure his unsuccessful request to the British government to heed Rabbi Weissmandl’s plea to bomb the railroad tracks to Auschwitz and possibly the crematoria.  After the war he went to liberated Europe (e.g. Poland) to bring children and others to England, help and serve the survivors.

After World War II.

In 1946, after the Allied victory, he went with a convey of lorries to Auschwitz and Bergen-Belsen concentration camps to help survivors move to fledgling communities. He travelled in an Austin 7 car with armed soldiers for protection. He created and wore a military style uniform to give the impression he was an army officer.  He founded the Hasmonean High School and the other schools that formed the Jewish Secondary Schools Movement.

Family life.

Schonfeld was the son of Avigdor (Victor) Schonfeld, rabbi of the Adath Yisroel Synagogue and founder and principal of what became known as the Avigdor School (posthumously named in his honour). In 1940 he married Judith Hertz, daughter of the aforementioned Chief Rabbi Joseph H. Hertz, with whom he had three sons between 1940 and 1951.

Death.

Schonfeld died in 1984 of a long-term brain tumour. He was posthumously given the British Hero of the Holocaust award in 2013.

Rabbi Solomon Schonfeld (21 February 1912 – 6 February 1984) was a British Rabbi who is heralded as one of the most remarkable, yet one of the least known Holocaust heroes.

Solomon Schonfeld (* 21. Februar 1912 in London; † 6. Februar 1984 ebenda) war ein britischer orthodoxer Rabbiner, der 2013 postum mit dem "British Hero of the Holocaust award" geehrt wurde.


Life.

François Vaillant was born in Paramaribo, the capital of Dutch Guiana (Surinam), the son of Nicolas François, a French lawyer from Metz who had fled there after eloping with his mother Catherine Joséphine and then took up a position as the French Consul. Growing up amid forests, François took an interest in the local fauna, collecting birds and insects. His family returned to France in 1763. In 1772, François joined the Berry cavalry regiment as a cadet officer in Metz but was eventually rejected as an officer because he was not tall enough. He married Suzanne de Noor in 1773. He worked with a local apothecary, Becoeur, who had developed an arsenic-based soap to preserve birds. In 1777, he moved to Paris and started a career as a trader in natural history specimens.

Cape travels.

He went to the Cape of Good Hope in 1780, at the age of 27, nominally as a gunner's mate for the Dutch East India Company, but almost certainly sponsored by the Treasurer-General, Jacob Temminck with the understanding that he would strengthen Temminck's collection. He decided to study the bird and animal life in their natural habitat. At that time, South Africa was a relatively unknown and exotic location and he collected specimens that would establish his reputation within the scientific community until July 1784 when he made his way back to Holland and France. He made three journeys, one around Cape Town and Saldanha Bay (April to August 1781), one eastwards from the Cape (December 1781 to May 1783) and the third to the Orange River and into Great Namaqualand (June 1783 to c. May 1784). Researchers have to some extent adjusted the dates supplied by Levaillant. During the first expedition his collection was on the vessel "Middelburg", which was attacked and sunk by the English in Saldanha Bay. He did however manage to return with over 2000 specimens of birds, insects, mammals and plants. During this trip he changed his name to Le Vaillant.  An illustrative map of his travels was produced around 1790 for King Louis XVI. Measuring nine feet wide and six feet high, the map depicts the travels and the landscape met with. The cartographic elements of the map were made by Perrier with the insets of animals and landscapes by Van Leen. The birds were by Reinold. Sixty two pictures of fauna and flora were stuck onto the map. One of the animals depicted is the now extinct bluebuck.

Return to Europe.

On his return he published "Voyage dans l'intérieur de l'Afrique" (1790, 2 vols.), and "Second voyage dans l'intérieur de l'Afrique" (1796, 3 vols.), both of which were best sellers across Europe, translated into several languages. He also published "Histoire naturelle des oiseaux d'Afrique" (1796–1808, 6 vols.) with drawings by Jacques Barraband, "Histoire naturelle des oiseaux de paradis" (1801–06), "Histoire naturelle des cotingas et des todiers" (1804) and "Histoire naturelle des calaos" (1804). He rarely sketched the birds in their natural environment but collected the skins which were stuffed and mounted on his return. More talented artists were then commissioned to illustrate the specimens for printing. Levaillant's illustrations often influenced scientific names given by, among others, Vieillot, Stephens and Wilkes.  He and De Noor divorced when divorce became legal during the French Revolution. By then he had already started a relationship with Pierrette Foyot, whom he married in Paris in June 1789. Pierrette was the daughter of judge Didier Francois Foyot of Sezanne. A dowry of 50,000 francs helped the couple and they had four children. Levaillant claimed later to have been in prison during the time of the French Revolution but this was untrue—he was in fact close to many revolutionary figures and even applied for a post at the Natural History Museum through the Committee for Public Safety. Foyot's family gave them an estate at La Noue, near Sézanne and Levaillant moved between La Noue and Paris where he kept up a business as naturalist. After Foyot's death in May 1798, Levaillant lived with a younger woman, Rose Dubouchet, with whom he had four children. He died in La Noue in 1824. Four of his sons served in the French army, all earning the Légion d'honneur. By the time of his death, the family name had become Levaillant. Through Foyot's family, he was a grand uncle of the French poet Charles Baudelaire, who read Levaillant avidly as a young student.

Specimens.

Levaillant's fame as collector in his lifetime was based on bringing back the first giraffe skeleton to France. He also sold a significant collection to the Paris Natural History Museum, including in the sale not only the Bluebuck, a major collection of African birds, but insects and the secret of Becoeur's arsenical soap, which was widely used in taxidermy till the 1950s. Over 2,000 bird skins were sent to Jacob Temminck, who had financed the expedition, and these were later studied by his son Coenraad Jacob Temminck and included in the collection of the museum at Leiden. Other specimens were kept in the cabinet of Joan Raye, heer van Breukelerwaert (1737-1823). This collection was bought by the "Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie" in the late 1820s, which is now the Naturalis in Leiden.

Traveller and ethnographer.

As a traveller in Africa, Levaillant tended to describe the African people with sympathy. He shared Rousseau's idea of the "Noble savage" and condemnation of civilization. He called his "Hottentot" companion Klaas his brother and his equal and was one of the first to describe a close relationship between Western explorer and an indigenous man. One of Levaillant's acquisitions on his travels was a chacma baboon that he called Kees. In his writings, he wrote about how he shared food and drink with Kees and considered him a simple soul who was more loyal than many humans. He described the beauty of Narina, a name that he used for a young Gonaqua woman, naming her after a flower. His portrayal of their flirtation influenced early South African novels before such relationships became less socially acceptable in the later colonial period. The portrayal of Narina was probably influenced by the images of exotic beauty from Tahiti in other travelers' accounts. She was a precursor to Sarah Baartman the Hottentot venus. He also perceived Dutch settlers in a negative way, attacking them for acting brutally against indigenous people. A brave experimenter, he allowed a Hottentot medicine man to diagnose him when he fell ill and wrote of the successful treatment and cure. By travelling around southern Africa, observing the wild and reflecting upon himself and mankind, it has been claimed that Le Vaillant was the pioneer of a genre of travel writing while also inventing the idea of a wildlife "safari" although he did not use that word of Arabian origin.

Ornithology.

Le Vaillant was opposed to the systematic nomenclature introduced by Carl Linnaeus and only gave French names to the species that he discovered. Some of these are still in use as common names, such as bateleur, the French word for tumbler, for the way the bird playfully falls in flight. Other naturalists were left to assign binomial names to his new discoveries, some of these commemorate his name:  Le Vaillant was among the first to consider the use of coloured plates of birds in his descriptions. He mounted his bird specimens, preserved with arsenic soap, in lifelike positions and the illustrators showed them in near realistic poses. He ensured that the fiscal shrike was shown along with an insect impaled on thorn. His descriptions of bird behaviour were also considered to be pioneering. He called the African fish eagle "Vocifer" for its distinctive and loud yelping calls made while throwing back its head. He was also the first to use musical annotation to describe bird song. A very careful observer of behaviour, he was among the first to notice that the rosy-faced lovebird ("Agapornis roseicollis") nested within the nests of the sociable weaver ("Philetairus socius"). It has been suggested that he may well have been a major influence in the style and art of John James Audubon.  An analysis of Le Vaillant's collections made by Carl Sundevall in 1857 identified ten birds that could not be assigned definitely to any species, ten that were fabricated from multiple species and fifty species that could not have come from the Cape region as claimed. His reputation has understandably suffered as a result of these errors, but recent revaluations, such as Peter Mundy, have argued that he deserves the high reputation given him by Stresemann, who saw him as the first great modern ornithologist, and as the father of African ornithology.

Works.

in English translation:

François Levaillant (born Vaillant, later in life as Le Vaillant, ""The Valiant"") (6 August 1753 – 22 November 1824) was a French author, explorer, naturalist, zoological collector, and noted ornithologist. He described many new species of birds based on birds he collected in Africa and several birds are named after him. He was among the first to use colour plates for illustrating birds and opposed the use of binomial nomenclature introduced by Carl Linnaeus, preferring instead to use descriptive French names such as the bateleur (meaning "tumbler or tight-rope walker") for the distinctive African eagle.

François Levaillant oder Le Vaillant (* 6. August 1753 in Paramaribo; † 22. November 1824 in La Noue) war ein französischer Autor, Entdecker, Naturwissenschaftler und Ornithologe.


Early life.

His grandfather was the famous German physicicist Woldemar Voigt (1850-1919), known for Voigt notation, Voigt profile and the Voigt effect, and who introduced the term tensor in 1898. He was born in February 1907 in Göttingen; he was the oldest of four brothers. His father was Karl Voigt (1879–1965).  He studied at technical high school in Darmstadt, in the south of Hesse.

Career.

Klemm.

He worked for Klemm, designing the Klemm Kl 35.

Messerschmitt.

He joined Messerschmitt, in Bavaria, in 1933.  He was the project leader for the designs of the Messerschmitt Me 264 (four-engined bomber), Messerschmitt Me 328, and the infamous rocket-engined Messerschmitt Me 163 Komet. He oversaw the design of the swept-wing Messerschmitt P.1101 jet fighter, which was never built (by the Germans), but provided a valued contribution to early American swept-wing jet fighters. From October 1938, Messerschmitt had been looking at designs for jet fighter aircraft. He was head of the Projects Department from 1939. At Messerschmitt, other designers included Wolfgang Degel.  In October 1943, the Messerschmitt design department moved to Oberammergau in southern Bavaria, on the Austrian border. The NATO School has been on the site since 1953.

Vought.

He went to work for the American aircraft company Vought, with one of his first designs being the Vought F7U Cutlass, which was developed from German scientists' data on swept-wing jet aircraft.

Personal life.

He married Clara Hollerung (born 12 September 1911) in 1935. He died in June 1980 in America, aged 73. He had lived in Annapolis, Maryland.

Woldemar Voigt (10 February 1907 - June 1980) was a German aerospace engineer, who was responsible for some of the advanced swept wing German jet-powered aircraft at the end of World War II; one of his designs for a jet bomber ended up being built in the 1950s as a British V bomber.

Woldemar Voigt (* 1907; † 1980) war ein deutscher Flugzeugbau-Ingenieur, der maßgeblich an der Entwicklung der ersten strahlgetriebenen Flugzeuge in der Zeit des Dritten Reiches beteiligt war. Sein Großvater väterlicherseits war der Physiker Woldemar Voigt.


Plot.

After celebrating his 29th and - as everyone including himself knows - last birthday, James, a young man terminally ill with cancer, sets out on a last hiking trip with his three best friends, Davy, Bill and Miles. Their destination is James's favourite beach at Barafundle Bay, on the Pembrokeshire coast.  Davy is a kind, loyal and responsible soul who has been unemployed and helping James's family take care of him for quite a while already. Bill is boisterous and fun-loving, and everybody hopes he is finally getting around to breaking up with his oppressive girlfriend. Miles, lately absent from James's life, is a handsome intellectual turned into a businessman and the son of a successful novelist who died, also of cancer, when Miles was a child. James's and Miles's friendship used to be very close and has always bordered on rivalry, particularly as aspiring writers. James is too weak to walk much any more, so he mostly sits in a special cart and needs a lot of very practical and physical help from his companions, in addition to liquid morphine and other medications at increasing frequency to manage his chronic pain and other symptoms. Having been ill for years already, he seems to be at peace with his rapidly approaching death and takes childlike delight in everything this last journey has to offer. However, his failing strength and increasing discomfort and outright pain also bring out his bitterness in the knowledge that his life will be over before he ever had time to make anything much of it.  Traveling over the rugged and isolated coastal terrain, the young men fool around having light-hearted, juvenile fun to give James the time of his life. They also encounter various odd persons and situations and are faced with a series of setbacks and accidents, including loss of various supplies and finally the cart. Everyone's nerves and patience are sorely tested by James's outbursts at each of his friends in turn: out partly of premeditation and partly of spontaneous pain-induced anger, he seems to attempt to shake them out of mediocrity, settling for things and excessive unselfishness and into making what they actually want out of the lives they still have ahead. Davy is mortified by James's observations; Bill reveals that his girlfriend is pregnant and while he knows that they are not right for each other, he can't and won't leave her; Miles counters James's attacks with equally brutal honesty regarding James himself. Eventually James and Miles come to reveal the guilty secrets each has kept from the other. James found and read a novel manuscript Miles finished years ago without ever telling anyone, and has been jealous ever since but also impressed by Miles's talent. Miles has kept away from James lately because he has been unable and unwilling to cope with his best friend's illness, but he is in love and sleeping with James's married sister, and she and her children will soon come to live with Miles – something he did not intend James ever to know.  On the night they finally arrive at Barafundle Bay, James reveals the true purpose of the trip: he plans to drown himself in the sea before pain takes his life over completely. He asks his friends to let him do so and tell his family and the police that they woke up in the morning and found his body in the water. Horrified at the thought, they refuse; however, after temporarily losing James's morphine supply and witnessing him struggle with severe pain, they change their minds.  In the morning, James swims out with his friends keeping him company, and eventually Miles helps James drown himself near the shore and brings his body back.

Reception.

"The Observer"s Philip French called the film "competent", though "rather familiar and predictable, though not dislikable". The "Santa Monica Daily Press"s Cynthia Citron called it "an absorbing, moving, and captivating experience". "The Guardian"s Phelim O'Neill described it as "picaresque and directionless for quite some time, only falling into focus in the final furlong".

Third Star is a 2010 British drama film directed by Hattie Dalton and starring Benedict Cumberbatch, JJ Feild, Tom Burke, Adam Robertson, and Hugh Bonneville. It premiered at the Edinburgh Film Festival in June 2010, where it was shown as the closing film, and was released in the United Kingdom on 20 May 2011.

Third Star ist ein britischer Film von der Regisseurin Hattie Dalton. Im Juni 2010 wurde der Film am Edinburgh Film Festival das erste Mal gezeigt und er erschien im Vereinigten Königreich am 20. Mai 2011 auf DVD.


History.

TSV Bogen was formed in 1883 and, for most of its history, has been a non-descript amateur side in local Bavarian football. Formed as a gymnastics club "TSV" started operating a football department in 1926. For a short time, after the Second World War, the club was renamed ASV Bogen but soon reverted to its original name. The club briefly rose to the tier four 2. Amateurliga for a season in 1953–54 but was promptly relegated again. After this the club continued, for a time, to be a force in the local A-Klasse but was eventually relegated to the B-Klasse in 1961. Only in 1970 did the club return to the A-Klasse, followed by promotion to the Bezirksliga in 1972.  "TSV" played in one of the two divisions of the Bezirksliga Niederbayern from 1972 to 1985, on occasion coming close to Landesliga promotion without quite succeeding. After 1985 a lengthy decline followed, lasting until 2008 when the club once more won promotion to the Bezirksliga, where it played for two seasons from 2008 to 2010. It finished runners-up on both occasions, earning promotion to the Bezirksoberliga in 2010.  In its first Bezirksoberliga Niederbayern season the club finished sixth, followed by a third place in 2012. With the league disbanded at the end of that season and the Landesligas expanded from three to five divisions Bogen qualified for the new Landesliga Bayern-Mitte. In this league the club came first in the inaugural 2012–13 season and won promotion to the Bayernliga.  In its first season in the southern division of the Bayernliga the club finished in sixth place, followed by a fourth place the year after. Bogen was relegated two seasons later.

Honours.

The club's honours:

Recent seasons.

The recent season-by-season performance of the club:

The TSV Bogen is a German association football club from the town of Bogen, Bavaria. The club's greatest success came in 2013 when it qualified for the southern division of the Bayernliga, the fifth tier of the German football league system.

Der TSV 1883 Bogen ist ein Sportverein aus der niederbayerischen Stadt Bogen. Neben der erfolgreichen Fußballabteilung werden in dem Verein die Sportarten Basketball, Leichtathletik, Tennis und Tischtennis angeboten.


History.

The district was set up in 1982 covering the present-day Tsuen Wan District and Kwai Tsing District. Kwai Chung and the island of Tsing Yi were split from Tsuen Wan District in the mid-1980s, and subsequently formed a new district known as Kwai Tsing.

Sights.

The Sam Tung Uk Museum is a cultural and agricultural museum and was set up in a former Hakka walled village. Behind Tsuen Wan is Shin Mun reservoir, a valley that was once home to 10 villages that grew mostly pineapples. The dam that stops the reservoir is called Po Lo Pa, lit. "pineapple dam". There were once disputes and fights among the Shing Mun valley dwellers and Tsuen Wan residents during the 18th century, over the levying of taxes for pineapple sales. The reservoir valley also has a disused lead mine, where some of the residents of Tsuen Wan used to work. Behind this is Tai Mo Shan, the tallest hill in Hong Kong.

Islands.

The following islands of Hong Kong are administratively part of the district:

Transportation.

Bus.

There are also tens of bus routes serving "Tsuen Wan", mostly operated by Kowloon Motor Bus. Citybus also operates a few.  Park Island Transport Co., Ltd. operates bus services between Park Island on Ma Wan and Tsing Yi MTR Station, Park Island and Kwai Fong Metroplaza, Park Island and Hong Kong International Airport; Park Island and Tsuen Wan (close to the Tsuen Wan MTR station).

Ferry.

Park Island Transport Co., Ltd. operates ferry services between Park Island on Ma Wan and Central and between Park Island and Tsuen Wan Pier (next to the Tsuen Wan West MTR station).

Tsuen Wan District () is one of the 18 districts of Hong Kong. It is located in the New Territories and is served by the Tsuen Wan Line of the MTR metro system. Its area is 60,7 km2. Its residents, who mostly live in Tsuen Wan Town, enjoy the highest income in the New Territories.

Tsuen Wan () ist ein Distrikt in den New Territories von Hongkong. Auf einer Fläche von 62,62 km2 leben etwa 300.000 Einwohner. Das Zentrum bildet "Tsuen Wan New Town" (), ugs. meist kurz: "Tsuen Wan" () wo die meisten Einwohner des Verwaltungsdistrikts leben. Geographisch liegt der Distrikt ursprünglich vollständig auf dem Festland und gehört zu den New Territories, doch aus verwaltungstechnischen Gründen umfasst der Distrikt administrativ zu einem kleinen Teil auch den Norden von Lantau Island.


Characteristics.

"Avant-garde metal" is interchangeable with "experimental metal" and "avant-metal", and may also refer to a separate genre of "atmospheric metal" or "post-metal", which was named in reference to post-rock. Avant-garde metal is related to progressive metal, but avant-garde metal often has more experimentation, while progressive metal usually has a tighter focus on traditional metal instrumentation and higher levels of technical complexity. Avant-garde metal also uses unusual sounds, breaks conventions, and often includes new elements. The lyrics and visual presentation of the genre are eclectic as well. According to Jeff Wagner in "Mean Deviation", electronic percussion and drum machines see widespread use by avant-garde metal bands, along with female vocals and operatic elements, all of which he attributes to the influence of the band Celtic Frost. The Canadian group Voivod also influenced future bands in the genre, pioneering technique such as robotic vocal effects, unusual time signatures, and fractured, dissonant, unorthodox guitar sounds.

History.

According to Ian Christe, avant-garde metal emerged from death metal as a number of musicians "abandoned the tightly wound structure of the music and experimented with abstractions of its founding elements". Progressive rock has also been cited as an influence. Some early examples are the King Crimson releases "Larks' Tongues in Aspic" and "Red" in 1973 and 1974 respectively, with the latter album's title track defining an "avant-metal style" that Robert Fripp would revisit years later. Another early example is the 1976 Led Zeppelin album "Presence". Pioneers of avant-garde metal include Celtic Frost, Gorguts, Boris, Earth, Helmet, Mayhem, maudlin of the Well, Neurosis, Sunn O))), Mr. Bungle, Today is the Day, and Voivod. In the late 1990s, Misanthropy Records emerged as a promoter of Norwegian avant-garde metal until it folded in 2000, and, according to Jeff Wagner, in the late 1990s and early 2000s, a so-called "new wave of avant-garde metal" was spearheaded by The End Records. Wagner states that "with the support of [Misanthropy and The End Records] and other specialty labels, metal's new avant-garde had arrived." Some other record labels which promote avant-garde metal are Aurora Borealis, The Flenser, Holy Records, Hydra Head Records, Ipecac Recordings, Napalm Records, the Release Entertainment imprint of Relapse Records, Seventh Rule Recordings, and Southern Lord Records. In the United States, local avant-garde metal scenes have emerged in the San Francisco Bay Area with bands such as Giant Squid, Grayceon, and Ludicra, in Boston, with bands such as Isis, Kayo Dot, and maudlin of the Well, and in Seattle. According to "The New York Times", some regional scenes that developed in the mid-1990s included the cities of Tokyo, Los Angeles, and Oslo.

Avant-garde metal (also known as avant-metal and experimental metal) is a subgenre of heavy metal music loosely defined by use of experimentation and innovative, avant-garde elements, including non-standard and unconventional sounds, instruments, song structures, playing styles, and vocal techniques. Avant-garde metal is influenced by progressive rock and extreme metal, particularly death metal, and is closely related to progressive metal. Some local scenes include Los Angeles, the San Francisco Bay Area, Boston, and Seattle in the United States, Oslo in Norway, and Tokyo in Japan.

Experimental Metal (oder "avant-garde metal") ist ein Oberbegriff für verschiedene Spielweisen des Heavy Metal. Der Begriff kam zu Beginn der 1990er Jahre auf und wurde durch den experimentellen Gebrauch innovativer Elemente charakterisiert: unkonventioneller Klänge, Instrumente, Songstrukturen, Spiel- und Gesangstechniken. Die ersten Spielformen entstammten Progressive Metal, Jazz Fusion, Black Metal und Death Metal. Lokale Musikszenen existieren in der San Francisco Bay Area der USA, Oslo in Norwegen, in Polen, sowie in der japanischen Hauptstadt Tokyo.


Career.

Poiares Maduro was Advocate General at the European Court of Justice in Luxembourg from 7 October 2003 to 6 October 2009.  He has been a Fulbright Visiting Research Scholar of Law at Harvard University, He is Doctor in Law at the European University Institute and won the Purpose Prize Europe for the best PhD thesis at the Institute that year.  He has worked as a lecturer at numerous institutions, including: College of Europe, Catholic University of Lisbon, the New University of Lisbon, School of Economics London, School of Chicago Law School, Centre for Political and Constitutional Studies in Spain, Instituto Ortega y Gasset in Madrid and Institute of European Studies of Macau.  Maduro belonged to the Political Committee of candidate Aníbal Cavaco Silva in the 2011 presidential elections.  Between 2012 and 2013, Poiares Maduro served as member of the European Commission’s High Level Group on Media Freedom and Pluralism, an advisory panel set up by European Commissioner Neelie Kroes and chaired by Vaira Vīķe-Freiberga.  From 13 April 2013 to 30 October 2015, Maduro was Minister for Regional Development in the centre-right Portuguese government of Pedro Passos Coelho.  In 2016, Poiraes Maduro was elected as chairman of the FIFA Governance Committee and its independent Review Committee; his co-chairman is Mukul Mudgal.

Recognition.

In 2010 Poiraes Maduro was awarded the Gulbenkian Prize for science. He was made a Commander of the Order of St. James of the Sword by the President of the Portuguese Republic for literary, scientific and artistic merit in 2006 and was the first recipient of the Rowe and Maw Prize at the European University Institute.

Miguel Poiares Maduro (born 3 January 1967) is a Portuguese academic and politician. He was the Portuguese Minister for Regional Development from April 2013 to October 2015. Formerly, he was Director of the Global Governance Program and professor of law at the European University Institute in Florence, Italy. Poiares Maduro was also visiting professor at the Faculty of Law at Yale University in the United States of America.

Luís Miguel Poiares Pessoa Maduro (* 3. Januar 1967 in Coimbra) ist ein portugiesischer Jurist und Politiker. Maduro war von 2003 bis 2009 Generalanwalt am Europäischen Gerichtshof. Später war er Leiter des Programms für Global Governance und Professor der Rechte am Europäischen Hochschulinstitut in Florenz. 2011 war er Berater des Präsidentschaftskandidaten Aníbal Cavaco Silva. Im 1. Kabinett Passos Coelho war er vom 13. Abril 2013 bis 30. Oktober 2015 dem Ministerpräsidenten beigeordneter Minister und Minister für Parlamentsangelegenheiten und Regionalentwicklung ("Ministro Adjunto e dos Assuntos Parlamentares e do Desenvolvimento Regional").


History.

Humiliati.

One group which was a major proponent of apostolic poverty was the Humiliati, the "Humble Ones". Founded by a wool merchant, they established communities scattered around Italy and France, organized on the principle of a simple way of life for the laity, who shared their goods while remaining in family units. They remained primarily a lay movement, and came to reject the authority of the hierarchy and the clergy. For this and other reasons, they were later to be declared heretical by the Catholic Church.  It is often assumed that Saint Francis of Assisi was inspired to form the Franciscans by their movement, in an effort to emulate the poverty of Jesus Christ and to bring his message through a simple life and example, while strictly adhering to the beliefs of the Catholic Church. Saint Dominic founded a similar order, the Order of Preachers, better known as the Dominicans.

Waldenses.

Peter Waldo, founder of the Christian sect which came to known as the Waldenses, also applied this belief. Among other points of dissent with the practices of the Roman Catholic Church at the time, the Waldenses believed in reading the Bible in one's native language—as opposed to having it only in Latin—and were also greatly persecuted by the Church.

Franciscans.

The Franciscans were authorized by Pope Gregory IX to have non-members who would look after their material needs, while the friars themselves would own nothing and would only make use according to the vow of poverty of what was given to them. From the beginning, two tendencies developed. Some friars, referred to as the Zelanti, living more isolated and simpler lives, strictly observed the poverty enjoined by the testament of Saint Francis. Others lived in convents in the towns, tending the attached churches with the necessary liturgical furnishings and devoting themselves also to study and preaching, which required the use of books. They observed the Franciscan Rule in accordance with interpretations officially made by the Popes. Already Gregory IX had indicated that the testament of St Francis did not oblige the friars in conscience. Pope Innocent IV gave the Franciscans permission to appoint "procurators" to buy, sell and administer goods given to them. Bonaventure, who become minister general in 1257, tried to reconcile the two tendencies and is sometimes called the second founder of the Order, to which he gave its first General Constitutions. Conflicts with the secular clergy and with lay teachers in the universities led to accusations of hypocrisy with regard to the profession of poverty from outsiders, as well as from those members of the order formerly known as the Zelanti, but who then began to be referred to as the Spirituals, because of their association with the Age of the Spirit that the apocalyptic writer Joachim of Fiore had foretold would begin in 1260.  In the early years of the 14th century, the conflict between the Spirituals and the Conventual Franciscans came to a head. The Spirituals, who in the 13th century were led by the Joachimist Peter Olivi, adopted more extreme positions that discredited the notion of apostolic poverty in some eyes and led to condemnation by Pope John XXII.  In his 14 August 1279 bull "Exiit qui seminat", Pope Nicholas III had confirmed the arrangement already established by Pope Gregory IX, by which all property given to the Franciscans was vested in the Holy See, which granted the friars the mere use of it. The bull declared that renunciation of ownership of all things "both individually but also in common, for God's sake, is meritorious and holy; Christ, also, showing the way of perfection, taught it by word and confirmed it by example, and the first founders of the Church militant, as they had drawn it from the fountainhead itself, distributed it through the channels of their teaching and life to those wishing to live perfectly". Pope Clement V's bull "Exivi de Paradiso" of 20 November 1312 failed to effect a compromise between the two factions. Clement V's successor, Pope John XXII was determined to suppress what he considered to be the excesses of the Spirituals, who contended eagerly for the view that Christ and his apostles had possessed absolutely nothing, either separately or jointly, and who were citing "Exiit qui seminat" in support of their view. In 1317, he formally condemned the group of them known as the Fraticelli.  On 26 March 1322, John removed the ban on discussion of Nicholas III's bull and commissioned experts to examine the idea of poverty based on belief that Christ and the apostles owned nothing. The experts disagreed among themselves, but the majority condemned the idea on the grounds that it would condemn the Church's right to have possessions. The Franciscan chapter held in Perugia in May 1322 declared on the contrary: "To say or assert that Christ, in showing the way of perfection, and the Apostles, in following that way and setting an example to others who wished to lead the perfect life, possessed nothing either severally or in common, either by right of ownership and "dominium" or by personal right, we corporately and unanimously declare to be not heretical, but true and catholic." By the bull "Ad conditorem canonum" of 8 December of the same year, John XXII, declaring that "it was ridiculous to pretend that every egg and piece of bread given to and eaten by the Friars Minor belonged to the pope", forced them to accept ownership by ending the arrangement according to which all property given to the Franciscans was vested in the Holy See, which granted the friars the mere use of it. He thus demolished the fictitious structure that gave the appearance of absolute poverty to the life of the Franciscan friars, a structure that "absolved the Franciscans from the moral burden of legal ownership, and enabled them to practise apostolic poverty without the inconvenience of actual poverty". And on 12 November 1323 he issued the short bull "Cum inter nonnullos", which declared "erroneous and heretical" the doctrine that Christ and his apostles had no possessions whatever.  Influential members of the order protested, including the minister general Michael of Cesena, the English provincial William of Ockham, and Bonagratia of Bergamo. In 1324, Louis the Bavarian sided with the Spirituals and accused the Pope of heresy. In reply to the argument of his opponents that Nicholas III's bull "Exiit qui seminat" was fixed and irrevocable, John XXII issued the bull "Quia quorundam" of 10 November 1324, in which he declared that it cannot be inferred from the words of the 1279 bull that Christ and the apostles had nothing, adding: "Indeed, it can be inferred rather that the Gospel life lived by Christ and the Apostles did not exclude some possessions in common, since living 'without property' does not require that those living thus should have nothing in common."  In 1328 Michael of Cesena was summoned to Avignon to explain the Order's intransigence in refusing the Pope's orders and its complicity with Louis of Bavaria. Michael was imprisoned in Avignon, together with Francesco d'Ascoli, Bonagratia and William of Ockham. In January of that year Louis of Bavaria entered Rome and had himself crowned emperor. Three months later, he declared John XXII deposed and installed the Spiritual Franciscan Pietro Rainalducci as Pope. The Franciscan chapter that opened in Bologna on 28 May reelected Michael of Cesena, who two days before had escaped with his companions from Avignon. But in August Louis the Bavarian and his pope had to flee Rome before an attack by Robert, King of Naples. Only a small part of the Franciscan Order joined the opponents of John XXII, and at a general chapter held in Paris in 1329 the majority of all the houses declared their submission to the Pope. With the bull "Quia vir reprobus" of 16 November 1329, John XXII replied to Michael of Cesena's attacks on "Ad conditorem canonum", "Cum inter" and "Quia quorundam". In 1330 Antipope Nicholas V submitted, followed later by the ex-general Michael, and finally, just before his death, by Ockham.

Apostolic poverty is a Christian doctrine professed in the thirteenth century by the newly formed religious orders, known as the mendicant orders, in direct response to calls for reform in the Roman Catholic Church. In this, these orders attempted to live their lives without ownership of lands or accumulation of money, following the precepts given to the seventy disciples in the Gospel of Luke (10:1-24), and succeeding to varying degrees. The ascetic Pope Paschal II's solution of the Investiture Controversy in his radical Concordat of 1111 with the Emperor, repudiated by the cardinals, was that the ecclesiastics of Germany should surrender to the imperial crown their fiefs and secular offices. Paschal proved to be the last of the Gregorianist popes.

Die Armutsbewegung des Mittelalters vertrat das Armutsideal des 12. Jahrhunderts. Der eigentliche Ursprung der Armutsbewegung führt zurück in das Neue Testament. Ausgehend von der apostolischen Armut, wie sie der Evangelist Matthäus in der Aussendungsrede beschreibt, wurde die Armutsbewegung von Laiengemeinschaften in Südfrankreich und Oberitalien verbreitet.


History.

Brideville had three spells playing in the League of Ireland, which added up to seventeen seasons in total. After winning the FAI Junior Cup and then the Leinster Senior Cup in successive seasons, Brideville made their League of Ireland debut in 1925–26. They were elected to replace Brooklyn. In 1925–26 Brideville's reserve team also won the Leinster Senior League. During their first spell in the League of Ireland, Brideville also made two FAI Cup final appearances. In 1926–27, with a team that included Fran Watters, they lost 1–0 in a replay to Drumcondra, then playing in the Leinster Senior League. In 1929–30, with a team that featured Peadar Gaskins, Joe O'Reilly and Charlie Reid, they again lost 1–0 this time to Shamrock Rovers. According to Doolan and Goggins, Brideville were unlucky not to win the 1930 final. They had created the "better chances to score" but failed to take them. Then with less than a minute to play, David Byrne, later to become a Brideville player, scored the winner. Some years later, Byrne admitted that he had actually handled the ball before scoring. At the end of the 1931–32 season Brideville failed to get re-elected to the League of Ireland. However in 1932–33 they won the Leinster Senior League and in 1935–36 when the League of Ireland was expanded from ten teams to twelve, Brideville rejoined. The other expansion team was Reds United. In 1937–38 they achieved their best finish in the league when they finished fourth. At the end of the 1942–43 season they once again failed to get re-elected. However Brideville returned after just one season and in 1944–45 they replaced St James's Gate. However their return lasted just one season. They failed to gain re-election for the following season and were replaced by Waterford.

Home ground.

Between 1925 and 1930 Brideville played their home games at Richmond Park. However in 1930 they were replaced as tenants by St Patrick's Athletic. They then moved to Harold's Cross Stadium which they shared with Dolphins. During the 1939–40 season they also played at Green Lanes.

Notable former players.

Ireland internationals.

The following Brideville players represented Ireland and/or the Republic of Ireland at full international level. Joe O'Reilly and Charlie Reid both played for Brideville when they were capped.

Brideville Football Club was an Irish association football club, originally based in The Liberties, Dublin. They were active during the 1920s, 1930s and 1940s, playing in both the League of Ireland and the Leinster Senior League. They were the first ever winners of the FAI Junior Cup and also played in two FAI Cup finals.

Brideville Dublin war ein 1920 gegründeter irischer Fußballverein aus Dublin. Der Verein spielte von 1925 bis 1932, von 1935 bis 1943, sowie in der Saison 1944/45 in der League of Ireland, Irlands höchster Spielklasse.


Life.

Komárek was born in Hodonin to a Jewish family. His parents died during World War II in a concentration camp, but Valtr was placed in foster care and survived the Holocaust. After the war he joined the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia (KSČ).  He graduated from the Economic Institute in Moscow in the 1960s and worked in the State Planning Commission and the economics section of the Politburo of the KSČ Central Committee. From 1964 until 1967 he worked in Cuba as a consultant to Che Guevara. In 1968 he belonged to a group of economists who participated in preparing the economic reforms known as the Prague Spring. He was general secretary of the Economic Council of Czechoslovakia from the beginning of 1968 until 1971, when he was transferred to the federal pricing authority due to his reformist views.  Gradually he returned to higher professional positions. From 1978, Komárek worked as a researcher at the Economic Institute of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences. From 1984 he was director of the Forecasting Institute of the Czechoslovak Academy, heading a team handling proposals for possible amendments. Other members of the institute included Václav Klaus, Miloš Zeman, Tomáš Ježek, Vladimír Dlouhý, and Miloslav Ransdorf.  In November 1989 he worked with Civic Forum, and was appointed First Vice-President on 10 December 1989 in Marián Čalfa Government of National Unity. From April until June 1990 he was Deputy Prime Minister. Initially one of the most popular economic ministers in government, he later lost influence and was omitted from the government after the 1990 elections.  In the 1990 elections he was elected to parliament for Civic Forum, representing the Central Bohemian Region. When Civic Forum disbanded in 1991, he joined ČSSD, leading the party's election campaign in elections in 1992, at which he defended his mandate. He remained in the Federal Assembly until the dissolution of Czechoslovakia, of which he was a strong critic. Following the dissolution, and the abolition of the Forecasting Institute of the Czechoslovak Academy, Komárek withdrew from public life.  From March 2011, he served as honorary chairman of ČSSD. His son Martin Komárek (born 1961) is a journalist and politician.  He died on 16 May 2013 in Prague, following complications from heart surgery. President Miloš Zeman and other political figures described his death as a great loss for Czech society.

Prof. Eng. Valtr Komarek, MD. (10 August 1930 – 16 May 2013) was a Czech economist, forecaster and politician. A participant in the Velvet Revolution in 1989, Komárek subsequently entered politics a part of the Czech Social Democratic Party (ČSSD), leading the party into elections in 1992, and serving as honorary chairman of the party from March 2011. He also served as First Deputy Minister of National Understanding, and as an MP in the Federal Assembly. He is considered one of the key figures of the Velvet Revolution and post-revolution politics and economics.

Valtr Komárek (* 10. August 1930 in Hodonín; † 16. Mai 2013 in Prag) war ein tschechischer Ökonom, Prognostiker und Politiker. Er war Ehrenvorsitzender der Tschechischen Sozialdemokratischen Partei. Nach der Samtenen Revolution war Komárek der erste Vizevorsitzende der Regierung Marián Čalfa I.


Biography.

In 1959 he obtained a bachelor's degree in Pontifical Gregorian University, and the following year, also in Rome, he graduated in philosophy by Lateran University. In 1962 he graduated in Philosophy from the University of Valencia and he reached his PhD in Philosophy from the same university in 1971. He later worked as a professor of Ancient Greek language in 1983 and 1991, when he reached the chair of this language in the Jaume I University where he developed his teaching. In 1991 he received the Creu de Sant Jordi Award for his civic engagement. Also in 1999 became a member of the Institute of Catalan Studies.  During the seventies he collaborates in the " Laboratoire d'Anthropologie Sociale" from Sorbonne, and in 1978+1979 he was lecturer at the Princeton University. He directed the Valencian Institute of Sociology and Social Anthropology between 1980 and 1984, and in 1982 he founded the Museum of Ethnology in Valencia, institution that he directed until 1984.  He is also author of novels and short stories as "El bou de foc" (1974), "Els cucs de seda" (1975), "Viatge al final del fred" (1984), "Els treballs perduts" (1989) – Lectors del Temps Award, 1990 and a thematic approach to Ulysses from Joyce-, "Borja Papa" (1996), "Quatre qüestions d'amor" (1998) and "Purgatori" (2002).  As a translator, include versions of " The Divine Comedy " (2001), the Gospel (2004) and the Odyssey (2011)  In 2009 he was awarded the Premi de la Crítica de narrativa catalana 2008 for his work "El professor d'historia".

Joan Francesc Mira i Casterà (Valencia, December 3, 1939) is a Valencian writer, anthropologist and sociologist. He is an honorary member of the Associació d'Escriptors en Llengua Catalana and President of Acció Cultural del País Valencià. In politics he is a supporter and has been a candidate of Valencian Nationalist Bloc in 2000 and 2003.

Joan Francesc Mira (* 3. Dezember 1939 in Valencia) ist ein spanischer Schriftsteller in katalanischer Sprache, Anthropologe, Soziologe und Hochschullehrer der klassischen Philologie.


History.

In February 1886, the discovery of gold on the Witwatersrand in South Africa led to the founding of the city of Johannesburg shortly thereafter. The farm Elandsfontein was about ten kilometers east and belonged to a farmer, Sarel Meyer. Simmer & Jack, a trading company in Harrismith which ran a shop in Chrissiesmeer had, a year earlier, acquired half of Meyer's farm. In September 1886 John Jack registered the mining rights on the farm to Simmer & Jack.  With the founding of the company in August 1887 Simmer and Jack took on board the entrepreneur Sir George Farrar, whose family imported drilling equipment to South Africa. Also added to the team was Harry Struben who from 1884 had run a small gold mine in Roodepoort. The town of Germiston was established and named after John Jack's birthplace in Scotland.  The politician and entrepreneur Cecil Rhodes, who had made a fortune in the diamond business, saw the gold finds as another opportunity and began, with his partner Charles Rudd, to buy up farms, mines and mining rights on the Witwatersrand. To finance their activities they founded the London-based company 'The Gold Fields of South Africa Ltd.' Simmer & Jack was one of the first mines to draw their attention.  It soon became apparent that the gold deposits were very large indeed, but that gold could only be extracted from the pyrite with great difficulty and expense using contemporary technology. Contact with the Scottish chemist John Seward MacArthur, brought news of the cyanide process and made possible the success of the South African gold mining industry.  The initial years of the company were against a background of political turmoil (Jameson Raid, Second Boer War), various economic difficulties and huge investments. By 1888 the company had built a crushing or stamp mill with 25 stampers. The plant was further expanded to 100 stampers by 1895 and 320 stampers by 1899. Gold production at the mine reached its peak in 1922. By 1935 Simmer & Jack had processed 27,000,000 tons of rock and extracted 7.8 million ounces of gold for a gross profit of £10 million. In 1965 Goldfields sold their shares as the gold deposits were almost exhausted. The original mine was closed down in 1969.

Simmer and Jack Mines Ltd (until 1924 known as The Simmer & Jack Gold Mining Co. Ltd.) is a South African company which was founded in 1887 by the German August Simmer and Scotsman John Jack, shortly thereafter selling the majority shareholding to Gold Fields of South Africa Ltd. The company was listed until 2013 at the Johannesburg Stock Exchange.

Die Simmer and Jack Mines Ltd (vor 1924 "The Simmer & Jack Gold Mining Co. Ltd") ist eine südafrikanische Aktiengesellschaft, die über einen Zeitraum von mehr als 100 Jahren Goldminen betrieben hat. Sie wurde 1887 von dem Deutschen August Simmer und dem Schotten John Jack gegründet und die Aktienmehrheit kurz danach an The Gold Fields of South Africa Ltd verkauft. Die Gesellschaft war bis zum Jahr 2013 an der Johannesburger Börse notiert.


History.

Alloa Glass Works was established in 1750 by Lady Frances Erskine. Workers were trained by craftsmen from Bohemia (in the present-day Czech Republic), who also oversaw the construction of the first glass cone on the site. This structure was tall.  By 1825, the Edinburgh Glasgow and Alloa Glass Company owned the site; they built another three cones, of which the Northern cone, high, was one. (Its immediate neighbour was correspondingly known as the Southern cone.) The base was octagonal, rather than circular, and had arched entrances. The main body of the cone was of brick laid in English Bond formation. The original cone and one other were demolished before the 1960s, but the Southern cone survived until 1968. At the same time, the Northern cone regained its original appearance when some later additions were removed.

Purpose.

Although glassmaking is an ancient process, it was carried out on a small scale until the development of industrialised methods in Europe allowed it to be mass-produced. The fusion of silica and sodium oxide in a furnace was usually achieved by the burning of wood; but coal was often used instead in Britain, which prompted the development of the glass cone. Glass cones consisted of a large central furnace, a flue to carry waste gas to the top of the structure and away, smaller furnaces around the walls to ensure the finished products stayed warm, and a circular platform on which workers stood while making their glassware. Although invented earlier, they became commonplace in the early 19th century; but further innovations in the glassmaking industry made the float glass production method more efficient and allowed manufacture to be based in fewer but larger works. Most cones were knocked down after they fell out of use, and by the mid-1970s only four survived: the Alloa cone (the only example in Scotland), Catcliffe Glass Cone in South Yorkshire, Lemington Glass Cone in Tyne and Wear, and Red House Cone in Wordsley, West Midlands.

Historic status.

On 10 November 1975, the structure was given the status of a scheduled ancient monument in accordance with the Ancient Monuments Acts of 1913 and 1931. It is one of 17 scheduled ancient monuments in Clackmannanshire.

The Northern Glass Cone is a 19th-century glass cone formerly used in the glass manufacturing process at Alloa Glass Works in the burgh of Alloa, the administrative centre of the central Scottish council area of Clackmannanshire. The brick-built cone is the only such structure to survive in Scotland, and is one of four in the United Kingdom: the other three are at Lemington on Tyneside, Catcliffe in South Yorkshire and Wordsley in the West Midlands. It is a Scheduled Ancient Monument.

Der Glashüttenturm von Alloa befindet sich auf dem Gelände der Alloa Glass Works in der schottischen Stadt Alloa in der Council Area Clackmannanshire. Es handelt sich um den einzigen erhaltenen Glashüttenturm in Schottland. Der kegelförmige Turm ist als Scheduled Monument denkmalgeschützt. Eine aus dem Jahre 1972 stammende Aufnahme in die schottischen Denkmallisten in der höchsten Kategorie A wurde 2015 aufgehoben.


Friend of Beethoven.

Zmeskall was a civil servant at the Hungarian Court Chancellery in Vienna. He played the cello, and there were regular sessions on Sundays of chamber music at his house in the Bürgerspital part of the city.  Beethoven first met him in the 1790s, probably in the house of the composer's patron Karl Alois, Prince Lichnowsky. He was one of Beethoven's earliest friends in Vienna, and remained so for the rest of the composer's life. From 1806, when Beethoven broke relations with Prince Lichnowsky, most of his chamber music was first played in Zmeskall's house.  There are more than 100 letters and notes from Beethoven to Zmeskall, the last written a month before the composer's death. They often met in the tavern "Zum Schwan" near Bürgerspital; Zmeskall gave minor help to Beethoven, such as providing him with pens, a watch, and loaning books.  A work by Beethoven written in 1796 for viola and cello, WoO 32, entitled "Duet mit zwei obligaten Augengläsern" ("Duet with two "obbligato" eyeglasses"), was dedicated to Zmeskall; it was written for Beethoven and Zmeskall, who both wore spectacles, to play together. Beethoven dedicated his String Quartet No. 11 in F minor, published in 1816, to Zmeskall.  During the winter of 1819–1820 Zmeskall was ill, and afterwards suffered from rheumatism, which hampered his musical activities and limited his association with Beethoven. However, he was present at the first performance of Beethoven's Ninth Symphony on 7 May 1824.  Zmeskall died in Vienna in 1833.

Compositions.

Zmeskall's compositions include string quartets, a piano rondo and several cello sonatas.

Count Nikolaus Zmeskall von Domanovecz (20 November 1759, Leštiny, Kingdom of Hungary (present day Slovakia) – 23 June 1833, Vienna, Austria) was an official in the Hungarian Court Chancellery, living in Vienna. He was a musician and friend of Ludwig van Beethoven.

Nikolaus Zmeskall von Domanovecz (* 20. November 1759 in Unterkubin, damals Oberungarn; † 23. Juni 1833 in Wien) war ein österreichisch-ungarischer Beamter und Komponist.


Biography.

Scheiner was not classically trained in art. He began painting as a child and became passionate about art during high school. He originally worked as financial clerk at the Financial General in Prague.  Scheiner began his career with drawings in "Lustige Blätter", a weekly German humour magazine published in Berlin, and other magazines in Germany, Austria and Hungary. From 1880, his drawings were published in humorous Czech periodical magazines such as "Světozor" (from 1897), "Paleček", "Švanda dudák", and "Zlatá Praha". He gradually built a reputation as a talented artist-humorist with a focus on the situational humour of everyday life. In 1902, now freelance, he illustrated his first book, a children's fairy tale "Růženka a Bobeš" by Václav Říha. His black and white pen and ink line drawings in secessionist style gained him popularity and new contracts. He illustrated fairy-tale books from well-known authors such as Božena Němcová's "The Disobedient Kids" and other Czechoslovak Fairy Tales, Karel Jaromír Erben, Hans Christian Andersen and others. In 1928, in the "Romance about the faithful friendship of Amis and Amil" by Julius Zeyer, his work also included soft erotic drawings. These books were also published in expensive high-quality graphic versions to emphasise the drawings.  He illustrated the "Kulihrášek" series, a series of comic books for children written by Marta Voleská.  In 1930 he illustrated "Podivuhodné příběhy barona Prášila" by Adolf Wenig. In 1933 the original fairy-tale illustrations were exhibited in the Prague Central Library for the first time.  Scheiner died 20 December 1938 in Prague.

Other works.

His work included children's books, classic novels, advertising postcards, posters and even theatrical curtains. In 1895 he designed a puppet theatre for the children of his brother Josef Scheiner, who served as mayor of Sokol Prague, handcarving the wooden puppets in a completely new secession style. In the 1920s, his style led to cooperation with a puppet troupe in Prague. His stage curtain designs were used for line production in 1932 by the J. R. Vilímek Publishing House as complete set for small home theatres that were fashionable in the period.  From 1911 to 1913 Scheiner's two oil paintings – Virgin Mary and child, Crucifixion on wood were on display at the Church of Saint John of Nepomuk in Štěchovice, Czech Republic.

Artuš or Artur Scheiner (28 October 1863 – 20 December 1938) was a prolific Bohemian painter, decorative artist, and illustrator, known best for his precise gouache drawing, mostly in secessional style. He produced many paintings, illustrations, advertisements, postcards and designs.

Artuš Scheiner (* 28. Oktober 1863 in Benešov; † 20. Dezember 1938 in Prag) war ein tschechischer Illustrator, Zeichner und Maler.


History.

Alexander Bruce (d.1747) was a soldier who fought in Flanders during the War of the Spanish Succession, and also fought on the government side during the Jacobite rising of 1715. Bruce married Mary Balfour, daughter of Robert Balfour, 4th Lord Balfour of Burleigh, in 1714. Ten years later he built or substantially remodelled the house of Brucefield. The location of the house was described by the diarist John Ramsay of Ochtertyre as being "upon the top of a moor without a tree". The house passed to Alexander's son Robert (1718–1785), who became a Lord of Session under the title Lord Kennet. Around 1758 he sold Brucefield House to George Abercromby of Tullibody, whose daughter he had married in 1754. George Abercromby's son, Sir Ralph Abercromby (1734–1801), was a prominent soldier in the Napoleonic Wars.  During the 1930s the house was restored for the Bruce family by the architect James Shearer. It is now the home of the current Lady Balfour of Burleigh, a descendant of the 4th Lord Balfour of Burleigh through the Bruces of Kennet.

Architectural history.

Brucefield House comprises a three-storey central block, with a three-storey northern pavilion, and a two-storey pavilion to the south. Different interpretations of the development of the house have been published. Adam Swan states that the 18th-century house was a rebuilding of the 15th-century hunting lodge of Hartshaw, belonging to the Stewarts of Rosyth, and that the stone spiral stair in the north pavilion is a surviving part of this. According to this interpretation, Alexander Bruce remodelled the existing building in a contemporary style, and added the south pavilion. However, the "Stirling and Central Scotland" volume of the Buildings of Scotland series suggests that the central block was newly built in 1724, and attributes the south pavilion to c.1760, and the north pavilion to the early 19th century.  The original entrance was on the east front, where a window now takes the place of the main door. A 19th-century porch now forms the entrance from the west. Above the porch is a panel carved with the arms of Alexander Bruce and Mary Balfour. This panel was moved to the Bruce's other property, Kennet House (now demolished) in 1760, but was returned during the 1930s restorations. The interiors were mostly remodelled at the same time, though several 18th-century chimney pieces survive.  An 18th-century walled garden is located to the south of the house. To the north is Brucefield Mains, the former stables, which dates from the early 18th century and was restored as a dwelling in 2009. The main feature of the stables is the central tower containing a doocot (pigeon house).

Brucefield is an 18th-century country house in Clackmannanshire, Scotland. It is located east of Clackmannan. The house was largely built in 1724 by Alexander Bruce, younger of Kennet. It was restored in the early 20th century, and is now protected as a Category A listed building.

Brucefield House ist ein herrschaftliches Landhaus nahe der schottischen Stadt Clackmannan in der Council Area Clackmannanshire. 1972 wurde das Gebäude in die schottischen Denkmallisten in der höchsten Kategorie A aufgenommen.


Deportation of Armenian intellectuals on 24 April 1915

Deportation.

Detention.

The Ottoman Minister of the Interior Talaat Pasha gave the detention order on 24 April 1915. The operation commenced at 8 p.m. In Constantinople, the action was led by Bedri Bey, the Chief of Police of Constantinople. On the night of 24–25 April 1915, in a first wave 235 to 270 Armenian leaders of Constantinople, clergymen, physicians, editors, journalists, lawyers, teachers, politicians, and others were arrested upon an instruction of the Ministry of the Interior. The differences in number may be explained by the uncertainties of the police as they imprisoned people with the same names.  There were further deportations from the capital. The first task was to identify those imprisoned. They were held for one day in a police station (Ottoman Turkish: "Emniyeti Umumiye") and the Central Prison. A second wave brought the figure to between 500 and 600.  By the end of August 1915, about 150 Armenians with Russian citizenship were deported from Constantinople to holding centers. A few of the detained, including writer Alexander Panossian (1859–1919), were released the same weekend before even being transferred to Anatolia. In total, it is estimated that 2,345 Armenian notables were detained and eventually deported, most of whom were not nationalists and did not have any political affiliations.

Holding centers.

After the passage of Tehcir Law on 29 May 1915, Armenians left at the two holding centers were deported to Ottoman Syria. Most of the arrested were transferred from Central Prison over Saray Burnu by steamer No. 67 of the Şirket company to the Haydarpaşa train station. After waiting for ten hours, they were sent by special train in the direction of Angora (Ankara) the next day. The entire convoy consisted of 220 Armenians. An Armenian train conductor got a list of names of the deportees. It was handed over to the Armenian Patriarch of Constantinople, Zaven Der Yeghiayan, who immediately tried in vain to save as many deportees as possible. The only foreign ambassador to help him in his efforts was US ambassador Henry Morgenthau. After a train journey of 20 hours, the deportees got off in Sincanköy (near Angora) Tuesday noon. At the station Ibrahim, the director of the Central Prison of Constantinople, did the triage. The deportees were divided into two groups.  One group was sent to Çankırı (and Çorum between Çankırı and Amasya) and the other to Ayaş. Those separated for Ayaş were transported in carts for a couple of hours further to Ayaş. Almost all of them were killed several months later in gorges near Angora. Only 10 (or 13) deportees of this group were granted permission to return to Constantinople from Ayaş. A group of 20 latecomers arrested on 24 April arrived in Çankırı around 7 or 8 May 1915. Roughly 150 political prisoners were detained in Ayaş, and another 150 intellectual prisoners were detained in Çankırı.

Court martial.

Some notables such as Dr. Nazaret Daghavarian and Sarkis Minassian were removed on 5 May from the Ayaş prison and taken under military escort to Diyarbakır along with Harutiun Jangülian, Karekin Khajag, and Rupen Zartarian to appear before a court martial. They were, seemingly, murdered by state-sponsored paramilitary groups led by Cherkes Ahmet, and lieutenants Halil and Nazım, at a locality called Karacaören shortly before arriving at Diyarbakır. Marzbed, another deportee, was dispatched to Kayseri to appear before a court martial on 18 May 1915.  The militants responsible for the murders were tried and executed in Damascus by Djemal Pasha in September 1915; the incident later became the subject of a 1916 investigation by the Ottoman Parliament led by Artin Boshgezenian, the deputy for Aleppo. After Marzbed's release from the court, he worked under a false Ottoman identity for the Germans in Intilli (Amanus railway tunnel). He escaped to Nusaybin, where he fell from a horse and died shortly before the armistice.

Release.

Several prisoners were released with the help of various influential people intervening on their behalf. Five deportees from Çankırı were freed upon the intervention of the United States ambassador Henry Morgenthau. In total, 12 deportees were granted permission to return to Constantinople from Çankırı. These were Komitas, Piuzant Kechian, Dr. Vahram Torkomian, Dr. Parsegh Dinanian, Haig Hojasarian, Nshan Kalfayan, Yervant Tolayan, Aram Kalenderian, Noyig Der-Stepanian, Vrtanes Papazian, Karnik Injijian, and Beylerian junior. Four deportees were granted permission to come back from Konya. These were Apig Miubahejian, Atamian, Kherbekian, and Nosrigian.  The remaining deportees were under the protection of governor of Angora Vilayet. Mazhar Bey defied the orders of deportation from Talat Pasha, the Interior Minister. By the end of July 1915, Mazhar was replaced by central committee member Atif Bey.

Survivors.

After the Armistice of Mudros (30 October 1918), several surviving Armenian intellectuals came back to Constantinople, which was under an allied occupation. They started a short, but intense, literary activity that was ended by the Turkish victory in 1923. Those who have written memoirs and books about their accounts during the deportation include Grigoris Balakian, Aram Andonian, Yervant Odian, Teotig, and Mikayel Shamtanchyan. Other survivors, such as Komitas, developed serious cases of post-traumatic stress disorder. Komitas underwent 20 years of treatment in mental asylums until his death in 1935.

Day of remembrance.

The official date of remembrance for the Armenian Genocide is 24 April, the day that marked the beginning of the deportation of Armenian intellectuals. The first commemoration, organized by a group of Armenian Genocide survivors, was held in Istanbul in 1919 at the local St. Trinity Armenian church. Many prominent figures in the Armenian community participated in the commemoration. Following its initial commemoration in 1919, the date became the annual day of remembrance for the Armenian Genocide.

Notable deportees.

Below is a list of prominent Armenian intellectuals, community leaders and other public figures that were deported from Constantinople on 24 April 1915, the first wave of the deportations. The list of names are those that have been provided in the Ottoman Archives and various Armenian sources:

The deportation of Armenian intellectuals, sometimes known as Red Sunday (Western "Garmir giragi"), was the first major event of the Armenian Genocide. Leaders of the Armenian community in the Ottoman capital of Constantinople, and later other locations, were arrested and moved to two holding centers near Angora (now Ankara). The to do so was given by Minister of the Interior Talaat Pasha on 24 April 1915. On that night, the first wave of 235 to 270 Armenian intellectuals of Constantinople were arrested. With the adoption of the Tehcir Law on 29 May 1915, these detainees were later relocated within the Ottoman Empire; most of them were ultimately killed. More than 80 such as Vrtanes Papazian and Komitas survived.

Bei der Deportation der armenischen Elite () wurden am 24. April 1915 auf Anordnung des osmanischen Innenministers Mehmet Talât Bey führende Personen der armenischen Gemeinde in Istanbul und später anderen Ortschaften verhaftet und in Konzentrationslager nahe Ankara verschleppt. Nach der Annahme des Deportationsgesetzes am 29. Mai 1915 wurden sie später zwangsumgesiedelt, gefoltert, enteignet und viele von ihnen getötet. Der 24. April wird in Armenien als Völkermordgedenktag begangen, da mit diesem Tag der Völkermord an den Armeniern begann.


Plot.

The story is set in Portland, Maine, in the year 2091. Civilization is concentrated in those cities which escaped the severe bombings of decades past. Travel between cities is highly restricted. Electric fences separate the city from the Wilds—unregulated territory which was presumably mostly destroyed by bombs.  The totalitarian government teaches that love is a disease, named "Amor deliria nervosa", commonly referred to as "the deliria". A surgical cure for the deliria has been developed and is mandatory for citizens 18 years old and over. Lena has looked forward to the procedure for years, convinced as she is by the government that love is a horrible disease that must be destroyed from mankind's system. Lena is an orphan, living with her aunt, uncle and her 2 cousins. Lena has a sister, who was 'cured' and married.  Lena's best friend, Hana, is prettier, more popular and richer than Lena. While Lena is obedient, stays home after curfew and listens to DFA approved music, Hana is rebellious and goes to underground parties after curfew and listens to music that is banned by the DFA  However, mere months before her scheduled procedure, Lena falls in love with an Invalid (a person who has not taken the Cure and lives in the Wilds) named Alex. He was born in the Wilds outside the city, and pretends to be cured in order to live undetected in the city and partake in the resistance. He offers Lena the means of escape from the procedure that will destroy her ability to love. While trying to gain Lena's love, he finds out about her past life and family. When she mentions her "dead" mother and how she always kept a specific necklace with her, he knew who she was. Alex wanted to show Lena that her mother was alive. He brings her to the Crypts (a place where people who have not obeyed the rules stay) to show her that her mother was still alive. When they find the room where her Mother is, they find it empty, with a life-size hole in the wall where the letter 'O' was, in the word LOVE.  Ever since then, Lena thought that her whole childhood was a lie and wanted to leave the city and go to the Wilds. While Lena and Alex were trying to escape to the Wilds, Lena made it over the fence, but Alex got shot before he was able to, and he doesn't make it. Lena leaves the city and starts living in the Wilds, joining the rebels who oppose the procedure and the government.

Inspiration.

Lauren Oliver says that the inspiration for "Delirium" came to her one day at the gym. She had recently read a Gabriel Garcia Márquez essay where he said that all books were about either love or death. Since her first book, Before I Fall was about death, she wanted to write a book about love. At the gym she was watching a news report about a pandemic, and the two ideas combined in her head to form the central concept of the Delirium books.

Sequels.

"Delirium" is the first installment of a trilogy. Two books set between the first and second books, "Hana" and "Annabel", were released on February 28 and December 26, 2012 respectively. The second book, "Pandemonium", was released on February 28, 2012. The third and final book in the trilogy, "Requiem", was released on March 5, 2013. Another book, set between the second and third books of the trilogy, "Raven", was also released March 5, 2013.  The intermediate books were compiled into one book, "Delirium Stories" subtitled "Hana, Annabel, and Raven", released the same date. "Alex", also between the first and second books, was released with the first edition of the final book in the trilogy, "Requiem".

Adaptation.

Fox ordered a television pilot based on "Delirium". According to The Hollywood Reporter actress Emma Roberts was cast as Lena Haloway, the main role. In February 2013, Gregg Sulkin was cast as the role of Julian Fineman, one of Lena's love interests, but was changed to be the love interest of her best friend Hana Tate for the show. On February 25, 2013 Daren Kagasoff was cast as Alex Sheathes, the male lead and Lena's love interest. Karyn Usher penned the pilot, with Peter Chernin and Katherine Pope as executive producers. On March 1, 2013, Jeanine Mason was cast as Hana Tate. Fox later declined to pick up the pilot.  The pilot episode was picked up by Hulu and was available to stream for a limited time beginning on June 20, 2014.

Reception.

Delirium was a New York Times bestseller. It was released to largely positive reviews, including starred reviews from Kirkus Reviews and the School Library Journal. NPR wrote, "Oliver writes beautifully, with well-measured mastery. The references to The Book of Shhh and The Safety, Health and Happiness Handbook, 12th edition, are exquisitely artful touches."

Delirium is a dystopian young adult novel written by Lauren Oliver, published on January 1, 2011, by HarperCollins (HarperTeen), about a young girl, Lena Haloway, who falls in love in a society where love is seen as a disease. The novel is the first part of a trilogy, followed by Pandemonium.

Delirium (auch als Amor-Deliria-Nervosa bekannt) ist der erste Band der Amor-Trilogie der US-amerikanischen Autorin Lauren Oliver. In Deutschland ist der Jugendroman 2011 im Carlsen-Verlag erschienen.


Franchise history.

The early years.

Basketball has been played in the town of Worthing since 1984, when Worthing Bears called the Worthing Leisure Centre home (the Thunderdome). In 1999, to build on their popularity and boost commercial revenue the Bears decided to relocate to the nearby city of Brighton, where the franchise had originally started. Disappointed local Bears fans, looking for a new team to follow, quickly snapped up the franchise of struggling Stevenage and in 1999, soon after the Bears had moved out, Worthing Thunder was born.  An excellent debut season, playing as the Worthing Rebels, saw them finish runners up in the National Basketball League Division 1, with a 21–3 record, compared to champions Teesside Mohawks' 22–2 record, as well as reaching the National Trophy final, losing 81–78 to Teesside at the Sheffield Arena in Sheffield. The following year, 2001, saw the Thunder finish again as runners-up in the renamed NBL Conference (16–5) as well as the Playoff final, both times losing out to Plymouth Raiders.  Worthing's first silverware came in 2004 in the form of the National Trophy, a competition they had finished runners up for the two years previous (2002 and 2003). The 86–72 win against the Sutton Pumas at the University of Worcester capped off a less than memorable league campaign, where the team finished 5th in the new English Basketball League Conference (15–7).  The 2004–2005 season saw mild improvement on the league standings, finishing 4th with a less favourable 13–9 record, but the Southerners did reach the National Trophy final for the fourth time in five years, losing out this time to league winners Sheffield Arrows 83–76. However it was the 2005–2006 season that would see Worthing's biggest triumph to date, crowned as EBL Division 1 winners with a 23–3 record. The Championship playoffs were beyond reach though as the Thunder succumbed to second place Reading Rockets in the showpiece final at Birmingham's National Indoor Arena, losing by 4 points 103–99.  The feats of 2005–2006 were surpassed in the following season when as well as defending their league title with a 21–1 record, Thunder reached both the National Cup and National Trophy finals, losing the former to Manchester Magic and the latter to Reading Rockets. Some element of revenge was gained at the end of the season however, when Worthing defeated Manchester Magic at Newcastle's Metro Radio Arena to claim their first ever play-off Championship title with a 102–94 victory.  On 6 February 2008, it was officially announced that the club would be exchanging hands to a new-look board of directors in a bid to step up to the elite British Basketball League, for the 2008–2009 season. This came just months after the club declined an invitation to compete in the BBL for the 2007–2008 season, a decision which angered some fans and prompted a rival bid for the area franchise from the Brighton Cougars, which eventually failed.  Thunder ended the 2007–2008 rather disappointingly compared to their usually high standards, finishing the League campaign in 3rd place behind rivals Manchester and Reading. After losing not only the National Cup Final 104–89 to Manchester, but also the National Trophy in an 84–68 demolition by Reading, the last chance of silverware was squandered as they fell at the first hurdle in the post-season Play-offs.  However, after years of entertaining the idea of returning top-flight basketball to Worthing, the club felt the time was then right and the decision was made to make the move to the British Basketball League, officially being accepted in May 2008.

Step-up to BBL.

Though Coach Gary Smith retained the bulk of Thunder's Division One roster, players such as Dan Wardrope (Guildford Heat) and Lijah Perkins (London Capital) were brought in to give the team much needed top-flight experience. Thunder's campaign tipped-off ironically against an old foe in Plymouth Raiders, who also made the jump from the EBL several years earlier. The game ended in a disappointing 80–104 defeat for Worthing, and it wasn't until the third game, a road trip to Cheshire Jets, that Thunder grabbed their first win in the BBL with a 91–97 victory. Their season was a mixed one overall, and even though they managed to compete with the big-boys – including a 109–99 victory at home to Scottish Rocks and an 85–88 away win at Sheffield Sharks – Worthing finished one-place above bottom London with a 10–23 record.

Season-by-season records.

Notes:

The Worthing Thunder are an English semi-professional basketball club from Worthing, Sussex, England. Founded in 1999, Thunder competed in the top-tier British Basketball League between 2008 and 2011, having previously dominated the second-tier English Basketball League winning back-to-back Division 1 titles in 2006 and 2007. In the summer of 2011, Thunder returned to Division 1 of the English Basketball League, where they have remained ever since.

Worthing Thunder ist ein Basketballverein aus Worthing in England. Der Verein wurde 1999 nach dem Umzug der "Stevenage Rebels" nach Sussex als Worthing Rebels gegründet und fand 2008 unter dem Thunder Aufnahme in die geschlossene Profiliga British Basketball League (BBL), der man jedoch nur drei Spielzeiten angehörte. Seit 2011 spielt man wieder im Ligensystem von England Basketball, in dem man 2013 als Tabellensiebter das Finalspiel der „"Englisch Basketball League" (EBL) Division One“ erreichte.


Plot.

It starred E. G. Marshall and Robert Reed as father-and-son defense attorneys who specialized in legally complex cases, with defendants such as neo-Nazis, conscientious objectors, demonstrators of the Civil Rights Movement, a schoolteacher fired for being an atheist, an author accused of pornography, and a physician charged in a mercy killing.

Production.

Development.

The series was a slight reworking of Rose's 1957 two-part drama, "The Defender", from the anthology series "Studio One". In the original program, Ralph Bellamy played the father and William Shatner played his son. Shatner guest-starred in various roles in the later series, and the original drama later was incorporated into an episode of his series, "Boston Legal".  According to creator Reginald Rose, "the law is the subject of our programs: not crime, not mystery, not the courtroom for its own sake. We were never interested in producing a 'who-done-it' which simply happened to be resolved each week in a flashy courtroom battle of wits." And unlike "Perry Mason", which also ran on CBS, victory was "far from certain on "The Defenders"—as were morality and justice."  Topics featured in the series included abortion, capital punishment, "no-knock" searches, custody rights of adoptive parents, the insanity defense, the "poisoned fruit doctrine", immigration quotas, the Hollywood blacklist, jury nullification, and Cold War visa restrictions.

Controversial episodes.

A 1962 episode entitled "The Benefactor"—in which the father–son legal team defended an abortionist—was the most controversial; all of the series' three regular advertisers (Brown & Williamson, Lever Brothers and Kimberly-Clark) refused to sponsor the episode, so it was only transmitted after a last-minute sponsor was found, [Speidel Watches], for a discounted advertising rate. In 2008, this incident was used as the basis for a second season episode of the drama "Mad Men", set in the 1960s.  The December 7, 1963 episode, "Climate of Evil," was originally titled "The Gentle Assassin", but was changed two weeks earlier in the aftermath of the John F. Kennedy assassination. In addition, the January 4, 1964 episode, "Clare Cheval Died in Boston", was originally scheduled for the weekend of the assassination, and subsequently had reference to "President Kennedy" deleted from the episode.

Broadcast history.

Note: The most frequent time slot for the series is in bold text.

Reception.

Awards.

"The Defenders" won 13 Emmy Awards (including three in a row for Outstanding Drama Series) and received an additional seven nominations. The Museum of Broadcast Communications called it "perhaps the most socially conscious series the medium has ever seen", a show "singularly resonant with New Frontier liberalism".  In 2002, "The Defenders" was ranked #31 on TV Guide's 50 Greatest TV Shows of All Time, and in 2013 "TV Guide" ranked it #8 in its list of The 60 Greatest Dramas of All Time.

Ratings.

As a top 30 series, "The Defenders" has an average rating of 23.2.

Home media.

On July 12, 2016, Shout! Factory released the complete first season on DVD in Region 1.

Sequel and spin-offs.

A re-envisioned version of the series debuted on the Showtime network in 1997. Still called "The Defenders", it featured E. G. Marshall in his original role as Lawrence Preston. However, the three Showtime films focused on Beau Bridges as Don Preston, a previously unmentioned second son of Lawrence, and Martha Plimpton as M.J., the daughter of Ken Preston, Robert Reed's character, who is said to have died (as had Reed in 1992). Don and M.J. worked as lawyers and carried on the family legacy. However, Marshall died after completion of the second episode ("Choice of Evils"). Production was halted and the remaining episode, "Taking the First", aired as a movie special in 1998.

References in other media.

The contains an episode named "The Benefactor" that featured a brief clip from "The Defenders" episode of the same name. In the "Mad Men" episode, the Sterling Cooper advertising agency is trying to secure sponsors for "The Defenders" episode, which contains a plot involving abortion (originally telecast on April 28, 1962), after the regular sponsors pulled out because they claimed the episode (and subject matter) was too controversial. The episode also offers a fictional backstory for the episode; that it was written for the third season of the series but rejected by the network for the usage of abortion as a plotline. The following season, the writers produced a script that revolved around the theme of cannibalism but the episode was rejected by the director who was assigned to film the episode due to the content. The director's refusal led to the network being forced to film the abortion-centric script, which an executive assigned to find advertisers for the show proclaims was the plan all along.

The Defenders is an American courtroom drama series that ran on CBS from 1961 to 1965. It was created by television writer Reginald Rose. Original music for the series was scored by Frank Lewin and Leonard Rosenman.

Preston & Preston (Originaltitel: "The Defenders") ist eine US-amerikanische Kriminalserie von Reginald Rose, die zwischen 1961 und 1965 für den US-Sender CBS produziert wurde.