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En-50504-2008-Validation-of-Arc-Welding-Equipment.pdf
|
list 1 od 25list 2 od 25list 3 od 25list 4 od 25list 5 od 25list 6 od 25list 7 od 25list 8 od 25list 9 od 25list 10 od 25list 11 od 25list 12 od 25list 13 od 25list 14 od 25list 15 od 25list 16 od 25list 17 od 25list 18 od 25list 19 od 25list 20 od 25list 21 od 25list 22 od 25list 23 od 25list 24 od 25list 25 od 25
|
ISO 8501-1 - EXTERNAL PICTORIAL PRESENTATION FOR SURFACE CLEANLINESS.pdf
|
Specialist distributor of steel and stainless steel abrasives Registration Number: 2006/008699/07
ISO 8501-1 Pictorial Standards of Cleanliness
ISO 8501-1 is a pictorial standard relating to surface cleanliness, amongst other methods, though abrasive
blasting. The original condition of steel surfaces prior to blasting are depicted in various stages of
corrosion as follows:
Grade A Grade B
Grade C Grade D
Grade A Steel surface largely covered with adhering mill scale but little, if any rust
Grade B Steel surface which has begun to rust and from which the mill scale has begun to flake
Grade C Steel surface on which the mill scale has ruted away or from which it can be scraped, but with slight
pitting visible under normal vision.
Grade D Steel surface on which the mill scale has rusted away and on which general pitting is visible under
normal vision
Standard notation usually, but not always, includes the original condition of steel before blasting i.e. “B Sa3”.
Pictorial standards of cleanliness (Sa1, Sa2, Sa2.5 and Sa3) are depicted overleaf.
Telephone: +27 (0)21 7891884 – Fax +27 (0)866685136
P O Box 59 · Noordhoek · 7979 · South Africa
email: [email protected] web: www.satactics.com
Director – C L DominionBlast-cleaning to Sa Standards
Blast cleaning to ISO 8501-1 Sa standards is a commonly used specification with pictorial and written
guidelines as follows:
Sa 1 Sa 2
Sa 2.5
Sa 3
Sa 1 Light blast -cleaning When viewed without magnification, the surface shall be free from
visible oil, grease and dirt. And from poorly adhering mill scale, rust, paint coatings and foreign
matter.
Sa 2 Thorough blast-cleaning When viewed without magnification, the surface shall be free
from visible oil, grease and dirt and from most of the mill scale, rust, paint coatings and foreign
matter. Any residual contamination shall be firmly adhering.
Sa 2½ Very thorough blast-cleaning When viewed without magnification, the surface shall
be free from visible oil, grease and dirt and from mill scale, rust, paint coatings and foreign matter.
Any remaining traces of contamination shall show only as slight stains in the form of spots or
stripes.
Sa 3 Blast-cleaning to visually clean steel When viewed without magnification, the surface shall
be free from visible oil, grease and dirt and from mill scale, rust, paint coatings and foreign matter.
It shall have a uniform metallic colour.
Telephone: +27 (0)21 7891884 – Fax +27 (0)866685136
P O Box 59 · Noordhoek · 7979 · South Africa
email: [email protected] web: www.satactics.com
Director – C L Dominion
|
ISO 8503-1 _ 8503-2 - SURFACE ROUGHNESS COMPRATOR.pdf
|
Data Sheet / Instructions
Surface Roughness Comparator
Paint Test Equipment
Coating Thickness Porosity Adhesion Inspection Kit SURFACE ROUGHNESS Surface Cleanliness GlossInternational Standards
ISO 8503-1 ASTM D 4417-A
ISO 8503-2
Surface Roughness Comparator
ISO 8503-1: Preparation of steel substrates A precision nickel Comparator plate for grit and shot-blast
before application of paints and related products. surface roughness comparison measurement.
Surface roughness characteristics of blast-cleaned
When steel has been blast-cleaned, the surface consists of
steel substrates.
random irregularities with peaks and valleys that are not
Part 1: Specifications and definitions for ISO
easily characterised.
surface profile comparators for the assessment of
Because of this random nature, experts have recommended
abrasive blast-cleaned surfaces.
that the profile should be identified as either angular (where
grit abrasives have been used) or dimpled (where shot
ISO 8503-2: Preparation of steel substrates abrasives have been used) and that they should be graded as
before application of paints and related products. fine, medium or coarse with each grade being defined by
Surface roughness characteristics of blast-cleaned limits specified in ISO 8503.
steel substrates.
Part 2: Method for the grading of surface profile of The Surface Roughness Comparator is supplied in a protective
Wallet.
abrasive blast-cleaned steel.
Comparator procedure.
The Surface Roughness Comparator can also be supplied with
a X5 Illuminated Magnifier in an industrial foam-filled Carrying
Case.
Surface Roughness Comparator Specifications
Part No Comparator Type Profile Segment 1 Profile Segment 2 Profile Segment 3 Profile Segment 4 Conformance
Cert Part No
R2006 Grit 25µm 60µm 100µm 150µm NRC01
1mils 2.4mils 4mils 6mils
R2007 Shot 25µm 40µm 70µm 100µm NRC01
1mils 1.6mils 2.8mils 4mils
R2008 Illuminated Magnifier X5. Includes Grit Comparator NRC01
R2009 Illuminated Magnifier X5. Includes Shot Comparator NRC01
R2010 Illuminated Magnifier X5. Includes Grit & Shot Comparators NRC01
Coating Thickness Porosity Adhesion Inspection Kit SURFACE ROUGHNESS Surface Cleanliness GlossOperation
Evaluation Care
Remove all loose dirt and debris from the test surface. Never place the Comparator face down on a rough surface.
Keep the Comparator in the protective Wallet provided when
Select the appropriate surface profile reference Comparator. not in use.
The Grit Comparator is for comparing profiles after
blast-cleaning with grit abrasives, and the Shot Comparator is If the Comparator becomes tarnished, wash with a dilute
for comparing profiles after blast-cleaning with shot abrasives. detergent solution and soft brush and dry with soft tissue.
Place the selected Comparator against an area of the test
surface.
Practical Advice
Compare in turn the test surface with the four segments of
the Comparator, using the Illuminated Magnifier if necessary.
The Surface Roughness Comparator method is applicable to
If the Illuminated Magnifier is used, place it so that the test
steel surfaces that have been blast-cleaned to grades Sa 2½
surface is viewed simultaneously with a segment of the
and Sa 3 when the surface under test shows an overall
Comparator.
blast-cleaned appearance.
Assess the profiles on the Comparator that are nearest to the
It is applicable to surfaces that have been cleaned with either
profile of the test surface and determine its grade from the
metallic or non-metallic abrasives.
following:
When a mixture of shot and grit abrasives are used to
Fine-grade profiles equal to segment 1 and up to but
blast-clean a substrate, the Grit Surface Roughness
excluding segment 2.
Comparator should be used.
Medium-grade profiles equal to segment 2 and up to but
excluding segment 3.
Coarse-grade profiles equal to segment 3 and up to but
excluding segment 4.
If any profile is assessed as below the lower limit for the fine
grading, assess this grading as finer than fine.
If any profile is assessed as greater than the upper limit for
the coarse grading, assess this grading as coarser than
coarse.
If visual assessment proves difficult, tactile assessment may
provide a useful guide.
It is possible to assess the closest grading by passing the back
of a fingernail or a wooden stylus held between thumb and
forefinger over the test surface and segments on the
Comparator alternately.
The 5X Illuminated Magnifier is used for viewing the Surface
Roughness Comparator.Paint Test Equipment reserves the right to alter specifications without prior notice. Copyright Paint Test Equipment.
Paint Test Equipment Distributor
3–4 The Courtyard
Greenfield Farm Estate
Congleton, Cheshire
CW12 4TR, England
www.paint-test-equipment.com
Tel: +44 (0)1260 275614
e-mail: [email protected]
|
EN 10684.pdf
|
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 10684:2004
TECHNICAL CORRIGENDUM 1
Published 2008-07-15
INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR STANDARDIZATION • МЕЖДУНАРОДНАЯ ОРГАНИЗАЦИЯ ПО СТАНДАРТИЗАЦИИ • ORGANISATION INTERNATIONALE DE NORMALISATION
Fasteners — Hot dip galvanized coatings
TECHNICAL CORRIGENDUM 1
Éléments de fixation — Revêtements de galvanisation à chaud
RECTIFICATIF TECHNIQUE 1
Technical Corrigendum 1 to ISO 10684:2004 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 2, Fasteners,
Subcommittee SC 1, Mechanical properties of fasteners.
Page 6, Table 1, column 12, bottom row, line 2
Delete “398”, insert “298”.
A revised version of Table 1 appears overleaf.
ICS 21.060.01; 25.220.40 Ref. No. ISO 10684:2004/Cor.1:2008(E)
© ISO 2008 – All rights reserved
Published in Switzerland
95:61:41
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drassoB-OSVNS-daolnwoD-nemroN2
©
ISO
2008
–
All
rights
reserved
ISO
10684:2004/Cor.1:2008(E)
Table 1 — Fundamental deviations and upper limits of coating thicknesses for assemblies with nuts tapped oversize
Nominal
Minimum clearance and maximum coating thickness for thread combinations
Pitch thread Fundamental deviation
(for information)
diameter
Internal External
AZ/h AZ/g AX/h AX/g
thread thread
Maximum Maximum Maximum Maximum
Minimum Minimum Minimum Minimum
P d AZ AX h g coating coating coating coating
clearance clearance clearance clearance
thickness thickness thickness thickness
mm mm µm µm µm µm µm µm µm µm µm µm µm µm
1,25 8 + 325a + 255a 0 − 28 325 81 353 88 255 64 283 71
1,5 10 + 330 + 310 0 − 32 330 83 362 91 310 78 342 86
1,75 12 + 335 + 365 0 − 34 335 84 369 92 365 91 399 100
2 16 (14) + 340 + 420 0 − 38 340 85 378 95 420 105 458 115
2,5 20 (18,22) + 350 + 530 0 − 42 350 88 392 98 530 133 572 143
3 24 (27) + 360 + 640 0 − 48 360 90 408 102 640 160 688 172
3,5 30 (33) + 370 + 750 0 − 53 370 93 423 106 750 188 803 201
4 36 (39) + 380 + 860 0 − 60 380 95 440 110 860 215 920 230
4,5 42 (45) + 390 + 970 0 − 63 390 98 453 113 970 243 1 033 258
5 48 (52) + 400 + 1 080 0 − 71 400 100 471 118 1 080 270 1 151 288
5,5 56 (60) + 410 + 1 190 0 − 75 410 103 485 121 1 190 298 1 265 316
6 64 + 420 + 1 300 0 − 80 420 105 500 125 1 300 325 1 380 345
a The fundamental deviations for AZ and AX are calculated according to the formulae given in ISO 965-5 on the basis of the thread dimensions specified in Annex B.
95:61:41
01-01-8002-57122.rNfL-0682101.rNdK-GA
drassoB-OSVNS-daolnwoD-nemroN
|
cross cut hatch test refernce chart.pdf
|
Adhesion Cross Cut Test
The cross-cut test is a simple and easily practicable method
for evaluating the adhesion of single- or multi-coat systems.
Procedure
– Make a lattice pattern in the film with the appropriate
tool, cutting to the substrate
– Brush in diagonal direction 5 times each, using a brush
pen or tape over the cut and remove with Permacel tape
– Examine the grid area using an illuminated magnifier
ISO Class.: 2 / ASTM Class.: 3 B
Cross-Cut Results
The coating has flaked along the edges and/or at the
Adhesion is rated in accordance with the scale below. intersections of the cuts. A cross-cut area significantly
greater than 5 %, but not significantly greater than 15 %,
is affected.
ISO Class.: 0 / ASTM Class.: 5 B ISO Class.: 3 / ASTM Class.: 2 B
The edges of the cuts are completely smooth; none of the The coating has flaked along the edges of the cuts partly or
squares of the lattice is detached. wholly in large ribbons, and/or it has flaked partly or wholly
on different parts of the squares. A cross-cut area
significantly greater than 15 %, but not significantly greater
than 35 %, is affected.
ISO Class.: 1 / ASTM Class.: 4 B ISO Class.: 4 / ASTM Class.: 1 B
Detachment of small flakes of the coating at the The coating has flaked along the edges of the cuts in large
intersections of the cuts. A cross-cut area not significantly ribbons and/or some squares have detached partly or
greater than 5 % is affected. wholly. A cross-cut area significantly greater than 35 %, but
not significantly greater than 65 %, is affected.
ISO Class.: 5 / ASTM Class.: 0 B
Standards
Any degree of flaking that cannot even be classified by
ASTM D 3002 D 3359 classification 4.
DIN EN ISO 2409
106 Phone 800-343-7721 • Fax 800-394-8215Parallel Groove Adhesion Test Adhesion
Cross Hatch Cutter Kit
Cross Hatch Cutter Kit
The Cross Hatch Cutter Kit provides a practical, low cost Permacel 99 Tape
and widely used method to evaluate adhesion.
Brush
Measurement of adhesion by tape test
Simple and easy to use
Each kit comes with a choice of one of three blades: fine Wrench
blade, medium blade or coarse blade. Cutter
Procedure
Uses the procedure on the previous page 106, and can also
be used for pull off adhesion by using the included tape. Magnifier
Standards
ASTM D 3359
Ordering Information Technical Specifications
Cat. No. Description Price Blade Spacing No. Of Cutting Teeths
TAR-8601 Cross Hatch Cutter Kit $ 208.00 fine 0.04 in (1.0 mm) 11
TAR-8602 Cross Hatch Cutter Kit $ 208.00 medium 0.06 in (1.5 mm) 11
TAR-8603 Cross Hatch Cutter Kit $ 208.00 coarse 0.08 in (2.0 mm) 6
Comes complete with:
Blade with holder / handle
Hex wrench for changing blades
Extra clamp screw
Small cleaning brush
Lighted magnifier
One roll of Permacel 99 Adhesive Tape
Plastic case
Ordering Information Accessories
Cat. No. Description Price Blade Spacing No. Of Teeth
TAR-8640 Replacement Blade $ 85.00 fine 0.04 in (1.0 mm) 11
TAR-8641 Replacement Blade $ 85.00 medium 0.06 in (1.5 mm) 11
TAR-8642 Replacement Blade $ 85.00 coarse 0.08 in (2.0 mm) 6
TAR-8660 Replacement Tape $ 31.00 Permacel 99, 1 in x 72 yds
Phone 800-343-7721 • Fax 800-394-8215 107Adhesion Parallel Groove Adhesion Test
Cross-Cut Tester
The BYK-Gardner Cross-Cut Tester consists of multi-cut
tools with 1 cutting edge in its simple version or 6 cutting
edges in its round version for longer lifetime.
Standards prescribe the following spaces between two cuts:
film thickness
up to 2 mils (60 µm) 1 mm cutter spacing
film thickness
up to 5 mils (120 µm) 2 mm cutter spacing
film thickness
more than 5 mils (120 µm) 3 mm cutter spacing
Standards
ASTM D 3002 D 3359
DIN EN ISO 2409
Ordering Information Technical Specifications
Cat. No. Description Price Standard No. Of No. Of Cutter Spacing Hex Wrench
Teeth Cutting Edges included
TAB-5121 Cross-Cut Tester 1.5 mm $ 473.00 ASTM 11 6 0.06 in (1.5 mm) —
TAB-5123 Cross-Cut Tester 1 mm $ 284.00 ASTM 11 1 0.04 in (1 mm) yes
TAB-5127 Cross-Cut Tester 1.5 mm $ 284.00 ASTM 11 1 0.06 in (1.5 mm) yes
TAB-5120 Cross-Cut Tester 1 mm $ 473.00 DIN / ISO 6 6 0.04 in (1 mm) —
TAB-5122 Cross-Cut Tester 2 mm $ 473.00 DIN / ISO 6 6 0.08 in (2 mm) —
TAB-5125 Cross-Cut Tester 1 mm $ 284.00 DIN / ISO 6 1 0.04 in (1 mm) yes
TAB-5126 Cross-Cut Tester 2 mm $ 284.00 DIN / ISO 6 1 0.08 in (2 mm) yes
TAB-5128 Cross-Cut Tester 3 mm $ 360.00 DIN / ISO 6 1 0.12 in (3 mm) yes
Comes complete with: Cross-Cut tester made of high alloy steel
Cross-Cut Tester with blade
Hex wrench for changing blades
Magnifier
Cleaning brush
Plastic carrying case
Operating instructions
108 Phone 800-343-7721 • Fax 800-394-8215
|
EN 10029.pdf
|
BS EN 10029 : 1991
Tolerances on dimensions, shape and mass for hot rolled steel plates 3mm thick or above
Tolerances on dimensions
Thickness
At the time of enquiry and order the purchaser shall indi-
Tolerances on thickness are given in table 1. Plates may
cate if class A, B, C or D tolerances are required.
be supplied with either:
- class A: for minus thickness tolerances depending
Additionally and within the tolerance limits in nominal
on the nominal thickness;
thickness, the tolerances between minimum and maxi-
- class B: for a fixed minus tolerance of 0.3mm;
mum thickness of an individual plate given in table 1 shall
- class C: for all plus tolerances depending on the
apply to class A, B, C and D tolerances.
nominal thickness;
- class D: for symmetrical tolerances depending on
For permissible limits concerning surface imperfections
the nominal thickness.
and requirementsfor repair EN 10163 Parts 1 and 2 apply.
Table 1. Tolerances on thickness - dimensions in mm
Nominal Tolerances on the nominal thickness 1) Maximum thickness difference within a plate
thickness Class A Class B Class C Class D Nominal plate width
Lower Upper Lower Upper Lower Upper Lower Upper > 600 > 2000 > 2500 > 3000 > 3500 > 4000
< 2000 < 2500 < 3000 < 3500 < 4000
> 3 < 5 - 0.4 + 0.8 - 0.3 + 0.9 - 0 + 1.2 - 0.6 + 0.6 0.8 0.9 0.9 - - -
> 5 < 8 - 0.4 + 1.1 - 0.3 + 1.2 - 0 + 1.5 - 0.75 + 0.75 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.0 - -
> 8 < 15 - 0.5 + 1.2 - 0.3 + 1.4 - 0 + 1.7 - 0.85 + 0.85 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.2
> 15 < 25 - 0.6 + 1.3 - 0.3 + 1.6 - 0 + 1.9 - 0.92 + 0.92 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.4
> 25 < 40 - 0.8 + 1.4 - 0.3 + 1.9 - 0 + 2.2 - 1.1 + 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.4
> 40 < 80 - 1.0 + 1.8 - 0.3 + 2.5 - 0 + 2.8 - 1.4 + 1.4 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.6
> 80 <150 - 1.0 + 2.2 - 0.3 + 2.9 - 0 + 3.2 - 1.6 + 1.6 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.7
>150 <250 - 1.2 + 2.4 - 0.3 + 3.3 - 0 + 3.6 - 1.8 + 1.8 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.7 -
1) These thickness tolerances apply outside ground areas
Width
Tolerances on width are given in table 2.
Table 2. Tolerances on width - dimensions in mm
Tolerances on width for plates with untrimmed edgs
(NK) shall be the subject of agreement between the
Nominal width Tolerances
manufacturer and purchaser at the time of enquiry and
Lower Upper
order.
> 600 < 2000 0 + 20
Length > 2000 < 3000 0 + 25
Tolerances on length are given in table 3. > 3000 0 + 30
Tolerances on shape
Edge camber and out-of squareness
The edge camber and the out-of squareness of a plate Table 3. Tolerances on width of sheet and wide
shall be limited so that it shall be possible to inscribe strip - dimensions in mm
a rectangle with the dimensions of the ordered plate
Nominal length Tolerances
within the delivered size.
Lower Upper
Additionally, if agreed at the time of the enquiry and
< 4000 0 + 20
order, edge camber shall be limited to 0.2% of the
> 4000 < 6000 0 + 30
actual length of the plate and out-of squareness to 1%
> 6000 < 8000 0 + 40
of the actual width of the plate (G).
> 8000 < 10000 0 + 50
> 10000 < 15000 0 + 75
Flatness
> 15000 < 20000 1) 0 + 100
Tolerances on flatness are given in table 4 for normal
1) Tolerances on plates with a nominal length > 20000 mm shall
tolerances and in table 5 for special tolerances. Unless
be agreed at the time of the enquiry and order.
otherwise specified in the order, the plates shall be
supplied with normal tolerances.
Parkers
BBUUYY SSTTEEEELL OONNLLIINNEE
BS EN ISO 9002 : 1994
www.parkersteel.co.ukThe steel types according to tables 4 and 5 are defined as follows.
Steel type L: Products with a specified minimum yield strength < 460 N/mm2, neither quenched nor quenched
and tempered.
Steel type H: Products with a specified minimum yield strength > 460 N/mm2 and < 700 N/mm2 and all grades of
quenched and quenched and tempered products.
Table 4. Normal tolerances for atness, Class N If the distance between the points of contact of the
dimensions in mm straight-edge and the plate is < 1000 mm the permissible
deviation from flatness shall comply with the following
Nominal thickness Steel type L Steel type H
requirements:
Measuring length
1000 2000 1000 2000
for steel type L max. 1% or for steel type H max. 1.5%
of the distance between points of contact on the plate
> 3 < 5 9 14 12 17
between 300 mm to 1000 mm, but not exceeding the
> 5 < 8 8 12 11 15
values given in table 4.
> 8 < 15 7 11 10 14
> 15 < 25 7 10 10 13
> 25 < 40 6 9 9 12
> 40 < 250 5 8 8 11
Table 5. Special tolerances for atness, class S - dimensions in mm
Nominal thickness Steel type L 1) Steel type H
Plate width
< 2750 > 2750
Measuring length
1000 2000 1000 2000 1000 2000
> 3 < 8 4 8 5 10 Shall be agreed at the
> 8 < 250 3 6 6 6 time of enquiry and order
1) Tighter tolerances shall be the subject of special agreement at the time of enquiry and order
If the distance between the points of contact of the straight-edge and the plate is < 1000 mm the permissible deviation
from flatness shall comply with the following requirements:
max. 0.5% of the distance between the points of contact, but not exceeding the values in table 5 and not < 2 mm.
Parkers
BBUUYY SSTTEEEELL OONNLLIINNEE
BS EN ISO 9002 : 1994
www.parkersteel.co.uk
|
ISO standard paints_and_varnishes.pdf
|
Contents
Vol. 3
ISO 4618:2006 Paints and varnishes – Terms and definitions ............. 1
ISO 8501-1:2007 Preparation of steel substrates before application of
paints and related products – Visual assessment of
surface cleanliness – Part 1: Rust grades and
preparation grades of uncoated steel substrates and
of steel substrates after overall removal of previous
coatings .................................................... 75
ISO 8501-2:1994 Preparation of steel substrates before application of
paints and related products – Visual assessment of
surface cleanliness – Part 2: Preparation grades of
previously coated steel substrates after localized
removal of previous coatings .............................. 99
ISO 8501-3:2006 Preparation of steel substrates before application of
paints and related products – Visual assessment of
surface c leanliness – Part 3: Preparation grades of
welds, edges and other areas with surface
imperfections ............................................... 131
ISO 8501-4:2006 Preparation of steel substrates before application of
paints and related products – Visual assessment of
surface cleanliness – Part 4: Initial surface conditions,
preparation grades and flash rust grades in connection
with high-pressure water jetting ........................... 143
ISO 8502-2:2005 Preparation of steel substrates before application
of paints and related products – Tests for the
assessment of surface cleanliness – Part 2: Laboratory
determination of chloride on cleaned surfaces
(corrected version) ......................................... 163
1030ISO 8502-3:1992 Preparation of steel substrates before application
of paints and related products – Tests for the
assessment of surface cleanliness – Part 3:
Assessment of dust on steel surfaces prepared
for painting (pressure-sensitive tape method) ............. 177
ISO 8502-4:1993 Preparation of steel substrates before application
of paints and related products – Tests for the
assessment of surface cleanliness – Part 4:
Guidance on the estimation of the probability
of condensation prior to paint application. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
ISO 8502-5:1998 Preparation of steel substrates before application
of paints and related products – Tests for the
assessment of surface cleanliness – Part 5:
Measurement of chloride on steel surfaces
prepared for painting (ion detection tube method) ......... 215
ISO 8502-6:2006 Preparation of steel substrates before application
of paints and related products – Tests for the
assessment of surface cleanliness – Part 6:
Extraction of soluble contaminants for analysis
– The Bresle method ...................................... 223
ISO 8502-8:2001 Preparation of steel substrates before application
of paints and related products – Tests for the
assessment of surface cleanliness – Part 8: Field
method for the r efractometric determination of
moisture .................................................... 237
ISO 8502-9:1998 Preparation of steel substrates before application
of paints and related products – Tests for the
assessment of surface cleanliness – Part 9: Field
method for the c onductometric determination of
water-soluble salts ......................................... 251
ISO 8502-11:2006 Preparation of steel substrates before application
of paints and related products – Tests for the
assessment of surface cleanliness – Part 11:
Field method for the t urbidimetric determination
of water-soluble sulfate .................................... 263
ISO 8502-12:2003 Preparation of steel substrates before application
of paints and related products – Tests for the
assessment of surface cleanliness – Part 12:
Field method for the t itrimetric determination of
water-soluble ferrous ions ................................. 275
1030 1031ISO 8503-1:2012 Preparation of steel substrates before application of
paints and related products – Surface roughness
characteristics of blast-cleaned steel substrates
– Part 1: Specifications and definitions for ISO surface
profile comparators for the assessment of abrasive
blast-cleaned surfaces. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
ISO 8503-2:2012 Preparation of steel substrates before application of
paints and related products – Surface roughness
characteristics of blast-cleaned steel substrates
– Part 2: Method for the grading of surface profile of
abrasive blast-cleaned steel – Comparator procedure .... 303
ISO 8503-3:2012 Preparation of steel substrates before application of
paints and related products – Surface roughness
characteristics of blast-cleaned steel substrates
– Part 3: Method for the calibration of ISO surface
profile comparators and for the determination of
surface profile – Focusing microscope procedure ......... 315
ISO 8503-4:2012 Preparation of steel substrates before application
of paints and related products – Surface roughness
characteristics of blast-cleaned steel substrates
– Part 4: Method for the calibration of ISO surface
profile comparators and for the determination of
surface – Stylus instrument procedure ..................... 333
ISO 8503-5:2003 Preparation of steel substrates before application
of paints and related products – Surface roughness
characteristics of blast-cleaned steel substrates
– Part 5: Replica tape method for the determination
of the surface profile ........................................ 349
ISO 8504-1:2000 Preparation of steel substrates before application
of paints and related products – Surface preparation
methods – Part 1: General principles ..................... 363
ISO 8504-2:2000 Preparation of steel substrates before application
of paints and related products – Surface preparation
methods – Part 2: Abrasive blast-cleaning. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375
ISO 8504-3:1993 Preparation of steel substrates before application
of paints and related products – Surface preparation
methods – Part 3: Hand- and power-tool cleaning ....... 395
1032ISO 11124-1:1993 Preparation of steel substrates before application
of paints and related products – Specifications for
metallic blast-cleaning abrasives – Part 1: General
introduction and classification ............................. 405
ISO 11124-2:1993 Preparation of steel substrates before application
of paints and related products – Specifications for
metallic blast-cleaning abrasives – Part 2:
Chilled-iron grit ............................................. 415
ISO 11124-3:1993 Preparation of steel substrates before application
of paints and related products – Specifications for
metallic blast-cleaning abrasives – Part 3:
High-carbon cast-steel shot and grit ...................... 425
ISO 11124-4:1993 Preparation of steel substrates before application
of paints and related products – Specifications for
metallic blast-cleaning abrasives – Part 4:
Low-carbon cast-steel shot ............................... 437
ISO 11125-1:1993 Preparation of steel substrates before application
of paints and related products – Test methods for
metallic blast-cleaning abrasives – Part 1: Sampling ..... 447
ISO 11125-2:1993 Preparation of steel substrates before application of
paints and related products – Test methods for metallic
blast-cleaning abrasives – Part 2: Determination of
particle size distribution .................................... 457
ISO 11125-3:1993 Preparation of steel substrates before application
of paints and related products – Test methods for
metallic blast-cleaning abrasives – Part 3:
Determination of hardness ................................ 467
ISO 11125-4:1993 Preparation of steel substrates before application
of paints and related products – Test methods for
metallic blast-cleaning abrasives – Part 4:
Determination of apparent density ........................ 477
ISO 11125-5:1993 Preparation of steel substrates before application
of paints and related products – Test methods for
metallic blast-cleaning abrasives – Part 5:
Determination of percentage defective particles
and of microstructure ...................................... 485
ISO 11125-6:1993 Preparation of steel substrates before application
of paints and related products – Test methods for
metallic blast-cleaning abrasives – Part 6:
Determination of foreign matter ........................... 495
1032 1033ISO 11125-7:1993 Preparation of steel substrates before application
of paints and related products – Test methods for
metallic blast-cleaning abrasives – Part 7:
Determination of moisture ................................. 503
ISO 11126-1:1993 Preparation of steel substrates before application
of paints and related products – Specifications for
non-metallic blast-cleaning abrasives – Part 1:
General introduction and classification .................... 511
ISO 11126-1:1993 Preparation of steel substrates before application
/Cor 1:1997 of paints and related products – Specifications for
non-metallic blast-cleaning abrasives – Part 1:
General introduction and classification .................... 521
ISO 11126-1:1993 Preparation of steel substrates before application
/Cor 2:1997 of paints and related products – Specifications for
non-metallic blast-cleaning abrasives – Part 1:
General introduction and classification .................... 523
ISO 11126-3:1993 Preparation of steel substrates before application
of paints and related products – Specifications for
non-metallic blast-cleaning abrasives – Part 3:
Copper refinery slag ....................................... 525
ISO 11126-4:1993 Preparation of steel substrates before application
of paints and related products – Specifications for
non-metallic blast-cleaning abrasives – Part 4:
Coal furnace slag .......................................... 535
ISO 11126-5:1993 Preparation of steel substrates before application
of paints and related products – Specifications for
non-metallic blast-cleaning abrasives – Part 5:
Nickel refinery slag ......................................... 545
ISO 11126-6:1993 Preparation of steel substrates before application
of paints and related products – Specifications for
non-metallic blast-cleaning abrasives – Part 6:
Iron furnace slag ........................................... 553
ISO 11126-7:1995 Preparation of steel substrates before application
of paints and related products – Specifications for
non-metallic blast-cleaning abrasives – Part 7:
Fused aluminium oxide .................................... 563
ISO 11126-7:1995 Preparation of steel substrates before application
/Cor 1:1999 of paints and related products – Specifications for
non-metallic blast-cleaning abrasives – Part 7:
Fused aluminium oxide .................................... 571
1034ISO 11126-8:1993 Preparation of steel substrates before application
of paints and related products – Specifications for
non-metallic blast-cleaning abrasives – Part 8:
Olivine sand ................................................ 573
ISO 11126-9:1999 Preparation of steel substrates before application
of paints and related products – Specifications for
non-metallic blast-cleaning abrasives – Part 9:
Staurolite ................................................... 583
ISO 11126-10:2000 Preparation of steel substrates before application
of paints and related products – Specifications for
non-metallic blast-cleaning abrasives – Part 10:
Almandite garnet ........................................... 591
ISO 11127-1:2011 Preparation of steel substrates before application
of paints and related products – Test methods for
non-metallic blast-cleaning abrasives – Part 1:
Sampling ................................................... 601
ISO 11127-2:2011 Preparation of steel substrates before application
of paints and related products – Test methods for
non-metallic blast-cleaning abrasives – Part 2:
Determination of particle size distribution ................. 611
ISO 11127-3:2011 Preparation of steel substrates before application
of paints and related products – Test methods for
non-metallic blast-cleaning abrasives – Part 3:
Determination of apparent density ........................ 621
ISO 11127-4:2011 Preparation of steel substrates before application
of paints and related products – Test methods for
non-metallic blast-cleaning abrasives – Part 4:
Assessment of hardness by a glass slide test ............ 631
ISO 11127-5:2011 Preparation of steel substrates before application
of paints and related products – Test methods for
non-metallic blast-cleaning abrasives – Part 5:
Determination of moisture ................................. 639
ISO 11127-6:2011 Preparation of steel substrates before application
of paints and related products – Test methods for
non-metallic blast-cleaning abrasives – Part 6:
Determination of water-soluble contaminants by
conductivity measurement ................................ 647
1034 1035ISO 11127-7:2011 Preparation of steel substrates before application
of paints and related products – Test methods for
non-metallic blast-cleaning abrasives – Part 7:
Determination of water-soluble chlorides ................. 655
ISO 12944-1:1998 Paints and varnishes – Corrosion protection of
steel structures by protective paint systems
– Part 1: General introduction ............................. 663
ISO 12944-2:1998 Paints and varnishes – Corrosion protection of
steel structures by protective paint systems
– Part 2: Classification of environments ................... 675
ISO 12944-3:1998 Paints and varnishes – Corrosion protection of
steel structures by protective paint systems
– Part 3: Design considerations ........................... 689
ISO 12944-4:1998 Paints and varnishes – Corrosion protection of
steel structures by protective paint systems
– Part 4: Types of surfaces and surface preparation ..... 707
ISO 12944-5:2007 Paints and varnishes – Corrosion protection of
steel structures by protective paint systems
– Part 5: Protective paint systems ........................ 735
ISO 12944-6:1998 Paints and varnishes – Corrosion protection of
steel structures by protective paint systems
– Part 6: Laboratory performance test methods .......... 771
ISO 12944-7:1998 Paints and varnishes – Corrosion protection of
steel structures by protective paint systems
– Part 7: Execution and supervision of paint work ........ 787
ISO 12944-8:1998 Paints and varnishes – Corrosion protection of
steel structures by protective paint systems
– Part 8: Development of specifications for new
work and maintenance .................................... 801
ISO/TR 15235:2001 Preparation of steel substrates before application
of paints and related products – Collected
information on the effect of levels of water-soluble
salt contamination ......................................... 847
ISO 15741:2001 Paints and varnishes – Friction-reduction coatings
for the interior of on- and offshore steel pipelines
for non-corrosive gases ................................... 879
ISO 16276-1:2007 Corrosion protection of steel structures by protective
paint systems – Assessment of, and acceptance
criteria for, the adhesion/cohesion (fracturestrength)
of a coating – Part 1: Pull-off testing ...................... 909
1036ISO 16276-2:2007 Corrosion protection of steel structures by
protective paint systems – Assessment of, and
acceptance criteria for, the adhesion/cohesion
(fracturestrength) of a coating – Part 2: Cross-cut
testing and X-cut testing .................................. 925
ISO 19840:2004 Paints and varnishes – Corrosion protection
of steel structures by protective paint systems
– Measurement of, and acceptance criteria for,
the thickness of dry film on rough surfaces ............... 941
ISO 20340:2009 Paints and varnishes – Performance requirements
for protective paint systems for offshore and
related structures .......................................... 963
ISO 29601:2011 Paints and varnishes – Corrosion protection by
protective paint systems – Assessment of porosity
in a dry film ................................................. 993
1036 1037
|
ISO 23277.pdf
|
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 23277
First edition
2006-10-01
Non-destructive testing of welds —
Penetrant testing of welds — Acceptance
levels
Contrôle non destructif des assemblages soudés — Contrôle par
ressuage des soudures — Niveaux d'acceptation
Reference number
ISO 23277:2006(E)
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Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 23277 was prepared by the European Committee for Standardization (CEN) Technical Committee
CEN/TC 121, Welding (as EN 1289:1998 and its Amd.1:2002 and Amd.2:2003), and was adopted, under a
special “fast-track procedure”, by Technical Committee ISO/TC 44, Welding and allied processes,
Subcommittee SC 5, Testing and inspection of welds, in parallel with its approval by the ISO member bodies.
This document constitutes a consolidated version.
Requests for official interpretations of any aspect of this International Standard should be directed to the
Secretariat of ISO/TC 44/SC 5 via your national standards body. A complete listing of these bodies can be
found at http://www.iso.org.
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No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for ResaleINTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 23277:2006(E)
Non-destructive testing of welds — Penetrant testing
of welds — Acceptance levels
1 Scope
This International Standard specifies acceptance levels for indications from surface breaking imperfections in
metallic welds detected by penetrant testing.
The acceptance levels are primarily intended for use during manufacture examination, but where appropriate
they can be used for in-service inspection.
The acceptance levels in this International Standard are based on detection capabilities that can be expected
when using techniques specified in ISO 3452 and parameters recommended in Annex A. The acceptance
levels can be related to welding standards, application standards, specifications or codes. Such a relationship
is shown in ISO 17635 for ISO 5817 and ISO 10042.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 3452, Non-destructive testing — Penetrant inspection — General principles
ISO 3452-2, Non-destructive testing — Penetrant testing — Part 2: Testing of penetrant materials
ISO 5817, Welding — Fusion-welded joints in steel, nickel, titanium and their alloys (beam welding
excluded) — Quality levels for imperfections
ISO 10042, Welding — Arc-welded joints in aluminium and its alloys — Quality levels for imperfections
ISO 12706, Non-destructive testing — Terminology — Terms used in penetrant testing
ISO 17635, Non-destructive testing of welds — General rules for fusion welds in metallic materials
ISO/TS 18173, Non-destructive testing — General terms and definitions
EN 1330-2, Non-destructive testing — Terminology — Part 2: Terms common to the non-destructive testing
methods
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO/TS 18173, EN 1330-2 and
ISO 12706 and the following apply.
3.1
linear indication
indication having a length greater than three times its width
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3.2
non-linear indication
indication having a length less than or equal to three times its width
4 Testing parameters
4.1 General
Many parameters, either individually or in combination, will affect the shape and size of a penetrant indication
produced by a weld imperfection.
The following items are significant factors that will affect the shape and size of indications.
4.2 Sensitivity
Penetrant materials are classified in accordance with ISO 3452-2, including a sensitivity level which relates to
the ability to detect small imperfections. Generally higher sensitivity materials should be used for the detection
of small imperfections.
4.3 Surface condition
Surface condition is directly related to the minimum detectable imperfection size. Best results are normally
achieved when inspecting smooth surfaces. Surface roughness or irregularities (e. g. undercut, spatter) can
cause high background and non-relevant indications resulting in a low probability of detection for small
imperfections.
4.4 Process and technique
Penetrant systems and techniques should be selected according to the test surface condition. In some cases
the choice will have a direct effect on the limits of reliable detection, for example the removal of excess
penetrant by swab cleaning on rough surfaces is not recommended when seeking small imperfections.
Guidance on these matters is given in Annex A and in ISO 3452.
5 Acceptance levels
5.1 General
The width of the test surface shall include the weld metal and the adjacent parent metal up to a distance of
10 mm on each side.
Indications produced by penetrant testing do not usually display the same size and shape characteristics as
the imperfection causing that indication. For the purposes of this standard, it is the size of the indication which
should be assessed against the values shown in Table 1.
Acceptance levels prescribed for linear indications are those corresponding to the evaluation level. Indications
lower than this shall not be taken into account. Normally, acceptable indications shall not be recorded.
Local grinding may be used to improve the classification of all or part of a test surface when it is required to
work to a higher detection limit than that recommended by the existing weld surface condition in Table A.1.
Acceptance levels for welds in metallic materials are given in Table 1.
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Table 1 — Acceptance levels for indications
Dimensions in millimetres
Acceptance level a
Type of indication
1 2 3
Linear indication
l u 2 l u 4 l u 8
l = length of indication
Non-linear indication
d u 4 d u 6 d u 8
d = major axis dimension
a Acceptance levels 2 and 3 may be specified with a suffix "X" which denotes that all linear indications detected shall be evaluated to
level 1. However the probability of detection of indications smaller than those denoted by the original acceptance level can be low.
5.2 Evaluation of indications
Initial evaluation shall be carried out as described in ISO 3452 and final evaluation of indication size shall be
carried out after a designated minimum development time has elapsed, and before the indication has
degenerated such that it no longer represents the causing imperfection.
5.3 Grouped indications
Any adjacent indications separated by less than the major dimension of the smaller shall be assessed as a
single, continuous indication.
Grouped indications shall be evaluated in accordance with an application standard.
5.4 Removal of imperfections
Where the product specification permits, local grinding may be used to reduce or remove imperfections which
are the cause of unacceptable indications. All such areas shall be re-tested and evaluated with the same
penetrant system and technique.
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Annex A
(informative)
Recommended testing parameters
The recommended parameters for reliable detection of small imperfections are given in Table A.1.
Table A.1 — Recommended testing parameters
Acceptance level Surface condition Type of penetrant system
1 Fine surface a Fluorescent penetrant system, normal
sensitivity or higher to ISO 3452-2. Colour
contrast penetrant, high sensitivity to
ISO 3452-2
2 Smooth surface b Any
3 General surface c Any
a The weld cap and parent material offer smooth clean surfaces with negligible undercut, rippling and spatter. The surface finish is
typical of welds made by automatic TIG-welding, submerged arc welding (fully mechanized) and manual metal arc welding process
using iron powder electrodes.
b The weld cap and parent material offer reasonably smooth surfaces with minimal undercut, rippling and spatter. The surface finish
is typical of welds made by manual metal arc welding vertical downwards and MAG welding using argon rich gas for the capping runs.
c The weld cap and parent material are in the as-welded condition. The surface finish is typical of welds produced by the manual
metal arc and MAG welding processes in any position.
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ICS 25.160.40
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ISO 8504-1-2000-03.pdf
|
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 8504-1
Secondedition
2000-03-01
Preparation of steel substrates before
application of paints and related
products — Surface preparation
methods —
Part 1:
General principles
Préparationdessubjectilesd'acieravantapplicationdepeinturesetde
produitsassimilés—Méthodesdepréparationdessubjectiles—
Partie1:Principesgénéraux
Referencenumber
ISO8504-1:2000(E)
©ISO2000ISO 8504-1:2000(E)
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thataproblemrelatingtoitisfound,pleaseinformtheCentralSecretariatattheaddressgivenbelow.
© ISO2000
Allrightsreserved.Unlessotherwisespecified,nopartofthispublicationmaybereproducedorutilizedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronic
ormechanical,includingphotocopyingandmicrofilm,withoutpermissioninwritingfromeitherISOattheaddressbeloworISO'smemberbody
inthecountryoftherequester.
ISOcopyrightoffice
Casepostale56(cid:1)CH-1211Geneva 20
Tel. +41227490111
Fax +41227341079
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Web www.iso.ch
PrintedinSwitzerland
ii ©ISO2000–AllrightsreservedISO 8504-1:2000(E)
Contents
Page
Foreword.....................................................................................................................................................................iv
Introduction.................................................................................................................................................................v
1 Scope..............................................................................................................................................................1
2 Normativereferences....................................................................................................................................1
3 General............................................................................................................................................................2
4 Conditionofthesurfacetobeprepared.....................................................................................................3
5 Selectionofthesurfacepreparationmethod.............................................................................................4
6 Selectionofthepreparationgrade..............................................................................................................5
7 Assessmentofthepreparedsurface...........................................................................................................5
©ISO2000–Allrightsreserved iiiISO 8504-1:2000(E)
Foreword
ISO(theInternationalOrganizationforStandardization)isaworldwidefederationofnationalstandardsbodies (ISO
member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical
committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has
the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in
liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical
Commission(IEC)onallmattersofelectrotechnicalstandardization.
InternationalStandardsaredraftedinaccordancewiththerulesgivenintheISO/IECDirectives,Part3.
Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting.
PublicationasanInternationalStandardrequiresapprovalbyatleast75%ofthememberbodiescastingavote.
Attention is drawn tothe possibilitythatsomeof theelements of this partof ISO8504 maybethesubjectof patent
rights.ISOshallnotbeheldresponsibleforidentifyinganyorallsuchpatentrights.
International Standard ISO8504-1 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC35, Paints and varnishes,
SubcommitteeSC12,Preparationofsteelsubstratesbeforeapplicationofpaintsandrelatedproducts.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 8504-1:1992), which has been updated and
editoriallyrevised.
ISO8504consistsofthefollowingparts,underthegeneraltitlePreparationofsteelsubstratesbeforeapplicationof
paintsandrelatedproducts—Surfacepreparationmethods:
(cid:1) Part1:Generalprinciples
(cid:1) Part2:Abrasiveblast-cleaning
(cid:1) Part3:Hand-andpower-toolcleaning
Furtherpartsareplanned.
iv ©ISO2000–AllrightsreservedISO 8504-1:2000(E)
Introduction
Theperformanceof protectivecoatings of paintandrelated products appliedto steelis significantlyaffected bythe
state of the steel surface immediately prior to painting. The principal factors that are known to influence this
performanceare:
a) thepresenceofrustandmillscale;
b) thepresenceofsurfacecontaminants,includingsalts,dust,oilsandgreases;
c) thesurfaceprofile.
International Standards ISO8501, ISO8502 and ISO8503 have been prepared to provide methods of assessing
these factors, while ISO8504 provides guidance on the preparation methods that are available for cleaning steel
substrates,indicatingthecapabilitiesofeachinattainingspecifiedlevelsofcleanliness.
These International Standards do not contain recommendations for the protective coating system to be applied to
the steel surface. Neither do they contain recommendations for the surface quality requirements for specific
situations even though surface qualitycan have a direct influence on the choice of protective coating to be applied
and on its performance. Such recommendations are found in other documents such as national standards and
codes of practice. It will be necessary for the users of these International Standards to ensure the qualities
specifiedare
(cid:1) compatibleandappropriatebothfortheenvironmentalconditionstowhichthesteelwillbeexposedandforthe
protectivecoatingsystemtobeused;
(cid:1) withinthecapabilityofthecleaningprocedurespecified.
ThefourInternationalStandardsreferredtobelowdealwiththefollowingaspectsofpreparationofsteelsubstrates:
ISO8501—Visualassessmentofsurfacecleanliness;
ISO8502—Testsfortheassessmentofsurfacecleanliness;
ISO8503—Surfaceroughnesscharacteristicsofblast-cleanedsteelsubstrates;
ISO8504—Surfacepreparationmethods.
EachoftheseInternationalStandardsisinturndividedintoseparateparts.
ThispartofISO8504describesthegeneralprinciplesfortheselectionofsurfacepreparationmethods.Itshouldbe
readinconjunction withISO8504-2 andsubsequentparts of ISO8504 that describe particular surface preparation
methods.
©ISO2000–Allrightsreserved vINTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 8504-1:2000(E)
Preparation of steel substrates before application of paints and
related products — Surface preparation methods —
Part 1:
General principles
1 Scope
This part of ISO8504 describes the general principles for the selection of methods for the preparation of steel
surfaces before application of paints and related products. It also contains information on features that must be
takenintoaccountbeforecertainsurfacepreparationmethodsandpreparationgradesareselectedandspecified.
2 Normative references
Thefollowingnormativedocumentscontainprovisionswhich,throughreferenceinthis text,constituteprovisions of
this part of ISO8504. For dated references, subsequent amendments to, or revisions of, any of these publications
do not apply. However, parties to agreements based on this part of ISO8504 are encouraged to investigate the
possibility of applying the most recent editions of the normative documents indicated below. For undated
references, the latest edition of the normative document referred to applies. Members of ISO and IEC maintain
registersofcurrentlyvalidInternationalStandards.
ISO4628-2:1982, Paintsandvarnishes—Evaluationofdegradationofpaintcoatings—Designationofintensity,
quantityandsizeofcommontypesofdefect—Part2:Designationofdegreeofblistering.
ISO4628-3:1982, Paintsandvarnishes—Evaluationofdegradationofpaintcoatings—Designationofintensity,
quantityandsizeofcommontypesofdefect—Part3:Designationofdegreeofrusting.
ISO4628-4:1982, Paintsandvarnishes—Evaluationofdegradationofpaintcoatings—Designationofintensity,
quantityandsizeofcommontypesofdefect—Part4:Designationofdegreeofcracking.
ISO4628-5:1982, Paintsandvarnishes—Evaluationofdegradationofpaintcoatings—Designationofintensity,
quantityandsizeofcommontypesofdefect—Part5:Designationofdegreeofflaking.
ISO8501-1:1988, Preparation of steel substrates before application of paints and related products — Visual
assessmentofsurfacecleanliness—Part1:Rustgradesandpreparationgradesofuncoatedsteelsubstratesand
ofsteelsubstratesafteroverallremovalofpreviouscoatings.
ISO8501-1:1988/Suppl:1994, Preparationofsteelsubstratesbeforeapplicationofpaintsandrelatedproducts—
Visual assessment of surface cleanliness — Part1: Rust grades and preparation grades of uncoated steel
substrates and of steel substrates after overall removal of previous coatings — Informative Supplement:
Representativephotographicexamplesofthechangeofappearanceimpartedtosteelwhenblast-cleanedwith
differentabrasives.
ISO8501-2:1994, Preparation of steel substrates before application of paints and related products — Visual
assessment of surface cleanliness — Part2: Preparation grades of previously coated steel substrates after
localizedremovalofpreviouscoatings.
©ISO2000–Allrightsreserved 1ISO 8504-1:2000(E)
ISO8501-3:—1), Preparation of steel substrates before application of paints and related products — Visual
assessmentofsurfacecleanliness—Part3:Preparationgradesofwelds,cutedgesandotherareaswithsurface
imperfections.
ISO/TR8502-1:1991,Preparationofsteelsubstratesbeforeapplicationofpaintsandrelatedproducts—Testsfor
theassessmentofsurfacecleanliness—Part1:Fieldtestforsolubleironcorrosionproducts.
ISO8502-2:1992,Preparationofsteelsubstratesbeforeapplicationofpaintsandrelatedproducts—Testsforthe
assessmentofsurfacecleanliness—Part2:Laboratorydeterminationofchlorideoncleanedsurfaces.
ISO8502-3:1992,Preparationofsteelsubstratesbeforeapplicationofpaintsandrelatedproducts—Testsforthe
assessmentofsurfacecleanliness—Part3:Assessmentofdustonsteelsurfacespreparedforpainting(pressure-
sensitivetapemethod).
ISO8502-4:1993,Preparationofsteelsubstratesbeforeapplicationofpaintsandrelatedproducts—Testsforthe
assessmentofsurfacecleanliness—Part4:Guidanceontheestimationoftheprobabilityofcondensationpriorto
paintapplication.
ISO8502-9:1998,Preparationofsteelsubstratesbeforeapplicationofpaintsandrelatedproducts—Testsforthe
assessmentofsurfacecleanliness—Part9:Fieldmethodfortheconductometricdeterminationofwater-soluble
salts.
ISO8502-10:1999, Preparationofsteelsubstratesbeforetheapplicationofpaintsandrelatedproducts—Tests
fortheassessmentofsurfacecleanliness—Part10:Fieldmethodforthetitrimetricdeterminationofwater-soluble
chloride.
ISO8503-1:1988, Preparationofsteelsubstratesbeforeapplicationofpaintsandrelatedproducts—Surface
roughnesscharacteristicsofblast-cleanedsteelsubstrates—Part1:SpecificationsanddefinitionsforISOsurface
profilecomparatorsfortheassessmentofabrasiveblast-cleanedsurfaces.
ISO8503-2:1988, Preparationofsteelsubstratesbeforeapplicationofpaintsandrelatedproducts—Surface
roughnesscharacteristicsofblast-cleanedsteelsubstrates—Part2:Methodforthegradingofsurfaceprofileof
abrasiveblast-cleanedsteel—Comparatorprocedure.
ISO8503-3:1988, Preparationofsteelsubstratesbeforeapplicationofpaintsandrelatedproducts—Surface
roughnesscharacteristicsofblast-cleanedsteelsubstrates—Part3:MethodforthecalibrationofISOsurface
profilecomparatorsandforthedeterminationofsurfaceprofile—Focusingmicroscopeprocedure.
ISO8503-4:1988, Preparationofsteelsubstratesbeforeapplicationofpaintsandrelatedproducts—Surface
roughnesscharacteristicsofblast-cleanedsteelsubstrates—Part4:MethodforthecalibrationofISOsurface
profilecomparatorsandforthedeterminationofsurfaceprofile—Stylusinstrumentprocedure.
ISO8504-2:2000, Preparationofsteelsubstratesbeforeapplicationofpaintsandrelatedproducts—Surface
preparationmethods—Part2:Abrasiveblast-cleaning.
ISO12944-4:1998,Paintsandvarnishes—Corrosionprotectionofsteelstructuresbyprotectivepaintsystems—
Part4:Typesofsurfaceandsurfacepreparation.
3 General
The primaryobjective of surface preparation is to ensure the removal of deleterious matter and to obtain a surface
that permits satisfactory adhesion of the priming paint to the steel. It will also assist in reducing the amounts of
contaminantsthatinitiatecorrosion.
1) Tobepublished.
2 ©ISO2000–AllrightsreservedISO 8504-1:2000(E)
Itisstressedthatthereisaverywidevariationin theconditionof steelsurfaces requiring cleaning prior topainting.
This particularly applies to maintenance of an already coated structure. The age of the structure and its location,
thequalityoftheprevioussurface,theperformanceoftheexistingcoatingsystemandtheextentofbreakdown,the
typeandseverityofpreviousandfuturecorrosionenvironments,andtheintendednewcoatingsystem allinfluence
theamountofpreparationrequired.
When selecting a surface preparation method, it is necessary to consider the preparation grade required to give a
level of surface cleanliness and, if required, a surface profile (roughness) appropriate to the coating system to be
appliedtothesteelsurface.Sincethecostofsurfacepreparationis usuallyinproportiontothelevel of cleanliness,
a preparation grade appropriate to the purpose and type of coating system or a coating system appropriate to the
preparationgradewhichcanbeachievedshouldbechosen.
Personnel carrying out surface preparation work shall have suitable equipment and sufficient technical knowledge
of the processes involved to enable them to carry out the work in accordance with the required specification. All
relevant health and safety regulations shall be observed. It is important that the surfaces to be treated are readily
accessibleandsufficientlyilluminated.Allsurfacepreparationworkshallbeproperlysupervisedandinspected.
Ifthespecifiedpreparationgradehas not beenachieved bythepreparationmethod selectedor whenthecondition
of the prepared surface has subsequently changed before the application of the coating system, relevant parts of
theprocedureshallberepeatedsoastoobtainthespecifiedpreparationgrade.
Detailsregardingthepreliminarytreatmentofwelds,theremovalofweldspatterandtheremovalofburrsandother
sharp edges shall be specified. These measures should normally be taken in connection with the manufacturing
processbeforethesurfacepreparation(seeISO8501-3formoreinformation).
4 Condition of the surface to be prepared
4.1 Assessment of the surfacecondition
As the cost of surface preparation is significantly influenced by the condition of the surface to be prepared,
information as given in a) or b) below should be available before particular surface preparation methods and
preparation grades are specified. The rust grade assessed in accordance with ISO8501-1 will determine which
representativephotographicexample(s)is(are)tobeusedinaccordancewithISO8501-1orISO8501-2.
a) Foruncoatedsurfaces
(cid:1) the type of steel (including special treatments that influence the surface preparation) and the thickness of
thesteel;
(cid:1) the worst rust grade, assessed in accordance with ISO8501-1, that is evident, together with any relevant
supplementarydetails(forexample"rustgradeD withheavyrustlayers");
(cid:1) supplementarydetailsconcerning,forexample,chemicaland/orothercontaminantssuchas water-soluble
corrosion-promotingsalts.
b) Forcoatedsurfaces
(cid:1) the type (for example type of binder and pigment), approximate film thickness, condition and age of the
coatingorcoatingsystem;
(cid:1) the degree of rusting assessed in accordance with ISO4628-3, together with any relevant supplementary
detailsonapparentunderrust;
(cid:1) thedegreeofblisteringassessedinaccordancewithISO4628-2;
(cid:1) thedegreeofcrackingassessedinaccordancewithISO4628-4;
©ISO2000–Allrightsreserved 3ISO 8504-1:2000(E)
(cid:1) thedegreeofflakingassessedinaccordancewithISO4628-5;
(cid:1) supplementarydetailsconcerning,forexample,adhesionandchemicaland/orothercontaminants.
4.2 Influence of on-site environmental conditions
In order to hold down the cost of surface preparation and because of possible severe contamination by corrosion-
stimulatingsubstancesthataredifficulttoremove,storageofunprotectedsteelinindustrialormarineenvironments
should be avoided. As far as possible, surface preparation should take place when rust grade A or B (or rust
gradeC for manual preparation) as defined by ISO8501-1 is present, followed by application of a suitable primer
assoonaspossible.
No surface preparation work using dry or moisture-injection (see ISO8504-2) blast-cleaning methods or other dry
surface preparation methods should be carried out on site during rainfall or other precipitation. To minimize
condensationonthesurface,the temperatureof the surfacebeingpreparedshould be higher (usuallyat least3°C
higher) than the dew point of the surrounding air. If the work has to be continued even under unfavourable
conditions, it is essential to take special precautions such as working under a cover, enclosing in a tent, warming
thesurfaceand/ordryingtheair(seeISO8502-4).
Surface preparation work in areas where there is a fire or explosion hazard requires special precautions (for
examplelow-spark,electrical-groundingorflame-freeprocedures).
4.3 Removal of contaminants
Oil, grease, dirt andsimilar contaminants shall be removed prior to surface preparation using the selected method.
Inaddition,priorremovalofheavy, firmlyadheringrustandmillscale bysuitablemanual or mechanical techniques
maybenecessary.
If specified or agreed, water-soluble contaminants, e.g. salt, shall be removed, using other techniques, prior to
and/orafterapplicationoftheselectedsurfacepreparationmethod.
SuitablemethodsforremovalofcontaminantsaredescribedinISO12944-4.
5 Selection of the surface preparation method
Theselectionofthemethodtobeusedforthepreparationofagivensurfacewilldependon
(cid:1) thesurfacecondition(seeclause4andISO8502andISO8503);
(cid:1) practicability (for example operating conditions, target dates, and health, safety and environmental
considerations such as evolution of dust, reduction of waste by choice of suitable blast-cleaning abrasives,
amountofwaterrequiredandflameapplication);
(cid:1) whetherthecompletesurfaceoronlypartsofitaretobeprepared;
(cid:1) thespecifiedorrequiredpreparationgrade;
(cid:1) thecoatingsystemtobeapplied;
(cid:1) economicconsiderations;
(cid:1) particular requirements with regard to operating conditions or the required result of the surface preparation
procedure(forexamplesurfaceprofileorremovalofwater-solublecontaminants).
4 ©ISO2000–AllrightsreservedISO 8504-1:2000(E)
6 Selection of the preparation grade
Theselectionofthepreparationgradeforagivensurfacewilldependon
(cid:1) thesurfacecondition(seeclause4andISO8502andISO8503);
(cid:1) thecoatingsystemtobeapplied;
(cid:1) thecorrosivityoftheenvironmenttowhichthecoatedsurfacewillbeexposed;
(cid:1) whetherthecompletesurfaceoronlypartsofitaretobeprepared;
(cid:1) thepracticabilityofthesurfacepreparationmethodassociatedwiththepreparationgrade;
(cid:1) economicconsiderations.
Normally the preparation grades specified in ISO8501-1 and ISO8501-2 are used. Other preparation grades,
definedeitherbyspecialreferencespecimensorbyreferenceareasthatarepartoftheobjecttobetreated,canbe
usedbyagreementbetweentheinterestedparties.Ifreferenceareasareagreed,theseshouldbeeithereffectively
protectedagainstchangeorphotographed.
Preparation grades corresponding to the highest degree of surface cleanliness, for example Sa3 as defined in
ISO8501-1,shouldbespecifiedonlywhen
a) they are required by the surface condition (for example considerable amount of corrosive contaminants), by
the intended coating system and/or by the corrosivity of the environment for which the coated surface is
intended
and
b) theconditionsforachievingandmaintainingthepreparationgrade(forexampledryandcleanair)canbemet.
The highest degree of surface cleanliness may also be justified when the maintenance intervals are prolonged,
thusreducingcostsoflatermaintenancework(forexamplecostsforscaffoldworkorproductionshut-down).
7 Assessment of the prepared surface
Theappearanceofthepreparedsurfacedependson
(cid:1) theconditionofthesurfacepriortotreatment;
(cid:1) thetypeofsteel;
(cid:1) thesurfacepreparationmethod,includingthetoolormaterial(forexampleblast-cleaningabrasive)used.
NOTE Representative photographic examples of the colour changes imparted to steel that is dry blast-cleaned to
ISO8501-1, preparation grade Sa3, with different metallic and non-metallic abrasives are provided in the Informative
SupplementtoISO8501-1.
After the surface preparation procedure (cleaning as specified), the prepared surfaces shall be assessed as
described in ISO8501-1 or ISO8501-2, i.e. the cleanliness is assessed by evaluating the appearance of the
surfaceonly.
If specified or agreed, the surfaces shall additionally be assessed in accordance with ISO/TR8502-1, ISO8502-2,
ISO8502-9,ISO8502-10andISO8503-2.
©ISO2000–Allrightsreserved 5ISO 8504-1:2000(E)
ICS 25.220.10
Pricebasedon5pages
©ISO2000–Allrightsreserved
|
ISO-8502-9-Determination-of-water-soluble-salts.pdf
|
STD-IS0 8502-9-ENGL 1998 I4 851903 0805821 194 W
INTERNATIONAL IS0
STANDARD 8502-9
First edition
1998-05-01
Corrected and reprinted
1999-12 -1 5
Preparation of steel substrates before
-
application of paints and related products
Tests for the assessment of surface
-
cleanliness
Part 9:
Field method for the conductometric
determination of water-soluble salts
Préparation des subjectiles d’acier avant application de peintures et
de produits assimilés - Essais pour apprécier la propreté d‘une surface -
Partie 9: Méthode in situ pour la détermination des sels solubles dans l’eau
par conductimétrie
This material is reproduced from IS0 documents under International Organization
for Standardization (ISO) Copyright License Number HIS/CC/I 996. Not for resale.
No part oftliese IS0 documents may be reprodiiced in any form, electronic retrieval
system or otherwise, except as allowed in the copyright law ofthe country of lise, or
with the prior written consent of IS0 (Case poslale 56,121 I Geneva 20, Switzerland,
Fax +41 22 734 10 79), IHS or the IS0 Licensor’s members.
Reference number
IS0 8502-9:1 998(E)
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STDOIS0 8502-9-ENGL 3998 4853903 0805822 020
IS0 8502-9: 19 98( E)
Foreword
IS0 (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national
standards bodies (IS0 member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is
normally carried out through IS0 technical committees. Each member body interested in a
subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented
on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in
liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. IS0 collaborates closely with the International
Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the
member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at
least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Intemational Standard IS0 8502-9 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 35, Paints
and varnishes, Subcommittee SC 12, Preparation of steel substrates before application of
paints and related products.
IS0 8502 consists of the following parts, under the general title Preparation of steel
substrates before application of paints and related products - Tests for the assessment of
surface cleanliness:
- Part I: Field test for soluble iron corrosion products
[Technical Report]
- Part 2: Laboratory determination of chloride on cleaned surfaces
- Part 3: Assessment of dust on steel sugaces prepared for painting (pressure-sensitive
tape method)
- Part 4: Guidance on the estimation of the probability of condensation prior to paint
application
Q IS01998
All rights reserved. UnleSS otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced
or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and
microfilm, without permission in wrifng from the publisher.
Intemational Organization for Standardization
Case postale 56 CH-121 1 Genève 20 Switzerland
Intemet central 8 iso.ch
X.400 c=ch; a3400net; p=iso; o=isocs; s=central
Printed in Switzerland
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o IS0 IS0 8502-9:1998(E)
- Part 5: Measurement of chloride on steel sutj5aces prepared for painting - Ion detection
tube method
- Part 6: Extraction of soluble contaminants for analysis - The Bresle method
- Part 7: Field method for determination of oil and grease
- Part 8: Field method for refractometric determination of moisture
- Part 9: Field method for the conductometric determination of water-soluble salts
- Part 10: Field method for the titrimetric determination of chloride
...
II1
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~ ~
STD*ISO 8502-9-ENGL L998 H 4853903 0805824 9T3 H
IS0 8502-9:1998(E) Q IS0
Introduction
The performance of protective coatings of paint and related products applied to steel is
significantly affected by the state of the steel surface immediately prior to painting. The
principal factors that are known to influence this performance are:
a) the presence of rust and mill scale;
b) the presence of surface contaminants, including salts, dust, oils and greases;
c) the surface profile.
International Standards IS0 8501, IS0 8502 and IS0 8503 have been prepared to provide
methods of assessing these factors, while IS0 8504 provides guidance on the preparation
methods that are available for cleaning steel substrates, indicating the capabilities of each in
attaining specified levels of cleanliness.
These International Standards do not contain recommendations for the protective coating system
to be applied to the steel surface. Neither do they contain recornendations for the surface
quality requirements for specific situations even though surface quality can have a direct
influence on the choice of protective coating to be applied and on its performance. Such
recommendations are found in other documents such as national standards and codes of
practice. It will be necessary for the users of these International Standards to ensure that the
qualities specified are:
-c ompatible and appropriate both for the environmental conditions to which the steel
will be exposed and for the protective coating system to be used;
- within the capability of the cleaning procedure specified.
The four Intemational Standards referred to above deal with the following aspects of preparation
of steel substrates:
IS0 8501 Visual assessment of surface cleanliness;
IS0 8502 Testsf or the assessment of sulface cleanliness;
IS0 8503 Su flace roughness characteristics of blast-cleaned steel substrates;
IS0 8504 Surface preparation methods.
Each of these International Standards is in turn divided into separate parts.
iv
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IS0 8502-9: 1998(E)
This part of IS0 8502 describes a field method for the assessment of the total amount of water-
soluble salts, the salts being regarded as forming one single contaminant. The more aggressive
contaminants causing corrosion and blistering (the ionic species) can easily be dissolved off and
determined rapidly by this method. Consequently, the less aggressive and not so easily dissolved
minor part of contaminant will remain un-assessed. For additional information on the test
method, its potential and its limitations, see BRESLE, Å., Conductometric determination of
salts on steel surfaces, MP (Materials Perf¿mzance),J une 1995, Vol. 34, No. 6, pp. 35-37,
NACE International, Houston TX, USA.
Rusty steel substrates, particularly those of rust grades C or D (see IS0 8501-i), even when
blast-cleaned to preparation grade Sa3 (see ISO8501-1 and ISO8501-2), may still be
contaminated by water-soluble salts and corrosion products. These compounds are almost
colourless and are localized at the lowest point of the rust pits. If they are not removed prior to
painting, chemical reactions can result in blister formation and accumulations of rust that
destroy the adhesion between the substrate and the applied protective coating.
V
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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD 0 IS0 IS0 8502-9:1998(E)
Preparation of steel substrates before application of paints
-
and related products Tests for the assessment of surface
-
cleanliness
Part 9:
Field method for the conductometric determination of water-soluble
salts
1 Scope
This part of IS0 8502 describes a field method for the assessment of the total surface density of
various water-soluble salts (mostly chlorides and sulfates) on steel surfaces before and/or after
surface preparation.
The individual surface densities of chlorides, sulfates, etc., cannot be determined by this
method.
This method assesses ionic contaminants only. These represent the greater part of the
contamination.
2 Normative references
The following standards contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute
provisions of this part of IS0 8502. At the time of publication, the editions indicated were valid.
All standards are subject to revision, and parties to agreement based on this part of IS0 8502 are
encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent editions of the standards
indicated below. Members of IEC and IS0 maintain registers of currently valid International
Standards.
IS0 3696: 1987, Waterf or analytical laboratory use - Specification and test methods.
IS0 8502-6: 1995, Preparation of steel substrates before application of paints and related
products - Tests for the assessment of su$ace cleanliness - Part 6: Extraction of soluble
contaminants for analysis - The Bresle method.
3 Principle
The salts on the given area of the steel surface are dissolved by the Bresle method (see
IS0 8502-6), using water as solvent. The conductivity of the solution thus obtained is measured.
Finally, the total surface density of the salts in this area is calculated by a simple but sufficiently
accurate equation.
1
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vSTD*ISO 8502-9-ENGL 1998 4851903 0805827 ho2 W
IS0 8502-9: 1998(E ) Q IS0
4 Solvent
Water of at least grade 3 purity in accordance with IS0 3696.
NOTE - Usually, distilled or de-ionized water of conductivity less than 0,5 mS/m (5 @km) meets
this requirement.
5 Apparatus and materials
5.1 Conductometer, with temperature compensation and sufficient range, e.g. from O mS/m
(O pS/cm) to 200 mS/m (2000 pS/cm).
5.2 Glass beaker, of convenient size and shape for housing the electrode end of the
conductometer (5.1) during measurement.
5.3 Standard adhesive patch, as specified in 4.1 of IS0 8502-6: 1995, e.g. of size A-1250.
NOTE- The patch should not cause any noticable contamination of the extraction liquid. Certain
patches are available today which are guaranteed to cause an ionic contamination of less than 7 mg/m2,
which is generally satisfactory. If there is no guarantee or if improved accuracy is required, then a blank
test is recommended.
5.4 Syringe, as specified in 4.2 of IS0 8502-61995.
6 Procedure
6.1 Preparation of water and blank test
6.1.1 Pour into the beaker (5.2) an amount of water (clause 4) that is just large enough for the
operation of the conductometer (5.1). Usually a volume between 10 ml and 20 ml is needed. To
prevent foreign matter inside the beaker and syringe, and on the conductometer probe, from
influencing the result, carry out the following blank test.
6.1.2 Completely fill the syringe (5.4) with water from the beaker. Then empty the syringe back
into the beaker.
6.1.3 Immerse the electrodes of the conductometer fully in the water in the beaker and agitate
gently. Record the conductivity (yi) and the units in which it is expressed, for example pS/cm.
6.2 Removal of salts from the steel surface
6.2.1 Follow the procedure specified in clause 5 of IS0 8502-6: 1995, subject to the following
specific requirements.
63.2 Fill the syringe with about one-quarter of the water contained in the beaker.
6.2.3 After 1 min, suck the water back into the syringe cylinder (see 5.6 of IS0 8502-6: 1995).
2
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IS0 8502-9:1998(E)
6.2.4 Without removing the syringe needle from the patch, re-inject the water into the patch
compartment and then suck the water back into the syringe cylinder. Repeat until 10 cycles of
injection and sucking have been completed (see 5.7 of IS0 8502-6: 1995).
6.2.5 At the end of the 10th cycle, retrieve as much as possible of the water from the patch
compartment and transfer to the beaker (5.2), thus restoring its content to nearly the original
volume in 6.1.1 (see 5.8 of 8502-6:1 995).
6.3 Conductometric measurement
Immerse the electrodes of the conductometer fully in the now contaminated water in the beaker,
and record the conductivity (y2)e xpressed in the same units as in 6.1.3.
7 Expression of results
The total surface density pA of the salts is given by the equation
m
= 2 ...( 1)
PA
where
rn is the mass of salts dissolved from that part of the surface which is covered by the
patch compartment;
A is the area of that part of the surface.
In this case, rn is given by
m = c . V .A y ...(2 )
where
c is an empirical constant approximately equal to 5 kg.m -2. S- 1 (see also clause 8);
V is the original volume of water in the beaker (see 6.1. i);
Ay is the change in conductivity, i.e. the difference between the conductivity measured
in 6.3 (y 2) and the conductivity measured in 6.1.3 (y,).
From (i) and (2),i t follows that
- c. V .A y
-
PA
A
Since c = 5 kg.m-2 .S- 1 , and if for example V= 10 ml (6.1.1) andA = 1250 mm2 (5.3), it follows
that
= Ay.40. kg.m-'.S-' ...(4 )
PA
3
CCOOPPYYRRIIGGHHTT IInntteerrnnaattiioonnaall OOrrggaanniizzaattiioonn ffoorr SSttaannddaarrddiizzaattiioonn
LLiicceennsseedd bbyy IInnffoorrmmaattiioonn HHaannddlliinngg SSeerrvviicceessEquation (4) gives pA expressed in the SI unit kg/m2.
Multiplying the numerical value obtained from equation (4) by lo6 gives pA in mg/m2.
Multiplying the numerical value obtained from equation (4)b y lo5 gives pA in pg/cm2.
Inserting different values of V in equation (3) for other volumes of water gives equations similar
to equation (4). Three straight lines corresponding to three different equations are plotted in
figure 1.
f
m
In
u-
O
c)...
Y,
L 1 O00
U
L
=>
In
dm
4-
O
t
500
O 50 100 150 200
Change in conductivity, A a lpS/crn)
NOTE- Each straight line corresponds to a different volume of water in the beaker. In each case,
the patch size is A-1250, in accordance with IS0 8502-6.
-
Figure 1 The total surface density pA of the salts as a function of the change
in conductivity A y
4
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m
STDeISO 6502-9-ENGL k978 485l903 0805830 lT7
IS0 8502-9:1998(E)
8 Accuracy
The accuracy of the method depends on the accuracy of the empirical constant c in equation (3),
and on the accuracy to which the variables in that equation can be determined. But other factors
will also have an influence on the accuracy, such as variations in temperature. Very little has
been published on these matters. Practical experience has shown, however, that most variations
have negligible influence on the overall accuracy, except that in the constant c, which is
dependent upon the types of salt dissolved in the water in 6.2.
In the majority of cases, the following types of ion are pre-dominant in the water: Cl-, S04",
HC03-, Na', Ca" and Fe". Other types of ion may also be present. Usually, however, their
contribution to the variation in the constant c is only marginal.
The value of the constant c (5 kg.m%') given in clause 7 is representative of what can be called
normal conditions. It is based on calculations of the total conductivity from the specific
conductivities of the individual ions extracted from ten rusty steel specimens. Should the
conditions be more extreme, e.g. due to some particular industry in the vicinity, the variation in
the constant c may amount to about & 12 %. This conclusion is drawn from calculations that are
based on the known specific conductance of each type of ion.
For more information about the method. see the introduction.
9 Test report
The test report shall contain at least the following information:
a) a reference to this part of IS0 8502 (Le. IS0 8502-9);
b) the conductometer measurement range used in 5.1 ;
c) the conductivities measured in 6.1.3 and 6.3;
d) the total surface density of the salts;
e) any deviations from the procedure specified in 6.2;
f) the date of the test.
5
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ICs 87.020
Descriptors: paints, varnishes, substrates, steel products, tests, field tests, determination, surface condition, cleanliness checks,
conductimetric methods.
Pncebasedon5pages
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|
15183_2.pdf
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IS 15183 ( Part 2 ) :2002
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Indian Standard
GUIDELINES FOR MAINTENANCE
MANAGEMENT OF BUILDINGS
PART 2 FINANCE
Ics 91.040.01
,..
(3BIS 2002
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG
NEWDELHI 110002
August 2002 . Price Group 3Building Construction Practices Sectional Committee, CED 13
FOREWORD
This Indian Standard ( Part 2 ) was adopted by the Bureau of Indian Standards, atler the draft finalized by the
Building Construction Practices Sectional Committee had been approved by the Civil Engineering Division
Council.
Maintenance management in building industry is the art of preserving over a long period what has been
constructed. It is as important as construction management or even more. Whereas construction stage lasts for
a short period of 2 to 5 years, maintenance continues for atleast 20-30 times the construction phase. Bad
practice of maintenance adversely affects the environment in which people work, thus affecting the overall
output.
Even though the adverse effects of deterioration of abuilding are known, yet the process of maintenance of the
building is given a very low priority and most of the management decisions are taken by the management on
the basis of expediency, and in most of the cases are unrelated compromises between the physical needs and
availability of finance. It has been planned to publish the guidelines for maintenance management for buildings
in the following three parts:
1
a) Part 1 General,
b) Part 2 Finance, and
c) Part 3 Labour.
This part covers the aspects related to finance management.
This standard keeps in view the practices in the field of building maintenance management in the country.
Assistance has also been derived from BS 8210:1986 ‘Guide for Building Maintenance Management’, issued by
British Standards Institution.
The composition of the Committee responsible for the formulation of this standard isgiven at Annex A,
For the purpose of deciding whether aparticular requirement of this standard is complied with, the final value,
observed or calculated, expressing the result of a test or analysis, shall be rounded off in accordance with
IS 2: 1960 ‘Rules for rounding off numerical values ( revised )’. The number of significant places retained
in the rounded off value should be the same as that of the specified value in this standard.IS 15183( Part 2 ): 2002
Indian Standard
GUIDELINES FOR MAINTENANCE
MANAGEMENT OF BUILDINGS
PART 2 FINANCE
1 SCOPE ofthe detailed maintenance programme following the
allocation of budget funds. These will involve
This Indian Standard (Part 2)provides guidance on
decisions regarding optimumrepair reaction itemsand
financial management concerning building
thechoiceofthemostappropriate methodof execution
maintenance.
( directly employed labour or contract and the best
2 REFERENCES type of contract ). This will lead to the need for
budgetary control during the course of the financial
The Indian Standards given below contain provisions year.
which through reference in this text, constitute
provisions ofthisstandard. Atthetime ofpublication, 4.3 It would be agood practice to carry out during
the editions indicated were valid. All standards are the following financial year, a technical audit to
subject to revision, and parties to agreements based ascertain the extent to which value for money was
on this standard are encouraged to investigate the obtained fromthefundsexpended intheprevious year
possibility ofapplying themost recent editions ofthe andwhatimprovements inmanagement mightbemade
standards indicated below: to improve cost benefits.
IS No. Title 4.4 Financial Plan
3861:1975 Method ofmeasurement of plinth, Thefinancialplanmaybedivided into short-term plan
carpet andrentable areaofbuildings and long-term plan.
(firsrtevision )
4.4.1 Short-Term Plan
15183 Guidelines for maintenance
Short-term plan takes care of short-term objectives
(Part 1): 2002 management of buildings: Part 1
andthe various statutory requirements. This will be:
General
a) Day-to-day service :This includes certain
3 TERMINOLOGY
components or items which, by virtue of
For the purpose of this standard, the following theirextensiveuseorotherwise,needfrequent
definitions and the definitions given in IS 15183 repairs. This involves heavy deployment of
(Part 1)shall apply. human resources.
3.1 Financial Management b) Annual repairs : This includes periodical
maintenance to keep the building stock
Financial management is the part of management
habitable, healthy and in presentable
activity which is concerned with planning and
condition.
controlling financial resources.
4.4.2 Long-Term Plan
3.2 Plinth Area
‘Ms mayincludespecialrepairstopreventthestructure
Plinth area shall be calculated asper IS 3861.
from deterioration and undue wear and tear, and to
4 FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT IN BUILDING restore thestructure, fittings and fixtures to operative
MAINTENANCE and acceptable standards. These repairs are carried
out as acontinuing programme.
4.1 Theplanning andcontrol offinanceisanimportant
aspect of maintenance management not only for the 5 MAINTENANCE BUDGETING
control of maintenance but also to demonstrate that
5.1 Maintenance budgeting is directed to keeping
the owners are getting value for money andthat the
building inappropriate conditionbythemosteconomic
maintenance proposals justifi the funds requested.
means and each aspect of maintenance policy bears
4.2 Financialconsiderations startwiththedevelopment oncost. Inmaintenancebudgeting, therearetwoprime
of maintenance programmed and the preparation of elements relating to what to budget for, and how to
budget proposals. They also include the preparation assess its cost.
IIS 15183( Part 2 ): 2002
5.2 Content of Budget 6.2 Following weightages for various components
may be adopted to work out cost index factors:
5.2.1 Apre-requisite for sound budgeting isaccurate
knowledge of what needs to be done and the means a) Aggregate — 3.50
ofdoing it.
b) Cement — 9.00
5.2.2 The life of materials and rate of deterioration c) Lime — 15.00
ofelementsofbuildings includingelectrical/mechanical
services are subject to many influences. Efficient d) Paint — 25.00
maintenance management is an important factor but
e) Sand . 4,00
loads to which buildings services are subjected,
intensity of use of internal finishes and severity of f) Timber — 9.00
climatic conditions are others. These factors maybe
suitably considered whilepreparing thebudget. Detail g) Unskilled labour — 23.50
guidance regarding factors affecting maintenance is
h) Skilled Iabour — 11.00
given inIS15183(Part l).
100.00
5.3 Budget Assessment
NOTE—However, the wages shall be governed by
5.3.1 The scope of work should be realistically MinimumWagesActalongwiththestatutory provisions
likePF,ESI,Bonus,etc,andotherprevalentimandatory
established todetermine itscost forbudget purposes.
regulations of the respective States/Union Territories.
Realistic costing is needed not only in the interest
of accuracy but to retain the confidence of general 6.3 Maintenance Norms, Frequency of Application
maintenance. of Finishing Items
5.3.2 Comparisons maybedrawnwiththeperformance 6.3.1 The maintenance norms and frequency of
ofsimilar buildings (albeit with diverse maintenance application of finishing items for guidance isgiven
management competence )andmaybe usedtoensure below.
that budgets and thus work programtnes, keep pace
6.3.1.1 Residential buildings
with requirements.
1. White washing on Once every year
5.3.3 Budgeting and indeed, the maintenance policy
ceiling and other places
asawhole, iscloselyrelatedtomaintenanceeconomics
and finance available. Consideration shouldbe given 2 Removing &y/oil bound Removal of dry
to accumulation of accounts on rolling basis. distemper distemper once infour
years
6 YARDSTICK FOR EXPENDITURE ON
Removal ofoil bound
MAINTENANCE
distemper once insix
years
6.1 Plinth Area Maintenance Rates for Services and
Annual Repairs of Various Categories of Works 3. Oil bound distemper Once in every three
years
Plinth areamaintenance rates,that is,annual, financial
in
yardstick established for building maintenance on 4. Dry distemper Once everytwoyears
plinth area basis forcivil, electrica~mechanical works
5. Syntheticenamelpainting First repaint after two
maybetakenasperexistingscheduleofratesofCentral
doors and windows years, thereafter once
Public Works Department, State Public Works
in every 3years.
Department or any other prevalent rates.
6, Water-proofing cement Once in every three
6.1.1 Weightage for Hilly and Costal Regions paint years
Special considerations may be taken into account 6.3.1.2 Office buildings
forhilly areas, coastal areas orother areaswithsevere
1. White wash Once every year
aggressive climate.
2 Oil bound distemper Once in every three
6.1.2 City and Year-Service Cost Index Factor years
These rates may bemultiplied byapproved city and 3. Dry distemper Onceineverytwo years
year maintenance cost index factor to setthe present
4. Acrylic distemper Once in every three
values for particular city for particular time period.
years
2IS 15183( Part 2 ): 2002
5. Plastic emulsion Once in every three 6.3.1.3 Hospitals
years
1. Corridors, OPD’S Washable acrylic
distemper once in
6. Synthetic acrylic polish Onceineverysixyears
every six months
7. Synthetic enamel paintl Once in every three
2. Wards, private rooms Washable acrylic
lacquer polish years
distemper once in a
8. Water-proofing cement Once in every three year
paint years 3. Doors Syntheticenamelpaint
once in two years
9. Sandtexmatorequivalent Once in every six to
synthetic silicon based eight years 4. Other areas Aspernorms ofofllce
exterior paint buildings
10. Painting of entrance Once inevery six 6.4 Road Work
foyers main stair case, months Premix semidense/carpeting ofinternal roads —once
to;lets, hospital corridors, etc insixyears.
3IS 15183( Part 2) :2002
ANNEX A
(Foreword)
COMMI’ITEE COMPOSITION
Building Construction Practices Sectional Committee, CED 13
Organization Representative(s)
In personal capacity ( D-6, Sector 55, Noida-201 301 ) SHRI A. K. SARKAR( Chairman )
Bhabha Atomic Reseach Centre, Mumbai SHRIK. S. CHAUHA~
SHRIK. B. MEHRA(Alternate )
Builders Association of India, Chennai SHRIM. KARTHIKEYAN
Building Materials and Technology Promotion Council, SHRIJ. K. PRASAD
New Delhi SHRIS. K. GUPTA(Alternate )
Central Building Research Institute, Roorkee SHRIM. P.JAISINGH
Central Public Works Department, New Delhi CHIEFENGINEER( CDO )
SUPERINTENDINGENGINEER( CDO )
(Alternate)
Central Road Research Institute, New Delhi SHRIDEEPCHANDRA
Central Vigilance Commission, New Delhi SHRIR. A. ARUMUGA~
Delhi Development Authority, New Delhi SHRIS. M. MADAN
SHRIS. C. AGGARWAL(Alternate )
Engineer-in-chief’s Branch, Army Headquarters, New Delhi SHRISURESHCHANDER
SHRIDINESHAGARWAL(Alternate )
Engineers India Limited, New Delhi SHRIR. S. GARG
SHRIA. K. TANDON(Alternate )
Forest Research Institute, Debra Dun SCIENTIST-SF
RESEARCHOFFICER(Alternate )
Hindustan Prefab Ltd, New Delhi SHRIS. MUKHERIEE
SHRIM. KUNDU(Alternate )
Hindustan Steel Works Construction Ltd, Kolkata SHRIN. K. MAJUMDAR
SHRIV.K. GUPTA(Alternate )
Housing and Urban Development Corporation, New De SHRIK. C. BATRA
SHRIK. C. DHARMARAIA~(Ahermzte )
Indian Institute of Architects, Mumbai SHRIP.C. DHAIRYAWAN
SHRIJ. R. BHALLA(Alternate )
Indian Oil Corporation, Mathura SHRID.A. FRANCIS
SHRIS. V. LALWANI(Alternate )
Indian Pest Control Association, New Delhi SHRIH. S.VYAS
Life Insurance Corporation of India, New Delhi CHIEFENGINEER
DEPUTYCHIEFENGINEER(Alternate )
Ministry of Railways, Lucknow DEPUTYCHIEFENGINEER( CONSTRUCTION)
EXECUTIVEENGINEER( CONSTRUCTION)
(Alternate)
i
National Buildings Construction Corporation Ltd, New Delhi SHRIDALJITSfNGH ..,
National Industrial Development Corporation Ltd, New Delhi SHRIG. B. JAHAGIRDAR
SHRIY. N. SHARMA(Alternate )
National Project Construction Corporation, New Delhi SHRIK. N. TANEIA
SHRIS. V. PATWARDHAN(Alternate )
Public Works Department, Government ofAmnachal Pradesh, CHIEFENGINEER( WESTZONE)
Itanagar
Public Works Department, Government of Maharashtra, SHRIA. B. PAWAR
Mumbai SHRIV. B. BORGE(Alternate )
( Continued onpage.5 )
4IS 15183 (Part 2):2002
( Continuedfrom page 4 )
Organization Representative(s)
Public Works Department, Government of Punjab, Patiala CHIEFENGINEER( BUILDINGS)
DIRECTOR(R & D )(Alternate )
Public Works Department, Government of Rajasthan, Jaipur SHRIP. K. LAURIA
SHRIK. L. BAIRWA(Alternate )
Public Works Department, Government of Tamil Nadu, CHIEFENGINEER( BUILDINGS)
Chennai SUPERINTENDINGENGINEER( BUILDINGS)
(Alternate)
State Bank of India, New Delhi SHRIP.L. PATHAK
SHRIG. V. CHANANA(Alternate )
Structural Engineering Research Centre, Chennai SHRIK. MANI
SHRIH. G. SREENATH(Alternate )
BIS Directorate General SHRIS. K. JAIN,Director and Head ( Civ Engg )
[Representing Director General (-Ex-OfliCio)]
i Member-Secretary
SHRIALOKKESARI
Assistant Director (Civ Engg ),BIS
Repairs and Maintenance of Buildings Including Services Subcommittee, CED 13:15
Central Public Works Department, New Delhi SHRIASHOKKHURANA( Convener )
Builders Association of India, Chennai SHRIM. KARTHIKEYAN
Central Building Research Institute, Roorkee SHRIG. C. SOFAT
SHRIAJAYSINGH(Alternate )
Central Public Works Department, New Delhi CHIEFENGINEER( NDZ )
Forest Research Institute, Debra Dun SHRIR. K. PUNHANI .-J
Institution of Engineers (India), New Delhi SECRETARYANDDIRECTORGENERAL
Institution of Surveyors, New Delhi SECRETARY
Life Insurance Corporation of India, New Delhi SHRIP. RAJAMURTHI
Ministry of Communications, New Delhi SHRIROHITMISRA
SHRIP. K. PANIGRAHI(Alternate )
National Building Construction Corporation Ltd, SHRIR. K. JAIN
New Delhi
National Council for Cement and Building Materials, SHRIO. P.GARYALI
New Delhi DRN. K. JAIN(Alternate )
Public Works Department, Government of Haryana, SHRIK. S. SHARMA
Chandigarh
Public Works Department, Government of Himachal Pradesh, SHRIT. L. SHA~MA
Shimia SHRIP. K. SHARMA(Alternate )
Public Works Department, Government of Maharashtra, SHRIG. K. DESHPANDE
Mumbai
Reserve Bank of India, New Delhi SHRIL. D. AGASHE
SHRIA. G. BHIDE(Alternate )
State Bank of India, Mumbai SHRIG. DHANASEKARAN
SHRIT. V. NIRANJANAN(Alternate )
Structural Designers and Construction Pvt Ltd, Mumbai SHRIR. N. RAJKAR
Welcome Group of Hotels, New Delhi SHRIBALRAJMALHOTRA
5Bureau of Indian Standards
BIS is a statutory institution established under the Bureau of Indian Standards Act, 1986 to promote
harmonious development of the activities of standardization, marking and quality certification of goods and
attending to connected matters in the country.
Copyright
BIShasthecopyright ofallitspublications. Nopartofthesepublications maybe reproduced inanyformwithout
the prior permission inwriting of BIS. This does not preclude the free use, inthe course of implementing the
standard, of necessary details, such as symbols and sizes, type or grade designations. Enquiries relating to
copyright be addressed to the Director (Publications), ~IS.
Review of Indian Standards
Amendments are issued to standards astheneed arises onthebasis ofcomments. Standards are also reviewed
periodically; astandard along with amendments isreaffirmed when such review indicates that no changes are
needed; ifthe review indicates that changes are needed, itistaken up for revision. Users of Indian Standards
should ascertain that they are inpossession ofthe latest amendments oredition byreferring to the latest issue
of ‘BIS Catalogue’ and ‘Standards :Monthly Additions’.
This Indian Standard has been developed from Doc :No. CED 13(4768).
Amendments Issued Since Publication
Amend No. Date of Issue Text Affected
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
Headquarters:
Manak Bhavan, 9Bahadur ShahZafar Marg, New Delhi 110002 Telegrams: Manaksanstha
Telephones: 3230131,3233375,3239402 (Common to all offices)
Regional Offices: Telephone
Central: Manak Bhavan, 9Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg 3237617
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Printed atNew India Printing Press, Khurja, India
|
EN 17050.pdf
|
INTERNATIONAL ISO/IEC
STANDARD 17050-1
First edition
2004-10-01
Conformity assessment — Supplier's
declaration of conformity —
Part 1:
General requirements
Évaluation de la conformité — Déclaration de conformité du
fournisseur —
Partie 1: Exigences générales
Reference number
ISO/IEC 17050-1:2004(E)
Copyright International Org anization for Standardization
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PDF disclaimer
This PDF file may contain embedded typefaces. In accordance with Adobe's licensing policy, this file may be printed or viewed but
shall not be edited unless the typefaces which are embedded are licensed to and installed on the computer performing the editing. In
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© ISO 2004
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or
ISO's member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
Case postale 56 • CH-1211 Geneva 20
Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11
Fax + 41 22 749 09 47
E-mail [email protected]
Web www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
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Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) and IEC (the International Electrotechnical
Commission) form the specialized system for worldwide standardization. National bodies that are members of
ISO or IEC participate in the development of International Standards through technical committees
established by the respective organization to deal with particular fields of technical activity. ISO and IEC
technical committees collaborate in fields of mutual interest. Other international organizations, governmental
and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO and IEC, also take part in the work. In the field of conformity
assessment, the ISO Committee on conformity assessment (CASCO) is responsible for the development of
International Standards and Guides.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
Draft International Standards are circulated to the national bodies for voting. Publication as an International
Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the national bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO/IEC 17050-1 was prepared by the ISO Committee on conformity assessment (CASCO).
It was circulated for voting to the national bodies of both ISO and IEC, and was approved by both
organizations.
This first edition of ISO/IEC 17050-1, together with ISO/IEC 17050-2, cancels and replaces the second edition
of ISO/IEC Guide 22:1996, General criteria for supplier's declaration of conformity.
ISO/IEC 17050 consists of the following parts, under the general title Conformity assessment — Supplier's
declaration of conformity:
Part 1: General requirements
Part 2: Supporting documentation
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Introduction
This part of ISO/IEC 17050 has been developed with the objective of providing general requirements for a
supplier’s declaration of conformity.
It addresses one of the three types of attestation of conformity, namely attestation undertaken by the first party
(e.g. the supplier of a product). Other types are second-party attestation (e.g. where a user issues an
attestation for the product the user is using) or third-party attestation. Each of these three types is used in the
market in order to increase confidence in the conformity of an object.
This part of ISO/IEC 17050 specifies requirements applicable when the individual or organization responsible
for fulfilment of specified requirements (supplier) provides a declaration that a product (including service),
process, management system, person or body is in conformity with specified requirements, which can include
normative documents such as standards, guides, technical specifications, laws and regulations. Such a
declaration of conformity can also make reference to the results of assessments by one or more first, second
or third parties. Such references are not to be interpreted as reducing the responsibility of the supplier in any
way.
These general requirements are applicable to all sectors. However, these requirements might need to be
supplemented for specific purposes, for example for use in connection with regulations.
A supplier's declaration of conformity of a product (including service), process, management system, person
or body to specified requirements can be substantiated by supporting documentation under the responsibility
of the supplier. In cases where this is desirable, or necessary, reference is made to ISO/IEC 17050-2.
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Conformity assessment — Supplier's declaration
of conformity —
Part 1:
General requirements
1 Scope
This part of ISO/IEC 17050 specifies general requirements for a supplier’s declaration of conformity in cases
where it is desirable, or necessary, that conformity of an object to the specified requirements be attested,
irrespective of the sector involved. For the purposes of this part of ISO/IEC 17050, the object of a declaration
of conformity can be a product, process, management system, person or body.
This part of ISO/IEC 17050 does not define any particular object for the declaration of conformity.
Instead of “supplier's declaration of conformity”, the term “declaration of conformity” can be used when
appropriate.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO/IEC 17000:2004, Conformity assessment — Vocabulary and general principles
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO/IEC 17000 apply.
NOTE 1 “Supplier's declaration of conformity” is a “declaration” as defined in ISO/IEC 17000, i.e. first-party attestation.
NOTE 2 To avoid any confusion with attestation by certification bodies, the term “self-certification” is deprecated and
should not be used.
4 Purpose of the declaration of conformity
The purpose of the declaration is to give assurance of conformity of the identified object to specified
requirements to which the declaration refers, and to make clear who is responsible for that conformity and
declaration. A supplier’s declaration of conformity may be used alone or in conjunction with another conformity
assessment procedure for regulatory or non-regulatory purposes.
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5 General requirements
The issuer (issuing organization or person) of a declaration of conformity shall be responsible for issuing,
maintaining, extending, reducing, suspending or withdrawing the declaration and the conformity of the object
to the specified requirements.
The declaration of conformity shall be based on results of an appropriate type of conformity assessment
activity (e.g. testing, measurement, auditing, inspection or examination) carried out by one or more first,
second or third parties. Conformity assessment bodies involved, where applicable, should consult relevant
International Standards, Guides and other normative documents.
Where a declaration of conformity is for a group of products of a similar type, it shall cover each individual
product of the group. Where a declaration of conformity is for similar products delivered over a period of time,
it shall cover each product as delivered or accepted.
It is recommended, as good conformity assessment practice, that the person reviewing the conformity
assessment results be different from the signatory.
6 Contents of the declaration of conformity
6.1 The issuer of the declaration of conformity shall ensure that the declaration contains sufficient
information to enable the recipient of the declaration of conformity to identify the issuer of the declaration, the
object of the declaration, the standards or other specified requirements with which conformity is declared, and
the person signing for and on behalf of the issuer of the declaration of conformity.
As a minimum, the declaration of conformity shall contain the following:
a) unique identification of the declaration of conformity;
b) the name and contact address of the issuer of the declaration of conformity;
c) the identification of the object of the declaration of conformity (e.g. name, type, date of production or
model number of a product, description of a process, management system, person or body, and/or other
relevant supplementary information);
d) the statement of conformity;
e) a complete and clear list of standards or other specified requirements, as well as the selected options, if
any;
f) the date and place of issue of the declaration of conformity;
g) the signature (or equivalent sign of validation), name and function of the authorized person(s) acting on
behalf of the issuer;
h) any limitation on the validity of the declaration of conformity.
6.2 Additional supporting information may be provided to relate the declaration to the conformity
assessment results on which it is based, for example:
a) the name and address of any conformity assessment body involved (e.g. testing or calibration laboratory,
inspection body, certification body);
b) reference to relevant conformity assessment reports, and the date of the reports;
c) reference to any management systems involved;
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d) reference to the accreditation documents of conformity assessment bodies involved where the scope of
accreditation is relevant to the declaration of conformity;
e) reference to the existence of associated supporting documentation, such as that described in
ISO/IEC 17050-2;
f) additional information regarding certificates, registrations or marks that have been obtained;
g) other activities or programmes of the conformity assessment body (e.g. membership in an agreement
group).
References in the documentation to conformity assessment results shall not misrepresent their applicability
nor mislead the recipient of the declaration of conformity.
7 Form of declaration of conformity
See Annex A for an example of a declaration of conformity. The declaration of conformity may be in hardcopy,
electronic media, or any other suitable medium.
8 Accessibility
A copy of the declaration of conformity may be included in other documentation, such as a statement,
catalogue, invoice, user's instructions or website, relevant to the object of the declaration of conformity.
9 Product marking
If any marking is placed on the product to indicate the existence of a declaration of conformity, such marking
shall be in such a format that it will not be confused with any certification mark. Such marking shall be
traceable to the declaration of conformity.
10 Continuing validity of the declaration of conformity
10.1 The issuer of the declaration of conformity shall have procedures in place to ensure the continued
conformity of the object, as delivered or accepted, with the stated requirements of the declaration of
conformity.
10.2 The issuer of the declaration of conformity shall have procedures in place to re-evaluate the validity of
the declaration of conformity, in the event of
h) changes significantly affecting the object’s design or specification,
i) changes in the standards to which conformity of the object is stated,
j) changes in the ownership or structure of management of the supplier, if relevant, or
k) relevant information indicating that the object may no longer conform to the specified requirements.
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Annex A
(informative)
Supplier's declaration of conformity
A.1 Guidance to complete the form of declaration of conformity
NOTE Numbers 1) to 7) refer to the form shown in A.2.
1) Every declaration of conformity should be uniquely identified.
2) The responsible issuer should be unequivocally specified. For large organizations, it may be necessary to
specify operational groups or departments.
3) a) The “object” should be unequivocally described so that the declaration of conformity may be related
to the object in question.
3) b) For mass-produced products, it is not necessary to give individual serial numbers. In such cases it is
sufficient to give the name, type, model number, etc.
4) For products, an alternative conformity statement may be: “As delivered, the object of the declaration
described above is in conformity with the requirements of the following documents”.
5) Requirements documents should be listed with their identification numbers, titles and dates of issue.
6) Text should appear here only if any limitation on the validity of the declaration of conformity and/or any
additional information are given. The latter information may, for example, correspond to 6.2 or may make
reference to related product marking in accordance with Clause 9. Such product marking or other
indication (e.g. on the product) may be an attachment to the declaration of conformity.
7) Full name and function of the signing person(s) authorised by the issuer's management to sign on its
behalf should be given. The number of signatures, or equivalent, included will be the minimum
determined by the legal form of the issuer’s organization.
4 © ISO 2004 — All rights reserved
Copyright International Organization for Standardization
Reproduced by IHS under license with ISO
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale
--`,,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---ISO/IEC 17050-1:2004(E)
A.2 Example of form of declaration of conformity
Supplier's declaration of conformity (in accordance with ISO/IEC 17050-1)
1) No..........................................
2) Issuer's name: ..................................................................................................................
Issuer's address: ..................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................
3) Object of the declaration: ..................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................
4) The object of the declaration described above is in conformity with the requirements of the
following documents:
Documents No. Title Edition/Date of issue
5) .......................... ............................................................................. ................................................
.......................... ............................................................................. ................................................
.......................... ............................................................................. ................................................
Additional information:
6) .................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................
Signed for and on behalf of:
..................................................
..................................................
(Place and date of issue)
7) .................................................. ............................................................................................................
(Name, function) (Signature or equivalent authorized by the issuer)
© ISO 2004 — All rights reserved 5
Copyright International Organization for Standardization
Reproduced by IHS under license with ISO
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale
--`,,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---ISO/IEC 17050-1:2004(E)
Bibliography
[1] ISO 9000:2000, Quality management systems — Fundamentals and vocabulary
[2] ISO 19011:2002, Guidelines for quality and/or environmental management systems auditing
[3] ISO/IEC 17020:1998, General criteria for the operation of various types of bodies performing
inspection
[4] ISO/IEC 17021:—1), Conformity assessment — General requirements for bodies providing assessment
and certification for management systems
[5] ISO/IEC 17024:2003, Conformity assessment — General requirements for bodies operating
certification of persons
[6] ISO/IEC 17025:1999, General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories
[7] ISO/IEC 17040:—2), General requirements for peer assessment of conformity assessment bodies and
accreditation bodies
[8] ISO/IEC 17050-2:2004, Conformity assessment — Supplier’s declaration of conformity — Part 2:
Supporting documentation
[9] ISO/IEC Guide 65:1996, General requirements for bodies operating product certification systems
1) To be published. (Revision of ISO/IEC Guide 62:1996 and ISO/IEC Guide 66:1999)
2) To be published.
6 --`,,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--- © ISO 2004 — All rights reserved
Copyright International Organization for Standardization
Reproduced by IHS under license with ISO
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for ResaleCopyright International Organization for Standardization
Reproduced by IHS under license with ISO
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale
--`,,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---ISO/IEC 17050-1:2004(E)
ICS 03.120.20
Price based on 6 pages
© ISO 2004 — All rights reserved
Copyright International Organization for Standardization
Reproduced by IHS under license with ISO
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale
--`,,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
|
14767.pdf
|
IS 14767 : 2000
Indian Standard
DETERMINATlON OF THE SPECIFIC ELECTRICAL
CONDUCTIVITY OF SOILS - METHOD OF TEST
ICS 13.080
0 BIS 2000
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
MANAKBHAVAN,9BAHADURSHAmHZAFARMARG
NEW DELHI 110002
Muy 2000
Price Group 2Soil Quality and improvement Sectional Committee, -FAD 27
FOREWORD
,
This Indian Standard was adopted by the Bureau of Indian Standards; after the draft finnlize by the Soil
Quality and Improvement Sectional Committee had been approved by the Food and A$kut ure Division
;
Council.
,
The electricat conductivity of water extract of soil is proportional to its salt concentration. There is no Indian
Standard procedure available for determination of electrical conductivity in various types of soils. Hence need
was felt to provide uniform method or determination -of electrical conductiviiy of soils.
r
In the preparation of ‘this r#andard, assistance has been derived from IS0 11265: 1994 ‘Soil quality -
Determination of the specific ekctrical conductivity’. Because of the typical national ago-climatic conditions
it has not been possible to ;dign with the above mentioned International~Standard.
For the purpose of deciding whether a particular requirement of this standard is cotnplied wi$, the final
value, observed or calculated, expressing the result of a test or analysis, shall be rounded off in accordance
with IS 2: 1960 ‘Rules for rwnding off numerical values (rcvisd)‘. The number of significant places retained
in the rounded off value shouM be the same as ~thato f the specified value in this standard.IS 14767 : 2000
Indian Standard
DETERMINATION OF THE SPECIFIC ELECTRICAL
CONDUCTIVITY OF SOILS - M-ETHOD OF TEST
1 SCOPE volume with water. The specific electrical conductivity
of this solution is 277 mS/m.
This standard specifies an instrumental method for
the routine determination of the specific electrical 4.4 Potassium Chloride Solution - [C (KCI)
conductivity in an aqueous extract of soil. The 0.010 0 molil].
determination is carried out to obtain an indication
Pour 100.0 ml of the potassium chloride solution
of the content of water-soluble electrolytes in a soil. ,.I\
(4.L) Into a i 000 nii voiumetric flask aiid ditiiie i0
This standard is applicable to all types of air-dried volume with water at 2OC. The specific electrical
soil samples. conductivity of this solution is 14 I mSim at XC.
2 REFERENCE All the potassium chloride solutions (4.2, 4.3 and
above) used for calibration shall be stored in tightly
The Indian Standard listed below contains provisions
sealed bottles which do not release sufficient alkali
which through reference in this text, constitutes
or alkali-earth cations to affect the electrical
provision of this standard. At the time of publication,
conductivity of the solutions.
the edition indicated was valid. All standards are
NOTES
subject to revision and parties to agreements based
on this standard are encouraged to investigate the
possibility of applying the most recent edition of the
standard indicated below:
IS No. Title
1070: 1992 Reagent grade water (child
5 APPARATUS AND GLASSWARE
revision)
5.1 Conductivity Meter
3 PRINCIPLE
Fitted with a conductivity cell. equipped with an
Air-dried soil is extracted with water at 25°C 5 1°C ad_justable measuring range setting and (automatic)
at an extraction ratio of I:2 (&v), to dissolve the temperature correction and having -an accuracy of
electrolytes. The specific electrical conductivity of the I mS/m at 25°C. Preferably. the conductivity mete1
suspension extract is measured and the resuit is should also be equipped with a cell-constant control.
corrected to a temperature of 25°C.
5.2 Analytical Balance
4 QUALITY OF REAGENTS
With an accuracy of at least O.Olg for soil and
4.1 Unless specified otherwise, pure chemicals and 0.000 I g for KCI.
distilled water (.s~L’ IS 1070) shall be employed in
I__I~ 5.3 Thermometer
tests.
Capable of measuring to the nearest I). I C.
5.4 Shaking Machine
4.2 Potassium Chloride Solution - [C(KCI) 0.1 Intermittant stirring with the glass rod for 30 min.
lllOl/l]. Placed in a environment where the temperature
ad.justed is maintained.
Dissolve 7.456 g of potassium chloride, previously
dried for 24 h at 220°C i 10°C in water (4.1). and 6 LABORATORY SAMPLE
dilute to I 000 ml. The specific electrical conductivity
Use the fraction of particles smaller than 2 mm of
of this solution is I 290 mS/m.
air-dried pretreated soil samples.
4.3 Potassium Chloride Solution - [C (KCI) 0.020
7 PROCEDURE
n10l/l].
7.1 Extraction
Pour 200,O ml of the potassium chloride solution
(4.2) int-o a I 000 1111v olumetric flask and dilute to Weigh 20.00 LJ of the laborator!, satnplc <111dtr ;ill\lCr.IS’,14767 :2000
int~-”100ml beaker. Add 40 ml of water (2:1) ratio manufacturer of the conductivity meter (5.1]. Carry
.ai 25°c ~ I“C, Close the bott!e and place it in a out the measurements wiih the temperature corrected
horizontal position in the shaking machine (5.4). to 25-C. Altematiwly, in manual note the actual
Shake for 30 min. Transfer (he soil-water suspension temperature oncorrectvalue by temperature correction
into a 100 ml beaker. Carry out ablank determination facmr (Table 1) already referred to.
in the same way. The value of the blank shaii mot
8 INTERFERENCES
exceed I rnS/m. if the value of the blank exceeds
this, repeat thesuspension. The result will beobserved %1 The measured values of the electrical conductivity
in follows. can be influenced by contamination of the electrodes.
7.2 Checking of the Cell Constant This typeof interference isvery difficult torecognize.
Degeneration of the electrodes may chartgs the cell
7,2.1 Measure the conductivity (x) of the potassium
constant. and this can be perceived by measuring the
chloride solutions (4.2 [S 4.4) according to the
conductivity of the potassium chloride solutions,
instruction manual of the instrument.
Piatinization should be achieved from time to time
7.2.2 Calculate, for each potassium chloride solution; by platinum chloride solution.
a celI constant according to
8.2 Ah bubbles ontheelectrodes, for example formed
during warming of the extracts. perturb the
.1-
K=+ measurements.
,,,
8.3 Measurements of electrical conductivities less
where than I mS/m -are influenced by carbon dioxide and
ammonia from the atmosphere. In these cases.
K= cell constant. in reciprocal metres;
measurements shall be ~arried out in an adapted
x= specilic electrical conductivity of one measuring cell. Such measuretnerms are outside the
5
of the potassium chloride solutions, scope of this Indian Standard. .,
in millisiemens per metre (known~
9 REPEATABILITY
and
The repeatability of the electrical conductivity
x= measured electrical-conductivity of the
measurements in two separately prepared suspension
“,
same potassium chloride scdution, in
shall satisfy thti requirements af Table 2.
millisiemens per metre.
10 TEST REPORT
Use the average of the calculated values as the cell
The test report shali contain the following
constant of the instrument.
information:
The calculated cell constant shall not differ by more
a) A reference to this huiian Standard:
than 5 percent from the value given by the
manufacturer. b) All information necessary t-or complete
identification of the sample:
7.2.3 Adjust the cell constant of the conductivity
c) The results of the determination in whole
meter.
numbers,expressinmillisiemens per men-mand
7.3 lkleasurement of the Electrical Conductivity
d) Details of any operations not specified in this
of the Suspension
Indian Standard or regarded as optional, and
Measure the electrical conductivity of the suspension any other factors which may have affected the
(-Y...,..,..) according to the instructions provid~ by the results.IS l-1767 : 2000
ANNEXA
RESULTS OF i\N IN+ERLABORATORY TRIAL FOR THE DETERMINATION OF
THC: Sl’C:CIFIC ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY OF SOILS
A-l In 1991, an illterlah(~iatoi-y trial was organized A-4 Samples I and 4 mentioned in Table 3 were
I~>’ the Wageningen Agt-ic ult~~ral University to test collected in salt-affected areas ill tlungary. The tifth
the procedure specified in this Indian Standard. sample originates from the Netherlands.
A-2 For this interlaborato:“y trial, the determination A-5 The repeatability. I’, and the reproducibility. R.
ofthe specific electrical conductivity of five soils was given in Table 3 were calculated by the Precision of
carried out by 26 laboratories. test methods --.. Determination of repeatability and
A-3 The summary of the rcsuli\ of the interlaboratory reproducibility for a standard test method by inter-
laboratory tests.
trials is presented in Table 3.
Table 3 Results of an Interlaboratory Trial for the Determination of the
Specific Electrical Conductivity
(Cla~~sc~.As -3, A-4 uncl A-5)
\
2 3 -I 5
(1) (4) (5) (6) (7)
i) 26 26 25 Ih
_
ii)
iii) 52 52
iv) 34.03 I I 17.075
V) 0.874 3.012
vi) 2 573
I Ii) x.434 4 XOh 3 I.220
Liii) 9.02 I l3..340
i\) 22.583 7 705 0 is0 0.52c
22.088 25.250 i 7 ..Ic 2 I71.82X I 152-l
4Bureau of Indian Standards
BIS is a statutory institution established under the Bureau of Indian Standards Act, 1986 to promote
harmonious development of the activities of stardardization,_marking and quality certification of goods and
attending to connected matters in the country.
Copyright
BIS has the copyright of all its publications. No part of these publications may be reproduced in any form
without the prior permission in writing of BIS. This does not preclude the free use, in the course of
implementing the standard, of necessary details, such as symbols and sizes, type or grade designations.
Enquiries relating to copyright be addressed to the Director (Publication), BIS
Review of Indian Standards
Amendments are issued to standards as the need arises on the basis of comments. Standards are also reviewed
periodically; a standard along with amendments is reaffirmed when such review indicates that no changes are
needed; if the review indicates that changes are needed, it is taken up for revision. Users of Indian Standards
should ascertain that they are in p-ossession of the latest amendments or edition by referring to the latest issue
of ‘BIS Handbook’ and ‘Standards: Monthly Additions'.
This Indian Standard has been developed from Dot: No. FAD 27 (842).
Amendments Issued Since Publication
AmendNo. Date of Issue Text Affected
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
Headquarters:
Manak Bhavan, 9 Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg, New Delhi 110002 Telegrams: Manaksanstha
Telephones: 323 01 31,323 3375,323 94 02 (Common to all offices)
-Regional Offices: Telephone
Central : Manak Bhavan, 9 Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg 323 76 17,323 38 41
NEW DELHI 110002
Eastern : l/ 14 C.I.T. Scheme VII M, V.I.P. Road, Kankurgachi 133 7 84 99,337 85 61
CALCUTTA 700054 3378626,33791 20
Northern : SC0 335-336, Sector 34-A, CHANDIGARH 160022 60 3~84 3
{ 60 20 25
Southern : C.I.T. Campus, IV Cross Road, CHENNAI 600113 235 02 16,235 04 42
{ 235 15 19,235 23 15
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MUMBAI 400093 { 832 7189 1,832 78 92
Branches : AHMADABAD. BANGALORE. BHOPAL. BHUBANESHWAR.
COIMBATORE. FARIDABAD. GHAZIABAD. GUWAHATI.
HYDERABAD. JAIPUR. KANPUR. LUCKNOW. NAGPUR.
PATNA. PUNE. KAJKOT. THIRUVANANTHAPURAM.
Printed at Simco Printing Press, Delhi
|
3384.pdf
|
IS:3384- 1986
Indian Standard
SPECIFICATION FOR
BITUMEN PRIMER FOR USE IN
WATERPROOFING AND DAMP-PROOFING
( First Revision)
Waterproofing and Damp-Proofing Sectional Committee, BDC 41
Chairman Representing
PROF M. S. SHETTY Ministry of Defence ( Engineer-in-Chief’s Branch )
MembCYS
LT-COL V. K. KANITKAR ( Alternate to
Prof M. S. Shetty )
SHRI R. C. ARORA Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Ltd, Bombay
SHRI S. S. CHAI~DOK Central Public Works Department, New Delhi
SURVEYOR OB WORKS ( NZ ) ( Alternate )
SERI T. CHOUDHURY National Test House, Calcutta
SHRI S. S. DAS GUPTA Indian Oil Corporation Ltd, Bombay
SHRI S. N. DUTTA GUPTA Bharat Petroleum Corporation Ltd, Bombay
SHRI A. D. NAYAK ( Alternate )
SRRI D. S. GHUMMAN Roofrite Pvt Ltd, New Delhi
SHRI K. K. LAL ( Alternate )
SHRI A. D. GUPTA Fertilizer ( Planning and Development ) India Ltd,
Dhanbad
SHRI B. K CHATTERJEE ( Alternate )
SHRI M. S. GUPTA Roof Waterproofing Company, Calcutta
SHRI S. K. JAIN Hoechst Dyes & Chemicals Ltd, Bombay
SHRI K. A. T. VAROHESE ( Altcrnatc )
SHRI M. B. JAYWANT Synthetic Asphalts, Bombay
SERI S. K. KARAMCHANDA~I Union Carbide India Ltd, Calcutta
SHRI V. NIJHAVAN ( Alternate )
SHRI M. R. MALYA In personal capacity ( Flat Jvo. 3, Panorama, 30 Pali
Hill Road, Bombay 440005 )
SERI S. P. MODI Engineers India Limited, New Delhi
DR MOHAMMEDA SLAM CentI;adorfe$lding Research Institute ( CSIR ),
SHRI A. G. POL Public Works Department, Government of
Maharashtra
SHRI R. P. PONJ Lloyd Bitumen Products, Calcutta
&RI M. M. MATHAI ( Alternate )
( Continued on page 2 1
@ Copyright 1987
INDIAN STANDARDS INSTITUTION
This publication is protected under the Indian Copyright Act ( XIV of 1957 ) and
reproduction in whole or in part by any means except with written permission of the
publisher shall be deemed to be an infringement of copyright under the said Act.IS : 3384 - 1986
( Continuedfr om page 1 )
Members Representing
SHRI T. K. ROY Shalimar Tar Products ( 1935 ) Ltd, Calcutta
SHRI B. K. BHATTACHARYA ( Alternate )
SHRI A. SEN GUP~A Ministry of Railways, Calcutta
SENIOR DEPUTY CHIEF ENOINEER Public Works Department, Government of
( BLDQ ) Tamil Nadu
SUPERINTENDING ENGINEER
DES~QN CIRCLE ( Alternate )
SHRI A. SHARIIF FGP Limited, Bombay
SHRI G. K. TAKIAR ( Alternate )
CAPT ASHOK SHASTRY Onsar Chemical Pvt Ltd, Bombay
SHRI S. K. BANERJEE( Aftcrnafc )
SHRI Y. S. SRINIVASAN National Buildings Organization, New Delhi
SHRI SHASHI KANT ( Alternate )
PROF C. G. SWAMINATHAN Central Road Research Institute ( CSIR ),
New Delhi
SARI Y. G. GOKHALE ( Alternate )
SHRI G. RAMAN, Director General, IS1 ( Ex-ojicio Mcmbar )
Director ( Civ Engg )
Secretary
SHRI M. SADASIVAM
Assistant Director ( Civ Engg ), ISI
2IS :3384 - 1986
Indian Standard
SPECIFICATION FOR
BITUMEN PRIMER FOR USE IN
WATERPROOFING AND DAMP-PROOFING
(First Revision)
0. FOREWORD
0.1 This Indian Standard ( First Revision ) was adopted by the Indian
Standards Institution on 4 July 1986, after the draft finalized by the
Waterproofing and Damp-proofing Sectional Committee had been appro-
ved by the Civil Engineering Division Council.
0.2 Bitumen primer is commonly used for priming concrete and masonry
surfaces prior to the application of the first mopping coat of melted
bitumen in laying built-up roofings or membrane waterproofing, so as to
promote the bonding of the bitumen with the concrete roof deck or
masonry surface. This standard is intended to cover the minimum
requirements for bitumen primer for use in waterproofing and damp-
proofing of buildings. This standard was first published in 1965 and
the revision of this standard has been taken up to incorporate further
changes necessary in view of the revision of various standards referred
to in this standard. In this revision, in addition to carbon disulphide,
use of carbon tetrachloride and trichloroethylene have been permitted
for the requirements of primer. Sampling clause has been modified to
bring it in line with the other published Indian Standards.
1. SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the requirements for bitumen primer for
application to concrete and masonry surfaces and to be used with
bitumen in damp-proofing and waterproofing below or above ground
level.
2. TERMINOLOGY
2.1 For the purpose of this standard, the definition given in IS : 491 l-
1968* shall apply.
*Glossary of terms relating to bituminous waterproofing and damp-proofing of
buildings.
3IS : 3384 - 1986
3. REQUIREMENTS
3.1 The primer shall conform to the requirements given in Table 1.
TABLE 1 REQUIBEMENTS OF PRIMER
CHARACTERISTIC REQUIREMENT METHOD OF TEST,
G: REFERENCE TO
(1) (2) (3) (4)
i) Viscosity by standard tar viscometer, 4 to 24 IS : 1206 ( Part 1 )-
4mm orifice, in set, at 25°C 1978’
ii) Distillation fractions, percent by Method A of
volume of the primer: IS : 1213-1978t
a) Up to 225”C, Min 35
b) Up to 36O”C, MUX 65
iii) Flash point, Pensky Martens closed 40 IS : 1209-1978#
type, Mm
iv) Water content, percent, Max 0.2 IS : 1211-19785
v) Te;;oo;residue from distillation up to
a :
a) Ductility, 27”C, Min 3 IS : 1208-197811
b) Penetration at 25”C, 100 g, 5 set 20 to 50 IS : 1203-19787
in l/100 cm
c) Matter soluble in carbon disul- 99.0 IS : 1216-1978+*
phide or carbon tetrachloride or
trichloroethylene, percent by
weight, Min
Methods for testing tar and bituminous materials
*Determination of viscosity: Part 1 Industrial viscosity (first reGion ).
TDistillation test ( jrst rcoision ).
SDetermination of flash point and fire point (Jirst revision ).
§Determination of water content ( Dean and Stark method ) (first revision ).
/[Determination of ductility (jrst reuision ).
IDetermination of penetration (first revision ).
**Determination of solubility in carbon disulphide or carbontetra chloride or tri-
chloroethylene (Jirst reukim ).
4. MARKING
4.1 Each container of primer shall be legibly and indelibly marked with
the following:
4 Manufacturer’s name and trade-mark, if any;
b) Date of manufacture;
4 Batch number; and
4 Grade of bitumen from which primer is made.
4IS : 3384 - 1986
4.1.1 Each container maj, also be marked with the ,ISI Certification
Mark.
NOTE - The use of the IS1 Certification Mark is governed by the provisions of the
Indian Standards Institution ( Certification Marks ) Act and the Rules and Regu-
lations made thereunder. The ISI Mark on products covered by an Indian Standard
conveys the assurance that they have been produced to comply with the require-
ments of that standard under a well-defined system of inspection, testing and quality
control which is devised and supervised by IS1 and operated by the producer. IS1
marked products are also continuously checked by IS1 for conformity to that
standard as a further safeguard. Details of conditions under which a licence for the
use of the IS1 Certification Mark may be granted to manufacturers or processors,
may be obtained from the Indian Standards Institution.
5. SAMPLING AND CRITERIA FOR CONFORMITY
5.1 The method of drawing representative samples of the material and
the criteria for conformity shall be as prescribed in Appendix A.
APPENDIX A
( Clause 5.1 )
SAMPLING AND CRITERIA FOR CONFORMITY
A-l. SAMPLING
A-l.1 Lot - In any consignment, all the containers of primer from the
same batch of manufacture shall be grouped together to constitute a lot.
A-l.2 The number of containers to be selected at random from the lot
shall depend upon the size of the lot and shall be in accordance with
Table 2.
TABLE 2 NUMBER OF CONTAINERS TO BE SELECTED
No. OF CONTAINERS/ No. OF CONTAINERS/BAGS TO BE
BAGS IN TEE LOT SELECTED FOR SAMPLI~TO
(1) (2)
1 1
2to 15 2
16 to 50 3
51 to 150 5
151 to 500 8
501 and above 13
5IS: 3384.19%6
A-I.3 From each of the containers selected as in A-1.2, an average
sample representative of the material in the container shall be drawn in
accordance with the methods prescribed in IS : 1201-1978” taking all
the precautions mentioned therein. All these samples from individual
containers shall be stored separately.
A-2. NUMBER OF TESTS
A-2.1 All the individual< samples shall be tested for viscosity by standard
tar viscometer.
A-2.2 For the remaining characteristics, namely, flash point, residue
from distillation up to %O”C, water content, and tests on residue from
distillation up to 360°C other than ductility at 27°C a composite sample
prepared by mixing together equal quantities from a11 the individual
samples shall be tested.
A-3. CRITERIA FOR CONFORMITY
A-3.1 The lot shall be considered as conforming to the requirements of
this specification if the conditions mentioned in A-3.2 and A-3.3 are
satisfied.
A-3.2 From the test results for viscosity or penetration, the mean ( ?? )
and the range ( R ) shall be calculated. The following conditions shall
be satisfied:
a) (x- 0.6 R ) shall be greater than or equal to the minimum
specified limit for the characteristic, and
b) ( ;Y + 0.6 R ) shall be less than or equal to the maximum speci-
fied limit for the characteristic.
A-3.3 The composite sample when tested for the characteristics mentioned
in A-2.2 shall satisfy the corresponding requirements of the character-
istics.
*Method for testing tar and bituminousm aterials (J% reuision ).
6
|
12200.pdf
|
RF1-@ai?aitk
w G1-Ff-tm+i
Indian Standard
PROVISION OF WATER-STOPS AT TRANSVERSE
CONTRACTION JOINTS IN MASONRY AND
CONCRETE DAMS — CODE OF PRACTICE
(First Revision)
ICS 23.040.45; 93.160
0 BIS 2001
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG
NEW DELHI 110002
December 2001 Price Group 3Dams and Reservoirs Sectional Committee, WRD 9
FOREWORD
This Indian Standard (First Revision) was adopted by the Bureau of Indian Standards, after the draft finalized
by the Dams and Reservoirs Sectional Committee had been approved by the Water Resources Division Council.
The opening of the contraction joints provides passages through the dam which unless sealed, would permit the
leakage of water from the reservoir to the downstream face. To stop this leakage, water-stops should be installed
in the joints adjacent to the upstream face.
Advancement inthe specifications and the manufacture of material have resulted inthe acceptance of polyvinyl
chloride (PVC) as suitable material for joint seal. The material can be manufactured for a number of shapes
and sizes suiting to the specific requirement. In view of this, the matter regarding the replacement of copper
water-stop and asphalt water-stop by PVC water-stops has been under consideration for quite some time.
Experience in India and abroad has suggested that asphalt water-stops become defunct for want of adequate
heating arrangement and as a result, ithas been felt that the same should be replaced by PVC water-stops.
Copper water-stops can accommodate only a small lateral movement. Experience in the Pacific North West of
United States has shown that the sheet-type copper water-stop isvery vulnerable to failure especially in high
navigation lock. In Indian condition, project authorities have reported difficulties in properly brazing the
copper sheets and also its missing from the structure during construction. Accordingly, ithas been felt that the
copper water-stop should be replaced by PVC water-stops. This standard was first published in 1987. [n this
revision of the standard use of only PVC water-stops have been recommended and provision of other materials
have been deleted.
There is no 1S0 standard on the subject. This standard has been prepared based on the data received from
indigenous manufacturers’ and also taking into consideration the pactices prevalent in the field in India.
The composition of the Committee responsible for the formulation of this standard is given in Annex A.
For the purpose of deciding whether aparticular requirement of this standard is complied withl the final value,
observed or calculated, expressing the result of a test or analysis, shall be rounded off in accordance with
1S2: 1960 ‘Rules for rounding off numerical values (revised)’. The number of significant places retained in
the rounded off value should be the same as that of the specified value in this standard.Is 12200:2001
Indian Standard
PROVISION OF WATER-STOPS AT TRANSVERSE
CONTRACTION JOINTS IN MASONRY AND
CONCRETE DAMS — CODE OF PRACTICE
/- . -.. ,
(First lYevMon)
1 SCOPE that when the material is compounded, it shall meet
the requirements given in IS 15058:2001.
This standard deals with the provision of PVC water-
stops across ungrouted transverse contraction joints 3.2 Shape and Dimensions
in masonry and concrete dams.
The typical shape and dimensions of PVC water-
2 REFERENCES stops are given in Fig. 1. However, the section of
PVCwater-stop willvary d~pending onhead and site
The Indian Standards given below contain provisions
requirements.
which through reference in this text, constitute
provisions ofthis standard. Atthetimeofpublication,
4 INSTALLATION OF WATER-STOPS
the editions indicated were valid. All standards are
4.1 In the caseofmasonry dams, the surface adjacent
subject to revision, and parties to agreements based
to the blockouts (shown by dotted lines in Fig. 2)
on this standard are encouraged to investigate the
possibility of applying the most recent editions of shall be irregular and thejoints inthe masonry shall
beraked outwhen mortar isgreen, with some stones
the standards.
protruding beyond dotted lines regularly in both
IS No. Title directions. No such blockouts shall be provided in
290:1961 Specification forcoal-tarblackpaint concrete dams where concreting on either side of the
456:2000 Code of practice for plain and rein- water-stops is done along with the concreting of the
forced concrete Vourth revision) rest ofthe block.
15058:2001 PVC water-stops at transverse con- 4.2 The blockout may be concreted in lifis not more
tractionjoints foruseinmasonry and
than 1.5m. Minimum grade ofconcrete to beused in
concrete dams— Specification
the blockout shall be M20 (see IS 456).
3 PVC (POLYVINYL CHLORIDE) WATER- 4.3 The blockout of one block maybe concreted first
STOPS and thejoint face given acoat ofcoahar black paint
conforming to IS290 and then only the blockout of
3.1 Material
the second block should beconcreted so asto have a
The water-stop should be fabricated from a plastic
clear contraction joint.
compound, the basic resin ofwhich shallbepolyvinyl
chloride. The compound shall contain additional 4.4 Typical details of water-stop arrangement (at
resins, plasticizers, inhibitors or other materials such contraction joints between two monoliths of a dam)
Alldimensionsinmillimetms.
FIG, 1TYPICALCROSS-SECTIONOFPVC WATER-STOP
11s 12200:2001
I
FOR MASOf#RYDA-MONLY.NOSUCH
BLOCKOUTISREQUIREDFOR I
~ CONCRETE DAM-
———— —. -——— -——-
t nl
CONCRETE
BLOCKOUT
(1850X6001 l
FLO& %
CONTRACTION I
JOINT I
VC WATER-STOP
U/S FACE OF I TOGALLERY
DAM FLOOR DRAIN
L
-— ..- —— -- ——-—
~—-
1
1850(MINIMU—M—) ——4
Vv
vA
Alldimensionsinmillimetres.
FIG.2 SECTIONALPLANATCONTRACTIONJOINTS
near the top of a non-overflow section are shown in 4.5 PVC water-stops shall be provided around
Fig. 3, near the crest of agated overflow section in galleries/adits at the contraction joint between two
Fig. 4, near the bottom of the dam in Fig, 5 and monoliths of a dam as shown in Fig. 7. In case of
ungated overflow section in Fig. 6. masonry dam, the thickness of concrete cover may
be400 mm.
1
TOP OF DAM 7
7
250 X 250 STEEL PLATE /
I
OUTLINEOFTHE BLOCKOUTS1———-—.
FOR MASONRYDAM ~
,—.-— —- —-— ---- —
# I
150mln
t h i
I
11 I
I
I
1000min —- ~ P.V.CWATER-STOP
-L /
MWL
I
- I
— C#2I00TRAPDRAIN
i
I
it=
H--l
_600— .250
-’l
All dimensionsh millimetres
FIG.3 TYPICALWATER-STOPDETAILSNEARTHEToPOFNON-OVERFLOSWECTIONOFDAM
2Is 12200:2001
rSEE DETAIL B
II
flSEE DETAIL A
i
!PVC ‘WATER-STOP (TO BE SUITABLY JOINED TO
THE GATE SILL BEAM)
E S!LL BEAM
DETAIL h’
] ~PVC WATER-STOP ~
AXIS OF
f%+’
“ I PIPE
U/S FACE OF
..
DETAIL B
Alldimensionsinmillimetres.
FIG.4 TYPICALWATER-STOPDETAILSNEARTHECRESTOFGATEDOVERFLOWSECTION
4.6 Water-stops rolls should be stored in a suitable 5 JOINTING
environment to avoid its damage due to adverse
PVC water-stops shall bejointed in straight reaches
weather conditions.
only by an experienced trained personnel using a
4.7 During installation, the exposed portion ofwater- suitable device in consultation with the engineer-in-
steps should be protected against adverse weather charge and the manufacturer.
conditions.
3Is 12200:2001
--.+. 251A -300+300
>“ — +
I
I
: I
0 I
% I
w L
v 0200 STEEL PIPE
~
CONNECTED TO
~ FOUNDATION
3 LOPE 1:50 GALLERYDRAIN
----
/ ‘Ff200 TRAPDRAIN
*
PVC.
/ P.V.C. WATEft6TOP
WATER- I
STOP J
/ I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
1507
/
4;0 ACCEPTABLE DAM
FOUNDATION ELEVATION
‘~)’ J= //f
h-lmo—----+i
All dimensionsinmillimetres.
FIG.5TYPICALWATER-STOPDETAILSNEARBOTTOMOFDAM
AXIS OF DAM PVC WATER-STOPS SHALL BE SUITABLY JOINED
TO THE ISMB 200 600 LONG(300 ON EACH SIDE
)\ OF CONTRACTIOd JOINT?
I
700X500X700 SLOCKOUT
1
cP12,4 Nos.
300 LONG J-BOLTS - ~
1=— +700
600 - “- -
H-t \
PVC WATER-STOP
All dimensionsinmillimetres.
FIG.6 WATER-STOPDETAILSFORUNGATEDOVERFLOWSECTION. $<
Is 12200:2001
PVC WATER-STOP ~ ,
Soo
/
t
4 500 500
GALLERY/ADtT
,
,., .,.
Soo
Alldimensionsinmillimetres.
FIG.7 PVC WATER-STOAPROUNDGALL~RYIADAITTCONTRACTIONJOINT
., .,. ..>.
5.!
!A.,
.....—
Is 12200:2001
ANNEX A <
.
..-’-
(Foreword)
COMMITTEE COMPOSITION
Dams and Reservoirs Sectional Committee, WRD 9
Organization Representative(s)
CentralWater Commission, New Delhi DRB.K.MrrrAL(Chairman)
Bhakra BeasManagement Board,Chandigarh CmEFErwsrw@3FMxswDAM)
DrREcroR(DESIGN)B&BDESIGNDrRECrORA(TAElternate)
CentralBoardotlrigation &Power,NewDelhi
M-asu.P.KAusHrsH (
SrauT.S.MuRnrv(Allerrrate)
CentraFSoil& MaterialResearchStation,NewDelhi Dawcmrr
SmrrA.K.DwivAN(AIteiw@
CentralWater&PowerResearchStation,Pune SHSRJ.M.KHATSrJRSA
SmuP.B.DEOrmrKM(Alternate)
CentralWaterCommission,NewDelhi fhJxTOR (CMDD-NW&S)
DrRECTORkm?Rvow OPErrAnoDNrRECJTJRA(~mkernate)
ConsultingEngineeringServices(I)PvtLtd,NewDelhi SHRMJ .K.NARASIMHANA
Sm S.S.NARANG(Alternate)
GeologicalSurveyofindia, Lucknow SHRGI.K.K.MSTHA
SmuR.N.SmwH(Alferrrale)
Narmada & Water Resources Department, Government of Gujarat, CHEFENGINEE(MREoruM&MJNORA)NDADDLSECRETARY
Gandhinagar SUPSRJNTSNDEINNGGINEE(CRDG)(Alternafe)
IndianInstituteofTechnology,NewDelhi HEADOFTHECrvrLENGMHUNGDEPARmmr
IrrigationDepartment,GovernmentofAndhraPradesh,Hyderabad CHIEFENGINEE(1R&CAD)
SUPERINTENDINENGGINEER(DAMS)(Affernate)
Irrigation&WaterwaysDirectorate,GovernmentofWestBengaF,Kolkata SHRAI.DASGUPTA
.%SRHI.P.CsrArowmrm(Alternate)
IrrigationDepartment,GovernmentofUttarPradesh,Roorkee CHEFENGINES(DRAMDs.mmr)
summrmmw ErwmwE(RDAMDEMNCtRcrx1)(Alternate)
IrrigationDepartment,GovernmentofPunjab,Chandigrrrb CrrrEEFNGINEE(RRSDD)
DIRE~ORDAMS(RSDD)(A]ternafe)
IrrigationDepartment,GovernmentofMaharrrshtrzNasik SUPSRJtmr-mnEwNGITWER(MD)
EXECOTNEEN@NEER(MD(-A4l)ternate)
IrrigationDepartment,GovernmentofHaryan&Chandigarh CHJITENGJNES(PRRomr3s)
DtREmR (EwnmmG )(Afternde)
WaterResourcesDepartmentGovernmentofMadhyaPradesh,Bhopal SHNA.K.RJSHJ
DJRECTO(DRAMS()Alfernate)
JaiprakashIndustriesLtd,NewDelhi SriruD.G.KADKAOS
SHJUNARENDRSArNGH(Alternate)
KamatakaPowerCorporationLimited,Bangalore SW P.R.MALTKSAIuUNA
SHJOS.M.CHEBB(AIlterrraie)
KeralaStateElectricityBoard,Thiruvananthapuram SHJUGEORGECJ-I-AN
GammonIndia,Mumbai Sm M.S.BISAJUA
SHRIR.D.VARANGAONK(AAltRernate)
NationalHydroelectricPowerCorporationLtrFjFaridabad SrrsrK.S.NAGARAJA
NorthEasternF+ctric PowerCorporationLtd,NewDelhi SHRUITPABLORA
National InstituteofHydrology, Roorkee DRS.M.SETH
DRP.K.MAHAPATRA(Alternafe)
Public WorksDepartment,GovernmentofTamilNadu,Chennai Emrwfs+mclsrm
CHIEFENGJNES(ARfterrrate)
TehriHydroDevelopmentCorporation,Noida SHRLI.K.BANSAL
BISDkectorateGeneral StrRJS.S.Sma, Director&Head(WRD)
~epresending DirectorGeneral (Et-oficio)]
Member-Skcretary
SmuR.S.JUNEJA
JointDirector(WRD),BIS
6. . . .. ... .. .. . . ., ..........,,............ ... .
“,
A
Bureau of Indian Standards
BIS is a statutory institution established under the Bureau of Indian Standards Act, 1986 to promote
harmonious development of the activities of standardization, marking and quality certification of goods
and attending to connected matters in the country.
Copyright
BIS has the copyright of all its publications. No part of these publications may be reproduced in any form
without the prior permission in writing of BIS. This does not preclude the free use, in the course of
implementing the standard, of necessary details, such as symbols and sizes, type or grade designations.
Enquiries relating to copyright be addressed to the Director (Publications), BIS.
Review of Indian Standards
Amendments are issued to standards as the need arises on the basis of comments. Standards are also reviewed
periodically; a standard along with amendments is reaffirmed when such review indicates that no changes are
needed; if the review indicates that changes are needed, it is taken up for revision. Users of Indian Standards
should ascertain that they are in possession of the latest amendments or edition by referring to the latest issue of
‘BIS Catalogue’ and ‘Standards: Monthly Additions’.
This Indian Standard has been developed from Doc :No. WfUl 9 (283).
Amendments Issued Since Publication
Amend No. Date of Issue Text Affected
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
Headquarters :
Manak Bhavan, 9 Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg, New Delhi 110002 TeIegrams : Manaksanstha
Telephones :3230131, 3233375, 3239402 (Common to all oftices)
Regional Offices : Telephone
Central : Manak Bhavan, 9 Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg 3237617
NEW DELHI 110002 { 3233841
Eastern : 1/14 C.I.T. Scheme VII M, V. I. P. Road, Kankurgachi 3378499, 3378561
KOLKATA 700054 { 3378626, 33791 20
Northern : SCO 335-336, Sector 34-A, CHANDIGARH 160022 603843
602025
{
Southern : C.I.T. Campus, IV Cross Road, CHENNAI 600113 2541216,2541442
2542519,2541315
{
Western : Manakalaya, E9 MIDC, Marol, Andheri (East) 8329295, 8327858
MUMBAI 400093 { 8327891, 8327892
Branches : AH MEDABAD. BANGALORE. BHOPAL. BHUBANESHWAR. COIMBATORE.
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LUCKNOW. NAGPUR. NALAGARH. PATNA. PUNE. RAJKOT. THIRUVANANTHAPURAM.
PrintedatPrabhat Offset Press,New Delhi-2
|
BS-EN-15048-12.pdf
|
EN15048-1
Cert No:
0038/CPD/LRQ4006773/B
Non Pre-Load Bolt Assemblies
BS EN 15048 - 1 & 2
8.8 & 10.9 Assemblies
BAPP
G r o u p o f C o m p a n i e sNon Pre-Load Bolt Assemblies S S k Length
Length
c
BS EN 15048 - 1 & 2 8.8 & 10.9 Assemblies
Rad r
d
SI SI
BS EN 15048 Fully Threaded Setscrew Dimensions e
MO G
B e
MO G
B d a d f 45o
109
d
BS EN 15048 Fully Threaded Setscrew Dimensions. Classes 8.8 & 10.9 Rad. approx. 11/4 d
Pitch of Plain Width Across Width Across Diameter of Depth of 439R5a dPiuTs1 Transition 4T3h9ic5kn PesTs2
Nominal Thread Portion Flats Corners Washer Face Washer Face Under Head Diameter of Head
Size and p a s e df c r de k 30o
Thread
Dia. d (coarse max. max. min. min. min. max. min. min. max. max. min.
pitch series)
M12 1.75 5.25 18.00 17.57 19.85 16.47 0.60 0.15 0.60 13.70 7.68 7.32
M16 2.00 6.00 24.00 23.16 26.17 22.00 0.80 0.20 0.60 17.70 10.29 9.71
M20 2.50 7.50 30.00 29.16 32.95 27.70 0.80 0.20 0.80 22.40 12.85 12.15
M24 3.00 9.00 36.00 35.00 39.55 33.25 0.80 0.20 0.80 26.40 15.35 14.65
M30 3.50 10.50 46.00 45.00 50.85 42.75 0.80 0.20 1.00 33.40 19.12 18.28 BS EN 15048 Head Marking
M36 4.00 12.00 55.00 53.80 60.79 51.11 0.80 0.20 1.00 39.40 22.92 22.08
BDL BGL BDL BGL
Product Characteristic Standard
Fully Threaded Setscrews
8.8SB 8.8SB 10.9SB 10.9SB
General Requirements ISO 4017
Materials & Manufacture ISO 898-1 Classes 8.8 & 10.9
BS EN 15048
Bolt thread Tensile Proof Load Elongation Hardness Rockwell HRC
Finish / Zinc Electroplated BS 7371-3 or BS EN ISO 4042 Mechanical Dia Strength
Coatings properties of
Hot Dip Galvanized BS 7371-6 or BS EN ISO 10684 N/mm2 min. N/mm2 min. % min. min. max.
Grade 8.8
M12 800.00 660.00 12.00 23.00 34.00
Mechanical Properties ISO 898-1 Classes 8.8 & 10.9 Setscrews
M16 830.00 660.00 12.00 23.00 34.00
Dimensions & Tolerances ISO 4017
M20 830.00 660.00 12.00 23.00 34.00
Threads ISO 965-2 Class 6G M22 830.00 660.00 12.00 23.00 34.00
M24 830.00 660.00 12.00 23.00 34.00
Important Note
It is a requirement of BS EN 15048 that the bolt, nut and washer assembly is supplied by one M27 830.00 660.00 12.00 23.00 34.00
manufacturer who is responsible for the function of the assembly. All the components are identified
M30 830.00 660.00 12.00 23.00 34.00
with the manufacturer’s mark. The coating of the assembly is under the control of the manufacturer.
M36 830.00 660.00 12.00 23.00 34.00
BS EN 15048 Assemblies also require a Charpy Impact Test to EN 10045-1
Stockists of Industrial Fasteners, Engineering BAPP
1 Supplies and Health & Safety Products
Group of CompaniesNon Pre-Load Bolt Assemblies
BS EN 15048 - 1 & 2 8.8 & 10.9 Assemblies
BS EN 15048 Nut Dimensions
Nominal size Width across Width across Thickness
and thread Pitch of flats corners of nut
thread s e m
diameter
p
d max. min. min. max. min.
M12 1.75 18.00 17.57 21.10 10.80 10.37
M16 2.00 24.00 23.67 26.75 14.80 14.10
BS EN 15048 Nut Markings
M20 2.50 30.00 29.16 32.95 18.00 16.90
M24 3.00 36.00 35.00 39.55 21.50 20.20
BDL BDL BDL BGL BGL BGL
M30 3.50 46.00 45.00 50.85 25.60 24.30
M36 4.00 55.00 53.80 60.79 31.00 29.40
8SB 10SB 12SB 8SB 10SB 12SB
BS EN 15048 Proof load values of property classes 8 & 10 nuts
Characteristic Standard
Nuts Nut thread Stress Area Test Property Class
Dia Mandrel
General Requirements ISO 4032 & 4034 8 10
Materials & Manufacture ISO 4032 & 4034 Class 8, 10 & 12 Tolerance class Tolerance class
6H (1) 6AZ (2)
Finish / Self Colour / Black ISO 4032 & 4034
Coatings mm2 Proof Load kN Proof Load kN
Zinc Electroplated BS 7371-3 or BS EN ISO 4042
M12 84.30 67.00 78.10
Hot Dip Galvanized BS 7371-6 or BS EN ISO 10684
M16 157.0 125.0 150.0
Mechanical Self Colour / Zinc Electroplated ISO 4032 & 4034 Class 8
Properties M20 245.0 196.0 236.0
Hot Dip Galvanized ISO 4032 & 4034 Class 10 & 12
M24 353.0 282.0 342.0
Dimensions & Tolerances ISO 4032 & 4034
M30 561.0 448.0 551.0
Threads Self Colour / Zinc Electroplated ISO 965-2 Class 6H
M36 817.0 653.0 808.0
Hot Dip Galvanized ISO 965-2 Class 6AZ
6H (1) is the tolerance class for self colour & Zinc plated nuts.
Product Marking BS EN ISO 898-2
6AZ (2) is the tolerance class for hot dip galvanized nuts.
Stockists of Industrial Fasteners, Engineering BAPP
2 Supplies and Health & Safety Products
Group of CompaniesNon Pre-Load Bolt Assemblies
BS EN 15048 - 1 & 2 8.8 & 10.9 Assemblies
BS EN 15048 Washer Dimensions
Nominal EN ISO 7089 - 2000
size of
Inside Outside Thickness
bolt or
Diameter Diameter s
screw
d1 d2
max min max min max min
M12 13.93 13.50 24.00 22.70 2.80 2.20
M16 17.93 17.50 30.00 28.70 3.60 2.40
M20 22.52 22.00 37.00 35.40 3.60 2.40
M24 26.52 26.00 44.00 42.40 4.60 3.40
M30 33.62 33.00 56.00 54.10 4.60 3.40
S
M36 40.00 39.00 66.00 64.10 6.00 4.00
Characteristic Standard
Washers
General Requirements EN ISO 7089 - 2000
Materials & Manufacture EN ISO 7089 - 2000
Finish / Self Colour / Black EN ISO 7089 - 2000
Coatings
Zinc Electroplated BS 7371-3 or BS EN ISO 4042
Hot Dip Galvanized BS 7371-6 or BS EN ISO 10684
Dimensions & Tolerances EN ISO 7089 - 2000
Stockists of Industrial Fasteners, Engineering BAPP
3 Supplies and Health & Safety Products
Group of Companies
|
9401_8.pdf
|
IS : 9401 ( Part 8 ) - 1985
Indian Standard
METHOD OF MEASUREMENT OF
WORKS IN RIVER VALLEY PROJECTS
( DAMS AND APPURTENANT STRUCTURES )
PART 8 INSTRUMENTATION
Measurement of Works of River Valley Projects
Sectional Committee, BDC 69
Chairman
SHRI S. P. CAPRIHAN
Redecon (India ) Pvt Ltd, B-92, Himalaya House,
Kasturba Gandhi Marg, New Delhi
Members Representing
SHRI K. D. ARCOT Engineers India Limited, New Delhi
SHRI G. K. NATRAJAN ( Alternate )
SHRI MAHAVIR BIDASARIA Ferro-Concrete Consultants Pvt Ltd, Indore
SHRI ASHOK BIDASARIA ( Alternate )
SHRI T. K. BISWAS Irrigation and Waterways Department, Government
of West Bengal, Calcutta
CHIEF ENGINEER( NSP ) Irrigation Department, Government of Andhra
Pradesh, Hyderabad
CHIEF ENGINEER( TGP) ( Alternate )
CHIEF ENGINEER (, PROJECTS) Water and Power (Irrigation) Department, Govern-
ment of Kerala, Trivandrum
DY CHIEF ENGINEER( IRRIGA-
TION) ( Alternate )
SHRI M. B. DESHMUKH Irrigation Deuartment. Government of Maharashtra,
Bombay _ ’
DIRECTOR ( R & C ) Central Water Commission, New Delhi
MISS E. DIVATIA National Hydro-Electric Power Corporation Limited,
New Delhi
SHRI S. M. NARANG ( Alternate )
SHRI OM PRAKASH GUPTA Irrigation Department, Government of Uttar Pradesh,
Lucknow
SHRI S. M. JOSHI Gammon India Limited, Bombay
PROF S. KRISHNAMOORTHY Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi
( Continued on page 2 )
Q Copyright 1986
INDIAN STANDARDS INSTITUTION
This publication is protected under the Indian Copyright Act ( XIV of 1957 ) and
reproduction in whole or in part by any means except with written permission of
the publisher shall be deemed to be an infringement of copyright under the said Act.IS : 9401( Part 8 ) - 1985
( Continued from page 1 )
Members Representing
SHRI B. N. MATHUR Irrigation Department, Government of Rajasthan,
Jaipur
SHRI G. A. MUSTAFPA Public Works Department, J L K, Srinagar
SHRI R. C. PATEL Irrigation Department, Government of Gujarat,
Gandhinaaar
SHRI T. RANGANNA Karnataka Power Corporation Ltd, Bangalore
SHRI K. V. RAMACHANDARAR AO Institution of Surveyors, Delhi
SKRI M. B. VI~TAL RAO Irrigation Department, Government of Karnataka,
Bangalore
SHRI P. S. RAO Haryana Irrigation Department, Chandigarh
SHRI D. M. SAVUR Hindustan Construction Co Ltd, Bombay
SHRI P. S. SUBRAMANIAM Tarapore and Company, Madras
SUPERINTENDING ENGINEER Irrigation Department, Government of Bihar, Patna
( MONITORING)
SHRI V. VENKATESWARALU National Projects Construction Corporation Limited,
New Delhi
SHRI K. N. TANEJA( Alternate )
SHRI G. RAMAN, Director General, ISI ( Ex-officio Member )
Director ( Civ Engg )
Secretary
SHRI K. M. MATHUR
Joint Director ( Civ Engg ), IS1IS : 9401 ( Part 8 ) - 1985
Indian Standard
METHOD OF MEASUREMENT OF
WORKS IN RIVER VALLEY PROJECTS
(DAMS AND APPURTENANT STRUCTURES)
PART 8 INSTRUMENTATION
0. FOREWORD
0.1 This Indian Standard was adopted by the Indian Standards Institution
on 25 November 1985 after the draft finalized by the Measurement of
Works of River Valley Projects Sectional Committee had been approved by
the Civil Engineering Division Council.
0.2 In measurement of quantities in construction of river valley projects a
large diversity of methods exist at present according to local practices.
This lack of uniformity creates complication regarding measurements and
payments. This standard is intended to provide guidance regarding a
uniform basis for measurement of instrumentation items in river valley
projects.
0.3 In reporting the results of measurement made in accordance with this
standard, if the final value, observed or calculated, is to be rounded off, it
shall be done in accordance with IS: 2-1960”.
1. SCOPE
1.1 This standard covers the method of measurement of work related to
instrumentation items in river valley projects.
2. GENERAL RULES
2.1 Clubbing of Item - Items may be clubbed together and that the break
up of the clubbed items are agreed to be on the basis of the detailed
description of the items stated in this standard.
2.2 Booking of Dimensions- In booking dimensions, the order shall be
consistent and generally in the sequence of length, width and height or
depth or thickness.
*Rules for rounding off numerical values ( revised ).
3IS : 9401( Part 8 ) - 1985
2.3 Description of Items - The description of each item shall unless and
otherwise stated, be held to include where necessary, conveyance and
delivery handling, unloading, storing, fabrication, hoisting all labour for
finishing to required shape and size setting, fitting and fixing in position,
straight cutting and waste return or packings, etc.
2.4 Measurement - All works shall be measured net in decimal system as
fixed in its place subject to the limitation: Linear dimensions shall be
measured to the nearest of 0.01 metre.
3. PLEZOMETERS
3.1 Porus tube piezometers (aluminum pipe ), thin tube hydraulic founda-
tions type piezometers and embankment piezometers shall be measured in
units of numbers and shall be designated in terms of R.D. (reduced
distance ), station number and elevation; and shall include the following:
a) All connected works pertaining to making of main trenches/offset
trenches in the compacted material of embankment ( in case of
embankment tips ) and backfilling and compacting the material in
specified layers after laying the tubing for tips, riser vertical steel
pipes for avoiding reverse slopes, steel housing for temporary
housing of the reels of the said tips.
b) The quantity of bentonite, mud/cement gravel, etc, if required;
c) The bore holes required to be made for foundation tips;
d) The installation and removal of casing pipe to maintain the holes
during installation of tip assembly;
e) Qrosole solution or wetting agent for circulation of water in tips,
boiiing of tips and boiling of water for filling pipes for taking pore
pressure measurement;
f) Epoxy rubber sheath wooden block and other petty items like black
conduit, tapes and plump bob item; and
g) Any wooden racks for facilitating the proper laying of twin tubes
in trench.
3.2 The PVC twin tube from the pipe to instrumentation house/well shall
be measured in running metres.
3.3 The pipes in case of porous tube piezometres shall be measured in
running metres stating diameter and the type of the pipe.
3.4 Typical Terminal well constructed in RCC or in some special cases
fabricated out of GI pipe shall be enumerated and shall include the
following:
a) Suitable measure like water proofing and painting of terminal well.
b) Ventilation system being provided in terminal wells.
4IS : 9401( Part 8 ) - 1985
3.5 The valves, gauges, panels, water tanks, pumps, plumbings and other
allied fittings required to furnish the instrumentation house/well shall be
enumerated.
4. CROSS ARMS
4.1 The cross arm assembly which includes pipes, tee, spacers and counter
weights along with its installation shall be measured in numbers.
5. MISCELLANEOUS INSTRUMENTS
5.1 Strain transducers, stress strain meters, reinforced bar stress transducer,
base load transducer, pore pressure transducer, uplift pressure transducer,
soil pressure transducer, dam level transducer (insertion type ), displacement
transducer, inclination transducer, temperature transducer, joint meter,
slope indicators, bore hole extensometer, hollow load cells, tiltmeters/
ground displacement transducers ( electronic type ), differential type
transducers along with accessories shall be measured in numbers.
5.2 Lead wire shall be measured in metres from installation of instrument
to the panel board in the control room.
5.3 Wherever bore hole is required to be done in vertical, horizontal or at
any inclination, it shall be measused in linear metre.
5.4 Wherever mounting angles or spiders for arresting the transducers are
required, these shall be enumerated.
5.5 Wherever junction boxes are required these shall be enumerated.
5.6 Wherever, pipes and sleeves are installed these shall be measured in
metres and diameter and class/type of pipe shall be designated.
5.7 Wherever grouting of anchor pipes are needed it shall be measured
separately [ see IS: 9401 ( Part 3 )-1980 *].
6. MISCELLANEOUS
6.1 Any dewatering in the area for installation of instrumentation shall be
measured separately [ see IS : 9401 ( Part 2 )-1980 71.
6.2 If monitoring is required after installation of instrument, it shall be
measured as a lump sum item indicating the period, numbers and type of
instruments.
*Method of measurement of works in river valley projects (dams and appurtenant
structures): Part 3 Grouting.
tMethod for measurement of works in river valley projects ( dams and appurtenant):
Part 2 Dewatering.
5INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF UNITS (SI UNITS)
Base Units
Quanfity Unit Symbol
Length metre m
Mass kilogram kg
Time second S
Electric current ampere A
Thermodynamic kelvin K
temperature
Luminous intensity candela cd
Amount of substance mole fflOl
Supplementary Units
Quantity clmt Symbol
Plane angle radian rad
Solid angle steradian ST
Derived Units
Quanfity Unit Symbol Definition
Force newton N 1 N = 1 kg. m/s%
Energy joule J 1 J=lN.m
Power watt W 1 W= 1 J/s
Flux weber Wb 1 Wb= 1 Vs
Flux density tesla T 1 T=l Wb/mz
Frequency hertz Hz 1 Hz= 1 c/s (s-l)
Electric conductance siemens S 1 S = 1 A/V
Electromotive force Volt V 1 V = 1 W/A
Pressure, stress Pascal Pa 1 Pa=lN/msAMENDMENT NO. 1 APRIL 1996
TO
IS 9401 ( Part 8) : 1985 METHOD OF
MEASUREMENT OF WORKS IN RIVER VALLEY
PROJECTS ( DAMS AND APPURTENANT
STRUCTURES )
PART 8 INSTRUMENTATION
(Page 5, chse 5.7 ) - Substitute ‘IS 9401 ( Part 3 ) : 1994’ for ‘IS : 9401
( Part 3 ) - 1980’.
(Page 5, cfnrtse 6.1 ) - Substitute ‘IS 9401 ( Part 2) : 1982’for ‘IS : 9401
( Part 2 ) - 1980’.
( Page 5, firsf fool-nofe ) - Substitute ‘Method of measurement of works in river
valley projects ( dams and appurtenant structures ) : Part 3 Grouting (fiml r&ion )’ for the
existing foot-note.
( Page 5, second foot-note ) - Substitute ‘Method of measurement of works in river
valley projects ( dams and appurtenant structures ) : Part 2 Dewatering’ for the eXiStbIg
foot-note.
(RVD23)
Reprography Unit, BE, New Delhi, India
|
ISO 10893-12.pdf
|
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 10893-12
First edition
2011-04-01
Non-destructive testing of steel tubes —
Part 12:
Automated full peripheral ultrasonic
thickness testing of seamless and welded
(except submerged arc-welded) steel
tubes
Essais non destructifs des tubes en acier —
Partie 12: Contrôle automatisé de l'épaisseur par ultrasons sur toute la
circonférence des tubes en acier sans soudure et soudés (sauf à l'arc
immergé sous flux en poudre)
Reference number
ISO 10893-12:2011(E)
Copyright International Org anization for Standardization
© ISO 2011
Provided by IHS under lice nse with ISO
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale
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All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or
ISO's member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
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Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11
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Contents
Page
Foreword............................................................................................................................................................iv
1 Scope......................................................................................................................................................1
2 Normative references............................................................................................................................1
3 Terms and definitions...........................................................................................................................2
4 General requirements...........................................................................................................................2
5 Test method...........................................................................................................................................3
6 Reference tube.......................................................................................................................................3
7 Equipment calibration and checking...................................................................................................3
8 Acceptance............................................................................................................................................4
9 Test report..............................................................................................................................................5
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---`,,`,`,,`,,`-`-````,,,,```,,`--ISO 10893-12:2011(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 10893-12 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 17, Steel, Subcommittee SC 19, Technical
delivery conditions for steel tubes for pressure purposes.
This first edition cancels and replaces ISO 10543:1993, which has been technically revised.
ISO 10893 consists of the following parts, under the general title Non-destructive testing of steel tubes:
⎯ Part 1: Automated electromagnetic testing of seamless and welded (except submerged arc-welded) steel
tubes for the verification of leaktightness
⎯ Part 2: Automated eddy current testing of seamless and welded (except submerged arc-welded) steel
tubes for the detection of imperfections
⎯ Part 3: Automated full peripheral flux leakage testing of seamless and welded (except submerged
arc-welded) ferromagnetic steel tubes for the detection of longitudinal and/or transverse imperfections
⎯ Part 4: Liquid penetrant inspection of seamless and welded steel tubes for the detection of surface
imperfections
⎯ Part 5: Magnetic particle inspection of seamless and welded ferromagnetic steel tubes for the detection of
surface imperfections
⎯ Part 6: Radiographic testing of the weld seam of welded steel tubes for the detection of imperfections
⎯ Part 7: Digital radiographic testing of the weld seam of welded steel tubes for the detection of
imperfections
⎯ Part 8: Automated ultrasonic testing of seamless and welded steel tubes for the detection of laminar
imperfections
⎯ Part 9: Automated ultrasonic testing for the detection of laminar imperfections in strip/plate used for the
manufacture of welded steel tubes
⎯ Part 10: Automated full peripheral ultrasonic testing of seamless and welded (except submerged
arc-welded) steel tubes for the detection of longitudinal and/or transverse imperfections
iv --`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--- © ISO 2011 – All rights reserved
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⎯ Part 11: Automated ultrasonic testing of the weld seam of welded steel tubes for the detection of
longitudinal and/or transverse imperfections
⎯ Part 12: Automated full peripheral ultrasonic thickness testing of seamless and welded (except
submerged arc-welded) steel tubes
© ISO 2011 – All rights reserved v
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Copyright International Organization for Standardization
Provided by IHS under license with ISO
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for ResaleINTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 10893-12:2011(E)
Non-destructive testing of steel tubes —
Part 12:
Automated full peripheral ultrasonic thickness testing of
seamless and welded (except submerged arc-welded) steel
tubes
1 Scope
This part of ISO 10893 specifies requirements for the automated full peripheral ultrasonic testing of seamless
and welded steel tubes, with the exception of submerged arc-welded (SAW) tubes, for wall thickness
measurement. It specifies the testing method and corresponding calibration procedures.
NOTE 1 Full peripheral testing does not necessarily mean that 100 % of the tube surface is scanned.
NOTE 2 This test can be carried out simultaneously with full peripheral ultrasonic testing for the detection of laminar
imperfections (see ISO 10893-8) using the same ultrasonic transducers for both inspection requirements. Under these
circumstances, the minimum lamination size under detection determines the percentage of the tube surface for scanning,
according to ISO 10893-8.
This part of ISO 10893 can also be applicable to the testing of circular hollow sections.
This part of ISO 10893 is applicable to the thickness measurement of tubes with a specified outside diameter
equal to or greater than 25,4 mm and a minimum wall thickness of 2,6 mm, unless otherwise agreed on.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 5577, Non-destructive testing — Ultrasonic inspection — Vocabulary
ISO 9712, Non-destructive testing — Qualification and certification of personnel
ISO 11484, Steel products — Employer's qualification system for non-destructive testing (NDT) personnel
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3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 5577 and ISO 11484 and the
following apply.
3.1
reference tube
tube or length of tube used for calibration purposes
3.2
reference sample
sample (e.g. segment of tube, plate or strip) used for calibration purposes
NOTE Only the term “reference tube” is used in this part of ISO 10893, also covering the term “reference sample”.
3.3
tube
hollow long product open at both ends, of any cross-sectional shape
3.4
seamless tube
tube made by piercing a solid product to obtain a tube hollow, which is further processed, either hot or cold,
into its final dimensions
3.5
welded tube
tube made by forming a hollow profile from a flat product and welding adjacent edges together, and which
after welding can be further processed, either hot or cold, into its final dimensions
3.6
electric welded tube
tube made by pressure welding, in a continuous or non-continuous process, in which strip is formed cold into
a hollow profile and the seam weld made by heating the adjacent edges through the resistance to the passage
of high- or low-frequency current, and pressing the edges together
NOTE The electric current can be applied either by direct electrode contact or by induction.
3.7
manufacturer
organization that manufactures products in accordance with the relevant standard(s) and declares the
compliance of the delivered products with all applicable provisions of the relevant standard(s)
3.8
agreement
contractual arrangement between the manufacturer and purchaser at the time of enquiry and order
4 General requirements
4.1 Unless otherwise specified by the product standard or agreed between purchaser and manufacturer, an
ultrasonic test shall be carried out on tubes after completion of all the primary production process operations
(rolling, heat treating, cold and hot working, sizing and primary straightening, etc.).
4.2 The tubes under test shall be sufficiently straight to ensure the validity of the test. The surfaces shall be
free of foreign matter, which can interfere with the validity of the test.
4.3 This test shall be carried out by suitably trained operators, qualified in accordance with ISO 9712,
ISO 11484, or equivalent, and supervised by competent personnel nominated by the manufacturer. In the
case of third-party inspection, this shall be agreed on by the purchaser and manufacturer.
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The operating authorization issued by the employer shall be according to a written procedure. Non-destructive
testing (NDT) operations shall be authorized by a level 3 NDT individual approved by the employer.
NOTE The definition of levels 1, 2 and 3 can be found in appropriate International Standards, e.g. ISO 9712 and
ISO 11484.
5 Test method
5.1 The tube shall be tested using the ultrasonic single or multiple pulse echo technique, with piezoelectric
or electromagnetic transducers. The ultrasound shall be transmitted in the direction normal to the tube surface,
to determine that the tube thickness meets the specified requirements.
5.2 During testing, the tubes and the probe assembly shall be moved relative to each other such that (with
the exception provided in Note 2 of Clause 1) the tube surface shall be scanned over equidistant non-
coincident helical paths along the entire length of the tube. Unless specified in the product standards or
agreed on by the manufacturer and purchaser, the minimum coverage shall be at the manufacturer's
discretion according to his manufacturing process, but shall be not less than 10 % of the surface area.
NOTE Other scanning routes can be used by agreement between the purchaser and manufacturer.
5.3 The suggested maximum width of each transducer, or each active aperture when using phased array
transducers, should be 25 mm measured in any direction. However, manufacturers may use larger
transducers provided they can demonstrate their capability for detecting the adopted reference standard; on
request, this capability shall be demonstrated.
5.4 The equipment shall be capable of classifying tubes as either acceptable or suspect by means of an
automated trigger/alarm level combined with a marking and/or recording and/or sorting system.
6 Reference tube
6.1 The reference tube (or partly scanned tube) shall have the same nominal diameter and thickness, same
surface finish, heat treatment and delivery condition (e.g. as-rolled, normalized, quenched and tempered) as
the tubes under test, and shall have similar acoustic properties (e.g. sound velocity and attenuation
coefficient).
6.2 The reference tube (or machined reference sample or machined block or hollow bar of steel) shall, at
the manufacturer's discretion, either
a) have a known area with a predetermined thickness with an accuracy better than ±0,1 mm, or
b) have a machined section(s) either at the specified minimum thickness or having one section at minimum
thickness and one section between minimum and maximum thickness limits. The thickness of the
reference tube used for calibrating the ultrasonic equipment shall have a tolerance of ±0,05 mm or ±0,2 %,
whichever is the greater.
7 Equipment calibration and checking
7.1 At the start of each test cycle, the equipment shall be calibrated statically using the selected reference
tube such that it indicates the thickness of the reference tube with an accuracy better than ±0,10 mm or ±2 %,
whichever is the greater, such that a trigger/alarm condition is produced whenever the specified thickness
limit(s) is exceeded.
The manufacturer shall demonstrate that the results achieved during the production testing are consistent with
those achieved at the static calibration.
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--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---ISO 10893-12:2011(E)
7.2 During the production testing of the tubes, the relative rotational and translational speeds shall be
chosen such that the tube surface is scanned in accordance with 5.2. Relative speed of movement during
testing shall not vary by more than ±10 %.
7.3 The calibration of the equipment shall be checked at regular intervals during the production testing of
tubes of the same specified diameter, thickness and grade.
The frequency of checking the calibration shall be at least every 4 h, but also whenever there is an equipment
operator team changeover and at the start and end of production.
7.4 The equipment shall be recalibrated if any of the parameters which were used during the initial
calibration are changed.
7.5 If, on checking during production testing, the calibration requirements are not satisfied even after taking
into account an additional accuracy tolerance given in 7.6, all the tubes tested since the previous check shall
be retested after the equipment has been recalibrated.
7.6 To allow for system drift, an additional thickness accuracy tolerance of +1 % or +0,05 mm, whichever is
the greater in excess of that stated in 7.1, shall be taken into account during checking of the equipment
calibration during production testing.
7.7 By agreement between the manufacturer and the purchaser, it shall be demonstrated that at the
advancing and/or rotating speed and pulse repetition frequency used, the equipment is capable of detecting a
non-conforming thickness.
8 Acceptance
8.1 Any tube producing no trigger/alarm condition (see 7.1) shall be deemed to have passed this test.
8.2 Any tube producing a trigger/alarm condition (see 7.1) shall be designated suspect or, at the
manufacturer's discretion, may be retested. If, after two consecutive retests, all signals are lower than the
trigger/alarm level, the tube shall be deemed to have passed this test; otherwise, the tube shall be designated
as suspect.
8.3 For suspect tubes, one or more of the following actions shall be taken, subject to the requirements of
the product standard.
a) If the manufacturer can prove that the trigger/alarm condition arises from a combination of minor
imperfections, e.g. inclusion clusters, not individually or in combination extensive enough to cause
rejection, the tube shall be deemed to have passed the test.
b) If applicable, the suspect area of the tube exhibiting thickening in excess of the upper tolerance limit may
be dressed by a suitable method. After checking that the remaining wall thickness is within the specified
tolerances, the tube shall be deemed to have passed the test.
c) The suspect area shall be cropped off.
d) The tube shall be deemed not to have passed this test.
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
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9 Test report
When specified, the manufacturer shall submit to the purchaser a test report that includes at least the
following information:
a) reference to this part of ISO 10893, i.e. ISO 10893-12;
b) statement of conformity;
c) any deviation, by agreement or otherwise, from the procedures specified;
d) product designation by steel grade and size;
e) type and details of the test technique(s);
f) equipment calibration method used;
g) description of the reference standard;
h) date of test;
i) operator identification.
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---`,,`,`,,`,,`-`-````,,,,```,,`--ISO 10893-12:2011(E)
ICS 23.040.10; 77.040.20; 77.140.75
Price based on 5 pages
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--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
|
ISO-8502-2 LAB TEST FOR CHLORIDE ON BLASTED SURFACE.pdf
|
DRAFT ÖNORM
EN ISO 8502-2
Edition: 2013-11-15
Preparation of steel substrates before application of
paints and related products ― Tests for the
assessment of surface cleanliness
Part 2: Laboratory determination of chloride on cleaned surfaces
(ISO/DIS 8502-2:2013)
Vorbereitung von Stahloberflächen vor dem Auftragen von Beschichtungsstoffen ―
Prüfungen zum Beurteilen der Oberflächenreinheit ― Teil 2: Laborbestimmung von
Chlorid auf gereinigten Oberflächen
(ISO/DIS 8502-2:2013)
Préparation des subjectiles d'acier avant application de peintures et de produits
assimilés ― Essais pour apprécier la propreté d'une surface ― Partie 2:
Recherche en laboratoire des chlorures sur les surfaces nettoyées
(ISO/DIS 8502-2:2013)
Note:
Because of possible comments, the final version of this ÖNORM can
differ from the present Draft.
Please send your comments (in writing) by 2013-12-31 to Austrian
Standards Institute.
Publisher and printing ICS 25.220.10
Austrian Standards Institute/
Österreichisches Normungsinstitut Identical (IDT) with ISO/DIS 8502-2:2013-10
Heinestraße 38, 1020 Wien Identical (IDT) with prEN ISO 8502-2:2013-10
Copyright © Austrian Standards Institute 2013
Supersedes ÖNORM EN ISO 8502-2:2006-08
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be
reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means –
responsible Committee 050
electronic, mechanical and photocopying or any other
Paints and varnishes
data carrier – without prior permission!
E-Mail: [email protected]
Internet: www.austrian-standards.at/terms-of-use
Sale and distribution of national and foreign
standards and technical regulations via
Austrian Standards plus GmbH
Heinestraße 38, 1020 Wien
E-Mail: [email protected]
Internet: www.austrian-standards.at
Webshop: www.austrian-standards.at/webshop
Tel.: +43 1 213 00-300
Fax: +43 1 213 00-818
5102.60.82
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+SADRAFT ÖNORM EN ISO 8502-2:2013
Explanations concerning Draft
The present Draft European Standard EN ISO 8502-2 has been submitted to CEN members for voting. In
case of a positive result of the voting as required by CEN/CENELEC regulations, this Draft will be published
as EN.
Like all member organizations of CEN, Austrian Standards Institute is basically obliged to implement Europe-
an Standards in Austria and to withdraw conflicting standards.
Austrian Standards Institute herewith submits this Draft of a European Standard as Draft ÖNORM to
public enquiry and information.
Comments on this Draft
Please find below some practical instructions intended to offer you and the responsible committee assistance
for the processing of comments and proposals for modification:
Form For your comments/proposals for change, please use the relevant form
available from Internet. Download under
http://www.austrian-standards.at/comments/
or use the Draft Standard Portal
http://www.austrian-standards.at/standards-draft-portal/
Structure Please use a new line for each comment. This facilitates the attribution
of the comments received to the different clauses and chapters of the re-
spective Draft.
Language Please formulate technical comments on European Standards if possi-
ble in English, since English is the common working language of
the most European standardizing bodies.
Editorial and/or linguistic proposals for change/improvement of Ger-
man versions of European Standards shall (certainly) be submitted in
German.
Script/Format Please use the script „Arial“ with 9 pt font size.
Please do not change the formats.
Dispatch Please send your comments by E-Mail to the responsible Committee
Manager ([email protected])
Aspects concerning patent law The recipients of this Draft ÖNORM are requested to add information on
any patent rights known to their comments and to provide supporting
documentation, if available.
2
5102.60.82
pohS
+SAISO/DIS 8502-2
DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD
35 12 BSI
ISO/TC /SC Secretariat:
2013-10-03 2014-03-03
Voting begins on: Voting terminates on:
Preparation of steel substrates before application of paints
and related products — Tests for the assessment of surface
cleanliness —
Laboratory determination of chloride on cleaned surfaces
Part 2:
Préparation des subjectiles d’acier avant application de peintures et de produits assimilés — Essais pour
apprécier la propreté d’une surface —
Partie 2: Recherche en laboratoire des chlorures sur les surfaces nettoyées
[Revision of second edition (ISO 8502-2:2005)]
ICS: 25.220.10
THIS DOCUMENT IS A DRAFT CIRCULATED
FOR COMMENT AND APPROVAL. IT IS
THEREFORE SUBJECT TO CHANGE AND MAY
NOT BE REFERRED TO AS AN INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD UNTIL PUBLISHED AS SUCH.
IN ADDITION TO THEIR EVALUATION AS
BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL,
TECHNOLOGICAL, COMMERCIAL AND
USER PURPOSES, DRAFT INTERNATIONAL
STANDARDS MAY ON OCCASION HAVE TO
BE CONSIDERED IN THE LIGHT OF THEIR
POTENTIAL TO BECOME STANDARDS TO
WHICH REFERENCE MAY BE MADE IN
NATIONAL REGULATIONS. Reference number
RECIPIENTS OF THIS DRAFT ARE INVITED ISO/DIS 8502-2:2013(E)
TO SUBMIT, WITH THEIR COMMENTS,
NOTIFICATION OF ANY RELEVANT PATENT
RIGHTS OF WHICH THEY ARE AWARE AND TO
PROVIDE SUPPORTING DOCUMENTATION. ©
ISO 2013
5102.60.82
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+SAISO/DIS 8502-2:2013(E) ÖNORM DRAFT
Copyright notice
This ISO document is a Draft International Standard and is copyright-protected by ISO. Except as
permitted under the applicable laws of the user’s country, neither this ISO draft nor any extract
from it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means,
electronic, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission being secured.
Requests for permission to reproduce should be addressed to either ISO at the address below or ISO’s
member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
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Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11
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Reproduction may be subject to royalty payments or a licensing agreement.
Violators may be prosecuted.
ii © ISO 2013 – All rights reserved
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+SAÖNORM DRAFT ISO/DIS 8502-2
Contents
Page
1 Scope ...................................................................................................................................................... 1
2 Normative references ............................................................................................................................ 1
3 Principle ................................................................................................................................................. 2
4 Reagents and materials ........................................................................................................................ 2
5 Apparatus ............................................................................................................................................... 2
6 Procedure ............................................................................................................................................... 2
7 Expression of results ............................................................................................................................ 3
8 Test report .............................................................................................................................................. 3
© ISO 2013 – All rights reserved iii
5102.60.82
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+SAISO/DIS 8502-2 ÖNORM DRAFT
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 8502-2 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 35, Paints and varnishes, Subcommittee SC 12,
Preparation of steel substrates before application of paints and related products.
This edition cancels and replaces ISO 8502-2:2005, which has been technically revised.
ISO 8502 consists of the following parts, under the general title Preparation of steel substrates before
application of paints and related products — Tests for the assessment of surface cleanliness:
Part 1: Field test for soluble iron corrosion products (withdrawn) [Technical Report]
Part 2: Laboratory determination of chloride on cleaned surfaces
Part 3: Assessment of dust on steel surfaces prepared for painting (pressure-sensitive tape method)
Part 4: Guidance on the estimation of the probability of condensation prior to paint application
Part 5: Measurement of chloride on steel surfaces prepared for painting (ion detection tube method)
Part 6: Extraction of soluble contaminants for analysis — The Bresle method
Part 8: Field method for the refractometric determination of moisture (withdrawn)
Part 9: Field method for the conductometric determination of water-soluble salts
Part 10: Field method for the titrimetric determination of water-soluble chloride (withdrawn)
Part 11: Field method for the turbidimetric determination of water-soluble sulfate
Part 12: Field method for the titrimetric determination of water-soluble ferrous ions
iv © ISO 2013 – All rights reserved
5102.60.82
pohS
+SAÖNORM DRAFT ISO/DIS 8502-2
Introduction
The performance of protective coatings of paint and related products applied to steel is significantly affected
by the state of the steel surface immediately prior to painting. The principal factors that are known to influence
this performance are
a) the presence of rust and mill scale,
b) the presence of surface contaminants, including salts, dust, oils and greases, and
c) the surface profile.
ISO 8501, ISO 8502 and ISO 8503 have been prepared to provide methods of assessing these factors, while
ISO 8504 provides guidance on the preparation methods that are available for cleaning steel substrates,
indicating the capabilities of each in attaining specified levels of cleanliness.
These International Standards do not contain recommendations for the protective coating systems to be
applied to the steel surface. Neither do they contain recommendations for the surface quality requirements for
specific situations even though surface quality can have a direct influence on the choice of protective coating
to be applied and on its performance. Such recommendations are found in other documents such as national
standards and codes of practice. It will be necessary for the users of these International Standards to ensure
that the qualities specified are
compatible and appropriate both for the environmental conditions to which the steel will be exposed and
for the protective coating system to be used, and
within the capability of the cleaning procedure specified.
The four International Standards referred to above deal with the following aspects of preparation of steel
substrates before application of paints and related products:
ISO 8501 on visual assessment of surface cleanliness;
ISO 8502 on tests for the assessment of surface cleanliness;
ISO 8503 on surface roughness characteristics of blast-cleaned steel substrates;
ISO 8504 on surface preparation methods.
Each of these International Standards is in turn divided into separate parts. This part of ISO 8502 describes a
method for the assessment of chloride-containing salts that are readily soluble in water and are present on a
steel surface. Rusted steel substrates, particularly of rust grades C or D (see ISO 8501-1), even when blast
cleaned to preparation grade Sa 3 (see ISO 8501-1) can still be contaminated by soluble salts and corrosion
products. These compounds are almost colourless and are localized at the lowest point of the rust pits. If they
are not removed prior to painting, chemical reactions can result in large accumulations of rust that destroy the
adhesion between the substrate and the applied protective coating. Even if the salt is readily soluble in water,
it is often impossible to remove it completely from the surface by a simple washing such as that described in
this procedure. The method does not therefore determine the total amount of chloride on the surface but gives
an indication of the cleanliness level of the surface. Prolonging the washing time should remove a larger
proportion of the salt.
© ISO 2013 – All rights reserved v
5102.60.82
pohS
+SAÖNORM DRAFT
5102.60.82
pohS
+SADRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/DIS 8502-2
Preparation of steel substrates before application of paints and
related products — Tests for the assessment of surface
cleanliness — Part 2: Laboratory determination of chloride on
cleaned surfaces
1 Scope
This part of ISO 8502 describes a method for the determination of chloride-containing salts that are readily
soluble in water and are present on a steel surface. The method is also applicable to previously coated
surfaces. It will normally be used in a laboratory using washings sampled from surfaces on site.
The method is applicable to the determination of salts that have been deposited on the steel surface before,
during or after the cleaning operations.
NOTE 1 ISO 8502-5, Preparation of steel substrates before application of paints and related products — Tests for the
assessment of surface cleanliness — Part 5: Measurement of chloride on steel surfaces prepared for painting (ion
detection tube method), describes a field test for the determination of chloride on a surface.
NOTE 2 Although the procedure for chloride determination is generally accurate, the overall precision of the method is
limited by uncertainties in the sampling procedure. In addition, traces of iron chloride at the bottom of pits are difficult to
extract into the sample.
NOTE 3 The performance of a paint system is affected by the amount of soluble chloride remaining on the surface. The
acceptable level of this contamination is related to the service conditions. For further information regarding levels of water-
soluble salt contamination see ISO/TR 15235 [1].
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 3696, Water for analytical laboratory use — Specification and test methods
ISO 10304-1, Determination of dissolved anions by liquid chromatography of ions - Part 1: Determination of
bromide, chloride, fluoride, nitrate, nitrite, phosphate and sulfate
ISO 9517, Determination of water-soluble chloride – ion-selective electrode method
ISO 5943, Cheese and processed cheese products – determination of chloride content – potentiometric
titration method
ISO 8502-9, Preparation of steel substrates before application of paints and related products — Tests for the
assessment of surface cleanliness — Part 9: Field method for the conductometric determination of water-
soluble salts
© ISO 2013 – All rights reserved 1
5102.60.82
pohS
+SA
|
15109_2.pdf
|
IS 15109 ( Part 2 ) :2002
ISO 11269-2:1995
WRanFm
Ww$i
W Wicw mDrHT?”qFmx=rT
m2 mm&ihm?&iwiwmllHlm
Indian Standard
DETERMINATION OF THE EFFECTS OF
POLLUTANTS ON SOIL FLORA
PART 2 EFFECTS OF CHEMICALS ON THE EMERGENCE AND GROWTH OF
HIGHER PLANTS
ICS 13.080
,,
@BIS 2002
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG
NEW DELHI 110002
March 2002 Price Group 4
1Soil Quality and Improvement Sectional Committee, FAD 27
NATIONAL FOREWORD
This Indian Standard ( Part 2 )which is identical with ISO 11269-2:1995 ‘Soil quality — Determination
of the effects of pollutants on soil flora — Part 2: Effects of chemicals on the emergence and growth
of higher plants’ issued by the International Organization for Standardization ( ISO ) was adopted by
the Bureau of Indian Standards on the recommendation of the Soil Quality and Improvement Sectional
Committee and approval of the Food and Agriculture Division Council.
In the adopted standard, certain terminology and conventions are not identical to those used in Indian
Standards. Attention is particularly drawn to the following:
a) Wherever the words ‘International Standard’ appear referring to this standard, they should be
read as Indian Standard’.
b) Comma ( ,) has been used as a decimal marker while in Indian Standards, the current practice
is to use’ a’point ( . ) as the decimal marker.
CROSS REFERENCES
/nternationa/ Standard Corresponding Indian Standard Degree of Equivalence
ISO 10381-6:1993 Soil quality — Doc : FAD 27 ( 1321 ) Soil quality Identical
Sampling — Part 6: Guidance on sampling : Part 1 Guidance on
collection, handling and storage of design of sampling programmed
the soil for the assessment of
aerobic microbial processes in the
laboratory
ISO 10390: 1994 Soil quality — Doc : FAD 27 ( 1319 ) Soil do
Determination of pH quality — Determination of pH
In reporting the result of a test or analysis made in accordance with this standard, if the final value,
observed or calculated, is to be rounded off, it shall be done in accordance with IS 2:1960 ‘Rules for
rounding off numerical values ( revised )’...%
IS 15109 ( Part 2 ) :2002
ISO 11269-2:1995
lndian Standard
DETERMINATION OF THE EFFECTS OF
POLLUTANTS ON SOIL FLORA
PART 2 EFFECTS OF CHEMICALS ON THE EMERGENCE AND GROWTH OF
HIGHER PLANTS
1 scope ISO 10390:1994, Soil quality — Determination of PH.
This part of ISO 11269 describes a method that is
3 Definitions
applicable to the determination of possible toxic ef-
fects of solid or liquid chemicals incorporated in soil
For the purposes of this part of ISO 11269, the fol-
on the emergence and early stages of growth and
lowing definitions apply.
development of a variety of terrestrial plants. It does
not give an indication of damage resulting from direct
3.1 LOEC (lowest observed effect concen- -----
contact of seedlings with the chemical in the vapour
tration): Lowest concentration used in the test at
or liquid phase outside the soil environment.
which the substance is observed to have a significant
The method is also applicable to the comparison of effect on emergence or growth as compared with the
control. All test concentrations above the LOEC shall
soils of known and unknown quality. Information on
have a harmful effect equal to or greater than those
how to adapt the method for this purpose is given in
observed at the LOEC.
annex B.
3.2 NOEC (no observed effect concentration):
Test concentration immediately below the LOEC.
2 Normative references
3.3 visual assessment Describes any damage to
the test species, in terms of stunting, chlorosis or
The following standards contain provisions which,
necrosis in both treated and control pots.
through reference in this text, constitute provisions
of this part of ISO 11269. At the time of publication,
the editions indicated were valid. All standards are
4 Units
subject to revision, and parties to agreements based
on this part of ISO 11269 are encouraged to investi-
Concentrations of test substances are expressed as
gate the possibility of applying the most recent edi-
milligrams per kilogram of dry soil.
tions of the standards indicated below. Members of
IEC and ISO maintain registers of currently valid Emergence is expressed as the percentage of
International Standards. seedlings which emerge compared with the control
pots.
ISO 10381-6:1993, Soi/ qua/ity — Samp/ing —
Part 6: Guidance on the collection, handling and stor- Effects on growth are expressed as the difference in
age of soil for the assessment of aerobic microbial mass of the aerial parts of the plants between the
processes in the laboratory. treated plants and those in the control pots.
1IS 15109 (Part2) : 2002
ISO 11269-2:1995
5 Principle
Table 1
This phytotoxicity test is based on the emergence and
Category Test species
early growth response of a variety of terrestrial plant
species to various concentrations of a chemical added
1
to the test soil.
Rye Secale cereale L.
Seeds of selected species of plants are planted in Ryegrass, perennial Lolium perenne L.
pots containing soil to which the test chemical has Rice Oryzasativa L.
been added and in control pots. The pots are kept
Oat (common or winter) Avena sativa L.
under growth conditions for the test species selected.
Wheat, soft Triticum aestivum L.
The emergence and mass (dry or fresh basis) of the
shoots of the test plants are compared with those of Barley (spring or winter) Hordeum vulgare L.
the control plants. Sorghum, common Sorghum bicolor
(orshattercane (L.) Moench
or durra, white
6 Test plants and materials
or millet, great)
Sweetcorn Zea mays L.
6.1 Equipment
2
Suitable facilities for carrying out the test include
Mustard, white Sinapis alba
phytotrons, plant growth rooms and greenhouses.
Rape f3rassicanapus (L.)
The planting containers shall be non-porous plastics
[or rape (summer) SSP.napus
or glazed pots with atop internal diameter of between
or rape(winter)]
85 mm and 95 mm.
Radish,wild Raphanussativus L.
6.2 Testplants Turnip, wild Brassica rapaSSP.(DC.)
Metzg.
A minimum of two species shall be selected for the Chinese cabbage Brassica campestris L.
test, comprising at least one species from each of the var. chinensis
two categories shown in table 1. Category 1 are Birdsfoot fenugreek Trifolium
monocotyledonous and category 2 are dicotyledon- ornithopodioides (L.)
Ous. Lettuce Lactuca sativa L.
Cress,garden Lepidium sativum L.
6.3 Soil
Tomato Lycopersicon
esculentum Miller
Either sterile or non-sterile soil may be used. The
Bean Phaseolus aureus Roxb.
field-moist soil shall be passed through a sieve, of
square mesh 4 mm to 5 mm, to remove coarse frag-
ments. The carbon content shall not exceed 1,5 YO
(3 YO organic content). Fine particles (less than 6.4 Soiltreatment
0,02 mm) shall not exceed 20 % of dry mass. The pH
determined in accordance with ISO 10390 shall be Any method ensuring an even distribution of the
between 5 and 7,5. If the soil is prepared specifically chemical throughout tie soil may be used, excluding
for the purposes of the test and this involves the ad- the use of surfactants.
dition of nutrients, necessa~ precautions shall be
taken to ensure that these nutrients do not interfere Recommended methods for incorporation of the
with the test substance (e.g. by allowing a sufficiently chemical are described in annex A.
long period between preparation of the soil and run-
ning the test).
6.5 Recommendedreferencesubstance
NOTE 1 It is recommended that sand should be added
to bring the organic or fine particle content of natural soils NOTE2 It is recommended that a reference substance
to within the approved limits. be tested to demonstrate the uniformity of the laboratory
test conditions. Sodium trichloroacetate IS the rec-
If non-sterile soil is used, it shall be stored in accord- ommended reference substance. A reference test should
be carried out if any major changes inoperating procedures
ance with ISO 10381-6.
are introduced, for example, change of phytotron/growthIS 15109 ( Part 2 ) :2002
ISO 11269-2:1995
roomlgreenhouse; change of soil or change of watering re- test no sooner than 14 days and no later than 21 days
gime, etc. after 50 YO of the control seedlings have emerged.
NOTES
7 Methods
4 The following conditions and procedures are rec-
ommended
7.1 Experimental design
a) Testing facility: phytotron, plant growth room or
Pots containing control soil and each concentration of
greenhouse.
chemical shall be replicated four times.
b) Temperature: to meet the normal growing conditions
7.1.1 Preliminary test of the species selected.
The preliminary test is used to find the range of con- c) Lighting: 16 h/day.
centrations affecting soil quality. The chemical is in-
7000 lx minimum light intensity in the wavelength
corporated in the soil according to annex A at suitable for photosynthesis. Therefore, in agreenhouse,
concentrations of O (control), 1 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg, additional lighting may be necessary during times of
100 mg/kg, 1 000 mg/kg, of oven-dried soil. low natural light intensity.
d) Soil moisture content: daily adjustment of the moisture
7.1.2 Final test
content of the soil is necessary to maintain a predeter-
The concentrations shall be selected in a geometric
mined percentage water holding capacity e.g. 80 ‘XOfor
Avena sativa and 60 Y. for Brassica rapa. A sufficient
series (preferably with a factor not exceeding two) to
check can be made by weighing several randomly
give an estimate of the lowest concentration that in-
selected pots daily, Anaerobic conditions should be
duces reduced emergence and growth (LOEC). Sub- avoided and noted in the test report.
stances need not be tested at concentrations of
higher than 1 000 mg/kg of oven-dried soil. e) Records: temperature and humidity, especially if using
a greenhouse,
NOTE 3 A geometric series is a series of quantities in
which each term is obtained by multiplying the preceding f) When testing volatile substances, interaction between
term by some constant factor termed the common ratio, batches should be avoided by using separate
e.g. 1, 2, 4, 8, 16. phytotrons or by specialized separation. If this is not
possible, a note to this effect should be included in the
test report.
7.2 Preparation of the pots
5 A limit test may be performed under the conditions of
Fill the pots with the prepared soil and obtain the re-
this test in order to demonstrate that the LOEC is beyond
quired water holding capacity, expressed as a per- the limit concentration.
centage, by adding deionized water. Place the pots
on individual saucers and arrange them in a random-
7.5 Validity criteria
ized block design.
Emergence shall be sufficient to provide five healthy
7.3 Preparation of the seeds seedlings per pot in the control.
Plant 20 uniform undressed seeds of the selected
species from the same source either immediately 8 Assessment of results
after incorporation of the chemical or up to 24 h later.
The seeds shall not be imbibed before planting.
8.1 Data presentation
7,4 Growing conditions Present the data in tabular form, recording the num-
ber of plants that emerge per replicate and the total
The temperature, humidity and light conditions shall
mass of shoots of seedlings per replicate at harvest;
be such that they are suitable for maintaining
either the fresh mass weighed immediately after cut-
“normal” growth of all selected species for at least
ting the shoots above the soil surface or the dry mass
the duration of the test period. After the emergence
after oven drying at 70 ‘C to 80 ‘C for 16 h.
assessment within each pot, thin the seedlings to
give a total of five evenly spaced representative NOTE 6 To minimize the trial error it is preferable to use
specimens of the plants in the pots: Terminate the dry mass.
3~,
IS 15109 (Part 2):2002
ISO 11269-2:1995
.
,
8.2 Calculations — general soil composition (including details of - ‘
additional nutrients, etc.),
For each replicate in each treatment, calculate the
percentage emergence compared with the mean — type and intensity of supplementary lighting,
~#\
emergence of the control pots. Repeat this percent- ,,,
age calculation for the mean total mass (fresh or dry) — justification of the selected concentrations of t
5
at harvest per replicate, and the mean mass (fresh or test substance;
dry) at harvest per plant per replicate. {
d) all operating details not specified in this part of
NOTE 7 The use of an appropriate statistical analysis to ISO 11269, and any occurrences liable to have
highlight significant differences between the control andthe affected the results;
test concentrations is recommended. In cases of low hom-
ogeneity of replicate results, non-parametric methods are e) method used to incorporate the chemical in the
recommended e.g. the U-test by Mann and Whitney. soil and the form of the substance dissolved, i.e.
emulsion or suspension;
8.3 Expression of results
f) date of planting and harvest;
Results a) and b) shall be expressed in milligrams per
kilogram of oven-dried soil. g) for each replicate:
a) The highest concentration tested showing no re- — number of seeds emerging,
duction in growth/emergence compared to the
control (NOEC). — number of plants remaining at harvest,
b) The lowest concentration tested showing a re- — total mass (fresh or dry) at harvest;
duction in growth/emergence compared to the
h) for each treatment, including the control:
control (LOEC).
NOTE 8 Wherever possible, growth response data — mean number of seeds emerging per replicate
should also be represented graphically. and standard deviation,
.- -
. mean number of plants per replicate at har-
9 Test report
vest,
The test report shall include the following information:
— mean total mass (fresh or dry) per replicate at
harvest and standard deviation,
a) a reference to this part of ISO 11269;
— mean mass (fresh or dry) at hawest per plant
b) information about the test plant species (Linnaean
per rep!icate and standard deviation;
classification, variety, source);
i) description of visual damage (photographs are ac-
c) description of the test conditions including:
ceptable);
— pot size,
j) table of percentage mean emergence and mass
— mass of soil per pot, for each concentration;
— type of environment (greenhouse, etc.), k) highest concentration causing no effect and low-
est concentration causing effects;
— temperature,
1) a test report on the performance of the reference
— humidity, compound shall be completed periodically and if
the test conditions have changed.
— lighting conditions,
4IS 15109 ( Part 2 ) :2002
1S0 11269-2:1995
Annex A
(informative)
Details of methods for incorporation
A.1 Recommended method for mixing A.5 Problems due to evaporation
chemicalsthat are soluble in water with
the soil When the added chemical may evaporate at tem-
peratures used when mixing or during the test, it may
be necessa~ to analyse the soil at the end of the test
Dissolve the chemical in water and mix directly with
to confirm that the soil contains the required amount
the soil. Ensure that the volume of water added does
of the test chemical.
not exceed the water holding capacity and that the
same quantity of water is used for each batch of soil
and for each concentration of chemical. A.6 Recommended method for the
measurement of the water-holding
A.2 Recommended method for mixing capacityof the soil (until an appropriate
chemicalswith low volubility in water International Standard has been prepared)
with the soil
Fill a tube of known volume, with the base closed by
Dissolve the chemical in water and mix with dry sand. a sheet of filter paper, with the soil and cap the tube.
A rotating drum is useful for this. Mix the treated sand Submerge the tube in a water bath at room tempera-
with soil. If large quantities of water, i.e. those likely ture (with the water level beneath the top of the tube)
to exceed the required water holding capacity of the for 2 h.Then lower the tube below the water level for
soil are required, the sand can be dried in the rotating a further 1 h. Place the tube in a tray of wet, finely
drum, with a current of air, before mixing with the ground, quartz sand to drain for 2 h. Weigh the
.
soil. sample and d~ to constant mass at 105 ‘C.
The water-holding capacity is calculated as a percent-
A.3 Recommendation for mixing
age of dry mass.
chemicalsthat are soluble in a solvent
with the soil Wc= %-:-%
~loo
Dissolve the chemical in a suitable volatile solvent and
where
mix with sand. Dry the sand in a stream of air while
continuing to mix (e.g. while rotating the drum). Mix
% is the water-saturated soil mass + tube
the treated sand with soil. Ensure that the same
mass + filter paper mass;
quantity of solvent and of sand is used for all treat-
ments, including the control. The soil with added sand mt is the tare (tube mass + filter paper mass);
should be allowed to equilibrate for 24 h.
md is the dry mass of soil (mass of tube with
dry soil and filter paper less the tare mass
A.4 Recommended methods of mixing
of the tube and filter paper).
solid chemicalswith the soil
The dry soil sufficient for all replicates is placed in a
suitable mixing device (e.g. end-over-end shaker) and
the required amount of solid chemical is added. Fol-
lowing the mixing period, the soil is added to the pots.
5IS 15109 ( Part 2 ) :2002
ISO 11269-2:1995
Annex B
(informative)
Adaptation of the method for the comparison of soils of known
and unknown quality
B.1 Principle class as the soil under test and the soil with con-
lamination of an unknown type are each replicated
The quality of an unknown soil is estimated by deter- four times. The control soil “is used to confirm the
mining the emergence and early growth response of reproducibility of the test carried out on different oc-
a variety of terrestrial plant species in a soil of un- casions, whilst the extents of emergence growth in
known quality and two control soils. the other two soils are compared statistically.
Statistically significant differences in emergence and If appropriate, further sets of four pots with mixtures
growth of seedlings grown in the test medium com- of the unknown soil and sieved control soil may be
pared to the controls are indicative of an effect. filled to prepare diluted samples containing various
concentrations of substances in the soil with con-
B.2 Soil tamination of an unknown type. Mixtures of contam-
inated soil and control soil may be prepared to provide
The soil under test and the control soil of the same dilutions of the unknown chemicals in the soil for fur-
textural class but of a quality that is known to be good ther testing. This may be necessa~ when lack of
should be prepared and stored under the same con- emergence and growth is likely to occur on the un-
ditions as the second control soil used as a standard known soil.
(recommendations for a suitable standard are given in
6.3). Precise matching of soil properties is not critical B.4 Expressionof the results
to the test: most plants are sufficiently robust to be
relatively unaffected by small differences in soil Any reduction of emergence or growth of plants in the
properties. test soil should be expressed as a percentage of the
data obtained from the plants grown on the control
B.3 Experimental design soil, of which the quality is known to be good, of
similar textural class.
Effects on emergence and growth are assessed in
If the test soil was diluted, the lowest dilution factor
three growth media; a control soil which has the
showing an effect significantly different from the
properties specified in 6.3, a soil of which the quality
control should be reported.
is known to be good preferably of the same textural
6J%_
IS 15109 ( Part 2 ) :2002
ISO 11269-2:1995
Annex C
(informative)
Bibliography
[1] ISO 11465:1993, Soil qua/ity — Determination of dry matter and water content on a mass basis —
t
Gravimetric method.
.-$
..
>’
r,
4
7Bureau of Indian Standards
BIS is a statutory institution established under the Bureau of Zndian Standards Act, 1986 to promote
harmonious development ofthe activities of standardization, marking and quality certification of goods and
attending to connected matters in the country.
Copyright
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Review of Indian Standards
Amendments are issued to standards astheneed arises onthebasis ofcomments. Standards are also reviewed
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needed; ifthe review indicates that changes are needed, itistaken up for revision. Users of Indian Standards
should ascertain that they are inpossession ofthe latest amendments oredition byreferring tothe latest issue
of ‘BIS Catalogue’ and ‘Standards :Monthly Additions’.
This Indian Standard has been developed from Doc :No. FAD 27 ( 1037 ).
Amendments Issued Since Publication
Amend No. Date of Issue Text Affected
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ES I 6579 1981
l
Indian Standard
.
SPECIFICATION FOR
COARSE AGGREGATE FOR WATER
BOUND MACADAM
( First Revision )
Second Reprint MAY 1993
UDC 666.972.123:625.863.2
@ Copyright 1981
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARC
NEW DELHI 110002
- ’ i
Cr2 MUY /1981iIS I 6579 l 1981
Indian Standard
SPECIFICATION FOR
COARSE AGGREGATE FOR WATER
BOUND MACAD_AM
( First Revision)
Stones Sectional Committee, BDC 6
Chairman &presmting
SFIBI B. RADIAOHAXD~AN Geological Survey of India
Mambos
SERI S. R. PRADIXAN ( All6maf6 to
Shri B. Ramachandran )
SHRI K. K. AQRAWALA Builders’-Asrociation of India
SHRI K. K. MADHOK ( Alternat )
SHBI S. K. BANERJEB National Tert House, Calcutta
SHRI P. R. DA8 ( Alt6rnat6 )
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SERI J. K. CHARAN Engineer-in-Chief’s Branch ( Minhtryof Dcfence )
SHRI K. KAMLANATHAN ( Akrrnot6 )
CHIEF AROHITEOT E;esl Pu$b;k4orka Department, New Delhi
CHIEF ENQINEER ( B & R ) Department, Government of
Rajasthan, Jaipur
SARI Y. N. DAVE Department of Geology C Mining, Government of
Rajarthan, Udaipur
SERI R. G. GU~A ( Ahmat )
DEPUTY.DIRECTOR ( R~~EXAROH), Public Work6 Department, Government of Uttar
PWD RESEARCH INSTITUTE, Pradesh, Lucknow
LUCKNOW
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DEPUTY DIRECTOR ( CSMRS ) ( All6rn6t6 )
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IS I 6579 - 1981
( Continnwdf rom pap 1 )
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DR A. K. LAHIRI Rajastban State Granites and Marble Ltd, Jodhpur
SH.RI K. VIKRAIK f A&n&~ )
SHRI R. G. LIMAYE Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay
DR G. S. MEHBOTRA Central Building Research Lnstttutc, Roorkec
DR DINESH CHANDBA ( Altrmatr )
SHRI PREM SWARUP Department of Geology & Mining, Government of
t
.Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow
SHRI A. K. AQARWAL ( Altmtate )
DR A. V. R. RAO National Buildings Organization, New Ddhi
SHRI J. SEN GUFTA ( #trrnafr )
R;;;T;E OFFICEB, MBRI, Irrigation & Power Department, Government of
Maharashtra, Bombay
SDPERINTENDINC EN~INRER Public Works & Electricity Department, Govcrn-
( DE~IQNS ) ” ment of Karnataka, Bangalore
SOPERINTEND~~Q ENCXXEEB Public Works Department, Govcrnrncnt of
( DEEI~N~ f Tamil Nadu, Madras
DIGPUTT CHIEF ENQXNEER
( I 8t D ) ( Altmntr )
SVPERINTEND~N~ ENOINEER Public Works Depaitment, Government of West
( PLANNING CIRCLE j Bengal, Calcutta
SHRI G. RAMAN. Director General, ISI ( Ex-o#cio Membn )
Director ( Civ Engg )
SARI S. SENCVJPTA
Assistant Director ( Civ Engg ), ISI’
2IS t 6579 - 1981
Indian Standard
SPECIFICATION FOR
COARSE AGGREGATE FOR WATER
BOUND MACADAM
( First Revision )
0. FOREWORD
0.1 This Indian Standard ( First Revision ) was adopted by the Indian
St.andards Institution on 27 February 1981, after the draft finalized by
the Stones Sectianal Committee had been approved by the Civil
Ehgineering Division Council.
0.2 Water bound macadam ( WBM ) is a common item for highway
construction. The coarse aggregates, accounting for nearly three-
fourths of the -volume and mass of WBM, may be said to be the main
constituent. Many a time, an engineer-in-charge is faced with the
problem ef selecting the coarse aggregate for WBM from several
alternative materials available. If the minimum physical requirements
of such aggregates could be indicated, selection of the appropriate
mawtial would be easy. With this aspect in view, this gtandard has
been prepared tCf lay down the requirements of coarse aggregates for
WBM construction.
0.2.1 This standard was first published in 1972. It is being revised to
incorporate improvements found necessary in the light of the usage of
the standard and the suggestjons made by various bodies implementing
it. in this revision, a number of changes have been incorporated, the
most important being the adoption of the WBM aggregates for
construction of sub-base course also. The requirement of abrasion
value, impact value and flakiness index of such aggregates for use as sub_
bask has been added and the size and grading of the WBM aggregates
modified, depending on the sieve ~designation of IS : 460 ( Part I_>_
1978*. A requirement for water absorption has also been included,
QS For the purpose of deciding whether a particular requirement of this
standard is complied with, the final value, observed 0~ calculated
expressing the result of a test or analysis, shall be rounded off ii
accordance with IS : 2-1960t. The number of significant places retain-
‘ed in the rounded off value should be the same as that of the specified
value in this standard.
*Spdfication for test sieves:: Part I Wire Cloth test sieves ( second r44isi4n ).
fRules For rounding off numerical values ( reuircd ).
3IS I 6579 - 1981
1. SCOPE
1.1 This standard specifies the quality, physical properties and grading
of coarse aggregates suitable for use in WBM construction.
2. MATERIALS
2.1 The coarse aggregates used for WBM construction shall be any one
of the following:
a) Crushed or broken rock,
b) Crushed or broken slag, and
c) Broken brick aggregate.
2.1.1 Natural aggregates ( like KAJVKAR, laterite, etc ) other than
mentioned in 2.1 may also be used.
3. QUALITY
3.1 The coarse aggregates from natural sources shall be hard and
durable. They shall be free from excessive flat, elongated, soft or
disintegrated particles, dirt and other similar sources of weakness.
3.2 The coarse aggregates of slag shall be made from air-cooled blast
furnace slag and shall not contain glassy material exceeding 20 percent
and shall not weigh less than 1 120 kg/ma. They shall be dense, of
angular shape and shall be free from dirt and other similar sources of
weakness.
3.3 The broken brick aggregate shall be made out of well burnt bricks
( see IS : 1077-1976* ). It shall be free from underburnt particles, dust
and other foreign matter.
4. SIZE AND GRADING
4.1 The size and grading,of the coarse aggregates shall be as specified in
Table 1.
5. PHYSICAL REQUIREMENTS
5.1 Abrasion ( Los Angeles ) Value - The abrasion value of the
coarse aggregates when tested in accordance with the method laid down
in IS : 2386 ( Part IV )-19637 shall not be more than 40 percent for
wearing surface, 50 percent for base Fourse and 60 percent for sub-base
course.
*Specification for common burnt clay building bricks ( bird rrftirion ).
tMcthods of test for aggregates for concrete: Part IV Mccbamcal propertier.
4TABLE 1 SIZE AND GRADING OF COARSE AGGREGATES
( Claus4 4.1 )
GRADINQ No. SIEVE DESIQNATION PEIWIDVTA~EP nsarrw THE
[ ICI IS : 460 ( PART I )-1978* ] SIEIE BY MASB
(3)
mm
106
75 Xi'tZ30
63 25 to 60
37’5 OtoIS
19 0 to 5
2 2 100
90 to 100
53 50 to 80
37’5 Oto 15
19 0 to 5
3 63 Floe
53 95
37.5 50 to 65
0 to 10
0 to 5.
NOTE - For coarse aggregatea susceptible to degradation during rolling, tba
above grading may not hold good.
*Specification for teat sieves: Part I Wire cloth test rkves ( second rroision ).
5.2 Flakllees Index - The flakiness index of the coarse aggregates
when tested in accordance with the method given in IS : 2386 ( Part I )-
1963* shal-1 not be more than 15 percent. The flakiness index may. be
judiciously adjusted when the material is to be used in sub-base or when
significant degradation is expected under rolling.
NOTE -The requirement of tlakiaess index shall be enforced only in the em of
crushed broken stone and crushed slag.
5.3 Impact Value - The impact value of the aggregates when
determined in accordance with the method given in IS : 2386 (Part IV)
]963t and 1s : 5640-19702 shall not be more than 30 for wearhg amface,
40 for base course and 50 for sub-base course.
Aggregateal ike brick, KANKAR and laterite &all be tested for impact
vayuy&Ter wet condition in accordance with the methods given in IS : 5690-1970$.
*Metbods.of test for xggregatcs for concrete: Part 1 Particle Gzt and shape.
t&fetbods of test for aggregates for concrete: Part Iv Mechanical properties.
$Methods of test for determining aggregates impact value of soft coarse aggregates.
5
--IS t 6579 - 1981
5.4 Water Absorption -The water absorption of the aggregates when
tested in accordance with the method given in IS : 2386 ( Part III )-
1963* shall not be more than 1’5 percent for wearing surface, base and
sub-base course in the areas where the aggregates are subjected to
freezing and thawing and shall not be more than 2 percent in other
areas.
5.5 SOUndmeSS - The soundness of the aggregates when tested in
accordance with the method given in IS : 2386 ( Part V )-1963t shall
satisfy the following requirements:
a) Loss with sodium sulphate ( 5 cycles ) : 20 percent Max
b) Losvith magnesium sulpha’te ( 5 cycles ): 30 percent MUX
/
NOTX - The aggregate shall be tested for roundness only when it ha, to undeh,,
alternate freezing and thawing
6. SAMPLING AND CRITERIA FOR CONFORMITY
6.1 The procedure of sampling and the-criteria for conformity shall be
as given in IS : 243O-i969$.
7. SUPPLIER’S CERTIFICATE AND COST OF TESTS
7.1 The supplier shall satisfy himself that the terial supplied conforms
to the requirements of this standard and, if Imre quested, shall furnish a
certificate to this effect to the purchaser or his representative.
7.2 If the purchaser or his representative requires independent tests to be
made, the sample for such tests shall be taken before or immediately
after delivery at the option of the purchaser or his representative, and
the tests shall be carried out in accordance with this standard and on the
written instructions of the purchaser or his representative.
7.3 The supplier shall supply, free of charge, the material required for
tests.
7.4 The cost of the tests carried out under 7.2 shall be borne as
follows:
a) By the supplier, if the results show that the material does not
comply with this standard; and
b) By the purchaser, if the results show that the material complies
with this stanaard.
*Methods of tent for aggregates for concrete : Patt III density,
voida, absorption and bdkhp
tMethc& of test for aggregatea for concrete : Part V Souodnerr.
$Methods for sampling of aggmgater for concrete.
6
cBUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
Headquarters :
Manak Bhavan, 9 Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg. NEW DELHI 110002
Telephones : 331 01 31 Telegrams : Manaksansthe
331 13 75 (Common to all Offices)
Regional Offices : Telephone
Central : Manak Bhavan. 9, Bahadur Shah Zatar Marg. 331 01 31
NEW DELHI 110002 i
* Eastern : 1114 C.I.T. Scheme VII M, 33”: ;83 z!
V.I.P. Road, Maniktola. CALCUTTA 700054
Northern : SC0 445-446, Sector 35-C, CHANDIGARH 160036 21843
Southern : C.I.T. Campus, IV Cross Road, MADRAS 600113 41 29 16
t Western : Manakalava, E9 MIDC. Marol. Andheri (East), 6 32 92 95
BOMBAY.400093
Branch Offices ;
‘Pushpak’, Nurmohamed Shaikh Marg. Khanpur, AHMADABAD 380001 2 63 48
t Peenya Industrial Area, 1st Stage. Bangalore-Tumkur Road. 39 49-55
BANGALORE 560058
Gangotri Complex, 5th Floor, Bhadbhada Road, T.T. Nagar, 55 40 21
BHOPAL 462003
Plot No. 82/83. Lewis Road. BHUBANESHWAR 751002 53627
Kalai ~Kathir ‘Building. ~6148~A Avanasi Road, COIMBATORE 641037 2 67 05
Qualitv Matkina Centre, N.H. IV, N.I.T., FARIDABAD 121001
Savitri. Complex, 116 G. T. Road, GHAZIABAD 201001 8-71 1; 96
5315 Ward No. 29, R.G. Barua Road. 5th By-lane, 3 31 77
GUWAHATI 781003
68-56C L. N. Gupta Marg, ( Nampallv Station Road ) 231083
HYDERABAD 500001
R14 Yudhister Marg. C Scheme, JAIPUR 302005 83471
117/418 8 Sarvodaya Nagar. KANPUR 208005 21 68 76
Plot No. A-9, House No. 561/63. Sindhu Nagar, Kanpur Roaa. 5 55 07
LUCKNOW 226005
Patltputra Industrial Estate, PATNA 800013 6 23 05
Drstrict Industries Centre Complex, Bagh-e-Afi Maidan.
SRINAGAR 190011
T. C. No. 14/1421, University P. 0.. Palayam, 6 21 04
THIRUVANANTHAPURAM 695034
inspection Offices (With Sale Point) :
Pushpanjali. First Floor, 205-A West High Court Road. 52 51 71
Shankar Nagar Square, NAGPUR 440010
Institution of Engineers (India) Building, 1332 Shivaji Nagar. 5 24 35
PUNE ~411005
‘Sales Office Calcutta is at 5 Chowringhee Approach, 27 ~68 00
P. 0. Princep Street, CALCUTTA
t Sales Office is at Novelty Chambers, Grant Road, BOMBAY 89 65 28
$ Sales Otfice is at Unity Building, Narasimharaja Square, 22 39 71
BANGALORE
Reprography Unit, BIS New Delhi. India
|
ISO 14122 Part 2.pdf
|
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 14122-2
Firstedition
2001-05-15
Safety of machinery — Permanent means
of access to machinery —
Part 2:
Working platforms and walkways
Sécuritédesmachines—Moyensd'accèspermanentsauxmachines—
Partie2:Plates-formesdetravailetpasserelles
Referencenumber
ISO14122-2:2001(E)
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Foreword
ISO(theInternationalOrganizationforStandardization)isaworldwidefederationofnationalstandardsbodies (ISO
member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical
committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has
the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in
liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical
Commission(IEC)onallmattersofelectrotechnicalstandardization.
InternationalStandardsaredraftedinaccordancewiththerulesgivenintheISO/IECDirectives,Part3.
Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting.
PublicationasanInternationalStandardrequiresapprovalbyatleast75%ofmemberbodiescastingavote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this part of ISO14122 may be the subject of
patentrights.ISOshallnotbeheldresponsibleforidentifyinganyorallsuchpatentrights.
International Standard ISO14122-2 was prepared by the European Committee for Standardization (CEN) in
collaboration with ISO Technical Committee TC199, Safety of machinery, in accordance with the Agreement on
technicalcooperationbetweenISOandCEN(ViennaAgreement).
Throughoutthetextofthisstandard,read"...thisEuropeanStandard..."tomean"...thisInternationalStandard...".
ISO14122 consists of the following parts, under the general title Safety of machinery — Permanent means of
accesstomachinery:
— Part1:Choiceoffixedmeansofaccessbetweentwolevels
— Part2:Workingplatformsandwalkways
— Part3:Stairs,stepladdersandguard-rails
— Part4:Fixedladders
AnnexAofthispartofISO14122isforinformationonly.
Forthepurposes ofthispart of ISO14122,theCEN annex regardingfulfilmentof EuropeanCouncilDirectives has
beenremoved.
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Contents
Page
Foreword......................................................................................................................................................................v
Introduction................................................................................................................................................................vi
1 Scope..............................................................................................................................................................1
2 Normativereferences....................................................................................................................................1
3 Termsanddefinitions....................................................................................................................................2
4 Generalrequirements....................................................................................................................................2
4.1 General............................................................................................................................................................2
4.1.1 Constructionandmaterials..........................................................................................................................2
4.1.2 Safetyofoperators........................................................................................................................................3
4.2 Specificrequirements...................................................................................................................................3
4.2.1 Location..........................................................................................................................................................3
4.2.2 Dimensions.....................................................................................................................................................3
4.2.3 Facilitiesorequipment..................................................................................................................................4
4.2.4 Floorings.........................................................................................................................................................4
4.2.5 Designloads...................................................................................................................................................6
5 Assemblyinstructions..................................................................................................................................6
AnnexA(informative) Differentmethodsofdetermininglevelsofslip-resistance.............................................7
Bibliography................................................................................................................................................................8
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Foreword
Thetextof EN ISO 14122-2:2001has been preparedby Technical Committee CEN/TC 114 "Safety of machinery",
the secretariat of which is held by DIN, in collaboration with Technical Committee ISO/TC 199 "Safety of
machinery".
ThisEuropeanStandardshallbegiventhestatusofanationalstandard,either bypublication of anidentical textor
by endorsement, at the latest by October 2001, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest
byOctober2001.
This European Standard has beenprepared under amandate given to CEN bythe European Commission and the
EuropeanFreeTradeAssociation,andsupportsessentialrequirementsofEUDirective(s).
According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following
countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland,
France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden,
SwitzerlandandtheUnitedKingdom.
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Introduction
Itis thesecondpart of this document"Safetyof machinery- Permanentmeans of access to machinery". The parts
ofthestandardare:
Part1:Choiceofafixedmeansofaccessbetweentwolevels
Part2:Workingplatformsandwalkways
Part3:Stairs,stepladdersandguard-rails
Part4:Fixedladders.
ThisdocumentisatypeBstandardasstatedinEN1070.
This standard is to be read in conjunction with clause 1.6.2 "Access to operating position and servicing points"
and1.5.15 "Risk of slipping, tripping or falling" of the essential safety requirements expressed in annex A of
EN292-2:1991/A1:1995.Seealso6.2.4"Provisionforsafeaccesstomachinery"ofEN292-2:1991.
TheprovisionsofthisdocumentmaybesupplementedormodifiedbyatypeCstandard.
NOTE1 For machines which are covered by the scope of a type C standard and which have been designed and built
according totheprovisions ofthatstandard, the provisionsof that type Cstandard take precedence over the provisions of this
typeBstandard.
The purpose of this standard is to define the general requirements for safe access to machines mentioned in
EN292-2. Part 1 of EN ISO 14122 gives advice about the correct choice of access means when the necessary
accesstothemachineisnotpossibledirectlyfromthegroundlevelorfromafloor.
Thedimensions specified areconsistent withestablishedergonomic data giveninEN 547-3"Safetyof machinery-
Humanbodydimensions–Part3:Anthropometricdata".
NOTE2 Theuseofmaterialsotherthanmetals(compositematerials,so-called"advanced"materials,etc.)doesnotalterthe
applicationofthepresentstandard.
AnnexAisinformativeandcontains"Differentmethodsofdetermininglevelsofslip-resistance",
ThisstandardcontainsaBibliography.
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1 Scope
Thisstandardappliestoallmachinery(stationaryandmobile)wherefixedmeansofaccessarenecessary.
Thisstandardappliestoworkingplatformsandwalkways whichareapartofamachine.
This standard may also apply to working platforms and walkways to that part of the building where the machine is
installed,providingthemainfunctionofthatpartofthebuildingistoprovideameansofaccesstothemachine.
NOTE This standard maybe usedalso formeans ofaccess whichare outsidethe scope of this standard. In those cases
thepossiblerelevantnationalorotherregulationsshouldbetakenintoaccount.
This standard applies also to working platforms and walkways specific to the machine which are not permanently
fixed to the machine and which may be removed or moved to the side for some operations of the machine (e.g.
changingtoolsinalargepress).
This standard does not apply to lifts, to moveable elevating platforms or other devices specially designed to lift persons
betweentwolevels.
Forthesignificanthazardscoveredbythisstandard,seeclause4ofENISO14122-1.
2 Normative references
Thefollowingnormativedocumentscontainprovisionswhich,throughreferenceinthis text,constituteprovisions of
thispartofISO14122.Fordatedreferences,subsequentamendmentsto,orrevisionsof,anyof thesepublications
do not apply. However, parties to agreements based on this part of ISO14122 are encouraged to investigate the
possibility of applying the most recent editions of the normative documents indicated below. For undated
references, the latest edition of the normative document referred to applies. Members of ISO and IEC maintain
registersofcurrentlyvalidInternationalStandards.
EN292—1 (ISO/TR 12100-1), Safety of machinery —Basic concepts, general principles for design — Part 1:
Basicterminology,methodology
EN292-2/A1 (ISO/TR 12100-2), Safety of machinery — Basic concepts, general principles for design— Part2:
Technicalprinciplesandspecifications
EN294(ISO13852),Safetyofmachinery—Safetydistancestopreventdanger zones beingreachedbytheupper
limbs
EN 547-1, Safety of machinery — Human body dimensions — Part 1: Principles for determining the dimensions
requiredforopeningsforwholebodyaccessintomachinery
EN 547-2, Safety of machinery — Human body dimensions — Part 2: Principles for determining the dimensions
requiredforaccessopenings
EN547-3,Safetyofmachinery—Humanbodydimensions—Part3:Anthropometricdata
EN1070,Safetyofmachinery—Terminology
ENISO 14122-1, Safety of machinery — Permanents means of access to machinery— Part 1 : Choice of fixed
meansofaccessbetweentwolevels
ENISO 14122-3:2001, Safety of machinery — Permanents means of access to machinery— Part 3 : Stairs,
stepladdersandguard-rails
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3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this part of EN ISO14122, the terms and definitions stated in EN1070 "Safety of machinery -
Terminology"andofENISO14122-1apply.
Thefollowingadditionaldefinitionsparticularlyrequiredforthisstandardapply:
3.1
flooring
assembly of elements making up the floor of a walkway or a working platform and being in direct contact with
footwear
3.2
walkway
levelsurfaceusedformovingfromonepointtoanother
3.3
workingplatform
level surface used for the operation, maintenance, inspection, repair, sampling and other phases of work in
connectionwiththemachinery
3.4
slipresistantsurface
flooringsurfacedesignedforimprovingthegripoffootwear
4 General requirements
Walkwaysandworkingplatformsshallcomplywiththefollowinggeneralsafetyrequirements:
4.1 General
The working platforms and walkways shall be designed, constructed, located and where necessary protected so
that the operators are safe when having access to the working platforms and when they are on them for the
operation,setting,monitoring,repairingoranyotherworkinvolvedwiththemachinery.
4.1.1 Constructionandmaterials
Working platforms and walkways shall be designed and constructed and the materials selected so that they
withstandtheforeseeableconditionsofuse.Inparticular,atleastthefollowingdetailsshallbeconsidered:
a) dimensioning and selection of components (including fixings, connections, supports and foundations) to
ensuresufficientrigidityandstability;
b) resistance of all parts to environmental effects (such as climate, chemical agents, corrosive gases) e.g. by the
useofacorrosionresistantmaterialorwiththeaidofasuitableprotectivecoating;
c) positioningofconstructionalelementssothatwatercannotbeaccumulatede.g.inthejoints;
d) useofcompatiblematerialse.g.tominimisegalvanicactionordifferentialthermalexpansion;
e) dimensionofwalkwaysandworkingplatformsshallbeaccordingtoavailableanthropometricdata(see4.2.2of
thisstandard,seealsoEN547-1andEN547-3);
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f) walkways and working platforms shall be designed and constructed to prevent the hazards due to falling
objects. For guard-rails and toe plates, see clause7 of ENISO 14122-3:2001 and for openings in the flooring, see
4.2.4.4ofthisstandard;
g) the removal of any part of the machine shall, as far as practicable, be possible without removing guard-rails,
piecesofflooringorotherpermanentprotectivebarriers.
4.1.2 Safetyofoperators
Walkways and working platforms shall be designed and constructed so that they are safe to use. In particular, the
followingdetailsshallatleastbeconsidered:
a) all parts likely to be in contact with operators shall be designed and built in such a way that the operator is
safe-guardedagainstinjuries;
b) walkways and working platforms shall be designed and built in such a way that the walking surfaces have
durableslipresistantproperties;
c) the parts of machinery which operators have to walk or stand on shall be designed and fitted out to prevent
personsfallingfromthem(seeENISO14122-3);
d) working platforms and access to working platforms shall be laid out in such a way that operators can quickly
leavetheirworkplaceintheeventofahazardorcanbequicklyhelpedandeasilyevacuatedwhennecessary;
e) handrailsandothersupportsshallbedesigned,builtandlaidoutinsuchawaythattheyareusedinstinctively.
4.2 Specificrequirements
4.2.1 Location
Asfaraspossible,walkwaysandworkingplatformsshallbelocatedawayfromtheemissionofharmfulmaterialsor
substances. The walkways and walking platforms shall also be located away from the accumulation of material,
suchasearth,whichislikelytocauseslipping.
Where there are moving objects, non protected hot surfaces, unprotected live electrical equipment, etc., safety
distancesshallbeappliedinaccordancewithEN294.
Working platforms shall be located in such a way as to allow people to work in an ergonomic position, if possible,
between500mmand1700mm,abovethesurfaceoftheworkingplatform.
4.2.2 Dimensions
The clear length and width of walkways and working platforms intended for operation and maintenance shall be
determinedby:
a) thedemandsofthetaske.g.positions,natureandspeedofmovement,applicationofforce,etc.;
b) whetherornottools,sparepartsetc.arebeingcarried;
c) frequencyanddurationoftaskanduse;
d) numberofoperatorsonwalkwaysorworkingplatformsatthesametime;
e) possibilityofoperatorsmeeting;
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f) whether or not additional equipment such as safety clothing is being worn or personal protective equipment is
beingcarried;
g) thepresenceofisolatedobstacles;
h) theevacuationofaninjuredperson;
i) walkwayendinginadeadend;
j) wallslikelytodamageormarkoperators'clothing;
k) theneedforunrestrictedwork-movements,andtheneedforspacewhenusingforeseeabletools.
In accordance with the values mentioned in EN 547-1 and EN 547-3 standards, unless exceptional circumstances
existtheminimumheadroomoverworkingplatformsandwalkwaysshallbe2100mm.
NOTE1 Whenjustifiedbytheriskassessmentandrestrictionsduetothemachineryorenvironment,theclearheightmaybe
reducedtonolessthan1900mmif:
— theworkingplatformorwalkwayisusedonlyoccasionally,or
— thereductionismadeonlyforashortdistance.
Unlessthereare exceptionalcircumstances,theclear widthof a walkwayshall beminimum 600mm butpreferably
800mm.Whenthewalkwayis usuallysubjecttopassage or crossing of several persons simultaneously, the width
shall be increased to 1000mm. The width of the walkway, when designated as an escape way shall meet the
requirementsofappropriateregulations.
NOTE2 Whenjustifiedbytheriskassessmentand restrictions due tothemachineryor environment, thefree widthmaybe
reducedtonolessthan500mmif:
(cid:1) theworkingplatformorwalkwayisusedonlyoccasionally,and
(cid:1) thereductionismadeonlyforashortdistance.
Ifthereareisolatedobstaclesonawallorunderaceilingthatrestricttherequiredwidthorheight,guardingshallbe
provided.Moreover,safetymeasures,e.g.padding,shallbefittedtopreventinjuries.Warningsigns should also be
considered.
4.2.3 Facilitiesorequipment
Guard-rails in accordance with ENISO 14122-3 shall be provided if there is a risk of falling from walkways or
workingplatformsfromaheightof500mmormore.
Guard-rails are also required at places where there is a risk of sinking or collapsing (e.g. walkway to access to an
extractionmachineonaroof).
Appropriate facilities shall be provided for handling heavy objects without rolling or placing them on working
platforms.
4.2.4 Floorings
4.2.4.1 Hazardsduetostagnationand/oraccumulationofliquid
Floorings shall be designed such that any liquids spilled on them are drained away. If this requirement is not
possible to fulfil for some special reasons, slipping and other hazards caused by the liquid shall be prevented or
minimizedinsomeothersuitableway.
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4.2.4.2 Hazardsduetoaccumulatedsubstances
Floorings shall be made in such a way that neither dirt, snow, ice, etc. nor other substances may accumulate.
Therefore,permeablefloorings suchas gratings or coldformedplanks areanadvantage.If this is not possibleand
permeable floorings are not used, facilities for removing the accumulated substances shall be provided where
necessary.
4.2.4.3 Triphazards
To avoid trip hazards, the greatest difference between the tops of neighbouring flooring surfaces shall not exceed
4mminheight.
4.2.4.4 Hazardsgeneratedbyfallingobjects
a) Flooring
Generally,theriskassessmenteffectsthechoiceofopenflooringstoworkingplatformsorwalkways:
(cid:1) the flooring of a working platform or walkway shall only have such maximum openings that a ball with a
diameterof35mmcannotfallthrough;
(cid:1) floorings above a place where people are working, as opposed to occasional passage, shall have such
maximum openings that a ball with a diameter of 20mm cannot fall through unless the same safety is
guaranteedbyothersuitablemeans.
In cases where the risk assessment concludes that hazards caused by objects or other materials falling or
passing through the flooring are more significant than the slipping, falling, etc. hazards, the flooring shall have
noopening.
b) Joints
Between the edges of floorings and adjacent construction elements or opening edges required to suit elements
fitted in the openings e.g. piping, bins or supports, a toe plate is necessary if the distance between flooring and
elementexceeds30mm.
4.2.4.5 Fallingthroughflooringhazard
If flooring is made of detachable elements, i.e. removable, e.g. where required for maintenance of auxiliary
equipmentmountedbelowflooring:
— anyhazardousmovementoftheseelementsshallbepreventede.g.byfasteners;
— it shall be possible to inspect fixings in order to detect anycorrosion or any hazardous loosening or change of
positionofclamps.
4.2.4.6 Sliphazards
Floorings shall have a surface finish which is designed to reduce the risk of slipping. Whilst waiting for the
Europeanstandardsonenhancedslipresistance,seeinformativeannexA.
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4.2.5 Designloads
Thescheduleofspecificationsfortheworkingplatformsandwalkwaysshallstatetheloadforwhichitisdesigned.
Theminimumoperatingloadstotakeintoaccountforthelanding,walkwaysandworkingplatformsare:
— 2kN/m2underdistributedloadforthestructure;
— 1,5 kN concentrated load applied in the most unfavourable position over a concentrated load area
of200mmx200mmfortheflooring.
When loaded with the design load, the deflection of the flooring shall not exceed 1/200th of the span and the
differencebetweentheloadedandaneighbouringunloadedflooringshallnotexceed4mminheight.
Thesafestrengthdesignofthewalkwaysandworkingplatformsshallbeverifiedeitherbycalculationorbytests.
5 Assembly instructions
Allinformation ontheproper assemblyshallbecontained inthe assemblyinstructions.Inparticular, information on
themethodoffixingshallbeincluded.
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Annex A
(informative)
Different methods of determining levels of slip-resistance
No European Standards exist for the moment, but in the meantime, any of the following national documents are
availableforconsultation:
France
Exigences pour une norme de mesure de la glissance des sols – Étude documentaire et discussion - ND 1987-
159-95–INRS
Sols anti-dérapants – Critère d’évaluation de la résistance au glissement – Application aux sols des industries de
l’alimentation-ND1853-145-91
Normalisationdelaglissancedessolsetdeschaussures-ND1936-152-93
Glissancedessolsetcoefficientsdefrottement-Cahier2484(avril1991)-CSTB
Germany
Merkblatt für Fußböden in Arbeitsräumen und Arbeitsbereichen mit Rutschgefahr - ZH 1/571 - (Oktober 1993) -
HVBG.
UnitedKingdom
BS 7188:1998 - Impact absorbing playground surfacing Performance requirements and test methods- - Clause5
"Slipresistance"
BS 8204-3 : 1993 - In-situ floorings Part 3. Code of practice for polymer modified cementitious wearing surfaces
AnnexC"DeterminationofslipresistancevalueSRV".
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Bibliography
Incompilingthisstandard,thefollowinghavebeentakenintoaccount:
EN131-2:19931Ladders—Requirements,Tests,Markings
EN349(ISO13854)Safetyofmachinery—Minimumgapstoavoidcrushingofpartsofthehumanbody
EN353-1Personalprotectiveequipmentagainstfallsfromaheight—Guidedtypefallarrestersonarigid
anchorageline
EN364Personalprotectiveequipmentagainstfallsfromaheight—Testmethods
EN795Protectionagainstfallsfromaheight—Anchoragedevices—Requirementsandtesting
EN811(ISO13853)Safetyofmachinery—Safetydistancestopreventdangerzonesbeingreachedbythelower
limbs
EN1050(ISO14121)Safetyofmachinery—Principlesforriskassessment
prENISO 14122-4:1996 Safety of machinery — Permanent means of access to machinery— Part 4 : Fixed
ladders
1 Underrevision.
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ICS 13.110
Pricebasedon8pages
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ISO 14122 Part 1.pdf
|
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 14122-1
Firstedition
2001-05-15
Safety of machinery — Permanent means
of access to machinery —
Part 1:
Choice of fixed means of access between
two levels
Sécuritédesmachines—Moyensd'accèspermanentsauxmachines—
Partie1:Choixd'unmoyend'accèsfixeentredeuxniveaux
Referencenumber
ISO14122-1:2001(E)
©ISO2001
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PDFdisclaimer
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Allrightsreserved.Unlessotherwisespecified,nopartofthispublicationmaybereproducedorutilizedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronic
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Foreword
ISO(theInternationalOrganizationforStandardization)isaworldwidefederationofnationalstandardsbodies (ISO
member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical
committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has
the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in
liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical
Commission(IEC)onallmattersofelectrotechnicalstandardization.
InternationalStandardsaredraftedinaccordancewiththerulesgivenintheISO/IECDirectives,Part3.
Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting.
PublicationasanInternationalStandardrequiresapprovalbyatleast75%ofmemberbodiescastingavote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this part of ISO14122 may be the subject of
patentrights.ISOshallnotbeheldresponsibleforidentifyinganyorallsuchpatentrights.
International Standard ISO14122-1 was prepared by the European Committee for Standardization (CEN) in
collaboration with ISO Technical Committee TC199, Safety of machinery, in accordance with the Agreement on
technicalcooperationbetweenISOandCEN(ViennaAgreement).
Throughoutthetextofthisstandard,read"...thisEuropeanStandard..."tomean"...thisInternationalStandard...".
ISO14122 consists of the following parts, under the general title Safety of machinery — Permanent means of
accesstomachinery:
— Part1:Choiceoffixedmeansofaccessbetweentwolevels
— Part2:Workingplatformsandwalkways
— Part3:Stairs,stepladdersandguard-rails
— Part4:Fixedladders
AnnexAofthispartofISO14122isforinformationonly.
Forthepurposes ofthispart of ISO14122,theCEN annex regardingfulfilmentof EuropeanCouncilDirectives has
beenremoved.
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Contents
Page
Foreword......................................................................................................................................................................v
Introduction................................................................................................................................................................vi
1 Scope..............................................................................................................................................................1
2 Normativereferences....................................................................................................................................1
3 Termsanddefinitions....................................................................................................................................1
4 Significanthazards........................................................................................................................................3
5 Requirementsfortheselectionofthefixedmeansofaccess..................................................................3
5.1 General............................................................................................................................................................3
5.2 Preferredmeansofaccess...........................................................................................................................4
5.3 Selectionofthemeansofaccess................................................................................................................4
5.3.1 Basicsolutions..............................................................................................................................................4
5.3.2 Conditionsfortheselectionofstepladderorladder.................................................................................4
5.4 Choiceamonglift,ramporstair...................................................................................................................5
5.5 Selectionbetweenstepladderandladder...................................................................................................6
6 Assemblyinstructions..................................................................................................................................7
AnnexA(informative) Examplesofthechangesinthemachineorsystemtomakebetteraccess
possible...........................................................................................................................................................8
Bibliography................................................................................................................................................................9
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Foreword
Thetextof EN ISO 14122-1:2001has been preparedby Technical Committee CEN/TC 114 "Safety of machinery",
the secretariat of which is held by DIN, in collaboration with Technical Committee ISO/TC 199 "Safety of
machinery".
ThisEuropeanStandardshallbegiventhestatusofanationalstandard,either bypublication of anidentical textor
by endorsement, at the latest by October 2001, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest
byOctober2001.
This European Standard has beenprepared under amandate given to CEN bythe European Commission and the
EuropeanFreeTradeAssociation,andsupportsessentialrequirementsofEUDirective(s).
According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following
countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland,
France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden,
SwitzerlandandtheUnitedKingdom.
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Introduction
EN ISO 14122 consists of the following parts, under the general title "Safety of machinery - Permanent means of
accesstomachinery":
Part1: Choiceofafixedmeansofaccessbetweentwolevels
Part2: Workingplatformsandwalkways
Part3: Stairs,stepladdersandguard-rails
Part4: Fixedladders.
ThispartofENISO14122isatypeBstandardasstatedinEN1070.
This document is to be read in conjunction with clause 1.6.2 "Access to operating position and servicing points"
and1.5.15 "Risk of slipping, tripping or falling" of the essential safety requirements expressed in annex A of
EN292-2:1991/A1:1995.Seealso6.2.4"Provisionforsafeaccesstomachinery"ofEN292-2:1991.
ForthesignificanthazardscoveredbythispartofENISO14122,seeclause4.
TheprovisionsofthisdocumentmaybesupplementedormodifiedbyatypeCstandard.
NOTE1 For machines which are covered by the scope of a type C standard and which have been designed and built
according totheprovisions ofthatstandard, the provisionsof that type Cstandard take precedence over the provisions of this
typeBstandard."
NOTE2 The use of materials other than metals (wood composite materials, so-called "advanced" materials, etc.) does not
altertheapplicationofthispartofENISO14122.
AnnexAisforinformationonly.
ThispartofENISO14122containsaBibliography.
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1 Scope
ThispartofENISO14122definesthegeneralrequirementsforsafeaccesstomachinesmentionedinEN292-2.It
gives advice about the correct choice of access means when the necessary access to the machine is not possible
directlyfromthegroundlevelorfromafloor.
This part of EN ISO 14122 applies to all machinery (stationary and mobile) where fixed means of access are
necessary.
ThispartofENISO14122appliestomeansofaccesswhichareapartofamachine.
This part of EN ISO 14122 may also apply to means of access to that part of the building (e.g. working platforms,
walkways, ladders) where the machine is installed, providing the main function of that part of the building is to
provideameansofaccesstothemachine.
NOTE This part of EN ISO 14122 may be used also for means of access which are outside the scope of this part of
ENISO14122.Inthosecasesthepossiblerelevantnationalorotherregulationsshouldbetakenintoaccount.
ThispartofENISO14122appliesalsotoaccessmeansspecifictothemachinewhicharenotpermanentlyfixedto
the machine and which may be removed or moved to the side for some operations of the machine (e.g. changing
toolsinalargepress).
This part of EN ISO 14122 does not apply to lifts, to moveable elevating platforms or other devices specially
designedtoliftpersonsbetweentwolevels
2 Normative references
This European Standard incorporates by dated or undated reference, provisions from other publications. These
normative references are cited at the appropriate places in the text and the publications are listed hereafter. For
dated references, subsequent amendments to or revisions of any of these publications apply to this European
Standard only when incorporated in it by amendment or revision. For undated references the latest edition of the
publicationreferredtoapplies(includingamendments).
EN292—1:1991 (ISO/TR 12100-1), Safety of machinery —Basic concepts, general principles for design — Part
1:Basicterminology,methodology
EN292-2/A1 (ISO/TR 12100-2), Safety of machinery — Basic concepts, general principles for design— Part2:
Technicalprinciplesandspecifications
EN1050(ISO14121),Safetyofmachinery—Principlesforriskassessment
EN1070,Safetyofmachinery—Terminology
ENISO 14122-2, Safety of machinery — Permanents means of access to machinery— Part 2: Working platforms
andwalkways
ENISO 14122-3, Safety of machinery — Permanents means of access to machinery— Part 3: Stairs, stepladders
andguard-rails
prENISO 14122-4:1996, Safety of machinery — Permanent means of access to machinery— Part 4: Fixed
ladders
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this part of ENISO14122, the terms and definitions stated in EN 1070 "Safety of machinery -
Terminology"andthefollowingtermsanddefinitionsapply(seealsoFigure5).
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3.1
ladder
fixedmeansofaccesswithanangleofpitchfrommorethan75°to90°,whosehorizontalelementsarerungs(see
Figure1)
Figure1—75°<angleofpitch(cid:1)(cid:1)(cid:1)(cid:1)90°
3.2
stepladder
fixed means of access with an angle of pitch from more than 45° up to 75°, whose horizontal elements are steps
(seeFigure2)
Figure2—45°<slopeangle(cid:1)(cid:1)(cid:1)(cid:1)75°
3.3
stair
fixed means of access with an angle of pitch from more than 20° up to 45°, whose horizontal elements are steps
(seeFigure3)
Figure3—20°<angleofpitch(cid:1)(cid:1)(cid:1)(cid:1)45°
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3.4
ramp
fixed means of access, comprising a continuous inclined plane having an angle of pitch from more than 0° up to
20°(seeFigure4)
Figure4—0°<angleofpitch(cid:1)(cid:1)(cid:1)(cid:1)20°
4 Significant hazards
The significant hazards to be considered when determining the type and location of the means of access are the
following:
a) Falling.
b) Slipping.
c) Tripping.
d) causedbyexcessivephysicaleffort,e.g.fromclimbingaseriesofladders.
e) fromfallingofmaterialsorobjectswhentheymaycausearisktopersons.
Other hazards generated bythemachinery, e.g. caused bythe functioning of the machinery(moving parts of
themachine,movementofthemachineitself(mobilemachines),radiation,hotsurface,noise,steam,hotliquids)or
caused by its environment (harmful airborne substances) are not covered by this part of EN ISO 14122 but the
designerofthemachineshouldconsiderthem,e.g.bypreventingtheaccess.
NOTE EN1050givesprinciplesforriskassessment.
ThispartofENISO14122isprimarilyaimedatthepreventionofpersonsfallingandofexcessivephysicalefforts.
5 Requirements for the selection of the fixed means of access
5.1 General
There shall be a safe and convenient means of access to all the zones and points of the machine where the need
foraccesscanbeforeseenduringthephasesofthe"life"ofthemachinery(see3.11ofEN292-1:1991).
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5.2 Preferredmeansof access
Thepreferredmeansofaccesstothemachineryshallbeinthefollowingorder:
a) accessdirectlyfromthegroundlevelorfromafloor,(formoredetailssee5.3.1.1andENISO 14122-2);
b) lifts,rampsorstairs,(formoredetailssee5.4);
c) stepladdersorladders,(formoredetailssee5.5).
5.3 Selectionof themeans of access
5.3.1 Basicsolutions
5.3.1.1 Wheneverpossible,accesstocontroldevices andotherpartsofthemachineis preferredfrom either a
groundlevelorafloor.Thisisparticularlyimportantwherefrequentaccessisrequired.
5.3.1.2 Iflevelaccessaccordingto5.3.1.1isnotpossibleorpracticable,
— alift
or
— suitablerampwithanangleofpitchlessthan10°(see 5.4.b))
or
— stairswithanangleofpitchfromaminimumof30°tomaximumof38°(see 5.4.c))
shallnormallybeselectedasasafeandsuitablebasicsolutionforthenecessaryaccess.
5.3.2 Conditionsfortheselectionofstepladderorladder
5.3.2.1 In the design of access to machinery, stepladders and ladders shall be avoided as far as practicable
duetothehigherriskoffallingandbecauseofthehigherphysicaleffortswhenusingtheseaccessmeans.
5.3.2.2 If access means according to 5.3.1 are not possible, selection of a stepladder or ladder may be
considered.Thefinaldecisionshallbemadeonthebasisoftheriskassessment,includingergonomicaspects.
If thelevelof risk (seeEN 1050) is considered to be too high, the basic construction of the means of access to the
machineshallbechangedtoallowaccessways withareducedrisktobeused(see5.3.1andannexA).
5.3.2.3 The following list presents some examples of the cases when a stepladder or ladder may be selected.
These are only examples- the final selection shall always be done case by case on the basis of risk assessment.
In most cases more than one of the conditions in the following list shall be fulfilled to make the selection of a
stepladderorladderpossible.
a) Shortverticaldistance.
b) Themeansofaccessisforeseentobeusedinfrequently.
NOTE Whenestimatingthefrequencyoftheuse,thewholelifeofthemachineryisconsidered.Ifthemeansofaccessisto
be used frequently, e.g. during the assembly or installation of the machine or during periodical major maintenance tasks, a
stepladderorladderisnotanadequatesolution.
c) Theuserwillnotbecarryinganylargetoolsoranyotherequipmentwhenusingthemeansofaccess.
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d) Onlyoneuserwillbeforeseentousethemeansofaccessatthesametime.
e) Themeansofaccessisnotforeseentobeusedforevacuationpurposesbyinjuredpersons.
f) Thestructureofthemachinedoesnotmakestairsorotherbasicmeans(see5.3.1)possible.
NOTE Examplesareatowercraneandmobilemachines.
5.3.2.4 Forthechoicebetweenstepladderandladdersee5.5.
5.4 Choice amonglift, ramp or stair
The installation of a stair or ramp as means of access between two levels is always preferable to that of a
stepladderorladder.
Whenselectingeitheralift,ramporstair,thefollowingpointsshallbeconsidered.
a) Aliftmaybethebestsolutioninthefollowingcases;
(cid:1) needforfrequentaccessofseveralpersons;
(cid:1) longverticaldistances;
(cid:1) heavyloadstotransport;
Analternativeescaperouteisalwaysneededinadditiontoalift.
b) Arampmaybethebestsolutioninthefollowingcases;
(cid:1) forashortverticaldistance;
(cid:1) whereitisnecessarytotransportwheeledvehicles(forklifttrucks,manuallymovedcartsetc.).
Differentanglesoftheramparedependingontheuse:
(cid:1) for hand carts or other manually transported wheeled vehicles, maximum angle 3° (particularly when
likelytobeusedbyhandicappedpersons);
(cid:1) formotorvehicles(e.g.forklifttruck),maximumangle7°;
(cid:1) forwalking,upto20°(generallyandpreferablynotmorethan10°).
NOTE1 Rampsareoftenpreferabletostairswithonlyoneortwosteps.
NOTE2 Thepropertiesofthesurfacehaveverystronginfluenceonthesafetyoftheramp.Thesurfaceshouldhavevery
goodresistanceagainstslippinginparticularforrampsbetween10°and20°.
c) Stairs(fordetailedrequirementsseeENISO14122-3).
Preferredangleofpitchisbetween30°and38°.
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5.5 Selectionbetweenstepladder andladder
When making the selection between stepladder and ladder at least the following points a) and b) shall be
considered. For the detailed requirements of these means of access, see prENISO 14122-4:1996 (fixed ladders)
andENISO14122-3(stepladders).
a) Consequencesonthelevelofsafetyaffectedbythechoiceofstepladders;
— ifapersoniscomingdownthestepladderandnotfacingit,therecouldbeanincreasedriskoffalling;
— ifapersonisusingthestepladderwhilstcarryingsmallobjects,therecouldbeanincreasedriskoffalling;
— accordingtoENISO14122-3,themaximumflightofastepladderwithoutarestplatformislimited;
— stepladders with an angle of pitch between 60° and 75° should only be selected due to space limits or
processrequirements.
b) Consequencesonthelevelofsafetyaffectedbythechoiceofladders;
— the person needs to face the ladder and also to use his hands for holding. Therefore, it is considered
highlyunlikelythattheuserwilldescendfacingawayfromtheladder;
— laddersarephysicallyhardertouse;
— accordingtoprENISO14122-4:1996themaximumflightofladderswithoutarestplatformislimited;
(cid:1) Two main alternatives for protection of the users of fixed ladders against falls from a height are safety
cagesorfallarresters:
(cid:1) Thecageshallbetherequiredchoice,asitisameanswhichisalwayspresentandtheactuallevelof
safetyisindependentoftheoperator'sactions,
(cid:1) Where it is not possible to use a cage, individual protective equipment shall be provided. The fall
arresterisonlyeffectiveiftheuserchoosesto use it.If aharness withanincompatibleslidingsystem
isusedwithaguidedtypefallarrester,therewillbearisk.
Afallarrestershallbedesignedonlyforlowfrequencyandspecialisedaccess(e.g.maintenance).
NOTE Anappropriateindividualfallprotectiondeviceisabletoarrestafallbetterthanacage.
6 ©ISO2001–Allrightsreserved
Copyright International Organization for Standardization
Provided by IHS under license with ISO
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale
---`,,`,`,,`,,`-`-````,,,,```,,`--ISO 14122-1:2001(E)
Recommended
Key
A Ramp,Arecommended
B Rampwithenhancedslipresistance
C Stair
D Stair,Drecommended
E Stair
F Stepladder
G Stepladder
H Ladder,Hrecommended
Figure5—Rangeofthevariousmeansofaccess
6 Assembly instructions
All information on the proper assembly shall be contained in the assembly instructions. In particular, information
shallbeincludedonthe:
— methodoffixing;
— assemblyofguidedfallarresteronanchoragepoint,whereapplicable.
©ISO2001–Allrightsreserved 7 Copyright International Organization for Standardization
Provided by IHS under license with ISO
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---ISO 14122-1:2001(E)
Annex A
(informative)
Examples of the changes in the machine or system to make better access
possible
A.1 Make changes in the position of pillars, beams, pipelines, cable trays, platforms, storage tanks etc., to make
theuseofstairsdesignedinaccordancewiththispartofENISO14122orotherpreferableaccessmeanspossible.
A.2 Make changes in the design of the means of access (e.g. location) to make stairs designed in accordance
withthispartofENISO14122orotherpreferablemeansofaccesspossible.
EXAMPLE1 Make the access from another side so that there is enough room for stairs designed in accordance
withthispartofENISO14122.Addhorizontalplatformsifnecessary.
EXAMPLE2 Make changes in the design of the means of access so that stairs are possible (e.g. change in the
direction).
A.3 Make changes in the machine to remove the need for access or to make the access possible from the
groundlevelorfromafloor.
EXAMPLE1 Positionlubricationpointsnearthegroundlevelwiththehelpofpipes.
EXAMPLE2 Useadifferentmethodoflubrication,e.g.
— permanentlubrication;
— lubricationcircuitwithapump.
EXAMPLE3 Motor and power transmission means positioned so that access to the maintenance and servicing
pointsispossiblefromthegroundlevel.
EXAMPLE4 The machine is installed to another place so that access is possible e.g. from an already existing
platform.
EXAMPLE5 Change the position of pipelines and/or valves so that operation of the valve is possible from the
groundlevelorthefloor.
8 ©ISO2001–Allrightsreserved
Copyright International Organization for Standardization
Provided by IHS under license with ISO
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale
---`,,`,`,,`,,`-`-````,,,,```,,`--ISO 14122-1:2001(E)
Bibliography
IncompilingthispartofENISO14122,thefollowinghavebeentakenintoaccount:
EN131-2:19931,Ladders—Requirements,Tests,Markings
EN294(ISO12852),Safetyofmachinery—Safetydistancestopreventdangerzonesbeingreachedbytheupper
limbs
EN349(ISO13854),Safetyofmachinery—Minimumgapstoavoidcrushingofpartsofthehumanbody
EN353-1,Personalprotectiveequipmentagainstfallsfromaheight—Guidedtypefallarrestersonarigid
anchorageline
EN364,Personalprotectiveequipmentagainstfallsfromaheight—Testmethods
EN547-1,Safetyofmachinery—Humanbodydimensions—Part1:Principlesfordeterminingthedimensions
requiredforopeningsforwholebodyaccessintomachinery
EN547-2,Safetyofmachinery—Humanbodydimensions—Part2:Principlesfordeterminingthedimensions
requiredforaccessopenings
EN547-3,Safetyofmachinery—Humanbodydimensions—Part3:Anthropometricdata
EN795,Protectionagainstfallsfromaheight—Anchoragedevices—Requirementsandtesting
EN811(ISO13853),Safetyofmachinery—Safetydistancestopreventdangerzonesbeingreachedbythelower
limbs
1 Underrevision.
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
©ISO2001–Allrightsreserved 9
Copyright International Organization for Standardization
Provided by IHS under license with ISO
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for ResaleISO 14122-1:2001(E)
ICS 13.110
Pricebasedon9pages
©ISO2001–Allrightsreserved
Copyright International Organization for Standardization
Provided by IHS under license with ISO
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
|
7393.pdf
|
IS : 7393 - 1974
Indian Standard
SPECIFICATION FOR
ADHESIVE, BITUMEN EMULSION
Adhesives Sectional Committee, CDC 30
Chairman Reprcse nting
DR N. V. C. Rao Directorate General of Technical Development,
New Delhi
Members
SHRI R. PARIKSHIT ( Alternate to
Dc N. V. C. Rao )
SHRI P. K. BANERJI Hoechst Dyes & Chemicals Ltd, Bombay
SHRI F. B. KAPADIA ( Alternate )
SERI S. K. BOSE National Test House, Calcutta
SHRI M. L. BHAMBANI i Alternate )
SERI A. K. CHANDRA Chandcas’ Chemical Enterprises ( P ) Ltd, Calcutta
SHRI N. G. BANERJEE ( Alternate )
SHRI K. K. GANGULY Ministry of Defence ( R & D )
SHRI G. S. RAMA IVER Central Leather Research Institute ( CSIR ), Madras
DR S. N. IYER Johnson 2%J ohnson Ltd, Bombay
SHRI R. SWAROOP ( Alternate )
SHRI N. C. JAIN Forest Research Institute & Colleges, Dehra Dun
DR R. C. GUPTA ( Alternate )
SHRI M. A. JHANGIANI Printing & Stationery Department, Government of
India, Calcutta
SHRI A. R. BASU ( Alternate )
&RI N. G. MAITRA Stationery & Office Equipment Association of India,
Calcutta
DR H. A. MONTEIRO Ciba of India Ltd, Bombay
SHRI C. S. BHATNAGAR ( Alternate )
SHRI S. K. PAUL Bata ( India ) Ltd, Calcutta
SRRI N. C. THAKURTA ( Alternate )
SHRI V. D. PENDSE Indian Rubber Manufacturers’ Research Association,
Bombay
.%IRI L. M. BASU RAY Dunlop India Ltd, Calcutta
SHRI A. MUKHERJEE ( Alternate )
DR H. C. SRIVASTAVA Ahmedabad Textiles Industries Research Association,
Ahmedabad
DR J. J. SEROFS ( Alternate)
SERI L. R. SUD Ministry of Defence ( DGI )
SHRI S. C. MAZIJ~~DAR( Alternate )
( Continued on #age 2 )
@ Copyright 1975
INDIAN STANDARDS INSTITUTION
This publication is protected under the Indian Copyright Act ( XIV of 1957 ) and
reproduction in whole or in pact by any means except with written permission of 6~
publisher shall be deemed to be an infringement of copyright under the said Aa.IS : 7393 - 1974
( Continuc4J?om page 1 )
Members Representing
SHRI K.R. SUNDARAM India Security Press,:Nasik
SRRI G. G. SUTAONE Development Commissioner, Small Scale Industries,
New Delhi
DRG.M. SAXENA, Director General, IS1 ( Ex-olpicio Member )
Deputy Director ( Chem )
Secretary
SHRI S. DAS GUPTA
Assistant-Director ( Chem ), IS1
Adhesives for Paper Products Subcommittee, CDC 30: 1
Convener
SHRI N. G. MAITRA Sulekha Works Ltd, Calcutta
Members
SHRI A. K. CRANDRA Chandras’ Chemical Enterprises ( P ) Ltd, Calcutta
SHRI N. G. BANERJEE ( Alternate )
SHRI M. G. DANDEKAR Camlin Pvt Ltd, Bombay
SHRI M. G. KJNI (Alternate)
SRRI M. A. JHANOIANI Directorate General of Supplies & Disposals,
New Delhi
SH~I A. R. BASU ( Alternate )
SRRI C. S. PURUSROTHAMAN Indian Institute of Packaging, Bombay
SHRI A. S. RA JADHYAKSHA Corn Products Co ( India ) Pvt Ltd, Bombay
SHRI P. S. THAKURDESAI ( Alternate )
SHRI K. R. SUNDARAM India Security Press, Nasik
SRRI F. A. PAUL ( Alternate)IS : 7393 - 1974
Indian Standard
SPECIFICATION FOR
ADHESIVE, BITUMEN EMULSION
0. FOREWORD
0.1 This Indian Standard was adopted by the Indian Standards Institution
on 14 August 1974, after the draft finalized by the Adhesives Sectional
Committee had been approved by the Chemical Division Council.
0.2 This standard deals with adhesive -for paper products primarily
based upon bitumen, refined tar pitch, with or without modifying
materials, which is intended for sealing paper bags, cartons,
preparation of bituminized paper and for bonding hessian with kraft
paper or polyethylene.
0.3 For the purpose of deciding whether a particular requirement of this
standard is complied with, the final value, observed or calculated express-
ing the result of a test or analysis, shall be rounded off in accordance with
IS : Z-1960*. The number of significant places retained in the rounded off
value should be the same as that of the specified value in this standard.
1. SCOPE
1.1 This standard covers the requirements and methods of sampling and
test for adhesive, bitumen emulsion.
2. TERMINOLOGY
2.1 For the purpose of this standard, the definition given in IS : 3434-1965t
shall apply.
3. REQUIREMENTS
3.1 Description - The material shall be in the form of homogeneous
stable emulsion of bitumen in water.
3.2 Consistency - The material shall be supplied in such a condition
that stirring easily produces a smooth uniform solution, suitable for
application by brush on kraft paper.
_-
*Rules for rounding off numerical values ( revised).
TGlossary of terms for adhesives and pressure sensitive adhesive tape.
31s : 7393 - 1974
3.3 Touch Dry Time - The material shall dry in not more than one
hour to a tacky surface of such a condition that there is no tendency of the
film to lift on touching with a finger, when tested as prescribed in
Appendix A.
3.4 Stability - The adhesive solution shall be such that there shall be no
separation of phases during and on completion of test, prescribed in
Appendix B.
3.5 Adhesive Strength - Adhesive strength of bonded kraft paper when
tested according to the method given in Appendix C shall be not less than
the strength of the kraft paper.
3.6 Chemical Requirements - The adhesive shall also comply with the
chemical requirements given in Table 1.
TABLE 1 CHEMICAL REQUIREMENTS
SL CHARACTERISTIC REQUIREMENT METHOD OF TEST,
No. REF TO
(1) (2) (3) (4)
i) Moisture, percent by mass 48 to 52 Appendix D
ii) Ash, percent by mass, Max 5 Appendix E
3.7 Keeping Quality - The bitumen emulsion should not show any
sign of gelling or emit foul smell when stored in sealed containers at room
temperature for a minimum period of six months or as otherwise agreed to
between the purchaser and the supplier.
4. PACKING AND MARKING
4.1 Packing - The material shall be securely packed as agreed to
between the purchaser and the supplier.
4.2 Marking - The packages shall be marked legibly and indelibly with
the following information:
a) Name of the material;
b) Manufacturer’s name and recognized trade-mark, if any;
c) Date by which the material become unusable;
d) Weight or volume of the material in the package;
e) Directions for storage, if any;
f) Batch number or month and year of manufacture; and
g) Time taken, if any, for attaining the full bond strength.
4IS : 7393 - 1974
4.2.1 The manufacturer shall also furnish written instruct.ions on the
lines as given below, giving the manner in which the adhesive shall
be used:
a) Preparation of surfaces;
b) Method(s) of application, such as single or double spread;
c) Maximum and minimum open and closed assembly times; and
d) Recommended pressure in kg/cma and duration and temperature
in “C to be applied for bonding the two components.
4.2.2 The packages may also be marked with the ISI Certification
Mark.
N~TB- -‘l?h e use of the IS1 Certilication Mark is governed by the provisions of the
Indian Standards Institution ( Certification Marks ) Act and the Rules and Regulations
made thereunder. The IS1 Mark on products covered by an Indian Standard convery
the assurance that they have been produced to comply with the requirements of that
standard under a well-defined system of inspection, testing and quality control which
is devised and supervised by iSI and operated by the producer. IS1 marked products
are also continuously checked by IS1 for conformity to that standard as a further
safrguard. Details of conditions under which a licence for the use of the IS1 Certifica-
tion Mark may be granted to manufacturers or processors, may be obtained from the
Indian Standards Institution.
5. SAMPLING
5.-l Representative test samples of the material shall be prepared as
prescribed in Appendix F.
6. TESTS
6.1 For carrying out tests prescribed in 3, the adhesive shall be prepared
according to the instructions of the manufacturer.
6.2 Tests shall be conducted as prescribed in Appendix A to Appendix E
of this standard.
APPENDIX A
( Clauses 3.3 and 6.2 )
METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF
TOUCH DRY TIME
A-I. PROCEDURE
A-l.1 Spread approximately 0’5 g of the material into a thin uniform film
as quickly as possible by a brush on a 50 X 40 X 1 mm clean dry
tin or glass plate.
A-1.2 Examine the film of the material by touching with a finger without
exerting any pressure. Note down the time when the material dries to
a non-tacky film.
5IS : 7393 - 1974
APPENDIX B
( Clauses 3.4 and 6.2 )
METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF STABILITY
B-l. PROCEDURE
B-l.1 Take approximately 25 ml of the material in a dry clean glase
test tube ( 150 x 25 mm ) provided with cork stopper. Immerse the
tube in a mixture of ice and water for 3 hours at 10” f 2°C and then keep
in an oven at 50” rt: 1°C for 3 hours. During and on completion of
the tests, there shall be no separation of phases.
APPENDIX C
( Clauses 3.5 and 6.2 )
METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF ADHESION
STRENGTH
C-l. PROCEDURE
C-l.1 Apply approximately 0’5 g of the material in a thin uniform film by
means of painting brush to exactly 100 X 25 mm of kraft paper pieces
( see IS: 1397-1967*) of 250 X 25_mm and 155 X 25 mm size. Allow the
films of both the pieces to dry to tacky surface and then join
together in such a manner that treated the faces of the two strips are
superimposed on each other with the free ends of the strips in the
same direction. Place the specimen on a smooth hard base and roll
a 30 mm diameter metallic roller or a 10 kg mass on the cemented surface
five times. Allow the specimen toage for 48 hours at room temperature
without any applied pressure.
C-1.2 At the end of this period fix the free end of the smaller strip to the
upper jaw and turn back the end of the other strip and fix to the lower jaw
ofan Adhesion Testing Machine, which is capable of giving a constant rate
of traverse of the lower jaw at a rate of 50 mm/min ( by movement
of the lower jaw only through which the load is applied ). Pull the pieces
apart. The sample passes the test if the joint does not give way before the
paper strips break.
APPENDIX D
[ Clauses 3.6 and 6.2, and Table 1, SZN o. ( i ) ]
METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF MOISTURE
D-1 PROCEDURE
Dl.1 Weigh approximately 10 g of the well mixed material into a
flat-bottomed, circular metal or glass dish about 75 mm in diameter.
*Specification For kraft paper ( jirs~re cision ).
6IS : 7393 - 1974
Spread the material into a thin film, evaporate to dryness on a water-bath
and then heat the dish to constant mass in an electric oven at 100” f 1°C.
D-2. CALCULATION
(M--Ml) x 100
Moisture, percent by mass = ---Y
M
where
M = mass in g of the sample, and
MI = mass in g of the material on heating.
APPENDIX E
[ Clauses 3.6 and 6.2, and Table 1, SZJvo. (ii) ]
METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF ASH CONTENT
E-l. PROCEDURE
E-l.1 Weigh approximately 10 g of the well mixed sample in a
tared,porcelain/silica dish. Heat and ‘ignite by playing the flame of
the bunsen burner on the surface of-the material. Allow the material to
burn away quietly. Transfer the dish to a muffle furnace adjusted to
a temperature of 500” to 550°C. Allow it to remain till the carbonaceous
matter is consumed. Heat the dish to constant mass, cool in,a desiccator
and weigh.
E-2. CALCULATION
MI x 100
Ash content, percent by mass =
n4
where
Mi = mass in g of the residue, and
M = mass in g of the sample.
APPENDIX F
( Clause 5.1 )
SAMPLING OF ADHESIVES
F-l. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS OF SAMPLING
F-l.1 Samples shall not be taken in an exposed place.
F-l.2 Precautions shall be taken to protect the samples, the material being
sampled, the sampling instrument and the containers fcr samples from
adventitious contamination.
7IS : 7393 - 1974
F-l.3 Samples shall be placed in suitable, clean, dry and air-tight
glass containers.
F-1.4 Each sample container after filling shall be sealed air-tight and
marked with full identification particulars, such as sample number, the
date of sampling, the batch of manufacture of material and other
important particulars of the consignment.
F-l.5 Samples shall be protected from excessive variations of temperature.
F-2. SCALE OF SAMPLING
F-2.1 Lot - All the containers of one size in a single consignment of the
material, containing material of the same batch of manufacture, shall
constitute a lot.
F-2.1.1 Samples shall be tested for each lot for ascertaining conformity
of the material to the requirements of the specification.
F-2.2 The number of containers (n) ~to be selected from a lot shall depend
on the size of the lot (JV) and shall be in accordance with co1 1 and 2 of
Table 2.
F-2.2.1 The containers shall be selected at random and in order to
ensure the randomness of selection, a random number table shall be used.
In case such a table is not available, the following procedure may be
adopted:
Starting from any container, count them in one order as 1,2,
3 ) . . . up to r and so on, where Y is the integral part of .W/n
(Jv being the lot size and n the number of containers to be selected).
Every rth container thus counted shall be withdrawn to give sample for
test.
F-3. PREPARATION OF TEST SAMPLES AND REFEREE SAMPLE
F-3.1 To ensure that the sample taken from each container is representa-
tive, the contents sha‘ll be mixed thoroughly by shaking or by stirring
or both.
F-3.2 After the contents are thoroughly mixed, a small representative
portion of the material shall be drawn with the help of a suitable sampling
implement from each of the containers selected according to F-2.2 (the
approximate quantity of material to be drawn from a container shall
be thrice the quantity required for the tests indicated in 3 ).
F-3.3 In case a thorough mixing by shaking or stirring cannot be attained,
small representative portions of the material shall be drawn from
different parts of the container with the help of a suitable sampling
instrument so as to give representative sample for the container.
8IS : 7393 - 1974
TABLE 2 NUMBER OF CONTAINERS TO BE SELECTED FOR SAMPLING
( Clause F-2.2 ) /
LOT SIZE NUMBER OF CONTAINERS
TO BE SELECTED
N n
(1) (2)
up to 20 3
21 ,* 40 , 4
41 9, 80 5
81 ,, 120 6
121 ,, 200 8
201 and above 10
NOTE- In the case of very small lots where the selection of three containers may be
uneconomical, the number of containers to be selected and the criterion for judging
the conformity of the lot to the specification shall be as agreed to between the purchaser
and the supplier.
F-3.4 The material drawn from each container shall be divided into three
equal parts, each forming an individual sample. One set of the individual
samples representing n containers selected shall be marked for the pureha-
ser, another for the supplier and the third for the referee.
F-3.5 All the samples shall be transferred to separate containers. These
containers shall then be sealed air-tight and labelled with full identification
particulars given in F-1.4.
F-3.6 The referee sample consisting of a set of n individual samples
representing n containers selected shall bear the seals of both the purcha-
ser and the supplier. They shall be kept at a place agreed to between the
purchaser and the supplier, and shall be used in case of any dispute
between the two.
F-4. NUMBER OF TESTS
F-4.1 Tests for the determination of all the requirements of the specifica-
tion given in 3 shall be performed on each of the individual samples
separately.
F-5. CRITERIA FOR CONFORMITY
F-5.1 A lot shall be declared as conforming to the requirements of this
specification if the different test results obtained meet the corresponding
requirements given in this standard.
9INDIAN STANDARDS
ON
ADHESIVES AND PRESSURE SENSITIVE ADHESIVE TAPES
IS:
425-1953 Shellac adhesives for steam flange joints
848-1957 Synthetic resin adhesives for plywood ( phenolic and aminoplastic )
849-1957 Cold setting casein glue for wood
851-1957 Synthetic resin adhesives for construction work in wood
852-1969 Animal glue for general wood-working purposes (first r&ion )
1508-1960 Extenders for use in synthetic resin adhesives ( urea-formaldehyde ) for
plywood
2249-1953 Adhesives ( liquid ) for leather beltings
2257-1970 Paper adhesives, liquid gum and office paste type (Jirst r&ion )
2448 ( Part I )-1963 Adhesive insulating tapes for electrical purposes: Part I Tapes with
cotton textile substrates
2560-1963 Rubber-based adhesives for tyres and tubes, non-curing
2561-1963 Rubber-based adhesives for the automobile industry
2562-1963 Rubber-based adhesives for tyres and tubes, curing
2880-1971 Pressure sensitive adhesive cellulose type (Jirst revision )
2886-1964 Labelling paste for automatic machines
3116-1965 Sealing compound for lead-acid batteries
3434-l 965 Glossary of terms for adhesives and pressure sensitive adhesive tapes
3447-1965 Shellac jointing or gasket compound
3676-1966 Pressure sensitive adhesive PVC tapes
3687-1966 Pressure sensitive adhesive cloth tapes
3988-1967 Guar gum
4185-1967 Gummed paper tapes
4663-1968 Permanent rubber-based adhesives for footwear industry
5025-1969 Gum karaya
6367-1971 Dextrin for adhesive industry
|
7779_3_3.pdf
|
IS : 7779 ( Part III/Set 3) - 1980
Indian Standard
SCHE-DULE FOR PROPERTIES AND
AVAILABILITY OF STONES FOR
CONSTRUCTION PURPOSES
PART III TAMIL NADU STATE
Section 3 Engineering Properties of Stone Aggregates
Stones Sectional Committee, BDC 6
Chairman Representing
SHRI B. RAMACHANDRAN Geological Survey of India, Calcutta
Members
SHRI S. R. PRADHAN ( Alternate to
Shri B. Ramachandran )
SHRI K. K. AGRAWALA Builders’ Association of India, Bombay
SHRI K. K. MADHOK ( Alternate )
SHRI R. K. BANSAL Delhi Marble Dealers’ Association, New Delhi
SHRI J. OK. CHARAN Engineer-in-Chief’s Branch, Army Headquarters
SHRI K. KAMLANATHAN( Alternate )
CHIEF ARCHITECT Central Public Works Department, New Delhi
CHIEF ENGINEER( B 8r R ) Public Works Department, Government of
Rajasthan, Jaipur
SHRI S. K. BANERJEE National Test House, Calcutta
SHRI P. R. DAS ( Alternate )
SHR~Y . N. DAVE Department of Geology & Mining, Government of
Rajasthan, Udaipur
SHRI R. G. GUPTA ( Alternate )
DEPUTY DIRECTOR ( RESEARCH) , Public Works Department, Government of Uttar
PWD RESEARCHI NSTITUTE Pradesh, Lucknow
DR M. P. DHIR Central Road Research Institute (CSIR), NewDelhi
DR N. B. LAL ( Alternate )
RESEARCH 0 F F I c E R, GERI, Public Works Department, Government of Gujarat,
VADODARA Vadodara
DIRECTOR ( CSMRS ) Central Water Commission, New Delhi
DEPUTY DIRECTOR (CSMRS )
(.AZternate )
SHRI M. K. GUPTA Himalayan Tiles and Marble Pvt Ltd, Bombay
( Continued on page 2 )
@ Copyright 1980
INDIAN STANDARDS INSTITUTION
This publication is protected under the Indian Copyright Act ( XIV of 1957 ) and
reproduction in whole or in part by any means except with written permission of
the publisher shall be deemed to be an infringement of copyright under the said Act..
IS : 7779 ( Part III/Set 3 ) - 1980
( Continued from page 1 )
Members Representing
DR IQBAL ALI Engineering Research Laboratories, Government of
Andhra Pradesh, Hyderabad
SHRI G. RAMAKRISHNA( Alternate )
SHRI R. C. JAIN Ministry of Shipping & Transport ( Roads Wing )
SHRI R. G. ~LIMAYE Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay
DR G. S. MEHROTRA Central Building Research Institute (CSIR 1,
Roorkee
DR DINESH CHANDRA ( Alternate )
SHRI PREM SWARUP Department of Geology & Mining, Government
of Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow
SHRI A. K. AGARWAL ( Alternate )
DR A. V. R. RAO National Buildings Organisation, New Delhi
SHRI J. SENGUPTA( Alternate )
RESEARCHO FFICER,M ERI, NASIK Irrigation & Power Department, Government of
Maharashtra, Bombay
SUPERINTENDING E N G I N E a R Public Works & Electricity Department, Govern-
( DESIGNS) ment of Karnataka, Bangalore
SUPERINTENDING E N G I N E E R Publtc Works Department, Government of Tamil
( DESIGNS) Nadu, Madras
DY CHIEF ENGINEER( I & D )
( Alternate )
SUPERINTENDINEGN GINEER( PLAN- Public Works Department, Government of West
NING CIRCLE ) Bengal, Calcutta
SHRI D. AJI~HA SIMHA, Director General, IS1 ( Ex-officio Member )
Director ( Civ Engg )
Secretary
SHRI S. SENGUPTA
Assistant Director ( Civ Egg ), IS1
2IS : 7779 ( Part III/Set 3 ) - 1980
Indian Standard
SCHEDULE FOR PROPERTIES AND
AVAILABILITY OF STONES FOR
CONSTRUCTION PURPOSES
PART III TAMIL NADU STATE
Section 3 Engineering Properties of Stone Aggregates
0. FOREWORD
0.1 This Indian Standard ( Part III/Set 3 ) was adopted by the Indian
Standards Institution on 29 February 1980, after the draft finalized by the
Stones Sectional Committee had been approved by the Civil Engineering
Division Council.
0.2 Stones are available in large quantities in different parts of the country.
To choose and utilize them for various purposes it is necessary to know
their availability as well as their various physical properties. Accordingly
this Indian Standard is formulated to cqver such informations. It is hoped
that with the publication of this standard it would be convenient for the
users to know the location of various types of stone aggregates and it
would also act as a guide for their proper selection depending upon their
particular use. This standard will give general information to prospective
builders who use stone and stone aggregates. The final acceptance of the
materials in any work would, however be subject to the physical standards
and other specifications and quality control requirements stipulated for
-individual works.
0.2.1 This standard is being published in parts, each part covering a state.
For facility of compilation and use of the standard, each part is divided in
three sections. Accordingly Part III covers Tamil Nadu State and is being
issued in three sections.
0.3 The information contained in this Section is based on the information
sent by the Public Works Department, Govt of Tamil Nadu and covers
data collected up to the end of 1979. Further information as and when
available will be issued as addendum to the standard.
0.4 In reporting the results of a test or analysis made in accordance with
this standard, if the final value, observed or calculated is to be rounded off,
it shall be done in accordance with IS : 2-1960*.
*Rules for rounding off numerical values ( revised ).
3IS : 7779 ( Part III/Set 3 ) - 1980
1. SCOPE
1.1 This standard (Part III/Set 3 ) covers the engineering properties of
stone aggregates in Tamil Nadu State.
2. TEST RESULTS
2.1 The test results for various t pes of stone aggregat.es tested for some of
the important properties actor C4lg to relevant Indian Standards are given
in Table 1.TABLE 1 SCHEDULE OF CHARACTERISTICS OF STONE AGGREGATES - TAMIL NADU STATE
( Clause 2.1 )
SL LOCATION CLASSIFI- APPARENT WATER AB- CRUSHING ABRASION LOAD REQUI- SOUNDNES BY
No. CATION SPECIFIC SORPTION oh VALUE y0 VALUE y0 RED FOR TEN Na,SO,%
GRAVITY [ IS : 2386 [ IS:2386 [ IS:2386 PERCENT FI- L~;~~~:$3)86
[ IS : 2386 ( PART III )- (PARTIV)- (PARTIV)- ~~s[IS:2386
( PART III)- 1963*] 19637 ] 1963t ] (PART IV)- 1963: ]
1963* ] 1963t]
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9)
I. RAMNAD DISTRICT
1. Tiruvannamalai Quarry Charnockite 2’10 0.39 33.49 36.50 - -
Venkatesapuram ,yt];g;
Sriviliiputhur
Tamanathapuram District
2. vairavanpatti Q u a r r y Charnockite 2.70 0.35 21.17 34.62 - -
WI Tiruppathur Taluk
Ramanathapuram District
3. Varichiyur quarry Biotite granite 265 0.50 26.28 39.55 -
Sivaganga Taluk tj
Ramanathapuram District
II. TIRUNELVELI DISTRICT
4. Kallidaikurichi quarry %harnockite 2.70 0.40 30.42 47.06 - -
Manmuthar, Tirunelveii
District
5. ~~yna~~~4ari ;ua; yky Charnockite 275 0’15 30.26 25.38 -
Tirunelveli District
*Methods of test for aggregates for concrete: Part III Specific kravity, density, voids, absorption and bulking.
tMethods of test for aggregates for concrete: Part IV Mechanical properties.
$Methods of test for aggregates for concrete: Patt V Soundness.INTERNATIONAL SXSTEM OF UNITS ( SI UNITS )
Base Units
Qr&?nritv Unit Symbol
Length metre m
Mass kilogram kg
Time second
Electric current ampere A
Thermodynamic kelvin K
temperature
Luminous intensity candela cd
Amount of substance mole
Supplementary Units
Quantity Unit Symbol
Plane angle radian rad
Solid angle steradian sr
Derived Units
Quantity Unit Symbol .
Force newton N 1 N=lkg. m/s’
Energy joule 1 J=l N.m
Power watt W 1 W=l J/s
Flux weber Wb 1 Wb=l V.s
Flux density tesla T 1 T=l Wb/ml
Frequency hertz HZ 1 Hz=1 c/s (s-l)
Electric conductance siemens S 1 S=lA/V
Electromotive force volt V 1 V=l W/A
Pressure, stress Pascal Pa 1 Pa=1 N/m*
|
2222.pdf
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WKih
WFm
( TRm @wT )
Indian Standard
SPECIFICATION FOR BURNT CLAY
PERFORATED BUILDING BRICKS
( Third Revision)
UDC 666”762”712
4J BIS 1991
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG
NEW DELHI 110002
December 1991 PriceGroup 1Clay Products for Buildings Sectional Committee, CED 30
\
FoREWORD
This Indian Standard (Third Revision )wasadopted bythe Bureau of Indian Standards, after the
draft finalized by the Clay Products for Buildings Sectional Committee had been approved by the
Civil Engineering Division Council.
Perforated bricks are light in weight and provide better thermal insulation as compared to
common bricks. Further, with the setting up of a number of mechanized and semi-mechanized
plants for the manufacture of clay building products in different parts of the country, and since
all the plants are using extrusion process, these bricks and other special varieties of clay
building materials will be produced in larger quantities and will find greater application in
general building construction. This standard has been formulated, therefore, to provide a guide
for the manufacture and uce of perforated bricks.
This standard was first published in 1962 and subsequently revised in 1969 and 1979. In this
revision, non-modular size of brick in addition to modular size has been included.
The Sectional Committee responsible for the preparation of this standard has taken into con-
sideration the views of producers, consumers and technologists and has related the standard
to the manufacturing and trade practices followed in the country in this field. Due weightage
has also been given to the need for international co-ordination among standards prevailing in
different countries of the world.
For the purpose of deciding whether a particular requirement of this standard is complied
with the final value, observed or calculated, expressing the result of a test or analysis, shall
be rounded off in accordance with IS 2:1960 ‘Rules for rounding off numerical values ( revised )’.
The number of significant places retained in the rounded off value should be the same as that
of the specified value in this standard.Is 2222:1991
\
Indian Standafd ‘”
SPECIFICATION FOR BURNT CLAY
PERFORATED BUILDING BRICKS
( Third Revision)
1 SCOPE 6.2 The perforation shall be uniformly distri-
buted over the surface. In the case of rect-
1.1 This standard Covers the dimensions, quality angular perforations, the larger dimension
shall be parallel to the longer side of the brick.
and physical requirements of perforated burnt
The sho~ter side of the perforation shall be less
clay bricks for use in walls and partitions.
than 20 mm in case of rectangular perforations
2 REFERENCES and less than 25 mm diameter in case of circular
perforations.
2.1 The Ind’ian Standards listed in Annex A
are necessary adjuncts to this standard. 6.3 The area of each perforation shall riot
exceed 500 mm2.
3 TERMINOLOGY
3.1 Fcrr the purpose of this standard, the de- 6.4 The thickness of any shell shall not be less
finitions of terms given in IS 2248: 1991 than 15mm and that of any web not less than
shall apply. 10 mm.
4 GENERAL QUALITY 7 PHYSICAL REQUIREMENT
4.1 The bricks shall be made of suitable clay
7.1 Compressive Strength
and shall be thorouzhlv burnt at the maturing
temperature of cI;’v. “Thev shall be free from
crac’ks, flaws and nbdules if free lime. They The bricks when tested in accordance with the
shall have rectangular face with sharp straight procedure laid down in 1S 3495 ( Parts 1to
edge at right angle. They shall be of uniform 4): 1991 shall have a minimum average
colour and texture. compressive strength of 7 N/mmz on net
area.
5 DIMENSIONS AND TOLERANCES
7.1.1 The compressive strength of any indi-
5.1 The standard size of burnt clay perforated
, vidual brick tested shall not fall below the
bricks shall be as follows :
minimum compressive strength specified for the
Length Width Height corresponding class of brick. The lot shall then
be checked for next lower class of brick.
(L) (w) (H)
mm mm mm
7.2 Water Absorption
Modular 190 90 90
I Non-modular 230 110 70
The bricks when tested in accordance with the
procedure laid down in IS 3495 ( Parts 1 to
5.2 The ~ermissible tolerances on the dimensions
7 specified’ in 5.1 shall be as follows : 4 ) : 1991 after immersion in cold water for
i 24 hours water absorption shall not be more
than 20 percent by weight.
Dimension Tolerance
mm 7.3 Efflorescence
70, 90 n
110, 190 +-7 The bricks when tested in accordance with the
procedure laid down in IS 3495 ( Parts 1to 4 ) :
230 & 10
1991 shall have a rating of efflorescence not
NOTE — The tolerances specified above shall apply more than ‘slight’.
to measurements on individual bricks.
7.4 Warpage
6 PERFORATIONS
The bricks when tested in accordance with the
6.1 The area of perforation shall be between procedure laid down in IS 3495 ( Parts 1to 4 ) :
30 percent and 45 percent of the total area of 1991 the average warpage shall not exceed
the corresponding face of the bricks. 3percent.
1m 2222:1991
8 SAMPLING AND CRITERION OF 9 MAIW#G
CONFORMITY 9.1 Wh Wck sh&li be marked in a suitable
/
manner with the manufacturer’s indentifieation
8.1 Sampling and criteria of conformity shall mdrk bf ~ifi~~g”
be done in accordance with the procedure laid 9.1.1 &h bfick @I?t$id~o be fnarked with the
down in IS 5454:1978. t$tandtird Mark,
ANNEX A
( Clause 2.1 )
LIST OF REFERRED INDIAN STANDARDS
IS No. Title IS ~0. Title
2248:1991 Glossary of terms relating to (:;~lto4): building btitk$, parts 1 td 4
clay products for buildings ( third revision)
( second revision ) 5454:1978 Method of sampling of c~ay
3495 Methods of test of burnt clay buildifig Wickii
2Standard Mark
I
The use of the Standard Mark is governed by the provisions of the Bureau of Indian
I
lStandards Act, 1986and the Rulesand Regulations made thereunder. The Standard Mark on
products covered by an Indian Standard conveys the assurance that they have been produced
to comply with the requirements of that standard under a well defined system of inspection,
testing and quality control which is devised and supervised by BIS and operated by the pro-
ducer. Standard marked products are also continuously checked by BIS for conformity to
that standard as a further safeguard. Details of conditions under which a Iicence for the use
of the Stal:dard Mark may be granted to manufacturers or producers may be obtained from
the Rureau of TrrTian Standards.Bureau of Indian Standards
BISisastatutory institution established under the Burezuof Indian Standards Act, 1986 to promote
harmonious development of the activities of st~ndardization, m~rking and quality certification of
goods and attending to connected matters in the country.
Copyright
BIS has the copyright of all its publications. No part of these publications may be reproduced in
any form without the prior permission in writing of BIS. This does not preclude the free use, in
the course of implementing the standard, of necessary details, such as symbols and sizes, type or
grade designations. Enquiries relating to copyright be addressed to the Director ( Publication), BIS.
Revision of Indian Standards
Indian Standards are reviewed periodically and revised, when necessary and amendments, if any,
are issued from tim~ to tima. Users of Indian Standards should ascertain that they are in
possession of the latest amendments or edition. Comments on this Indian Standard may be sent
to BIS giving the following reference :
Doc : No. CED 30 ( 5005 )
Amendments Issued Since Publication
Amend No. Date of Issue Text Affected
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
Headquarters :
Manak Bhavan, 9 Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg, New Delhi 110002
Telephones :331 01 31, 331 13 75 Telegrams : Manaksanstha
( Common to all Offices)
Regional Offices: Telephones
Central : Manak Bhavan, 9 Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg, 331 01 31
NEW Delhi-1 10002 331 13 75
Eastern : 1/14 C.LT. Scheme VU M, V.I.P. Road, Maniktola
CALCUTTA 700054 378662
Northern : SCO 445-446, Sector 35-C, CHANDIGARH 160036 5338 43
Southern : C.I.T. Campus, IV Cross Road, MADRAS 600113 412916
Western : Manakalaya, E9 MIDC, Marol, Andheri ( East)
BOMBAY 400093 6329295
Branches : AHMADABAD, BANGALORE, BHOPAL, BEHJBANESHWAR,
COIMBATORE, FARIDABAD, GHAZIABAD, GUWAHAT1,
HYDERABAD, JAIPUR, KANPUR, PATNA, THIRUVANANTIIAPURAM.
Printed at Swatantra Bharat Press, Delhi, IndiaAMENDMENT NO. 1 MARCH 1992
TO
IS 2222:1991 SPECIFICATION FOR BURNT CLAY
PERFORATED BUILDING BRICKS
( ThirdReviswn)
( First cover page, foreword) — Substitute ‘Fourth Reviswn’ for ‘Third
Revision’ wherever appears.
( Foreword para 3, line 1) — Substitute ‘1%9, 1979 and 1989’for ‘1969
and 1979’.
( CED30)
Reprography Unit, BIS, New Delhi, India
|
ISO 15528-2000.PDF
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(cid:343)(cid:402)(cid:341)(cid:359)(cid:374)(cid:387)(cid:338) (cid:349)(cid:402)(cid:388)(cid:356)(cid:387)(cid:338) (cid:190)(cid:397)(cid:357)(cid:387) (cid:391)(cid:397)(cid:339)(cid:374)(cid:345)(cid:387)(cid:338) (cid:361)(cid:388)(cid:350)(cid:390) (cid:190)(cid:397)(cid:357)(cid:387) (cid:361)(cid:402)(cid:402)(cid:384)(cid:345)(cid:387)(cid:338) (cid:343)(cid:337)(cid:402)(cid:395)
STANDARDIZATION ORGANIZATION FOR G.C.C (GSO)
GSO ISO 15528:2007
ISO 15528:2000
(cid:186) (cid:344)(cid:339)(cid:364)(cid:402)(cid:392)(cid:359)(cid:397)(cid:387)(cid:338)(cid:397) (cid:344)(cid:339)(cid:392)(cid:339)(cid:395)(cid:357)(cid:388)(cid:387) (cid:343)(cid:402)(cid:387)(cid:397)(cid:405)(cid:338) (cid:357)(cid:338)(cid:397)(cid:390)(cid:387)(cid:338)(cid:397) (cid:344)(cid:339)(cid:364)(cid:402)(cid:392)(cid:359)(cid:397)(cid:387)(cid:338)(cid:397) (cid:344)(cid:339)(cid:392)(cid:339)(cid:395)(cid:357)(cid:387)(cid:338)
(cid:344)(cid:339)(cid:392)(cid:402)(cid:374)(cid:387)(cid:338) (cid:358)(cid:356)(cid:330) (cid:382)(cid:359)(cid:369)
Paints and Varnishes and Raw materials
for paints and varnishes – Sampling
ICS: 87.040Paints and Varnishes and Raw materials
for paints and varnishes – Sampling
Date of GSO Board of Directors' Approval : 19-05-1428h (05-06-2007)
Issuing Status : StandardGSO STANDARD GSO ISO 15528:2007
(cid:389)(cid:186)(cid:402)(cid:357)(cid:186)(cid:384)(cid:345)
(cid:344)(cid:362)(cid:187)(cid:398)(cid:352)(cid:407)(cid:340) (cid:341)(cid:398)(cid:347)(cid:404)(cid:399)(cid:370)(cid:187)(cid:375) (cid:403)(cid:187)(cid:382) (cid:391)(cid:370)(cid:347) (cid:345)(cid:404)(cid:392)(cid:404)(cid:390)(cid:385)(cid:335) (cid:345)(cid:339)(cid:404)(cid:397) (cid:345)(cid:404)(cid:343)(cid:361)(cid:376)(cid:389)(cid:340) (cid:351)(cid:404)(cid:390)(cid:358)(cid:389)(cid:340) (cid:191)(cid:399)(cid:359)(cid:389) (cid:393)(cid:399)(cid:341)(cid:376)(cid:347)(cid:389)(cid:340) (cid:363)(cid:390)(cid:352)(cid:392) (cid:191)(cid:399)(cid:359)(cid:389) (cid:363)(cid:404)(cid:404)(cid:386)(cid:347)(cid:389)(cid:340) (cid:345)(cid:339)(cid:404)(cid:397)
(cid:345)(cid:404)(cid:187)(cid:364)(cid:341)(cid:404)(cid:386)(cid:389)(cid:340) (cid:346)(cid:341)(cid:383)(cid:368)(cid:340)(cid:399)(cid:392)(cid:389)(cid:340) (cid:359)(cid:340)(cid:359)(cid:375)(cid:335) (cid:345)(cid:339)(cid:404)(cid:398)(cid:389)(cid:340) (cid:391)(cid:341)(cid:398)(cid:392) (cid:393)(cid:392)(cid:399) (cid:158) (cid:345)(cid:404)(cid:343)(cid:361)(cid:376)(cid:389)(cid:340) (cid:351)(cid:404)(cid:390)(cid:358)(cid:389)(cid:340) (cid:191)(cid:399)(cid:359) (cid:403)(cid:382) (cid:363)(cid:404)(cid:404)(cid:341)(cid:386)(cid:392)(cid:389)(cid:340)(cid:399) (cid:346)(cid:341)(cid:383)(cid:368)(cid:340)(cid:399)(cid:392)(cid:390)(cid:389) (cid:345)(cid:404)(cid:394)(cid:371)(cid:399)(cid:389)(cid:340)
. (cid:345)(cid:368)(cid:368)(cid:358)(cid:347)(cid:392) (cid:345)(cid:404)(cid:394)(cid:382) (cid:393)(cid:341)(cid:352)(cid:389) (cid:345)(cid:371)(cid:364)(cid:340)(cid:399)(cid:343) (cid:345)(cid:404)(cid:352)(cid:404)(cid:390)(cid:358)(cid:389)(cid:340)
(cid:391)(cid:385)(cid:361) (cid:345)(cid:404)(cid:394)(cid:383)(cid:389)(cid:340) (cid:345)(cid:394)(cid:352)(cid:390)(cid:389)(cid:340) (cid:191)(cid:392)(cid:375) (cid:351)(cid:392)(cid:341)(cid:394)(cid:361)(cid:343) (cid:393)(cid:392)(cid:370) (cid:345)(cid:404)(cid:343)(cid:361)(cid:376)(cid:389)(cid:340) (cid:351)(cid:404)(cid:390)(cid:358)(cid:389)(cid:340) (cid:191)(cid:399)(cid:359)(cid:389) (cid:393)(cid:399)(cid:341)(cid:376)(cid:347)(cid:389)(cid:340) (cid:363)(cid:390)(cid:352)(cid:392) (cid:191)(cid:399)(cid:359)(cid:389) (cid:363)(cid:404)(cid:404)(cid:386)(cid:347)(cid:389)(cid:340) (cid:345)(cid:339)(cid:404)(cid:397) (cid:346)(cid:392)(cid:341)(cid:385) (cid:359)(cid:385)(cid:399)
(cid:345)(cid:187)(cid:404)(cid:352)(cid:404)(cid:390)(cid:358)(cid:389)(cid:340) (cid:345)(cid:404)(cid:187)(cid:364)(cid:341)(cid:404)(cid:386)(cid:389)(cid:340) (cid:345)(cid:383)(cid:368)(cid:340)(cid:399)(cid:392)(cid:389)(cid:340) (cid:348)(cid:404)(cid:359)(cid:355)(cid:347)(cid:343) " (cid:351)(cid:404)(cid:364)(cid:394)(cid:389)(cid:340)(cid:399) (cid:191)(cid:362)(cid:380)(cid:389)(cid:340)(cid:399) (cid:345)(cid:404)(cid:339)(cid:341)(cid:404)(cid:392)(cid:404)(cid:388)(cid:389)(cid:340) (cid:346)(cid:341)(cid:352)(cid:347)(cid:394)(cid:392)(cid:389)(cid:340) (cid:346)(cid:341)(cid:383)(cid:368)(cid:340)(cid:399)(cid:392) (cid:373)(cid:341)(cid:371)(cid:385) " (1)
(cid:360)(cid:358)(cid:332) (cid:384)(cid:361)(cid:371) (cid:187) (cid:346)(cid:341)(cid:366)(cid:404)(cid:394)(cid:361)(cid:399)(cid:389)(cid:340)(cid:399) (cid:346)(cid:341)(cid:394)(cid:341)(cid:397)(cid:359)(cid:390)(cid:389) (cid:345)(cid:404)(cid:389)(cid:399)(cid:407)(cid:340) (cid:359)(cid:340)(cid:399)(cid:392)(cid:389)(cid:340)(cid:399) (cid:346)(cid:341)(cid:366)(cid:404)(cid:394)(cid:361)(cid:399)(cid:389)(cid:340)(cid:399) (cid:346)(cid:341)(cid:394)(cid:341)(cid:397)(cid:359)(cid:389)(cid:340) " GSO 796/1997 (cid:391)(cid:187)(cid:385)(cid:361)
(cid:346)(cid:341)(cid:366)(cid:404)(cid:394)(cid:361)(cid:399)(cid:389)(cid:340)(cid:399) (cid:346)(cid:341)(cid:394)(cid:341)(cid:397)(cid:359)(cid:389)(cid:340) " ISO 15528:2000 (cid:391)(cid:187)(cid:385)(cid:361) (cid:345)(cid:404)(cid:389)(cid:399)(cid:359)(cid:389)(cid:340) (cid:345)(cid:404)(cid:364)(cid:341)(cid:404)(cid:386)(cid:389)(cid:340) (cid:345)(cid:383)(cid:368)(cid:340)(cid:399)(cid:392)(cid:389)(cid:340) (cid:403)(cid:394)(cid:343)(cid:347)(cid:343) (cid:387)(cid:389)(cid:360)(cid:399) (cid:158) " (cid:346)(cid:341)(cid:394)(cid:404)(cid:376)(cid:389)(cid:340)
(cid:363)(cid:404)(cid:404)(cid:386)(cid:347)(cid:390)(cid:389) (cid:345)(cid:404)(cid:389)(cid:399)(cid:359)(cid:389)(cid:340) (cid:345)(cid:392)(cid:372)(cid:394)(cid:392)(cid:389)(cid:340) " (cid:341)(cid:398)(cid:347)(cid:361)(cid:359)(cid:368)(cid:332) (cid:403)(cid:347)(cid:389)(cid:340)(cid:399) " (cid:346)(cid:341)(cid:394)(cid:404)(cid:376)(cid:389)(cid:340) (cid:360)(cid:358)(cid:332) (cid:384)(cid:361)(cid:371) (cid:187) (cid:346)(cid:341)(cid:366)(cid:404)(cid:394)(cid:361)(cid:399)(cid:389)(cid:340)(cid:399) (cid:346)(cid:341)(cid:394)(cid:341)(cid:397)(cid:359)(cid:390)(cid:389) (cid:345)(cid:404)(cid:389)(cid:399)(cid:407)(cid:340) (cid:359)(cid:340)(cid:399)(cid:392)(cid:389)(cid:340)(cid:399)
.(cid:345)(cid:383)(cid:368)(cid:340)(cid:399)(cid:392)(cid:389)(cid:340) (cid:395)(cid:360)(cid:397) (cid:373)(cid:399)(cid:361)(cid:366)(cid:392) (cid:359)(cid:340)(cid:359)(cid:375)(cid:336)(cid:343) ((cid:393)(cid:404)(cid:361)(cid:355)(cid:343)(cid:389)(cid:340) (cid:345)(cid:388)(cid:390)(cid:392)(cid:392)) (cid:346)(cid:392)(cid:341)(cid:385)(cid:399) . (cid:345)(cid:404)(cid:390)(cid:368)(cid:407)(cid:340) (cid:341)(cid:398)(cid:347)(cid:380)(cid:390)(cid:343) (cid:387)(cid:389)(cid:360)(cid:399) "
(cid:341)(cid:398)(cid:404)(cid:390)(cid:375) (cid:345)(cid:404)(cid:394)(cid:382) (cid:346)(cid:412)(cid:404)(cid:359)(cid:376)(cid:347) (cid:345)(cid:404)(cid:332) (cid:191)(cid:341)(cid:358)(cid:359)(cid:335) (cid:393)(cid:399)(cid:359) (cid:345)(cid:404)(cid:390)(cid:368)(cid:407)(cid:340) (cid:341)(cid:398)(cid:347)(cid:380)(cid:390)(cid:343) (cid:345)(cid:404)(cid:352)(cid:404)(cid:390)(cid:358) (cid:345)(cid:404)(cid:364)(cid:341)(cid:404)(cid:385) (cid:345)(cid:383)(cid:368)(cid:340)(cid:399)(cid:392)(cid:388) (cid:345)(cid:383)(cid:368)(cid:340)(cid:399)(cid:392)(cid:389)(cid:340) (cid:395)(cid:360)(cid:397) (cid:346)(cid:359)(cid:392)(cid:347)(cid:375)(cid:340) (cid:359)(cid:385)(cid:399)
1428 5 19 6
(cid:384)(cid:187)(cid:382)(cid:340)(cid:399)(cid:392)(cid:389)(cid:340) (cid:158) (cid:187)(cid:187)(cid:397) / / (cid:357)(cid:404)(cid:361)(cid:341)(cid:187)(cid:347)(cid:343) (cid:359)(cid:187)(cid:386)(cid:375) (cid:402)(cid:360)(cid:187)(cid:389)(cid:340) (cid:158) ( ) (cid:391)(cid:187)(cid:385)(cid:361) (cid:345)(cid:187)(cid:339)(cid:404)(cid:398)(cid:389)(cid:340) (cid:344)(cid:361)(cid:340)(cid:359)(cid:335) (cid:363)(cid:390)(cid:352)(cid:392) (cid:373)(cid:341)(cid:392)(cid:347)(cid:352)(cid:340) (cid:403)(cid:382)
.(cid:341)(cid:398)(cid:390)(cid:355)(cid:392) (cid:191)(cid:355)(cid:347)(cid:319)(cid:399) (GSO 796/1997) (cid:391)(cid:385)(cid:361) (cid:345)(cid:383)(cid:368)(cid:340)(cid:399)(cid:392)(cid:389)(cid:340) (cid:403)(cid:380)(cid:203)(cid:390)(cid:347)(cid:321) (cid:393)(cid:332) (cid:401)(cid:390)(cid:375) (2007 /6 /5 )
Foreword
GCC Standardization Organization (GSO) is a regional Organization which
consists of the National Standards Bodies of GCC member States. One of GSO
main functions is to issue Gulf Standards /Technical regulations through
specialized technical committees (TCs).
GSO through the technical program of committee (6) " Technical Committee of
Chemical and Textiles Products " has updated the GSO 796/2007 " Paints and
Varnishes and Raw materials for paints and varnishes – Sampling " by adoption
of the International Standard ISO 15528:2000" Paints and Varnishes and Raw
materials for paints and varnishes – Sampling " issued by (International
Organization for Standadization) in its original language. The Draft Standard
has been prepared by (Kingdom of Bahrain).
This standard has been approved as a Gulf (Standard without any technical
modifications by GSO Board of Directors in its meeting No. (6) , held on
19/5/1428H (5/6/2007G) . The approved standard will replace and supersede the
GSO standard No. (GSO 796/1997) .INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 15528
Firstedition
2000-07-15
Paints, varnishes and raw materials for
paints and varnishes — Sampling
Peintures,vernisetmatièrespremièrespourpeinturesetvernis—
Échantillonnage
Referencenumber
ISO15528:2000(E)
©ISO2000ISO 15528:2000(E)
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ii ©ISO2000–AllrightsreservedISO 15528:2000(E)
Contents
Page
1 Scope ............................................................................................................................................................... 1
2 Normativereferences ....................................................................................................................................... 1
3 Termsanddefinitions........................................................................................................................................ 1
4 Generalrequirements ....................................................................................................................................... 2
5 Samplingequipment ......................................................................................................................................... 3
6 Samplingprocedure ....................................................................................................................................... 11
Bibliography........................................................................................................................................................... 15
©ISO2000–Allrightsreserved iiiISO 15528:2000(E)
Foreword
ISO(theInternationalOrganizationforStandardization)is aworldwidefederationofnational standardsbodies(ISO
member bodies). The work ofpreparingInternational Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical com-
mittees. Each member body interested in a subject for whicha technical committee has been established has the
right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liai-
sonwithISO,alsotakepartinthework.ISOcollaboratescloselywiththeInternationalElectrotechnicalCommission
(IEC)onallmattersofelectrotechnicalstandardization.
InternationalStandardsaredraftedinaccordancewiththerulesgivenintheISO/IECDirectives,Part3.
Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting.
PublicationasanInternationalStandardrequiresapprovalbyatleast75%ofthememberbodiescastingavote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this International Standard may be the subject of
patentrights.ISOshallnotbeheldresponsibleforidentifyinganyorallsuchpatentrights.
InternationalStandardISO15528waspreparedbyTechnicalCommitteeISO/TC35,Paintsandvarnishes,Subcom-
mitteeSC9,Generaltestmethodsforpaintsandvarnishes.
ItcancelsandreplacesISO842:1984andISO1512:1991.
Samplingdependsonthestateofaggregationoftheproductandthesizeofthecontainerbutnotonthetypeofprod-
uct, e.g. paint, varnish, binder, pigment, extender or solvent. It was therefore decided to combine ISO842 and
ISO1512. ISO8130-9:1992, Coatingpowders—Part9:Sampling, describes methods for the sampling of coating
powdersfromconsignmentsandforthesubdivisionofthesampleintoquantitiessuitablefortestmethodsspecified
inotherpartsofISO8130.ItwasdecidedthatISO8130-9shouldremainaseparatestandardandnotbecombined
withISO842andISO1512becauseitispartofacomprehensiveseriesofstandardsdealingwithcoatingpowders.
ISO1513:1992,Paintsandvarnishes—Examinationandpreparationofsamplesfortesting,specifiesboththepro-
cedureforpreliminaryexaminationofasinglesampleasreceivedfortesting,andtheprocedureforpreparingatest
samplebyblendingandreductionofaseriesofsamplesrepresentativeofaconsignmentofpaint,varnishorrelated
product,thesamplesoftheproducttobetestedhavingbeentakeninaccordancewithISO842andISO1512.
iv ©ISO2000–AllrightsreservedISO 15528:2000(E)
Introduction
ThisInternationalStandardspecifiesproceduresforthesamplingofpaintsandvarnishesandofrawmaterialsused
in their manufacture. Itdoes notdeal with the preparation for testingor reduction of the samples thus taken. This is
dealtwithinISO1513(seeBibliography).
Correct sampling is a skilledoperation andthevarious procedures needto be carried outwith greatcareby opera-
tors having the required knowledge and experience. The general instructions in this International Standard are in-
tendedtosupplementthisknowledgeandexperienceandareapplicabletomostsituations.However,someproducts
mayrequirespecialsamplingprecautionsthatarenotgiveninthisInternationalStandardandthereforespecialvigi-
lancewillbenecessaryonthepartofoperatorstotakenoteofanyunusualcharacteristicsexhibitedbythoseprod-
ucts. It is also essential that operators adhere to any special precautions in accordance with product specifications
andnationalsafetyregulations.
ISO3165givesgeneralguidanceonsafetyinthesamplingofchemicalproductsforindustrialuseandisintendedto
assistthoseengagedinsamplingorindirectingtheactivitiesofsamplers.
©ISO2000–Allrightsreserved vINTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 15528:2000(E)
Paints, varnishes and raw materials for paints and varnishes —
Sampling
1 Scope
This International Standard describes manual methods of sampling paints, varnishes and raw materials for paints
andvarnishes.Suchproductsincludeliquidsandmaterialswhich,withoutundergoingchemicalmodification,areca-
pableofbeingliquefiedwhenheatedup,andalsopowdered,granulatedandpastymaterials.Samplesmaybetaken
fromcontainers,e.g.cans,drums,tanks,containers,tankwagonsorships'tanks,aswellasfrombarrels,sacks,big-
bags,silosorsilowagons,orfromconveyorbelts.
2 Normative references
Thefollowing normative documents contain provisions which, throughreference in this text, constitute provisions of
this InternationalStandard.For datedreferences,subsequentamendmentsto,orrevisions of,anyofthesepublica-
tions do not apply. However, parties to agreements based on this International Standard are encouraged to investi-
gate the possibility of applying the most recent editions of the normative documents indicated below. For undated
references,thelatesteditionofthenormativedocumentreferredtoapplies.MembersofISOandIEC maintainreg-
istersofcurrentlyvalidInternationalStandards.
ISO3165:1976,Samplingofchemicalproductsforindustrialuse—Safetyinsampling.
ISO6206:1979,Chemicalproductsforindustrialuse—Sampling—Vocabulary.
3 Terms and definitions
ForthepurposesofthisInternationalStandard,thetermsanddefinitionsgiveninISO6206andthefollowingapply.
3.1
batch
definitequantityofamaterialwhichwasproducedunderuniformconditions
3.2
lot
totalquantityofmaterialwhichistobesampled,whichmayconsistofanumberofbatchesorsamplingunits
3.3
individualsample
thatpartofaproducttakenfromabulkmaterialbyonesamplingoperation
3.4
representativesample
samplewhichcomplies—withintheprecisionofthetestmethodsused—inallofitscharacteristicfeatureswiththe
materialsampled
3.5
averagesample
mixtureofequivalentportionsofindividualsamples(3.3)
©ISO2000–Allrightsreserved 1ISO 15528:2000(E)
3.6
topsample
individualsampletakenatornearthesurfaceofamaterial
3.7
bottomsample
individualsampletakenatornearthelowestlevelofamaterial
3.8
compositesample
individualsampletakenfromanumberofdifferentlevelsofamaterial
3.9
intermittentsample
individualsampletakenintermittentlyfromaflowofmaterial
3.10
continuoussample
sampletakencontinuouslyfromaflowofmaterial
3.11
referencesample
individual,averageorcontinuoussamplewhichistakenandstoredforaspecifiedperiodforreferencepurposes
4 General requirements
Sampling,thelabellingandstorageofsamples,andthepreparationoftheassociateddocumentationshallbecarried
outbyskilledpersonnel.Afterselectionofacleansamplingdeviceofasuitabletypeandsize,samplingshallbeper-
formedobservingtherelevantregulationsonhealthandsafety,ensuringthatemissionsarekepttoaminimum.
Thesamplingmethodusedshalltakeintoaccountboththephysicalandthechemicalcharacteristicsofthematerial
concerned,e.g.itssensitivitytolightandoxidation,itstendencytoundergosurfacereactions(skinformation)andits
hygroscopic,physiologicalandtoxicologicalcharacteristics.
Provision shall be made for taking representative samples at a cost which is considered reasonable by the parties
concerned,usingaprocedurewhichmeetstherequirementsofqualitytestingandqualitymanagement.
Storage of the samples, including the reference samples, shall comply with quality management requirements con-
cerninglabelling,traceabilityandperiodsofstorage.
In the case of particularly sensitive materials, instructions shall be provided with regard to the storage conditions.
Thisistoensurethequalityof,inparticular,thereferencesamplefortheentirestorageperiod.
Forhealthandsafetyinformationinsampling,seeISO3165.
2 ©ISO2000–AllrightsreservedISO 15528:2000(E)
5 Sampling equipment
5.1 Sampling devices
5.1.1 General
The choice of sampling device depends on the type of material being sampled, its state of aggregation, the type of
container, the level to which the container is filled, the health and safety hazard presented by the material and the
samplesizerequired.Generalrequirementsforsamplingdevicesinclude
— easyhandling,
— easycleaning(smoothsurfaces),
— commercialavailability,
— chemicalresistancetothematerialbeingsampled.
5.1.2 Scoops
5.1.2.1 Scoop(ladle)(seealso5.1.7)
Ascoopisprimarilyusedfortakingtopsamplesofsolidmaterials.
©ISO2000–Allrightsreserved 3ISO 15528:2000(E)
5.1.2.2 Scoopforliquids
This instrument consists of a D-shaped metal trough divided into compartments along its length, and a shutter that
movesverticallyalongtheentirelengthtoopenandclosecompartments(seeFigure1).Itisnormallyfrom25mmto
50mmindiameter.
The instrument is inserted closed and the shutter pulled out to admit the liquid; the scoop is then closed and with-
drawn.
Key
1 Trough
2 Shutter
Figure1—Samplescoopforliquids
4 ©ISO2000–AllrightsreservedISO 15528:2000(E)
5.1.2.3 Scoopsforpowders
Suchscoopsareopeninstrumentsintendedforusewithsolidsinpowderform.Theyareofmetal,ofsemicircularor
C-shapedcross-sectionandwheninsertedboreoutacorethroughthematerial(seeFigure2).
Figure2—Samplingscoopsforpowders
©ISO2000–Allrightsreserved 5ISO 15528:2000(E)
5.1.3 Samplingtubesforliquids
5.1.3.1 Concentrictubes
These consist of two concentric metal tubes which fit closely one inside the other along their entire length, so that
one tube can be rotated within the other. A longitudinal opening or series of openings of about one-third of the cir-
cumferenceiscutinbothtubes.Inonepositionthetubeisopenandadmitstheliquid;byturningtheinnertubeitbe-
comesasealedcontainer(seeFigure3).
Theinnertubeis normally20mmto40mmindiameter.Itmaybeundividedalongitslength,inwhichcasethetwo
tubesareprovidedwithV-shapedportsattheir lowerends,placedsothatliquidcontainedintheinstrumentcanbe
drainedthroughthemwhenthelongitudinalopeningisopen.
Alternatively,theinnertubemaybedividedtransverselyintoanumberofcompartments,normallyfromthreetoten,
inwhichcasethebottomV-shapedportsareomitted.Suchanarrangementenablesseparatesamplesofliquidtobe
withdrawnfromdifferentdepthsinthecontainer.
Thetubeshouldbeofsufficientlengthtoreachthebottomofthecontainer.Itisinsertedclosed,thenopenedtoad-
mittheliquidandfinallyclosedandwithdrawn.
Figure3—Samplingtubeconsistingoftwoconcentrictubes
6 ©ISO2000–AllrightsreservedISO 15528:2000(E)
5.1.3.2 Singletube
A single-tube sampler, an example of which is shown in Figure4, may be used where the liquid to be sampled is
knowntobehomogeneousincharacter.Itconsistsofametalorthick-walledglasstubewhichmayvaryfrom20mm
to40mmindiameterandfrom400mmto800mminlength.Theupperandlowerendsareconicalandnarrowdown
toabout5mmto10mm.Attheupperendtherearetworingstoassistinhandling.
Totakeanindividualsample,thetubeisfirstclosedatthetopwiththethumborastopper,andlowereduntilthede-
sireddepthisreached.Itisopenedforashorttimetoadmittheliquidandthenclosedandwithdrawn.
Figure4—Samplingtubewithsingletube
©ISO2000–Allrightsreserved 7ISO 15528:2000(E)
5.1.3.3 Valvesamplingtube
A valve sampling tube, an example of which is shown in Figure5, consists of a metal tube with a valve at the base
connectedbyacentralrodtoascrewhandleatthetop.Whenthehandleisscreweddownthevalveisclosed.Itdif-
fersfromthetubespreviouslydescribedinthatitisintroducedintotheliquidwiththevalveopen,allowingtheliquid
toenterasthetubedipsbelow thesurfacewhilethedisplacedair passesthroughanair-ventatthetopofthetube.
When the base of the tube touches the bottom of the container, the valve automatically closes. The handle is then
screwedtightsoastokeepthevalveshut¸andthetubecontainingthesampleiswithdrawn.Theoutsideofthetube
iswipedcleanoracleaningdeviceisused.Samplingtubesofvariouslengthsareused,one2mlong,madeofalu-
minium,beingconvenientforsamplingfromroadtankvehicles.Thisinstrument,illustratedinFigure5,isnotsuitable
forusewheresedimentshaveaccumulated.
Key
1 Airvent
Figure5—Valvesamplingtube
8 ©ISO2000–AllrightsreservedISO 15528:2000(E)
5.1.4 Samplingbottleorcan
Thesamplingbottleorcanisalsocalledadippingbottleorcan(seeFigure6).Itconsistsofasufficientlyheavysup-
porting frame made of spark-proof metal which is attached to a chain made of stainless steel or any other suitable
material, and on which is mounted a bottle made of glass or any other suitable material. A dipping can may be, for
example:
— anopenbottle;
— a bottle with a stopper fitted with two glass tubes of different lengths (by adjusting the inner diameters of the
tubes,asamplemaybeobtainedwhichcorrespondstothedepthinthecontainerandtheviscosityofthesample
material);
— abottlewithastopperwhichcanberemovedatthedesireddepthbymeansofasecondchain.
Thedippingcanisparticularlysuitablefortakingsamplesfromlargecontainers(storagetanks,ships'tanks,etc.).
Figure6—Samplingcan
©ISO2000–Allrightsreserved 9ISO 15528:2000(E)
5.1.5 Bottomorzonesampler
Abottomorzonesampler(seeFigure7)consistsofacylindricalvesselhavingaspindlevalvemadeofspark-proof
metal.Itisattachedtoadippingchainmadeofstainlesssteeloranyothersuitablematerial.Anadditionalchainmay
be attached to the upper end of the valve spindle to allow the valve to be opened at a particular depth. The valve
opensautomaticallywhenittouchesthebottomofthecontainer,sothatthezonesamplerisparticularlysuitablefor
takingbottomsamplesfromlargecontainers.
Figure7—Bottomorzonesampler(sectionalview)
5.1.6 Spatula
A spatula may be of any convenient shape or size.Theblade is made of a suitablematerial suchas stainless steel
orplastic.Thespatulaisparticularlyusefulfortakingindividualsamplesofpastymaterials,e.g.putty.
5.1.7 Shovel(seealso5.1.2.1)
Asamplingshovelismadeofasuitablematerial,suchasstainlesssteelorplastic,andhasraisedsidesandashort
handle.Itisprimarilyusedfortakingsamplesfromsolidmaterialsingranularorpowderform.
5.1.8 Branchpipe
Abranchpipe is suitablefor takingindividualorcontinuoussamples,e.g.from storage tanks, tank vehicles or pipe-
lines,andisprovidedwithashut-offvalve.
5.2 Sample containers
Screw-cap jars, bottles, tins or plastic bags are suitable for storing individual samples and reference samples. The
containerandthelidmaterialshallbeselectedsothatthesampleisprotectedagainsttheactionoflightandnoma-
terialcanescapefromorenterthecontainer.
Metalcontainersshallbefittedwithtightmetalclosures,shallbefreefromsolderingfluxandshallingeneralnotbe
coatedinternallywithpaintorvarnish(seenote1).
Glasscontainersshallbefittedwithtightclosuresthatarenotaffectedbythesample(seenote2).
10 ©ISO2000–AllrightsreservedISO 15528:2000(E)
Galvanizedandaluminiumcontainersshallnotbeusedforsamplingalcoholicmaterials.
NOTE1 Containerscoatedinternallyarehoweversuitableformanywater-basedproducts.
NOTE2 Darkglassprovidespartialprotectionagainsttheactionoflightandthecontentscanbefurthershielded,ifnecessary,
byanexternalopaquecoveringorpackaging.
6 Sampling procedure
6.1 General
Theminimumsizeofasampleshallbe2kgorthreetofourtimesthequantityneededtocarryouttherequiredtests.
Forthenumberofsamplestobetaken,seeTable1.
6.2 Pre-sampling inspection
Before sampling is carried out, the material, the container and the sampling point shall be inspected for abnormali-
ties.Ifanyabnormalitiesareobserved,theyshallberecordedinthesamplingreport.Theoperatorshallthendecide
whetherasampleshallbetakenandifsowhattypeofsample.
6.3 Homogeneity considerations
6.3.1 Homogeneousmaterials
Forhomogeneousmaterials,asinglesampleissufficient.
6.3.2 Non-homogeneousmaterials
6.3.2.1 General
Therearetwotypesofnon-homogeneity—temporaryandpermanent.
6.3.2.2 Temporarynon-homogeneity
This may result from insufficient mixing, foaming, sedimentation, crystallization, etc., which may give rise to differ-
ences in density or viscosity for instance. Such materials may be homogenized by stirring or warming before sam-
plingiscarriedout.
6.3.2.3 Permanentnon-homogeneity
In the case of materials which are neither miscible with each other nor soluble in each other, it shall be decided
whetherandforwhatpurposeasampleistobetaken.
Fromsmallcontainers,samplesshallbetakenbymeansofasamplingtube(5.1.3).
If large containers are to be sampled, at least two samples shall be taken. The upper phase shall be sampled by
meansofascoop(5.1.2)andthelowerphasebymeansofazonesampler(5.1.5)orasuitabledippingbottleorcan
(5.1.4) (see note), or at the bottom valve if there is one. When preparing a sample, the relative sizes of the two
phasesshallbetakenintoaccount.
NOTE Adippingcanwithastopperthatcanberemovedatthedesireddepthissuitable.
©ISO2000–Allrightsreserved 11ISO 15528:2000(E)
6.4 Container size
6.4.1 Largecontainers
6.4.1.1 General
Largecontainersareunderstoodtobetanks,roadtankvehicles,silos,silowagons,railwaytankwagons,ships'tanks
orreactorshavinganaverageheightofatleast1m.
Theproduct,otherthanthosewhicharepermanentlynon-homogeneous,shallbehomogeneousbeforetakingsam-
ples.Asreproduciblesamplingofacompositesample,e.g.bymeansofadippingcan(5.1.4),isgenerallyimpracti-
cable in the case of large containers, a top sample shall be taken by means of a scoop (5.1.2) or a sampling tube
(5.1.3) as well as a sample at mid-depth using a dipping can (5.1.4), and a bottom sample, at nine-tenths of the
depth, by means of a dipping can (5.1.4) or zone sampler (5.1.5). When a large container consists of several com-
partments,atleastonesampleshallbetakenfromeachcompartment.Ifthesameproductisinvolved,thenseveral
individualsamples(3.3)maybecombinedintooneaveragesample.
Inthecaseofpermanentnon-homogeneity,usetheproceduresgivenin6.3.2.3.
6.4.1.2 Liquids
Atopsamplemaybetakenfromaliquidorliquefiedproductbymeansofascoop(5.1.2).Forsamplingatotherlev-
els,thedippingcan(5.1.4)isthemostsuitablemeans,andthezonesampler(5.1.5)isparticularlysuitablefortaking
abottomsample.
Other possible sampling proceduresinclude thetakingofanindividual samplefromableedpoint,takingcaretoal-
lowsufficientliquidtorunofffirst,orinthecaseofpumpedliquidsbymeansofabranchpipe(5.1.8)duringcirculat-
ing,dischargingorloading.Inthecaseofpumpingoperations,acontinuoussamplemaybetakenfromabypassline
byusingasuitablebranchpipe.
6.4.1.3 Productsinpasteform
Atopsamplemaybetakenfrompastesbyusingaspatula(5.1.6),ascoop(5.1.2.1)or,incertaincases,asampling
tube(5.1.3).
6.4.1.4 Solids
Inthecaseofsolidsinpowderedform,asgranulesorroughgrains,itisgenerallyonlypossibletotakeatopsample
bymeansofascoop(5.1.2),spatula(5.1.6)orshovel(5.1.7).
Intermittentsamplesmaybetakenwhencontainersarebeingfilledoremptied,usingaconveyorbeltorawormcon-
veyor,forinstance.
Asamplingtube(5.1.3)mayalsobeusedincertaincases.
12 ©ISO2000–AllrightsreservedISO 15528:2000(E)
6.4.2 Smallcontainers
6.4.2.1 General
Smallcontainersincludebarrels,drums,sacksandother,similar,containers.Takingonesamplefromeachcontainer
tobesampledgenerallysuffices.Whereadeliveryconsists ofseveralcontainers,thestatisticallycorrectnumberof
samplestobetakenisgiveninTable1;iffewersamplesaretaken,thisshallbenotedinthesamplingreport.
Table1—Minimumnumberofcontainerstobesampled
TotalnumberofcontainersN Minimumnumberofcontainerstobesampledn
1to2 all
3to8 2
9to25 3
26to100 5
101to500 8
501to1000 13
thereafterattherate n=pN/2
Ifthedeliveryconsistsofcontainersfromdifferentbatches,thencontainersfromeverybatchshallbesampled.
6.4.2.2 Liquids
Individualsamplesmay betakenastopsamples by means ofascoop (5.1.2).Samplesfrom eachlevel,composite
samplesorbottomsamplesmayalsobetakenbymeansofsamplingtubes(5.1.3).
6.4.2.3 Productsinpasteform
Samplingofproductsinpasteformshallbeperformedasdescribedin6.4.1.3.
6.4.2.4 Solids
Samplingofsolidsshallbeperformedasdescribedin6.4.1.4.
6.5 Reduction in sample size
Thoroughlymixthewholesample,takeninaccordancewiththeappropriateprocedure.
Mixliquidsinaclean,drycontainer,preferablymadeofstainlesssteel.Assoonaspossible,takeatleastthreeuni-
form samples (final samples) of at least 400ml, or three to four times the quantity needed to carry out the required
tests,andplaceincontainerscomplyingwith5.2.
Forsolids,quarterthegrosssamplebymeansofarotarysampledivider(riffledivider).Takethreesamplesof500g,
orthreetofourtimesthequantityneededtocarryouttherequiredtests,andplaceincontainerscomplyingwith5.2.
6.6 Labelling
Afterasamplehasbeentaken,itshallbelabelledinsuchawaythatitcanbetracedinaccordancewiththequality
managementrequirements.
©ISO2000–Allrightsreserved 13ISO 15528:2000(E)
Thelabelshallincludethefollowingminimuminformation:
— thesampledesignation;
— thetradenameand/orcode;
— thedateofsampling;
— thesamplenumberand/orbatchnumber;
— thelocationofsampling,e.g.plant,consigneeorvendor;
— thebatchorlotnumberwhereapplicable;
— thenameofthepersontakingthesample;
— anyhazardsymbolsnecessary.
6.7 Storage
Thereferencesamplesshallbestoredundersuitablestorageconditionsinanairtightcontainerand,whererequired,
protectedfromlightandmoisturefortheperiodspecifiedandinaccordancewithallrelevantsafetyregulations.
6.8 Sampling report
The sampling report, which may be stored in electronic form, shall include, in addition to the labelling information
givenin6.6,thefollowinginformation:
— areferencetothisInternationalStandard(ISO15528);
— thesamplingdeviceused;
— thetypeofcontainersampled,e.g.roadtankvehicle,railwaytankwagon,ship'scompartment,drum,sack,tank,
productstream;
— anyremarksconcerningtheconditionofthecontainerpackagingand/orconsignment;
— anyotherremarks,e.g.firstdrum,containertobereturned,etc.;
— thedepthfromwhichthesamplewastaken.
14 ©ISO2000–AllrightsreservedISO 15528:2000(E)
Bibliography
OtherInternationalStandardsconcerningsampling:
[1] ISO1513:1992,Paintsandvarnishes—Examinationandpreparationofsamplesfortesting.
[2] ISO8130-9:1992,Coatingpowders—Part9:Sampling.
[3] ISO8213:1986,Chemicalproductsforindustrialuse—Samplingtechniques—Solidchemicalproductsinthe
formofparticlesvaryingfrompowderstocoarselumps.
©ISO2000–Allrightsreserved 15ISO 15528:2000(E)
ICS 87.040
Pricebasedon15pages
©ISO2000–Allrightsreserved
|
EN 1090 -1.pdf
|
EN 1090-1, -2
General delivery conditions and technical requirements for the
execution of steel structures
Versuchsanstalt für Stahl, Holz & Steine - Abt. Stahl- und Leichtmetallbau – Dr.-Ing. Michael Volz
KIT –Universität des Landes Baden-Württemberg und
www.kit.edu
nationales Großforschungszentrum in der Helmholtz-GemeinschaftEN 1090
Execution of steel structures and aluminium structures
- Part 1: Requirements for conformity assessment for structural components (CE)
replaces „Übereinstimmungsnachweis“ Ü
- Part 2: Technical requirements for the execution of steel structures
replaces DIN 18800 part 7
- Part 3: Technical requirements for the execution of aluminium structures
replaces DINV 4113 part 3
Michael Volz –EN 1090 Execution of steel structures
2EN 1090
Execution of steel structures and aluminium structures
- Part 1: Requirements for conformity assessment for structural components (CE)
replaces „Übereinstimmungsnachweis“ Ü
- Part 2: Technical requirements for the execution of steel structures
replaces DIN 18800 part 7
- Part 3: Technical requirements for the execution of aluminium structures
replaces DINV 4113 part 3
Michael Volz –EN 1090 Execution of steel structures
3Normative Regulations
steel constructions railway vehicles road vehicles
DIN 18800-7 DIN 6700 / EN 15085 no regulatory
requirement
ISO 3834, EN 1011, EN 287, ISO 14731, ISO 15609 ...
pressure tanks nuclear technology further areas of application
EN 13445 KTA-Regulations
with and without
regulatory requirement
AD-Regulations
Michael Volz –EN 1090 Execution of steel structures
4Normative Regulations
steel constructions railway vehicles road vehicles
DIN 18800-7 > EN 1090-2 DIN 6700 / EN 15085 no regulatory
requirement
ISO 3834, EN 1011, EN 287, ISO 14731, ISO 15609 ...
pressure tanks nuclear technology further areas of application
EN 13445 KTA-Regulations
with and without
regulatory requirement
AD-Regulations
Michael Volz –EN 1090 Execution of steel structures
5DIN 18800 part 7 EN 1090 part 2
weldment classes execution classes EXC
A – E 1 – 4
depend on depend on
- material - consequence class CC
- thickness of product - service categorie SC
- welding process - production categorie PC
- component
- loading
Michael Volz –EN 1090 Execution of steel structures
6EN 1090-2
Terms and definitions
Michael Volz –EN 1090 Execution of steel structures
7Consequence Classes CC
EN 1990 Annex B
CC1 = low CC2 = standard CC3 = high
Michael Volz –EN 1090 Execution of steel structures
8Michael Volz –EN 1090 Execution of steel structures
9
EN
1991-1-7Consequence Classes CC
Further examples für CC3
Suggestion for Austria, source: Internet
- Hospitals
- Kindergartens, schools
- Buildings with a capacity >1000 persons
Michael Volz –EN 1090 Execution of steel structures
10Service Categorie SC
Michael Volz –EN 1090 Execution of steel structures
11Production Categorie PC
Michael Volz –EN 1090 Execution of steel structures
12Execution Classes EXC
Michael Volz –EN 1090 Execution of steel structures
13Execution Classes EXC
EXC 1 EXC 2 EXC 3 EXC 4
Consequence Class Production Categorie Service Categorie
CC PC SC
- PC 1 < S355 - SC 1 – static
- CC 1 – low
- SC 2 – fatigue
- CC 2 – standard
- PC 2 - ≥ S355
- CC 3 – high - building site
Michael Volz –EN 1090 Execution of steel structures
14Execution Classes EXC
Michael Volz –EN 1090 Execution of steel structures
15welding supervisor
B = IWS S = IWT C = IWE
Michael Volz –EN 1090 Execution of steel structures
16Execution Classes EXC
Michael Volz –EN 1090 Execution of steel structures
17Michael Volz –EN 1090 Execution of steel structures
18Execution Classes EXC
Michael Volz –EN 1090 Execution of steel structures
19Michael Volz –EN 1090 Execution of steel structures
20Michael Volz –EN 1090 Execution of steel structures
21welding supervisor IWS - application limits
standard steel structures CC2
DIN 18800 part 7 EN 1090 part 2
S235, S275 S235 - S355
t ≤ 22 mm t ≤ 25 mm
t ≤ 30 mm (endplates) t ≤ 50 mm (endplates)
span, height ≤ 20 m span, height (cid:198) no limits
single-story 4 floors / 15 floors
MAG, MIG, WIG, E no limits
static actions static actions
Michael Volz –EN 1090 Execution of steel structures
22welding according to
qualified welding procedure specifications WPS
Qualification of the pWPS according to
tested welding previous standard pre-production welding
consumables welding welding welding test procedure
experience procedure specification
appl. part of
CE welding test
Michael Volz –EN 1090 Execution of steel structures
23welding according to
qualified welding procedure specifications WPS
welding test
CE
Michael Volz –EN 1090 Execution of steel structures
24Qualification of the WPS acc to ISO 15610
Michael Volz –EN 1090 Execution of steel structures
25Qualification of the WPS acc to ISO 15610
DIN 18800 part 7
Limits of application
MAG, MIG, WIG, E
S235 - S275 (1.1) (+S355)
Stainless steels (8.1)
thickness 3 - 40 mm
fillet welds a ≥ 3 mm
tube diameters > 25 mm
Michael Volz –EN 1090 Execution of steel structures
26Qualification of the WPS acc to ISO 15610
EN 1090 part 2
Limits of application
MAG, MIG, WIG, E
S235 - S275 (1.1) (+S355)
Stainless steels (8.1)
Thickness 3 - 40 mm
fillet welds a ≥ 3 mm
tube diameters > 25 mm
Michael Volz –EN 1090 Execution of steel structures
27Qualification of the WPS acc to ISO 15610
EN 1090 part 2
Limits of application
MAG, MIG, WIG, E
only EXC2 !
S235 - S275 (1.1) (+S355)
Stainless steels (8.1)
- changings for fatigue actions
Thickness 3 - 40 mm
- changings in CC3 (high)
fillet welds a ≥ 3 mm
- if welding supervisor IWS (cid:198) similar to DIN 18800-7
tube diameters > 25 mm
Michael Volz –EN 1090 Execution of steel structures
28supplementary non destructive testings
IWS
Michael Volz –EN 1090 Execution of steel structures
29EN 1090
Execution of steel structures and aluminium structures
-Part 1: Requirements for conformity assessment for structural components (CE)
replaces „Übereinstimmungsnachweis“ Ü
- Part 2: Technical requirements for the execution of steel structures
replaces DIN 18800 part 7
- Part 3: Technical requirements for the execution of aluminium structures
replaces DINV 4113 part 3
Michael Volz –EN 1090 Execution of steel structures
30The Construction Products Directive (CPD) shall guarantee
the free trade with and the unlimited use of construction
products in the single european market
CE - conformity assessment
EN 1090-1 Annex ZA
Michael Volz –EN 1090 Execution of steel structures
31Michael Volz –EN 1090 Execution of steel structures
32Regulations for the CE-conformity assessment
conformity assessment procedure 2+
Michael Volz –EN 1090 Execution of steel structures
33Michael Volz –EN 1090 Execution of steel structures
34Welding Certificate
Michael Volz –EN 1090 Execution of steel structures
35Quality control system
DIN 18800 part 7 EN 1090 Teil 2
conformity assessment (ÜH)
conformity assessment 2+
+
(Welding Certificate)
Certificate of manufacturers qualification
Initial Inspection Initial Inspection
+ +
Continous Inspection Continous Inspection
Michael Volz –EN 1090 Execution of steel structures
36Ex: Factory Building
CC 2
- span 25 m
- max t = 16 mm
- end plates 40 mm
- S235
PC 1
- shop welding
- Static loading SC 1
Michael Volz –EN 1090 Execution of steel structures
37- max t = 16 mm
Ex: Factory Building
- end plates 40 mm
CC2, SC1, PC1, EXC2
- S235
Michael Volz –EN 1090 Execution of steel structures
38- max t = 16 mm
Ex: Factory Building
- end plates 40 mm
CC2, SC1, PC1, EXC2
- S235
Qualification of the WPS
CE
Michael Volz –EN 1090 Execution of steel structures
39Qualification of the WPS acc to ISO 15610
Michael Volz –EN 1090 Execution of steel structures
40supplementary non destructive testings
Michael Volz –EN 1090 Execution of steel structures
41Ex: soccer arena
CC 3
- max t = 50 mm
- end plates 60 mm
- S355
PC 2
- site weldings
SC 1
- Static loading
Michael Volz –EN 1090 Execution of steel structures
42Ex: soccer arena - max t = 50 mm
- Stirnplatten 60 mm
CC3, SC1, PC2, EXC3
- S355
Michael Volz –EN 1090 Execution of steel structures
43Ex: soccer arena
CC3, SC1, PC2, EXC3
Qualifification of the WPS
Michael Volz –EN 1090 Execution of steel structures
44supplementary non destroying testings
Michael Volz –EN 1090 Execution of steel structures
45Ex: Bridges
railway bridge road bridge
pedestrian bridge
EXC 4 CC 2 / 3 CC 2 / 3
SC 2 PC 1 / 2 SC 1 / 2 PC 1 / 2
EXC 3 / 4 EXC 2 / 3 / 4
Michael Volz –EN 1090 Execution of steel structures
46Summary
- EN 1090-2 replaces national regulations (DIN 18800 part 7)
- EN 1090-2 classifies Execution Classes EXC 1 – 4
- EN 1090-2 defines welding supervisors IWS / IWT / IWE with aplication limits
- EN 1090-2 defines supplementary non destructive testings
- EN 1090-2 defines test piece weldings
- EN 1090-1 defines regulations for the CE – conformity assessment
- EN 1090-1 requires a welding certificate
Michael Volz –EN 1090 Execution of steel structures
47
|
ISO 10893-4.pdf
|
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 10893-4
First edition
2011-04-01
Non-destructive testing of steel tubes —
Part 4:
Liquid penetrant inspection of seamless
and welded steel tubes for the detection
of surface imperfections
Essais non destructifs des tubes en acier —
Partie 4: Contrôle par ressuage des tubes en acier sans soudure et
soudés pour la détection des imperfections de surface
Reference number
ISO 10893-4:2011(E)
Copyright International Org anization for Standardization
© ISO 2011
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Contents
Page
Foreword............................................................................................................................................................iv
1 Scope......................................................................................................................................................1
2 Normative references............................................................................................................................1
3 Terms and definitions...........................................................................................................................1
4 General requirements...........................................................................................................................2
5 Test method...........................................................................................................................................2
5.1 General...................................................................................................................................................2
5.2 Detection of imperfections and their classification...........................................................................3
5.3 Procedure...............................................................................................................................................3
6 Evaluation of indications......................................................................................................................4
7 Acceptance............................................................................................................................................6
8 Test report..............................................................................................................................................7
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Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 10893-4 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 17, Steel, Subcommittee SC 19, Technical
delivery conditions for steel tubes for pressure purposes.
This first edition cancels and replaces ISO 12095:1994, which has been technically revised.
ISO 10893 consists of the following parts, under the general title Non-destructive testing of steel tubes:
⎯ Part 1: Automated electromagnetic testing of seamless and welded (except submerged arc-welded) steel
tubes for the verification of hydraulic leaktightness
⎯ Part 2: Automated eddy current testing of seamless and welded (except submerged arc-welded) steel
tubes for the detection of imperfections
⎯ Part 3: Automated full peripheral flux leakage testing of seamless and welded (except submerged arc-
welded) ferromagnetic steel tubes for the detection of longitudinal and/or transverse imperfections
⎯ Part 4: Liquid penetrant inspection of seamless and welded steel tubes for the detection of surface
imperfections
⎯ Part 5: Magnetic particle inspection of seamless and welded ferromagnetic steel tubes for the detection of
surface imperfections
⎯ Part 6: Radiographic testing of the weld seam of welded steel tubes for the detection of imperfections
⎯ Part 7: Digital radiographic testing of the weld seam of welded steel tubes for the detection of
imperfections
⎯ Part 8: Automated ultrasonic testing of seamless and welded steel tubes for the detection of laminar
imperfections
⎯ Part 9: Automated ultrasonic testing for the detection of laminar imperfections in strip/plate used for the
manufacture of welded steel tubes
⎯ Part 10: Automated full peripheral ultrasonic testing of seamless and welded (except submerged
arc-welded) steel tubes for the detection of longitudinal and/or transverse imperfections
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⎯ Part 11: Automated ultrasonic testing of the weld seam of welded steel tubes for the detection of
longitudinal and/or transverse imperfections
⎯ Part 12: Automated full peripheral ultrasonic thickness testing of seamless and welded (except
submerged arc-welded) steel tubes
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--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 10893-4:2011(E)
Non-destructive testing of steel tubes —
Part 4:
Liquid penetrant inspection of seamless and welded steel tubes
for the detection of surface imperfections
1 Scope
This part of ISO 10893 specifies requirements applicable to liquid penetrant testing of seamless and welded
tubes for the detection of surface imperfections.
It is applicable to all or any part of the tube surface as required by the relevant product standards.
It can also be applicable to the testing of hollow sections.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 3059, Non-destructive testing — Penetrant testing and magnetic particle testing — Viewing conditions
ISO 3452-1, Non-destructive testing — Penetrant testing — Part 1: General principles
ISO 3452-2, Non-destructive testing — Penetrant testing — Part 2: Testing of penetrant materials
ISO 9712, Non destructive testing — Qualification and certification of personnel
ISO 11484, Steel products — Employer’s qualification system for non-destructive testing (NDT) personnel
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 3452-1 and ISO 11484 and the
following apply.
3.1
tube
hollow long product open at both ends, of any cross-sectional shape
3.2
seamless tube
tube made by piercing a solid product to obtain a tube hollow, which is further processed, either hot or cold,
into its final dimensions
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3.3
welded tube
tube made by forming a hollow profile from a flat product and welding adjacent edges together, and which,
after welding, can be further processed, either hot or cold, into its final dimensions
3.4
manufacturer
organization that manufactures products in accordance with the relevant standard(s) and declares the
compliance of the delivered products with all applicable provisions of the relevant standard(s)
3.5
agreement
contractual arrangement between the manufacturer and purchaser at the time of enquiry and order
4 General requirements
4.1 Unless otherwise specified by the product standard or agreed on by the purchaser and manufacturer,
this liquid penetrant inspection shall be carried out on tubes after completion of all the primary production
process operations (rolling, heat treating, cold and hot working, sizing, primary straightening, etc.).
4.2 The surface of the tube being tested shall be sufficiently clean and free of oil, grease, sand, scale or
any other foreign matter which can potentially interfere with the correct interpretation of the indications
obtained from liquid penetrant testing. The type of indications, as well as the minimum dimension of the
surface imperfections detected, depends on the specific tube manufacturing process and the surface finish.
4.3 This inspection shall be carried out by trained operators, qualified in accordance with ISO 9712,
ISO 11484 or equivalent, and supervised by competent personnel nominated by the manufacturer. In the case
of third-party inspection, this shall be agreed on between the purchaser and manufacturer.
The operating authorization issued by the employer shall be according to a written procedure. NDT operations
shall be authorized by a level 3 NDT individual approved by the employer.
NOTE The definition of levels 1, 2 and 3 can be found in appropriate International Standards, e.g. ISO 9712 and
ISO 11484.
5 Test method
5.1 General
5.1.1 A liquid penetrant is applied to the surface being examined and allowed to enter the surface
imperfections. All excess penetrant is then removed; the surface of the part is dried and a developer is applied.
The developer functions both as a blotter to absorb penetrant that has been trapped in imperfections and as a
contrasting background to enhance the visibility of penetrant indications. The dyestuffs in penetrants are either
colour-contrast (visible under white light) or fluorescent (visible under ultraviolet light). For both penetrant
techniques, the following three types of penetrant systems can be used:
a) water washable;
b) post emulsifying;
c) solvent removable.
Where the term “penetrant materials” is used in this part of ISO 10893, it is intended to include all penetrants,
solvents or cleaning agents, developers, etc., used in the testing process.
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5.1.2 For each tube or each part of the tube under test, either a colour-contrast penetrant technique or a
fluorescent penetrant technique, both techniques with one of the three types of penetrant systems, shall be
used.
The general principles and the methods of verification of liquid penetrant testing as described in ISO 3059,
ISO 3452-1 and ISO 3452-2 shall be applied (see 5.3).
5.2 Detection of imperfections and their classification
The liquid penetrant method is an effective means of detecting imperfections which are open to the surface
(called surface imperfections in this part of ISO 10893). Typical surface imperfections detectable by this
method are cracks, seams, laps, cold shuts, laminations and porosity.
The liquid penetrant method does not make it possible to determine the nature, shape and, more generally,
the dimensions of the surface imperfections revealed. The dimensions of the penetrant indication do not
directly represent the actual dimensions of the surface imperfection causing this indication. That is why the
classification of liquid penetrant indications shall be the following:
a) linear indications — indications where the length of the indication is equal to or more than three times the
width of the indication;
b) rounded indications — indications which are circular or elliptical in shape, where the length of the
indication is less than three times the width of the indication;
c) accumulated indications — indications which are linear or rounded and are aligned or clustered with a
separation of not more than the length of the smallest indication and consisting of at least three
indications;
d) non-relevant indications — indications which may result from localized surface irregularities to a particular
tube-making process, for example machining marks, scratches and sizing/straightening marks.
The minimum dimension of indications that shall be considered during the evaluation shall be as given in
Table 1, in relation to the acceptance level specified.
Table 1 — Minimum dimension of indications that shall be considered for evaluation
Diameter, D, or length, L,
of the smallest indication
Acceptance level that shall be considered
mm
P1 1,5
P2 2,0
P3 3,0
P4 5,0
5.3 Procedure
The liquid penetrant testing shall be in accordance with the following operational conditions:
a) for the choice of the penetrant system, the tube surface condition as well as the test category shall be
taken into account;
b) for stainless steel tubes, low halogen (chlorine/fluorine) and low sulphur penetrant materials shall be
applied;
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c) the temperature of application shall be between 10 °C and 50 °C. When it is not practicable to conduct
the liquid penetrant testing within the given temperature range, the testing procedure shall be qualified at
the proposed temperature using the liquid penetrant comparator block (e.g. a quench-cracked aluminium
block);
d) the penetrant should be applied by brushing or spraying. For parts of tubes, dipping or flooding is less
effective but not prohibited;
e) the dwell time shall be not less than that recommended by the manufacturer of the penetrant system;
usually it is between 3 min and 30 min;
f) the removal of excess water-washable or post-emulsified penetrant shall be performed with rinsing by
water, under black light conditions where appropriate, at a pressure around 200 kPa (2 bar) with a
maximum of 350 kPa (3,5 bar). The temperature of the water used for rinsing shall be less than 40 °C.
The excess solvent-removable penetrant shall be removed insofar as possible by using wipes of white,
Iint-free material that is clean and dry, until most traces of penetrant have been removed. Then the
surface shall be lightly wiped with a Iint-free material that has been slightly moistened with solvent, until
all remaining traces of excess penetrant have been removed. Flushing the surface with solvent following
the application of the penetrant and prior to developing is prohibited;
g) drying of the surface subsequent to washing with water can be assisted by using wipes of white, Iint-free
material that is clean and dry or by using a hot-air blast at a pressure below 200 kPa (2 bar) and a
temperature below 70 °C. Drying after the solvent-removing process is generally by normal evaporation,
therefore no other drying techniques are necessary. The temperature of the tube shall not exceed 50 °C,
unless otherwise agreed on by the purchaser and manufacturer;
h) the wet developer shall be applied by spraying, in such a manner as to assure complete coverage of the
area being tested with a thin, even film of developer. The dry-powder developer shall be applied either by
dipping the tube, or the parts of the tube being tested, into a fluid bed of dry developer or by dusting it
with the dry-powder developer through a manual powder bulb or a spray powder gun (conventional or
electrostatic), provided the powder is dusted evenly over the entire surface being tested;
i) the development time begins as soon as the wet-developer coating is dry or immediately after the
application of the dry-powder developer. Generally, the development time is equal to the penetration time
and varies from 5 min to 30 min, and if the bleed out does not alter the inspection results; development
periods of more than 30 min are permitted;
j) the inspection of the areas being tested shall be performed after the applicable development time as
specified in 5.3 i), to assure proper bleed out of penetrant from the imperfections on to the developer
coating. It is good practice to observe the surface while applying the developer as an aid to evaluating
indications. For fluorescent penetrant indications, the inspection shall be carried out in a darkened area
using a UV-A radiation source with a background of light level not exceeding 20 lux and a black light
intensity of at least 10 W/m2 on the surface of the area being inspected. For visible penetrant indications,
the illumination of the surface of the area being inspected shall be not less than 500 Iux.
6 Evaluation of indications
6.1 Four acceptance levels, corresponding to four severity levels with maximum permissible number or
maximum permissible dimensions (diameter or length) have been established in accordance with Tables 2
and 3.
6.2 The inspection shall be carried out visually without image magnification.
A remote inspection technique, such as using television camera, is permitted provided the manufacturer can
demonstrate that the acceptance criteria are not affected.
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Table 2 — Tube surface — Maximum permissible number and dimension (diameter, length) of
imperfections within a frame aperture of 100 mm × 150 mm
Nominal Type of indication
Acceptance wall- Rounded Linear Accumulated
level thickness
Sum of
T Number Diameter Number Length Number
dimensions
mm mm mm mm
T u 16 5 3,0 3 1,5 1 4,0
P1 16 < T u 50 5 3,0 3 3,0 1 6,0
T > 50 5 3,0 3 5,0 1 10,0
T u 16 8 4,0 4 3,0 1 6,0
P2 16 < T u 50 8 4,0 4 6,0 1 12,0
T > 50 8 4,0 4 10,0 1 20,0
T u 16 10 6,0 5 6,0 1 10,0
P3 16 < T u 50 10 6,0 5 9,0 1 18,0
T > 50 10 6,0 5 15,0 1 30,0
T u 16 12 10,0 6 10,0 1 18,0
P4 16 < T u 50 12 10,0 6 15,0 1 25,0
T > 50 12 10,0 6 25,0 1 35,0
Table 3 — Weld seam — Maximum permissible number and dimension (diameter, length) of
imperfections within a frame aperture of 150 mm × 50 mm
Nominal Type of indication
Acceptance wall- Rounded Linear Accumulated
level thickness
Sum of
T Number Diameter Number Length Number
dimensions
mm mm mm mm
u 16 1 3,0 1 1,5 1 4,0
P1
> 16 1 3,0 1 3,0 1 6,0
u 16 2 4,0 2 3,0 1 6,0
P2
> 16 2 4,0 2 6,0 1 12,0
u 16 3 6,0 3 6,0 1 10,0
P3
> 16 3 6,0 3 9,0 1 18,0
u 16 4 10,0 4 10,0 1 18,0
P4
> 16 4 10,0 4 18,0 1 27,0
NOTE The 50 mm width of the frame aperture is centred on the axis of the weld seam.
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6.3 Only relevant indications with major dimensions equal to or greater than those given in Table 1 shall be
taken into consideration for the acceptance levels. Relevant indications are those which result from
unacceptable imperfections. Similar indications produced by machining marks or other non-relevant surface
conditions shall not be considered. Any indication in excess of the dimensions of the acceptance level
according to 6.1, which is believed to be non-relevant, shall be re-examined to verify whether or not actual
defects are present. Surface conditioning may precede the re-examination.
6.4 Relevant indications obtained by the liquid penetrant testing in accordance with this part of ISO 10893
shall undergo the following evaluation and classification.
a) For testing the total surface of the tube or part of tube, an imaginary frame aperture of 100 mm × 150 mm
shall be placed over the area showing the greatest number of indications. The classification based on the
kind, number and dimension of the indications shall be taken according to Table 2.
b) For testing the weld seam, an imaginary frame aperture of 50 mm × 150 mm shall be placed over the
area showing the greatest number of indications, with the 50 mm dimension centred over the weld seam.
The classification based on the kind, number and dimension of the indications shall be taken according to
Table 3.
c) For testing the bevel face at the tube ends, linear indications with a length less than 6 mm shall be
acceptable.
d) For calculating the cumulative length of accumulated indications, the length of the major axis of each
linear or rounded indication shall be taken into account. Where the separation between to adjacent
indications is less than the length or the diameter of the larger of the two indications, they shall be
considered as one indication and the sum of the individual lengths or diameters plus the separation shall
be used to calculate the overall length.
7 Acceptance
7.1 Any tubes showing no indications in excess of that permitted by the corresponding acceptance level
shall be deemed to have passed the test.
7.2 Any tubes showing indications in excess of that permitted by the corresponding acceptance level shall
be deemed suspect.
7.3 For suspect tubes, one or more of the following actions shall be taken subject to the requirements of the
product standard.
a) The suspect area shall be dressed or explored by using a suitable method. After checking that the
remaining thickness is within tolerance, the tube shall be retested as previously specified. If no indications
are obtained equal to or greater than the acceptance Ievel, the tube shall be deemed to have passed this
test.
By agreement between the purchaser and manufacturer, the suspect area may be retested by other non-
destructive techniques and test methods to agreed acceptance levels.
b) The suspect area shall be cropped off.
c) The tube shall be deemed not to have passed the test.
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8 Test report
When specified, the manufacturer shall submit to the purchaser a test report including at least the following
information:
a) reference to this part of ISO 10893, i.e. ISO 10893-4;
b) statement of conformity;
c) any deviation, by agreement or otherwise, from the procedures specified;
d) product designation by steel grade and size;
e) type and details of inspection technique;
f) description of the acceptance level and the reference standard, when used;
g) date of test;
h) operator identification.
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--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---ISO 10893-4:2011(E)
ICS 23.040.10; 77.040.20; 77.140.75
Price based on 7 pages
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|
ISO BS EN 14344.pdf
|
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 14344
Second edition
2010-02-15
Welding consumables — Procurement of
filler materials and fluxes
Produits consommables pour le soudage — Approvisionnement en
matériaux d'apport et flux
Reference number
ISO 14344:2010(E)
© ISO 2010ISO 14344:2010(E)
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© ISO 2010
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or
ISO's member body in the country of the requester.
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ii © ISO 2010 – All rights reservedISO 14344:2010(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 14344 was jointly prepared by the International Institute of Welding, Commission II, Arc welding and filler
metals, and Technical Committee ISO/TC 44, Welding and allied processes, Subcommittee SC 3, Welding
consumables. IIW has been approved as an international standardizing body in the field of welding by the ISO
Council.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 14344:2002). Compared to the previous edition,
normative reference to ISO 9001 has been deleted and some lot definitions have been revised.
Requests for official interpretations of any aspect of this International Standard should be directed to the
Secretariat of ISO/TC 44/SC 3 via your national standards body. A complete listing of these bodies can be
found at www.iso.org.
© ISO 2010 – All rights reserved iiiINTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 14344:2010(E)
Welding consumables — Procurement of filler materials and
fluxes
1 Scope
This International Standard specifies tools for communication between a purchaser and a supplier of welding
consumables within quality systems, such as those based upon ISO 9001[1].
In production, the components of welding consumables are divided into discrete, predetermined quantities so
that satisfactory tests with a sample from that quantity will establish that the entire quantity meets specification
requirements. These quantities, known by such terms as heats, lots, blends, batches and mixes, vary in size
according to the manufacturer. For identification purposes, each manufacturer assigns a unique designation to
each quantity. This designation usually consists of a series of numbers or letters, or combinations thereof,
which will enable the manufacturer to determine the date and time (or shift) of manufacture, the type and
source of the raw materials used, and the details of the procedures used in producing the welding consumable.
This designation stays with the welding consumable and can be used to identify the material later, in those
cases in which identification is necessary.
This International Standard, together with an applicable International Standard or other standard for welding
consumables, provides a method for preparing those specific details needed for welding consumable
procurement which consist of:
a) the welding consumable classification (selected from the applicable International Standard or other
standard for welding consumables);
b) the lot classification (selected from Clause 4);
c) the testing schedule (selected from Clause 5).
Selection of the specific welding consumable classification, lot classification, and testing schedule depends
upon the requirements of the application for which the welding consumable is being procured.
This International Standard does not apply to non-consumable electrodes or shielding gases.
2 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this International Standard, the following terms and definitions apply.
2.1
dry batch
quantity of dry ingredients mixed at one time in one mixing vessel
NOTE Liquid binder, when added to a dry batch, produces a wet mix. A dry batch can be divided into smaller
quantities, in which case addition of the liquid binder produces as many wet mixes as there are smaller quantities.
© ISO 2010 – All rights reserved 1ISO 14344:2010(E)
2.2
dry blend
〈welding consumables〉 two or more dry batches from which quantities of each are combined proportionately,
then mixed in a mixing vessel to produce a larger quantity in which the ingredients are as uniformly dispersed
as they would have been had the entire quantity been mixed together at one time in one large mixer
NOTE A dry blend, as in the case of a dry batch, can be used singly or divided into smaller quantities which, when
the liquid binder is added, produce one or more wet mixes.
2.3
wet mix
combination of liquid binder and a dry batch or dry blend, or a portion thereof, mixed at one time in one mixing
vessel
2.4 Heat
2.4.1
heat
〈open hearth, electric arc, basic oxygen, argon-oxygen processes〉 for consumable inserts, solid wires, rods
and strip, core wire for covered electrodes, and the sheath (strip or tubing of tubular cored electrode wire and
rod), material obtained from one furnace melt, where slag-metal or gas-metal reactions occur in producing the
metal
2.4.2
heat
〈induction melting in a controlled atmosphere or in a vacuum〉 for consumable inserts, solid wires, rods and
strip, core wire for covered electrodes, and the sheath (strip or tubing of tubular cored electrode wire and rod),
an uninterrupted series of melts from one controlled batch of metals and alloying ingredients in one melting
furnace under the same melting conditions, each melt conforming to the chemical composition range
approved by the purchaser of the material (i.e. the producer of the welding consumable) where significant
chemical reactions do not occur in producing the metal
2.4.3
heat
〈consumable electrode remelt〉 for consumable inserts, solid wires, rods and strip, core wire for covered
electrodes, and the sheath (strip or tubing of tubular cored electrode wire and rod), an uninterrupted series of
remelts in one furnace under the same remelting conditions using one or more consumable electrodes
produced from a heat, as defined, each remelt conforming to the chemical composition range approved by the
purchaser of the material (i.e. the producer of the welding consumable) in processes involving continuous
melting and casting
3 Identification
3.1 General
Identification of consumable inserts, solid wires, rods and strip, core wire for covered electrodes, and the
sheath (strip or tubing) for tubular cored electrodes and rods shall be applied as listed in 3.2 to 3.3.1.
Identification of covering mix of covered electrodes, core ingredients of tubular cored electrode wire or rod,
and fluxes for submerged arc welding shall be applied as listed in 3.3.2 to 3.6.
3.2 Heat number
Consumable inserts, solid wires, rods and strip, core wire for covered electrodes, and the sheath (strip or
tubing) for tubular cored electrodes and rods, identified by heat number, shall consist of material from a single
heat of metal.
2 © ISO 2010 – All rights reservedISO 14344:2010(E)
3.3 Controlled chemical composition
3.3.1 Consumable inserts, solid wires, rods and strip, core wire for covered electrodes, and the sheath (strip
or tubing) for tubular cored electrodes and rods identified by controlled chemical composition, rather than by
heat number, shall consist of mill coils of one or more heats from which samples have been taken for chemical
analysis. The results of the analysis of each sample shall be within the manufacturer's composition limits for
that material. Coils from mills that do not permit spliced-coil practice need be sampled on only one end. Coils
from mills that permit spliced-coil practice shall be sampled on both ends and shall have no more than a single
splice per coil.
3.3.2 Covering or fluxes identified by controlled chemical composition rather than by wet mix shall consist of
one or more wet mixes and shall be subjected to sufficient tests to ensure that all wet mixes within the lot are
equivalent. These tests shall include chemical analysis, the results of which shall fall within the manufacturer's
acceptance limits. The identification of the test procedure and the results of the tests shall be recorded.
Alternatively, when the chemical composition of wet mixes is controlled by raw material analysis and
computerized weighing, it can be assumed that all wet mixes within the lot are equivalent.
3.3.3 Core ingredients or fluxes identified by controlled composition rather than by dry blend shall consist of
one or more dry blends and be subjected to sufficient tests to ensure that all dry blends within the lot are
equivalent. These tests shall include chemical analysis, the results of which shall fall within the manufacturer's
acceptance limits. The identification of the test procedure and the results of the tests shall be recorded.
Alternatively, when the chemical composition of dry blends is controlled by raw material analysis and
computerized weighing, it can be assumed that all dry blends within the lot are equivalent.
3.4 Covering mix
In the production of covered electrodes, the covering mix shall be identified either by wet mix (see 2.3) or by
controlled chemical composition (see 3.3.2). A covering identified by wet mix shall consist of a single wet mix
for each lot of electrodes.
3.5 Core ingredients
In the production of tubular cored electrode wire or rod (flux cored or metal cored welding consumables), the
core ingredients shall be identified either by dry blend (see 2.2) or by controlled chemical composition (see
3.3.3). Core ingredients identified by dry blend shall consist of a single dry batch or blend.
3.6 Fluxes for submerged arc welding
In the production of fused and mixed fluxes for electro-slag and submerged arc welding, the flux ingredients
shall be identified either by dry blend (see 2.2) or by controlled chemical composition (see 3.3.3).
In the production of agglomerated fluxes for electro-slag and submerged arc welding, the flux ingredients shall
be identified either by wet mix (see 2.3) or by controlled chemical composition (see 3.3.2).
Fluxes identified by dry blend shall consist of a single dry batch or blend. Fluxes identified by wet mix shall
consist of a single wet mix.
4 Lot classification
4.1 Bare solid electrode wires and strips, rods and consumable inserts
4.1.1 Class S1
A class S1 lot of bare solid electrodes and rods or consumable inserts is the manufacturer's standard lot, as
defined in the manufacturer's quality assurance programme.
© ISO 2010 – All rights reserved 3ISO 14344:2010(E)
4.1.2 Class S2
A class S2 lot of bare solid electrodes and rods or consumable inserts is the quantity, not exceeding
45 000 kg, of one classification, size, form, and temper produced in 24 h of consecutively scheduled
production (i.e. consecutive normal work shifts). Class S2 solid electrodes and rods or consumable inserts
shall be produced from material identified by one heat number (see 3.2) or from material identified by
controlled chemical composition (see 3.3.1).
4.1.3 Class S3
A class S3 lot of bare solid electrodes and rods or consumable inserts is the quantity of one size produced in
one production schedule from material identified by one heat number (see 3.2).
4.1.4 Class S4
A class S4 lot of bare solid electrodes and rods or consumable inserts is the quantity, not exceeding
45 000 kg, of one classification, size, form, and temper produced under one production schedule. Class S4
solid electrodes and rods or consumable inserts shall be produced from material identified by one heat
number (see 3.2) or from material identified by controlled chemical composition (see 3.3.1).
4.2 Tubular cored electrodes and rods
4.2.1 Class T1
A class T1 lot of tubular cored electrodes and rods is the manufacturer's standard lot, as defined in the
manufacturer's quality assurance programme.
4.2.2 Class T2
A class T2 lot of tubular cored electrodes and rods is the quantity, not exceeding 45 000 kg, of one
classification and size produced in 24 h of consecutively scheduled production (i.e. consecutive normal work
shifts). Class T2 tubular cored electrodes and rods shall be produced from tube or strip identified by heat
number (see 3.2) or by controlled chemical composition (see 3.3.1). Identification of the core ingredients shall
be as specified in 3.5.
4.2.3 Class T3
A class T3 lot of tubular cored electrodes and rods is the quantity produced from material identified by one
heat number (see 3.2) and one dry batch (see 2.1) or one dry blend (see 2.2) of core materials. Identification
of the core ingredients shall be as specified in 3.5.
4.2.4 Class T4
A class T4 lot of tubular cored electrodes and rods is the quantity, not exceeding 45 000 kg, of one
classification and size produced under one production schedule from tube or strip identified by heat number
(see 3.2) or controlled chemical composition (see 3.3.1). Identification of the core ingredients shall be as
specified in 3.5.
4.3 Covered electrodes
4.3.1 Class C1
A class C1 lot of covered electrodes is the manufacturer's standard lot, as defined in the manufacturer's
quality assurance programme.
4 © ISO 2010 – All rights reservedISO 14344:2010(E)
4.3.2 Class C2
A class C2 lot of covered electrodes is the quantity, not exceeding 45 000 kg, of any one size and
classification produced in 24 h of consecutively scheduled production (i.e. consecutive normal work shifts).
4.3.3 Class C3
A class C3 lot of covered electrodes is the quantity, not exceeding 45 000 kg, of any one size and
classification produced in 24 h of consecutively scheduled production (i.e. consecutive normal work shifts).
Class C3 electrodes shall be produced from covering identified by wet mix (see 2.3) or controlled chemical
composition (see 3.3.2) and core wire identified by heat number (see 3.2) or controlled chemical composition
(see 3.3.1).
4.3.4 Class C4
A class C4 lot of covered electrodes is the quantity of any one size and classification produced from one wet
mix (see 2.3) and core wire identified by one heat number (see 3.2).
4.3.5 Class C5
A class C5 lot of covered electrodes is the quantity of one size and classification produced from one dry blend
(see 2.2) of covering mixture and core wire identified by one heat number (see 3.2).
4.4 Fluxes for submerged arc welding
4.4.1 Class F1
A class F1 lot of flux is the manufacturer's standard lot, as defined in the manufacturer's quality assurance
programme.
4.4.2 Class F2
A class F2 lot of flux is the quantity produced from the same combination of raw materials under one
production schedule.
5 Testing schedule
5.1 General
The level of the testing schedule shall be selected by the purchaser from those listed in Table 1. If no level of
testing schedule is specified, the level shall be schedule 1.
5.2 Schedule 1
The level of testing shall be the manufacturer's standard. A statement, “the product supplied meets the
requirements of the applicable International Standard or other standard for welding consumables, when tested
in accordance with that standard”, and a summary of the typical properties of the material, when tested in that
manner, shall be supplied upon written request. The class of each lot is the manufacturer's standard.
5.3 Schedule 2
Test results shall be supplied from any production run of the product made within the 12 months preceding the
date of the purchase order. These shall include the results of all tests prescribed for that classification in the
applicable International Standard or other standard for welding consumables. The class of each lot is the
manufacturer's standard.
© ISO 2010 – All rights reserved 5ISO 14344:2010(E)
Table 1 — Testing schedules
Schedule Requirements Reference
1 Manufacturer's standard testing schedule 5.2
Tests from production runs of the product within 12 months preceding the date of
2 5.3
the purchase order
3 Chemical analysis only, for each lot shipped 5.4
4 Tests called for by Table 2, for each lot shipped 5.5
All tests which the classification called for in the applicable International Standard
5 5.6
or other standard for welding consumables, for each lot shipped
6 All tests specified by the purchaser for each lot shipped 5.7
5.4 Schedule 3
Chemical analysis of each lot shipped shall be supplied by the manufacturer. The analysis shall include those
elements prescribed for that classification in the applicable International Standard or other standard for
welding consumables. The class of each lot shall be specified by the purchaser from those listed in Clause 4.
5.5 Schedule 4
Results of the tests called for in Table 2 shall be supplied by the manufacturer for each lot shipped. These
tests represent a consensus of those frequently requested for consumables certification; however, they do not
necessarily include all tests required for schedule 5. The tests shall be performed as prescribed for that
classification in the applicable International Standard or other standard for welding consumables. The class of
each lot shall be specified by the purchaser from those listed in Clause 4.
5.6 Schedule 5
Results of all of the tests prescribed for that classification in the applicable International Standard or other
standard for welding consumables shall be supplied by the manufacturer for each lot shipped. The class of
each lot shall be specified by the purchaser from those listed in Clause 4.
5.7 Schedule 6
In addition to, or in place of, any of the tests called for in the applicable International Standard or other
standard for welding consumables, the purchaser may require other tests (such as testing after a specified
heat treatment). In all such cases, the purchaser shall identify on the purchase order the specific tests that are
to be conducted, the procedures to be followed, the requirements that shall be met and the results to be
reported by the manufacturer. The class of each lot shall be specified by the purchaser from those listed in
Clause 4.
6 Certification
6.1 General
When required, certification that the product meets the applicable International Standard or other standard for
welding consumables can be done by the manufacturer, by an intermediate provider in the supply chain from
manufacturer to purchaser, or by an organization not in the supply chain (third party). The organization issuing
the certificate should be certified to ISO 9001 or other applicable standard.
6 © ISO 2010 – All rights reservedISO 14344:2010(E)
Table 2 — Required tests for schedule 4 in Table 1
Alloy groupab
High
Non-alloy Stainless
Product type tensile Nickel Aluminium Copper Titanium
and fine and heat
and creep and and and and
grain resisting
resisting Ni-alloy Al-alloy Cu-alloy Ti-alloy
steel steel
steel
Bare solid electrodes and rods 1, 2, 3, 4c 1, 2, 3, 4c 1c 1c 1, 4 1 1
for gas-shielded metal arc
welding, gas-shielded tungsten
arc welding, plasma arc welding,
and electro-gas welding
Bare solid and metal cored 1 1 1 1 — — —
electrodes (wires and strips) for
submerged arc welding
Electrode-flux combinations for 1, 2, 3, 4, 1, 2, 3, 4, 1, 6 — — — —
submerged arc welding and 5d 5d
electro-slag welding
Tubular cored electrodes for 1, 2, 3, 4, 1, 2, 3, 4, 1, 6 1, 2, 4 — — —
metal arc welding with or without 5d 5d
gas shielding, and for electro-gas
welding
Covered solid and metal cored 1, 2, 3, 4, 1, 2, 3, 4, 1, 6 1, 2, 4 1, 4 1, 4 —
electrodes for manual metal arc 5 5
welding
a Tests called for in this table shall be performed only when required by the applicable International Standard or other standard for
welding consumables for the particular classification involved. Tests shall be performed in the manner prescribed by the applicable
standard. Testing to one current and polarity is sufficient.
b Test designations are:
(1) Chemical analysis
(2) Tensile
(3) Impact toughness
(4) Soundness (X-ray) (not required in International Standards for consumables, but required in some national standards)
(5) Diffusible hydrogen
(6) Ferrite Number (not required in International Standards for consumables, but required in some national standards)
c Includes consumable inserts.
d The diffusible hydrogen test is not applicable to electro-slag or electro-gas welding.
6.2 Certification by the manufacturer
By placing a label on the product in conformance with the applicable International Standard or other standard
for welding consumables, the manufacturer certifies that the shipped product meets the requirements of that
standard. This certification is accomplished through a quality assurance programme by which the
manufacturer verifies that the product meets those requirements. Such a programme includes planning,
documentation, surveillance, inspection, testing, and certification of the test results. It also includes control of
the inspection and measuring equipment, as well as control of any nonconforming material. It involves auditing
of the activities and provides for developing and implementing any corrective action that may be necessary.
© ISO 2010 – All rights reserved 7ISO 14344:2010(E)
6.3 Certification by an intermediate provider
When another organization, not fully integrated into the production of the product, labels the product, and
hence provides certification, that organization's quality assurance system shall provide that traceability of all
data required from the original manufacturer is maintained and available. Such a programme includes
planning, documentation, testing and certification of the test results. It also includes control of the inspection
and measuring equipment, as well as control of any nonconforming material. It involves auditing of the
activities and provides for developing and implementing any corrective action that may be necessary.
6.4 Certification by a third party
Certification may be performed by a third party in one of two ways. The third party may actually conduct the
testing required and may provide the results of the tests. Or the third party may witness the conducting of the
tests while they are being carried out by the manufacturer or by an intermediate provider. In either case, the
third party is responsible for auditing the quality assurance system of the manufacturer or intermediate
provider.
8 © ISO 2010 – All rights reservedISO 14344:2010(E)
Bibliography
[1] ISO 9001, Quality management systems — Requirements
© ISO 2010 – All rights reserved 9ISO 14344:2010(E)
ICS 25.160.10
Price based on 9 pages
© ISO 2010 – All rights reserved
|
ISO 10893-5.pdf
|
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 10893-5
First edition
2011-04-01
Non-destructive testing of steel tubes —
Part 5:
Magnetic particle inspection of seamless
and welded ferromagnetic steel tubes for
the detection of surface imperfections
Essais non destructifs des tubes en acier —
Partie 5: Contrôle par magnétoscopie des tubes en acier
ferromagnétique sans soudure et soudés pour la détection des
imperfections de surface
Reference number
ISO 10893-5:2011(E)
Copyright International Org anization for Standardization
© ISO 2011
Provided by IHS under lice nse with ISO
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale
---`,,`,`,,`,,`-`-````,,,,```,,`--ISO 10893-5:2011(E)
PDF disclaimer
This PDF file may contain embedded typefaces. In accordance with Adobe's licensing policy, this file may be printed or viewed but
shall not be edited unless the typefaces which are embedded are licensed to and installed on the computer performing the editing. In
downloading this file, parties accept therein the responsibility of not infringing Adobe's licensing policy. The ISO Central Secretariat
accepts no liability in this area.
Adobe is a trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated.
Details of the software products used to create this PDF file can be found in the General Info relative to the file; the PDF-creation
parameters were optimized for printing. Every care has been taken to ensure that the file is suitable for use by ISO member bodies. In
the unlikely event that a problem relating to it is found, please inform the Central Secretariat at the address given below.
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2011
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or
ISO's member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
Case postale 56 • CH-1211 Geneva 20
Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11
Fax + 41 22 749 09 47
E-mail [email protected]
Web www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2011 – All rights reserved
Copyright International Organization for Standardization
Provided by IHS under license with ISO
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---ISO 10893-5:2011(E)
Contents
Page
Foreword............................................................................................................................................................iv
1 Scope......................................................................................................................................................1
2 Normative references............................................................................................................................1
3 Terms and definitions...........................................................................................................................2
4 General requirements...........................................................................................................................2
5 Test method...........................................................................................................................................3
5.1 General...................................................................................................................................................3
5.2 Testing the tube body...........................................................................................................................3
5.3 Testing the end/bevel face....................................................................................................................4
6 Evaluation of indications......................................................................................................................4
6.1 General...................................................................................................................................................4
6.2 Special requirements for evaluation of indications in the pipe body..............................................5
7 Acceptance............................................................................................................................................7
7.1 Tube body..............................................................................................................................................7
7.2 End/bevel face.......................................................................................................................................7
8 Test report..............................................................................................................................................7
© ISO 2011 – All rights reserved iii
Copyright International Organization for Standardization
Provided by IHS under license with ISO
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---ISO 10893-5:2011(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 10893-5 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 17, Steel, Subcommittee SC 19, Technical
delivery conditions for steel tubes for pressure purposes.
This first edition cancels and replaces ISO 13664:1997 and ISO 13665:1997, which have been technically
revised.
ISO 10893 consists of the following parts, under the general title Non-destructive testing of steel tubes:
⎯ Part 1: Automated electromagnetic testing of seamless and welded (except submerged arc-welded) steel
tubes for the verification of hydraulic leaktightness
⎯ Part 2: Automated eddy current testing of seamless and welded (except submerged arc-welded) steel
tubes for the detection of imperfections
⎯ Part 3: Automated full peripheral flux leakage testing of seamless and welded (except submerged arc-
welded) ferromagnetic steel tubes for the detection of longitudinal and/or transverse imperfections
⎯ Part 4: Liquid penetrant inspection of seamless and welded steel tubes for the detection of surface
imperfections
⎯ Part 5: Magnetic particle inspection of seamless and welded ferromagnetic steel tubes for the detection of
surface imperfections
⎯ Part 6: Radiographic testing of the weld seam of welded steel tubes for the detection of imperfections
⎯ Part 7: Digital radiographic testing of the weld seam of welded steel tubes for the detection of
imperfections
⎯ Part 8: Automated ultrasonic testing of seamless and welded steel tubes for the detection of laminar
imperfections
⎯ Part 9: Automated ultrasonic testing for the detection of laminar imperfections in strip/plate used for the
manufacture of welded steel tubes
⎯ Part 10: Automated full peripheral ultrasonic testing of seamless and welded (except submerged
arc-welded) steel tubes for the detection of longitudinal and/or transverse imperfections
iv © ISO 2011 – All rights reserved
Copyright International Organization for Standardization
Provided by IHS under license with ISO
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale
---`,,`,`,,`,,`-`-````,,,,```,,`--ISO 10893-5:2011(E)
⎯ Part 11: Automated ultrasonic testing of the weld seam of welded steel tubes for the detection of
longitudinal and/or transverse imperfections
⎯ Part 12: Automated full peripheral ultrasonic thickness testing of seamless and welded (except
submerged arc-welded) steel tubes
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
© ISO 2011 – All rights reserved v
Copyright International Organization for Standardization
Provided by IHS under license with ISO
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for ResaleCopyright International Organization for Standardization
Provided by IHS under license with ISO
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale
---`,,`,`,,`,,`-`-````,,,,```,,`--INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 10893-5:2011(E)
Non-destructive testing of steel tubes —
Part 5:
Magnetic particle inspection of seamless and welded
ferromagnetic steel tubes for the detection of surface
imperfections
1 Scope
This part of ISO 10893 specifies requirements for magnetic particle inspection of seamless and welded
ferromagnetic steel tubes for the detection of surface imperfections on the tube body and the end/bevel face
at the ends.
For the tube body, it specifies requirements for the detection of surface imperfections on all or part of the
outside surface of tubes. However, by agreement between the purchaser and manufacturer, it can be
applicable to the inside surface over a limited length from the ends of tubes, dependent on the tube diameter.
In addition, this part of ISO 10893 can be used, as appropriate, to locate the position of external surface
imperfections detected by another non-destructive testing method (e.g. ultrasonic) prior to dressing of the tube
surface, and to ensure complete removal of the imperfection after dressing is complete.
For the end/bevel face at the ends of plain-end and beveled-end tubes, this part of ISO 10893 specifies
requirements for the detection of laminar imperfections which can interfere with subsequent fabrication and
inspection operations (e.g. welding and ultrasonic inspection of the welds).
This part of ISO 10893 is applicable to the detection of imperfections, other than laminar imperfections, on the
end/bevel face. In this case, magnetization is applied in the direction essentially perpendicular to the
orientation of the particular imperfections being detected.
It can also be applicable to the testing of hollow sections.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 9712, Non-destructive testing — Qualification and certification of personnel
ISO 9934-1, Non-destructive testing — Magnetic particle testing — Part 1: General principles
ISO 9934-2, Non-destructive testing — Magnetic particle testing — Part 2: Detection media
ISO 9934-3, Non-destructive testing — Magnetic particle testing — Part 3: Equipment
ISO 10893-8, Non-destructive testing of steel tubes — Part 8: Automated ultrasonic testing of seamless and
welded steel tubes for the detection of laminar imperfections
ISO 11484, Steel products — Employer's qualification system for non-destructive testing (NDT) personnel
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3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 9934-1 and ISO 11484 and the
following apply.
3.1
tube
hollow long product open at both ends, of any cross-sectional shape
3.2
seamless tube
tube made by piercing a solid product to obtain a tube hollow, which is further processed, either hot or cold,
into its final dimensions
3.3
welded tube
tube, made by forming a hollow profile from a flat product and welding adjacent edges together, and which
after welding can be further processed, either hot or cold, into its final dimensions
3.4
manufacturer
organization that manufactures products in accordance with the relevant standard(s) and declares the
compliance of the delivered products with all applicable provisions of the relevant standard(s)
3.5
agreement
contractual arrangement between the manufacturer and purchaser at the time of enquiry and order
4 General requirements
4.1 Unless otherwise specified by the product standard or agreed on by the purchaser and manufacturer, a
magnetic particle inspection shall be carried out on tubes after completion of all the primary production
process operations (rolling, heat treating, cold and hot working, sizing, primary straightening, etc.).
4.2 The surface of the tube and of the end/bevel face at both tube ends being tested shall be sufficiently
clean and free of oil, grease, sand or scale or any other foreign matter which can interfere with the correct
interpretation of the indications obtained from the magnetic particle inspection. The type of indications, as well
as the minimum dimension of the surface imperfections being detected, depends on the specific tube
manufacturing process and the surface finish.
4.3 This inspection shall be carried out by trained operators qualified in accordance with ISO 9712,
ISO 11484 or equivalent, and supervised by competent personnel nominated by the manufacturer. In the case
of third-party inspection, this shall be agreed on between the purchaser and manufacturer.
The operating authorization issued by the employer shall be according to a written procedure. NDT operations
shall be authorized by a level 3 NDT individual approved by the employer.
NOTE The definition of levels 1, 2 and 3 can be found in appropriate International Standards, e.g. ISO 9712 and
ISO 11484.
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5 Test method
5.1 General
5.1.1 Inspection area (the tube body or end/bevel face) and inspection direction (longitudinal or transverse)
shall be as specified in the product standards or purchaser order.
5.1.2 The entire outside surface of each tube or part of it, as required, shall be inspected using the
magnetic particle method, for the detection of longitudinal and/or transverse surface imperfections, using a.c.
or d.c. magnetization, as appropriate to the magnetic particle technique adopted. In the case of end/bevel
testing, the use of dry magnetic powder is only permitted by prior agreement between the purchaser and
manufacturer. Otherwise, the requirements given in ISO 9934-1, ISO 9934-2 and ISO 9934-3 shall apply.
5.1.3 The detecting media shall be applied simultaneously with magnetization to reveal the presence of
surface imperfections, using an illumination of not less than 500 lux.
The use of residual magnetism, i.e. application of magnetic particles after initial tube magnetization, is only
permitted after prior agreement between the purchaser and manufacturer, but generally not permitted in the
case of end/bevel face testing.
In cases where there is insufficient sensitivity due, for instance, either to poor contrast between the detecting
media and the part of the tube surface under inspection or as a result of the magnetization technique adopted,
the tube area being tested shall, prior to inspection, be coated with a white background paint to aid contrast.
Alternatively, fluorescent particles shall be used and the inspection carried out in a darkened area using a
UV-A radiation source, with a background white light level not exceeding 20 lux and a black light intensity of at
least 10 W/m2.
5.1.4 It is outside the scope of this part of ISO 10893 to specify the levels of magnetization required, and
current levels required to achieve such levels of magnetization, to reveal the presence of unacceptable
surface imperfections. However, in all cases, the magnetization requirements together with the use of
detecting media (with the exception in 5.1.2) given in ISO 9934-1, ISO 9934-2 and ISO 9934-3 shall apply.
5.1.5 During the production testing of tubes, the level of magnetization achieved using the adopted
technique and equipment shall be checked at regular intervals, not exceeding 4 h, for example using a
magnetic field strength meter, as appropriate. In the case of end/bevel testing, alternatively, a reference tube
containing either an artificial simulation of, or a naturally occurring laminar imperfection on, the end/bevel face
may be used, where the manufacturer shall demonstrate the presence of a consistent indication of the
imperfection.
5.2 Testing the tube body
5.2.1 General
During the production testing of tubes, magnetization shall be applied in the circumferential direction for the
detection of longitudinal surface imperfections or in the direction parallel to the major axis of the tube for the
detection of transverse surface imperfections.
5.2.2 Magnetization methods
For testing the tube body one of the following magnetization methods shall be applied.
a) Method A — Current flow method
The current derived from a d.c., a.c., full or half-wave rectified a.c. external power source is passed between
two contact areas on the surface of the tube. This method is intended for the detection of imperfections which
lie generally parallel to the major axis of the tube.
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b) Method B — Threaded bar/cable method
The current (as in method A) is passed through a rigid bar or flexible cable placed within the tube bore and
approximately concentric with it. This method is intended (as in method A) for the detection of imperfections
which lie generally parallel to the major axis of the tube.
c) Method C — Encircling coil method
A rigid or semi-rigid current-carrying coil is placed around the tube and the surface of the tube within the
influence of the coil is magnetized in the direction parallel to the major axis of the tube, favouring the detection
of generally transverse imperfections.
d) Method D — Magnetic flow method
The tube, or part of it, forms part of the magnetic circuit of an electromagnet which carries current from an
external power source (as in method A). This method favours the detection of imperfections lying at right
angles to an imaginary line connecting the poles pieces of the electromagnet.
Other magnetization techniques or combinations of the techniques given in 5.2.2 a) to 5.2.2 d) may be used
provided the requirements for field strength and direction are met.
5.3 Testing the end/bevel face
5.3.1 During the production testing of the end/bevel face at both ends, magnetization shall, at the discretion
of the manufacturer, be applied either parallel to the major axis of the tube or radially through the tube
thickness; simultaneously, the detecting media shall be applied to the end/bevel face, to reveal the presence
of laminar imperfections.
5.3.2 When using magnetization parallel to the major axis of the tube, this shall be achieved using a rigid
concentric coil surrounding or inside the tube, positioned close to the tube end. The coil shall be energized
using an alternating or a half- or full-wave rectified or direct current source. In this case, it shall be
demonstrated by a measuring device that the induced currents in the tube wall produce a magnetic flux
perpendicular to the surface.
Alternatively, the current flow method may be used by passing current around the tube circumference using
clamps on the tube end that are 180° apart. After inspection, the test shall be repeated after rotating the
clamps by 90° with respect to their initial position. In this case, but only by agreement between the purchaser
and manufacturer, it is permissible to conduct the test using residual magnetization and fluorescent particles.
5.3.3 When using magnetization applied radially through the thickness of the tube at the ends, this shall be
achieved using an a.c. or d.c. yoke, with the pole pieces applied radially between the inner and outer surface
of the tube across the tube thickness at the ends. By agreement between the purchaser and manufacturer,
the use of a permanent magnet of sufficient power is permitted. Other methods of applying radial
magnetization may be adopted, provided the manufacturer can demonstrate their equivalence to the method
described above.
6 Evaluation of indications
6.1 General
The inspection shall be carried out visually without image magnification.
A remote inspection technique, such as using television camera is permitted, provided the manufacturer can
demonstrate that the acceptance criteria are not affected.
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6.2 Special requirements for evaluation of indications in the pipe body
The magnetic particle inspection method does not make it possible to determine the nature, shape, orientation
and, more particularly, the depth of surface imperfections revealed as indications. The dimensions and extent
of magnetic particle “build-up” of indications do not directly represent the actual dimensions of the surface
imperfection causing the indication. For these reasons, the classification/evaluation of magnetic particle
indications shall be as follows:
a) linear indications: indications where the length of the indication is equal to or more than three times the
width of the indication;
b) rounded indications: indications which are circular or elliptical in shape, where the length of the indication
is less than three times the width of the indication;
c) accumulated indications: indications which are linear or rounded and are aligned or clustered with a
separation of not more than the length of the smallest indication and consisting of at least three indications;
d) non-relevant indications: indications which may result from localized surface irregularities to a particular
tube-making process, for example machining marks, scratches and sizing/straightening marks.
The minimum dimension of indications that shall be considered during the evaluation shall be as given in
Table 1, in relation to the acceptance level specified.
Table 1 — Minimum dimension of indications that shall be considered during evaluation
Diameter, D, or length, L, of the smallest
Acceptance level indication that shall be considered
mm
M1 1,5
M2 2,0
M3 3,0
M4 5,0
Only relevant indications with their major dimension equal to or greater than that given in Table 1 shall be
taken into account when determining the incidence of such indications, according to the appropriate
acceptance level. Non-relevant indications are not to be considered during evaluation.
Relevant indications obtained by magnetic particle inspection in accordance with this part of ISO 10893 shall
be evaluated and classified as follows.
a) For general testing of tube surfaces, either of the entire surface or a localized area, an imaginary frame
aperture of 100 mm × 150 mm shall be placed over the area with the highest incidence of relevant
indications. The indications shall be classified with regard to the type, number and dimensions of the
indications within the frame, according to the appropriate acceptance level given in Table 2.
b) For testing the weld seam of a welded tube, an imaginary frame aperture of 50 mm × 150 mm, with the
weld centred on the 50 mm dimension of the frame aperture, shall be placed over the area with the
highest incidence of relevant indications. The indications shall be classified with regard to the type,
number and dimensions of the indications within the frame, according to the appropriate acceptance level
given in Table 3.
c) For calculating the cumulative length of accumulated indications, the length along the major axis of linear
and rounded indications shall be used, and in cases where the separation between two adjacent
indications is less than the length or the diameter of the larger of the two indications, the indications shall
be considered as one and the sum of the individual lengths or diameters plus the separation shall be
used to calculate the overall length.
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Table 2 — Tube surface — Maximum permissible number of indications and dimensions
(diameter or length) within a frame aperture of 100 mm × 150 mm
Nominal Types of indication
Acceptance wall- Rounded Linear Accumulated
level thickness
Sum of
T Number Diameter Number Length Number
dimensions
mm mm mm mm
T u 16 5 3,0 3 1,5 1 4,0
M1 16 < T u 50 5 3,0 3 3,0 1 6,0
T > 50 5 3,0 3 5,0 1 10,0
T u 16 8 4,0 4 3,0 1 6,0
M2 16 < T u 50 8 4,0 4 6,0 1 12,0
T > 50 8 4,0 4 10,0 1 20,0
T u 16 10 6,0 5 6,0 1 10,0
M3 16 < T u 50 10 6,0 5 9,0 1 18,0
T > 50 10 6,0 5 15,0 1 30,0
T u 16 12 10,0 6 10,0 1 18,0
M4 16 < T u 50 12 10,0 6 15,0 1 25,0
T > 50 12 10,0 6 25,0 1 35,0
Table 3 — Weld seam — Maximum permissible number of indications and dimensions
(diameter or length) within a frame aperture of 150 mm × 50 mm (width centred on the weld seam)
Nominal Types of indication
Acceptance wall- Rounded Linear Accumulated
level thickness
Sum of
T Number Diameter Number Length Number
dimensions
mm mm mm mm
u 16 1 3,0 1 1,5 1 4,0
M1
> 16 1 3,0 1 3,0 1 6,0
u 16 2 4,0 2 3,0 1 6,0
M2
> 16 2 4,0 2 6,0 1 12,0
u 16 3 6,0 3 6,0 1 10,0
M3
> 16 3 6,0 3 9,0 1 18,0
u 16 4 10,0 4 10,0 1 18,0
M4
> 16 4 10,0 4 18,0 1 27,0
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7 Acceptance
7.1 Tube body
Tubes or parts of tubes not showing indications in excess of those permitted by the corresponding acceptance
level shall be deemed to have passed the test.
Tubes or parts of tubes showing indications in excess of those permitted by the corresponding acceptance
level shall be designated suspect.
For suspect tubes, one or more of the following actions shall be taken:
a) the suspect area shall be dressed or explored using a suitable method. After checking that the remaining
thickness is within the tolerance limits, the tube shall be retested as previously specified. If no indications are
obtained equal to or greater than the acceptance Ievel, the tube shall be deemed to have passed this test.
By agreement between the purchaser and manufacturer the suspect area may be retested by other non-
destructive techniques and test methods to agreed acceptance levels;
b) the suspect area shall be cropped off;
c) the tube shall be deemed not to have passed the test.
7.2 End/bevel face
Any tube producing either no indication at all or an individual indication of laminar imperfections on the end/bevel
face at both ends of the tube, less than 6 mm in circumference, shall be deemed to have passed the test.
Any tube producing an individual indication of a laminar imperfection on the end/bevel face at either end of the
tube, equal to or greater than 6 mm in circumference, shall be designated suspect.
For a suspect tube, the manufacturer may either reject the tube or machine the end/bevel face(s). In the latter
case, the manufacturer shall ensure that, as a result of re-machining the tube end(s), the detected laminar
imperfection(s) has (have) been removed, and shall subject the re-machined end/bevel face to a repeat test
as specified above, using the same magnetic particle technique, etc. as in the original test.
To facilitate the determination of how far the detected laminar imperfection(s) on the end/face bevel extend
along the length of the tube from the tube end, the manufacturer may carry out an ultrasonic test over the tube
end zone, in accordance with ISO 10893-8.
8 Test report
When specified, the manufacturer shall submit to the purchaser a test report including at least the following
information:
a) reference to this part of ISO 10893, i.e. ISO 10893-5;
b) statement of conformity;
c) any deviation, by agreement or otherwise, from the procedures specified;
d) product designation by steel grade and size;
e) type and details of the magnetization technique adopted, including the magnetic material used and the
level of magnetization/current achieved;
f) description of the acceptance level and the magnetic field indicator, if used;
g) date of test;
h) operator identification.
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ICS 23.040.10; 77.040.20; 77.140.75
Price based on 7 pages
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|
BS EN 1011-1-1998.pdf
|
BS EN
BRITISH STANDARD
1011-1:1998
Incorporating
Amendments Nos. 1
and 2
m
Welding —
Recommendations for o
welding of metallic
c
materials —
.
w
Part 1: General guidance for arc
welding
x
焊接——焊接金属材料的推荐
第 1部分：电弧焊接的一般说明
f
z
b
.
w
w
The European Standard EN 1011-1:1998, with the incorporation of
amendments A1:2002 and A2:2003, has the status of a BritishStandard
w
ICS 25.160.10
(cid:1)(cid:2)(cid:3)(cid:4)(cid:2)(cid:5)(cid:6)(cid:7)(cid:1)(cid:8)(cid:3)(cid:9)(cid:7)(cid:10)(cid:11)(cid:2)(cid:12)(cid:10)(cid:3)(cid:13)(cid:14)(cid:7)(cid:3)(cid:5)(cid:15)(cid:16)(cid:17)(cid:7)(cid:14)(cid:14)(cid:7)(cid:2)(cid:1)(cid:3)(cid:15)(cid:18)(cid:4)(cid:15)(cid:5)(cid:10)(cid:3)(cid:19)(cid:14)(cid:3)(cid:5)(cid:15)(cid:16)(cid:17)(cid:7)(cid:10)(cid:10)(cid:15)(cid:20)(cid:3)(cid:13)(cid:6)(cid:3)(cid:4)(cid:2)(cid:5)(cid:6)(cid:16)(cid:7)(cid:8)(cid:11)(cid:10)(cid:3)(cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:9)BS EN 1011-1:1998
National foreword
This British Standard is the official English language version of m
EN1011-1:1998, including amendments A1:2002 and A2:2003.
The start and finish of text introduced or altered by amendment is indicated in
the text by tags !". Tags indicating changes to CEN text carry the number
of the amendment. For example, text altered by CEN amendment A1 is
indicated by !".
o
The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee
WEE/17, Metal-arc welding of steel, which has the responsibility to:
— aid enquirers to understand the text;
c
— present to the responsible European committee any enquiries on the
interpretation, or proposals for change, and keep the UK interests
informed;
— monitor related international and Europea.n developments and
promulgate them in the UK.
w
Users of BS5135:1984 should note that the BSEN1011 series of standards
use the concept of heat input to the weld (see BSEN1011-1 Clause19)
whereas in BS5135 arc energy is used (see BS5135 Clause21.2.6). These two
terms are not interchangeable and care should be taken when transposing data
from BS5135 to the BSEN1011 standards.
x
Furthermore, on publication of BSEN1011-2, BS5135 will be withdrawn and
superseded by BSEN1011-1 and BSEN1011-2.
A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on
request to its secretary. f
Cross-references
z
The British Standards which implement international or European
publications referred to in this document may be found in the BSICatalogue
under the section entitled “International Standards Correspondence Index”, or
by using the “Sbearch” facility of the BSI Electronic Catalogue or of
BritishStandards Online.
This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a
contract. Users are responsible for its correct application.
.
Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity
from legal obligations.
w
Summary of pages
w
This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, the EN title page,
pages 2 to 12, an inside back cover and a back cover.
The BSI copyright notice displayed in this document indicates when the
document was last issued.
w
This British Standard, having
been prepared under the Amendments issued since publication
direction of the Engineering
Sector Board, was published
Amd. No. Date Comments
under the authority of the
Standards Board and comes
into effect on 15June1998 13981 30 October 2002 See national foreword
© BSI 15 March 2004 14925 15 March 2004 Change to foreword and deletion of
Annex ZA
ISBN 0 580 29659 8EUROPEAN STANDARD EN 1011-1
February 1998
NORME EUROPÉENNE
+ A1
EUROPÄISCHE NORM February 2002
m
+ A2
December 2003
ICS 25.160.10
o
Descriptors: Welding, arc welding, fusion welding, metals, specifications
English version
Welding — Recommendations for weldcing of metallic
materials —
Part 1: General guidance fo.r arc welding
w
(includes amendments A1:2002 and A2:2003)
Soudage — recommandations pour le soudage Schweißen — Empfehlungen zum Schweißen
x
des matériaux métalliques — metallischer Werkstoffe —
Partie 1: Lignes directrices générales pour le Teil 1: Allgemeine Anleitungen für das
soudage à l’arc Lichtbogenschweißen
f
(inclut les amendements A1:2002 et A2:2003) (enthält Änderungen A1:2002 und A2:2003)
z
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 26 January 1998 and
amendment A1 was approved by CEN on 1 April 2002; amendment A2 was
approved by CEN on 30 November 2003.
b
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal
Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard
the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and
bibliogra.phical references concerning such national standards may be obtained
on application to the Central Secretariat or to any CEN member.
Thisw European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French,
German). A version in any other language made by translation under the
responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the
Central Secretariat has the same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Czech
wRepublic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland,
Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Slovakia,
Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
w
CEN
European Committee for Standardization
Comité Européen de Normalisation
Europäisches Komitee für Normung
Central Secretariat: rue de Stassart 36, B-1050 Brussels
© 1998 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national
Members.
Ref. No. EN 1011-1:1998 + A1:2002 + A2:2003 EEN 1011-1:1998
m
Foreword Foreword to amendment A1
This European Standard has been prepared by This document EN 1011-1:1998/A1:2002 has been
Technical Committee CEN/TC121, Welding, the prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 121,
secretariat of which is held by DS. Welding, the Secretariat of which is heold by DS.
This European Standard shall be given the status of This amendment to the European Standard
a national standard, either by publication of an EN1011-1:1998 shall be given the status of a
identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by national standard, either by publication of an
August1998, and conflicting national standards identical text or by endorsemecnt, at the latest by
shall be withdrawn at the latest by August1998. November 2002, and conflicting national standards
This document has been prepared under a mandate shall be withdrawn at the latest by November 2002.
given to CENby the European Commission and the This document has been prepared under a mandate
.
European Free Trade Association. given to CEN by the European Commission and the
This standard is composed of the following parts: European Free Trade Association.
w
— Part1: General guidance for arc welding; For relationship with EU Directive(s), see
informative Annex ZA, which is an integral part of
— Part2: Arc welding of ferritic steels;
this document.
— Part3: Arc welding of stainless steels;
According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal
— Part4: Arc welding of aluminium and Regulations, the national standards organizations
aluminium alloys; of the foxllowing countries are bound to implement
— Part 5: Welding of clad steel; this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Czech
Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany,
— Part 6: Laser beam welding;
Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Malta,
— Part 7: Electron beam welding. fNetherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden,
According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Switzerland and the United Kingdom.
Regulations, the national standards organizationzs
of the following countries are bound to implement
Foreword to amendment A2
this European Standard: Austria, Belgium,
CzechRepublic, Denmark, Finland, France, This document EN 1011-1:1998/A2:2003 has been
Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, b prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 121,
Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Welding, the Secretariat of which is held by DS.
Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the
This amendment to the European Standard
UnitedKingdom.
EN1011-1:1998 shall be given the status of a
.
national standard, either by publication of an
identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by
w
June 2004, and conflicting national standards shall
be withdrawn at the latest by June 2004.
This document has been prepared under a mandate
given to CEN by the European Commission and the
European Free Trade Association.
w
According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations,
the national standards organizations of the following
countries are bound to implement this European
Standard: Austria, Belgium, CzechRepublic, Denmark,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland,
w
Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway,
Portugal, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the
UnitedKingdom.
2 © BSI 15 March 2004EN 1011-1:1998
m
Contents
Page
Foreword 2
o
Introduction 4
1 Scope 4
2 Normative references 4
3 Definitions 5 c
4 Abbreviations and symbols 6
5 Provision of quality requirements 6
6 Storage and handling of parent materials 6 .
7 Fusion welding processes 6
w
8 Welding consumables 7
8.1 General 7
8.2 Supply, storage and handling 7
9 Equipment 7
10 Fabrication x7
10.1 General 7
10.2 Butt weld 7
10.3 Fillet weld f8
11 Preparation of joint 8
z
12 Assembly for welding 8
13 Preheat and inter-pass temperature 8
14 Tack welds 9
b
15 Temporary attachments 9
16 Run-on and run-off plates 9
17 Arcing 9
18 Inter-run cleanin.g and treatment 9
19 Heat input 10
w
20 Welding procedures 10
21 Traceability 10
22 Peening 10
23 Inspection and testing 10
24 Qwuality requirements 10
25 Correction of non-conformity 11
26 Distortion 11
27 Post-weld heat treatment 11
28 Post-weld cleaning 11
w
Annex A (informative) Information to be
supplied prior to the start of fabrication and
to be defined in the design specification 12
3
© BSI 15 March 2004EN 1011-1:1998
m
Introduction
This European Standard is being issued in several parts in order that it may be extended to cover the
different types of metallic materials which will be produced to all European Standards for weldable
metallic materials. o
!Text deleted".
This standard gives general guidance for the satisfactory production and control of welding and details
some of the possible detrimental phenomena which may occur, with advice on methods by which they may
c
be avoided. !It is generally applicable to fusion welding of metallic materials and is appropriate
regardless of the type of fabrication involved, although the application standard or design specification can
have additional requirements." More information is contained in other parts of this standard.
Permissible design stresses in welds, methods of testing and acceptance leve.ls are not included because
they depend on the service conditions of the fabrication. These details should be obtained from the relevant
application standard or !design specification".
w
It has been assumed in the drafting of this standard that the execution of its provisions is entrusted to
appropriately qualified, trained and experienced personnel.
1 Scope
x
This European Standard gives general guidance for fusion welding of metallic materials in all forms of
product (e.g.cast, wrought, extruded, forged).
The processes and techniques referred to in this part of EN1011 may not all be applicable to all materials.
f
Additional information relevant to specific materials is given in the relevant parts of the standard.
z
2 Normative references
This European Standard incorporates by dated or undated reference, provisions from other publications.
These normative references are cited at the appropriate places in the text and the publications are listed
b
hereafter. For dated references, subsequent amendments to or revisions of any of these publications apply
to this European Standard only when incorporated in it by amendment or revision. For undated references
the latest edition of the publication referred to applies.
EN287-1, Approval testing of welders— Fusion welding— Part1: Steels.
.
EN287-2, Approval testing of welders— Fusion welding— Part2: Aluminium and aluminium alloys.
w
prENISO9606-3, Approval testing of welders— Fusion welding— Part3: Copper and copper alloys.
prENISO9606-4, Approval testing of welders— Fusion welding— Part4: Nickel and nickel alloys.
prENISO9606-5, Approval testing of welders— Fusion welding— Part5: Titanium and titanium alloys,
zirconium and zirconium alloys.
w
EN288-2, Specification and approval of welding procedures for metallic materials— Part2: Welding
procedure specification for arc welding.
EN439, Welding consumables— Shielding gases for arc welding and cutting.
EN729-1, Quality requirements for welding— Fusion welding of metallic materials— Part1: Guidelines
for selection and use.
w
EN729-2, Quality requirements for welding— Fusion welding of metallic materials—
Part2:Comprehensive quality requirements.
EN729-3, Quality requirements for welding— Fusion welding of metallic materials— Part3: Standard
quality requirements.
EN729-4, Quality requirements for welding— Fusion welding of metallic materials— Part4: Elementary
quality requirements.
EN1418, Welding personnel— Approval testing of welding operators for fusion welding and resistance
weld setters for fully mechanized and automatic welding of metallic materials.
ENISO13916, Welding— Guidance for the measurement of preheating temperature, interpass temperature
and preheat maintenance temperature during welding.
(ISO13916:996)
4 © BSI 15 March 2004EN 1011-1:1998
m
EN22553, Welded, brazed and soldered joints— Symbolic representation on drawings.
(ISO2553:1992)
EN24063, Welding, brazing, soldering and braze welding of metals— Nomenclature of processes and
reference numbers for symbolic representation on drawings. o
(ISO4063:1990)
3 Definitions
c
For the purposes of this standard the following definitions apply.
3.1
arc welding current I
.
current passing through the electrode
3.2 w
arc voltage U
electrical potential between contact tip or electrode holder and workpiece
3.3
interpass temperature T
i x
temperature in a multi-run weld and adjacent parent metal immediately prior to the application of the next
run
3.4
f
heat input Q
energy introduced into the weld region during welding per unit run length
z
3.5
preheat temperature T
p
temperature of the workpiece in the weld zone immediately prior to any welding operation
b
3.6
thermal efficiency k
ratio of heat energy introduced into the weld to the electrical energy consumed by the arc
.
3.7
welding speed v
w
travel speed of the weld pool
3.8
detrimental effect
imperfections and other harmful influences in the welded area
w
3.9
run-on plate
piece of metal so placed as to enable the full section of weld metal to be obtained at the beginning of a joint
3.10
wrun-off plate
piece of metal so placed as to enable the full section of weld metal to be maintained up to the end of a joint
3.11
wire feed rate w
f
length of wire consumed per unit time
5
© BSI 15 March 2004EN 1011-1:1998
m
!Text deleted"
3.12
welding consumables
materials consumed in the making of a weld, including filler metals, fluxes and gases o
4 Abbreviations and symbols
c
Abbreviations and symbols Term Unit
I Arc welding current A
k Thermal efficiency factor —
.
l Length of a run mm
Q Heat input kJ/mm
w
d Material thickness mm
T Interpass temperature °C
i
T Preheat temperature °C
p
U Arc voltage V
x
v Welding speed mm/s
w Wire feed rate mm/min or m/min
f
WPS Welding procedure specification —
f
5 Provision of quality requirements
z
The contract shall give the information necessary for the execution of the welding. If the manufacturer
!chooses" to have a quality system, the information should be in accordance with the appropriate part
of EN729 (seeAnnex A for further information).
b
6 Storage and handling of parent materials
Storage and handling shall be carried out so that the parent material is not adversely affected.
.
7 Fusion welding processes
w
This standard covers welds made by one of the following welding processes in accordance with EN24063
or by a combination of those processes:
— 111manual metal-arc welding with covered electrode;
— 114flux-cored wire metal-arc welding without gas shield;
w
— 12submerged arc welding;
— 131metal-arc inert gas welding; MIG welding;
— 135metal-arc active gas welding; MAG welding;
— 136flux-cored wire metal-arc welding with active gas shield;
— 13w7flux-cored wire metal-arc welding with inert gas shield;
!Text deleted"
— 141tungsten inert gas arc welding; TIG welding;
— 15plasma arc welding;
— other fusion welding processes by agreement.
6 © BSI 15 March 2004EN 1011-1:1998
m
8 Welding consumables
8.1 General
Welding consumables should be designated in accordance with the relevant European Standard.
o
Consumables shall be selected with regard to the particular application, e.g.joint design, welding position
and the properties required to meet the service conditions. Any special recommendations given by the
manufacturer/supplier shall be observed.
In some cases it may be possible to weld without the addition of filler metcal.
8.2 Supply, storage and handling
All consumables shall be stored and handled with care and in accordance with the relevant standards
and/or the manufacturer’s/supplier’s recommendations. .
Covered electrodes, wire electrodes, rods and fluxes,etc., as well as their packaging, which show signs of
w
damage or deterioration shall not be used.
Examples of damage or deterioration are cracked or flaked coatings on covered electrodes, rusty or dirty
wire electrodes and wire with flaked or damaged protective coatings.
Consumables returned to the stores shall be treated in accordance with the manufacturer’s/supplier’s
recommendations before re-issue. x
9 Equipment
The manufacturer carrying out the fabricaftion shall be responsible for ensuring that the capacity of the
welding plant and ancillary equipment is adequate for the welding procedure to be used. The welding plant
shall be regularly checked and maintazined.
All electrical plant used in connection with the welding operation shall be adequately earthed. The welding
return cable from the workpiece shall be of adequate cross-section, connected as close as possible to the
point of welding.
b
Means of measuring the welding parameters shall be available, either as part of the welding equipment,
or by the provision of portable instruments. Such parameters may include arc voltage, welding current,
wire feed rate, welding speed, shielding/purging gas flow rates and temperature of parent/weld metal.
.
10 Fabrication
w
10.1 General
Fabrication facilities shall be protected from adverse weather, e.g.wind, rain, snow, draughts,etc. and
shall be kept dry. Facilities shall be suitable for the work and adequate precautions shall be taken to ensure
that contamination from other materials does not occur.
w
Surfaces shall be dry and free from condensation and any other material that would adversely affect the
quality of the welds. If necessary, forming tools, welding fixtures, clamps or manipulators should be
cleaned before use.
When using gas shielded welding processes, the weld zone shall be protected from the effects of draught or
other air movements. Air currents even at low speed can remove the shielding gas and therefore welding
wzones shall be protected.
When inert gas backing is necessary to prevent oxidation of the reverse side of a weld, purging using a
suitable gas supply in accordance with EN439 shall be carried out.
10.2 Butt weld
The details of all butt welds, e.g.type of joint, which may include partial penetration joints, included angle
and root gap between parts, shall be arranged to permit the use of a satisfactory welding technique and the
combination of weld detail and welding technique shall be such that the resultant joint will comply with
the requirements of the design.
The ends of butt joints shall be welded to provide the full weld thickness. This may be achieved by the use
of run-off and/or run-on plates.
7
© BSI 15 March 2004EN 1011-1:1998
m
The material for the permanent weld pool backing shall be metallurgically compatible with the filler and
parent metal. The backing may be either an integral part of a section or a separate component. The
thickness of the backing material shall be such as to support the weld without burning through.
The material for the temporary weld pool backing where appropriate shall be chosen so that coontamination
of the parent/weld metal is avoided; seerelevant part of this standard for further details.
In all full penetration butt welds where these are to be welded from both sides, certain welding procedures
allow this to be done without back gouging, grinding or chipping, but where complete interpenetration
cannot be achieved, the back of the first run shall be removed by suitable means to cleacn sound metal before
welding is started on the second side.
In some cases it may be desirable to check that clean sound metal exists by application of a suitable
non-destructive crack detection method.
.
10.3 Fillet weld
w
Unless otherwise specified, the fusion faces to be joined by fillet welds shall be in as close contact as
possible.
A fillet weld, as deposited, shall be of not less than the specified dimensions which shall be clearly indicated
as throat thickness and/or leg length, as appropriate, taking into account the use of deep penetration
processes or partial preparations.
x
11 Preparation of joint
The preparation of the fusion faces shall be such that fthe limits of accuracy required by the appropriate
welding procedure can be achieved.
Surfaces and edges shall be free from cracks and znotches.
In the event of an imperfection in the preparation of the joint this may be corrected by methods !detailed
in the design specification."
NOTE See also the relevant European Standard fobr joint preparation.
12 Assembly for welding
Parts to be welded shall be assem.bled such that the joints are accessible and visible to the welders and/or
operators involved. Jigs and manipulators shall be used, where practicable, so that the welding can be
carried out in the most suitable welding position.
w
The sequence of assembly and welding shall be such that all welds can be examined in accordance with the
relevant requirements, seeAnnex A.
To minimize distortion and/or residual stresses it may be necessary to pre-set joints or pre-bend parts of
the structure prior to welding and/or to specify the weld sequence to assist in the control of distortion and
shrinkage. w
13 Preheat and inter-pass temperature
For measurement of temperature and further information, reference shall be made to ENISO13916.
Detailsw of preheat and interpass temperatures depend on material specifications and are specified in the
relevant parts of this standard.
8 © BSI 15 March 2004EN 1011-1:1998
m
14 Tack welds
When required tack welds shall be applied to retain the components in alignment during welding. The
length of the individual tack weld and the frequency of such welds should be specified in the relevant weld
procedure specification(WPS) or elsewhere. In joints welded by fully mechanized oor automatic processes,
the condition for deposition of tack welds shall be included in the WPS. The tack welds shall be applied in
a balanced sequence to minimize the risk of distortion and maintain good fit-up.
Where a tack weld is incorporated in a welded joint, the shape of the tack weld shall be suitable for
incorporation into the finished weld and shall only be carried out by approcved welders. The tack weld shall
be free from cracks and other unpermitted imperfections in the weld deposit and shall be cleaned
thoroughly before final welding. Tack welds which have cracked and other imperfections such as cold starts
and crater cracks shall be removed prior to welding. All tack welds not incorporated into the final weld shall
.
be removed.
w
15 Temporary attachments
Where the assembly or erection procedure requires the use of temporary welded attachments, they shall
be such that they can be easily removed without damage to the structure. Consideration shall be given to
the location of temporary attachments. The material of attachment and consumables used shall be
compatible with the parent metal. x
When written weld procedure specifications are required all welds for temporary attachment shall be made
in accordance with them. Care should be taken to ensure that such welding is carried out only if permitted
by the !design specification" and that unintended detrimental effects are avoided, e.g.stress raisers
f
and/or shrinkage stresses.
The surface of the parent metal shall bze carefully ground smooth after removing the temporary
attachment.
If necessary, surface inspection of the parent metal may be carried out to demonstrate that the material is
free from unpermitted imperfections.
b
16 Run-on and run-off plates
Run-on and run-off plates, when required, shall be manufactured from a grade of metal compatible with
that used for the fabric.ation, and shall have a thickness and edge preparation similar to those used for the
joint. The length of the run-on and run-off plates depends on the thickness of the parent material and the
weld procedure. Twhe run-on and run-off plates shall be of sufficient length to ensure that start/stop
imperfections are contained within them.
17 Arcing
All initial striking of the arc should be within the fusion faces or on run-on plates. Precautions shall be
w
taken to avoid unintentional arcing.
Unintentional arcing between the workpiece and the welding earth return lead or any part at earth
potential can be avoided by a firm earth connection located close to the weld joint. Good insulation of the
cable and cable joints is essential. In the event of an accidental arc, the surface of the metal shall be lightly
dressed and, if necessary, checked visually and/or by a crack detection method.
w
18 Inter-run cleaning and treatment
Where a process generates a slag protecting the weld metal, this slag shall be removed from each run of
weld metal before a further run is superimposed unless otherwise permitted by the WPS. Attention shall
also be paid to the junction between the weld metal and the fusion faces. Visible imperfections such as
cracks, cavities and other unpermitted imperfections shall be removed before the deposition of further weld
metal.
For welding processes using a shielding gas it may be necessary to remove adherent oxides before the
deposition of further runs.
Appropriate tools shall be used for inter-run cleaning.
9
© BSI 15 March 2004EN 1011-1:1998
m
19 Heat input
The heat input during welding can be a main influencing factor on the properties of welds. It affects the
temperature-time-cycles occurring during welding.
o
Where appropriate, the heat input value Q may be calculated as follows (see alsoTable 1):
U×I –3
Q = k-------------×10 in kJ/mm
v
c
Where the factor k differs from those shown in theTable 1, information will be given in the relevant parts
of this standard.
Table 1 — Thermal efficiency factor k of welding process
.
Process No Process Factor k
121 Submerged arc welding with wire electrode w 1,0
111 Metal-arc welding with covered electrode 0,8
131 MIG welding 0,8
135 MAG welding 0,8
114 Flux-cored wire metal-arc welding without gas shield 0,8
x
136 Flux-cored wire metal-arc welding with active gas shield 0,8
137 Flux-cored wire metal-arc welding with inert gas shield 0,8
138 Metal-cored wire metal-arc welding with active gas shield 0,8
f
139 Metal-cored wire metal-arc welding with inert gas shield 0,8
141 TIG welding z 0,6
15 Plasma arc welding 0,6
20 Welding procedures b
When written welding procedure specifications are required they shall cover all welding operations
including temporary attachments and correction of non-conformities. The contents of the procedures shall
comply with EN288-2. Where applicable, the welding procedure approval shall be in accordance with the
appropriate European Standard..
Welders/welding operators shall be provided with information to enable the welding procedure to be carried
w
out in accordance with the requirements. Where appropriate, they shall be approved to the relevant part
of EN287, prENISO9606 or EN1418.
21 Traceability
!Adequate meanws of identification, either by an identification mark or other methods, shall be provided
to enable each weld to be traced to the welder/welders or welding operator/operators by whom it was
made." Hard stamping should be avoided, but when it has to be used attention is drawn to its use in
highly stressed areas and areas susceptible to corrosion.
22 Pewening
Peening of welds shall be carried out only in accordance with the application standard or !design
specification."
23 Inspection and testing
The method and extent of inspection and testing shall be in accordance with the application standard or
!design specification".
24 Quality requirements
Welded joints shall be free from unpermitted imperfections as they would impair the service performance
of the structure. Acceptance levels shall be in accordance with the !design specification."
10 © BSI 15 March 2004EN 1011-1:1998
m
25 Correction of non-conformity
Where welds do not comply with the acceptance level of Clause24, remedial action !in accordance with
the design specification" and re-inspection shall be carried out to the original welding procedure or to
!a procedure in accordance with the design specification". o
If undercut or other defects are blended out by grinding or other mechanical methods, care shall be taken
to ensure that the design thickness of parent material is not reduced.
In some circumstances, unacceptable undercut or large root gaps in fillet welds may be made acceptable by
c
the deposition of additional weld metal in accordance with the relevant parts of this standard.
Incorrectly fitted parts may be cut apart and rewelded in accordance with this standard and the application
standard where it exists.
.
26 Distortion
w
Parts distorted by welding, beyond the specified tolerances, may be corrected only by a method !in
accordance with the design specification". Any method to correct distortion should not be deleterious to
the structure.
27 Post-weld heat treatment x
When post-weld heat treatment and/or ageing is required, this shall be carried out in accordance with the
!design specification."
f
The effects on the properties of the parent material, heat affected zone(HAZ) and weld metal shall be taken
into account.
z
28 Post-weld cleaning
Post-weld cleaning, if necessary, shall be carried out in accordance with the !design specification."
b
The corrosion resistance is significantly affected by the surface quality. The method of post-weld cleaning
depends upon the weld quality requirements.
.
w
w
w
11
© BSI 15 March 2004EN 1011-1:1998
m
Annex A (informative)
!Information to be supplied prior to the start of fabrication and to be defined
in the design specification"
o
A.1 General
!When EN729 is applied, only the relevant clauses of that standard are to be observed. When EN729 is
not applied, the information detailed inA.2 andA.3 should be available."
c
A.2 !Information to be supplied prior to the start of fabrication"
!The following information is to be supplied prior to the start of fabrication:"
a) the application standard to be used together with any supplementary re.quirements;
b) the specification of welding procedures, non-destructive testing procedures and heat treatment
procedures; w
c) location of all the welds;
d) welds which are to be made in the workshop, or elsewhere;
e) the approach to be used for welding procedure approval;
x
f) whether approved welders are required;
g) selection, identification and/or traceability, e.g.for materials, welders and welds;
h) surface finish and weld profile;
f
i) quality and acceptance requirements for welds;
z
j) handling of non-conformities, e.g.correction of faulty welds or distortion.
NOTE !The items referred to in this clause may have a significant effect upon the performance of the fabrication and it should be
ensured that they relate appropriately to the particular joints and intended service of the final product."
b
A.3 !Items to be defined in the design specification"
!The following items to be defined in the design specification are to be fully recorded:"
a) dimensions, details and tolerance, i.e.type of joint, including angle, root gaps,etc. of all welds when
not given in the application sta.ndard; when symbols are used for standard weld forms, they should
conform to EN22553;
w
b) use of special methods, e.g.to achieve full penetration without backing when welded from one side
only;
c) the material for backing when backing is not part of the structure;
d) alternative methods for preparation or cutting of material;
e) other special wrequirements, e.g.acceptability of peening;
f) the method and extent of inspection and testing in the absence of a relevant application standard;
g) the acceptance criteria for welded joints in the absence of a relevant application standard;
h) the method of straightening distorted parts.
w
12 © BSI 15 March 2004m
o
c
.
w
x
f
z
b
.
w
w
w
blankBS EN
1011-1:1998
BSI — British Standards Institution
BSI is the independent national body responsible for preparing
BritishStandards. It presents the UK view on standards in Europe and at thme
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o
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W4 4AL
|
5521.pdf
|
IS : 5521 - 1980
( RenNinned 1990 )
hdian Standard
SPECIFICATION FOR
STEEL TANKS FOR STORAGE OF MOLASSES
( First Revision
)
Third Reprint OCTOBER 109.5
UDC 621.642.39:[669.141.24]:664.15
Q Copyright 1981
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG
NEW DEllI 110002
June 1981
cr
3IS : 5521 . l?hlO
( Reaffimed 1990 )
Indian Standard
SPECIFICATION FOR
STEEL TANKS FOR STORAGE OF MOLASSES
( First Revision
)
Sugar Industry Sectio$al Committee, AFDC 8
dhairman Representing
DR N. A. RAMAIAH National Sugar Institute, Kanpur
Members
!&RI R. S.‘BASTE National Federation of Co-operative Sugar Factories
Limited. New Delhi
SHRI A. P. CHINNASWAMY The South Indian Sugarcane & Sugar Technologists’
Association, Madras
SHRI G. RAMAOHANDRAN( Altcrnatr )
SHRI G. P. DHURKA Indian Confectionery Manufacturers’ Association,
New Delhi
SHRI D. R. GUPTA Central Revenues Control Laboratory ( Ministry of
Finance ), New Delhi
SHRI R. N. SALUJA ( Aftsrnatc )
SHRI B. H. HOSHINQ National Federation of Co-operative Sugar Factories
Ltd, New Delhi
SHRI M. J. JADHAV Dcccan Sugar Technologists’ Association, Pune
SRRI N. S. JAIN National Federation of Co-operative Sugar Factories
Ltd, New Delhi
DR KISRAN SIN~H Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi
DR S. C. SRWASTAVA ( Altrrnatc )
SHRI S. N. LAL Indian Sugar Mills Association, Calcutta
SHR~ S. S. LANQAR Federation of Biscuit Manufacturers of India, Delhi
SHRI V. K. MALIK All India Distillers’ Association, New Delhi
SHRI MAN MOHAN Indian Sugar Mills Association, New Delhi
SHRI P. J. MANOHAR RAO Directqrate of Sugar ( Ministry of Agriculture &
Irrigation7 ( Department of Food ), New Delhi
SHRI M. P. GUPTA ( Altrrnatc )
SHRI J. S. MEWA Indian Sugar Mills Association, New Delhi
SRRI S. P. MISRA U.P. State Sugar Corporation Ltd, Lucknow
SERI NAVNIT LAL CawnRore Sugar Merchants Association, Kanpur
Snnr DAYA RAM KANODIA ( Alternate ’
SERI M. K. PATIL The Stigar Technologists’ Association of India,
Kanpur
SERI S. 13. SHARMA ( Altcrnats )
( Continued on page 2 )
@ Copyright 1981
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS 6, a
This publication is protected under the Indian Copyright Act ( XIV of 1957 ) and
reproduction in whole or in part by any n?eans except with written permission of the
publisher shall be deemed to be an infrmgcment of copyrlght under the said Act.IS : 55211 19w)
Membrrr Rcprrrrnting
SHRI RAJINDER SINQH State Trading Corporation of India Ltd, New Delhi
SHRI B. P. JAIN ( Alternate )
SHR~ S. RAMAsWAMY Directorate General of Technical Development,
New Delhi
SRRI S. N. PANDEY( Alternate)
SHRI D. S. RATE~R All India Food Preservers’ Association, New Delhi
SERI Y. K. KAPOOR ( Altrrnatr )
SECRETARY Central Committee for Food Standards ( Ministry of
Health and Family Welfare ), New Delhi
SHT DEBI ~~KHERJEE ( Altrrnatc )
SRRI S. C. SHARMA British India Corporation, Kanpur; and Indian Sugar
Mills Association, New Delhi
SHRI N. B. SINQH National Federation of Co-operative Sugar Factories
Ltd, New Delhi
SHHI J. P, SINunAL Development Council for Sugar Industry, New Delhi
SHar N. VAIDYANATHAN Delhi Cloth and General Mills Company Limited,
Delhi
SRRI J. P. SHzoH ( ‘31~natc )
S&U T. PURX*ZUAHDAA~, Director General, ISI ( Ex-&io Member )
Director ( Agri & Food )
Secrrlary
SERI MANOEAR T. SANTWANI
Deputy Director ( Agri & Food ), IS1IS : 5521.1960
Indian Standard
SPECIFICATION FOR
STEEL TANKS FOR STORAGE OF MOLASSES
( First Revision )
0. FOREWORD
0.1 This Indian Standard ( First Revision ) was adopted by the Indian
Standards Institution on 13 June 1989, after the draft finalized by the
Sugar Industry Sectional .Cdmmittee had been approved by the
Agricultural and Food Products Division Council.
0.2 Molasses, which is often referred to a waste product of sugar
factories, is an important raw material for distilleries producing alcohol.
Storage of molasses without deterioration is important. Presently,
molasses is being stored in many places in kmh or pucca masonry tanks
with or without roofs where molasses is likely to get diluted with and
have losses due to seepage and contamination leading to its deterioration_
Construction of molasses tanks, preferably of steel, is of marked import-
ance in arresting the deterioration and wastage of molasses. This
standard gives the specification of steel tanks for efficient storage of
molasses.
0.3 This standard is intended chiefly to cover the technical provisions
relating to the construction of covered mild steel tanks for storage of
molasses.
0.4 This standard was first Published in 1969. In the present revision,
the format has been changed and the requirements of uniformity and
recommendatory nature have been appended to the essential require-
ments to enable better implementation of the standard. In this revision,
the provision of Peripheral vertcial columns has been deleted and
molasses tanks with higher capacities have been included, besides
incorporation of Amendment No. 1, issued to the earlier version.
0.4.1 The recommendations on location of the steel tanks in case of
sugar factories and construction of a cement concrete or masonry pIat-
form are given in Appendix A for guidance.
3IS :5521- 1980
0.5 References may be made to the following documents for details of
design and fabrication of the steel tanks for storage of molasses:
IS : 803-1962 Code of practice for design, fabrication and erection
of vertical mild steel cylindrical welded oil storage tanks.
BS : 2654 : Part I-1956 Vertical mild steel welded storage tanks
with butt-welded shells for the petroleum industry: Part I Design
and fabrication. British Standards Institution.
API STD 650, Sixth Edition - 1978 Welded steel tanks for oil
storage. American Petroleum Institute.
0.6 For the purpose of deciding whether a particular requirement of
this standard is complied with, the final value, observed or calculated,
expressing the result of a test or analysis, shall be rounded off in
accordance with IS : 2-1960*. The number of significant places retained
in the rounded off value should be the same as that of the specified value
in this standard.
1. SCOPE
1.1 This standard covers the requirements of materials, recommended
volumes and dimensions, method of construction, and testing of mild
steel tanks for storage of molasses in sugar factories.
2. TERMINOLOGY
2.0 For the purpose of this standard, the following definition shall apply.
2.1 Cane Molasses - The mother liquor left over after the recovery of
sugar in the vacuum pan process ( set IS : 1162-19587 ).
3. VOLUMES AND DIMENSIONS
3.1 The diameter and height of the molasses storage tanks usually
depends upon the size of the ground area available and the volume of
molasses required to be stored. Table 1 gives the recommended volumes
and dimensions of tanks for storage of molasses.
NOTE I - The height of the tank shall be determined taking into consideration the
soil bearing capacity and the cost of making foundation suitable for the recommended
height.
NOTE 2 - The volume of tanks for storing molasses for a sugar factory of cane
crushing capacity 1 250 tonnes per day may be calculated as given in A-3.
*Rules for rounding off numerical values ( revised ).
tSpecification for cane molasses.
4TABLE 1 RECOMENDED VOLUMES AND DIMENSIONS FOR STEEL TANKS FOR
STORAGE OF MOLASSES
( Claure 3.1 )
TOTAL APPROX. DIAMETER HEXGET. BOTTOM THICICWESSO F STEEL PLATES
VOLUME EFFECTIVE PLATE -~------___- *--_-__--_‘_----~
VOLUME 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th Last 2 Roof+
Course Course Course Course Course Course Courses
(!I (2) \3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13!
ma ma m m mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm
. 1 250 1 150 14 8.00 10 12 12 10 8 6 6 6 5
VI 1 500 1 400 15 8’50 10 12 12 10 8 6 6 6 5
2 000 1 850 16 9’75 10 12 12 10 8 6 6 6 5
2 500 2 350 18 9.75 10 12 12 10 8 6 6 6 5
3 000 2 850 20 9’75 10 12 12 12 10 8 6 6 5
3 500 3 200 21 9.75 10 12 12 12 10 8 6 6 5
4 000 3 800 23 9.75 10 12 12 12 10 8 6 6 5
4 500 4 150 24 9.75 12 14 14 12 10 8 6 6 5
5 400 4900 28 9.60 12 16 14 12 10 8 6 6 5
7000 6 300 31 960 12 16 14 12 10 8 6 6 5
8000 7 200 34 9’60 12 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 5 t;
. .
*In coastal or heavy rainfall areas the thickness of the roof plates should be 6 mm. UI
z
c
.
fIS : 5521 - 1980
4. MATERIALS
4.1 The tank for storage of molasses shall be built from mild steel
plates ( see IS : 226-1975* ).
4.2 Thickness of the steel plates used in the bottom, shell and roof shall
be as given in Table 1 [ see IS : 1730 ( Part I )-1974t 1.
5. FABRICATION
5.1 All joints shall be scam or butt welded. The welded joints shall be
sound and finished smooth inside and shall be water-tight. The bottom
plates shall be V-grooved and welded with butt welding. Mild steel
strip 60 mm wide and 6 mm thick shall be provided over the welds.
5.1.1 The permissible stresses for welds and welded connections shall
conform to values given in IS : 816-1969:.
5.2 Suitable radial trusses shall also be employed for support of the
roof of the tank ( see Fig. 1 ), which may directly be supported on the
shell plates with a curb angle at the roof level all around.
5.5 Centre Column - Two channels ISMC 300 or ISMC 225 at right
angles to each other with suitable saddle at the base shall be provided.
5.4 The permissible stresses for the bottom, shell and roof of the tank
shall be in accordance with the appropriate clauses of IS : 800-1962$.
5.5 The tank shall be designed with due consideration to the wind loads,
which shall be in accordance with IS : 875-196411.
6. FITTINGS AND ACCESSORIES
6.1 The tank shall be litted with the following accessories and fittings
and shall be provided with suitable openings for fittings as described
in 6.1.1 to 6.1.14 and shown in Fig. 1.
6.1.1 Outlet - The outlet shall be of steel with a minimum diameter
of 15 cm and shall be located on the first course of the tank 15 cm above
the bottom. The suction for pumping molasses should be from the side
of the tank.
*Specification for structural steel ( standard quality ) (f;Jlh rrvirian ).
tDimensions for steel plate, sheet and rtrip for structural and general engineering
purposes: Part I Plate ( Jrst fsvision) .
$Codc of practice for use of metal arc welding for general construction in mild steel
(Jirsf rcuision ) .
@ode of practice for USC of structural steel in general building construction
( ret&cd ) .
l\Codc of practice for structural safety of buildings: I?oading rtandards ( revis& ).
6IS : 5521-1989
WATER SPRAYING COIL SAFETY .RAILING
PIPE FOR DIAL
THERMOMETER
WASHOUT VALVE
LDIA~~ETER
All dimensions in millimetrcs.
FIG. 1 DETAILS OF THE STEEL TANK FOR STORAGE OF MOLASSES
6.1.2 Ouflct Discharge Valve-- A sluice valve, preferably of stainless
steel, shall be fitted to the outlet opening. It is desirable to have two
valves in series.
6.1.3 Drainage or Wash Out Valve - A tank shall be provided with a
sluice valve fitted at the bottom of the tank and also \connected to the
outlet ( see 6.1.1 and Fig. 1 ).
6.1.4 Z&t - The inlet of molasses shall preferably be at the bottom
( SCGF ig. 1 ) unless the molasses is discharged through an overhead pipe
line in which case the molasses should not be allowed to fall from a
height as in doing so a lot of air gets occluded, which is not desirable.
Instead, the pipe may be held tangential to the inside of the wall about
a metre from the top. The inlet shall be fitted with a non-return valve
followed by a sluice valve.
6.1.5 Indicator Thermometer - The tank shall be provided with at least
three 15-cm dial thermometers, one about 0.15 m from the bottom, other
at one-third height and the third at two-thirds height of the tank. The
7IS : 5521. 1980
pockets for inserting the bulb of the thermometer shall be pipes of
25 mm diameter and 1 m length filled with oil. The pocket pipes
should be fitted to the joints for support, wherever possible.
6.1.6 Manhole - Two manholes having diameter of 45 to 60 cm shall
be located one on the top and other on the side bottom of the tank
( see Fig. 1 ). A suitable attachment shall be provided to securly hold
the man-way door in position through a suitable bracket. A bolt with
nut attachment shall be fitted to hold the bracket in position, alter-
natively, a loose cover with lifting handle may be provided. The manhole
covers shall be water-tight.
6.1.7 Sa&y Raiiing - A safety railing, preferably around the roof of
the tank but at least in the quadrant of the manhole shall be provided.
The railing shall be of the height of 1 m. The maximum distance
between two railing posts shall be 2.4 m ( see Fig. 1 ).
6.1.8 Vent Pipe OYC himney - A vent pipe or chimney shall be provided
at the centre of the roof for venting out of the gas ( see Fig. 1 ). For
large size tank over 16 m diameter, more than one vent pipe may be
provided. The mouth of the vent pipe shall be suitably protected with
with wire netting.
6.1.9 A 25 mm drip cock shall be provided at the outlet for sampling
purposes.
6.1.10 Water Spraying Coil - Provision of a perforated water spraying
coil 25 mm in diameter shall be made all round outside the tank. The
direction of the perforations shall be such that the water flows along the
sides of the !ank ( see Fig. 1 ).
6.1.11 Painting -The tank shall be suitably painted on the outside and
with anti-corrosive paint on the inside. The roof, and the supporting
trusses and the top strake may be painted inside also.
6.1.12 Ladder - The tank shall be provided with a ladder of sturdy
construction and design and made of aluminium alloy or mild steel
painted or otherwise made rustproof. The ladder shall be provided with
suitable guard.
6.1.13 The tank may be provided with a suitable leyel indicator.
6.1.14 ~$11 openings in the tank shall be so made that there is no
pofsibility of accumulation. of liquid or other foreign matter and the
entrances are protected against dust, insects, and other extraneous
materials. All component parts shall be capable of being cleaned and
inspected in position or by dismantling, if necessary.
8IS : 5521.1980
7. TANK TESTING
7.1 The tank shall not leak when tested by the following method.
7.1.1 Bottom Testing
7.1.1.1 After the bottom and at least the bottom courses of shell
plates have been welded, the bottom shall be tested by pumping air
beneath the bottom plates to a pressure just sufficient to lift them off the
foundation and in any case of not less than 100 mm Hz0 gauge. The
pressure shall be held by the construction of a temporary dam of clay or
other suitable material around the tank periphery. Soap suds or other
suitable material shall be applied to all joints for the detection of leaks.
7.1.1.2 Subject to the agreement of the purchaser, molasses may be
used instead of air and soap suds to test for leaks.
7.1.1.3 Alternatively, the bottom seams may be tested by the
vacuum-box method.
7.1.2 Shell Testing
7.1.2.1 The shells of tanks shall be tested after the completion of
the roof. Wherever possible, testing shall be by filling the tank with
water to the level of the top course.
7.1.2.2 Where local conditions ar,e such that testing with water is
impractical, the tank shall be testing by. painting or spraying all joints
on the inside with a highly penetrating oil and noting any leaks.
7.1.3 Repair of Leaks
7.1.3.1 All’ leaks detected during testing shall be repaired to the
satisfaction of the purchaser and on completion, the entire tank shall be
tight and free from leaks.
7.1.3.2 In the joints between roof plates only, pinhole leaks may be
repaired by mechanical caulking. However, where there is any indication
of considerable porosity the leaks shall be sealed. by laying down an
additional layer of weld metal over the porous section.
7.1.3.3 In all other joints, whether between shell plates or bottom
plates or both, leaks shall be required only by welding, if necessary,
after first cutting out the defective part.
7.1.3.4 When the tank is filled with water for testing, defects in the
shell joints shall be repaired with the water level at least 300 mm below
the joint being repaired.
9IS:5521-1980
7.1.3.5 No welding shall be done on any tank unless all lines
connecting thereto have been completely blanked off. No repairs shall be
attempted on tanks while filled with molasses, nor any tanks which have
contained molasses until the tank has been emptied, cleaned and gas
freed in a safe manner. No repairs shall be attempted by erector on a
tank which has contained molasses except in a manner approved in
writing by the purchaser, and in the presence of the purchaser’s
inspector.
8. MARKING
8.1 The tank shall be marked legibly and permanently with the followrng
particulars:
a) Tank number, and
b) Volume of the tank in ms.
8.1.1 Each tank may also be marked with the IS1 Certification
Mark.
NOTE - The use of the IS1 Certification Mark is governed by the provisions of the
Indian Standards Institution ( Certification Marks ) Act and the Rules and Regu-
lations made thereunder. The IS1 Mark on products covered by an Indian Standard
conveys the assurance that they have been produced to comply with the requirements
ofthat rtandard under a well-defined system of inspection, testing and quality
control which is devised and supervised by IS1 and operated by the producer. IS1
marked products are also continuously checked by IS1 for conformity to that standard
as a further safeguard. Details of conditions under which a Iiccncc for the use of
the IS1 Certification Mark may be granted to manufacturers or processors, may be
obtained from the Indian Standards Institution.
APPENDIX A
( Clauses0 .4.1 and 3.1 )
DETAILS OF LOCATION, CONSTRUCTION OF PLATFORM
AND CALCULATION OF VOLUME OF STEEL
TANKS FOR STORAGE OF MOLASSES
A-l. LOCATION
A-l.1 The tank shall be adjacent to the factory to facilitate easy
transport of molasses to the tank. The tank, as far as possible, should be
away from sugar godowns, spray ponds and effluent drains.
A-1.2 The general location of the tank is indicated in Fig. 2.
A-2. CONSTRUCTION OF PLATFORM QR PLINTH
A-2.1 It is necessary that tanks are built on good foundations. Details
of a typical foundation normally adopted are shown in Fig. 3, where soil
conditions are adverse, care should be taken to design the foundation
properly such that no subsidence takes place.
10LI . ._. _-_ .,_-,.-,-11_- --- -. -----
Q
MOLASSES TANK
FIG. ‘2 GENERAL LOCATION OF A STEEL TANK FOR
STORAGE OF MOLASSES
A-3, CALCULATION OF VOLUMES OF TATYKS
A-3.1 The volume of the tanks for storing molasses for a factory
of 1 250 tonnes per day cane crushing capacity may be calculated as
follows. The required volume for different factories with varying cant
crushing capacities may be calculated accordingly:
a) Average molasses production, percent cane 4.0
bj Average duration of season in days 140
c) Total molassls production in tonnes for 7ooo
the season
d) Volume of molasses in litres/tonne at 708
90” Brix
e) Volume of molasses in ma produced in 4 955
the season
f) Add 10 percent for foam, in ma 496
g) Total gross volume in ms available for 5951 or5500
storage
h) R&ommehded number of tanks
11IS:5521- 1980
EMUMEN- SAN0 MIX TO BE COMPLETED
OVER THE WHOLE OF TANK FOUNDATION
BEFORE EREGTION OF TANK
PRE-CAST CONCRETE DRAIN
FALL 1 IN 400
Bitumen-Sand or Road-Tur Mix - In preparing this bitumen-sand mix’ it is necessary for
the engineer-in-charge to make sure t&t the mix used gives the desired result, that is,
a layer which is as waterproof as possible but at the same time suficiently firm to carry
the necessary traffic and to permit the welding of the bottom plates. To obtain this
result it is generally necessary to make one or two trial mixes and it is emphasized
that the preparation of this surface should be given good supervision,
All dimensions in millimctres.
Fro. 3 TYPICAL SECTION OF FOUNDATION FOR VERTICAL TANKS
12BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
Headquartefs:
Manak Bhavan, 9 Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg, NEW DELHI-1 10002
Telelphones : 331 01 31
331 1375
Telegrams : Manaksanstha
(Common to all Offices)
Regional OffIces: Telephone
Central : Manak Bhavan, 9 Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg, NEW DELHI 110002 331 01 31
331 1375
‘Eastern : ,104 CIT Scheme VII M, V.I.P. Road, Maniktola, CALCUTTA 70005437 86 62
Northern : SC0 335-336, Sector 34-A, CHANDIGARH 160 022 60 38 43
Southern : C.I.T. Campus, IV Cross Road, MADRAS 600113 235 23 15
*Western : Manakalaya, E9 MIDC, Marol, Andheri (East), BOMBAY 400093 832 92 95
Branch Offices:
‘Pushpak’, Nurmohamed Shaikh Marg, Khanpur, AHMADABAD 380001 30 1348
SPeenya Industrial Area, 1st Stage, Bangalore-Tumkur Road,, 39 49 55
BANGALORE 560058
Gangotri Complex, 5th Floor, Bhadbhada Road, T.T. Nagar, BHOPAL 462003 55 40 21
Plot No. 21 Satyanagar, BHUBANESHWAR 751007 40 36 27
Kalaikathir Building, 6/48 Avanashi Road, COIMBATORE 641037 21 01 41
Plot No. 43, Sector 16 A, Mathura Road, FARIDABAD 121001 8-28 88 01
Savitri Complex, 116 G.T. Road, GHAZIABAD 201001 8-71 19 96
5315 Ward No. 29, R.G. Barua Road, 5th By-lane, GUWAHATI 781003 54 1137
5-8-56C L.N. Gupta Marg, Nampally Station Road, HYDERABAD 500001 20 1’0 83
R 14 Yudhister Marg, C Scheme, JAIPUR 302005 38 13 74
117J418 B Sarvodaya Nagar, KANPUR 208005 21 68 76
Seth Bhawan, 2nd Floor, Behind Leela Cinema, Naval Kishore Road, 23 89 23
LUCKNOW 226001
Patliputra Industrial Estate, PATNA 800013 26 23 05
C/o Smt. Sunita Mirakhur,, -
66 D/C Annexe, Gandhi Nagar, JAMMU TAWI 180004
T.C. No. 140421, University P.O., Pajayam, THIRUVANANTHAPURAM 695034 6 21 17
inspection Off/ces(With Sale Point):
Pushpanjali, 1st floor, 205-A. West High Court Road, Shankar Nagar Square, 525171
NAGPUR 440010
Institution of Engineers (India) Building 1332 Shivaji Nagar, 32 36 35
PUNE 411005
Sales Office is at 5 Chowringhee Approach, P.O. Princep Street, 27 99 65
l
CALCUTTA 700072
TSales Office is at Novelty Chambers, Grant Road, BOMBAY 400007 309 65 28
*Sales Office is at ‘F’ Block, Unity Building, Narasimharaja Square, 223971
BANGALORE 560002
--
Printed at Printograph. Karol Bagh, New Delhi.
|
ISO 8504-2-2000-03.pdf
|
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 8504-2
Secondedition
2000-03-01
Preparation of steel substrates before
application of paints and related
products — Surface preparation
methods —
Part 2:
Abrasive blast-cleaning
Préparationdessubjectilesd'acieravantapplicationdepeinturesetde
produitsassimilés—Méthodesdepréparationdessubjectiles—
Partie2:Décapageparprojectiond'abrasif
Referencenumber
ISO8504-2:2000(E)
©ISO2000ISO 8504-2:2000(E)
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© ISO2000
Allrightsreserved.Unlessotherwisespecified,nopartofthispublicationmaybereproducedorutilizedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronic
ormechanical,includingphotocopyingandmicrofilm,withoutpermissioninwritingfromeitherISOattheaddressbeloworISO'smemberbody
inthecountryoftherequester.
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PrintedinSwitzerland
ii ©ISO2000–AllrightsreservedISO 8504-2:2000(E)
Contents
Page
Foreword.....................................................................................................................................................................iv
Introduction.................................................................................................................................................................v
1 Scope..............................................................................................................................................................1
2 Normativereferences....................................................................................................................................1
3 Termsanddefinitions...................................................................................................................................3
4 Abrasives........................................................................................................................................................3
5 Abrasiveblast-cleaningmethods................................................................................................................6
6 Procedure.....................................................................................................................................................10
AnnexA(informative) InternationalStandardsformetallicandnon-metallicblast-cleaningabrasives.........12
©ISO2000–Allrightsreserved iiiISO 8504-2:2000(E)
Foreword
ISO(theInternationalOrganizationforStandardization)isaworldwidefederationofnationalstandardsbodies (ISO
member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical
committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has
the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in
liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical
Commission(IEC)onallmattersofelectrotechnicalstandardization.
InternationalStandardsaredraftedinaccordancewiththerulesgivenintheISO/IECDirectives,Part3.
Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting.
PublicationasanInternationalStandardrequiresapprovalbyatleast75%ofthememberbodiescastingavote.
Attention is drawn tothe possibilitythatsomeof theelements of this partof ISO8504 maybethesubjectof patent
rights.ISOshallnotbeheldresponsibleforidentifyinganyorallsuchpatentrights.
International Standard ISO8504-2 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC35, Paints and varnishes,
SubcommitteeSC12,Preparationofsteelsubstratesbeforeapplicationofpaintsandrelatedproducts.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 8504-2:1992), which has been updated and
editoriallyrevised.
ISO8504consistsofthefollowingparts,underthegeneraltitlePreparationofsteelsubstratesbeforeapplicationof
paintsandrelatedproducts—Surfacepreparationmethods:
(cid:1) Part1:Generalprinciples
(cid:1) Part2:Abrasiveblast-cleaning
(cid:1) Part3:Hand-andpower-toolcleaning
Furtherpartsareplanned.
AnnexAofthispartofISO8504isforinformationonly.
iv ©ISO2000–AllrightsreservedISO 8504-2:2000(E)
Introduction
Theperformanceof protectivecoatings of paintandrelated products appliedto steelis significantlyaffected bythe
state of the steel surface immediately prior to painting. The principal factors that are known to influence this
performanceare:
a) thepresenceofrustandmillscale;
b) thepresenceofsurfacecontaminants,includingsalts,dust,oilsandgreases;
c) thesurfaceprofile.
International Standards ISO8501, ISO8502 and ISO8503 have been prepared to provide methods of assessing
these factors, while ISO8504 provides guidance on the preparation methods that are available for cleaning steel
substrates,indicatingthecapabilitiesofeachinattainingspecifiedlevelsofcleanliness.
These International Standards do not contain recommendations for the protective coating system to be applied to
the steel surface. Neither do they contain recommendations for the surface quality requirements for specific
situations even though surface qualitycan have a direct influence on the choice of protective coating to be applied
and on its performance. Such recommendations are found in other documents such as national standards and
codes of practice. It will be necessary for the users of these International Standards to ensure the qualities
specifiedare
(cid:1) compatibleandappropriatebothfortheenvironmentalconditionstowhichthesteelwillbeexposedandforthe
protectivecoatingsystemtobeused;
(cid:1) withinthecapabilityofthecleaningprocedurespecified.
ThefourInternationalStandardsreferredtobelowdealwiththefollowingaspectsofpreparationofsteelsubstrates:
ISO8501—Visualassessmentofsurfacecleanliness;
ISO8502—Testsfortheassessmentofsurfacecleanliness;
ISO8503—Surfaceroughnesscharacteristicsofblast-cleanedsteelsubstrates;
ISO8504—Surfacepreparationmethods.
EachoftheseInternationalStandardsisinturndividedintoseparateparts.
The primaryobjective of surface preparation is to ensure the removal of deleterious matter and to obtain a surface
that permits satisfactory adhesion of the priming paint to steel. It should also assist in reducing the amounts of
contaminantsthatinitiatecorrosion.
ThispartofISO8504describesabrasiveblast-cleaningmethods.ItshouldbereadinconjunctionwithISO8504-1.
Abrasive blast-cleaning is a most effective method for mechanical surface preparation. It is widely applicable
becausethismethodofsurfacepreparationhasanumberofversatilefeatureslistedbelow.
a) Themethodallowsahighproductionrate.
b) Theequipmentcanbestationaryormobileandisadaptabletotheobjectstobecleaned.
©ISO2000–Allrightsreserved vISO 8504-2:2000(E)
c) Themethodisapplicabletomosttypesandformsofsteelsurface.
d) Manydifferentsurfacestatescanbeproduced,forexampledifferentpreparationgradesandsurfaceprofiles.
e) Effectssuchascleaning,peening,roughening,levellingandlappingcanbeproduced.
f) Itispossibletoremoveselectivelypartlyfailedcoatings,leavingsoundcoatingsintact.
vi ©ISO2000–AllrightsreservedINTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 8504-2:2000(E)
Preparation of steel substrates before application of paints and
related products — Surface preparation methods —
Part 2:
Abrasive blast-cleaning
WARNING — The procedures described in this part of ISO8504 are intended to be carried out by suitably
trained and/or supervised personnel. The substances and procedures used in these methods may be
injurious to health if adequate precautions are not taken. Attention is drawn in the text to certain specific
hazards. This part of ISO8504 refers only to the technical suitability of the methods and does not absolve
theuserfromstatutoryobligationsrelatingtohealthandsafety.
1 Scope
This part of ISO8504 describes abrasive blast-cleaning methods for the preparation of steel surfaces before
coating with paints andrelatedproducts.It alsocontains informationon the effectiveness of the individual methods
andtheirfieldsofapplication.
ISO8504 is applicable to new and corroded steel surfaces and to steel surfaces that are uncoated or have been
previouslycoatedwithpaintsandrelatedproducts.Forlimitations,seenote2.
NOTE1 These methods are essentially intended for hot-rolled steel to remove mill scale, rust, etc., but could also be used
forcold-rolledsteelofsufficientthicknesstowithstandthedeformationcausedbytheimpactofabrasive.
NOTE2 Thereareseveralitemsthatshouldbeincludedinthepurchaser'sprocurementdocumentstosupplement thispart
of ISO8504. Items that should be considered as a part of surface preparation before coating are edge grinding, removal of
grease and oil, porosity of welds, removal of weld spatter, removal of burrs and other sharp edges, grinding of welds, filling of
pits and other surface imperfections that may cause premature failure of the coating system (see ISO8501-3 for more
information)andtheremovalofwater-solublecontaminants.
2 Normative references
Thefollowingnormativedocumentscontainprovisionswhich,throughreferenceinthis text,constituteprovisions of
this part of ISO8504. For dated references, subsequent amendments to, or revisions of any of these publications
do not apply. However, parties to agreements based on this part of ISO8504 are encouraged to investigate the
possibility of applying the most recent editions of the normative documents indicated below. For undated
references, the latest edition of the normative document referred to applies. Members of ISO and IEC maintain
registersofcurrentlyvalidInternationalStandards.
ISO4628-3:1982, Paintsandvarnishes—Evaluationofdegradationofpaintcoatings—Designationofintensity,
quantityandsizeofcommontypesofdefect—Part3:Designationofdegreeofrusting.
ISO8501-1:1988, Preparation of steel substrates before application of paints and related products — Visual
assessmentofsurfacecleanliness—Part1:Rustgradesandpreparationgradesofuncoatedsteelsubstratesand
ofsteelsubstratesafteroverallremovalofpreviouscoatings.
ISO8501-1:1988/Suppl:1994, Preparationofsteelsubstratesbeforeapplicationofpaintsandrelatedproducts—
Visual assessment of surface cleanliness — Part1: Rust grades and preparation grades of uncoated steel
©ISO2000–Allrightsreserved 1ISO 8504-2:2000(E)
substrates and of steel substrates after overall removal of previous coatings — Informative Supplement:
Representativephotographicexamplesofthechangeofappearanceimpartedtosteelwhenblast-cleanedwith
differentabrasives.
ISO8501-2:1994, Preparation of steel substrates before application of paints and related products — Visual
assessment of surface cleanliness — Part2: Preparation grades of previously coated steel substrates after
localizedremovalofpreviouscoatings.
ISO8501-3:—1), Preparation of steel substrates before application of paints and related products — Visual
assessmentofsurfacecleanliness—Part3:Preparationgradesofwelds,cutedgesandotherareaswithsurface
imperfections.
ISO/TR8502-1:1991,Preparationofsteelsubstratesbeforeapplicationofpaintsandrelatedproducts—Testsfor
theassessmentofsurfacecleanliness—Part1:Fieldtestforsolubleironcorrosionproducts.
ISO8502-2:1992,Preparationofsteelsubstratesbeforeapplicationofpaintsandrelatedproducts—Testsforthe
assessmentofsurfacecleanliness—Part2:Laboratorydeterminationofchlorideoncleanedsurfaces.
ISO8502-3:1992,Preparationofsteelsubstratesbeforeapplicationofpaintsandrelatedproducts—Testsforthe
assessmentofsurfacecleanliness—Part3:Assessmentofdustonsteelsurfacespreparedforpainting(pressure-
sensitivetapemethod).
ISO8502-9:1998,Preparationofsteelsubstratesbeforeapplicationofpaintsandrelatedproducts—Testsforthe
assessmentofsurfacecleanliness—Part9:Fieldmethodfortheconductometricdeterminationofwater-soluble
salts.
ISO8502-10:1999, Preparationofsteelsubstratesbeforetheapplicationofpaintsandrelatedproducts—Tests
fortheassessmentofsurfacecleanliness—Part10:Fieldmethodforthetitrimetricdeterminationofwater-soluble
chloride.
ISO8503-1:1988, Preparationofsteelsubstratesbeforeapplicationofpaintsandrelatedproducts—Surface
roughnesscharacteristicsofblast-cleanedsteelsubstrates—Part1:SpecificationsanddefinitionsforISOsurface
profilecomparatorsfortheassessmentofabrasiveblast-cleanedsurfaces.
ISO8503-2:1988, Preparationofsteelsubstratesbeforeapplicationofpaintsandrelatedproducts—Surface
roughnesscharacteristicsofblast-cleanedsteelsubstrates—Part2:Methodforthegradingofsurfaceprofileof
abrasiveblast-cleanedsteel—Comparatorprocedure.
ISO8504-1:2000, Preparationofsteelsubstratesbeforeapplicationofpaintsandrelatedproducts—Surface
preparationmethods—Part1:Generalprinciples.
ISO8504-3:1993, Preparationofsteelsubstratesbeforeapplicationofpaintsandrelatedproducts—Surface
preparationmethods—Part3:Hand-andpower-toolcleaning.
ISO11124 (all parts), Preparation of steel substrates before application of paints and related products —
Specificationsformetallicblast-cleaningabrasives.
ISO11126 (all parts), Preparation of steel substrates before application of paints and related products —
Specificationsfornon-metallicblast-cleaningabrasives.
NOTE ThetitlesofallpartsofISO11124andofISO11126arelistedinannexAforinformation.
1) Tobepublished.
2 ©ISO2000–AllrightsreservedISO 8504-2:2000(E)
3 Terms and definitions
ForthepurposesofthispartofISO8504,thefollowingtermsanddefinitionsapply:
3.1
abrasiveblast-cleaning
impingementofahigh-kinetic-energystreamofabrasiveontothesurfacetobeprepared
NOTE Theabrasiveistypicallypropelledeitherbycentrifugalforceorbyahigh-velocitystreamoffluidsuchasairorwater
to remove rust, mill scale, existing coatings and other contaminants and expose the substrate. The cleaned surface has a
characteristicsecondaryprofiledependentontheblast-cleaningconditions,thepropertiesoftheabrasive,theinitialconditionof
the surface and the properties of the steel being blast-cleaned. The initial surface roughness or primary profile may be altered
by the abrasive blast-cleaning procedure. Surface profiles are assessed using the method described in ISO8503-2. When
selecting a surface preparation method, it is necessary to consider the preparation grade required to give a level of surface
cleanliness and, if required, a surface profile (roughness), such as coarse, medium or fine (see ISO8503-1 and ISO8503-2),
appropriatetothecoatingsystemtobeappliedtothesteelsurface.Sincethecostofsurfacepreparationisusuallyinproportion
to the level of cleanliness, a preparation grade appropriate to the purpose and type of coating system or a coating system
appropriatetothepreparationgradewhichcanbeachievedshouldbechosen.
3.2
blast-cleaningabrasive
solidmaterialintendedtobeusedforabrasiveblast-cleaning
3.3
shot
particlesthatarepredominantlyround,thathavealengthoflessthantwicethemaximum particlewidthandthatdo
nothaveedges,brokenfacesorothersharpsurfacedefects
3.4
grit
particles that are predominantly angular, that have fractured faces and sharp edges and that are less than half-
roundinshape
3.5
cylindricalparticles
sharp-edged particles, having a diameter-to-length ratio of 1:1, cut so that their faces are approximately at right
anglestotheircentreline
4 Abrasives
4.1 Materials andtypes
4.1.1 A wide variety of natural and synthetic solid materials and several liquids are used for abrasive blast-
cleaning.Solidmaterials commonlyin usefor the preparationof steelsurfaces before coating are given in Table1.
Eachmaterialprovidesacharacteristicperformanceandsurfacefinish.
Whenselectingablast-cleaningabrasive,thefollowingfactorsrelatingtoitsinitialconditionshallbeconsidered:
(cid:1) sub-groupandtype(seeTable1);
(cid:1) indicationofchemicalcomposition;
(cid:1) rangeofparticlesize(see4.1.2);
(cid:1) particlehardness(forexampleVickers,RockwellorMohs,orasmeasuredbyanotherappropriatemethod).
InternationalStandardsformetallicandnon-metallicblast-cleaningabrasivesarelistedforinformationinannexA.
©ISO2000–Allrightsreserved 3ISO 8504-2:2000(E)
4.1.2 The size and shape of the particles of an abrasive may change during use or re-use and this change can
affecttheresultantsurfacetextureoftheblast-cleanedsteel.
Table1—Commonlyusedblast-cleaningabrasivesforsteelsubstratepreparation
Initialparticle
Compara-
Type Abbreviation shape Remarks
tora
(seeTable2)
Metallic(M) Castiron Chilled M/CI G G Mainlyfor
blast-cleaning compressed-air
abrasivesc
blast-cleaning
Caststeel High-carbon M/HCS SorG Sb
Mainlyfor
Low-carbon M/LCS S S centrifugal
blast-cleaning
Cutsteelwire — M/CW C Sb
Non-metallic(N) Natural Olivinesand N/OL
Mainlyfor
blast-cleaning
Staurolite N/ST S G compressed-air
abrasivesc
blast-cleaning
Garnet N/GA G G
Synthetic Ironfurnace (Calcium
slag silicate N/FE
slags)
Copperre- (Ferrous
N/CU
fineryslag silicate Mainlyfor
slags) G G compressed-air
Nickelre- blast-cleaning
N/NI
fineryslag
Coalfurnace (Aluminium
slag silicate N/CS
slags)
Fusedaluminiumoxide N/FA G G —
a Comparatortobeusedwhenassessingtheresultantsurfaceprofile.Themethodforevaluatingthesurfaceprofilebycomparatoris
describedinISO8503-2.
b Certain types of abrasive rapidly change their shape when used. As soon as this happens, the appearance of the surface profile
changesandbecomesclosertothatofthe"shot"comparator.
c InternationalStandardsfortherangeof abrasives givenherearelistedinannexA: theISO11124seriesformetallic blast-cleaning
abrasivesandtheISO11126seriesfornon-metallicblast-cleaningabrasives.
Table2—Initialparticleshape
Designationandinitialparticleshape Symbol
Shot—round S
Grit—angular,irregular G
Cylindrical—sharp-edged C
4 ©ISO2000–AllrightsreservedISO 8504-2:2000(E)
4.2 General requirements
4.2.1 Technical
Abrasivesshallbedry(exceptwhenaddedtopressurizedliquidorslurryblast-cleaningsystems)andshallbefree-
flowingtopermitconsistentmeteringintotheblaststream.
Abrasives shall meet the requirements specified in the ISO11124 and ISO11126 series of standards and be free
from corrosive constituents and adhesion-impairing contaminants. Because of their deleterious effect on the blast-
cleaned steel surface, permanently contaminated abrasives (for example those that cannot be cleaned before
recycling and those produced from slag that has been granulated by the use of saline water, i.e. sea water, for
cooling)arenotpermitted.
4.2.2 Healthandsafety
Equipment, materials and abrasives used for surface preparation can be hazardous if used carelessly. Many
nationalregulationsexistforthosematerials and abrasives that areconsideredto be hazardous during or after use
(wastemanagement),suchasfreesilicaorcarcinogenicortoxicsubstances.Theseregulations arethereforeto be
observed. It is important to ensure that adequate instructions are given and that all required precautions are
exercised.
4.3 Selectionconsiderations
4.3.1 Selection of a suitable abrasive, together with an appropriate blast-cleaning method and operating
conditions,isnecessarytoachievetherequiredstandardofsurfacepreparation.
The type of blast-cleaning abrasive — i.e. its particle size distribution, shape, hardness, density and impact
behaviour (deformation or shatter characteristics) — is important in determining the standards of cleanliness, the
cleaningrateandtheresultingsurfaceprofileoftheblast-cleanedsurface.
NOTE The particle size distribution of abrasives should be determined using the methods specified in ISO11125-2 and
ISO11127-2respectively(seeannexA).
4.3.2 Preliminary blast-cleaning tests are recommended to determine the most effective abrasive, the resulting
surface preparation grade and the resulting surface profile (see ISO8501-1 or ISO8501-2 and ISO8503-2). If
recycledabrasiveistobeusedfor the surfacepreparation work,itis essential thata preliminarytest becarriedout
withthesamematerial,asnewabrasivemaygivemisleadingresults[seealso4.3.3c)].
4.3.3 Whenselectinganabrasive,itisessentialthatthefollowingconsiderationsbetakenintoaccount:
a) The influence of a particular particle size on the resulting surface profile is normally greater for metallic
abrasives than for non-metallic abrasives. This is because the shatter characteristics differ and because
differencesindensityaffectthekineticenergyoftheabrasiveparticles.
b) A balanced mixture of particle sizes will produce the optimum level of cleanliness, cleaning rate and surface
profile.
c) Inblast-cleaningplantswheretheabrasiveisrecycled,itisnecessary
(cid:1) toremovedustandcontaminantsbeforetheabrasiveisre-usedand
(cid:1) to make up for the abrasive which is lost by wear and adherence to the workpieces; this is done by
controlled additions of new abrasive so that the abrasive mixture is maintained within the prescribed
particlesizelimitsorparticlesizedistribution.
Completerenewalofabrasivecharges inrecyclingmachines requires aperiodof usebeforethemixturereaches a
steadycondition.
©ISO2000–Allrightsreserved 5ISO 8504-2:2000(E)
5 Abrasive blast-cleaning methods
5.1 Dryabrasive blast-cleaning
5.1.1 Centrifugalabrasiveblast-cleaning
5.1.1.1 Principle
Centrifugal abrasive blast-cleaningis carriedoutin fixed installations or mobile units in which the abrasive is fed to
rotating wheels or impellers positioned to throw the abrasive evenly and at high velocity on to the surface to be
cleaned.
5.1.1.2 Fieldofapplication
The method is suitable for continuous operation on workpieces with accessible surfaces. It is also applicable to
workpieceshavingdifferentrustgrades(seeISO8501-1).
NOTE Most centrifugal abrasive blast-cleaning equipment is stationary and the abrasive is circulated in a closed system.
The workpieces are either fed through or rotated within the equipment. In certain cases, the equipment may be mobile, and
thereforeusefulforcleaninglargeuninterruptedsurfaces,suchasships'hullsandoilstoragetanks.
5.1.1.3 Effectiveness
ThismethodcanachievepreparationgradeSa3onsteelofallrustgradesdefinedinISO8501-1.
5.1.1.4 Limitations
Centrifugal abrasive blast-cleaning equipment has to be carefullyset up for each application and so this method is
generallylimitedtorepetitiveworkassociatedwithhigh-volumethroughputorcontinuousproduction.
Generally, chemicals contaminating a steel surface cannot be totally removed by centrifugal blast-cleaning. Thus,
additionaltreatmentisrequired(see6.3)ifcompleteremovalisnecessary.
5.1.2 Compressed-airabrasiveblast-cleaning
5.1.2.1 Principle
Compressed-air abrasive blast-cleaning is carried out by feeding the abrasive into an air stream and directing the
air/abrasivemixtureathighvelocityfromanozzleontothesurfacetobecleaned.
The abrasive maybe injected into the air stream from a pressurized container or maybe drawn into the air stream
bysuctionfromanunpressurizedcontainer.
5.1.2.2 Fieldofapplication
The method is suitable for cleaning workpieces (including large structures) of all types. It is also applicable to
workpieces having different rust grades (see ISO8501-1). It may be used either continuously or intermittently and
maybeusedwhencentrifugalabrasiveblast-cleaning(5.1.1)isnotsuitable.
Thissystemofcleaningcanbeusedinfactories,roomsorcabinets,oronsite.
5.1.2.3 Effectiveness
ThismethodisversatileandcanachievepreparationgradeSa3onsteelofallrustgradesdefinedinISO8501-1.
6 ©ISO2000–AllrightsreservedISO 8504-2:2000(E)
5.1.2.4 Limitations
This method gives rise to evolution of free dust and its use may be restricted in applications where dust
suppressionorextractionfacilitiesareunabletomeetpermissibleenvironmentalcontaminationlevels.
Generally, chemicals contaminating a steel surface cannot be totally removed by compressed-air abrasive blast-
cleaning.Thus,additionaltreatmentisrequired(see6.1and6.3)ifcompleteremovalisnecessary.
5.1.3 Vacuumorsuction-headabrasiveblast-cleaning
5.1.3.1 Principle
This method is similar to compressed-air abrasive blast-cleaning (5.1.2) but with the blast nozzle enclosed in a
suction head sealed to the steel surface, collecting the spent abrasive and contaminants. Alternatively, the
air/abrasivestreammaybesuckedontothesurfacebyreducedpressureatthesuctionhead.
5.1.3.2 Fieldofapplication
The method is particularly suitable for localized cleaning where the dust and debris resulting from other blast-
cleaning techniques are unacceptable and where the technical requirements (for example tight sealing of the
suctionheadtothesurface)canbemet.
5.1.3.3 Effectiveness
This method is clean, with little dust produced in the area, and can achieve preparation grade Sa2½ as defined in
ISO8501-1.Afteranextendedperiodofcleaningwiththismethod,preparationgradeSa3maybeobtained.
5.1.3.4 Limitations
This method is more time-consuming than other blast-cleaning methods. It is unsuitable for cleaning heavily
corroded steel (of rust gradeD as defined in ISO8501-1) and not applicable to irregular shapes due to the
necessitytosealthesuctionheadtightlytothesurfaceanddifficultiesinhandlingtheequipment.
Generally,chemicals contaminatingasteelsurfacecannot betotallyremoved by vacuum or suction-head abrasive
blast-cleaning.Thus,additionaltreatmentisrequired(see6.1and6.3)ifcompleteremovalisnecessary.
5.2 Wet abrasive blast-cleaning
5.2.1 General
The water used for wet abrasive blast-cleaning shall have a low salt content to avoid contamination of the surface
beingprepared.
5.2.2 Moisture-injectionabrasiveblast-cleaning(compressed-airmoisture-injectionabrasiveblast-
cleaning)
5.2.2.1 Principle
This method is similar to compressed-air abrasive blast-cleaning (5.1.2) but with the addition, upstream of the
nozzle, of a very small amount of liquid (usually clean, fresh water) to the air/abrasive stream, resulting in a blast-
cleaningprocedurewhichisdust-freein thesuspended-particlesizerangeof less than50µm.Theconsumptionof
watercanbecontrolledandisusually15l/hto25l/h.
Asuitablerustinhibitormaybeaddedtothewater(see,however,5.2.2.4).
©ISO2000–Allrightsreserved 7ISO 8504-2:2000(E)
5.2.2.2 Fieldofapplication
This method is suitable for cleaning workpieces (including large structures) of all types. It is also applicable to
workpieces having different rust grades (see ISO8501-1) as the addition of liquid can be controlled to match the
intensityof the dust produced. It can be used in the majorityof cases where high dust levels and large amounts of
wateraretobeavoided.
The addition of liquid, which binds the dust, is controlled in such a way that normally no liquid drips out of the
nozzle.This means thatthe individualabrasiveparticles are enveloped with an extremelythin liquidfilm that, when
theparticlesburst,preventstheformationofdustaroundthesurfacebeingtreated.
5.2.2.3 Effectiveness
ThismethodisversatileandcanachievepreparationgradeSa3onsteelofallrustgradesdefinedinISO8501-1.
5.2.2.4 Limitations
The surface preparation quality achieved by this method differs from that obtained by compressed-air abrasive
blast-cleaning (5.1.2) only by the fact that the prepared surface is initially moist. The moisture disappears within a
few minutes, the time depending on the ambient conditions, and may cause a light, negligible rust trace on the
roughenedsurface.Incaseswhere"flashrusting"occurs,suitablecoatingsystemsarenecessary.
Whenarustinhibitorisused,itshallbecompatiblewiththesubsequentcoating.
NOTE The use of a rust inhibitor in the water may require that special waste disposal procedures have to be taken to
complywithlocalenvironmentalregulations.
5.2.3 Compressed-airwetabrasiveblast-cleaning
5.2.3.1 Principle
This method is similar to compressed-air abrasive blast-cleaning (5.1.2) but with the addition of liquid (generally
clean,freshwater)downstreamofthenozzletoproduceastreamofair,waterandabrasive.
Asuitablerustinhibitormaybeaddedtothewater(see,however,5.2.3.4).
5.2.3.2 Fieldofapplication
This method is suitable for cleaning workpieces (including large structures) of all types. It is also applicable to
workpieces having different rust grades (see ISO8501-1) and particularly for pitted and chemically contaminated
steel, provided the presence of water is permitted. It may be used in both continuous and intermittent operations,
particularlywherecleanedsurfacesarerequiredtohavelowlevelsofresidualsolublesalts.
For surface preparation during maintenance, it is possible to partially or selectively remove existing coatings by
adjustingthepressureandtheproportionsofair,waterandabrasiveinthemixture.
5.2.3.3 Effectiveness
This method can achieve preparation grade Sa3 as defined in ISO8501-1. The method is particularly suitable for
reducing the amount of water-soluble contaminants and minimizing dust generation during cleaning. Since the
waterisaddeddownstreamofthenozzle,thechemicalcleaningactionislesseffective.
5.2.3.4 Limitations
The blast-cleaned surface is usually covered with a slurry that impairs visual examination by the operator. This
slurry must therefore be removed by a dry blast or water jet. The surface may need to dry before application of
8 ©ISO2000–AllrightsreservedISO 8504-2:2000(E)
paint, and "flash rusting" may occur. This thin iron oxide film will need to be removed if considered detrimental to
thesubsequentcoating.
Wetblast-cleaningshallnotbeusedwherethepresenceofwatercanbeharmful.
Theabrasivesusedaregenerallyrestrictedtoexpendablenon-ferrousmaterials.
Whenarustinhibitorisused,itshallbecompatiblewiththesubsequentcoating.
NOTE The use of a rust inhibitor in the water may require that special waste disposal procedures have to be taken to
complywithlocalenvironmentalregulations
5.2.4 Slurryblast-cleaning
5.2.4.1 Principle
Adispersionof fineabrasive in water or another liquidis directed, with pumps or compressedair,onto the surface
tobecleaned.
Asuitablerustinhibitormaybeadded(see,however,5.2.3.4).
5.2.4.2 Fieldofapplication
Thismethodis suitablefor producinga finesurfaceprofileon surfaces requiring little or no secondary profile, often
neededforsmallworkpieces.
5.2.4.3 Effectiveness
Thismethodleadstoaparticularlyfineandevensurfacetextureandisparticularlysuitableforreducingtheamount
ofsolublesalts.
5.2.5 Pressurized-liquidblast-cleaning
5.2.5.1 Principle
An abrasive (or a mixture of abrasives) is introduced into a stream of liquid (generally clean, fresh water) and the
streamdirectedthroughanozzleontothesurfacetobecleaned.
The stream is predominantly pressurized liquid, and additions of solid abrasives are normally less than for
compressed-airwetabrasiveblast-cleaning.
Theabrasivemaybeintroducedeitherdry(withorwithoutair)orasawetslurry.
Asuitablerustinhibitormaybeaddedtothewater(see,however,5.2.3.4).
5.2.5.2 Fieldofapplication
Asforcompressed-airwetabrasiveblast-cleaning(see5.2.3.2).
5.2.5.3 Effectiveness
This method can achieve preparation grade Sa3 on steel of rust grades A, B and C and Sa2½ on steel of rust
gradeD as defined in ISO8501-1. It is particularly suitable for reducing the amount of water-soluble contaminants
but is less easyto control than compressed-air wet abrasive blast-cleaning (see 5.2.3) for removal of soluble salts,
andthehighwaterpressureisapotentialhazard.
©ISO2000–Allrightsreserved 9ISO 8504-2:2000(E)
5.2.5.4 Limitations
Asforcompressed-airwetabrasiveblast-cleaning(see5.2.3.4).
6 Procedure
6.1 Preparation before blast-cleaning
Check visuallyfor the presence of oil, grease,salts or similar contaminants. Removeanydeposits of these using a
degreasing or washing procedure and check whether any contaminants are still present. Mask off areas not to be
blast-cleaned.
SuitablemethodsforremovalofcontaminantsaredescribedinISO12944-42).
NOTE1 Itisimportantthatsurfacedepositsofgrease,oil,dirtandslagberemovedpriortoblast-cleaning,preferablywitha
detergentwashorcleanorganicsolvent.Ifthisstageisomitted,thepresenceofthesedepositswhentransferredtotheabrasive
makesitdifficultandsometimesimpossibletocleantheabrasiveforre-use.
NOTE2 It may be advantageous to remove heavy, firmly adhering rust and scale by hand- or power-tool cleaning (see
ISO8504-3). In addition, recommendations regarding the preliminary treatment of welds, the removal of weld spatter and the
removalofburrsandothersharpedgesshouldbeprovided.
NOTE3 Whenusingwetabrasiveblast-cleaningmethods(see5.2),asuitabledetergentmaybeaddedtotheliquidtoassist
theremovalofgrease,oil,dirtandsolublesaltsduringtheblast-cleaningprocess.
6.2 Blast-cleaning
6.2.1 Assess the rust grade(s) of the workpiece, by the method described in ISO8501-1 and/or in ISO4628-3,
withinthelimitsofacontractorspecification,ifany.
6.2.2 Determine the minimum preparation grade required, by reference to 6.2.1 and to the preparation grades
definedinISO8501-1and/orISO8501-2.AlsodeterminetherequiredsurfaceprofilebyreferencetoISO8503-1.
6.2.3 Select the appropriate blast-cleaning method from those described in clause5 to produce the required
preparationgradeandsurfaceprofile.
6.2.4 Select the appropriate type and particle size distribution of blast-cleaning abrasive to suit the properties of
the workpiece, the characteristics of the blast-cleaning equipment and the required preparation grade and surface
profile.ForinformationonexistingInternationalStandards,seeannexA.
6.3 After blast-cleaning
After dry abrasive blast-cleaning, remove loosely adhering dust, debris and blast-cleaning abrasive from the
surface by suction, by brushing or by use of compressed air free of oil and moisture. If the amount of residual
soluble impurities is to be reduced, wash with a steam jet, hot fresh water, solvent or other suitable cleaner
(followedbyrinsingwithcleanfreshwater)anddry.
Afterwetabrasiveblast-cleaning,washallsurfacesdownwithfreshwatertoremovelooselyadheringabrasiveand
other residues. The water may contain an agreed rust inhibitor. Compressed air free of oil and moisture or other
means(forexampleheatedair)maythenbeusedtoassistindryingthesurfacesbeforeapplicationofpaint.
Beforeapplication of paints andrelatedproducts,a blast-cleanedsurfacemayneed to dry, and "flash rusting" may
occur.Thisthinironoxidefilmwillneedtoberemovedifconsidereddetrimentaltothesubsequentcoating.
2) ISO12944-4,Paintsandvarnishes—Corrosionprotectionofsteelstructuresbyprotectivepaintsystems—Part4:Types
ofsurfaceandsurfacepreparation.
10 ©ISO2000–AllrightsreservedISO 8504-2:2000(E)
6.4 Assessment of the blast-cleaned surface
Assess all cleaned surfaces as described in ISO8501 and ISO8502 for compliance with the requirements of a
contract/specification.Intheeventofnon-compliance,repeattheprocedure(seeclause6).
NOTE Representative photographic examples of the colour changes imparted to steel that is dry blast-cleaned to
ISO8501-1, preparation grade Sa3, with different metallic and non-metallic abrasives are provided in the Informative
SupplementtoISO8501-1.
If specified or agreed, the surfaces shall additionally be assessed in accordance with ISO/TR8502-1, ISO8502-2,
ISO8502-9,ISO8502-10andISO8503-2.
©ISO2000–Allrightsreserved 11ISO 8504-2:2000(E)
Annex A
(informative)
International Standards for metallic and non-metallic blast-cleaning
abrasives
A.1 Requirements and test methods for metallic blast-cleaning abrasives are contained in ISO11124 and
ISO11125.
ISO11124consistsofthefollowingparts,underthegeneraltitle:
Preparationofsteelsubstratesbeforeapplicationofpaintsandrelatedproducts—Specificationsformetallicblast-
cleaningabrasives:
(cid:1) Part1:Generalintroductionandclassification
(cid:1) Part2:Chilled-irongrit
(cid:1) Part3:High-carboncast-steelshotandgrit
(cid:1) Part4:Low-carboncast-steelshot
ISO11125consistsofthefollowingparts,underthegeneraltitle:
Preparationofsteelsubstratesbeforeapplicationofpaintsandrelatedproducts—Testmethodsformetallicblast-
cleaningabrasives:
(cid:1) Part1:Sampling
(cid:1) Part2:Determinationofparticlesizedistribution
(cid:1) Part3:Determinationofhardness
(cid:1) Part4:Determinationofapparentdensity
(cid:1) Part5:Determinationofpercentagedefectiveparticlesandofmicrostructure
(cid:1) Part6:Determinationofforeignmatter
(cid:1) Part7:Determinationofmoisture
12 ©ISO2000–AllrightsreservedISO 8504-2:2000(E)
A.2 Requirements and test methods for non-metallic blast-cleaning abrasives are contained in ISO11126 and
ISO11127.
ISO11126consistsofthefollowingparts,underthegeneraltitle:
Preparationofsteelsubstratesbeforeapplicationofpaintsandrelatedproducts—Specificationsfornon-metallic
blast-cleaningabrasives:
(cid:1) Part1:Generalintroductionandclassification
(cid:1) Part3:Copperrefineryslag
(cid:1) Part4:Coalfurnaceslag
(cid:1) Part5:Nickelrefineryslag
(cid:1) Part6:Ironfurnaceslag
(cid:1) Part7:Fusedaluminiumoxide
(cid:1) Part8:Olivinesand
(cid:1) Part9:Staurolite
(cid:1) Part10:Almanditegarnet(tobepublished)
ISO11127consistsofthefollowingparts,underthegeneraltitle:
Preparationofsteelsubstratesbeforeapplicationofpaintsandrelatedproducts—Testmethodsfornon-metallic
blast-cleaningabrasives:
(cid:1) Part1:Sampling
(cid:1) Part2:Determinationofparticlesizedistribution
(cid:1) Part3:Determinationofapparentdensity
(cid:1) Part4:Assessmentofhardnessbyaglassslidetest
(cid:1) Part5:Determinationofmoisture
(cid:1) Part6:Determinationofwater-solublecontaminantsbyconductivitymeasurement
(cid:1) Part7:Determinationofwater-solublechlorides
©ISO2000–Allrightsreserved 13ISO 8504-2:2000(E)
ICS 25.220.10
Pricebasedon13pages
©ISO2000–Allrightsreserved
|
14978.pdf
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IS 14978:2002
WwmMFm
yl-almr+r?ml-qmqq
Indian Standard
NEW SEVEN TOOLS FOR QUALITY MANAGEMENT
lCS 03.120.30
(3 BIS2002
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG
NEW DELHI 110002
April 2002 Price Group 7
..
IStatistical Methods for Quality and Reliability Sectional Committee, MSD 3
FOREWORD
This Indian Standard was adopted by the Bureau of Indian Standards, after the draft finalized bythe Statistical
Methods for Quality and Reliability Sectional Committee had been approved bythe Management and Systems
Division Council.
In this era of globalization, the organizations are aiming for continuous quality improvement, for which they
needtoolsandtechniques. Thebasicseventools,namely,Check-sheet,Histogram, Scatterdiagram, Stratification,
Pareto diagram, Cause-and-Effect diagram, and Control charts are useful for quality control. In addition the
following new seven tools are also very useful for quality improvement:
a) Affinity Diagram,
b) Tree Diagram,
c) Arrow Diagram,
d) Process Decision Programme Chart,
e) Matrix Diagram,
f) Relations Diagram, and
g) Matrix Data Analysis.
These new tools are essentially systems and documentation methods, interrelated, used to achieve success in
design by identifying customers needs andtranslating them to technical requirements inthe intermediate steps
in the finest detail as also for solving quality-related problems. Therefore, these tools are also used by the
Quality Function Deployment (QFD) team in any organization to achieve better design in less time. Quality
Function Deployment (QFD) refers toasystem fordesigning aproduct orservice bytranslating the customer’s
needs into appropriate technical requirements at each stage with the participation of members of all functions
of the supplier organization.
It may be mentioned that these new seven tools are complimentary to old seven tools and therefore do not
replace them.
The relations ipamong these new seven tools hasbeen shown in4.
The Composition of the Committee responsible for the formulation of this standard isgiven inAnnex A.t+<
-
Is 14978:2002
Indian Standard
NEW SEVEN TOOLS FOR QUALITY MANAGEMENT
1 SCOPE 3.1.3 Procedure
This standard describes the following new seventools a) State the topic to be studied in broad terms
for quality improvement: (details may prejudice the response).
a) Affinity Diagram, b) Record as many individual ideas, opinions
or concerns as possible on cards (one per
b) Tree Diagram,
card).
c) Arrow Diagram,
c) Mix the cards and spread them randomly on
d) Process Decision Programme Chart,
a large table.
e) Matrix Diagram,
d) Group related cards together as follows:
o Relations Diagram, and
@ Matrix Data AnaIysis. — sort cards that seem to be related into
groups, and
The above tools have been illustrated with examples
— limit number ofgrouping to ten without
for better understanding.
forcing single cards into groups.
2 REFERENCE e) Locate or create a header card that captures
the meaning of each group.
The following standard contains provision, which
o Place this header card on top.
through reference inthis text constitutes provision of
this standard. At the time of publication, the edition !4) Transfer the information from cards onto
indicated was valid. All standards are subject to paper, organized by groupings.
revision and parties to agreements based on this 3.1.4 Examples
standard are encouraged to investigate the possibility
3.1.4.1 Affinity diagram for ‘Requirements for a
of applying the most recent edition of the standard
Telephone Answering Machine’ is shown in Fig. 1
given below:
and Table 1.
1SNo. TitIe
3.1.4.2 Affinity diagram for ‘Developing Process for
12801:1989 Pareto diagram andcauseandeffect
Continuous Improvement’ is shown in Fig. 2.
diagram
3 NEW SEVEN TOOLS 3.2 Tree Diagram
3.2.1 Application
3.1 Affinity Diagram
A tree diagram is used to show the interrelation
3.1.1 Application
between atopic and itscomponent elements.
Anaffinity diagram isusedtoorganize intogroupings
3.2.2 Description
a large number of ideas, opinions or concerns about a
particular topic. A tree diagram systematically breaks down a topic
into its component elements. Ideas generated by
3.1.2 Description
brainstorming and graphed or clustered with an
When a large number of ideas, opinions or other affinity diagram can beconverted intoatree diagram
concerns about a particular topic are being collec’ed, to show logical and sequential links. This tool can be
this tool organizes the information into groupin~~ used in planning and problem solving.
based on the natural relationships that exist among
3.2.3 Procedure
them. The process isdesigned to stimulate creativity
andfullparticipation, Itworks bestingroupsoflimited a) Statethe topic to be studied clearly;
size (amaximum of eight members isrecommended) b) Define the major categories of the topic;
inwhichmembers areaccustomed toworkingtogether.
(brainstorm or usethe header cards from the
This tool isoften used to organize ideasgenerated by
affinity diagram);
brainstorming.
1IS 14978:2002
I Time and date stamp I Qtsiclcreference carcl I
bEi@z I
Variable length messages
I
I Clear instructions
I
~ Erase “Selected” messages
I I
Secretaccesscode
~ I
I
Controls clearly marked Doesn’t count “hang-ups”
I
Can operate from remote phone
Indicates number of messages
II
FIG. 1RANDOMDISPLAYASPERSTEP(c)OF 3.1.3
Table 1 Data Organized By Grouping AsPer isshown inFig. 3and for Poor Attendance atQuality
Step (e) of 3.1.3 Circle Meeting in Fig. 4.
(Ckzuse 3.1.4.1)
3.3 Arrow Diagram
Variablelengthmessages Incomingmessages
Timeanddatestamp 3.3.1 Application
Doesn’tcount“hang-ups”
Indicatesnumberofmessages Ituses a network representation to show the steps
necessary to implement a plan. An arrow diagram
Secretaccesscode
earphonejack ------j establishes the most suitable daily plan for a project
andmonitors itsprogress efficiently. This tool isused
Clearinstructions Instructions
Quickreferencecard I to plan or schedule a task, or events, taking note of
Controls clearlymarked 7 duration to complete each such sub-task. The tool is
Easytouse very useful in increasing the efficiency of jobs that
Canoperatefromremotephone
are repetitive in nature. It is often used in PERT
Easytoerase (Program Evaluation and Review Technique) and
Erase“selected”messages
CPM (Critical Path Method).
3.3.2 Description
Construct the diagram by placing the topic
The arrow diagram displays every job necessary for
in a box on the left-hand side;
promoting aproject and its subordinate relationships
Branch the major categories laterally to the
through the use of an arrow network.
right;
For each major category, define the compo- The symbols for the following terms used in this
nent elements and sub-elements, if any; diagram are given in Fig. 5:
Laterally branch to the right the component — Event node, Job activity, Event number
elements and sub-elements for each major — Preceding ~ndsucceeding jobs
category; and
— Parallel jobs
Review the diagram to ensure that there are
— Useof dummies
no gaps ineither sequence or logic.
— Node number
3.2.4 Example — Jobcard
The Tree diagram for Telep?toneAnswering Machine
2EzEcl
Controls Management
Commitment
I I
Identifi customer Identify training needs Define processes Grant access to
of information
. Organization
Supplier
- Customer m
I Create a steering
Establish measurement
committee with real
system
authority
Interpret customer
Involve middle and
requirements correctly Determine process I Break down barriers
senior managers in I
capability
steering committee
Identi& faculty
J
Provide operational out- Make project by
put in form of specifica- project improvement
tions and design
I I
I
Get continuous feed
back Establish consistent
reward system
Update profile of Implement corrective
trainees action
FIG.2 AFFINITYDIAGRAMFORDEVELOPINGPROCESSOFCONTINUOUSIMFJROVEMENTS
,., ...,..>. . >
I
&. Z., .1S 14978:2002
(Topic) (Major Categories) (Component Elements) (Sub-elements)
Variable length
message
— Incoming message Memory counters
Does not count
“hangs-ups”
Indicates number of
1 messages
=
Clear instructions
E
Instructions
.
I messages I
FIG.3 TREEDIAGRAMFORTELEPHONEANSWERINGMACHINE-.
Award certificate
J
Recognition for participation
t
--l I
Management support -1 Pay for knowledge
I
Awareness of impofiance I
--i Lunch with CEO I
1- --i
Priority
High visibility promotion
I Poor attendance 1-1
t
Include in appraisal
Letter from president
J
. requesting attendance
W
Individual appreciation
I
Appreciation for successful -4Selection of group ofthe month
application ofnewly acquired
skills
t
4 Selection ofemployee ofthe
I I month
Advertisement 1
‘-iSeparate newspaper for training
function
,.
FIG.4 TREEDIAGRAMFORPOORATTENDANCEATQUALITYCIRCLEMEETING
. P
.
“.... ” ,IS 14978:2002
Eventnode: They arethestarting
and finishing points which
become connected with other
F:::::::Anelementthat
W+@
Preceding and succeeding jobs
Dummy: An element that indicates
mim ~
~ correlation among jobs but does not
oI record time
2
Node number
Event number, Node number: A number written in
the event isusedto indicate the event orthe order of
W@ event
A2 RA
?7A 2
@-’@ 2
t+ *
B
Parallel job 1B4 1 B4
o 4
c.
C3 c
3
I I a d
Jobtype
1 I A A
I r I
Job card
~lco
..-
FIG. 5 SYMBOLSOFVARIOUSTERMSUSED INARROWDIAGRAMS
— job cards having parallel relationships
3.3.3 Procedure
mustbepositioned appropriately relative
a) List the necessary jobs for project comple- tothe cards inabove step. Decide onthe
tion and then write them on the paper. finalposition forallcards andaffix them
b) Prepare job card by writing the type of the to the paper.
work. — arrow diagram is finished by connect-
c) Arrange thejob cards on alarge piece ofpa- ing the final arrangement of nodes and
per according towhether they arepreceding, job cards with arrows. An arrow should
succeeding or parallel jobs. not branch off orjoin with other arrows.
d) Remove alljob cardsforunnecessaryjobs and Branching andjoining shallbedone only
add thejob cards ofnecessary jobs that have at nodes.
been omitted. 3.3.4 Example
e) Determine the location of the cards as per
Arrow diagram for ‘Quality assurance during
following criteria:
production preparation stage’ is shown in Fig. 6.
— findthepr~cesswherethemaximum job
cards can be placed in series. Position 3.4 Process, Decision Program Chart (PDPC)
the job cards that have a preceding –
3.4.1 Application
succeeding relationship along this proc-
ess with an interval enough for a node The process decision program chart (PDPC) method
to be placed between them. helps us select the best processes to obtain optimum
6..
.-
r
3 .% 3 k
(
--)+...(-)+..(-)
A.n.n- +
!$2 $
“$
23
.. Z.....
k..............................................................------.
.- .........................-
3: W!5
u .: G
tIS 14978:2002
resultsbyevaluating theprogress ofeventsandvarious 3.4.3 Procedure
conceivable outcomes.
a) Discuss the issues related to the project
3.4.2 Description among a cross-functional team.
b) Discuss which issues must be examined and
3.4.2.1 The process decision program chart (PDPC)
identify those issues.
method is used to define the solution process when
c) Consider and note down all the anticipated
dealing with problems that have more than one
results for the identified issues.
possible outcome. [t anticipates the unexpected
outcomes at each stage and plans for it. d) Weigh the feasibility of each solution
proposed and investigate alternate solutions.
3.4.2.2 PDPC has two following patterns:
e) Classify each issue according to itsurgency,
Pattern I – In this pattern process starts with initial number ofoperations required, likelihood of
condition ‘A’ and proceeds to the desired final OC:urrence and difficulty.
condition ‘Z’ in an organized manner (see Fig. 7). f) Consider the anticipated results and
alternative solutions related to issues that
Pattern 11- In this pattern, first the final condition
‘Z’ is set. Then the process from ‘Z’ to the initial must be addressed immediately and link the
point ‘A’ is developed with the inclusion of various items with arrows to the desired goal.
alternatives from many points of view (see Fig. 7).
-/7
z
B, B2 Bq
Pattern - I
Beginning Preferable
Condition Condition
From desired condition Z,
consider how to link Z to A
through Intermediate event Al
Az.
Pattern - II
WhenZisanundesiredcondition,wemustfindasolutionthatcutsthechainZ+ Al-+A
FIG.7 PATTERNIAND11OFPDPC
8$!_
IS 14978:2002
f) Prioritizethedifferentissuesandconsiderthem out principal factors from a plethora of phenomena
all together. Information related to one setof concerning a subject under study. It clarifies
possibilitiescouldinfluenceanotherset.Related problematic spotsthrough multidimensional thinking.
itemsshallbe linkedwith abroken line. Matrix diagram method is also the best method of
h) If the department that will handle a process organizing datainordertoapplymultivariate analysis.
involving several lines isdetermined, circle
3.5.2.2 Most commonly used matrix diagrams are
the process and write the name of the
L-type matrix and T-type matrix. Examples of these
department within.
types of matrix diagrams are shown in Fig. 10.
j) Set atarget date for completion.
3.5.3 Procedure
k) Have regular meetings to check progress in
,:
terms of the original PDPC. - a) Select the key factors affecting successful *
implementation. Begin with the right issues
3.4.4 Examples
and best format will define itself.
3.4.4.1 Process decision program chart for decrease b) Assemble theproper team members who can
main drive kW variability by Pattern 1is shown in realistically assess the chosen factors.
Fig. 8.
c) On the basis of number of sets of items and
3.4.4.2 Process decision program chart for technique types ofcomparison needs tobemade, select
review by Pattern 11isshown in Fig. 9. an appropriate matrix format.
:;
d) Choose and define relationship symbols.
3.5 Matrix Diagram Most commonly used symbols are as given j
below:
3.5.1 Application
— Strong Relationship
Matrix diagram is used to systematically identify,
.
— Relationship 0
analyze and rate the presence and strength of
relationships between two ormore setsofinformation/ — Likely Relationship —— A
factors. It is often used in deploying quality e) Complete the matrix
requirements into counterpart (engineering)
3.5.4 Example
characteristics andthen intoproduction requirements.
L-type matrix diagram for ‘quality functions and
3.5.2 Description
responsibilities’ isshown in Table 2.
.-
3.5.2.1 The matrix diagram method isdesignedtoseek
Decrease main drive kW variability
Gear box Main feeder Homogenizer variability
Pressure balance Motor problem
Decrease NJflow Decreases wear height
Done dramatic improvement
FIG.8PROCESSDECISIONPROGRAMMECHART
9...
E
Establish production techniques for extrusion models
,,
I I
+——————A N
o
II
Bad appearance ofthe formed models
I1 0 N
I I
&
I I
Shape ofmold maybe affecting the form
I Appearance based onthe shape of the mold I
1 I
4. +~~
Evaluate D-type mold Evaluate B-type mold
Evaluate C-type mold
+
Spread evenly within mold Do not diverge within a
metal mold Does appearance satis~ our needs? Do not re-blend within a
+
v Get rid of stagnation area Appearance isOK
Effective back pressure
Improve C–type
within mold
within mold
mold
/
Decision ismade for equipment
investment for method 2
Improve D-type mold
Test for pressure loss
I
Solution
FIG.9 PDPC FOR‘TECHNIQUEREVIEW’.
IS 14978:2002
—
A I
— —
al a2 a3 c ....................
— — — c ;3
ij--
— . /— —
b2 C2
/— — \
b3 c1
7 — — —
b4# A ~ ...........
— —
B bl
b2
b3
B:
.
— I —
L-TypeMatrix T-TypeMatrix
FIG. 10 L-TYPE ANDT-TYPE MATRIX
3.6 Relations Diagram 3.6.3.3 Relationship indication relations diagram
3.6.1 Application There are no restrictions on this format because the
main point is to arrange the cause-and-effect
This diagram clarifies the interrelations inacomplex
relationships oftheapplication itemsorfactors sothat
situation involving many interrelated factors and
they are expressed in a straightforward manner in a
serves to clarify the cause and effect relationships
diagram.
among factors.
3.6.4 Procedure
3.6.2 Description
a) Define the issue/problem in such a way that
Relations diagram is defined as a technique used to
itisclearlyunderstood andagreed onbyteam
solve problems that have complex cause and effect
members.
relationships among anumber ofproblems andfactors
b) Assemble the cross-finctional team.
that influence them.
c) Layoutalltheideas/issuecardsthathave been
NOTE—Cause-and-effect diagram(detailsgiveninIS12801 ) brought from other tools.
showsthevariouscausesforaneffect.Butrelationdsiagramisan
d) Look for cause/influence relationships
effectivetoolforreachingtherootcauseoftheproblem.
between all ideas and draw relationship
3.6.3 Format
arrows:
Aspecial feature ofrelation diagram isitsunrestricted — chooseanyoftheideasasastarting point
format. However general formats are asgiven below. and work through them in sequence;
— anoutgoing arrow fromanideaindicates
3.6.3.1 Centrally converging relations diagram
that itisthe stronger cause or influence;
The mnjor item or problem to be solved islocated in — draw only one way relationship arrows
the center, and the related factors arearranged around inthe direction of the stronger cause or
the item orproblem insuch away asto indicate close influence. Make a decision on the
relationships. stronger direction. Do not draw two
headed arrows.
3.6.3.2 Directionally intensive relations diagram
e) Review and revise the relations’ diagram.
The major item or problem to be solved islocated on
8 Tally the number of outgoing and incoming
one side of the diagram, and the various factors
arrows and select key items for further
arranged in accordance with the flow of their major
planning:
cause-and-effect relationships on the other side.
— recordandclearlymarknexttoeachissue
11
I$%
Is 14978:2002
Table 2 Matrix Diagram for Quality Functions and Responsibilities
(Clause 3.5.4)
QualityFunction DisciplinesInvolved
w
,5- .-
8 E:
[1) I (2) (4) (6) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14)
——
35!?=o =0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
A 0 A A A A A
a
A A 0 0 0 A A
@
Preparationofinspection 0 A
4.
plan
5. Selectionofinstruments
0
6. Qualitysurveyofsuppliers 0
7. Reeeiveinspection A A A
Vendorevaluationand 0
8.
rating
9. Handling,storage,issue o
A 0 0 A
~ 0
3=
12. In-processeorrtrol A 0 A
13. Finalproducttesting A
‘,
‘
14. Packing,delivery,shipping
@-
15. Atter salesservice 0
-@_
o A 0 0 0 A
1 .
17. Maintenance 0 0 Q_
--z-
0 A A -6- 0 T- A A
0 A
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
@
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
may become afocus for planning either
thenumberofarrowsgoinginandoutofit
as ameaningfirl measure of overall suc-
— find the items with the highest number
cess or as a redefinition of the original
of outgoing arrows and the items with
issue under discussion.
the highest number of incoming arrows;
3.6.5 Example
— ahigh number of outgoing arrows indi-
cate that the item is a root cause and 3.6.5.1 Relationdiagram forissuesinvolved inrepeat
should be tackle first; service calls isshown in Fig. 11.
— ahigh number of incoming arrows indi-
3.6.5.2 Relation diagram for resource priorities is
cate that the item is a key outcome and
shown in Fig. 12.
12J%_
.,
-’/
IS 14978:2002
Lack of clearjob expectations Lack of knowledge ofjob by Lack of’trades experience
by subcontractors subcontractor interviewer in management
Lack ofknowledge of matching
Lack ofgood people
people tojob requirements
+ +
Wrong person sent Lack of information onjob
+
Ezzpzz3
Lack offormal record of
what finaljob is
*
Unreasonable customer Unclear customer expectations Advertising promises
FIG. 11 RELATIONSDIAGRAMFORISSUESINVOLVEDm REPEATSERVICECALLS
System isout of control
1 I
No, buy-in
Resource priorities
from boss
Weonly work on crises 4
Resource
Boss does not
understand the issue
w constraints , ,Oobusydoing ,
paper-work
FIG. 12RELATIONSDIAGRAMFORRESOURCEPRIORITIES .
3.7 Matrix Data Analysis c) Arrange elements inrows and columns on a
chart that shows the presence or absence of
3.7.1 Application
relationship among collected pairs of
This technique isused when the matrix diagram does elements.
not provide sufficiently detailed information. This is d) Select an appropriate matrix format.
the only method within the new seven tools that is
e) Quanti@ the relationship between elements
based on data analysis and gives numerical results,
by obtaining numerical data for intersection
3.7.2 Description cells.
t) Analyze the data to provide answers for the
This technique uses the data presented in matrix
problems.
diagramsothatlargearrayofnumberscanbevisualized
and comprehended easily. The relationships between 3.7.4 Example
the elements shown inamatrix diagram arequantified
Matrix dataanalysis forproduct usesandtheir desired
by obtaining numerical data for intersection cells.
qualities isshown inTable 3.
3.7.3 Procedure
4 INTER-RELATIONSHIP AMONG NEW
a) Assemble the cross functional team.
SEVEN TOOLS
b) Identify corresponding elements involved in
The inter-relationship among seven new tools
a problem situation/event.
described in 3.1 to 3.7 is shown inFig. 13.
13. &
IS 14978:2002
Table 3 Matrix Data Analysis
(Clause 3.7,4)
Product uses and Desired Qualities
T
S1No. Washable Resists I Flame Chemical Non-
Perspiration .- Retardanl Resistant irritating
toSkin
Products
2 I 3 23 24
25
+
I
1. Men’ssummersuits xl1 X12 X13 =-t=-
4
2. Men’sall-seasonsuits x2.1 X22 X23 --t--=- -=t--=-
1
3. Ladiessummerdresses X31 X32 x]3 x,24 x,?5
I
4. Ladlesall-seasondresses X41 X4.2 X43 X42, X425
I
5. Skirts X51 X5.2 I X53 =-t=-
6. Trousers X61 X62 X63 - I X62, Xc,24 %25
I
7. Overcoats X71 .. I x723 x724 X723
8. Raincoats X81
+ -=t-=-
I
9. OffIcewear X91 X92 t s193 - I “23 X924 I XC2)5
10. Workclothes xI(1I X,(,2 X103 -+-l-+ x10.24 X10.25
1 I 1 II X11.25
11. I Sportswear X111 X112 X111 xl1.24 II
I 1 I I
12. I Studentwear X,2, X122 X123 X,223 X1224 x12,25
1 I I
13. Homewear X131 X132 X173 -=--t== X1324 x13.25
I
t 14. Babywear X141 X142 X143 -=-t-== X1424 XIJ?.5
I
15. Dressshkts X151 X15.2 X151 =-t==- X15.24 x1525
I 1
1. 1. I I . =-l--= ..
.. I .. -=-4==
1: I I
40 Footwarmerblankets x401 =-t--=- -+-t-=- b 24 xw25
1
MaterialA X2 x] x23 X24 x25
I_=_
F===+-+
‘e’ationdiagram
Creative Logical
o
Tree diagram
+
Matrix data analysis Matrix diagram
I [
PDPC Arrow diagram
FIG. 13 INTER-RELATIONSHIAPMONGNEWSEVENTOOLS
14A
—
.+
IS 14978:2002
ANNEX A
(Foreword)
COMMITTEE COMPOSITION
Statistical Methods for Quality and Reliability Sectional Committee, MSD 3
Organization I/epresentative(s)
CalcmtalJniversity,Kolkata PROPS.P.MurwzrasE(Chm”rtnan)
AseaBrownBoveriLimited,Bangalore SHRSBN..JW
BajajAutoLimited,Pune StatR.S.BHAROAVA
SsrruA.K.SRNASTAV(AAlrernae)
BharatHeavyElectrical Limited,Hyderabad SriruS.N.JHA
SkrruA.V.KSUSHNAN(Alternate)
ContinentalDeviceIndiaLimited,NewDelhi StrarG.V.SOBRAMANMN
StraNrAWNKAFV(RAlternate)
DirectorateGeneralofQualityAssuranoqNewDelhi SHSSU.K.SSUVASTAVA
LT-COLP.VLIAYAN(Alternate)
DirectorateofStarrdardiza4ion,MhristryofDefence,NewDelhi DaAS.HOKKuma
EscortsLimited,Faridabad SHRtC.S.V.N~KA
HMTLimited,R&DCentrc,Barsgalorc MsN.V.NWK
IndianAgriculturalStatisticsResearchInstitute,NewDelhi DRS.D.SHARMA
DRA.K.SRtVASTA(VAlAternate)
IndianAssociationforProductivity,Quality&Reliability(L4PQR),Kolkata DRB.DAS
DRDSBABRARTAAY(Alternate)
IndkminstituteofManagement,Lucknow PROFS.C.&.MOWKJRTV
IndianJuteIndustries’Research Association,Kolkata %0 U.hA
DRS.N.PAL(Alternate)
IndianStatisticalInstitute,Kolkata PROFS.R.MOWAN
PROFARVrNSOsrH(Alternate)
Lucas-TVSLimited,Chennai SmuN. S.SRSENNASAN
SHRIG.VUAYAKUMAR(A(terrrate)
NationalInstitutionforQuality andReliability,NewDelhi SwruY.K.BHAT
SHRIG.W.DATEY(Alternate)
PowergridCorporationofIndiaLimited,NewDelhi 0s S.K.AGARWAL
SmuSURESKHW (Alternate)
SRFLimited,Chennai SHSUA.SANSEEVRAAO
Srau*M SUBWNIAN(Alfernate)
Standardization,TestingandQurdityCertificationDhectora&,NewDelhi %su.%K.KIMOTM
SHRPI.N.SRUL4wr(rArlternate)
TataEngineeringandLocomotiveCompanyLimited(TELCO),Jamshedprrr SHRIS.N.DAS
SmuSHAWtSTARUP(Alternate)
Universityofllclhi, Delhi PROF.M.C.AGRAWAL
InPersonalCapacity (B- I(J9,A4alviyaNagar, New Delhi 110017) PROFA.N.NANKANA
InPersonalCapacity(20/1Krishna Nagar, Safdarjung Enclave SmuD.R.%N
New Delhi 110029)
BISDirectorateGeneral SW P.K.GAMBHSDRi,rectorandHead(MSD)
andMember-Secretary
[RepresentingDirectorGeneralLEx-oflcio)]
(Continued onpage 16)
156“
—
IS 14978:2002
(Confirmedjirarnpage I5)
Basic Statistical Methods Subcommittee, MSD 3:1
O?garization Representative(s)
CalcuttaUniversity,Kolkata PROFS.P.Mmma.w E(Convener)
BajajAutoLimited,Pune WauA,K.SWASTAVA
DirectorateofStandardization,MinistryofDefence,NewDelhi DRASHOKKw.m
IndianAssociationforProductivity,Quality&Reliability(IAPQR),Kolkata DRB.DAS
DRA.LAHUU(Aherrrate)
IndianStatisticalInstitute,Kolkata PROFS.R.MOHAN
NationalInstitutionforQualityandReliability,NewDelhi SW Y.K.BHAT
SmuG.W.DATEY(Afernare)
PowergridCorporationofIndiaLimited,NewDelhi DRS.K.AGARWAL
Standardization,TestingandQualityCertificationDirectorate,NewDelhi SsmrS.K.KlhlOTM
UniversityofDelhi,Delhi hOFM.C.Amwm
InPersonalCapacity(B-109,Malviya Nagar, New Delhi 110017) PROFA.N.NANKANA
InPersonalCapacity (20/ZKridwraNaarg,Safda~”ungEnc [ave SmuD.R.Sm
New Delhi 110 029)
Panel for ‘Process Control’ (MSD 3:l/P-2)
InPersonalCapacity (B-109,Malviya Nagar, NewDelhi 11001 7) PROFA.N.NANKANA(Convener)
BajajAutoLimited,Pune SmuA.K.SRIVASTAVA
NationalInstitutionforQualityandReliability,NewDelhi SrnuY.K.BHAT
PowergridCorporationofIndiaLimited,NewDelhi Ilt S.K.AGARWAL
Standardization,TestingandQualityCertificationDirectorate,NewDelhi Sr-awS.K.~01111
TataEngineeringandLocomotiveCompanyLimited(TELCO),Jamshedpur SmusHANSrAtROP ..=
InPersonalCapacity(20/1Krishna Nagar, Safday”ungEnclave W-auD.R.Sm
NewDelhi 110029)
16Bureau of Indian Standards
BIS is a statutory institution established under the Bureau of Indian Standards Act, 1986 to promote
harmonious development of the activities of standardization, marking and quality certification of goods
and attending to connected matters in the country.
Copyright
BIS has the copyright of all its publications. No part of these publications may be reproduced in any form
without the prior permission in writing of BIS. This does not preclude the free use, in the course of
implementing the standard, of necessary details, such as symbols and sizes, type or grade designations.
Enquiries relating to copyright be addressed to the Director (Publications), BIS.
Review of Indian Standards
Amendments are issued to standards asthe need arises on the basis of comments. Standards are also reviewed
periodically; a standard along with amendments isreaffirmed when such review indicates that no changes are
needed; if the review indicates that changes are needed, it istaken up for revision. Users of Indian Standards
should ascertain that they are inpossession ofthe latest amendments oredition byreferring tothe latest issue of
‘BIS Catalogue’ and ‘Standards: Monthly Additions’.
This Indian Standard has been developed from Doc :No. MSD 3(123)
Amendments Issued Since Publication
Amend No. Dateof Issue TextAffected
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ISO 10893-9.pdf
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INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 10893-9
First edition
2011-04-01
Non-destructive testing of steel tubes —
Part 9:
Automated ultrasonic testing for
the detection of laminar imperfections
in strip/plate used for the manufacture
of welded steel tubes
Essais non destructifs des tubes en acier —
Partie 9: Contrôle automatisé par ultrasons pour la détection
des dédoublures dans les bandes/tôles fortes utilisées
pour la fabrication des tubes en acier soudés
Reference number
ISO 10893-9:2011(E)
Copyright International Org anization for Standardization
© ISO 2011
Provided by IHS under lice nse with ISO
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PDF disclaimer
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COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
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All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or
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Contents
Page
Foreword............................................................................................................................................................iv
1 Scope......................................................................................................................................................1
2 Normative references............................................................................................................................1
3 Terms and definitions...........................................................................................................................1
4 General requirements...........................................................................................................................2
5 Test method...........................................................................................................................................2
6 Reference sample..................................................................................................................................4
6.1 General...................................................................................................................................................4
6.2 Dimensions of reference standards....................................................................................................4
6.3 Verification of reference standards.....................................................................................................4
7 Equipment calibration and checking...................................................................................................5
8 Acceptance............................................................................................................................................6
9 Test report..............................................................................................................................................7
Annex A (normative) Procedure for the determination of the size of laminar imperfections
by manual ultrasonic testing................................................................................................................8
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Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 10893-9 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 17, Steel, Subcommittee SC 19, Technical
delivery conditions for steel tubes for pressure purposes.
This first edition cancels and replaces ISO 12094:1994, which has been technically revised.
ISO 10893 consists of the following parts, under the general title Non-destructive testing of steel tubes:
⎯ Part 1: Automated electromagnetic testing of seamless and welded (except submerged arc-welded) steel
tubes for the verification of leaktightness
⎯ Part 2: Automated eddy current testing of seamless and welded (except submerged arc-welded) steel
tubes for the detection of imperfections
⎯ Part 3: Automated full peripheral flux leakage testing of seamless and welded (except submerged arc-
welded) ferromagnetic steel tubes for the detection of longitudinal and/or transverse imperfections
⎯ Part 4: Liquid penetrant inspection of seamless and welded steel tubes for the detection of surface
imperfections
⎯ Part 5: Magnetic particle inspection of seamless and welded ferromagnetic steel tubes for the detection of
surface imperfections
⎯ Part 6: Radiographic testing of the weld seam of welded steel tubes for the detection of imperfections
⎯ Part 7: Digital radiographic testing of the weld seam of welded steel tubes for the detection of
imperfections
⎯ Part 8: Automated ultrasonic testing of seamless and welded steel tubes for the detection of laminar
imperfections
⎯ Part 9: Automated ultrasonic testing for the detection of laminar imperfections in strip/plate used for the
manufacture of welded steel tubes
⎯ Part 10: Automated full peripheral ultrasonic testing of seamless and welded (except submerged
arc-welded) steel tubes for the detection of longitudinal and/or transverse imperfections
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⎯ Part 11: Automated ultrasonic testing of the weld seam of welded steel tubes for the detection of
longitudinal and/or transverse imperfections
⎯ Part 12: Automated full peripheral ultrasonic thickness testing of seamless and welded (except
submerged arc-welded) steel tubes
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Non-destructive testing of steel tubes —
Part 9:
Automated ultrasonic testing for the detection of laminar
imperfections in strip/plate used for the manufacture of welded
steel tubes
1 Scope
This part of ISO 10893 specifies requirements for the automated ultrasonic testing of strip/plate used in the
manufacture of welded tubes for the detection of laminar imperfections carried out in the pipe mill before or
during pipe production.
NOTE 1 For welded tubes, an alternative ultrasonic testing specification for the detection of laminar imperfections is
available, which can be applied, at the discretion of the manufacturer, by ultrasonic testing of the tubes subsequent to
seam welding according to ISO 10893-8.
NOTE 2 By agreement between the purchaser and manufacturer, the requirements of this part of ISO 10893 can be
applied on strips/plates of SAW tubes in the pipe form after seam welding.
This part of ISO 10893 can also be applicable to the testing of strips/plates used in the manufacture of circular
hollow sections.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 5577, Non-destructive testing — Ultrasonic inspection — Vocabulary
ISO 9712, Non-destructive testing — Qualification and certification of personnel
ISO 11484, Steel products — Employer's qualification system for non-destructive testing (NDT) personnel
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 5577 and ISO 11484 and the
following apply.
3.1
reference standard
standard for the calibration of non-destructive testing equipment (e.g. drill holes, notches, recesses)
3.2
reference sample
sample (e.g. segment of plate/strip) containing the reference standard(s)
3.3
tube
hollow long product open at both ends, of any cross-sectional shape
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3.4
seamless tube
tube made by piercing a solid product to obtain a tube hollow, which is further processed, either hot or cold,
into its final dimensions
3.5
welded tube
tube made by forming a hollow profile from a flat product and welding adjacent edges together, and which
after welding can be further processed, either hot or cold, into its final dimensions
3.6
manufacturer
organization that manufactures products in accordance with the relevant standard(s) and declares the
compliance of the delivered products with all applicable provisions of the relevant standard(s)
3.7
agreement
contractual arrangement between the manufacturer and purchaser at the time of enquiry and order
3.8
laminar imperfection
imperfection located in the wall thickness and generally parallel to the pipe surfaces
NOTE Its extension can be calculated by measuring its outlined area on the external surface.
4 General requirements
4.1 An ultrasonic test of the strip/plate shall be carried out before or during pipe production in the flat form.
4.2 The strip/plate under test shall be sufficiently free of surface irregularities and foreign matter as to
ensure the validity of the test.
4.3 This test shall be carried out by suitable trained operators qualified in accordance with ISO 9712,
ISO 11484, or equivalent and supervised by competent personnel nominated by the manufacturer. In the case
of third-party inspection, this shall be agreed on by the purchaser and manufacturer.
The operating authorization issued by the employer shall be according to a written procedure. Non-destructive
testing (NDT) operations shall be authorized by a level 3 NDT individual approved by the employer.
NOTE The definition of levels 1, 2 and 3 can be found in appropriate International Standards, e.g. ISO 9712 and
ISO 11484.
5 Test method
5.1 The strip/plate shall be tested using an ultrasonic pulse echo technique for the detection of laminar
imperfections, with ultrasound transmitted in the direction normal to the strip/plate surface or using the
ultrasonic through-transmission technique at the discretion of the manufacturer.
5.2 During testing, the strip/plate and the probe assembly shall be moved relative to each other such that
the strip/plate surface is scanned along equidistant scan lines parallel or transverse to the principal rolling
direction of the strip/plate, with a minimum coverage and a maximum allowable gap between adjacent
scanning tracks, as given in Table 1. For the oscillating technique, the minimum coverage shall be half of the
values given in Table 1. The relative speed of movement during testing shall not vary by more than ±10 %.
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Table 1 — Acceptance levels and minimum coverage of the strip/plate and maximum gap
between adjacent scanning tracks
Minimum Maximum gap between
Acceptance level coverage adjacent scanning tracks
% mm
U1 20 100
U2 10 150
U3 5 200
5.3 The longitudinal strip/plate edges shall be 100 % ultrasonically tested for the detection of laminar
imperfections over a width of at least 15 mm, plus, if appropriate, the total width of edge material which shall
be removed from each original strip/plate prior to seam welding, in order to detect the relevant minimum
imperfection length, L , as given in Table 2.
min
For determining the extent of the laminated suspect area, adjacent suspect areas separated by less than the
smaller of the two minor axes of the laminations shall be considered as one lamination.
NOTE The longitudinal edges are defined as those parallel to the principal rolling direction.
Table 2 — Acceptance levels and minimum detectable and maximum acceptable size of laminar
imperfections at strip/plate edges
Minimum individual Maximum acceptable size of laminar imperfections
size of laminar
Individual dimension
imperfections that Maximum number of
shall be considered Size laminar imperfectionsa per
Acceptance
(product of length metre of edge length,
level
Length Length and width) where
L min L max E max L min u L u L max and
mm mm mm2 E u E max
U1 10 20 250 3
U2 20 40 500 4
U3 30 60 1 000 5
a Only laminar imperfections exceeding 6 mm in width (C ) shall be considered.
min
5.4 The suggested maximum width of each probe, or each active aperture when using phased array probes,
should be 25 mm measured in any direction. However, manufacturers may use larger transducers providing
their capability for detecting the adopted reference standard; on request, this capability shall be demonstrated.
In the case of dual transducer probes with different sizes of transducers within the transducer assembly, the
dimension of the smallest transducer shall be used to calculate the coverage.
5.5 The equipment for automated testing shall be capable of classifying strip/plate as either acceptable or
suspect by means of an automated trigger/alarm level combined with a marking and/or sorting system.
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6 Reference sample
6.1 General
6.1.1 The reference standards defined in this part of ISO 10893 are convenient standards for calibration of
non-destructive testing equipment. The dimensions of these standards should not be construed as the
minimum size of imperfection detectable by such equipment.
6.1.2 The ultrasonic equipment shall be calibrated either electronically using any flat reference sample
[see 7.1 a)] or a flat reference sample comprising flat-bottomed circular, square or rectangular recess
(see Figure 1) machined into the surface of the reference sample [see 7.1 b)].
The flat-bottomed circular reference standard shall be used as the primary means of establishing the test
sensitivity. When using one of the other types of reference standards, the test sensitivity shall be adjusted
such that it is equivalent to that obtained when using the flat-bottomed circular recess.
For the through-transmission technique, either the recess shall be filled with a suitable sound attenuating
material, or a suitable sound attenuating material of the same dimensions as the reference standard shall be
attached to the surface of the test piece.
6.1.3 The reference recess shall be obtained by machining, spark erosion or other appropriate methods.
NOTE The bottom or the bottom corners of the recess can be rounded.
6.1.4 The reference sample shall have a similar surface finish and similar acoustic properties (e.g. sound
velocity and attenuation coefficient) as the strip/plate under test. The reference sample selected by the
manufacturer for calibration purposes shall be of convenient length and width.
6.2 Dimensions of reference standards
The dimensions of the recess reference standards (see Figure 1) shall be as follows:
a) width, w: 6 mm
+0,6
mm;
0
b) depth, d: T/4 < d < T/2, with a maximum of 25 mm;
c) length, l: W 6 mm with a maximum of 25 mm.
6.3 Verification of reference standards
The reference standard dimensions and shape shall be verified by a suitable technique.
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Key
d depth of recess
l length of recess
T specified wall thickness
w width or diameter of recess
Figure 1 — Reference standard recess forms
7 Equipment calibration and checking
7.1 At the start of each test cycle, the equipment shall be calibrated statically either without reference
standard in accordance with 7.1 a) or using a reference standard in accordance with 7.1 b).
a) Calibration without reference standard: with the probe assembly positioned on the strip/plate under test,
the full amplitude of the first back-wall echo minus 6 dB shall be used to activate the respective
trigger/alarm of the equipment.
The test sensitivity may also be established with DAC (distance amplitude correction) curves as supplied
by the transducer manufacturer or with DAC curves as prepared by the tube or strip/plate manufacturer
using, in both cases, the 6 mm flat-bottomed hole curve.
The manufacturer shall demonstrate that, at the set sensitivity, the equipment will detect, under static
conditions, the reference recess as given in 6.1 2 and Figure 1. If this is not the case, the necessary
adjustment in sensitivity shall be made prior to the production test run.
b) Calibration using a reference standard: under static conditions, with the transducer or each transducer in
turn centrally located over the reference standard, the full signal amplitude of the signal obtained from the
reference standard shall be used to activate their respective trigger/alarm of the equipment.
7.2 During production testing of the strip/plate, the relative translational speeds and pulse repetition
frequency shall be chosen such that the minimum coverage values and maximum separation values between
adjacent scanning tracks given in Table 1 are obtained.
7.3 The calibration of the equipment shall be checked at regular intervals during the production testing of
strip/plate.
The frequency of checking the calibration shall be at least every 4 h, but also whenever there is an equipment
operation team changeover and at the start and end of the production run.
7.4 The equipment shall be recalibrated if any of the parameters which were used during the initial
calibration are changed.
7.5 If, on checking during production testing, the calibration requirements are not satisfied, even after
increasing the test sensitivity by up to 3 dB to allow for system drift, all strips/plates tested since the previous
equipment check shall be retested after the equipment has been recalibrated.
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8 Acceptance
8.1 Any strip/plate producing signals lower than the trigger/alarm level shall be deemed to have passed this
test.
8.2 Any strip/plate producing signals equal to or greater than the trigger/alarm level shall be designated
suspect or, at the discretion of the manufacturer, may be retested. If, after two consecutive retests, all signals
are lower than the trigger/alarm level, the strip/plate shall be deemed to have passed this test; otherwise, the
strip/plate shall be designated as suspect.
NOTE If applicable, the evaluation can be based on DAC curves.
8.3 For suspect strips/plates, one or more of the following actions shall be taken, subject to the
requirements of the product standard:
a) the suspect area shall be explored by a manual ultrasonic compression wave technique in accordance
with Annex A to establish the extent of the laminar imperfections. The product shall be deemed to have
passed this test if the size and frequency of the laminar imperfections do not exceed the values given in
Tables 2 and 3. If the width, C, of the laminar imperfection exceeds the C that shall be considered (see
min
also the note in Table 3), an area of 500 mm × 500 mm with the indication in the centre shall be explored
100 % to establish the presence of other laminar imperfections exceeding B and to determine if the
max
population density of laminar imperfections > B and < B exceeds the permissible values in Table 3.
min max
In the event of further laminar imperfections exceeding the minimum width that shall be considered as
being detected, the exploration shall be extended for a further area of 500 mm × 500 mm with the new
indication at the centre. For the determination of the extent of the laminated suspect area, adjacent
suspect areas separated by less than the smaller of the two minor axes of the laminations shall be
considered as one lamination;
b) the suspect area shall be cropped off;
c) the strip/plate shall be deemed not to have passed the test.
Table 3 — Acceptance levels, minimum size that shall be detected and maximum acceptable size
of laminar imperfections in the strip/plate body
Minimum individual size of
laminar imperfections that shall Maximum acceptable area of laminar imperfections
be considered
Acceptance Individual Minimum Individual Sum of individual areas W B min to u B maxa
level area width area in percentage of strip/plate area
Per any metre of Average per metre of
B a C B a
min min max strip/plate length strip/plate length
mm2 mm mm2 max. max.
160 + wb with
U1 160 + w/4b 12 a maximum of 1 0,5
2 500 mm2
160 + 2 wb with
U2 160 + w/2b 15 a maximum of 2 1
5 000 mm2
160 + 4 wb with
U3 160 + wb 20 a maximum of 4 2
10 000 mm2
a B and B shall, when calculated as product of length and width of lamination, be rounded up to the next 10 mm2.
min max
b w = strip/plate width, in millimetres.
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9 Test report
When specified, the manufacturer shall submit to the purchaser a test report including at least the following
information:
a) reference to this part of ISO 10893, i.e. ISO 10893-9;
b) statement of conformity;
c) any deviation, by agreement or otherwise, from the procedures specified;
d) product designation by steel grade and size;
e) type and details of test technique(s);
f) equipment calibration method used;
g) description of the reference standard acceptance level;
h) date of test;
i) operator identification.
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Annex A
(normative)
Procedure for the determination of the size of laminar imperfections
by manual ultrasonic testing
A.1 General
This annex covers the procedure for manual ultrasonic pulse echo scanning of strip/plate for the determination
of the extent of laminated suspect areas found by automated/semi-automated testing for the detection of
laminar imperfections.
In cases of arbitration between the manufacturer and the purchaser or his representative regarding the extent
and frequency of detected laminar imperfections, this procedure shall be used. This procedure determines the
details of the sizing method to establish the extent and frequency of laminar imperfections in steel strip/plate.
A.2 Surface condition
The surface of the strip/plate shall be sufficiently free of foreign matter as to ensure the validity of the test.
A.3 Test equipment requirements
A.3.1 The ultrasonic probe shall be guided over the strip/plate surface either manually or by mechanical
means. The ultrasound shall be transmitted in the direction normal to the tube surface.
A.3.2 One of the following two types of ultrasonic testing equipment shall be used.
a) Equipment with a screen display and gain control, adjustable in 2 dB steps. The gain control shall be
adjusted such that the ultrasonic signals from the laminated suspect area under evaluation are between
20 % and 80 % of the usable height of the screen display.
b) Equipment without a screen display where automated signal amplitude measurement/assessment
facilities are used. The amplitude measuring unit shall be capable of signal amplitude assessment steps
not exceeding 2 dB.
A.3.3 If dual transducer probes are used for manual determination of the size of the laminated suspect area,
examples of details given in Table A.1 shall be noted.
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Table A.1 — Examples of details for the use of dual transducer probes
Probe-to-lamination
Type of dual transducer probea Plane of acoustic separationb
distance
Either At right angles to PRD
— Nominal frequency: 4 MHz to 5 MHz
— Roof angle: approximately 0° or 5°
— Transducer size: 8 mm to 15 mm
— Focal distance: 10 mm to 12 mm
u 20 mm
or Parallel to PRD
— Nominal frequency: 4 MHz
— Roof angle: approximately 0° or 5°
— Transducer size: 18 mm to 20 mm
— Focal distance: 10 mm to 15 mm
— Nominal frequency: 4 MHz At right angles to PRD
— Roof angle: approximately 0° or 5°
— Transducer size: 15 mm to 25 mm
> 20 mm
— Focal distance: 20 mm to 60 mm
a Probe with circular or rectangular transducers may be used.
b PRD: principal rolling direction.
A.4 Test procedure
Laminar imperfections shall be located by comparing the amplitude of the imperfection echo with the
amplitude of the echo of a 6 mm flat-bottom hole used during calibration.
Only those imperfections giving an echo at least equivalent in amplitude to that obtained with the 6 mm flat-
bottom hole shall be considered.
In order to determine the extent of laminar imperfections that shall be considered, the method of measuring
the half-amplitude value shall be used.
This method requires that the ultrasonic probe be passed over the laminated suspect area in transverse
direction (determination of dimension C) and longitudinal direction (determination of dimension L). The
suspect location shall be 100 % scanned. During the transverse scan, the positions C and C shall be
1 2
determined where, over the greatest transverse extent, the magnitude of the intermediate reflection equals
half of the related maximum value (6 dB difference in signal level). If this value is less than the minimum
allowable width (see Table 3) that shall be considered, no further explorations shall be done. Similarly, during
the longitudinal scan, the positions L and L shall be determined. The distances between points C and C
1 2 1 2
and L and L are defined as the maximum width and length dimensions, respectively. The product of these
1 2
dimensions is defined as the area of the equivalent laminar imperfection.
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ICS 23.040.10; 77.040.20; 77.140.75
Price based on 9 pages
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ISO 10893-11.pdf
|
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 10893-11
First edition
2011-04-01
Non-destructive testing of steel tubes —
Part 11:
Automated ultrasonic testing of the weld
seam of welded steel tubes for the
detection of longitudinal and/or
transverse imperfections
Essais non destructifs des tubes en acier —
Partie 11: Contrôle automatisé par ultrasons du cordon de soudure des
tubes en acier soudés pour la détection des imperfections
longitudinales et/ou transversales
Reference number
ISO 10893-11:2011(E)
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PDF disclaimer
This PDF file may contain embedded typefaces. In accordance with Adobe's licensing policy, this file may be printed or viewed but
shall not be edited unless the typefaces which are embedded are licensed to and installed on the computer performing the editing. In
downloading this file, parties accept therein the responsibility of not infringing Adobe's licensing policy. The ISO Central Secretariat
accepts no liability in this area.
Adobe is a trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated.
Details of the software products used to create this PDF file can be found in the General Info relative to the file; the PDF-creation
parameters were optimized for printing. Every care has been taken to ensure that the file is suitable for use by ISO member bodies. In
the unlikely event that a problem relating to it is found, please inform the Central Secretariat at the address given below.
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2011
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or
ISO's member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
Case postale 56 • CH-1211 Geneva 20
Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11
Fax + 41 22 749 09 47
E-mail [email protected]
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Contents
Page
Foreword............................................................................................................................................................iv
1 Scope......................................................................................................................................................1
2 Normative references............................................................................................................................1
3 Terms and definitions...........................................................................................................................2
4 General requirements...........................................................................................................................2
5 Test method...........................................................................................................................................3
6 Reference tube.......................................................................................................................................4
6.1 General...................................................................................................................................................4
6.2 Reference notches................................................................................................................................5
6.3 Reference hole.......................................................................................................................................6
7 Equipment calibration and checking...................................................................................................7
7.1 General...................................................................................................................................................7
7.2 Adjustment of the trigger/alarm level..................................................................................................7
7.3 Calibration check and recalibration....................................................................................................7
8 Acceptance............................................................................................................................................8
9 Test report..............................................................................................................................................8
Annex A (normative) Manual/semi-automated testing of untested ends and suspect areas.....................9
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Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 10893-11 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 17, Steel, Subcommittee SC 19, Technical
delivery conditions for steel tubes for pressure purposes.
This first edition cancels and replaces ISO 9764:1989 and ISO 9765:1990, which have been technically
revised.
ISO 10893 consists of the following parts, under the general title Non-destructive testing of steel tubes:
⎯ Part 1: Automated electromagnetic testing of seamless and welded (except submerged arc-welded) steel
tubes for the verification of leaktightness
⎯ Part 2: Automated eddy current testing of seamless and welded (except submerged arc-welded) steel
tubes for the detection of imperfections
⎯ Part 3: Automated full peripheral flux leakage testing of seamless and welded (except submerged
arc-welded) ferromagnetic steel tubes for the detection of longitudinal and/or transverse imperfections
⎯ Part 4: Liquid penetrant inspection of seamless and welded steel tubes for the detection of surface
imperfections
⎯ Part 5: Magnetic particle inspection of seamless and welded ferromagnetic steel tubes for the detection of
surface imperfections
⎯ Part 6: Radiographic testing of the weld seam of welded steel tubes for the detection of imperfections
⎯ Part 7: Digital radiographic testing of the weld seam of welded steel tubes for the detection of
imperfections
⎯ Part 8: Automated ultrasonic testing of seamless and welded steel tubes for the detection of laminar
imperfections
⎯ Part 9: Automated ultrasonic testing for the detection of laminar imperfections in strip/plate used for the
manufacture of welded steel tubes
⎯ Part 10: Automated full peripheral ultrasonic testing of seamless and welded (except submerged
arc-welded) steel tubes for the detection of longitudinal and/or transverse imperfections
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⎯ Part 11: Automated ultrasonic testing of the weld seam of welded steel tubes for the detection of
longitudinal and/or transverse imperfections
⎯ Part 12: Automated full peripheral ultrasonic thickness testing of seamless and welded (except
submerged arc-welded) steel tubes
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Non-destructive testing of steel tubes —
Part 11:
Automated ultrasonic testing of the weld seam of welded steel
tubes for the detection of longitudinal and/or transverse
imperfections
1 Scope
This part of ISO 10893 specifies requirements for the automated ultrasonic shear wave (generated by
conventional or phased array technique) testing of the weld seam of submerged arc-welded (SAW) or electric
resistance and induction-welded (EW) steel tubes.
For SAW tubes, the test covers the detection of imperfections oriented predominantly parallel to or, by
agreement, perpendicular to the weld seam or both.
For EW tubes, the test covers the detection of imperfections oriented predominantly parallel to the weld seam.
In the case of testing on longitudinal imperfections, Lamb wave testing can be applied at the discretion of the
manufacturer.
For the detection of imperfections at the weld seam of EW tubes, full peripheral ultrasonic testing is possible.
This part of ISO 10893 can also be applicable to the testing of circular hollow sections.
NOTE For full peripheral ultrasonic testing of seamless and welded (except SAW) tubes, see ISO 10893-10.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 5577, Non-destructive testing — Ultrasonic inspection — Vocabulary
ISO 9712, Non-destructive testing — Qualification and certification of personnel
ISO 10893-6, Non-destructive testing of steel tubes — Part 6: Radiographic testing of the weld seam of
welded steel tubes for the detection of imperfections
ISO 10893-7, Non-destructive testing of steel tubes — Part 7: Digital radiographic testing of the weld seam of
welded steel tubes for the detection of imperfections
ISO 11484, Steel products — Employer's qualification system for non-destructive testing (NDT) personnel
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3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 5577 and ISO 11484 and the
following apply.
3.1
reference standard
standard for the calibration of non-destructive testing equipment (e.g. drill holes, notches, recesses)
3.2
reference tube
tube or length of tube containing the reference standard(s)
3.3
reference sample
sample (e.g. segment of tube, plate or strip) containing the reference standard(s)
NOTE Only the term “reference tube” is used in this part of ISO 10893, also covering the term “reference sample”.
3.4
tube
hollow long product open at both ends, of any cross-sectional shape
3.5
welded tube
ttube made by forming a hollow profile from a flat product and welding adjacent edges together. After welding
the tube may be further processed, either hot or cold, into its final dimensions
3.6
electric welded tube
tube made by pressure welding, in a continuous or non-continuous process, in which strip is formed cold into
a hollow profile and the seam weld made by heating the adjacent edges through the resistance to the passage
of high- or low-frequency current, and pressing the edges together
NOTE The electric current can be applied either by direct electrode contact or by induction.
3.7
manufacturer
organization that manufactures products in accordance with the relevant standard(s) and declares the
compliance of the delivered products with all applicable provisions of the relevant standard(s)
3.8
agreement
contractual arrangement between the manufacturer and purchaser at the time of enquiry and order
4 General requirements
4.1 Unless otherwise specified by the product standards or agreed on by the purchaser and manufacturer,
an ultrasonic test shall be carried out on tubes after completion of all the primary production process
operations (rolling, heat treating, cold and hot working, sizing and primary straightening, etc.).
For cold-expanded tubes, the ultrasonic testing of the weld shall be carried out after expansion. In case of
spirally welded tubes, where the tube is not subsequently subjected to a hydrostatic test at the tube mill, the
acceptance test may be carried out online.
4.2 The tubes under test shall be sufficiently straight to ensure the validity of the test. The surface shall be
sufficiently free of foreign matter which can interfere with the validity of the test.
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4.3 This test shall be carried out by suitably trained operators, qualified in accordance with ISO 9712,
ISO 11484 or equivalent and supervised by competent personnel nominated by the manufacturer. In the case
of third-party inspection, this shall be agreed on by the purchaser and manufacturer.
The operating authorization issued by the employer shall be according to a written procedure. Non-destructive
testing (NDT) operations shall be authorized by a level 3 NDT individual approved by the employer.
NOTE The definition of levels 1, 2 and 3 can be found in appropriate International Standards, e.g. ISO 9712 and
ISO 11484.
5 Test method
5.1 The weld seam of the tube shall be tested using an ultrasonic shear wave technique for the detection of
longitudinal and/or transverse imperfections. Lamb wave technique may be applied for the detection of
longitudinal imperfections of EW tubes.
Unless otherwise agreed on by the purchaser and manufacturer, testing shall be carried out in two opposite
directions of sound propagation for the requested type of inspection, clockwise and anticlockwise for the
detection of longitudinal imperfections and forward and backward for the detection of transverse imperfections.
5.2 During testing, the tubes and the probe assembly shall be moved relative to each other such that the
whole area under inspection is scanned with coverage calculated on the dimension of the transducer(s).
The relative speed of movement during testing shall not vary by more than 10 %.
5.3 There can be a short length at both tube ends which cannot be tested. Any untested ends shall be dealt
with in accordance with the requirements of the appropriate product standard.
In the case of SAW tubes, the untested ends may, at the manufacturer's discretion, be checked either by a
manual ultrasonic test in accordance with this part of ISO 10893 or by a radiographic test in accordance with
ISO 10893-6 or ISO 10893-7.
In the case of EW tube, the untested ends may be tested in accordance with Annex A.
5.4 For the detection of longitudinal imperfections, the maximum width of each individual transducer,
measured parallel to the major axis of the tube, shall be 25 mm. For the detection of transverse imperfections,
the maximum width of each individual transducer, measured perpendicular to the major axis of the tube, shall
be 25 mm.
In case of the use of Lamb wave technique or phased array technique, the maximum length of transducer or
active aperture shall be limited to 35 mm.
5.5 The ultrasonic test frequency of transducers shall be in the range 1 MHz to 15 MHz for shear wave
technique and in the range of 0,3 MHz to 1 MHz for Lamb wave technique, depending on the product
condition and properties, the thickness and surface finishing of tubes under examination.
5.6 The equipment shall be capable of classifying tubes as either acceptable or suspect, by means of an
automated trigger/alarm level, combined with a marking or sorting system (or both).
5.7 Where manual ultrasonic testing of untested tube ends and/or local suspect areas is required (see 5.3),
use Annex A.
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6 Reference tube
6.1 General
6.1.1 The reference standards defined in this part of ISO 10893 are convenient standards for establishing
the sensitivity of non-destructive testing equipment. The dimensions of these standards should not be
construed as the minimum size of imperfection detectable by such equipment.
6.1.2 For SAW tubes, for the detection of longitudinal imperfections, the equipment shall be calibrated using
four longitudinal reference notches, two on the outside surface and two on the inside surface, in the parent
material close to the weld seam of a reference tube, and/or a reference hole located in the centre of the weld
(see Figure 1).
Alternatively, by agreement between the purchaser and manufacturer, the equipment may be calibrated using
internal and external notches located on the centre of the weld seam. In this case, the depth of the notches
shall be agreed on by the purchaser and manufacturer, and the manufacturer shall demonstrate that the
sensitivity is equivalent to that obtained from the edge notches.
For the detection of transverse imperfections, if requested, the equipment shall be calibrated using two
transverse notches in the weld seam, one on the external and one on the internal surface of reference tube,
and/or a reference hole located in the centre of the weld.
The selection of the notches or the hole is left to the discretion of the manufacturer.
6.1.3 For EW tubes, the ultrasonic equipment shall be calibrated using a longitudinal reference notch on the
outside and inside surfaces of a reference tube.
When the tube internal diameter is less than 15 mm, the manufacturer and purchaser may agree to waive the
internal notch.
Alternatively, a reference hole drilled through the wall of the reference tube may be used for equipment
calibration, by agreement between the purchaser and manufacturer. In this case, the diameter of the drill
required to produce the reference hole for a specific acceptance level shall also be agreed on and the
manufacturer shall demonstrate to the satisfaction of the purchaser that the test sensitivity achieved using the
reference hole is essentially equivalent to that obtained when using the specified reference notch(es).
Such notches and drill holes shall be located in the centre of the weld line, unless otherwise agreed on by the
purchaser and manufacturer.
6.1.4 The reference tubes shall have the same nominal diameter and thickness, same surface finish and
same heat treatment delivery condition (e.g. as-rolled, normalized, quenched and tempered) as the tubes
under test, and shall have similar acoustic properties (e.g. sound velocity and attenuation coefficient). The
manufacturer shall have the option of removing the weld bead of SAW tubes inside and outside such that it is
in alignment with the curvature of the tube body.
6.1.5 In order to obtain clearly distinguishable signals, the external and internal notches and the hole shall
be sufficiently separated from the ends of the reference tube/sample and from each other.
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a) Submerged arc-welded (SAW) tube b) Electric resistance and induction-welded
(EW) tube
Key
1 through hole 3 and 7 longitudinal internal notches 5 reference tube
2 submerged arc-weld seam 4 and 6 longitudinal external notches 8 centreline of weld
Figure 1 — Simplified representation of reference tube
6.2 Reference notches
6.2.1 Types and preparation of notch
6.2.1.1 The reference notches shall be of the “N” type (N-notch) (see Figure 2); for EW tubes the “V”
type notch (V-notch) may be used at the discretion of the manufacturer, if specified notch depth is less than or
equal to 0,5 mm (see Figure 2). In the case of the “N” type notch, the sides shall be nominally parallel and the
bottom shall be nominally square to the sides.
a) “V” type notch b) “N” type notch
Key
w width d depth
Figure 2 — Types “V” and “N” reference notch
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6.2.1.2 For SAW tubes, the reference notches shall be located in the parent material close to the weld
edges and shall lie parallel to the weld seam (see Figure 1).
6.2.1.3 The reference notch shall be formed by machining, spark erosion, etc.
NOTE The bottom or the bottom corners of the notch can be rounded.
6.2.2 Dimension of reference notches
6.2.2.1 Width and depth
6.2.2.1.1 For width, w, see Figure 2. The width of the “N” type reference notch shall be not greater than
1,0 mm except for spirally welded tubes having the diameter equal to or greater than 406 mm where the width
shall not exceed 1,5 mm. In any case, the width should not exceed twice the depth.
6.2.2.1.2 For depth, d, see Figure 2. The depth of the reference notch shall be as given in Table 1.
The values of notch depth specified in Table 1 are the same, for the corresponding categories, in all
International Standards concerning non-destructive testing of steel tubes where reference is made to different
acceptance levels. Although the reference standards are identical, the various test methods involved may give
different test results. Accordingly, the acceptance level designation prefix U (ultrasonic) has been adopted to
avoid any inferred direct equivalence with other test methods.
The minimum notch depth shall be 0,3 mm for U2 and U3 category tubes and 0,5 mm for U4 category tubes.
The maximum notch depth shall be 1,5 mm for U2 and U3 category tubes and 3 mm for U4 category tubes.
Table 1 — Acceptance levels and corresponding reference notch depth
Notch depth of the specified thickness
Acceptance level
%
U2 5
U3 10
U4 12,5
U5 15
The tolerance of notch depth shall be ±15 % of requested notch depth or ±0,05 mm, whichever is the greater,
with the exception that when the notch depth is less than 0,3 mm, the tolerance on the depth shall be
±0,03 mm.
6.2.2.2 Notch length
Unless otherwise specified by the product standard or agreed on by the purchaser and manufacturer, the
length of the reference notch(es) shall be greater than the width of the single transducer or active aperture. In
any case, the length of reference notch shall not exceed 50 mm.
6.2.2.3 Verification
The reference notch dimensions and shape shall be verified by a suitable technique.
6.3 Reference hole
6.3.1 The reference hole shall be drilled through the wall at the centre of the weld, perpendicular to the
surface of the reference tube (see Figure 1).
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6.3.2 For SAW tubes, the diameter of the drill shall be selected to produce a hole no larger than that
specified in Table 2. The diameter of the reference hole shall be verified.
For EW tubes, see 6.1.3.
Accordingly the acceptance level designation prefix U (ultrasonic) has been adopted to avoid any inferred
direct equivalence with other test methods.
Table 2 — Acceptance levels and corresponding reference drilled hole diameter
Maximum drilled hole diameter
Acceptance level
mm
U2H 1,6
U3H 3,2
U4H 4,0
7 Equipment calibration and checking
7.1 General
At the start of each test cycle, the equipment, independently of the applied type of waves, shall be calibrated
to produce consistently clearly identifiable signals from the used reference notches. These signals shall be
used to activate the respective trigger/alarm level(s) of the equipment.
7.2 Adjustment of the trigger/alarm level
7.2.1 Where a single trigger/alarm level is used, the probe(s) shall be adjusted such that the signals from
the internal and external reference notches are as equal as possible, and the full signal amplitude of the lesser
of the two signals shall be used to activate the trigger/alarm level of the equipment.
7.2.2 Where separate trigger/alarm levels are used for internal and external reference notches, the full
signal amplitude from each notch shall be used to set the relevant trigger/alarm level of the equipment. The
positions and widths of the gates shall be adjusted in such a way that the entire wall thickness of the tube is
tested.
7.2.3 When using the reference hole, the manufacturer shall demonstrate that the sensitivity achieved at
the inner and outer surfaces is essentially equivalent to that achieved when using the specified reference
notches.
7.3 Calibration check and recalibration
7.3.1 The calibration of the equipment shall be checked at regular intervals during the production testing of
tubes of the same diameter, thickness and grade, by passing the tube through the inspection installation. The
frequency of checking the calibration shall be at least every 4 h, but also whenever there is an equipment
operator changeover and at the start and end of the production run.
7.3.2 During a dynamic check of the calibration, the relative speed of movement between the reference
tube and the transducer assembly shall be the same as that used during the production test. Other calibration
conditions are allowed, provided the manufacturer can demonstrate that the same results as the dynamic
check of the calibration are obtained.
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7.3.3 The equipment shall be recalibrated if any of the parameters which were used during the initial
calibration are changed.
7.3.4 If, on checking during production testing, the calibration requirements are not satisfied, all tubes
tested since the previous acceptable equipment calibration shall be retested after the equipment has been
recalibrated.
8 Acceptance
8.1 Any tube producing signals lower than the trigger/alarm level shall be deemed to have passed this test.
8.2 Any tube producing signals equal to or greater than the trigger/alarm level shall be designated as
suspect or, at the manufacturer's discretion, may be retested. If, after two consecutive retests, all signals are
lower than the trigger/alarm level, the tube shall be deemed to have passed this test; otherwise, the tube shall
be designated as suspect.
8.3 For suspect tubes, one or more of the following actions shall be taken, subject to the requirements of
the product standard:
a) by agreement between the purchaser and manufacturer, the suspect area may be explored by a suitable
method or may be retested by other non-destructive techniques and test methods, to agreed acceptance
levels. Retesting shall be carried out in accordance with documented procedure;
b) the suspect area shall be dressed by a suitable method. After checking that the remaining thickness is
within tolerance, the tube shall be retested as previously specified. If no signals are obtained equal to or
greater than the trigger/alarm level, the tube shall be deemed to have passed this test;
c) the suspect area shall be cropped off;
d) the tube shall be deemed not to have passed this test.
9 Test report
If specified, the manufacturer shall submit to the purchaser a test report that includes at least the following
information:
a) reference to this part of ISO 10893, i.e. ISO 10893-11;
b) statement of conformity;
c) any deviation, by agreement or otherwise, from the procedures specified;
d) product designation by steel grade and size;
e) type and details of test technique(s);
f) equipment calibration method used;
g) description of the reference standard acceptance level;
h) date of test
i) operator identification.
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Annex A
(normative)
Manual/semi-automated testing of untested ends and suspect areas
A.1 Untested tube ends
If specified by the relevant product standard, the weld seam at the tube end zone which cannot be tested by
the automated ultrasonic equipment shall be subjected to a manual/semi-automated test, from the ultimate
tube ends and over the length of the original untested zone plus 10 %.
The manual/semi-automated ultrasonic test shall be carried out such that the whole length of the untested end
is scanned with a 10 % overlap, with reference to the ultrasonic transducer width used, measured in the
direction parallel to the major axis of the tube.
The manual/semi-automated ultrasonic test shall be carried out using the ultrasonic shear wave technique or
Lamb wave technique, test sensitivity (reference notch depth) and general test parameters, as used during the
original automated test on the main tube length, with the restrictions given in A.3.
A.2 Local suspect areas
If appropriate, local areas on the tube deemed suspect by the automated ultrasonic equipment shall be
subjected to a test by manual ultrasonic shear wave technique or Lamb wave technique, test sensitivity
(reference notch depth) and general test parameters, as used during the original automated test, with the
restrictions given in A.3, so that the whole of the local suspect area is scanned.
A.3 Manual/semi-automated ultrasonic test restrictions
The following restrictions apply to the application of a manual/semi-automated ultrasonic test to untested end
zones and/or local suspect areas:
a) the beam angle in steel used for manual ultrasonic testing with shear waves shall be nominally the same
as that used during the original automated test;
b) scanning shall be carried out with ultrasonic beam propagation in circumferential or longitudinal directions
(or both);
c) scanning speed over the tube surface shall not exceed 150 mm/s;
d) the ultrasonic probe type used during manual ultrasonic testing with shear waves shall be of the contact,
gap-scan or immersion type. Means shall be provided to ensure that the probe is held at the correct
distance in relation to the tube surface, e.g. for contact type probes, the “wear face” at the front face of
the probe shall be fitted to the curvature of the tube under test;
e) the width of the transducer, measured parallel to the major axis of the tube, used in the manual ultrasonic
test shall not exceed that used during the original automated test;
f) the nominal frequency of the transducer used in manual testing shall not vary from that used during the
original automated test by more than ±1 MHz. Where Lamb waves have been used in the original
automated test, the frequency of shear wave transducers, if used for manual testing, shall be in the range
of 4 MHz to 5 MHz.
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ICS 23.040.10; 77.040.20; 77.140.75
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|
ISO 10893-10.pdf
|
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 10893-10
First edition
2011-04-01
Non-destructive testing of steel tubes —
Part 10:
Automated full peripheral ultrasonic
testing of seamless and welded (except
submerged arc-welded) steel tubes for
the detection of longitudinal and/or
transverse imperfections
Essais non destructifs des tubes en acier —
Partie 10: Contrôle automatisé par ultrasons sur toute la circonférence
des tubes en acier sans soudure et soudés (sauf à l'arc immergé sous
flux en poudre) pour la détection des imperfections longitudinales et/ou
transversales
Reference number
ISO 10893-10:2011(E)
Copyright International Org anization for Standardization
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Contents
Page
Foreword............................................................................................................................................................iv
1 Scope......................................................................................................................................................1
2 Normative references............................................................................................................................1
3 Terms and definitions...........................................................................................................................2
4 General requirements...........................................................................................................................3
5 Test method...........................................................................................................................................3
6 Reference tube.......................................................................................................................................4
6.1 General...................................................................................................................................................4
6.2 Types of reference notches..................................................................................................................4
6.3 Dimensions of reference notches........................................................................................................5
7 Equipment calibration and checking...................................................................................................6
7.1 General...................................................................................................................................................6
7.2 Adjustment of trigger/alarm level........................................................................................................6
7.3 Calibration check and recalibration....................................................................................................7
8 Acceptance............................................................................................................................................7
9 Test report..............................................................................................................................................8
Annex A (normative) Testing on longitudinal imperfections of tubes with a ratio of the specified
outside diameter to the average of the specified thickness range less than 5..............................9
Annex B (normative) Manual/semi-automated testing of untested ends and suspect areas...................11
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Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 10893-10 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 17, Steel, Subcommittee SC 19, Technical
delivery conditions for steel tubes for pressure purposes.
This first edition cancels and replaces ISO 9303:1989 and ISO 9305:1989, which have been technically
revised.
ISO 10893 consists of the following parts, under the general title Non-destructive testing of steel tubes:
⎯ Part 1: Automated electromagnetic testing of seamless and welded (except submerged arc-welded) steel
tubes for the verification of hydraulic leaktightness
⎯ Part 2: Automated eddy current testing of seamless and welded (except submerged arc-welded) steel
tubes for the detection of imperfections
⎯ Part 3: Automated full peripheral flux leakage testing of seamless and welded (except submerged
arc-welded) ferromagnetic steel tubes for the detection of longitudinal and/or transverse imperfections
⎯ Part 4: Liquid penetrant inspection of seamless and welded steel tubes for the detection of surface
imperfections
⎯ Part 5: Magnetic particle inspection of seamless and welded ferromagnetic steel tubes for the detection of
surface imperfections
⎯ Part 6: Radiographic testing of the weld seam of welded steel tubes for the detection of imperfections
⎯ Part 7: Digital radiographic testing of the weld seam of welded steel tubes for the detection of
imperfections
⎯ Part 8: Automated ultrasonic testing of seamless and welded steel tubes for the detection of laminar
imperfections
⎯ Part 9: Automated ultrasonic testing for the detection of laminar imperfections in strip/plate used for the
manufacture of welded steel tubes
⎯ Part 10: Automated full peripheral ultrasonic testing of seamless and welded (except submerged
arc-welded) steel tubes for the detection of longitudinal and/or transverse imperfections
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⎯ Part 11: Automated ultrasonic testing of the weld seam of welded steel tubes for the detection of
longitudinal and/or transverse imperfections
⎯ Part 12: Automated full peripheral ultrasonic thickness testing of seamless and welded (except
submerged arc-welded) steel tubes
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Non-destructive testing of steel tubes —
Part 10:
Automated full peripheral ultrasonic testing of seamless
and welded (except submerged arc-welded) steel tubes
for the detection of longitudinal and/or transverse imperfections
1 Scope
This part of ISO 10893 specifies requirements for automated full peripheral ultrasonic shear wave (generated
by conventional or phased array technique) testing of seamless and welded [except submerged arc-welded
(SAW)] steel tubes, for the detection of longitudinal and/or transverse imperfections.
Unless otherwise specified in the purchase order, the testing method is applicable to the detection of
predominantly longitudinal imperfections.
In the case of testing on longitudinal imperfections, Lamb wave testing can be applied at the discretion of the
manufacturer.
For seamless tubes, by agreement between the purchaser and manufacturer, testing principles of this part of
ISO 10893 can be applied to detect imperfections having other orientations.
This part of ISO 10893 is applicable to the inspection of tubes with an outside diameter greater than or equal
to 10 mm, normally with an outside diameter-to-thickness ratio greater than or equal to 5.
This part of ISO 10893 can also be applicable to the testing of circular hollow sections.
NOTE For options for testing tubes with an outside diameter-to-thickness ratio less than 5 on longitudinal
imperfections, see Annex A.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 5577, Non-destructive testing — Ultrasonic inspection — Vocabulary
ISO 9712, Non-destructive testing — Qualification and certification of personnel
ISO 11484, Steel products — Employer's qualification system for non-destructive testing (NDT) personnel
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3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 5577 and ISO 11484 and the
following apply.
3.1
reference standard
standard for the calibration of non-destructive testing equipment (e.g. drill holes, notches, recesses)
3.2
reference tube
tube or length of tube containing the reference standard(s)
3.3
reference sample
sample (e.g. segment of tube, plate or strip) containing the reference standard(s)
NOTE Only the term “reference tube” is used in this part of ISO 10893, also covering the term “reference sample”.
3.4
tube
hollow long product open at both ends, of any cross-sectional shape
3.5
seamless tube
tube made by piercing a solid product to obtain a tube hollow, which is further processed, either hot or cold,
into its final dimensions
3.6
welded tube
tube made by forming a hollow profile from a flat product and welding adjacent edges together, and which
after welding can be further processed, either hot or cold, into its final dimensions
3.7
manufacturer
organization that manufactures products in accordance with the relevant standard(s) and declares the
compliance of the delivered products with all applicable provisions of the relevant standard(s)
3.8
agreement
contractual arrangement between the manufacturer and purchaser at the time of enquiry and order
3.9
average of the specified thickness range
average of the specified thickness range given by:
T +T
max min
2
where T and T are the maximum and the minimum thicknesses allowed by the standard when taking
max min
into account the wall thickness tolerances
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4 General requirements
4.1 Unless otherwise specified by the product standard or agreed on by the purchaser and manufacturer,
this ultrasonic testing shall be carried out on tubes after completion of all the primary production process
operations (rolling, heat treating, cold and hot working, sizing and straightening, etc.).
4.2 The tubes under test shall be sufficiently straight to ensure the validity of the test. The surfaces shall be
sufficiently free of foreign matter which can interfere with the validity of the test.
4.3 This test shall be carried out by suitable trained operators qualified in accordance with ISO 9712,
ISO 11484 or equivalent and supervised by competent personnel nominated by the manufacturer. In the case
of third-party inspection, this shall be agreed on by the purchaser and manufacturer.
The operating authorization issued by the employer shall be according to a written procedure. Non-destructive
testing (NDT) operations shall be authorized by a level 3 NDT individual approved by the employer.
NOTE The definition of levels 1, 2 and 3 can be found in appropriate International Standards, e.g. ISO 9712 and
ISO 11484.
5 Test method
5.1 The tubes shall be tested by using an ultrasonic shear wave technique for the detection of longitudinal
and transverse imperfections. Lamb wave technique may be applied for the detection of longitudinal
imperfections.
5.2 During testing, the tubes and the transducer assembly shall be moved relative to each other such that
the whole of the tube surface is scanned, with coverage calculated on the dimension of the transducer(s). The
relative speed of movement during testing shall not vary by more than ±10 %. There can be a short length at
both tube ends which cannot be tested. Any untested ends shall be dealt with in accordance with the
requirements of the appropriate product standard (see Annex B).
5.3 Unless otherwise agreed on by the purchaser and manufacturer, testing shall be carried out in two
opposite directions of sound propagation for the requested type of inspection, clockwise and anticlockwise for
the detection of longitudinal defects and forward and backward for the detection of transversal defects.
5.4 For the detection of longitudinal imperfections, the maximum width of each individual transducer,
measured parallel to the major axis of the tube, shall be 25 mm. For U1 category tubes with an outside
diameter equal to or less than 50 mm, the width of any one transducer unit shall normally be restricted to a
maximum of 12,5 mm.
In the case of use of the Lamb wave technique or phased array technique, the maximum width of transducer
or active aperture, measured parallel to the major axis of the tube, shall be limited to 35 mm.
For the detection of transversal imperfections, the maximum width of each individual transducer, measured
perpendicular to the major axis of the tube, shall be 25 mm.
5.5 The ultrasonic test frequency of transducers that shall be used shall be in the range 1 MHz to 15 MHz
for shear wave technique and in the range 0,3 MHz to 1 MHz for Lamb wave technique, depending on the
product condition and properties, the thickness and surface finishing of tubes under examination.
5.6 The equipment shall be capable of classifying tubes as either acceptable or suspect, by means of an
automated trigger/alarm level combined with a marking and/or sorting system.
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6 Reference tube
6.1 General
6.1.1 The reference standards defined in this part of ISO 10893 are convenient standards for calibration of
non-destructive testing equipment. The dimensions of these standards should not be construed as the
minimum size of imperfection detectable by such equipment.
6.1.2 For the detection of longitudinal imperfections, the ultrasonic equipment shall be calibrated using
longitudinal reference notches on the outside and inside surfaces of a reference tube.
For the detection of transverse imperfections, the ultrasonic equipment shall be calibrated using transverse
reference notches on the outside and inside surfaces of a reference tube.
For both examination types, when the tube internal diameter is less than 15 mm, the manufacturer and
purchaser may agree to waive the internal notch.
For seamless tubes, where the detection of imperfections having other orientations can be requested, relevant
requirements replacing or in addition to those of this part of ISO 10893 shall be specified at the time of enquiry
and order.
6.1.3 The reference tubes shall have the same nominal diameter and thickness, same surface finish and
delivery condition (e.g. as-rolled, normalized, quenched and tempered) as the tubes under test, and shall have
similar acoustic properties (e.g. sound velocity and attenuation coefficient).
6.1.4 In order to obtain clearly distinguishable signals, the notches shall be sufficiently separated from the
ends of the reference tubes and from each other.
6.2 Types of reference notches
6.2.1 The reference notches shall lie parallel (longitudinal notches) or transverse (transverse notches) to
the major axis of the reference tube.
The reference notches shall be of the “N” type (N-notch); the “V” type notch (V-notch) may be used at the
discretion of the manufacturer when the specified notch depth is less than 0,5 mm (see Figure 1). In the case
of “N” type notch, the sides shall be nominally parallel and the bottom shall be nominally square to the sides.
NOTE The bottom or the bottom corners of the notch can be rounded.
a) “V” type notch b) “N” type notch
Key
w width
d depth
Figure 1 — Reference notch forms
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6.2.2 In the case of transverse notches, the notch forms shown in Figure 2 shall be used, at the discretion
of the manufacturer.
6.2.3 The reference notch shall be formed by machining, spark erosion.
a) External partial circumferential notch b) Internal partial circumferential notch
Key
d depth
Figure 2 — Typical transverse notches
6.3 Dimensions of reference notches
6.3.1 Width, w (see Figure 1)
The width of the reference notch shall not be greater than 1,0 mm and should not exceed twice the depth.
6.3.2 Depth, d (see Figure 1 and 2)
6.3.2.1 The depth of the reference notch shall be as given in Table 1.
NOTE The values of notch depth specified in Table 1 are the same, for the corresponding categories, in all
International Standards concerning non-destructive testing of steel tubes where reference is made to different acceptance
levels. Although the reference standards are identical, the various test methods involved can give different test results.
Table 1 — Acceptance levels and corresponding reference notch depth
Notch depth
Acceptance level of the specified thickness
%
U1 3
U2 5
U3 10
U4 12,5
6.3.2.2 The minimum notch depth is related to the type of tube used for a particular application and is
denoted by a subcategory as given in Table 2, unless otherwise agreed on by the purchaser and
manufacturer. In the absence of specified subcategories, the minimum notch depth shall be 0,2 mm for cold-
drawn, cold pilgered or machined tubes and 0,5 mm for all the other conditions.
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Table 2 — Subcategories and minimum notch depth
Minimum notch deptha
Subcategory Typical tube condition
mm
A 0,1 Cold-drawn, cold pilgered or
machined tubes
B 0,2
C 0,3
All conditions
D 0,5
a The minimum notch depth that may be used is related to specific tube manufacturing methods where the surface
finish plays a dominant role in the minimum notch depth that can be adopted for ultrasonic equipment calibration in
order to achieve an acceptable signal-to-noise ratio.
6.3.2.3 The maximum depth of notch for all acceptance levels and subcategories shall be 1,5 mm, except
for tubes with a wall thickness greater than 50 mm, for which it can be increased to 3,0 mm, unless otherwise
agreed on.
6.3.2.4 The tolerance on notch depth shall be ±15 % of reference notch depth or ±0,05 mm, whichever is
the greater, with the exception that when the notch depth is less than 0,3 mm, the tolerance shall be
±0,03 mm.
6.3.3 Notch length
Unless otherwise specified by the product standard or agreed on by the purchaser and manufacturer, the
length of the reference notch(es) shall be greater than the width of the single transducer or single virtual
transducer, with the following limitation:
⎯ maximum of 25 mm for cold-drawn, cold pilgered or machined tubes;
⎯ maximum of 50 mm for all other conditions.
6.3.4 Verification of the reference standards
The reference notch dimensions and shape shall be verified by a suitable technique.
7 Equipment calibration and checking
7.1 General
At the start of each inspection cycle, the equipment, independently of the applied type of waves, shall be
calibrated to produce consistently clearly identifiable signals from the reference notches used. These signals
shall be used to activate the respective trigger/alarm.
7.2 Adjustment of trigger/alarm level
7.2.1 Where a single trigger/alarm level is used, the probes shall be adjusted such that the signals from the
internal and external reference notches are equal, as far as possible, and the full signal amplitude of the
lesser of the two signals shall be used to set the trigger/alarm level of the equipment.
7.2.2 Where separate trigger/alarm levels are used for internal and external reference notches, the full
signal amplitude from each notch shall be used to set the relevant trigger/alarm level of the equipment. The
position and width of the gates shall be adjusted in such a way that the entire wall thickness of the tube is
tested.
7.2.3 When only the external notch is used, the full signal amplitude from the external notch occurring
immediately after the internal gated time period shall be used as the internal notch signal amplitude.
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7.3 Calibration check and recalibration
7.3.1 The calibration of the equipment shall be dynamically checked at regular intervals during the
production testing of tubes of the same specified diameter, thickness and grade, by passing the reference
tube through the testing installation.
The frequency of checking the calibration shall be at least every 4 h, but also whenever there is a testing
installation operator changeover and at the start and end of the production run.
7.3.2 During a dynamic check of the calibration, the relative speed of movement between the reference
tube and the probe assembly shall be the same as that used during the production test. Other calibration
conditions may be allowed, provided the manufacturer can demonstrate that the same results as the dynamic
check of the calibration are obtained.
7.3.3 The equipment shall be recalibrated if any of the parameters which were used during the initial
calibration are changed.
7.3.4 If, on checking during production testing, the calibration requirements are not satisfied, all tubes
tested since the previous acceptable equipment calibration shall be retested after the equipment has been
recalibrated.
8 Acceptance
8.1 Any tube producing signals lower than the trigger/alarm level shall be deemed to have passed this test.
8.2 Any tube producing signals equal to or greater than the trigger/alarm level shall be designated as
suspect or, at the discretion of the manufacturer, may be retested. If, after two consecutive retests, all signals
are lower than the trigger/alarm level, the tube shall be deemed to have passed this test; otherwise, the tube
shall be designated as suspect.
8.3 For suspect tubes, one or more of the following actions shall be taken, subject to the requirements of
the product standard:
a) the suspect area shall be dressed or explored by a suitable method. After checking that the remaining
thickness is within tolerance, the tube shall be retested as previously specified. If no signals are obtained
equal to or greater than trigger/alarm level, the tube shall be deemed to have passed this test.
The suspect area may be retested by other non-destructive techniques and test methods, by agreement
between the purchaser and manufacturer to agreed acceptance levels;
b) the suspect area shall be cropped off;
c) the tube shall be deemed not to have passed this test.
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9 Test report
If specified, the manufacturer shall submit to the purchaser a test report that includes, at least, the following
information:
a) reference to this part of ISO 10893, i.e. ISO 10893-10;
b) statement of conformity;
c) any deviation, by agreement or otherwise, from the procedures specified;
d) product designation by steel grade and size;
e) type and details of test technique(s);
f) equipment calibration method used;
g) description of the reference standard acceptance level;
h) date of test;
i) operator identification.
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Annex A
(normative)
Testing on longitudinal imperfections of tubes with a ratio
of the specified outside diameter to the average of the specified
thickness range less than 5
A.1 General
A.1.1 When the diameter-to-thickness ratio (D:T) of the tube is less than 5, either A.1.2 or A.1.3 shall be
applied by agreement between the purchaser and manufacturer.
A.1.2 When the diameter-to-thickness ratio (D:T) of the tube is less than 5, but greater than or equal to 4,
the internal longitudinal notch depth shall be increased in relation to the external notch depth, as given in
Table A.1.
A.1.3 When the diameter-to-thickness ratio (D:T) of the tube is less than 5, but greater than or equal to 3,
the incidence angle shall be decreased. Then, in addition to the direct converted shear wave, a shear wave
generated by the refracted compression wave shall be used (see Figure A.1). In this case, the ratio of internal
to external notch depth may be by agreement between the purchaser and manufacturer, but shall under no
circumstance be less than 1,0 or greater than the relevant ratios given in Table A.1.
Key
1 single transducer probe, emitting and receiving, or dual transducer probe with separate transmitting and receiving
transducers
a Compression (longitudinal) wave.
b Direct shear wave.
c Mode-converted shear wave.
Figure A.1 — Immersion testing using compression wave to shear wave conversion
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A.2 Ratio
See Table A.1.
Table A.1
Ratio
Internal reference notch depth/
Diameter-to-thickness ratio
external reference notch depth
< 5,00 and W 4,75 1,6
< 4,75 and W 4,50 1,9
< 4,50 and W 4,25 2,2
< 4,25 and W 4,00 2,5
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Annex B
(normative)
Manual/semi-automated testing of untested ends and suspect areas
B.1 Untested tube ends
When specified by the relevant product standard, tube end zones which cannot be tested by the automated
ultrasonic test equipment shall be subjected to a manual/semi-automated test around the full periphery of the
tube, from the ultimate tube ends and over the length of the original untested zone plus 10 %.
The manual/semi-automated ultrasonic test shall be carried out such that the whole surface of the untested
end is scanned with a 10 % overlap of adjacent scanning paths, with reference to the ultrasonic transducer
width used, measured in the direction parallel to the major axis of the tube.
The manual/semi-automated ultrasonic test shall be carried out using the ultrasonic shear wave technique or
Lamb wave technique, test sensitivity (reference notch depth) and general test parameters, as used during the
original automated test on the main tube length, with the restrictions given in B.3.
B.2 Local suspect areas
Where appropriate, local areas on the tube deemed suspect by the automated ultrasonic equipment shall be
subjected to a test by manual ultrasonic shear wave technique or Lamb wave technique, test sensitivity
(reference notch depth) and general test parameters, as used during the original automated test, with the
restrictions given in B.3, such that the whole of the local suspect area is scanned.
B.3 Manual/semi-automated ultrasonic test restrictions
The following restrictions apply to the application of a manual/semi-automated ultrasonic shear wave test to
untested end zones or local suspect areas (or both).
a) the beam angle in steel used for manual ultrasonic testing with shear waves shall be nominally the same
as that used during the original automated test;
b) scanning shall be carried out with sound propagation in both circumferential and/or longitudinal directions;
c) scanning speed over the tube surface shall not exceed 150 mm/s;
d) the type of ultrasonic transducer that shall be used during manual ultrasonic testing with shear waves
shall be of the contact, gap-scan or immersion type. Means shall be provided to ensure that the
transducer is held at the correct distance in relation to the tube surface, e.g. for contact type transducers,
the “wear face” at the front face of the transducer shall be fitted to the curvature of the tube under test;
e) the width of the transducer, measured parallel to the major axis of the tube, used in the manual ultrasonic
test shall not exceed that used during the original automated test;
f) the nominal frequency of the transducer used in manual testing shall not vary from that used during the
original automated test by more than ±1 MHz. Where Lamb waves have been used in the original
automated test, the frequency of shear wave transducers, if used for manual testing, shall be in the range
of 4 MHz to 5 MHz.
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ICS 23.040.10; 77.040.20; 77.140.75
Price based on 11 pages
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1439.pdf
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IS 1439 : 1990
Indian Standard
STEELYARDS-SPECIFICATION
(F irst Revision )
wEit WrT
gwram f - fqfmfaz
( qw$hJt )
UDC 68 1’262
@ BIS 1990
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
-\
I MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG
I
_ NEW DELHI 110002Commercial Weights and Measures Sectional Committee, LMD 06
FOREWORD
This Indian Stanc’ard was adopted by the Bureau of Jndian Standards on 5 January 1990 after the
draft finalized by the Ccmmercial Weights and Measures Sectional Committee had been approved
by the Light Mechanical Engineering Division Council.
This standard is one of a series of Indian Standards relating to commercial weighing instruments.
This standard was originally published in 1959. This revision is based on the further experience
gained in manufacture of commercial weighing instruments and other developments in this field.
Jn this revision requirements of 5 kg, 500 kg and I COOk g capacity steelyards have been included
and steelyards of capacity 150 kg and 250 kg have been deleted.
This standard is intended chiefly to cover the technical provisions relating to steelyards and it does
not include all the necessary provisions of the contract.
In the preparation of this standard assistance has been derived from the weights and measures rules
and acts prevailing in the country.IS 1439 : 1990
Indian Standard
STEELYARDS - SPECIFICATION
( First .Rqviston)
1 SCOPE 5.2 Steelyards shall ba msde af either mild steel
conforming to IS 226 : 1975 or stainless steel.
1.1! This standard covers the requirements for
steelyards. 5.3 The steelyard blade shall be perfectly straight
but its cross-section need not necessarily be uni-
2 REFERENCES form throughout. Notches or graduations on
the blade shall be cut in one plane and at right
2.3 The following Indian Standards are necessary angles to the blade.
adjuncts to this standard:
5.4 The design of the sliding poise shall be such
IS No. Title
that the nib remains secure in the notch.
226 : 1975 Structural steel ( standard qua-
5.5 Steelyards shall be provided with a stop or
lity ) ( jifth revision )
other suitable arrangement to prevent excessive
1432 : 1959 General requirements for weigh- oscillation of the blade.
ing instruments.
5.6 The sliding poise and suspending hooks shall
3 DEFINITION be securely attached to the instrument. All end-
fittings such as the nut attached to prevent the
3.1 For the purpose of this standard, a steelyard
poise-carrier riding off the steelyard, shall be
shall mean an unequal armed balance.
securely fixed to the blade. The sliding poise
shall be freely moveable and there shall be a stop
4 CAPACITIES to prevent it from travelling behind the zero
mark. Steelyards having counter-poise, or travel-
4.1 Steelyards shall be of the following capa-
ling poise shall be provided with a hole or other
cities:
suitable means for the future adjustment of the _’
5 .kg, 10 ,kg, 20 kg, 5Q kg, 100 kg, 200 kg, counter-poise or travelling poise, such hole being
300 kg, 500 kg, and 1000 kg. undercut. Wherever loose material is used in
the travelling poise, it shall be securely enclosed.
5 DESIGN ANlb C!OHS’f’RtJC?ION
5.7 Steal.yards shall be neither reversible nor
5.1 The nomenclature and general design of have three hooks, and shall not be of counter
steelyards shall be as given in Fig. 1. type.
FIG. 1 NOMENCLATURE AND GENERAL DESIGNO FS TEELYARD
1Ii
1439 : 1990
5.8 Steelyards shall be provided with a vertical 7.2 Each numbered graduation shall be tested
pointer directly above the fulcrum to indicate and the instrument shall be corrected within the
the true equilibrium. error specified in co1 3 of Table 1, whether
the test is carried out with increasing or decreas-
5.9 If a moveable hook, tray or bucket is used
ing loads.
it shall form an essential part of the steelyard
without which it is not possible to balance the
7.3 The intermediate graduations shall also be
steelyard.
tested to see that they are correct and are at
proper distance apart.
6 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
6.1 Steelyards shall comply with the general 7.4 No test for sensitiveness at a lower load
requirements specified in IS 1432 : 1959. shall be made.
7 TESTS 8 MARKING
7.1 Steelyards shall be tested at full load for
8.1 All weighing machines shall be prominently;
sensitiveness error, and shall comply with the
legibly and indelibly marked with the indication
following requirements given in Table 1:
of the source of manufacture, model, capacity
a) The test for sensitiveness shall be carried and class ( wherever applicable ).
out at full load with the steelyard in hori-
zontal position. The addition of the NOTE - The indication of the source of manufac-
ture shall be such as will not be mistaken for the
weight specified in co1 2 of Table 1 shall
stamp or the seal of the verification authority.
make the steelyard turn.
b) The error or the weight, if any, required 8.2 Weighing instruments shall have inscribed
to bring the steelyard to a horizontal on them their maximum weighing capacity in the
position when fully loaded shall not exceed following manner as may be appropriate:
the limits specified in co1 3 of Table 1.
‘To weigh... . ..t’ ‘To weigh... . ..kg’
Table 1 Limits for Sensitiveness and Greatest -=r B fqy -f& B f+fq
Error for Steelyards
‘To weigh... . ..g’
( Clauses 7.1 and 7.2 )
--amtf%p
Capacity Verification Greatest Error Allowed
Sensitiveness in Excess or Deficiency 8.3 All numerals appearing on weighing instru-
w;~d~/b When Fully Loaded ments, beams, steelyards, dials, etc, shall be
indicated in Hindu-Arabic only.
(11 (.2 1, (3)
$5
9 SEALING
50 9.1 Each instrument shall be provided with a
50 plug or stud of soft metal on the front face of
1:x
ti the shoulder of the steelyard for receiving the
240 seal or the verification authority. Such a plug
500 400 or stud should be made irremovable by under-
1000 800 cutting or by some other suitable method.I
Standard Mark
I
The use of the Standard Mark is governed by the provisions of the Bureau of the Indian
Standards, Act, 1986 and the Rules and Regulations made thereunder. The Standard Mark on
products covered by an Indian Standard conveys the assurance that they have been produced
to comply with the requirements of that standard under a well defined system of inspection,
testing and quality control which is devised and supervised by BIS and operated by the pro-
ducer. Standard marked products are also continuously checked by BIS for conformity to
that standard as a further safeguard. Details of conditions under which a licence for the use
of the Standard Mark may be granted to manufacturers or producers may be obtained from
the Bureau of Indian Standards.
I IBoreao of Indian Standards
BIS is a statutory institution established under the Bureau of Indian Standards Act, 1986 to promote
harmonious development of the activities of standardization, marking and quality certification of
goods and attending to connected matters in the country.
Copyright
BIS has the copyright of all its publications. No part of these publications may be reproduced in
any form without the prior permission in writing of BIS. This does not preclude the free use, in
the course of implementing the standard, of necessary details, such as symbols and sizes, type or
grade designations. Enquiries relating to copyright be addressed to the Director ( Publications ), BIS.
Revision of Indian Standards
Indian Standards are reviewed periodically and revised, when necessary and amendments, if any,
are issued from time 30 time. Users of Indian Standards should ascertain that they are in possession
of the latest amendments or edition. Comments on this Indian Standard may be sent to BIS
giving the following reference :
Dot : No. LMD 06 ( 5010 )
Amendments Issued Since Poblication
Date of Issue Text Affected
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
Headquarters :
Manak Bhavan, 9 Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg, New Delhi 110002
Telephones : 331 01 31, 331 13 75 Telegrams :]Manaksanstha
( Common to all Offices )
Regional Offices : Telephone
Central : Manak Bhavan, 9 Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg 331 01 31
NEW DELHI 110002 331 13 75
Eastern : l/14 C.I.T. Scheme VII M, V.I.P. Road, Maniktola
CALCUTTA 700054 37 86 62
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Western : Manakalaya, E9 MIDC, Marol, Andheri ( East )
BOMBAY 400093 6 32 92 95
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HYDERABAD. JAIPUR. KANPUR. PATNA. TRIVANDRUM.
Printed at Swatantra Bharat Press. Delhi. India
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ISO 17663 Welding — Quality requirements for heat treatment in connection with welding and allied processes.pdf
|
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 17663
First edition
2009-06-01
Welding — Quality requirements for heat
treatment in connection with welding and
allied processes
Soudage — Exigences de qualité relatives au traitement thermique
associé au soudage et aux techniques connexes
Reference number
ISO 17663:2009(E)
© ISO 2009ISO 17663:2009(E)
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© ISO 2009
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Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2009 – All rights reservedISO 17663:2009(E)
Contents
Page
Foreword............................................................................................................................................................iv
1 Scope.....................................................................................................................................................1
2 Normative references...........................................................................................................................1
3 Terms and definitions...........................................................................................................................2
4 Review of requirements and technical review...................................................................................2
4.1 General...................................................................................................................................................2
4.2 Review of requirements.......................................................................................................................3
4.3 Technical review...................................................................................................................................3
5 Subcontracting......................................................................................................................................4
6 Personnel...............................................................................................................................................4
7 Inspection and testing..........................................................................................................................4
7.1 General...................................................................................................................................................4
7.2 Non-destructive testing........................................................................................................................4
7.3 Destructive testing................................................................................................................................4
8 Equipment for heat treatment..............................................................................................................5
8.1 Production and testing equipment.....................................................................................................5
8.2 Description of facilities........................................................................................................................5
8.3 Suitability of equipment.......................................................................................................................5
8.4 Verification of heat treatment equipment...........................................................................................5
8.5 New equipment.....................................................................................................................................7
8.6 Maintenance..........................................................................................................................................7
9 Heat treatment activities......................................................................................................................7
9.1 General...................................................................................................................................................7
9.2 Heat treatment parameters..................................................................................................................7
9.3 Heat-treatment-procedure specification.............................................................................................8
9.4 Work instructions.................................................................................................................................8
9.5 Number of measuring points...............................................................................................................8
9.6 General rules for local post weld heat treatment of pipe work........................................................9
10 Heat treatment record.........................................................................................................................10
11 Non-conformance and corrective actions........................................................................................10
12 Quality records....................................................................................................................................11
Annex A (informative) Example of local heat treatment...............................................................................12
Bibliography.....................................................................................................................................................13
© ISO 2009 – All rights reserved iiiISO 17663:2009(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 17663 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 44, Welding and allied processes, Subcommittee
SC 10, Unification of requirements in the field of metal welding.
This first edition cancels and replaces ISO/TR 17663:2001, which has been technically revised.
Requests for official interpretations of any aspect of this International Standard should be directed to the
Secretariat of ISO/TC 44/SC 10 via your national standards body. A listing of these bodies can be found at
http://www.iso.org.
iv © ISO 2009 – All rights reservedINTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 17663:2009(E)
Welding — Quality requirements for heat treatment in
connection with welding and allied processes
1 Scope
This International Standard provides quality requirements for heat treatment in air or controlled atmospheres
carried out in workshops and on site in connection with welding and forming. It applies mainly to ferritic steels,
but can be used for other materials, as appropriate.
This International Standard provides guidance for manufacturers that perform heat treatment or produce heat-
treated products or components. This International Standard can also be used as a basis for assessing the
manufacturer in respect to its heat treatment capability.
The fulfilment of a requirement can be waived where justification can be provided that a specific requirement
is not applicable to a specific process. This International Standard is intended to be a flexible framework to
provide
⎯ specific requirements for heat treatment by manufacturer in order to have a quality system in accordance
with ISO 9001;
⎯ specific requirements for heat treatment in specifications which require the manufacturer to have a quality
system other than ISO 9001;
⎯ specific guidance for a manufacturer developing a quality control system for heat treatment;
⎯ specific guidance for post weld heat treatment for manufacturers adopting ISO 3834-2 or ISO 3834-3;
⎯ detailed requirements for specifications, regulations or product standards that require control of heat
treatment activities.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 13916, Welding — Guidance on the measurement of preheating temperature, interpass temperature and
preheat maintenance temperature
IEC 60584-2, Thermocouples — Part 2: Tolerances
EN 10052, Vocabulary of heat treatment terms for ferrous products
© ISO 2009 – All rights reserved 1ISO 17663:2009(E)
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 13916 and EN 10052 and the
following apply.
3.1
manufacturer
person or organization responsible for heat treatment of products or components
3.2
loading temperature
temperature of the furnace at the stage when the product or component is put into the furnace
3.3
holding temperature
temperature at which the product or component is kept in order to achieve the specified properties
NOTE 1 The holding temperature depends on the type of heat treatment, type of material and material thickness.
NOTE 2 Normally, the holding temperature is expressed as a temperature range.
3.4
holding time
time the product or component is kept at the holding temperature
NOTE 1 The holding time starts when the temperature at all measuring points has reached the minimum value of the
range of the holding temperature and stops when one of the measuring points falls below that temperature.
NOTE 2 The holding time depends on the type of heat treatment, material and material thickness.
3.5
unloading temperature
temperature of the product or component when it is taken out of a furnace or when the heat source is removed
or switched off in any other heat treatment, e.g. local heat treatment
3.6
section temperature range
temperature range with a specified linear distance that may vary between two adjacent measuring points
4 Review of requirements and technical review
4.1 General
The manufacturer shall review the contractual requirements and any other requirements together with any
technical data. This is to ensure that all information necessary to carry out the heat treatment operations is
available prior to the commencement of the work. The manufacturer shall affirm its capability to meet all
requirements and ensure adequate planning of all quality-related activities.
The review of requirements is carried out by the manufacturer to verify that the work content is within its
capability to perform, that sufficient resources are available to achieve delivery schedules and that
documentation is clear and unambiguous. The manufacturer shall ensure that essential variations between
the contract and previous quotation are identified.
2 © ISO 2009 – All rights reservedISO 17663:2009(E)
4.2 Review of requirements
Aspects for consideration shall include the following:
a) product standard used, together with any supplementary requirements;
b) statutory and regulatory requirements;
c) any additional requirement determined by the manufacturer;
d) capability of the manufacturer to meet the prescribed requirements.
4.3 Technical review
It shall be ensured that all necessary information has been supplied by the purchaser. Aspects for
consideration shall include the following:
a) application standard being used and appropriate drawings;
b) location and accessibility of the product or component being heat treated;
c) type of marking of the product or component being heat treated;
d) heat-treatment specifications (appropriate heat treatment values) and inspection procedures for heat
treatment;
e) connection between heat-treatment specifications and welding and/or forming-procedure specifications;
f) methods of heat treatment, e.g. which products or components are being treated in a furnace and which
products or components are being subjected to local heat treatment;
g) competence of personnel;
h) suitability of equipment;
i) heat-treatment documentation;
j) control and inspection arrangements;
k) quality requirements for the subcontractor;
l) handling of non-conformances of heat treatment;
m) means of temperature measurement and recording;
n) quality requirements and testing of heat treatment, if any;
o) schedule/sequence of heat treatment;
p) availability of sufficient energy;
q) other special agreements, e.g. supporting of the product or component.
© ISO 2009 – All rights reserved 3ISO 17663:2009(E)
5 Subcontracting
Any subcontractor shall work under the orders and responsibility of the manufacturer and shall fully comply
with the relevant requirements of this International Standard. The manufacturer shall ensure that the
subcontractor can comply with the quality requirements of the specification.
Information that the manufacturer provides to the subcontractor shall include all relevant data from the
technical review (see 4.3).
The manufacturer who orders heat treatment shall supply all relevant specifications and requirements
concerning these works to the subcontractor. The subcontractor shall provide records and documentation of
his work as specified by the manufacturer.
6 Personnel
The manufacturer shall appoint a sufficient number of competent personnel for the planning, performing and
supervising of the heat-treatment work according to specified requirements.
The competence of personnel who carry out the heat treatment shall be confirmed by the manufacturer.
The personnel shall be trained and be able to read, understand and implement heat-treatment instructions,
e.g. programming the regulation, installation of thermocouples, control of measuring line.
7 Inspection and testing
7.1 General
The manufacturer shall have at his disposal a sufficient number of competent personnel for planning and
performing, inspection, testing and assessing of the heat-treatment activities according to specified
requirements.
7.2 Non-destructive testing
Non-destructive testing shall be carried out at the stage of heat treatment specified in the application standard.
7.3 Destructive testing
Destructive testing after heat treatment may be carried out if
a) it is required by the application standard or contract;
b) the manufacturer decides to verify the properties for the product or component.
The destructive testing may be carried out on separate test pieces if they are of the same material as the
product and were subjected to the same production and heat treatment sequences.
4 © ISO 2009 – All rights reservedISO 17663:2009(E)
8 Equipment for heat treatment
8.1 Production and testing equipment
The following equipment shall be available, when necessary:
a) furnace and/or heating equipment;
b) programmer for the heating process;
c) equipment for measuring and recording the temperature;
d) cooling equipment;
e) lifting and transport devices;
f) personnel protective equipment and other safety equipment.
8.2 Description of facilities
For an evaluation of workshop capacity and capability, the manufacturer and/or subcontractor shall maintain a
list of essential equipment used for heat treatment. This list shall identify items of major equipment, for
example
a) furnace dimensions, maximum load and temperature range, in degrees Celsius;
b) heat treatment equipment and its capacity;
c) programmers and their capacity;
d) temperature-measurement equipment and its capacity, method of measurement, area of reading,
accuracy, number of measuring channels and recording devices;
e) thermocouple type and tolerance class, in accordance with IEC 60584-2 and method of attachment;
f) cooling devices, e.g. quenching tank, fan, compressed air;
g) other equipment required for heat treatment and its inspection.
8.3 Suitability of equipment
Equipment shall be adequate for the application concerned.
8.4 Verification of heat treatment equipment
8.4.1 General
All devices used for adjusting, measuring and recording the temperature shall be suitably validated at
specified intervals by calibrated measuring instruments.
8.4.2 Measurement of the uniformity of furnace temperature
The uniformity of the furnace temperature shall be verified by regularly performed measurements of the
temperature.
© ISO 2009 – All rights reserved 5ISO 17663:2009(E)
The measurement is performed in an empty furnace with thermocouples. The temperature shall be measured
by a validated recording device. The thermocouples shall be located in such a way that, for different types of
furnaces, the largest possible temperature differences be measured, e.g. at a distance of 300 mm from the
loading area. At least four measurements shall be taken, two at the top of the furnace and two at the bottom.
They shall be located in opposite corners.
The measurements shall be carried out over a minimum of two temperature ranges; one equal to the
maximum working temperature of the furnace and another about half of that temperature. When the furnace is
used only for post-weld heat treatment, only one measurement of the uniformity is needed.
The temperature shall be increased up to the measurement temperature and kept there for 15 min; thereafter,
the results of the measurements shall be recorded.
The differences between the temperatures at the different measuring points shall be in accordance with
Table 1.
Table 1 — Permissible temperature variation range at different measuring points
Measurement temperature Section temperature range for quality class
T °C
°C I II III
T < 300 15 10 6
300 u T < 700 20 15 10
700 u T < 1 000 30 20 15
1 000 u T < 1 300 40 30 20
The measurement of the uniformity of temperature in the working zone shall be performed with an interval of
no more than 36 months since the first validation date or after a major repair or rebuild of the furnace is
carried out.
As an alternative, the measurement can also be carried out during loaded conditions with a typical load. The
measuring points shall be the same as stated above in paragraph 2 of this subclause.
A test report of the measurement results shall be prepared. The report shall be kept on file in connection with
quality documents.
8.4.3 Validation of setting and recording devices
The devices used for temperature setting and recording shall be validated at specified intervals as follows:
a) temperature regulator: at intervals of at least 12 months1);
b) recording device: at intervals of at least 6 months;
c) measuring system: at intervals of at least 12 months.
For stationary furnaces, the intervals may be extended to twice the interval.
For transportable heat-treatment equipment, the temperature recording devices shall be verified by a validated
signal to ensure the specified temperature range.
1) In case of local heat treatment, the interval shall be as specified by the equipment manufacturer.
6 © ISO 2009 – All rights reservedISO 17663:2009(E)
Thermocouples are stable and accurate and do not need any validation.
NOTE Thermocouples are usually delivered with a batch certificate, including value of classes.
Validation reports shall be prepared and they shall be kept on file in connection with quality documents. They
shall be available whenever necessary.
A file shall be kept on validated equipment including the validity.
8.5 New equipment
After installation of new or refurbished equipment, appropriate tests of the equipment shall be performed. The
tests shall verify the correct function of the equipment. Records shall be maintained of such tests.
8.6 Maintenance
The manufacturer shall have documented programmes for the maintenance of equipment. The plan shall
ensure maintenance checks of those items in the equipment that control the variables listed in the relevant
heat-treatment specifications. The maintenance plan shall also include inspections on safety matters.
9 Heat treatment activities
9.1 General
The heat treatment shall, as appropriate, be carried out in furnaces.
9.2 Heat treatment parameters
The manufacturer of the product or component is responsible for determining the heat treatment parameters.
The parameters are related to the type and thickness of material.
Depending on the type of heat treatment, the following parameters shall be specified, as appropriate:
a) loading temperature;
b) heating rate;
c) holding temperature (range, if necessary);
d) holding time (range, if necessary);
e) cooling rate;
f) unloading temperature.
© ISO 2009 – All rights reserved 7ISO 17663:2009(E)
9.3 Heat-treatment-procedure specification
The manufacturer shall prepare heat-treatment-procedure specifications. In case of welding activities, the
heat-treatment procedure may be included in the welding-procedure specification or the welding-procedure
specification may refer to the heat-treatment specification. The specification specifies how to carry out the
work correctly.
The heat-treatment-procedure specification shall include following information, as appropriate:
a) type of heat treatment, e.g. preheating, stress relieving, normalization;
b) method of heat treatment, e.g. furnace, inductive, resistance, ring snake burner;
c) location and number of measuring points for the temperature;
d) requirement for shielding gas;
e) heat-treatment parameters;
f) supporting and loading of the product(s) or component(s);
g) type of cooling;
h) identification of the product or component, e.g. designation, numbering;
i) environmental conditions, e.g. protection from wind and rain.
j) range of heated zone and area of isolation.
Heat-treatment-procedure specifications shall be qualified in accordance with instructions given in application
standards or contracts.
9.4 Work instructions
The heat-treatment specification or the welding-procedure specification may be used, as such, for work
instructions. Alternatively, dedicated work instructions may be used. Such work instructions shall be prepared
from a qualified heat-treatment-procedure specification and do not require separate qualification.
9.5 Number of measuring points
During the heat treatment, the temperatures shall, as appropriate, be determined at a minimum number of
measuring points in accordance with Table 2 or Table 3. If the method of measurement requires, the
thermocouples shall be covered in order to avoid direct heating. The temperatures at both ends of the heating
zone may be measured, if specified.
Table 2 — Minimum number of measuring points in furnace atmosphere
Furnace volume Number of measuring
V points
m3
V < 40 2
40 u V < 60 3
60 u V < 80 4
80 u V < 100 5
V W 100 6
8 © ISO 2009 – All rights reservedISO 17663:2009(E)
If the furnace is divided into heating sections, e.g. back, middle and front, at least one measuring point per
section is recommended.
For furnace heat treatment, the location of the measuring points shall be specified so that a uniform
temperature is achieved.
The measuring points may be on the work piece, if specified. Thermocouples shall be attached with
procedures not adversely affecting the work piece, e.g. using capacitor discharge stud welding.
Table 3 — Minimum number of measuring points for local heat treatment of circumferential
components
Outside diameter of pipe Number of measuring Pitch
D points
°
mm
D < 170 1 —
170 u D < 370 2 180
370 u D < 550 3 120
D W 550 4 90
For local heat treatments of other products, the location of the measuring points shall be specified in a
drawing or sketch.
For products consisting of several pipes, e.g. panels, it is enough to measure only the pipes placed at both
ends.
9.6 General rules for local post weld heat treatment of welds in pipe work
It is permissible to heat treat separate sections of the product or component in the furnace, provided that the
length, L, expressed in millimetres, of the overlap of the previously heat-treated sections is equal to the
greater of 1 500 mm or the value of L as given in Equation (1):
L=2,5 (2D−4t)t (1)
where
D is the outside diameter of the product or component, expressed in millimetres;
t is the nominal thickness at the weld, expressed in millimetres.
( )
NOTE Equation (1) is equivalent to 5 Rt as given in European standards. Equation (1) is more user-friendly
because only the outer diameter, D, is used instead of the inner or outer radius, R or R , respectively. An example is given
i e
in Annex A.
It is permissible to locally heat treat circumferential welds by inductive or resistance heating around the entire
circumference of the product or component. The width of the heated zone, L , expressed in millimetres, shall
W
not be less than the value of L as given in Equation (1) nor more than 12 t, with the weld being in the centre.
Where the attaching butt weld is at a distance, L , expressed in millimetres, greater than the value of L as
BW
given in Equation (1) from the branch/stub to shell weld, it may be post-weld heat-treated in isolation.
Where the attaching butt weld is at a distance, L , less than the value of L as given in Equation (1) from the
BW
branch/stub to the shell weld, the post-weld heat treatment shall be applied simultaneously to the butt weld
and the branch/stub to shell weld.
© ISO 2009 – All rights reserved 9ISO 17663:2009(E)
Care shall be taken during welding and post-weld heat treatment of the butt weld to ensure that harmful
temperature gradients do not occur locally to the weld between the shell and the branch/stub. The
temperature at the end of the heating area shall be at least 50 % of the maximum holding temperature.
When a component is heat treated by internal means, it shall be fully encased with thermal insulating material.
10 Heat treatment record
The heat-treatment personnel shall prepare a heat-treatment record for each product or component that has
been heat treated. Unless otherwise stated in the application standard, the following information shall be given,
as appropriate:
a) identification of the product or component;
b) information of material (material designation, dimensions);
c) heat-treatment equipment (identification);
d) type of heat treatment (e.g. preheating, stress relieving, normalization);
e) method of heat treatment (e.g. furnace, inductive, resistance, ring snake burner);
f) loading temperature;
g) heating rate;
h) holding temperature;
i) holding time;
j) cooling rate;
k) cooling method;
l) unloading temperature;
m) type of temperature measurement and number and location of measuring points;
n) place and date of heat treatment.
The heat treatment record shall be signed by the appointed person.
11 Non-conformance and corrective actions
If the heat treatment does not conform to specified requirements, the acceptance of the product or component
shall not be assessed. In such cases, the purchaser shall be informed. If necessary, corrective actions shall
be carried out. A report of the non-conformance shall be prepared and filed together with the quality records.
The satisfactory result of any corrective heat treatment shall be demonstrated.
Corrective actions shall be carried out in accordance with a prepared specification. When preparing the
specification, it is necessary to ensure that the corrective action does not have any adverse influence on the
product or component. A report on the action shall be prepared and the product or component shall be re-
inspected, tested and examined in accordance with the original requirements.
10 © ISO 2009 – All rights reservedISO 17663:2009(E)
12 Quality records
The manufacturer and the subcontractor shall establish procedures for controlling the relevant quality records.
Quality records, according to the contract requirements, shall include, when necessary:
a) record of requirements review (4.2) and technical review (4.3);
b) heat-treatment-procedure specifications, welding-procedure specification and their qualification
records (9.3);
c) competence of heat treating personnel (Clause 6);
d) records of measurement of heat treatment equipment (8.4.2, 8.5 and 8.6);
e) heat treatment records (Clause 10);
f) validation reports for measuring devices (8.4);
g) correction procedures and reports (Clause 11);
h) non-conformance reports (Clause 11).
Quality records shall be retained for a minimum period of 5 years in the absence of any other specified
requirements.
© ISO 2009 – All rights reserved 11ISO 17663:2009(E)
Annex A
(informative)
Example of local heat treatment
Key
1 site weld
2 heated zone
3 thermocouples
a L 1W1,25 (2D 1−4t 1)t
1
b L 2W2,5 (2D 2−4t 2)t
2
c L 3W2,5 (2D 3−4t 3)t
3
d Minimum requirements are one near-side (N/S) and one far-side (F/S) per position as indicated.
Figure A.1 — Minimum heated band-width for local heat treatment
(from EN 12952-5)
12 © ISO 2009 – All rights reservedISO 17663:2009(E)
Bibliography
[1] ISO 3834-2, Quality requirements for fusion welding of metallic materials — Part 2: Comprehensive
quality requirements
[2] ISO 3834-3, Quality requirements for welding — Fusion welding of metallic materials — Part 3:
Standard quality requirements
[3] ISO 9001, Quality management systems — Requirements
[4] EN 12952-5, Water-tube boilers and auxiliary installations — Part 5: Workmanship and construction of
pressure parts of the boiler
© ISO 2009 – All rights reserved 13ISO 17663:2009(E)
ICS 25.160.01
Price based on 13 pages
© ISO 2009 – All rights reserved
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I)Epti DIRECTOR REEBARCV-X
( RDSO ) ( Alkrnats)
PROF A~alr S~NOH univtrsity ofJodhpur, Jbdbpur
LT-COL AVTIIR SlNoH Engineer-in-Chief’s Branch, Army Headguarten
MAJ V. K. KANXTKAR ( Afkmafe )
OR A.BANER E Cementation Co Ltd, Calcutta
SHRI s. $ UPTA ( Alfemat0 )
CHIEF ENOINEER( D & R ) Irrigation Depaitmcnt, Government of Punjab
DIRECTOR ( IPRI ) ( Alfmatc )
SHRI K. N. DAD~~A In personal capacity ( P-820, g P ’ Jk Al@om,
Calcutta 7ooo53 )
SHRI A. C. DARTIDAR In personal capacity ( 5, Hwtgqfird S&M, 12/j,
HtmgwfoordC ourt, Calcutta 700017)
SIIRI R. L. DEWAN Irrigation Research Institute, Khagaul, Patna
.DR G. S. DHILLON Indian Geotechnical Society, New Delhi
SWRIA . H. DIVANJI Asia Foundations & Construction ( P ) Ltd,,Botnbay
SHRI A. N.JANGLIZ ( Alkm!r )
DR SEASHI K. GIJLHATI Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi
DR G. V. RAO I Altmafe)
YHRI V. G. HEQDE National Buildings Organization, New Delhi
Sxial S. H. BALCHANDANI( Afkmute)
SHR~0 . P. MALHOTRA Pubhc Works Dcqanment, Government of Punjab
SHRI .I. S. MARYA Road;Jm&iMmls”y of Shlpping & Transport),
SHRI N. SEN ( Alhmot~ :
( Continued on pap 2 )
@) G#yright 1978
INDIAN STANDARDS INSTITUTION
This publication ia protected under the India Cofyr$hr Act (XIV of 1957 ) and
rcpmduction in whole or in part by any meansa cept wsth written pamimiua of the
publisher shall be deemed to be an infringement of copyrieht under the lafd Act,
.,I
.-SERI IL s. MBLKcn% Central Water Commission, NM Delhi
Darrrn Dr~aoror ( CSMRS )
(Altmude) .
SERX T. K. NATARAJAPJ Research Institute ( CSIR ,I,
REPRasENTATxvE k2zcE:“’
RxsL4RcE Omclm Laboratory,
Chhandigarh
SERI K. R. .%XRNA Engineering Research Laboratories, Hydcrabad
SBGRETABY Central Board of Irrigation & Power, New Delhi
DEPUTY SECRETARY( Altmtata)
+DR SAAYSHBR PRAKASH University of Roorkec, Roorkee
Da G~PAL RANJAN ( Alterauk )
SERI H. D. hARMA Irrigation Rescz~~& Iustitute, Roorkee
SUPERINTENDINGEN QINEER Publ$adorka Department, Government of ‘Far&4
EX~CUTWIZE NQINIUR ( Al&mate 1
SERIB . T. UNWALLA Concrcc &mmiation of India, Bombay
SHRI T. M. h&NON (Al&m& )
SHRI H. C. VSRNA .bJk ladin Instrum ents Manufacturers L DcaIcra
Association, Bombay
SRRI Vi K. VASUDEVAN ( Alf#mati)
SHRI D. AJXTEA SIMHA, Director Genexal, ISI ( E%-&& A&&?)
Director ( Civ Engg )
s#u&z?y
Sslx G. Ravrrrs
Dcput9 Director (civ Engg), IS1
Soil Testing Pracedurcs and Equipment Subcommittee, BDC 23 : 3
CrAavr
PRO? Auu &NOS University of Jodhpur, Jodhpur
SmIr AXAR SImR Cen~Wrh$ling Research I~natitute ( CSIR ),
.LpCcn ALA& SIN~R Engineer-in-Chief’s Branch, Army Headquarters
b&J V. K. KANITKAR( Altmmte)
D B p u T Y IhREmR RBS~ARGB Railway Board ( Ministry of Railways )
( sort MECHANICS-I) ( RDSO )
ASSISTANT DWRCCOR
RESEARCH (SOTL
MECHA?4XS-I ) ( RDSO ) ( A&era& )
&RI R. L. DEWAN Irrigation Research Institute, Khagaul, Patna
&RECTOR(I~c) Beaa Dams Projects, Talwara Township
SHRI K. S. PREN ( Alternate )
SHRI H. K. GUEA Geologist Syndicate Put Ltd, Calcutta
SERI N. N. BRA~ACHARAYA ( Ahmate )
( Gmtinued onp age 8 )
2Indian Standard
METHODS OF TEST FtiR SOILS
PART XXI DETERMINATION OF TOTAL
SOLUBLE SOLIDS
( First Revision)
0. FOREWORD
0.1 This Indian Standard ( Part XXI’) ( First Revision ) was adopted by
the Indian Standards knstitution on 30 December 1977, after the draft
finalized by the Soil Engineering Sectional Committee had been approved
by the Civil Engineering Division Council.
0.2 With a view to establish uniform procedures for the determination of
different characteristics of soils and also for facilitating comparative studies
of the results, the Indian Standards Institution is bringing out this Indian
Standard Methods of test for soils ( IS : 2720 ) which is being published
in parts. Forty one parts of this standard have been published. This part
[ IS : 2720 ( Part XXI )-1977 ] deals with the method of test for the determi-
nation of total soluble solids in soils. The presence of soluble solids in a
soil is one of the important aspects requiring examination since these water
soluble solids greatly influence the engineering properties of the roil.
Two methods for the determination of soluble solids are given. The first
method, the gravimetric method ( designated as tbe standard method.), gives
the percentage of soluble solids accurately in absolute terms. The sceond
method, the conductimetric method ( designated as the subsidiary me&xl )
may be used for rapid Bt.
0.2.1 This standard was first published in 1965. In this revision, the
conductimetric method has been simplified by specifying the use of P
conductivity meter or biidge.
03 In the formulation of this standard due weightage has been given to
international co-ordination among the stanAs& andpracticeaptevailine
in different countries in addition to relating it to the practices, in this field
in this country. This has been met by deriving as&an ce from the
following publication:
Innu. M-Y’ OF Xmuo~nc$n rim Powxa. CBIP. Publication
No. 42 Standards for testing soils, 1963. Central Board of Irrlg&on
and Power, New Delbi.
3IS x2 729 ( Part XXI ) - 1977
0.4 In reporting the result of a test or analysis made in accordance with
this standard, if the final value, observed or calculated, is to be rounded
off, it shall be done in accordance with IS : 2-1960*.
1. SCOPE
1.1 This standard ( Part XXI ) lays down the determination of total
soluble solids content in soil both by gravimetric method which has been
specified as the standard mcthod and conductimetric method which has
been specified as a subsidiary method.
2. GRAVIMETRIC METHOD ( STANDARD METHOD)
2 .l Apprratas
2.1.1 Bottle Shaker
2.1.2 Oven - Thermostatically controlled oven to maintain the
temperature between 105°C and llO”C, with interior of non-corroding
material.
2.13 Chemical Balance - sensitive to O-001 g.
2.1.4 Buchtur or Glass Funnel - about 10 cm diameter.
2.1.5 Glued Porcelain Dish or Glass Dish
2.1.6 Filtering Flask - capacity 500 ml.
2.1.7 Glass Bottle - capacity 250 ml, with rubber bang.
2.1.8 Measuring Cylinder - capacity 100 ml.
2.1.9 Pipstte - 50 ml and 100 ml.
2.1.10 Vacuum Pump
2.1.11 Desiccator - with any desiccating agent other than sulphuric
acid.
2.1.12 l%rmometer
2.1.13 Water Bath
2.1.14 Filter Candle
2.1.15 Filter Pa+r - Whatman No. 42 or ita equivalent.
-
*R&J for rounding off numerical values ( rwised ).
4X4:2720( Pare XXI)-1977
2.2 Procedure
2.2.1 A representative sample passing a 2-mm IS Sieve from the air
dried sample prepared in accordance with IS : 2720 ( Part I )-1972* shall
be dried to constant weight in an oven at a temperature of 105 to 110°C.
Out of this, about 10 g of soil shall be accurately weighed and transferred
to a 250-ml glass bottle. loo-ml of distilled water shall be added to it; the
bottle shall then be stoppered and fitted in the shaker and shaken over-
night (at least 15 h). The soil shall then be allowed to settle and the
clear portion decanted off and filtered through Whatman No. 42 filter
paper or equivalent. If by simple filtration the filtrate is not clear, the
operation shall be repeated employing a filter candle with a vacuum pump.
2.2.2 Take 50-ml of the clear filtrate in a pre-weighed porcelain dish,
or glass dish and concentrate by evaporating in the water both before
finally drying in the oven at 110°C. The dish shall then be cooled to room
temperature in a desiccator and weighed to get the weight of the residue.
The percentage of total soluble solids in the soil shall then be calculated on
the basis of the soil taken for analysis.
2.3 Report
2.3.1 The results shall be reported to the nearest 0’01 percent as a per-
centage by weight of oven-dry soil.
2.3.2 The observations of the test shall be suitably recorded. A recom-’
mended proforma for the record is as given in Appendix A.
3. CONDUCTIMETRIC METHOD ( SUBSIDIARY METHOD )
3.1 Apparatml
3.1.1 Conductivity M&r/Bridge with Known CcU Constani ( Unbrwrk46b) -
The instrument is designed to carry out the measurement of specific conduc-
tance and specific resistance of various electrolytes and also measurement of
ohmic resistance with measuring accuracy of f3 percent in 7 or 8 ranges
varying from at least 1 mhos to 10 mhos.
‘3.1.2 Phyical Balance - sensitivity @Ol g.
3.1.3 Measuring Cylit& -capacity 50-ml.
3.1.4 Beaker - 150-ml.
3.1.5 Glass Rod or Stinrr
*Methoda of test for soils: Part I Prcpuation of dry roil samples for vadotu tam (Jffd
i
wision ).
53.2P rocedure - Take 10 g of oven-dry soil sample as mentioned in 2.2.
Distilled water shall be added to it and stirxd intermittently with a glass
rod or by any stirring machine. The soil suspension thus prepared shall
be allowed to settle in the beaker for about 30 minutes. The supematant
liquid shall be transferred into another beaker and specific conductivity
determined using the conductivity meter/bridge.
NOTX-The equipment before using, shall be checked with a saturated calcium
sulphate solution which shall give specific conductivity of 2.2 mhos/cm at 25%. .If not,
the conductivity cell is to be cleaned.
3.3.Rcpart
3.3.1T he results shall be reported in millimhos/cm.
3.3.2 The results obtained by conductivity meter/bridge may be inter-
prettcd as indicated below:
Conducti+ mcterlbridgs readiirgJ Total soluble solid content
Below 1 millimho/cm Normal
1 to 2 millimhos/cm Fairly good
2 to 3 millimhos/cm High
Above 3 millimhos Very high
6&2720(Part%XI)-1977
APPENDIX A
( Glause 2.3.2 )
PROFORMA FOR RECORDING
Project. .. . . . . . .. . Details of sampk... . . . 1..
1 I I :
1. Sample number
‘& Mass of oven-dry soil taken ( w ), in g
I I
3. Volume of clear filtrate taken, in ml ( 50 1 50 1 50
4. Procelain dish or giass dish number, in g
I
5. Mass of dish with residue aftcr oven drying, in g
I i
6. Mass of diah, in g _~
-
7. Massofresidue(m,),ing
8. Percentage of soluble solids’? X 100
7DR Sruun K; CULHATI Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi
SHRI R. K. JAIM United Technical Ckxuulmnts ( P ) Ltd, NCW Delhi
DnP.K.DE(dl~)
s-1 0. P. MAt.aoTRr Building & Roads Research Laboratory, Chandig&
REOEARIX OFPI~RR ( BLDO dr
ROAW ) ( Allrrrufr )
!hRI R. S. M~LX~TE Central Water Commission, New Delhi
DE?IJTY haC?OR ( CSMRS 1
(Ah&)
SHRI P. JAOMNATRA RAO Central Road Raearch Institute ( CSIIt ),
New Delhi
SiIRI v. v. s. RAO In personal capacity (F-24, Grun Par&, New De?)
SERI N. fh?.N Minktyw giypping & Transport ( Roe& Wmg ),
SHW P. K. THOHAE( Ahmatc )
S~lu M. M. D. Saria Public Works Department, Government of Utt8r
DR B. L. DHAWAN ( Al&vnte )
S?miH. C. VERMA koci$i~~h-umenta Manufacturen ( I ) Pvt Ltd.
8P_ --
.sE3
I
AMENDMENT NO. 1 NOVEMBER 1983
TO
1S:ZMO (Part XXI)-1977 METHODS OF TEST FOR SOILS
PART XXI DETERMINATION OF TOTAL SOLUBLE SOLIDS
(Fim t Revisia)
Addendum
----
(Page 5, ckuse 2.2.2) - Add the folluwing
new Note after 2.2.2:
‘NOTE - In case the value of the solubility
is more than 2 percent, the test be repeated with
50-ml of distilled water.'
-u
(BDC 23)
Reprography Unit, ISI, New Delhi, India
El
_ ._._ _.* - .~- ._i. _
-.
|
ISO 17638 2015 MPT.pdf
|
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 17638
Second edition
2016-10-15
Non-destructive testing of welds —
Magnetic particle testing
Contrôle non destructif des assemblages soudés — Magnétoscopie
Reference number
ISO 17638:2016(E)
© ISO 2016ISO 17638:2016(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2016, Published in Switzerland
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior
written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s member body in the country of
the requester.
ISO copyright office
Ch. de Blandonnet 8 • CP 401
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva, Switzerland
Tel. +41 22 749 01 11
Fax +41 22 749 09 47
[email protected]
www.iso.org
ii © ISO 2016 – All rights reservedISO 17638:2016(E)
Contents Page
Foreword ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................iv
1 Scope .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................1
2 Normative references ......................................................................................................................................................................................1
3 Terms and definitions .....................................................................................................................................................................................1
4 Safety precautions ..............................................................................................................................................................................................1
5 General ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................1
5.1 Information required prior to testing .................................................................................................................................1
5.2 Additional pre-test information ...............................................................................................................................................2
5.3 Personnel qualification ....................................................................................................................................................................2
5.4 Surface conditions and preparation .....................................................................................................................................2
5.5 Magnetizing ...............................................................................................................................................................................................2
5.5.1 Magnetizing equipment .............................................................................................................................................2
5.5.2 Verification of magnetization ................................................................................................................................3
5.6 Application techniques ....................................................................................................................................................................3
5.6.1 Field directions and testing area ........................................................................................................................3
5.6.2 Typical magnetic testing techniques ..............................................................................................................6
5.7 Detection media .....................................................................................................................................................................................9
5.7.1 General......................................................................................................................................................................................9
5.7.2 Verification of detection media performance .........................................................................................9
5.8 Viewing conditions ...........................................................................................................................................................................10
5.9 Application of detection media ..............................................................................................................................................10
5.10 Overall performance test .............................................................................................................................................................10
5.11 False indications .................................................................................................................................................................................10
5.12 Recording of indications ..............................................................................................................................................................10
5.13 Demagnetization ................................................................................................................................................................................11
5.14 Test report ................................................................................................................................................................................................11
Annex A (informative) Variables affecting the sensitivity of magnetic particle testing ...............................13
Bibliography .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................15
© ISO 2016 – All rights reserved iiiISO 17638:2016(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity assessment,
as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the
Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 44, Welding and allied processes, Subcommittee
SC 5, Testing and inspection of welds.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 17638:2003), which has been technically
revised.
Requests for official interpretations of any aspect of this document should be directed to the Secretariat
of ISO/TC 44/SC 5 via your national standards body. A complete listing of these bodies can be found at
www.iso.org.
iv © ISO 2016 – All rights reservedINTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 17638:2016(E)
Non-destructive testing of welds — Magnetic particle testing
1 Scope
This document specifies techniques for detection of surface imperfections in welds in ferromagnetic
materials, including the heat affected zones, by means of magnetic particle testing. The techniques are
suitable for most welding processes and joint configurations. Variations in the basic techniques that
will provide a higher or lower test sensitivity are described in Annex A.
This document does not specify acceptance levels of the indications. Further information on acceptance
levels for indications may be found in ISO 23278 or in product or application standards.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 3059, Non-destructive testing — Penetrant testing and magnetic particle testing — Viewing conditions
ISO 9934-1:2015, Non-destructive testing — Magnetic particle testing — Part 1: General principles
ISO 9934-2, Non-destructive testing — Magnetic particle testing — Part 2: Detection media
ISO 9934-3, Non-destructive testing — Magnetic particle testing — Part 3: Equipment
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 12707 and ISO 17635 apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— IEC Electropedia: available at http://www.electropedia.org/
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at http://www.iso.org/obp
4 Safety precautions
Special consideration shall be given to toxic, inflammable and/or volatile materials, electrical safety
and unfiltered UV radiation.
Magnetic particle testing often creates high magnetic fields close to the object under test and the
magnetising equipment. Items sensitive to these fields should be excluded from such areas.
5 General
5.1 Information required prior to testing
Prior to testing, the following items shall be specified (where applicable):
a) specific test procedure;
b) certification requirements for NDT personnel;
© ISO 2016 – All rights reserved 1ISO 17638:2016(E)
c) extent of coverage;
d) state of manufacture;
e) testing techniques to be used;
f) overall performance test;
g) any demagnetization;
h) acceptance level;
i) action necessary for unacceptable indications.
5.2 Additional pre-test information
Prior to testing, the following additional information can also be required:
a) type and designation of the parent and weld materials;
b) welding process;
c) location and extent of welds to be tested;
d) joint preparation and dimensions;
e) location and extent of any repairs;
f) post-weld treatment (if any);
g) surface conditions.
Operators may ask for further information that could be helpful in determining the nature of any
indications detected.
5.3 Personnel qualification
Magnetic particle testing of welds and the evaluation of results for final acceptance shall be performed
by qualified and capable personnel. It is recommended that personnel be qualified in accordance with
ISO 9712 or an equivalent standard at an appropriate level in the relevant industry sector.
5.4 Surface conditions and preparation
Areas to be tested shall be dry unless appropriate products for wet surfaces are used. It may be
necessary to improve the surface condition, e.g. by use of abrasive paper or local grinding to permit
accurate interpretation of indications.
Any cleaning or surface preparation shall not be detrimental to the material, the surface finish or the
magnetic testing media. Detection media shall be used within the temperature range limitations set by
the manufacturer.
5.5 Magnetizing
5.5.1 Magnetizing equipment
General magnetization requirements shall be in accordance with ISO 9934-1:2015, Clause 8.
Unless otherwise specified, for example, in an application standard, the following types of alternating
current-magnetizing equipment shall be used:
a) electromagnetic yokes;
2 © ISO 2016 – All rights reservedISO 17638:2016(E)
b) current flow equipment with prods;
c) adjacent or threading conductors or coil techniques.
DC electromagnets and permanent magnets may only be used by agreement at the time of enquiry
and order.
The magnetizing equipment shall conform to ISO 9934-3.
Where prods are used, precautions shall be taken to minimize overheating, burning or arcing at the
contact tips. Removal of arc burns shall be carried out where necessary. The affected area shall be
tested by a suitable method to ensure the integrity of the surface.
5.5.2 Verification of magnetization
For the verification of magnetization, see ISO 9934-1:2015, 8.2.
For structural steels in welds, a tangential field between 2 kA/m to 6 kA/m (r.m.s.) is recommended.
The adequacy of the surface flux density shall be established by one or more of the following methods:
a) by testing a representative component containing fine natural or artificial discontinuities in the
least favourable locations;
b) measurement of the tangential field strength as close as possible to the surface using a Hall effect
probe; the appropriate tangential field strength can be difficult to measure close to abrupt changes
in the shape of a component or where flux leaves the surface of a component;
c) calculation of the approximate current value in order to achieve the recommended tangential field
strength; the calculation can be based on the current values specified in Figure 5 and Figure 6;
d) by the use of other methods based on established principles.
Flux indicators (i.e. shim-type) placed in contact with the surface under test provide a guide to the
magnitude and direction of the tangential field strength, but should not be used to verify that the
tangential field strength is acceptable.
NOTE Information on b) is given in ISO 9934-3.
5.6 Application techniques
5.6.1 Field directions and testing area
The detectability of an imperfection depends on the angle of its major axis with respect to the direction
of the magnetic field. This is explained for one direction of magnetization in Figure 1.
© ISO 2016 – All rights reserved 3ISO 17638:2016(E)
Key
1 magnetic field direction α angle between the magnetic field and the direction of the imperfection
2 optimum sensitivity αmin minimum angle for imperfection detection
3 reducing sensitivity αi example of imperfection orientation
4 insufficient sensitivity
Figure 1 — Directions of detectable imperfections
To ensure detection of imperfections in all orientations, the welds shall be magnetized in two directions
approximately perpendicular to each other with a maximum deviation of 30°. This can be achieved
using one or more magnetization methods.
Testing in only one field direction is not recommended but may be carried out if specified, for example,
in an application standard.
When using yokes or prods, there will be an area of the component in the vicinity of each pole piece
or tip that will be impossible to test due to excessive magnetic field strength. This is usually seen as
furring of particles.
Care shall be taken to ensure adequate overlap of the testing areas as shown in Figure 2 and Figure 3.
4 © ISO 2016 – All rights reservedISO 17638:2016(E)
Dimensions in millimetres
Key
d separation between the poles (yoke/prod )
Figure 2 — Examples of effective testing area (shaded) for magnetizing with yokes and prods
© ISO 2016 – All rights reserved 5ISO 17638:2016(E)
Key
1 effective area
2 overlap
Figure 3 — Overlap of effective areas
5.6.2 Typical magnetic testing techniques
Magnetic particle testing techniques for common weld joint configurations are shown in Figure 4,
Figure 5 and Figure 6. Values are given for guidance purposes only. Where possible, the same directions
of magnetization and field overlaps should be used for other weld geometries to be tested. The width
of the flux current (in case of flux current technique) or of the magnetic flow (in case of magnetic
flow technique) path in the material, d, shall be greater than or equal to the width of the weld and the
heat affected zone +50 mm and in all cases, the weld and the heat affected zone shall be included in
the effective area. The direction of magnetization with respect to the orientation of the weld shall be
specified.
6 © ISO 2016 – All rights reservedISO 17638:2016(E)
Dimensions in millimetres
d1 ≥ 75
d ≥ 75
b1 ≤ d1/2
b ≤ d/2
b2 ≤ d2 – 50
β ≈ 90º
d2 ≥ 75
d1 ≥ 75 d1 ≥ 75
d2 ≥ 75 d2 > 75
b1 ≤ d1/2 b1 ≤ d1/2
b2 ≤ d2 − 50 b2 ≤ d2 − 50
Key
1 longitudinal cracks
2 transverse cracks
Figure 4 — Typical magnetizing techniques for yokes
© ISO 2016 – All rights reserved 7ISO 17638:2016(E)
Dimensions in millimetres
d ≥ 75
d ≥ 75
b ≤ d/2
b ≤ d/2
β ≈ 90º
d ≥ 75 d ≥ 75
b ≤ d/2 b ≤ d/2
Figure 5 — Typical magnetizing techniques for prods, using a magnetizing current prod spacing
8 © ISO 2016 – All rights reservedISO 17638:2016(E)
Dimensions in millimetres
20 ≤ a ≤ 50 20 ≤ a ≤ 50
N·I ≥ 8D N·I ≥ 8D
20 ≤ a ≤ 50
N·I ≥ 8D
Key
N number of turns
I current (r.m.s)
a distance between weld and coil or cable
Figure 6 — Typical magnetizing techniques for flexible cables or coils (for longitudinal cracks)
5.7 Detection media
5.7.1 General
Detection media may be either in dry powder form or magnetic inks in accordance with ISO 9934-2.
5.7.2 Verification of detection media performance
The detection media used shall fulfil the requirements of ISO 9934-2.
© ISO 2016 – All rights reserved 9ISO 17638:2016(E)
Indications obtained with the medium to be verified shall be compared against those obtained from a
medium having a known and acceptable performance. For this purpose, the reference indications may be
— real imperfections,
— photograph(s), and
— replica(s).
5.8 Viewing conditions
The viewing conditions shall be in accordance with ISO 3059.
5.9 Application of detection media
After the object has been prepared for testing, the detection medium shall be applied by spraying,
flooding or dusting immediately prior to and during the magnetization. Following this, time shall be
allowed for indications to form before removal of the magnetic field.
When magnetic suspensions are used, the magnetic field shall be maintained within the object until the
majority of the suspension carrier liquid has drained away from the test surface. This will prevent any
indications being washed away.
Depending on the material being tested, its surface condition and magnetic permeability, indications
will normally remain on the surface even after removal of the magnetic field due to residual magnetism
within the part (mainly at the location of the poles). However, the presence of residual magnetism shall
not be presumed and post evaluation techniques after removal of the prime magnetic field source are
only permitted when a component has been proven by an overall performance test to retain magnetic
indications.
5.10 Overall performance test
When specified, an overall performance test of the system sensitivity for each procedure shall be carried
out on site. The performance test shall be designed to ensure a proper functioning of the entire chain of
parameters including the equipment, the magnetic field strength and direction, surface characteristics,
detection media and illumination.
The most reliable test is to use representative test pieces containing real imperfections of known type,
location, size and size-distribution. Where these are not available, fabricated test pieces with artificial
imperfections or flux shunting indicators of the cross or disc or shim-type may be used.
The test pieces shall be demagnetized and free from indications resulting from previous tests.
NOTE It can be necessary to perform an overall performance test of the system sensitivity for each specific
procedure on site.
5.11 False indications
False indications which may mask relevant indications can arise for many reasons, such as changes in
magnetic permeability, very important geometry variation in, for example, the heat affected zone. Where
masking is suspected, the test surface shall be dressed or alternative test methods should be used.
5.12 Recording of indications
Indications can be recorded in one or more of the following ways by using:
a) description in writing;
b) sketches;
10 © ISO 2016 – All rights reservedISO 17638:2016(E)
c) photography;
d) transparent adhesive tape;
e) transparent varnish for “freezing” the indication on the surface tested;
f) peelable contrast coating;
g) video recording;
h) magnetic particle dispersion in an epoxy curable resin;
i) magnetic tapes;
j) electronic scanning.
5.13 Demagnetization
After testing welds with alternating current, residual magnetization will normally be low and there
will generally be no need for demagnetization of the object under test.
If demagnetization is required, it shall be carried out using a defined method and to a predefined level.
For metal cutting processes, a typical residual field strength value of H < 0,4 kA/m is recommended.
5.14 Test report
A test report shall be prepared.
The report should contain at least the following:
a) name of the company carrying out the test;
b) the object tested;
c) date of testing;
d) parent and weld materials;
e) any post weld heat treatment;
f) type of joint;
g) material thickness;
h) welding process(es);
i) temperature of the test object and the detection media (when using media in circulation)
throughout testing duration;
j) identity of the test procedure and description of the parameters used, including the following:
— type of magnetization;
— type of current;
— detection media;
— viewing conditions;
k) details and results of the overall performance test, where applicable;
l) acceptance levels;
© ISO 2016 – All rights reserved 11ISO 17638:2016(E)
m) description and location of all recordable indications;
n) test results with reference to acceptance levels;
o) names, relevant qualification and signatures of personnel who carried out the test.
12 © ISO 2016 – All rights reservedISO 17638:2016(E)
Annex A
(informative)
Variables affecting the sensitivity of magnetic particle testing
A.1 Surface conditions and preparation
The maximum test sensitivity that can be achieved by any magnetic testing method is dependent
on many variables but can be seriously affected by the surface roughness of the object and any
irregularities present. In some cases, it can be necessary to
— dress undercut and surface irregularities by grinding, and
— remove or reduce the weld reinforcement.
Surfaces covered with a thin non-ferromagnetic coatings up to 50 µm thickness may be tested
provided the colour is contrasting with the colour of the detection medium used. Above this thickness,
the sensitivity of the method decreases and may be demonstrated to be sufficiently sensitive before
proceeding with the test.
A.2 Magnetizing equipment characteristics
The use of alternating current gives the best sensitivity for detecting surface imperfections.
Yokes produce an adequate magnetic field in simple butt-welds but where the flux is reduced by gaps or
the path is excessive through the object, as in T-joints a reduction of sensitivity can occur.
For complex joint configurations, i.e. branch connections with an inclined angle of less than 90°, testing
using yokes might be inadequate. Prods or cable wrapping with current flow will, in these cases, prove
more suitable.
A.3 Magnetic field strength and permeability
The field strength required to produce an indication strong enough to be detected during magnetic
particle testing is dependent mainly on the magnetic permeability of the object.
Generally, magnetic permeability is high in softer magnetic materials, for example, low alloy steels
and low in harder magnetic materials, i.e. martensitic steels. Because permeability is a function of the
magnetizing current, low permeability materials usually require application of a higher magnetization
value than do softer alloys to produce the same flux density. It is essential, therefore, to establish that
flux density values are adequate before beginning the magnetic particle testing.
A.4 Detection media
Magnetic particle suspensions will usually give a higher sensitivity for detecting surface imperfections
than dry powders.
Fluorescent magnetic detection media usually give a higher test sensitivity than colour contrast media,
because of the higher contrast between the darkened background and the fluorescent indication. The
sensitivity of the fluorescent method will, nevertheless, decrease in proportion to any increase in the
roughness of the surface to which magnetic particles adhere and can cause a disturbing background
fluorescence.
© ISO 2016 – All rights reserved 13ISO 17638:2016(E)
Where the background illumination cannot be adequately lowered or where background fluorescence
is disturbing, coloured detection media in conjunction with the smoothing effect of a contrast aid will
usually give better sensitivity.
14 © ISO 2016 – All rights reservedISO 17638:2016(E)
Bibliography
[1] ISO 9712, Non-destructive testing — Qualification and certification of NDT personnel
[2] ISO 12707, Non-destructive testing — Magnetic particle testing — Vocabulary
[3] ISO 17635, Non-destructive testing of welds — General rules for metallic materials
[4] ISO 23278, Non-destructive testing of welds — Magnetic particle testing — Acceptance levels
© ISO 2016 – All rights reserved 15ISO 17638:2016(E)
ICS 25.160.40
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© ISO 2016 – All rights reserved
|
ISO 10893-3.pdf
|
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 10893-3
First edition
2011-04-01
Non-destructive testing of steel tubes —
Part 3:
Automated full peripheral flux leakage
testing of seamless and welded (except
submerged arc-welded) ferromagnetic
steel tubes for the detection of
longitudinal and/or transverse
imperfections
Essais non destructifs des tubes en acier —
Partie 3: Contrôle automatisé par flux de fuite sur toute la circonférence
des tubes en acier ferromagnétique sans soudure et soudés (sauf à
l'arc immergé sous flux en poudre) pour la détection des imperfections
longitudinales et/ou transversales
Reference number
ISO 10893-3:2011(E)
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electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or
ISO's member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
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Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11
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Contents
Page
Foreword............................................................................................................................................................iv
1 Scope......................................................................................................................................................1
2 Normative references............................................................................................................................1
3 Terms and definitions...........................................................................................................................1
4 General requirements...........................................................................................................................2
5 Test method...........................................................................................................................................2
6 Reference tube.......................................................................................................................................4
6.1 General...................................................................................................................................................4
6.2 Reference notches................................................................................................................................5
7 Equipment calibration and checking...................................................................................................7
8 Acceptance............................................................................................................................................7
9 Test report..............................................................................................................................................8
Annex A (normative) Limitations of magnetic flux leakage test method......................................................9
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Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 10893-3 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 17, Steel, Subcommittee SC 19, Technical
delivery conditions for steel tubes for pressure purposes.
This first edition cancels and replaces ISO 9402:1989 and ISO 9598:1989, which have been technically
revised.
ISO 10893 consists of the following parts, under the general title Non-destructive testing of steel tubes:
⎯ Part 1: Automated electromagnetic testing of seamless and welded (except submerged arc-welded) steel
tubes for the verification of hydraulic leaktightness
⎯ Part 2: Automated eddy current testing of seamless and welded (except submerged arc-welded) steel
tubes for the detection of imperfections
⎯ Part 3: Automated full peripheral flux leakage testing of seamless and welded (except submerged arc-
welded) ferromagnetic steel tubes for the detection of longitudinal and/or transverse imperfections
⎯ Part 4: Liquid penetrant inspection of seamless and welded steel tubes for the detection of surface
imperfections
⎯ Part 5: Magnetic particle inspection of seamless and welded ferromagnetic steel tubes for the detection of
surface imperfections
⎯ Part 6: Radiographic testing of the weld seam of welded steel tubes for the detection of imperfections
⎯ Part 7: Digital radiographic testing of the weld seam of welded steel tubes for the detection of
imperfections
⎯ Part 8: Automated ultrasonic testing of seamless and welded steel tubes for the detection of laminar
imperfections
⎯ Part 9: Automated ultrasonic testing for the detection of laminar imperfections in strip/plate used for the
manufacture of welded steel tubes
⎯ Part 10: Automated full peripheral ultrasonic testing of seamless and welded (except submerged arc-
welded) steel tubes for the detection of longitudinal and/or transverse imperfections
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⎯ Part 11: Automated ultrasonic testing of the weld seam of welded steel tubes for the detection of
longitudinal and/or transverse imperfections
⎯ Part 12: Automated full peripheral ultrasonic thickness testing of seamless and welded (except
submerged arc-welded) steel tubes
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Copyright International Organization for Standardization
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Non-destructive testing of steel tubes —
Part 3:
Automated full peripheral flux leakage testing of seamless and
welded (except submerged arc-welded) ferromagnetic steel
tubes for the detection of longitudinal and/or transverse
imperfections
1 Scope
This part of ISO 10893 specifies requirements for automated full peripheral magnetic flux leakage testing of
seamless and welded ferromagnetic steel tubes, with the exception of submerged arc-welded (SAW) tubes,
for the detection of imperfections.
Unless otherwise specified in the purchase order, this part of ISO 10893 is applicable to the detection of
predominantly longitudinal imperfections.
This part of ISO 10893 is applicable to the inspection of tubes with an outside diameter equal to or greater
than 10 mm.
This part of ISO 10893 can also be applicable to the testing of hollow sections.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 9712, Non-destructive testing — Qualification and certification of personnel
ISO 11484, Steel products — Employer's qualification system for non-destructive testing (NDT) personnel
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 11484 and the following apply.
3.1
reference standard
standard for the calibration of non-destructive testing equipment (e.g. drill holes, notches and recesses)
3.2
reference tube
tube or length of tube containing the reference standard(s)
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3.3
reference sample
sample (e.g. segment of tube, plate or strip) containing the reference standard(s)
NOTE Only the term “reference tube” is used in this part of ISO 10893, also covering the term “reference sample”.
3.4
tube
hollow long product open at both ends, of any cross-sectional shape
3.5
seamless tube
tube made by piercing a solid product to obtain a tube hollow, which is further processed, either hot or cold,
into its final dimensions
3.6
welded tube
tube made by forming a hollow profile from a flat product and welding adjacent edges together, and which
after welding can be further processed, either hot or cold, into its final dimensions
3.7
manufacturer
organization that manufactures products in accordance with the relevant standard(s) and declares the
compliance of the delivered products with all applicable provisions of the relevant standard(s)
3.8
agreement
contractual arrangement between the manufacturer and purchaser at the time of enquiry and order
4 General requirements
4.1 Unless otherwise specified by product standard or agreed on by the purchaser and manufacturer, this
peripheral magnetic flux leakage inspection shall be carried out on tubes after completion of all the primary
production process operations (rolling, heat treating, cold and hot working, sizing, primary straightening, etc.).
4.2 The tubes being tested shall be sufficiently straight to ensure the validity of the test. The surfaces shall
be sufficiently free of foreign matter which can interfere with the validity of the test.
4.3 This inspection shall be carried out by trained operators qualified in accordance with ISO 9712,
ISO 11484 or equivalent, and supervised by competent personnel nominated by the manufacturer. In the case
of third-party inspection, this shall be agreed on between the purchaser and manufacturer.
The operating authorization issued by the employer shall be according to a written procedure. NDT operations
shall be authorized by a level 3 NDT individual approved by the employer.
NOTE The definition of levels 1, 2 and 3 can be found in appropriate International Standards, e.g. ISO 9712 and
ISO 11484.
5 Test method
5.1 The tubes shall be tested using the magnetic flux leakage technique for the detection of predominantly
longitudinal imperfections (see Figure 1) and/or, by agreement, predominantly transverse imperfections
(see Figure 2). No limits on thickness are specified; indications on the limits of the method are reported in
Annex A.
It is recognized that there can be a short length at both tube ends which cannot be tested. Any untested ends
shall be dealt with in accordance with the requirements of the appropriate product standards.
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5.2 During testing, the tube and the transducer(s) shall be moved relative to each other such that the whole
of the tube surface is scanned. The relative speed during testing shall not vary by more than ±10 %.
5.3 The maximum width of each individual transducer, measured parallel to the major axis of defects being
detected, shall be 30 mm.
5.4 The equipment shall be capable of classifying tubes as either acceptable or suspect tubes by means of
an automated trigger/alarm level combined with a marking and/or sorting system.
a) Rotating magnetic transducer technique — b) Fixed magnetic transducer technique —
Linear movement of the tube Linear and rotary movement of the tube
Key
1 flux leakage transducers
2 tube
N north pole
S south pole
a Direction of probe rotation.
b Direction of tube rotation.
Figure 1 — Simplified diagram of magnetic flux leakage techniques
for the detection of longitudinal imperfections
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Key
1 staggered array of transducers
2 power supply (d.c.)
NOTE The magnetic transducers can take different forms, for example absolute and differential, depending on the
equipment used and other factors. The means of introducing magnetic flux in a direction parallel to the major axis of the
tube can be achieved by methods other than that shown in this figure.
Figure 2 — Simplified diagram of magnetic flux leakage technique
for the detection of transverse imperfections
6 Reference tube
6.1 General
6.1.1 The reference standards defined in this part of ISO 10893 are convenient standards for calibration of
non-destructive testing equipment. The dimensions of these standards should not be considered as the
minimum size of imperfections detectable by such equipment.
6.1.2 Each single probe of the magnetic flux leakage equipment shall be calibrated using a reference notch
on the outside surface or notches on outside and inside surfaces of a reference tube.
Alternatively, a circular reference hole drilled radially through the full thickness of the reference tube may be
used for equipment calibration by agreement between the purchaser and the manufacturer. In this case, the
maximum diameter of the reference hole for a specific acceptance level shall be agreed on and the
manufacturer shall demonstrate that the test sensitivity achieved using the reference hole and the equipment
settings is essentially equivalent to that obtained when using the specified external reference notch and the
agreed internal reference notch depth.
NOTE The diameter of the holes can be specified based on factors involving intended service or other appropriate
criteria. Typical holes diameter range is from 0,80 mm to 3,20 mm.
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The internal surface of the reference tube may be dressed or machined prior to the preparation of the internal
notch. The internal notch should not be used when the tube internal diameter is less than 20 mm, unless
otherwise agreed on between the purchaser and the manufacturer or when the tube thickness is greater than
20 mm since, due to technical limitations given in Annex A, the test at the tube bore is not adequate even after
applying the maximum ratios given in Table A.1.
6.1.3 The reference tubes shall have the same specified diameter and thickness, same surface finish and
delivery condition (e.g. as-rolled, normalized, quenched and tempered) and similar steel grade as the tubes
being tested. For specified wall thickness exceeding 10 mm, the wall thickness of the reference tubes may be
greater than the specified wall thickness of the pipe under inspection provided the notch depth is calculated on
the specified wall thickness of the pipe being inspected. The manufacturer shall demonstrate, on request, the
effectiveness of the adopted solution.
6.1.4 The external and the eventual internal notches and the reference hole shall be sufficiently separated
from the ends of the reference tube and from each other (when both notches are used), such that clearly
distinguishable signals are obtained.
6.2 Reference notches
6.2.1 General
a) The reference notch(es) shall be of the “N” type (see Figure 3) and shall lie parallel to the major axis of
the tube; when transverse imperfection detection has been agreed on between the purchaser and
manufacturer, the reference notch(es) shall lie transversally to the major axis of the tube (see Figure 4).
b) The sides shall be nominally parallel and the bottom shall be nominally square to the sides;
c) The reference notch shall be formed by machining, spark erosion or other methods.
NOTE The bottom or the bottom corners of the notch can be rounded.
Key
w width
d depth
Figure 3 — “N” type notch
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a) External partial circumferential notch b) Internal partial circumferential notch
Key
d depth
Figure 4 — Possible transverse notch forms
6.2.2 Dimensions of the reference notch
a) Width, w (see Figure 3)
The width of the reference notch shall not be greater than the depth of the reference notch depth or 1 mm
whichever is greater.
b) Depth, d (see Figures 3 and 4)
The depth of the external reference notch shall be as given in Table 1 with the following limitations:
⎯ minimum notch depth: 0,30 mm for acceptance levels F2 and F3; 0,50 mm for acceptance levels F4
and F5;
⎯ maximum notch depth: 1,5 mm.
The internal notch depth shall be subject to agreement between the purchaser and manufacturer
(see Annex A) but under no circumstance shall be less than the specified external notch depth or greater than
that applying the maximum ratios given in Table A.1. The maximum internal notch depth shall be 3,0 mm.
The tolerance on depth shall be ±15 % of the reference notch depth.
c) Length
Unless otherwise specified by product standard or agreed between purchaser and manufacturer, the length of
the reference notch(es) shall be greater than the width of each individual transducer. In any case, the length of
reference notch shall not exceed 50 mm.
In case of detection of transverse imperfections, the minimum length of circumferential notch(es)
(see Figure 4) shall be 25 mm.
6.2.3 Verification of reference standards
The reference notch dimensions and shape shall be verified by a suitable technique.
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Table 1 — Acceptance levels and corresponding external reference notch depth
Notch depth of the specified thickness
Acceptance level
%
F2 5 % (min 0,30 mm)
F3 10 % (min 0,30 mm)
F4 12,5 % (min 0,50 mm)
F5 15 % (min 0,50 mm)
NOTE The values of notch depth specified in this table are the same for the corresponding categories, in all International Standards
concerning non-destructive testing of steel tubes where reference is made to different acceptance levels. Although the reference
standards are identical, the various test methods involved can give different test results. Accordingly, the acceptance leveldesignation
prefix F (flux leakage) has been adopted to avoid any inferred direct equivalence with other test methods.
7 Equipment calibration and checking
7.1 At the start of each inspection cycle, the equipment shall be calibrated to produce consistently
(e.g. from three consecutive passes of the reference tube through the equipment), clearly identifiable signals
from the reference standard(s). These signals shall be used to activate their respective trigger alarm of the
equipment.
7.2 During the calibration check, the relative speed of movement between the reference tube and the
transducer assembly shall be the same as that used during the production test.
7.3 The calibration of the equipment shall be checked at regular intervals during the production testing of
tubes of the same specified diameter, thickness and grade by passing the reference tube through the test
equipment.
The frequency of checking the calibration shall be at least every 4 h, but also whenever there is an equipment
operator team changeover and at the start and end of production.
7.4 The equipment shall be recalibrated if any of the parameters which were used during the initial
calibration are changed.
7.5 If, on checking during production testing, the calibration requirements are not satisfied, all tubes tested
since the previous acceptable equipment calibration shall be retested after the equipment has been
recalibrated.
8 Acceptance
8.1 Any tube producing signals lower than the trigger/alarm level shall be deemed to have passed this
test.
8.2 Any tube producing signals equal to or greater than the trigger/alarm level shall be designated
suspect, or at the discretion of the manufacturer, may be retested. If, after two consecutive retests, all signals
are lower than the trigger/alarm level, the tube shall be deemed to have passed this test; otherwise, the tube
shall be designated as suspect.
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8.3 For suspect tubes, one or more of the following actions shall be taken subject to the requirements of
the product standard.
a) The suspect area shall be dressed or explored using a suitable method. After checking that the remaining
thickness is within tolerance, the tube shall be retested as previously specified. If no signals are obtained
equal to or greater than trigger/alarm level, the tube shall be deemed to have passed this test.
By agreement between the purchaser and manufacturer, the suspect area may be retested by other
non-destructive techniques and test methods to agreed acceptance levels.
b) The suspect area shall be cropped off.
c) The tube shall be deemed not to have passed the test.
9 Test report
When specified, the manufacturer shall submit to the purchaser a test report including at least the following
information:
a) reference to this part of ISO 10893, i.e. ISO 10893-3;
b) statement of conformity;
c) any deviation, by agreement or otherwise, from the procedures specified;
d) product designation by steel grade and size;
e) type and details of inspection technique(s);
f) equipment calibration method used;
g) description of the reference standard acceptance level;
h) date of test;
i) operator identification.
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Annex A
(normative)
Limitations of magnetic flux leakage test method
A.1 General
When using this method, the inspected products shall be magnetically saturated inserting them in an external
strong magnetic field; the aim of this saturation is to cause flux leakage/flux diversion from imperfections.
During the magnetic flux leakage testing of tubes, the sensitivity of the test is at maximum at the tube surface
adjacent to the magnetic transducer and decreases with increasing tube thickness due to effective diminishing
flux diversion from imperfection at the tube bore surface in relation to that at the external surface. The signal
response from internal surface imperfection may thus be smaller than that from an external imperfection of the
same size.
As a result, it may be necessary for the internal notch depth to be increased in excess of that specified for the
external notch depth by an amount agreed on by the purchaser and the manufacturer, being dependent, for
example on the type of equipment in use and the surface condition of the tube being tested. For that reason,
Table A.1 is generally applied.
Table A.1 — Maximum ratio of internal notch depth and external notch depth
with respect to tube thickness
Specified wall thickness
Maximum ratio of internal notch depth/external notch depth
T
mm F2 F3/F4/F5
8 < T u 12 2,0 1,2
12< T u 15 2,5 1,5
15< T u 20 3,0 2,0
NOTE Minimum internal notch depth: 0,4 mm.
A.2 Fixed or rotating magnetic transducer
These test techniques use one or more magnetic transducers to describe a helical path over the tube surface.
For this reason, these techniques detect longitudinal imperfections with a minimum length dependant on the
width of the transducer and the inspection helical pitch. It is recognized that transverse imperfections are
normally not detectable.
A.3 Multiple transducers technique
This test technique uses multiple fixed magnetic transducers surrounding the tube during its linear movement.
For this reason the technique detects predominantly transverse imperfections having a minimum length
dependant on the circumferential dimension of the transducer. It is recognized that longitudinal imperfections
are normally not detectable unless they have a significant transverse component (oblique).
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ICS 23.040.10; 77.040.20; 77.140.75
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ISO 17638 MT in NDT.pdf
|
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 17638
Second edition
2016-10-15
Non-destructive testing of welds —
Magnetic particle testing
Contrôle non destructif des assemblages soudés — Magnétoscopie
Reference number
ISO 17638:2016(E)
© ISO 2016ISO 17638:2016(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
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All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior
written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s member body in the country of
the requester.
ISO copyright office
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Contents Page
Foreword ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................iv
1 Scope .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................1
2 Normative references ......................................................................................................................................................................................1
3 Terms and definitions .....................................................................................................................................................................................1
4 Safety precautions ..............................................................................................................................................................................................1
5 General ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................1
5.1 Information required prior to testing .................................................................................................................................1
5.2 Additional pre-test information ...............................................................................................................................................2
5.3 Personnel qualification ....................................................................................................................................................................2
5.4 Surface conditions and preparation .....................................................................................................................................2
5.5 Magnetizing ...............................................................................................................................................................................................2
5.5.1 Magnetizing equipment .............................................................................................................................................2
5.5.2 Verification of magnetization ................................................................................................................................3
5.6 Application techniques ....................................................................................................................................................................3
5.6.1 Field directions and testing area ........................................................................................................................3
5.6.2 Typical magnetic testing techniques ..............................................................................................................6
5.7 Detection media .....................................................................................................................................................................................9
5.7.1 General......................................................................................................................................................................................9
5.7.2 Verification of detection media performance .........................................................................................9
5.8 Viewing conditions ...........................................................................................................................................................................10
5.9 Application of detection media ..............................................................................................................................................10
5.10 Overall performance test .............................................................................................................................................................10
5.11 False indications .................................................................................................................................................................................10
5.12 Recording of indications ..............................................................................................................................................................10
5.13 Demagnetization ................................................................................................................................................................................11
5.14 Test report ................................................................................................................................................................................................11
Annex A (informative) Variables affecting the sensitivity of magnetic particle testing ...............................13
Bibliography .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................15
© ISO 2016 – All rights reserved iiiISO 17638:2016(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity assessment,
as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the
Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 44, Welding and allied processes, Subcommittee
SC 5, Testing and inspection of welds.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 17638:2003), which has been technically
revised.
Requests for official interpretations of any aspect of this document should be directed to the Secretariat
of ISO/TC 44/SC 5 via your national standards body. A complete listing of these bodies can be found at
www.iso.org.
iv © ISO 2016 – All rights reservedINTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 17638:2016(E)
Non-destructive testing of welds — Magnetic particle testing
1 Scope
This document specifies techniques for detection of surface imperfections in welds in ferromagnetic
materials, including the heat affected zones, by means of magnetic particle testing. The techniques are
suitable for most welding processes and joint configurations. Variations in the basic techniques that
will provide a higher or lower test sensitivity are described in Annex A.
This document does not specify acceptance levels of the indications. Further information on acceptance
levels for indications may be found in ISO 23278 or in product or application standards.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 3059, Non-destructive testing — Penetrant testing and magnetic particle testing — Viewing conditions
ISO 9934-1:2015, Non-destructive testing — Magnetic particle testing — Part 1: General principles
ISO 9934-2, Non-destructive testing — Magnetic particle testing — Part 2: Detection media
ISO 9934-3, Non-destructive testing — Magnetic particle testing — Part 3: Equipment
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 12707 and ISO 17635 apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— IEC Electropedia: available at http://www.electropedia.org/
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at http://www.iso.org/obp
4 Safety precautions
Special consideration shall be given to toxic, inflammable and/or volatile materials, electrical safety
and unfiltered UV radiation.
Magnetic particle testing often creates high magnetic fields close to the object under test and the
magnetising equipment. Items sensitive to these fields should be excluded from such areas.
5 General
5.1 Information required prior to testing
Prior to testing, the following items shall be specified (where applicable):
a) specific test procedure;
b) certification requirements for NDT personnel;
© ISO 2016 – All rights reserved 1ISO 17638:2016(E)
c) extent of coverage;
d) state of manufacture;
e) testing techniques to be used;
f) overall performance test;
g) any demagnetization;
h) acceptance level;
i) action necessary for unacceptable indications.
5.2 Additional pre-test information
Prior to testing, the following additional information can also be required:
a) type and designation of the parent and weld materials;
b) welding process;
c) location and extent of welds to be tested;
d) joint preparation and dimensions;
e) location and extent of any repairs;
f) post-weld treatment (if any);
g) surface conditions.
Operators may ask for further information that could be helpful in determining the nature of any
indications detected.
5.3 Personnel qualification
Magnetic particle testing of welds and the evaluation of results for final acceptance shall be performed
by qualified and capable personnel. It is recommended that personnel be qualified in accordance with
ISO 9712 or an equivalent standard at an appropriate level in the relevant industry sector.
5.4 Surface conditions and preparation
Areas to be tested shall be dry unless appropriate products for wet surfaces are used. It may be
necessary to improve the surface condition, e.g. by use of abrasive paper or local grinding to permit
accurate interpretation of indications.
Any cleaning or surface preparation shall not be detrimental to the material, the surface finish or the
magnetic testing media. Detection media shall be used within the temperature range limitations set by
the manufacturer.
5.5 Magnetizing
5.5.1 Magnetizing equipment
General magnetization requirements shall be in accordance with ISO 9934-1:2015, Clause 8.
Unless otherwise specified, for example, in an application standard, the following types of alternating
current-magnetizing equipment shall be used:
a) electromagnetic yokes;
2 © ISO 2016 – All rights reservedISO 17638:2016(E)
b) current flow equipment with prods;
c) adjacent or threading conductors or coil techniques.
DC electromagnets and permanent magnets may only be used by agreement at the time of enquiry
and order.
The magnetizing equipment shall conform to ISO 9934-3.
Where prods are used, precautions shall be taken to minimize overheating, burning or arcing at the
contact tips. Removal of arc burns shall be carried out where necessary. The affected area shall be
tested by a suitable method to ensure the integrity of the surface.
5.5.2 Verification of magnetization
For the verification of magnetization, see ISO 9934-1:2015, 8.2.
For structural steels in welds, a tangential field between 2 kA/m to 6 kA/m (r.m.s.) is recommended.
The adequacy of the surface flux density shall be established by one or more of the following methods:
a) by testing a representative component containing fine natural or artificial discontinuities in the
least favourable locations;
b) measurement of the tangential field strength as close as possible to the surface using a Hall effect
probe; the appropriate tangential field strength can be difficult to measure close to abrupt changes
in the shape of a component or where flux leaves the surface of a component;
c) calculation of the approximate current value in order to achieve the recommended tangential field
strength; the calculation can be based on the current values specified in Figure 5 and Figure 6;
d) by the use of other methods based on established principles.
Flux indicators (i.e. shim-type) placed in contact with the surface under test provide a guide to the
magnitude and direction of the tangential field strength, but should not be used to verify that the
tangential field strength is acceptable.
NOTE Information on b) is given in ISO 9934-3.
5.6 Application techniques
5.6.1 Field directions and testing area
The detectability of an imperfection depends on the angle of its major axis with respect to the direction
of the magnetic field. This is explained for one direction of magnetization in Figure 1.
© ISO 2016 – All rights reserved 3ISO 17638:2016(E)
Key
1 magnetic field direction α angle between the magnetic field and the direction of the imperfection
2 optimum sensitivity αmin minimum angle for imperfection detection
3 reducing sensitivity αi example of imperfection orientation
4 insufficient sensitivity
Figure 1 — Directions of detectable imperfections
To ensure detection of imperfections in all orientations, the welds shall be magnetized in two directions
approximately perpendicular to each other with a maximum deviation of 30°. This can be achieved
using one or more magnetization methods.
Testing in only one field direction is not recommended but may be carried out if specified, for example,
in an application standard.
When using yokes or prods, there will be an area of the component in the vicinity of each pole piece
or tip that will be impossible to test due to excessive magnetic field strength. This is usually seen as
furring of particles.
Care shall be taken to ensure adequate overlap of the testing areas as shown in Figure 2 and Figure 3.
4 © ISO 2016 – All rights reservedISO 17638:2016(E)
Dimensions in millimetres
Key
d separation between the poles (yoke/prod )
Figure 2 — Examples of effective testing area (shaded) for magnetizing with yokes and prods
© ISO 2016 – All rights reserved 5ISO 17638:2016(E)
Key
1 effective area
2 overlap
Figure 3 — Overlap of effective areas
5.6.2 Typical magnetic testing techniques
Magnetic particle testing techniques for common weld joint configurations are shown in Figure 4,
Figure 5 and Figure 6. Values are given for guidance purposes only. Where possible, the same directions
of magnetization and field overlaps should be used for other weld geometries to be tested. The width
of the flux current (in case of flux current technique) or of the magnetic flow (in case of magnetic
flow technique) path in the material, d, shall be greater than or equal to the width of the weld and the
heat affected zone +50 mm and in all cases, the weld and the heat affected zone shall be included in
the effective area. The direction of magnetization with respect to the orientation of the weld shall be
specified.
6 © ISO 2016 – All rights reservedISO 17638:2016(E)
Dimensions in millimetres
d1 ≥ 75
d ≥ 75
b1 ≤ d1/2
b ≤ d/2
b2 ≤ d2 – 50
β ≈ 90º
d2 ≥ 75
d1 ≥ 75 d1 ≥ 75
d2 ≥ 75 d2 > 75
b1 ≤ d1/2 b1 ≤ d1/2
b2 ≤ d2 − 50 b2 ≤ d2 − 50
Key
1 longitudinal cracks
2 transverse cracks
Figure 4 — Typical magnetizing techniques for yokes
© ISO 2016 – All rights reserved 7ISO 17638:2016(E)
Dimensions in millimetres
d ≥ 75
d ≥ 75
b ≤ d/2
b ≤ d/2
β ≈ 90º
d ≥ 75 d ≥ 75
b ≤ d/2 b ≤ d/2
Figure 5 — Typical magnetizing techniques for prods, using a magnetizing current prod spacing
8 © ISO 2016 – All rights reservedISO 17638:2016(E)
Dimensions in millimetres
20 ≤ a ≤ 50 20 ≤ a ≤ 50
N·I ≥ 8D N·I ≥ 8D
20 ≤ a ≤ 50
N·I ≥ 8D
Key
N number of turns
I current (r.m.s)
a distance between weld and coil or cable
Figure 6 — Typical magnetizing techniques for flexible cables or coils (for longitudinal cracks)
5.7 Detection media
5.7.1 General
Detection media may be either in dry powder form or magnetic inks in accordance with ISO 9934-2.
5.7.2 Verification of detection media performance
The detection media used shall fulfil the requirements of ISO 9934-2.
© ISO 2016 – All rights reserved 9ISO 17638:2016(E)
Indications obtained with the medium to be verified shall be compared against those obtained from a
medium having a known and acceptable performance. For this purpose, the reference indications may be
— real imperfections,
— photograph(s), and
— replica(s).
5.8 Viewing conditions
The viewing conditions shall be in accordance with ISO 3059.
5.9 Application of detection media
After the object has been prepared for testing, the detection medium shall be applied by spraying,
flooding or dusting immediately prior to and during the magnetization. Following this, time shall be
allowed for indications to form before removal of the magnetic field.
When magnetic suspensions are used, the magnetic field shall be maintained within the object until the
majority of the suspension carrier liquid has drained away from the test surface. This will prevent any
indications being washed away.
Depending on the material being tested, its surface condition and magnetic permeability, indications
will normally remain on the surface even after removal of the magnetic field due to residual magnetism
within the part (mainly at the location of the poles). However, the presence of residual magnetism shall
not be presumed and post evaluation techniques after removal of the prime magnetic field source are
only permitted when a component has been proven by an overall performance test to retain magnetic
indications.
5.10 Overall performance test
When specified, an overall performance test of the system sensitivity for each procedure shall be carried
out on site. The performance test shall be designed to ensure a proper functioning of the entire chain of
parameters including the equipment, the magnetic field strength and direction, surface characteristics,
detection media and illumination.
The most reliable test is to use representative test pieces containing real imperfections of known type,
location, size and size-distribution. Where these are not available, fabricated test pieces with artificial
imperfections or flux shunting indicators of the cross or disc or shim-type may be used.
The test pieces shall be demagnetized and free from indications resulting from previous tests.
NOTE It can be necessary to perform an overall performance test of the system sensitivity for each specific
procedure on site.
5.11 False indications
False indications which may mask relevant indications can arise for many reasons, such as changes in
magnetic permeability, very important geometry variation in, for example, the heat affected zone. Where
masking is suspected, the test surface shall be dressed or alternative test methods should be used.
5.12 Recording of indications
Indications can be recorded in one or more of the following ways by using:
a) description in writing;
b) sketches;
10 © ISO 2016 – All rights reservedISO 17638:2016(E)
c) photography;
d) transparent adhesive tape;
e) transparent varnish for “freezing” the indication on the surface tested;
f) peelable contrast coating;
g) video recording;
h) magnetic particle dispersion in an epoxy curable resin;
i) magnetic tapes;
j) electronic scanning.
5.13 Demagnetization
After testing welds with alternating current, residual magnetization will normally be low and there
will generally be no need for demagnetization of the object under test.
If demagnetization is required, it shall be carried out using a defined method and to a predefined level.
For metal cutting processes, a typical residual field strength value of H < 0,4 kA/m is recommended.
5.14 Test report
A test report shall be prepared.
The report should contain at least the following:
a) name of the company carrying out the test;
b) the object tested;
c) date of testing;
d) parent and weld materials;
e) any post weld heat treatment;
f) type of joint;
g) material thickness;
h) welding process(es);
i) temperature of the test object and the detection media (when using media in circulation)
throughout testing duration;
j) identity of the test procedure and description of the parameters used, including the following:
— type of magnetization;
— type of current;
— detection media;
— viewing conditions;
k) details and results of the overall performance test, where applicable;
l) acceptance levels;
© ISO 2016 – All rights reserved 11ISO 17638:2016(E)
m) description and location of all recordable indications;
n) test results with reference to acceptance levels;
o) names, relevant qualification and signatures of personnel who carried out the test.
12 © ISO 2016 – All rights reservedISO 17638:2016(E)
Annex A
(informative)
Variables affecting the sensitivity of magnetic particle testing
A.1 Surface conditions and preparation
The maximum test sensitivity that can be achieved by any magnetic testing method is dependent
on many variables but can be seriously affected by the surface roughness of the object and any
irregularities present. In some cases, it can be necessary to
— dress undercut and surface irregularities by grinding, and
— remove or reduce the weld reinforcement.
Surfaces covered with a thin non-ferromagnetic coatings up to 50 µm thickness may be tested
provided the colour is contrasting with the colour of the detection medium used. Above this thickness,
the sensitivity of the method decreases and may be demonstrated to be sufficiently sensitive before
proceeding with the test.
A.2 Magnetizing equipment characteristics
The use of alternating current gives the best sensitivity for detecting surface imperfections.
Yokes produce an adequate magnetic field in simple butt-welds but where the flux is reduced by gaps or
the path is excessive through the object, as in T-joints a reduction of sensitivity can occur.
For complex joint configurations, i.e. branch connections with an inclined angle of less than 90°, testing
using yokes might be inadequate. Prods or cable wrapping with current flow will, in these cases, prove
more suitable.
A.3 Magnetic field strength and permeability
The field strength required to produce an indication strong enough to be detected during magnetic
particle testing is dependent mainly on the magnetic permeability of the object.
Generally, magnetic permeability is high in softer magnetic materials, for example, low alloy steels
and low in harder magnetic materials, i.e. martensitic steels. Because permeability is a function of the
magnetizing current, low permeability materials usually require application of a higher magnetization
value than do softer alloys to produce the same flux density. It is essential, therefore, to establish that
flux density values are adequate before beginning the magnetic particle testing.
A.4 Detection media
Magnetic particle suspensions will usually give a higher sensitivity for detecting surface imperfections
than dry powders.
Fluorescent magnetic detection media usually give a higher test sensitivity than colour contrast media,
because of the higher contrast between the darkened background and the fluorescent indication. The
sensitivity of the fluorescent method will, nevertheless, decrease in proportion to any increase in the
roughness of the surface to which magnetic particles adhere and can cause a disturbing background
fluorescence.
© ISO 2016 – All rights reserved 13ISO 17638:2016(E)
Where the background illumination cannot be adequately lowered or where background fluorescence
is disturbing, coloured detection media in conjunction with the smoothing effect of a contrast aid will
usually give better sensitivity.
14 © ISO 2016 – All rights reservedISO 17638:2016(E)
Bibliography
[1] ISO 9712, Non-destructive testing — Qualification and certification of NDT personnel
[2] ISO 12707, Non-destructive testing — Magnetic particle testing — Vocabulary
[3] ISO 17635, Non-destructive testing of welds — General rules for metallic materials
[4] ISO 23278, Non-destructive testing of welds — Magnetic particle testing — Acceptance levels
© ISO 2016 – All rights reserved 15ISO 17638:2016(E)
ICS 25.160.40
Price based on 15 pages
© ISO 2016 – All rights reserved
|
ISO 10893-8.pdf
|
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 10893-8
First edition
2011-04-01
Non-destructive testing of steel tubes —
Part 8:
Automated ultrasonic testing of seamless
and welded steel tubes for the detection
of laminar imperfections
Essais non destructifs des tubes en acier —
Partie 8: Contrôle automatisé par ultrasons pour la détection
des dédoublures des tubes en acier sans soudure et soudés
Reference number
ISO 10893-8:2011(E)
Copyright International Org anization for Standardization
© ISO 2011
Provided by IHS under lice nse with ISO
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale
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COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2011
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or
ISO's member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
Case postale 56 • CH-1211 Geneva 20
Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11
Fax + 41 22 749 09 47
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Web www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
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Copyright International Organization for Standardization
Provided by IHS under license with ISO
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--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---ISO 10893-8:2011(E)
Contents
Page
Foreword............................................................................................................................................................iv
1 Scope......................................................................................................................................................1
2 Normative references............................................................................................................................1
3 Terms and definitions...........................................................................................................................2
4 General requirements...........................................................................................................................2
5 Test method...........................................................................................................................................3
5.1 General...................................................................................................................................................3
5.2 Full peripheral testing of seamless and welded (except SAW) tubes.............................................3
5.3 Testing of welded steel tubes in the area adjacent to the weld seam.............................................4
5.4 Full peripheral testing of the ends of seamless and welded tubes.................................................5
6 Reference tube.......................................................................................................................................5
6.1 General...................................................................................................................................................5
6.2 Dimensions of reference standards....................................................................................................5
6.3 Verification of reference standards.....................................................................................................6
7 Equipment calibration and checking...................................................................................................6
8 Acceptance............................................................................................................................................7
8.1 General...................................................................................................................................................7
8.2 Procedure for suspect tubes................................................................................................................7
9 Test report..............................................................................................................................................8
Annex A (normative) Procedure for the determination of the size of laminar imperfections by
manual ultrasonic testing.....................................................................................................................9
© ISO 2011 – All rights reserved iii
Copyright International Organization for Standardization
Provided by IHS under license with ISO
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---ISO 10893-8:2011(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 10893-8 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 17, Steel, Subcommittee SC 19, Technical
delivery conditions for steel tubes for pressure purposes.
This first edition cancels and replaces ISO 10124:1994, ISO 11496:1993 and ISO 13663:1995, which have
been technically revised.
ISO 10893 consists of the following parts, under the general title Non-destructive testing of steel tubes:
⎯ Part 1: Automated electromagnetic testing of seamless and welded (except submerged arc-welded) steel
tubes for the verification of leaktightness
⎯ Part 2: Automated eddy current testing of seamless and welded (except submerged arc-welded) steel
tubes for the detection of imperfections
⎯ Part 3: Automated full peripheral flux leakage testing of seamless and welded (except submerged
arc-welded) ferromagnetic steel tubes for the detection of longitudinal and/or transverse imperfections
⎯ Part 4: Liquid penetrant inspection of seamless and welded steel tubes for the detection of surface
imperfections
⎯ Part 5: Magnetic particle inspection of seamless and welded ferromagnetic steel tubes for the detection of
surface imperfections
⎯ Part 6: Radiographic testing of the weld seam of welded steel tubes for the detection of imperfections
⎯ Part 7: Digital radiographic testing of the weld seam of welded steel tubes for the detection of
imperfections
⎯ Part 8: Automated ultrasonic testing of seamless and welded steel tubes for the detection of laminar
imperfections
⎯ Part 9: Automated ultrasonic testing for the detection of laminar imperfections in strip/plate used for the
manufacture of welded steel tubes
⎯ Part 10: Automated full peripheral ultrasonic testing of seamless and welded (except submerged
arc-welded) steel tubes for the detection of longitudinal and/or transverse imperfections
iv © ISO 2011 – All rights reserved
Copyright International Organization for Standardization
Provided by IHS under license with ISO
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---ISO 10893-8:2011(E)
⎯ Part 11: Automated ultrasonic testing of the weld seam of welded steel tubes for the detection of
longitudinal and/or transverse imperfections
⎯ Part 12: Automated full peripheral ultrasonic thickness testing of seamless and welded (except
submerged arc-welded) steel tubes
© ISO 2011 – All rights reserved v
Copyright International Organization for Standardization
Provided by IHS under license with ISO
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale
---`,,`,`,,`,,`-`-````,,,,```,,`--Copyright International Organization for Standardization
Provided by IHS under license with ISO
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 10893-8:2011(E)
Non-destructive testing of steel tubes —
Part 8:
Automated ultrasonic testing of seamless and welded steel
tubes for the detection of laminar imperfections
1 Scope
This part of ISO 10893 specifies requirements for automated ultrasonic testing for the detection of laminar
imperfections
a) in the pipe body (full peripheral testing) of seamless and welded, except submerged arc-welded (SAW),
steel tubes, or
b) in the area adjacent to the weld seam of welded steel tubes, and optionally
c) at the ends (full peripheral testing) of seamless and welded tubes.
This part of ISO 10893 can also be applicable to the testing of circular hollow sections.
NOTE For welded tubes, see ISO 10893-9 for an alternative test method for the detection of laminar imperfections in
steel strip/plate prior to tube forming.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 5577, Non-destructive testing — Ultrasonic inspection — Vocabulary
ISO 9712, Non-destructive testing — Qualification and certification of personnel
ISO 10893-6, Non-destructive testing of steel tubes — Part 6: Radiographic testing of the weld seam of
welded steel tubes for the detection of imperfections
ISO 10893-7, Non-destructive testing of steel tubes — Part 7: Digital radiographic testing of the weld seam of
welded steel tubes for the detection of imperfections
ISO 11484, Steel products — Employer's qualification system for non-destructive testing (NDT) personnel
© ISO 2011 – All rights reserved 1
Copyright International Organization for Standardization
Provided by IHS under license with ISO
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---ISO 10893-8:2011(E)
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 5577 and ISO 11484 and the
following apply.
3.1
reference standard
standard for the calibration of non-destructive testing equipment (e.g. drill holes, notches, recesses)
3.2
reference tube
tube or length of tube containing the reference standard(s)
3.3
reference sample
sample (e.g. segment of tube, plate or strip) containing the reference standard(s)
NOTE Only the term “reference tube” is used in this part of ISO 10893, also covering the term “reference sample”.
3.4
laminar imperfection
imperfection located in the wall thickness and generally parallel to the pipe surfaces
NOTE Its extension can be calculated by measuring its outlined area on the external surface.
3.5
tube
hollow long product open at both ends, of any cross-sectional shape
3.6
seamless tube
tube made by piercing a solid product to obtain a tube hollow, which is further processed, either hot or cold,
into its final dimensions
3.7
welded tube
tube made by forming a hollow profile from a flat product and welding adjacent edges together, and which
after welding can be further processed, either hot or cold, into its final dimensions
3.8
manufacturer
organization that manufactures products in accordance with the relevant standard(s) and declares the
compliance of the delivered products with all applicable provisions of the relevant standard(s)
3.9
agreement
contractual arrangement between the manufacturer and purchaser at the time of enquiry and order
4 General requirements
4.1 Unless otherwise specified by the product standard or agreed on by the purchaser and manufacturer,
an ultrasonic testing shall be carried out on tubes after completion of all the primary production process
operations (rolling, heat treating, cold and hot working, sizing and primary straightening, etc.).
4.2 The tubes under test shall be sufficiently straight to ensure the validity of the test. The surfaces shall be
sufficiently free of foreign matter which can interfere with the validity of the test.
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4.3 This test shall be carried out by suitable trained operators qualified in accordance with ISO 9712,
ISO 11484 or equivalent and supervised by competent personnel nominated by the manufacturer. In the case
of third-party inspection, this shall be agreed on by the purchaser and manufacturer.
The operating authorization issued by the employer shall be according to a written procedure. Non-destructive
testing (NDT) operations shall be authorized by a level 3 NDT individual approved by the employer.
NOTE The definition of levels 1, 2 and 3 can be found in appropriate International Standards, e.g. ISO 9712 and
ISO 11484.
5 Test method
5.1 General
5.1.1 As specified in the product standard, the test shall be executed using an ultrasonic pulse echo
technique for the detection of laminar imperfections in accordance with 5.2 or 5.3 and/or 5.4. The ultrasound
shall be transmitted in the direction normal to the tube surface.
5.1.2 For testing in accordance with 5.2 or 5.3, the relative speed of movement during testing shall not vary
by more than ±10 %. For determining the extent of the laminated suspect area, adjacent suspect areas
separated by less than the smaller of the two minor axes of the laminations shall be considered as one
lamination. There may be a short length at both tube ends which cannot be tested in the case of testing in
accordance with 5.2 or 5.3.
Any untested ends shall be dealt with in accordance with the requirements of the appropriate product
standards (see also 5.4).
5.1.3 The ultrasonic test frequency that shall be applied shall be in the range of 2 MHz to 10 MHz.
5.1.4 The suggested maximum width of each transducer, or each active aperture when using phased array
transducers, should be 25 mm measured in any direction. However, manufacturers may use larger
transducers providing their capability for detecting the adopted reference standard; on request, this capability
shall be demonstrated.
5.1.5 The equipment shall be capable of classifying tubes as either acceptable or suspect by means of an
automated trigger/alarm level combined with a marking and/or sorting system.
5.1.6 Where manual ultrasonic testing is required, this shall be carried out in accordance with Annex A.
NOTE For wall thicknesses less than 5 mm, where difficulties can occur in detecting and sizing laminar imperfections
using this method of test, an alternative method of test can be agreed on by the manufacturer and purchaser.
5.2 Full peripheral testing of seamless and welded (except SAW) tubes
During testing, the tubes and the transducer assembly shall be moved relative to each other such that the
tube surface is scanned in order to detect laminar imperfections with a size equal to or greater than the
relevant minimum lamination size, B , with a circumferential dimension, C , calculated as given in Table 1.
min min
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Table 1 — Acceptance levels and minimum size that shall be detected and maximum acceptable size
of laminar imperfections in full peripheral testing
Minimum individual size of
Maximum acceptable area of
laminar imperfections that shall
laminar imperfections
be considered
Circumferential Sum of individual areas W B min to u B maxa
Individual Individual
Acceptance area or transversal area in percentage of tube surface
level dimension
Average per metre of
Per any metre of
B a C B a tube length
min min max tube length
(entire tube)
mm2 mm mm2 max. max.
U0 160 6 160 Not applicable Not applicable
U1 160 + π D/4b 9 160 + π Db 1 0,5
U2 160 + π D/2b 12 160 + 2 π Db 2 1
U3 160 + π Db 15 160 + 4 π Db 4 2
a B and B shall, when calculating as the product of the length and circumferential dimensions, be rounded up to the next
min max
10 mm2.
b D = specified outside diameter of the tube, in millimetres.
5.3 Testing of welded steel tubes in the area adjacent to the weld seam
During testing, the tube and/or the probe assembly shall be moved relative to each other such that at least a
15 mm wide band on either side of the weld, as close as possible to the parent metaI/weId interface at the
external surface, is 100 % ultrasonically tested for the detection of laminar imperfections, in order to detect the
relevant minimum imperfection length, L (parallel to the weld), as given in Table 2.
min
Table 2 ― Acceptance levels and minimum size that shall be detected and maximum acceptable size
of laminar imperfections when testing the area adjacent to the weld
Minimum individual Maximum acceptable size of laminar imperfections
size of laminar
Individual dimensions
imperfections that
shall be considered Area Numbera per metre tube
Acceptance
(product of length length, where
level
Length Length and width)
L min u L u L max and
L min L max E max E u E max
mm mm mm2
U1 10 20 250 3
U2 20 40 500 4
U3 30 60 1 000 5
a Only laminar imperfections exceeding 6 mm in width (C ) shall be considered.
min
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5.4 Full peripheral testing of the ends of seamless and welded tubes
5.4.1 When end testing has been agreed on by the purchaser and manufacturer, the tube end zone at both
tube ends shall be tested.
5.4.2 During testing, the tubes and the probe assembly shall be moved relative to each other such that the
circumference of the tube ends is scanned from the outside surface, or the inside surface where appropriate,
over a length of approximately 25 mm or 2 T (T = specified tube thickness, in millimetres), whichever is the
greater, with a maximum of 50 mm, from the point where the outside surface meets the face or bevel.
In the case of submerged arc-welded tubes, when the weld reinforcement precludes a test for laminar
imperfections close to and over the reinforcement, a zone 25 mm on either side of the weld reinforcement
shall not be tested unless by agreement between the purchaser and the manufacturer; the reinforcement shall
be removed to permit the conduct of a full peripheral test.
6 Reference tube
6.1 General
6.1.1 The reference standards defined in this part of ISO 10893 are convenient standards for the calibration
of non-destructive testing equipment. The dimensions of these standards should not be construed as the
minimum size of imperfections detectable by such equipment.
6.1.2 The ultrasonic equipment shall be calibrated either electronically using any tube [see 7.1 a)] or with a
reference standard comprising a flat-bottomed circular, square or rectangular recess (see Figure 1) machined
into the inner surface of a reference tube (or reference sample), with the exception that for acceptance
level U0 (see 5.2 and Table 1), only the flat-bottomed circular recess shall be used [see 7.1 b)].
The flat-bottomed circular recess shall be used as the primary means of establishing the test sensitivity. When
using one of the other types of reference standard, the test sensitivity shall be adjusted such that it is
equivalent to that obtained when using the flat-bottomed circular recess.
6.1.3 The reference recess shall be obtained by machining, spark erosion or other appropriate methods.
NOTE The bottom or the bottom corners of the recess can be rounded.
6.1.4 The reference tubes shall have the same nominal diameter and thickness, same surface finish, heat
treatment and delivery conditions (e.g. as-rolled, normalized, quenched and tempered) as the tubes being
tested and shall have similar acoustic properties (e.g. sound velocity and attenuation coefficient).
6.2 Dimensions of reference standards
The dimensions of the recess reference standards (see Figure 1) shall be as follows:
a) width or diameter w: 6 mm
+0,6
mm;
0
b) depth d: T/4 u d u T/2, with a maximum of 25 mm;
c) length l: W 6 mm, with a maximum of 25 mm.
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Key
d depth of recess
l length of rectangular recess
T specified wall thickness
w width or diameter of recess
Figure 1 — Reference standard recess forms
6.3 Verification of reference standards
The reference standard dimensions and shape shall be verified by a suitable technique.
7 Equipment calibration and checking
7.1 At the start of each test cycle, the equipment shall be calibrated statically either without a reference
standard in accordance with 7.1 a) or using a reference standard in accordance with 7.1 b).
a) Calibration without a reference standard: with the probe assembly positioned on the tube under test, the
full amplitude of the first back wall echo minus 6 dB shall be used to activate their respective trigger/alarm
level of the equipment.
The test sensitivity may be established with distance amplitude correction (DAC) curves as supplied by
the transducer manufacturer or DAC curves as prepared by the tube manufacturer using, in both cases,
the 6 mm flat-bottomed hole curve.
The manufacturer shall demonstrate that at the set sensitivity, the equipment detects under static
conditions the reference standard as given in 6.1.2 and Figure 1. If this is not the case, the necessary
adjustment in sensitivity shall be made prior to the testing of production tubes.
b) Calibration using a reference standard: under static conditions, with the transducer or each transducer of
a probe assembly centrally located over the reference standard, the full signal amplitude of the signal
obtained from the reference standard shall be used to activate their respective trigger/alarm level of the
equipment.
7.2 During production testing, the relative rotational and/or translational speeds and pulse repetition
frequency shall be chosen to provide full surface coverage of the zone of the tube under test.
7.3 The calibration of the equipment shall be checked at regular intervals during the production testing of
tubes of the same nominal diameter, thickness and grade.
The frequency of checking the calibration shall be at least every 4 h, but also whenever there is an equipment
operator team changeover and at the start and end of the production run.
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7.4 The equipment shall be recalibrated if any of the test parameters which were used during initial
calibration are changed.
7.5 If, on checking during production testing, the calibration requirements are not satisfied, even after
increasing the test sensitivity by up to 3 dB to allow for system drift, all tubes tested since the previous
equipment check shall be retested after the equipment has been recalibrated, provided suitable records of the
concerned tubes are available.
8 Acceptance
8.1 General
8.1.1 Any tube producing signals lower than the trigger/alarm level shall be deemed to have passed this
test.
8.1.2 Any tube producing signals equal to or greater than the trigger/alarm level shall be designated
suspect or, at the discretion of the manufacturer, may be retested. If, after two consecutive retests, all signals
are lower than the trigger/alarm level, the tube shall be deemed to have passed this test; otherwise, the tube
shall be designated as suspect.
For tube end testing, this condition only applies when the circumferential length of imperfection exceeds
6 mm, which shall be detected, if applicable, by the half-amplitude method.
If applicable, the evaluation may be based on DAC curves.
8.1.3 Suspect tubes shall be dealt with as specified in 8.2.
8.2 Procedure for suspect tubes
8.2.1 Test in accordance with 5.2
One or more of the following actions shall be taken subject to the requirements of the product standard:
a) the suspect area shall be explored by a manual ultrasonic compression wave technique according to
Annex A or by a suitable automated or semi-automated system, to establish the extent of the laminar
imperfections. The tube shall be deemed to have passed this test if the lamination size, B , and the
max
total summed area of laminations greater than B and less than B (see Table 1) are not exceeded;
min max
b) the suspect area shall be cropped off;
c) the tube shall be deemed not to have passed this test.
8.2.2 Test in accordance with 5.3
One or more of the following actions shall be taken subject to the requirements of the product standard:
a) the suspect area shall be explored by a manual ultrasonic compression wave technique according to
Annex A or by a suitable automated or semi-automated system to establish the extent of the laminar
imperfections. The tube shall be deemed to have passed this test if the laminar imperfection size (E ,
max
L ) and the maximum population density, as given in Table 2, are not exceeded;
max
b) in the case of spiral or longitudinal submerged arc-welded tubes, and by agreement between the
purchaser and manufacturer, the weld seam in the vicinity of laminar imperfections exceeding the
relevant acceptance limits given in Table 2 may be subjected to radiographic testing in accordance with
ISO 10893-6 or ISO 10893-7 to disclose the presence of imperfections in or at the extremities of the weld
seam which possibly escaped detection during ultrasonic weld seam testing due to the presence of such
laminar imperfections;
c) the suspect area shall be cropped off;
d) the tube shall be deemed not to have passed this test.
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8.2.3 Test in accordance with 5.4
The manufacturer may either reject the tube or crop off the suspect area. In the latter case, the manufacturer
shall ensure that all the suspect area has been removed and shall submit the end zone of the remaining
length to a repeat test as specified in 5.4.
9 Test report
When specified, the manufacturer shall submit to the purchaser a test report including at least the following
information:
a) reference to this part of ISO 10893, i.e. ISO 10893-8;
b) statement of conformity;
c) any deviation, by agreement or otherwise, from the procedures specified;
d) product designation by steel grade and size;
e) type and details of test technique(s);
f) equipment calibration method used;
g) description of the reference standard acceptance level;
h) date of test;
i) operator identification.
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Annex A
(normative)
Procedure for the determination of the size of laminar imperfections
by manual ultrasonic testing
A.1 General
This annex covers the procedure for manual ultrasonic pulse echo scanning of tubes for the determination of
the extent of laminated suspect areas found by automated/semi-automated testing for the detection of laminar
imperfections.
In cases of arbitration between the manufacturer and the purchaser or his representative regarding the extent
and frequency of detected laminar imperfections, this procedure shall be used. This procedure determines the
details of the sizing method to establish the extent and frequency of laminar imperfections in steel tubes.
A.2 Surface condition
The surface of the tube shall be sufficiently free of foreign matter as to ensure the validity of the test.
A.3 Test equipment requirements
A.3.1 The ultrasonic probe shall be guided over the tube surface either manually or by mechanical means.
The ultrasound shall be transmitted in the direction normal to the tube surface.
A.3.2 One of the following two types of ultrasonic testing equipment shall be used.
a) Equipment with a screen display and gain control, adjustable in 2 dB steps. The gain control shall be
adjusted such that the ultrasonic signals from the laminated suspect area under evaluation are between
20 % and 80 % of the usable height of the screen display.
b) Equipment without a screen display where automated signal amplitude measurement/assessment
facilities are used. The amplitude measuring unit shall be capable of signal amplitude assessment steps
not exceeding 2 dB.
A.3.3 If dual transducer probes are used for manual determination of the size of the laminated suspect area,
examples of details given in Table A.1 shall be noted.
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Table A.1 — Examples of details for the use of dual transducer probes
Probe-to-lamination
Type of dual transducer probea Plane of acoustic separationb
distance
Either At right angles to PRD
— Nominal frequency: 4 MHz to 5 MHz
— Roof angle: approximately 0° or 5°
— Transducer size: 8 mm to 15 mm
— Focal distance: 10 mm to 12 mm
u 20 mm
or Parallel to PRD
— Nominal frequency: 4 MHz
— Roof angle: approximately 0° or 5°
— Transducer size: 18 mm to 20 mm
— Focal distance: 10 mm to 15 mm
— Nominal frequency: 4 MHz At right angles to PRD
— Roof angle: approximately 0° or 5°
— Transducer size: 15 mm to 25 mm
> 20 mm
— Focal distance: 20 mm to 60 mm
a Probe with circular or rectangular transducers may be used.
b PRD: principal rolling direction.
A.4 Test procedure
Laminar imperfections shall be located by comparing the amplitude of the imperfection echo with the
amplitude of the echo of a 6 mm flat-bottomed hole used during calibration.
Only those imperfections giving an echo at least equivalent in amplitude to that obtained with the 6 mm flat-
bottomed hole shall be considered.
In order to determine the extent of laminar imperfections which should be considered, the method of
measuring the half-amplitude value shall be used.
This method requires that the ultrasonic probe be passed over the laminated suspect area in a transverse
direction (for the determination of dimension C) and longitudinal direction (for the determination of dimension
L). The suspect location shall be 100 % scanned. During the transverse scan, the positions C and C shall be
1 2
determined where, over the greatest circumferential extent, the magnitude of the intermediate reflection
equals half of the related maximum value (6 dB difference in signal level). If this value is less than the
minimum allowable width, C , which should be considered (see Table 1), no further explorations shall be
min
carried out. Similarly, during the longitudinal scan, the positions L and L shall be determined (see Table 2).
1 2
The distances between points C and C and L and L are defined as the maximum width and length
1 2 1 2
dimensions, respectively. The product of these dimensions is defined as the area of the equivalent laminar
imperfection.
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ICS 23.040.10; 77.040.20; 77.140.75
Price based on 10 pages
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4410_19.pdf
|
IS 4410 (Part 19) : 1996
Indian Standard
GLOSSARYOFTERMSRELATINGTO
RIVERVALLEY PROJECTS
PART 19 GROUTING
ICS 93.160
0 BIS 1996
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH WAR MARG
NEW DELHI 110002
April 1996 Price Group 1Terminology Relating to River Valley Projects Sectional Committee, RVD 2
FOREWORD
This Indian Standard (Part 19) was adopted by the Bureau of Indian Standards, after the draft finalized
by the Terminology Relating to River Valley Projects Sectional Committee had been approved by the
River Valley Division Council.
A large number of Indian Standards have already been printed covering various aspects of river valley
projects and some more are in the process of formulation. These standards include technical terms, and
precise definitions for these are required for avoiding ambiguity in their interpretation. To achieve this
aim, Terminology Relating to River Valley Projects Sectional Committee is bringing out Indian Standard
Glossary of terms relating to river valley projects (IS 4410), being published in parts. This part contains
definitions of terms relating to grouting.IS 4410 ( Part 19 ) : 1996
Indian Standard
GLOSSARYOFTERMSRELATINGTO
RIVERVALLEYPROJECTS
PART 19 GROUTING
1 SCOPE any, between the concrete lining and the rock sur-
face and/or between the steel liner and the concrete
This standard (Part 19) covers the definitions of
behind it.
terms relating to grouting for river valley projects.
2.8 Curtain Grouting
2 TERMINOLOGY
Curtain grouting refers to grouting through one or
2.1 Ascending Stage Grouting
more lines of deep holes in order to create a barrier
Grouting a hole in stages as defined by packers in against seepage and it is necessary to reduce the
the hole from the bottom upwards. uplift pressure.
2.2 Agitator 2.9 Collar of Mole
A machine employed for agitating an already mixed The opening of hole at surface or opening of stand
grout to maintain the grout in colloidal/suspended pipe, protruding out of ground level is called collar
state, during storage or grouting operation. of hole.
2.3 Backfill Grouting 2.10 Contraction Joint Grouting
Due to the irregular excavated section of the rock, Contraction joint grouting is done to seal the con-
empty pockets are left behind the concrete in the traction joint opening between blocks to make
lining in the arch portion of a tunnel or a cavity. whole concrete to behave as monolith.
Backfill grouting is the process of filling these
2.11 Descending Stage Grouting
spaces by sand-cement grout. The grout is injected
through pipes set in concrete lining or through It involves drilling a shallow hole and grouting
holes drilled through concrete lining. under low pressure. The hole is redrilled to a
greater depth and regrouting is done at higher
2.4 Circulating System
pressure. The process is repeated as often as
The piping arrangement by which grout is conveyed desired.
from the grout pump to the grout hole and through
2.12 Full Depth Grouting
a return line from the hole to the grout tank.
Grouting in which the entire depth of a hole is
2.5 Concrete Grouting Pad
grouted in one operation by connecting the grout
A concrete grouting pad/slab is provided with or supply lint to the manifold at the top of the hole.
without embedded pipes on the rock foundation
2.13 Grouting
under the impervious core of fill dams to enable
grouting of shattered upper layers of the rock. Process of injecting mixtures of cement slurry or
other suitable material into confined and inacces-
2.6 Consolidation or Blanket Grouting
sible spaces (cracks and crevices) so that the whole
Consolidation grouting is done to bind and densify formation may act as a monolithic mass to with-
the natural foundation strata to make it capable of stand the high pressure and loads to which it may
supporting the load by sealing cracks and gaps so as be subjected.
to behave as monolithic mass and to improve the
2.14 Grouting Pattern
overall elastic behaviour and bearing capacity of
foundation. An arrangement of holes for grouting.
2.7 Contact Grouting or Pack Grouting 2.15 Grout Pressure
The process of grouting behind the concrete lining The pressure under which the grout is injected is
or steel liner to fill the shrinkage gap and voids, if called the grout pressure.
1IS 4410 ( Part 19 ) : 1996
2.16 Grout Nipple 2.26 Percolation Test
Ashort length of pipe, installed at the top of a grout Feeding water by gravity flow or by pumping of
hole through which drilling is done and/or to which water into a hole through a direct connection or a
the grout header is attached for the purpose of packer to measure acceptance under test condi-
injection by grout. tions.
2.17 Grouting Rate 2.27 Primary Holes - See 2.30
The rate at which the grout is accepted by the hole 2.28 Slush Grouting
at the specified pressure.
Application of cement slurry to surface rock as a
2.18 Grout Refusal means of filling cracks and surface irregularities or
open joints to prevent leakage and slacking.
When rate of grout intake of a hole or stage reduces
beyond a specified limit, averaged over a given time, 2.29 Single-Line System
at a particular pressure, the hole is said to have
The piping arrangement by which grout is conveyed
attained a state of grout refusal and grouting of a
from a grout pump to the grou: hole through a
hole is said to be completed.
single line of pipe without a return line.
2.19 Guniting
2.30 Split Spacing Grouting Method
The process of pneumatically applying cement sand
A sequence of drilling and grouting holes in which
mortar by suitable mechanism and competent
widely spaced holes are drilled and grouted initially
operations.
and the spacing is subdivided by intermediate holes.
2.20 Jetting The initial set of holes are termed as primary holes
and intermediate holes are termed secondary, ter-
Systematic washing of groups of holes in order to
tiary, etc, according to the sequence of subdivision.
remove the erodible material in the intervening
rock mass. 2.31 Single Stage Grouting
2.21 Manifold or Header Grouting the entire depth of the hole, drilled to the
final designed depth, in one operation.
The piping arrangement at the mouth of the hole
for connecting the supply/return lines to the hole 2.32 Stage
being grouted.
A complete operational cycle of drilling, cleaning,
2.22 Packer washing, pressure testing (as may be required) and
pressure grouting over a predetermined length/sec-
A device used in a hole to segregate a part of a hole
tion of the drill hole.
for grouting or installed at suitable elevation for
maintaining pressure in the hole. 2.33 Stage Grouting
2.23 Packer Grouting A grouting operation in which the hole is drilled
and grouted in stages, redrilling through set grout
Grouting of a hole which has been drilled to its final
if unavoidable, instead of being drilled to the entire
depth, in any desired sequenceof sections which are
depth and then grouted either in one operation as
isolated by use of packers from the ungrouted sec-
in single stage grouting, or in different operations
tions.
using packers (see 2.1 and 2.11).
2.24 Pressure Testing
2.34 Umbrella Grouting
Pumping water into a hole through a direct connec-
Grouting from the face of rhe excavation in a pat-
tion or a packer to measure the rate of acceptance
tern resembling a half-opened umbrella to con-
of water under pressure (sometimes also referred
solidate the rock prior to excavation.
to as water testing).
2.35 Washing
2.25 Pattern
Washing of the walls of the grout hole by water
Arrangement of holes in plan and/or vertical sec-
under pressure after completion of drilling but
tion.
before grout injection.
2Bureau of Indian Standards
BIS is a statutory institution established under the Bureau of ZndiunS tandardsA ct, 2986 to promote
harmonious development of the activities of standardization, marking and quality certification of goods
and attending to connected matters in the country.
Copyright
BIS has the copyright of all its publications. No part of these publications may be reproduced in any form
without the prior permission in writing of BIS. This does not preclude the free use, in the course of
implementing the standard, of necessary details, such as symbols and sizes, type or grade designations,
Enquiries relating to copyright be addressed to the Director (Publications), BIS.
Review of Indian Standards
Amendments are issued to standards as the need arises on the basis of comments. Standards are also
reviewed periodically; a standard along with amendments is reaffirmed when such review indicates that
no changes are needed; if the review indicates that changes are needed, it is taken up for revision. Users
of Indian Standards should ascertain that they are in possession of the latest amendments or edition by
referring to the latest issue of ‘BIS Handbook’ and ‘Standards Monthly Additions’.
This Indian Standard has been developed from Dot : No. RVD 02 ( 0164 ).
Amendments Issued Since Publication
Amend No. Date of Issue Text Affected
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
Headquarters:
Manak Bhavan, 9 Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg, New Delhi 110002 Telegrams : Manaksanstha
Telephones : 323 0131,323 83 75,323 94 02 (Common to all offices)
Regional Offices : Telephone
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Printed at Simco Printing Press, Delhi
|
228_11.pdf
|
IS 228 (Part 11) : 1990
METHODS FOR
I CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF STEELS
. -. .
0
\ .a ?
PART 11 DETERMINATION OF TOTAL SILICON BY REDUCED
MOLYBDOSILICATE SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC METHOD IN CARBON
STEELS AND LOW ALLOY STEELS (FOR SILICON 0’01 TO 0’05 PERCENT)
( Third Revision
)
UDC 669’14 + 669’15-194’2 : 543’42 1.546’281
, .- .\
Y ,
. ._’
..-.
/- \
’\ :
@ BlS 1990
RUKEAU OF INDIAN STANT3AKDS
MANAK BHAVAN, I) BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG
NEW DELHI ilOOO:!
Sefdentber 1990 lPrice Group 1Methods of Chemical Analysis of Ferrous Metals Sectional Committee, MTD 2
This Indian Standard ( Part 11 ) iTKId l<e\Gsion 11 was ;icIoptcc! I)? the Rareail nT India;~
Standards on 23 February 1990, after the tlrafi finalized 1,). rhc Melhods of Chemical Analysis of
Ferrous Metals Sectional Committee had been app~.ov~‘d by the hietallurgical Engineering Division
Council.
IS 228, which was first published in 1952 and sul,sequrntly revised in 1959, covered the chemic‘ll
analysis of plain carbon ant1 low alloy steels, along with pig iron and cast iron. It was revise<1
again to make it comprehcnsivc* in respect of steel analysis, and LO exclutle pig iron and cast il,on
which were being covered in separate standards. During its sccts~~~ r (~visim, the slandard \vas split
up in several parts, and 14 parts have already been published covering only cllernical analysis 01
steels.
This stanclard IS 228 (Part 11 ) was pul~lisl~rd in 1!)70. In this third revision this part 1~1s beets
brought in line with IS0 document ISO/L~IS 4829-2 ‘Steel and iron -~ Delermination of total
silicon content - Keduced molybdosilicatc spectrophotometl-ic mc~hod: Pars 2 Silicon content
between 0’01 and 0’05 percent’ and reproducibility 01’ 1h c mc~~hotl II:IS also been incorporated.
In reporting the results of a test or analysis made in acco~~~lance wit11 this st;nlclar~l, if the final
value, observed or calculatetl, is to be rounded off, it sl1;~11 lx: clone in accordance with IS 2 : 1900
‘Rules for rounding off numerical value5 ( rei&d 1’.IS 228 (Part 11) : 1990
Indian Standard
METHODS FOR
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF STEELS
PART 11 DETERMINATION OF TOTAL SILICON BY REDUCED
MOLYBDOSILICATE SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC METHOD IN CARBON
STEELS AND LOW ALLOY STEELS ( FOR SILICON o-01 ~0 o-05 PERCENT)
Third Revision
( )
1 SCOPE 4.2.6 Sodium Molybdate Solution
1.1 This standa1.d ( Part 11 ) covers the spectro- Dissolve 2’5 g of sodium molybdate dihydrate
photometric method for determination of total ( NaeMo0,‘2H~O) in 50 ml of water and filter
silicon in the range of 0’01 to 0.05 percent in through medium texture filter paper. Immedia-
carlIon steels and low alloy steels. tely before use, add 15 ml of concentrated
sulphuric acid (rd - 1’84), dilute to 100 ml
2 SAMPLING and mix.
2.1 Samples shall lie drawn and prepared as 4.2.7 Oxalic Aci~l, 5 percent ( w/v ).
prescribed in the relevant Indian Standards.
4.2.8 ,4scor&~: Arid, 2 percent ( prepare immedia-
3 QUALITY OF REAGENTS tely before use ).
3.1 Unless specified otherwise, analytical grade 4.2.9 Pzoc Iron, ( silicon free ). ( silicon ICSS than
reagents and distilled water shall be employed
2 lLg/s ).
in the test.
4.2.10 Sjandard Silicon SoluGon ( 1 ml 1 mg Si).
4 DETERMINATION OF TOTAL SILICON Ignite silica ( purity>99’91;,SiO, ) at 150%.
BY REDUCED MOLYBDOSILICATE Cool and weigh 2’14 g and transfer to a platinum
SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC METHOD crucible. The high purity silica shall be freshly
calcined and cooled in a desiccator. Mix
4.1 Outline of the Method thoroughly with 16 g of anhydrous sodium
carbonate and fuse at 1050°C for 30 minutes.
Silicon is converted to silicic acid and complexed Extract the fused mass with 100 ml of water in
with sodium molyhdate which in turn is reduced polypropylene or PTFE beaker. Transfer to 1
IO molybdcrrum blue. The absorbance of com- litre vtolumetric flask and shake well. Transfer
plex is measured at 810 nm. the solution immediately to well-stoppered
polytetrafluoroethylene bottle for storage.
4.2 Reagents
4.2.10.1 Slandard silicon solution - (1 ml = 20 fig Si).
‘Transfer 10 ml of’ solution (4.2.10 1 to 500 ml
Add 180 ml of concentrate(l hydrochloric acid volumetric flask. Dilute to the mark and mix.
(rd --- 1.16) and 65 ml of’ concentrated nitric TI ansfer the solution to polytetrafluoroethylene
acid ( rd -- 1’42) to .500 ml ~vater. Cool and bottle for immediate use. This solution contains
clilute to onV litI c. 20 Mg of Si per ml.
4.3 Procedure
4.3.1 \\‘eigh 0’500 ,q of ~uplo i11 a ?.50-ml
polypropylene 01 ~~olylett~afluor~~ethylerle
Ijeakcr. r\dd 85 ml of hydrochloric acid-nitric:
acid mixture, cover with :I lid and warm gently
1J ilute 200 IA of hydrogen peroxicle ( 30 percent ) I o di\solve. LVhen tl14. r(‘ilct iorl ce:+es, filter the
IO one litrp I\‘i(tr \\a[~. solutiot~ tI1t011j~l1 close textuie :~slile 7 fllct pal>el
1M 228( Part 11) :1990
and collect the filtrate. Rinse the beaker with Dilute to mark and mix well.
20 ml water and wash the filter paper several
times with 20 ml of hot water. Reserve the 43.5 Blank Solution [
filtrate.
simultaneously with testsolution and compensa- ,
ting solution, carry out two blank tests using
4.3.2 Transfer the residue and filter paper to a 0“500 g of pure iron instead of sample. 1
platinum crucible and ignite atlow temperature,
until carbonaceous matter isremoved. Ignite at NOTE – It isrecommended that duplicate blanks berun
6000C. Cool and mix the residue with 1 g of -with each ofthe tests. Find the absorbance values against
sodium carbonate and heat at 900’C for 10 tbe compensating solution.
minutes. Cool and add 15 ml of water. -Cover
4.3.6 Calibratt”onCtirue
the crucible and allow the reaction to subside.
Add 15 ml of dilute stdphuric acid ( 1: 20), stir Transfer 0“500 g of pure iron into each of the
to dissolve the melt and add to the six 250-ml PTFE beakers and dissolve according
filtrate (4.3.1). to the procedure specified in 493.1 and 43.2
using same amount of reagents. Add O,2“5, 5’0.
4.3.3 Transfer the solution (4.3.2) to a l-litre 7“5, 10“0 and 12”5ml of standard silicon solution
volumetric flask and make up with water. Take ( lm~ = 20 BgSi ) to each beaker and continue
20 ml aliquot of the above solution into 50 ml to follow rest of the procedure as specified
volumetric flask. Add potassium permanganate in 4.3.3. Prepare the calibration graph by
solution dropwise till pink colour is obtained, plotting the net absorbance values against the
which persists for 1minute. Heat to boiling and silicon concentration in Kg/ml, in the prepared
boil for 2 minutes. If the percipitate of solution.
manganese dioxide occurs, add hydro~en
peroxide dropwise till the precipitate is just NOTE —Blank solution and compensating, solution are
not necessary for the test solution as both are corrected
dissolved and boil for 5 minutes. Add 10 ml of
via zero solution of sttidard silicon’solution.
sodium molybdate and allow to stand for 20
minutes. Add 5 ml of dilute sulphuric acid 4.3.7 Calculatwn
~-.id4~i1~t~of oxalic acid and 5 ml of ascorbic
Convert the corrected absorbance of each test
solution and blank solution into Mg/ml by the
NOTE — The temperature of the solution be maintained calibration graph.
between range 15-25°C.
Calculate silicon content as:
Dilute to mark and mix. Measure the absorba-
(A–B)
nce of the test solution against compensating Silicon, percent by mass = d ~
solution at 810 nm.
where
4.3.4 Compensating Solution
A = vg/ml of silicon intestsolution (correc-
Take 20 ml aliquot of the sample solution (4.3.3) ted for its compensating solution );
in 50 ml volumetric flask and add the following
B = pg/ml of silicon in blank solution
reagents, shaking after each addition:
( corrected for its compensating solu-
— 5 ml of sulphuric acid ( 1: 4), tion ); and
M = mass, in g, of sample.
—5 ml of oxalic acid,
4.3.8 Reproducibility — + 0“005 at 0“03 percent
— 10 ml of sodium molybdate and immedia- level
tely add,
* 0“01 at 0“05 percent
– 5 ml of ascorbic acid. level.
]
!
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Act, 1986 and the Rules and Regulations made thereunder. The Standard Mark on products
covered by an Indian Standard conveys the assurance that they have been produced to comply with
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BIS is a statutory institution established under the Brucau of Indian Standards Act, 1986 to promote
harmonious development of the activities of standardization, marking and quality certification
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the course of implementing the standard, of necessary details, such as symbols and sizes, type or
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BIS.
Revision of Indian Standards
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are Issued from time to time. Users of Indian Standards slrould ascertain that they are in
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to BlS givmg the following reference:
Amemimentm Imaned §ince Publication
Amend No. Date of Issue Text Affected
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Printed at Arcee l’rear, New Delhi, Indi.\
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8968.pdf
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IS : 8968 - 1978
Indian Standard
SPECIFICATION FOR
FARM DRAINAGE CONCRETE TILES
Farm Drainage Tiles Sectional Committee, AFDC 47
Chairman Representing
DR A. M. MICHAEL Indian Agricultural Research Institute ( ICAR ),
New Delhi
Members
DR T. K. SARKAR ( Alternate to
Dr A. M. Michael )
SHRI D. R. ARORA Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation ( Department
of Agriculture )
SHRI 0. P. BAIII\RI Indo German Project, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh
DR H. S. M. CHANNABASAIAB University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore
DR H. S. CHAU~AN G. B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology,
Pantnagar
CHIE.B ENQINEER Chief Engineer, P.W.D. Irrigation ( North ),
Belgaum
DIRECTOR Irrigation Research Institute, Pune
EXECUTIVE ENQINEER ( Alternate )
SHRI N. G. JOSHI Indian Hume Pipe Co Ltd, Bombay
SHRI S. D. KHEPAR Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana
DR SITA RAM SINQH ( Alternate )
DR MARARAJ SIN~H Haryana Agricultural University, Hissar
DR N. C. MEHTA All India Plastics Manufacturers’ Association,
Bombay
SECRETARY ( Alternate )
SHRI V. K. K. M~NON Khadi & Village Industries Commission, Bombay
SHRI V. VASUDEVAN ( Alternate )
SHRI V. PATTABRI Hyderabad Asbestos Cement Products Ltd,
Hyderabad
SHRI A. K. GUPTA ( Alternate )
SHRI T. PURNANANDAM, Director General, IS1 ( Ex-oficio Member )
Deputy Director ( Agri & Food )
Secretary
SHRI R. N. SHARMA
Deputy Director ( Agri & Food ), IS1
@ Copyrighr 1979
INDIAN STANDARDS INSTITUTION
This publication is protected under the Indian Copyright Act ( XIV of 1957 ) and
reproduction in whole or in part by any means except with written permission of the
publisher shall be deemed to be an infringement of copyright under the said Act.IS : 8968 - 1978
Indian Standard
SPECIFICATION FOR
FARM DRAINAGE CONCRETE TILES
0. FOREWORD
0.1 This Indian Standard was adopted by the Indian Standards
Institution on 30 November 1978, after the draft finalized by the
Farm Drainage Tiles Sectional Committee had been approved by the
Agricultural and Food Products Division Council.
0.2 Different types of concrete pipes have been in use in this country for
water mains, sewers, culverts and in irrigation. IS : 458-1971* covers
concrete pipes. Use of concrete pipes has also been recently increased for
drainage of sub-surface water in farms. A need has, therefore, been felt
to formulate requirements for such pipes also known as ‘tiles’ which are
intended for farm drainage purposes. This standard has been prepared
to cover these tiles.
0.3 In the preparation of this standard, assistance has been derived from
Indian Hume CO Limited, Bombay.
0.4 For the purpose of deciding whether a particular requirement of
this standard is complied with, the final value, observed or calculated,
expressing the result of a test or analysis, shall be rounded off in
accordance with IS : Z-1960t. Th e number of significant places retained
in the rounded off value should be the same as that of the specified value
in this standard.
1. SCOPE
1.1 This standard covers the requirements and method of test for concrete
tiles with open joints used for farm drainage purposes.
2. MATERIAL
2.1 Cement - The cement used for the manufacture of tiles shall
conform to IS : 269-1976: or IS : 455-1976s or IS : 1489-197611.
*Specification for concrete pipes ( with and without reinforcement ) ( second revision ).
YRules for rounding off numerical values ( revised ).
$Specification for ordinary and low heat portland cement ( third revision) .
SSpecification for portland slag cement ( fhird revisio)n.
IISpecification for portland - pozzolana cement ( second revision ).
2
.IS : 8968 - 1978
2.2 Aggregates - The aggregates used for the manufacture of tiles
shall conform to IS : 383-1970*.
NOTE -The grading requirements as given in IS : 383-1970* shall be waived in
case tiles meet the physical requirements ( see 6 ).
2.3 Admixtures and Blends - If required by the purchaser, suitable
admixtures and blends may be used.
3. CLASSIFICATION
3.1 For the purpose of this standard, the concrete tiles based on their
physical properties ( see 6.1 ) shall be of following three classes:
a) Light-duty tiles,
b) Medium-duty tiles, and
c) Heavy-duty tiles.
4. DIMENSIONS AND TOLERANCES
4.1 The size ( internal diameter ) of the tiles of each class shall be 80,
100, 125, 150, 200, 250 and 300 mm.
4.1.1 Permissible variation in diameter for tiles up to and including
150 mm shall be 15 mm and for sizes more than 150mm shall be &6 mm.
4.2 The length of the tiles shall be 300 to 450 mm.
4.2.1 Permissible variation in length from the specified length shall
be f 1 percent. However, the length shall be not less and not more
than the values specified under 4.2.
4.3 The thickness of the tiles shall be such that tiles shall meet the
physical requirements ( see 6 ).
4.3.1 Permissible variation in specified thickness for tiles up to and
including 25 mm thickness shall be & 1’5 mmand above25 mm thickness
shall be f 2 mm.
NOTE - The tile wall thickness shall be measured as the average of 12 wall thick_
ness measurements made at the top, centre and bottom locations on each of the four
quarter segments that usually result when a tile is tested for crushing strength test
( SETA -l ). If a tile breaks in such a manner that a satisfactory quarter segment is
not obtained then the 12 wall thickness measurements shall be made on the broken
pieces that best represent the top, centre and bottom on the four circumferential
locations of the tiles.
5. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
5.1 The tiles shall be substantially free from fractures and surface
roughness.
*Specification for coarse and fine aggregates from natural sources for concrete
( second revision ).
3IS : 8968 -1978
5.2 The ends of the tiles shall be square with their longitudinal axis so
that when placed in a straight line in the trench no opening in end contact
shall exceed 3 mm.
5.3 The outside and inside surfaces of the tiles shall be smooth and shall
not be coated with cement wash or other preparation unless otherwise
agreed between the purchaser and the supplier.
5.4 The tiles shall be free from defects resulting from imperfect grading
or the aggregates, mixing or moulding.
5.5 The tiles shall be free from local dents or bulges greater than 3 mm
in depth and extending over a length in any direction greater than twice
the thickness of the tile.
5.6 The deviation from straight in any tile throughout its effective
length, tested by means of a rigid straight edge parallel to the longitudinal
axis of the tile shall not exceed 3 mm for every metre length.
5.7 The aggregates shall be graded, proportioned and thoroughly mixed
with such proportions of cement and water as will produce a homogenous
concrete or mortar mixture of such quality that the tiles shall meet the
requirements of this standard.
5.8 Special treatment shall be given to tiles for increasing their durability
if the tiles are required by the purchaser for unusually acid soil or
water or for soil containing unusual quantities of sulphate.
NOTEI1 - Soils or drainage water with a PH of 5’5 or lower shall be considered
having unusually acid.
NOTES- Where the sulphates are chiefly sodium or magnesium, singly or in
combination, unusual quantities of these sulphatc shall be assumed to be 3 000p pm
( @3 percent ).
6. PHYSICAL REQUIREMENTS
6.1 When tested in accordance with method given in A-l, the crushing
strength of the tiles shall be in accordance with Table 1 for respective
classes and sizes.
6.2 When tested in accordance with method given in A-2, the maximum
allowable absorption shall be 9 percent for all the classes of tiles.
7. SAMPLING
7.1 For type testing 5 tiles shall be selected at random.
7.2 For lot acceptance, unless otherwise agreed between the supplier
and the purchaser, the scale of sampling and criteria for conformity given
in Appendix B shall be followed.
4IS : 8968 - 1978
TABLE 1 CRUSHING STRENGTH OF TILES
( Clausr 6.1 )
SL SIZE MINIMUM CRUSHING STRENQTH, kN/m
No. mm r- -----*-~__ --1
Light Duty Tiles Medium Duty Tiles Heavy Duty Tiles
---In-;- -*-
--A--vKezr age - Average _ Average Indi-
of 5 tiles vidual of 5 tiles dual of 5 tiles vidual
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8)
i) 80 Il.7 9’9 16.0 14.4 20.4 18.4
ii) 100 11’7 9’9 16.0 14.4 20.4 18.4
iii) 125 11.7 99 16’0 14.4 24’8 18.4
iv) 150 11’7 9’9 16’0 14.4 20’4 l&4
“1 200 11’7 9’9 16’0 14’4 21.8 19’7
vi) 250 11’7 99 16’0 14.4 22.6 20’4
vii) 300 11.7 99 16.0 14’4 24.8 22’3
8. MARKING AND PACKING
8.1 Marking - Each tile shall be marked in a suitable manner with the
following information:
a) Manufacturer’s name or identification mark,
b) Size,
c) Length, and
d) Class.
8.1.1 Each tile may also be marked with the ISI Certification Mark.
NOTE- The use of the ISI Certification Mark is governed by the provisions of
the Indian Standards Institution ( Certification Marks ) Act and the Rules and
Regulations made thereunder. The IS1 Mark on products covered by an Indian
Standard conveys the assurance that they have been produced to comply with the
requirements of that standard under a well-defined system of inspection, testing and
quality control which is devised and supervised by IS1 and operated by the
producer. IS1 marked products are also contmuously checked by IS1 for conformity
to that standard as a further safeguard. Details of conditions under which a licence
for the use of the ISI Certification Mark may be granted to manufacturers or
processors, may be obtained from the Indian Standards Institution.
8.2 Packing - The tiles should be packed for safe handling as agreed
between the purchaser and the supplier.
5IS: 8968 - 1978
APPENDIX A
( Clauses 4.3.1, 6.1 and 6.2 )
TESTS FOR FARM DRAINAGE CONCRETE TILES
A-l. TEST FOR CRUSHING STRENGTH
A-l.1 Test Specimen - Take required number of tiles of each specified
size and length. The tiles shall be surface dried before testing.
A-l.2 Procedure - The three-edge bearing method given in 5.2 of
IS : 3597-1966” shall be followed.
A-2. TEST FOR WATER ABSORPTION
A-2.1 Test Specimen - All the tiles tested for crushing strength test
( see A-l ) shall be tested for water absorption test. Three test pieces
shall be taken from each tile which had withstood the crushing strength
test. One of the piece shall be taken from one end of the tile, second
piece from the opposite end and the third from centre or near centre of
the tiles. Each piece shall be free from visible cracks having a minimum
area of 128 ems as measured on one surface of tile. Thickness of the
piece shall be equal to the thickness of tiles.
A-2.2 Procedure - The procedure as given in 6.3 of IS : 3597-1966*
shall be followed. The average absorption of the three pieces shall be
considered as absorption for that tile. -
APPENDIX B
( Clause 7.2 )
SAMPLING OF FARM DRAINAGE CONCRETE TILES
B-l. SCALE OF SAMPLING
B-l.1 Lot - In any consignment all the concrete tiles of the same size,
same shape and manufactured under similar conditions of production
shall be grouped together to constitute a lot.
B-I.2 The conformity of the material in a lot to the requirements ofthis
specification shall be ascertained on the basis of tests on concrete tiles
selected from it.
*Methods of tests for concrete pipes.
6ISr8968- 1978
B-1.0 The number of concrete tiles to be selected from the lot shall be
in accordance with co1 2 of Table 2.
TABLE 2 SCALE OF SAMPLING AND CRITERIA FOR CONFORMITY
( ClausesB -1.3, B-2.2 and B-3.2 )
LOT %Od FOR REQUIREMENTS UNDER 4 AND 5 SAMPLE SIZE BOB
( EXOEPT 5.8 ) TESTS IN 5.8
~__..-.._-_~ --__ ___~ AND 6
Sample Size Acceptance No.
(1) (2) (3) (4)
up to 50 8 0 5
51 ,, 100 13 1 5
101 ,) 300 20 2 5
301 ,, 500 32 3 10
501 and above 50 5 10
B-1.3.1 The concrete tiles shall be selected at random. In order to
ensure the randomness of selection, a random number table shall be
followed. For guidance and use of random number tables, IS : &@j-
1968* may be followed. In the absence of a random number table the
following procedure may be adopted.
Starting from any tile in the lot, count them as 1, 2,3......up to
I and so on where I is the integral part of .7V/n( JV/n being the lot
and sample size respectively ). Every rth tile thus counted shall be
withdrawn to constitute the required sample.
B-2. NUMBER OF TESTS
B-2.1 All the concrete tiles selected according to B-l.3 shall be examined
for visual and dimensional requirements given in 4 and 5 ( except 5.8 )
of the specification.
B-2.2 The number of tiles to be tested for tests under 5.8 and 6 of the
specification shall be according to ~01 4 of Table 2. These tiles shall be
selected from those tiles that have satisfied the requirements mentioned
in B-2.1.
B-2.2.1 For crushing strength, whenever more than five tiles are
selected from a lot, the tiles shall be separated into different sets each’of
five tiles, at random. The individual test results and the average for
each set shall be reported. For example, for a lot of 500 tiles, 10 tiles
shall be selected at random and then randomly separated into two sets
each having five tiles. The individual test results for ten tiles and the
average for both sets shall be reported.
*Methods for random sampling.IS :8968 -1978
B-3. CRITERIA FOR CONFORMITY
B-3.1 The lot shall be declared as conforming to the requirements of this
specification if the conditions mentioned in B-3.2 and B-3.3 are satisfied,
otherwise it shall be considered as not conforming to the requirements of
this specification.
B-3.2 The number df defective tiles [ those not satisfying one or more of
the visual and dimensional requirements given in 4 and 5 ( except 5.8 )
of the specification ] shall not be more than the corresponding acceptance
number given in co1 3 of Table 2.
B-3.3 All the tiles tested for various tests under 5.8 and 6 except crushing
strength test shall satisfy corresponding specification requirements. For
crushing strength requirement, the lot shall be declared as conforming to
the requirements of this specification if each individual test result satisfies
the corresponding specification requirement and the average of each
set of five tiles ( see B-2.2.1 ) satisfies corresponding specification
requirement.
8
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228_9.pdf
|
IS228(Part9):1989
( Reaffirmed 1994 )
Indian Standard
METHODS FOR
CHEMICALANALYSISOFSTEELS
PART 9 DETERMfNATfON OF SULPHUR BY EVOLUTION METHOD
( FOR SULPHUR 0’01 TO 0’25 PERCENT)
Third Revision )
(
Third Reprint AUGUST 1997
UDC 669’14 + 669’15-194’2 : 543’845
@I BIS 1990
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARC
NEW DELHI 110002
August 1990 PrhGromp 2Methods of Chemical Analysis of Ferrous Metals Sectional Committee, MTD 2
FOREWORD
This Indian Standard ( Part 9) ( Third Revision ) was adopted by the Bureau of Indian Standards
on 26 December 1989, after the draft finalized by the Methods of Chemical Analysis of Ferrous
Metals Sectional Committee had been approved by the Metallurgical Engineering Division
Council.
IS 228, which was first published in 1952 and subsequently revised in 1959, covered the chemical
analysis of plain carbon and low alloy steels, along with pig iron and cast iron. This standard
was again revised to make it comprehensive in respect of steel analysis and to exclude pig iron
and cast iron which are being covered in separate standard. 14 parts have already been issued
covering only chemical analysis of steels.
This standard IS 228 ( Part 9 ) was published in 1975. In this revision the part has been updated
and reproducibility of the method incorporated.
In reporting the result of a test made in accordance with this standard, if the final value,
observed or calculated, is to be rounded off, it shall be done in accordance with IS 2 : 1960 ‘Rules
for rounding off numerical values ( revised >‘.Indian Standard
METHODS FOR
CHEMICALANALYSISOFSTEELS
PART 9 DETERMINATION OF SULPHUR BY EVOLUTION METHOD
(FOR SULPHUR 0’01 TO 0’25 PERCENT)
Third Revision )
(
1 SCOPE 5 DETERMINATION OF SULPHUR BY
EVOLUTION METHOD
1.1 This standard (Part 9) covers method for
determination of sulphur in plain carbon and 5.1 Outline of the Method
low alloy steel by evolution method.
Sulphur is evolved as hydrogen sulphide and
NOTE - This method is not suitable for steel samp!es precipitated as cadmium sulphide in ammoniacal
containing selenium. cadmium chloride solution. Solution is acidified
and excess of potassium iodate-potassium iodide
2 SAMPLING is added. Excesses of liberated iodine is titrated
against sodium thiosulphate.
2.1 Sample shall be drawn as per relevant
Indian Standard. 5.2 Reagents
5.2.1 Dilute Hydrochloric Acid, 1 : 1 ( v/v ).
3 QUALITY OF REAGENTS
5.2.2 Ammoniacal Cadmium Chloride Solution
3.1 Unless specified otherwise, analytical grade
reagents and distilled water shall be employed
Dissolve 22’8 g of cadmium chloride in 1’0 litres
in the tests.
of water and add one litre of ammonia
( rd = 0.90).
4 APPARATUS
5.2.3 Standard Iodate Solution ( 0’03 N)
Cl Apparatus as shown in Fig. 1 may be used
with leak proof joints. Dissolve 1’07 g of potassium iodate ( KIO, ),
10 g of potassium iodide and 2 g of potassium
hydroxide in 50 ml water and transfer to one
litre volumetric flask and make up.
5.2.4 Standard Sodium Thiosulphatc Solution
(0’03N)
Mix 8’1 g of sodium thiosulphate ( Na&Os’
5H,O ) with 0’5 g of sodium carbonate and
dissolve in 1 litre of water. Solution is standar-
dized against a primary standard solution of
potassium iodate ( 5.2.3 ).
5.2.5 Starch Solution
Dissolve 0’1 g of soluble starch in 100 ml of hot
water and boil for 2 to 3 minutes and cool.
5.3 Procedure
I
5.3.1 Transfer 5’00 g of sample in a 500 ml dry
florepce flask fitted properly with a rubber cork
attached with a thistle funnel and delivery tube
bend at right angle. The end of the thistle
Fxo. 1 APPARATUSFO R DETERMINATION OF funnel should nearly touch the bottom of the
SULPHUR BY EVOLUTION METHOD flask and delivery tube remain dipped in the
1measuring cylinder containing 20 ml of starch as indicator till blue colour is discharged.
ammoniacal cadmium chloride solntion and Note the volume of standard sodium thio-
80 ml of water. sulphate solution.
5.3.2 Add dilute hydrochloric acid through 5.3.4 Carry out a reagent blank simultaneously.
thistle funnel in sufficient quantity to cover the
sample completely and some quantity left in 5.3.5 Calculation
the thistle funnel also. Heat the flask gently
until the sample is completely dissolved. The S”~yh~;sI)=e rcent
( A - B ) x C x 1 6
evolved gas ( H,S ) is passed into the ammoniacal
D
cadmium chloride solution, and cadmium sul-
phide is precipitated. At the completion of the
where
reaction the delivery tube is disconnected.
A = volume, in ml, of potassium iodate
5.3.3 Transfix the contents of the measnring added;
cylinder to a 250 ml conical flak W.ash the
sides of the cylinder with 50 ml of water and B = volume, in ml, of potassium iodate
add the washings to the flask. Add excess of unused;
standard potassium iodate-potassium iodide
C = normality of potassium iodate;
solution and cool with ice water for 20-30
and
seconds. Swril the &I& and add 20 ml cold
water and 50 ml dilute hydrochloric acid. D = mass, in g, of sample taken.
Titrate the excess of liberated iodine with
standard sodium thiosulphate solution using 5.3.6 Reproducibili&, f0’005 percent.Bureati of Indian Standards
BIS is a statutory institution established under the Bureau of Indian Standards Act, 1986 to promote
harmonious development of the activities of standardization, marking and quality certification of goods and
attending to connected matters in the country.
Copyright
BIS has the copyright of all its publications. No part of these publications may be reproduced in any form
without the prior permission in writing of BIS. This does not preclude the free use, in the course of
implementing the standard, of necessary details, such as symbols and sizes, type or grade designations.
Enquiries relating to copyright be addressed to the Director (Publication), BIS.
Review of Indian Standards
Amendmen& are issued to standards as the need arises on the basis of comments. Standards are also reviewed
periodically; a standard along with amendments is reaffirmed when such review indicates that no changes are
needed; if the review indicates that changes are needed, it is taken up for revision. Users of Indian Standards
should ascertain that they are in possession of the latest amendments or edition by referring to the latest issue
of ‘BIS Handbook’ and ‘Standards Monthly Additions’.
This Indian Standard has been developed from Dot: No. MTD 2 (3545)
Amendments Issued Since Publication
Amend No. Date of Issue Text Affected
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
Headquarters:
Manak Bhavan, 9 Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg, New Delhi 110002 Telegrams: Manaksanstha
Telephones: 323 0131,323 33 75,323 94 02 (Common to all offices)
Regional Offices: Telephone
Central : Manak Bhavan, 9 Bahadur Shah Zaiar Marg 323 76 17,323 38 41
NEW DELHI 110002
Eastern : l/14 C.I.T. Scheme VII M, V.I.P. Road, Maniktola 337 84 99,337 85 61
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1 60 20 25
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PATNA. PUNE. THIRUVANANTHAPURAM.
Printed at Dee Kay Printers, New Delhi, India
|
IS 1288.PDF
|
IS:12288-1987
Indian Standard
CODE OF PRACTICE FOR
USE AND LAYING OF DUCTILE IRON PIPES
O. FOREWORD
0.1 This Indian Standard was adoptcd by the places. This code is intended to give guidelines
Bureau of Indian Standards on 30 December for proper laying of ductile iron pipes.
1987, after the draft finalized by the Water
Supply and Sanitation in Buildings Sectional c0. u3 l aF ro r r et oh ue irp mur ep no ts e o o f f t hd ie sc i sd ti an ng d w arh de t ih se r c oa m p oa lir eti d-
Committee had beed approved by the Civil Engi- with, the hnal values, observed or calculated, ex-
neering Division Council. pressing the result of a test or analysis, shall be
0.2 The laying of pipelines fot' water supply and rounded off in accordance with IS : 2-1960*. The
drainage has been generally governed by the number of significant places retained in the
guidelines laid down by various muhicipalities rounded off value should be the same as that of
and local authorities. However, at present there the specifled value in this standard,
are no guidelines for laying of ductile iron pipes
which have been used in lndia recently at sornc *Rules for rounding off numerical values ( revi,sed\.
be detailed on separate drawings and cross
I. SCOPE referenced to the appropriate strip plan; the
scale should be between 1 : I00 and I : 125 de-
1.1 This code covers the niethods of laying cen- pending on the complexity of the work. In built
t dr ii afu mg ea telly rs c 8a 0s t m(s rp nu au) n d du ac btil oe v i ero , n la p ir de s esu itr he e p r ip ac bs o vo ef u rup se a ore f a ps l, a c no sn os fid Ie r :a 1ti 2o 5n 0 s sh co au leld . Ib ne ug riv be an n t ao re t ah se ,
g dr ro au inn ad g eo .r Ib t e alo lw so d t nr ea ceil s str ae ryn c toh e los c aa tet ts hu e it ua tib lil te ie sin wte hr icv ha l ns r aw y i al fl f eb ce t
of pipes, hydrost the laying of pipes,
laid pipes, back a
nance of surfaces,
3. SITE PREPARATION
1.2 For the purpose of this code, ductile iron
pressure pipes and the fittings shall conform to 3.1 Preliminary work required to be done before
IS : 8329-1977*. laying of pipelines includes pegging out, clearing
and disposal of all shrubs, grasses, large and small
2. ROUTING bushes, trees, hedges, fences, gates, portions of
old masonry, boulders, and debris from the route.
2.1 General - The choice of route for a pipeline
is coverned by economic considerations and 3.2 Where trees have been felled, the resulting
othlr factors such as overhead and underground timber shall be stacked properly and disposed of
cables, existing pipelines and traffic flow. as directed by the authority. Tree roots within
a distance of about 0'5 metre from either side of
2.2 Fot cross country terrain before carrying out the pipeline should be completely removed before
final field survey, the pipe alignment shall be laying pipelines.
marked on Survey of India maps and reconnai-
sance should be undertaken along the pipe route 3.3 All other serviceable materials, such as wood,
selected. Any change called for should be made bricks and stones, recovered during the
before the final survey is undertaken. operation of clearing the site, shall be separately
stacked and disposed of as directed by the
2.3 Final Field Survey Plans - Field surveys for authority.
about 500 m along the
i ld be carried out. Any
i along the pipeline route 4. FORMATION
should be shown to a scale appropriate to the
variations in ground elevation, Special crossings 4.1 General - Before pipeline is laid, proper
which require permission from anthority should formation shall be prepared for pipeline.
+specification for centrifugally cast ( sputt ) r{,rnrira 4,2 Excavation and Preparation of Trenches for
iron pressure pipes for water, gas and sewage. Laying Underground Pipeiine
IIS:12288-1987
4.3 Rock Ex Tlte term 'rock' wherever
used in this hall have the same rnean-
ing as given ogY in 1S : 1200 ( Part I )-
t97 4*
.
4.2.3\t may be necessary to incre.ase,the deplh
rf pt.fin"ioavoid land diains or in the vicinity
of ioads, raihvays or other crossings'
4.2.4 Care should be taken to- avoid the spoil
bank causing an accumulation of rainwater'
not be used.
Ports and other and adjacent structures'
structures or
encli should be *Mcthod -of -..aru r.*.nt of building and civil
uction' cnginecrin g ivorks : Part I Earth work ( third revision )
IA Trench in Earth 1B Trench in Hard Rock lC T wre itn hc h S ai nn d I - BIa er dd d R ino gc 'k
with Cement Concrete
or Murum
Bedding
Ftc, I TnsNclrlt{c oF f)ucrtt-E lRoN Prprs
|
IS-2062 _ 1999.pdf
|
IS 2062:1999
!v7T&Tm
7lTwmkm~~~~-m
(~*~p#wT)
Indian Standard
STEELFORGENERALSTRUCTURAL
PURPOSES-SPECIFICATION
(F ifth Revision )
ICS 77.140.01
0 BIS 1999
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG
NEW DELHI 110002
April 1999 Price Group 4Wrought Steel Products Sectional Committee, MTD 4
FOREWORD
This Indian Standard (Fifth Revision) was adopted by the Bureau of Indian Standards, after the draft finalized
by the Wrought Steel Products Sectional Committee had been approved by the Metallurgical Engineering
Division Council.
This standard was first issued in 1962 and subsequently revised in 1969, 1975, 1984 and 1992. It was mentioned
in the foreword of IS 2062 : 1992, that Grade A steel which is supplied with a guaranteed carbon equivalent
value, supersedes IS 226. While reviewing the standard in the light of experience gained during these years,
Committee decided, to revise it to align it with the present practices followed by the Indian industries.
In this revision, following changes have been made:
4 Amendments number 1,2,3 and 4 have been incorporated.
b) References of Indian Standards have been updated.
c>D eoxidation mode for Grade B steel has been modified.
4 Frequency of test samples for tensile, bend and impact tests has been modified.
Grade A steel specified in this standard, is intended for use in structures subject to normal conditions for
non-critical applications. The use of Grade A steel is generally justified for these structural parts which are not
prone to brittle fracture on account of its thickness, size and shape adopted and/or because of the fabrication
and/or service conditions.
Grade B steel specified in this standard is intended for use in structures subject to critical loading applications,
where service temperatures do not fall below 0°C. Use of Grade B steel is generally specified for those structural
parts which are prone to brittle fracture and/or are subjected to severe fluctuation of stresses.
Grade C steel specified in this standard, is supplied with guaranteed low temperature impact properties. This
grade is intended to be used in structures or structural parts, where the risk of brittle fracture requires
consideration due to their design, size and/or service conditions. In cases where owing to increased thicknesses,
loading conditions and general design of the structures, higher resistance to brittle fracture is required, use of
steel of Grade C with a guarantee of impact properties at 0°C or -2O’C or -4O’C will be advisable.
The steel products conforming to the requirements of this specification can be rolled from the cast billet ingots,
billets, blooms, slabs and continuously cast billets, blooms or slabs conforming to IS 2830 : 1992 ‘Carbon steel
cast billet ingots, billets, blooms and slabs for re-rolling into steel for general structural purposes (second
revision)‘.
For the purpose of deciding whether a particular requirement of this standard~is complied with, the final value,
observed or calculated, expressing the result of a test or analysis, shall be rounded off in accordance with
IS 2 : 1960 ‘Rules for rounding off numerical values (revised)‘. The number of significant places retained in the
rounded off value should be the same as that of the specified value in this standard.IS 2062 : 1999
Indian Standard
STEELFORGENERALSTRUCTURAL
PURPOSES- SPECIFICATION
(Fifth Revision)
1 SCOPE 3 TERMINOLOGY
1.1 This Indian Standard covers the requirements of For the purpose of this standard, the following
steel plates, strips, sections, flats, bars, etc, for use in definitions in addition to those given in the relevant
structural work. parts of IS 1956 shall apply.
1.1.1 The steels are suitable for welded, bolted and 3.1 Micro-Alloying Elements
rivetted’ structures, and for general engineering
Elements, such as niobium, vanadium and titanium,
purposes.
added singly or in combination to obtain higher
1.2 Where welding is employedfor fabrication and strength levels combined with better formability,
guaranteed.weldability is required, welding procedure weldability and toughness as compared with
should be as specified in IS 9595 : 1996 ‘Metal arc non-alloyed steel produced to equivalent strength
welding of carbon and carbon manganese levels.
steels - Recommendations yirst revision)‘.
3.2 Weldability
2 REFERENCES
A metallic substance is considered to be weldable by
The following Indian Standards are necessary adjuncts a given process and for the given purpose, when
to this standard: metallic continuity to a stated degree can be obtained
by welding using a suitable procedure, so that the
IS No. Title
joints comply with the requirements specified in
228 Methods of chemical analysis of regard to both their local properties and their influence
steel on the construction of which they form a part.
1599 : 1985 Method for bend test (second 4 SUPPLY OF MATERIAL
revision)
General requirements relating to supply of weldable
1608: 1995 Mechanical testing of metals -
structural steel shall conform to IS 8910.
Tensile testing (second revision)
1757 : 1988 Method for Charpy impact test 5 GRADES
(V notch) for metallic material There shall be three grades of steel as given in
(second revision) Tables 1 and 3.
1852 : 1985 Rolling and cutting tolerances for
6 MANUFACTURE
hot-rolled steel products (third
revision) The processes used in making the steel land in
1956 Glossary of terms relating to iron manufacturing hot rolled steel plates, strips, sections,
and steel flats, bars, etc, are left to the discretion of the
manufacturer. If required, secondary refining may
3803 (Part 1) : Steel - Conversion of elongation
follow steel making.
1989 values: Part 1 Carbon and alloy
steels (second revision) 7 FREEDOM FROM DEFECTS
8910: 1978 General technical delivery require-
7.1 All finished steel shall be well and cleanly rolled
ments for steel and steel products
to the dimensions, sections and masses specified. The
9595 : 1996 Metal arc welding of carbon and finished material shall be reasonably free from surface
carbon manganese steels - flaws; laminations; rough/jagged and imperfect edges;
Recommendations (first revision) and all other harmful defects.
10842: 1984 Testing and evaluation procedure
7.2 Minor surface defects may be removed by the
for Y groove crackability test
manufacturer by grinding provided the thickness is notIS 2062 : 1999
reduced locally by more than 4 percent below the 7.4 The material may be subjected to non-destructive
minimum specified thickness. Reduction in thickness testing to determine soundness of material subject to
by grinding greater than 4 percent, but not exceeding mutual agreement between the purchaser and the
7 percent, may be made subject to mutual agreement manufacturer.
between the purchaser and the manufacturer.
8 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
7.2.1 Subject to agreement with the purchaser,
surface defects which cannot be dealt with as in 7.2 8.1 The ladle analysis of the steel, when carried out
may be repaired by chipping or grinding followed by by the method specified in the relevant parts of IS 228
welding and inspection by a mutually agreed or any other established instrumental/chemical
procedure such that: method, shall be as given in Table 1. In case of dispute,
the procedure given in IS 228 and its relevant parts
a) after complete removal of the defects and
shall be the referee method. However, where the
before welding, the thickness of the item is in
method is not given in IS 228 and its relevant parts, the
no place reduced by more than 20 percent;
referee method shall be as agreed to between the
b) welding is carried out by approved procedure purchaser and the manufacturer.
by competent operators with approved
8.2 Product Analysis
electrodes and that the welding is ground
smooth to the correct nominal thickness; and
The product analysis shall be carried out on the
C) subsequent to the finish grinding, the item may finished product from the standard position.
be required to be normalized or otherwise Permissible limits of variation in case of product
heat-treated at the purchaser’s direction. analysis from the limits specified in Table 1 shall be
as given in Table 2.
7.3 However, welding as mentioned in 7.2.1 is not
permissible for Grade C material.
Table 1 Chemical Composition
(Clauses 5, 8.1 and 8.2)
Grade Designation Ladle Analysis, Percent. Max Carbon Deoxidation fh~~. a.h Condition
I c , Equivalent Mode 1
C Mn s P Si (CE), Mm
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10)
A Fe 4lOW A 0.23 150 0.050 0.050 0.40 0.42 Semi-killed As rolled
or Killed
B Fe 41OW B 0.22 I.50 0.045 0.045 0.40 0.41 Killed As rolled
Plates above I2 mm may be
normalized/controlled cooled if
agreed to between the purchaser
and the manufacturer
C Fe41OWC 0.20 I .50 0.040 0.040 0.40 0.39 Killed As rolled
Plates above I2 mm shall be
normalized/controlled cooled
NOTES
Cr+Mo+V Ni+Cu
1 CE based on ladle analysis = C + T +
5 +-i?--
2 When the steel is killed by aluminium alone, the total aluminium content shall not he less than 0.02 percent. When the steel is
killed by silicon alone. the silicon content shall not be less than 0. IO percent. When the steel is silicon-aluminium killed, the silicon content
shall not he less than 0.03 percent and total aluminium content shall not be less than 0.01 percent.
3 When micro-alloying elements like Nb, V and Ti are used individually or in combination, the total content shall not exceed
0.20 percent.
4 If mutually agreed to between the purchaser and the manufacturer, the steel may be supplied in the copper hearing quality in which
case the copper shall be present between 0.20 to 0.35 percent on ladle analysis. In case of product analysis, the copper content shall br
between 0.17 and 0.38 percent. The copper bearing quality steel shall be designated with a suffix Cu, for example, Fe 4lOCu-WA.
5 Nitrogen content of the steel should not exceed 0.012 percent, which shall be ensured by the manufacturer by occasional check analysis.
6 Details of elements other than those specified may be supplied if agreed at the time of inquiry and order.
2IS 2062 : 1999
Table 2 Permissible Variations for Product 9.7 Before test samples are detached, full particulars
Analysis regarding cast number, size and mass of plates, strips,
(Clauses 5 and 8.2) sections, flats and bars in each cast shall be furnished
by the manufacturer to the purchaser. In case of plates,
Constituent Permissible Variations the number of plates in each cast shall also be given.
Over the Specified Limit,
Percent, MUX 9.8 Test samples shall be cut in such a manner that the
(1) (2) deformation is avoided as far as possible. If shearing
Carbon 0.02
or flame-cutting is employed, an adequate allowance
Man,oanese 0.05
Silicon 0.03 shall be left for removal by machining.
Sulphur 0.005
Phosphorus 0.005 9.9 Test samples shall not be subjected to heat
treatment unless the material from which they are cut
is similarly treated, in which case the test samples shall
9 SELECTION AND PREPARATION OF TEST
be similarly and simultaneously treated with the
SAMPLES
material before testing. Any slight straightening of test
9.1 The position from which test samples are taken samples which may be required shall be done cold.
shall be so located in the product as to yield the clearest
possible information regarding properties in the lo TENS1LETEST
cross-sectional and longitudinal planes. The I0.I Number of Tensile Tests
recommended locations for taking test samples for
plates, sections and bars are indicated in Fig. 1. 10.1.1 Plates, Strips, Sections (Angles, Tees, Beams,
Alternatively, in case of sections, the samples may be Channels, etc) and Fiats
taken from the web. One tensile test shall be made from finished steel for
9.2 Wherever practicable, the rolled surface of the every 50 tonnes or part thereof rolled continuously
steel shall be retained on the two opposite sides of the from each cast, a separate test being made for each
test samples. class of steel product (namely, plates, strips, sections
and flats) rolled from a cast.
9.3 In case of flat test samples for tensile test, both
surfaces are normally to be left on the test samples for 10.1.1.1 Where plates, strips, sections or flats of more
strips and plates up to 32 mm thick. At least one rolled than one thickness are rolled from the same cast, one
surface shall be left on rectangular test samples taken additional tensile test shall be made from the material
from plates exceeding 32 mm in thickness. Round test in each class of product for each variations in thickness
samples are permitted, but should only be adopted for of 6 mm.
thickness exceeding 28 mm.
10.1.2 Bars (Round, Square und Hexagonal)
9.4 In case of flats up to I6 mm thick, the test sample 0 t
ne ensile test shall be made from finished product
shall undergo, if possible, no machining whatever,
for each 50 tonnes or part thereof. If more than one
prior to use as a test piece. If this is not possible, the d’
iameter or thickness of the bar is processed, one
test sample shall undergo the minimum amount of
additional tensile test shall be made for each variation
machining.
of 3 mm above or below the diameter or thickness of
9.5 Bars below 28 mm shall be tested without thebarordered.
machining. In case of bars having diameter or Io.2 Tensile Test Pieces
s
thickness between 28 mm and 7 I mm, the bars may be
symmetrically reduced by machining. For bars The tensile strength, yield strength and percentage
having diameters or thicknesses exceeding 7 I mm, the elongation of steel shall be determined from standard
test sample may be taken from the position shown in test pieces cut crosswise from plates and strips and
Fig. I. lengthwise from sections, flats and bars. The test shall
be carried out on the standard test pieces prepared in
9.6 In case of plates, strips, sections and flats, bend accordance with IS 1608
tests shall be carried out on rectangular test samples
which, as far as possible, should be of the full thickness 10.2.1 As a rule, test pieces with a proportional
of the product. In case of plates, sections and flats gauge len th complying with the requirements
exceeding 28 mm in thickness, it is permissible to. Lo= 5.65 $_S o should be used for the tensile test, where
remove metal from one side of the test sample before’ h is the gauge length and So is the cross sectional area
using it as a test piece. The rolled surface of the test of the test piece.
piece shall be on the outer side of the bend during the
10.2.1.1 Test pieces with a non-proportional gauge
test.
lengths, otherthan 5.65 6, may also be used in which
3IS2062:1999
T
L
1 2.
3 3
_z 1.
3 3
t
Ln
\
. \ \ / ,/’
I !
423
I
-I-
POSITION OF
SAMPLES
FIG.1 STRUCTURALSTEELSECTIONS,POSITIONA NDORIENTATIONOFSAMPLES
4IS 2062 : 1999
case the elongation values shall be converted to each class of product and for each variation of
5.65 ain accordance with IS 3803 (Part 1). thickness.
10.3 Tensile Test Class of Steel Product Number of Bend Tests
Plates, strips One crosswise
Tensile strength, yield strength and percentage
Sections One lengthwise for each type
elongation when determined in accordance with
Flats and bars (round, One lengthwise
IS 1608 shall be as given in Table 3.
hexagonal, etc)
10.3.1 In case of sections the thickness of which is not
11.2 Bend Test Piece
uniform throughout the profile, the limits of sizes
given in Table 3 shall be applied according to the The test pieces shall be cut crosswise from plates and
actual maximum thickness of the piece adopted for strips and lengthwise from sections, flats and bars.
testing. When section permits, these shall be not less than
40 mm wide. If the manufacturer so desires, round,
10.3.2 Should a tensile test piece breakoutside the
square, hexagonal and flat bars and structural sections
middle half of the gauge length (see IS 1608) and the
shall be bent in the full section as rolled.
percentage elongation obtained is less than that
specified, the test may be discarded at the 11.2.1 In all bend test pieces, the rough edge or arris
manufacturer’s option and another test made from the resulting from shearing may be removed by filing or
sample plate, strip, section, flat or bar. grinding or machining but the test pieces shall receive
no other preparation.
11 BEND TEST
11.1 Number of Bend Tests 11.3 Bend Test
Bend test shall be made from finished steel from each
Bend test shall be conducted in accordance with
cast. The number of tests for every 50 tonnes of
IS 1599.
material or part thereof, rolled continuously, shall be
as given below. One additional test shall be made for
Table 3 Mechanical Properties
(Clauses5, 10.3, 10.3.1, 11.3.1, 12.1.1, 12.2and 12.4)
Grade Designation Tensile Yield Stress, Min. MPa Percent.Elong- Internal Charpy V-Notch
Strength I-&-A atio;~;~uge Dimfzz; Impact Energy
Min. MPa c20 20-40 >40 J, Min
5.65 6
mm mm mm Min Min
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8 (9)
A Fe 410W A 410 250 240 230 23 3r -
0 Fe 41OW B 410 250 240 230 23 2t for less than 27
or equal to (see Note 1)
25 mm thick
products
3t for more than
25 mm thick products
C Fe 41OW C 410 250 240 230 23 21 27
NOTES
1 For Grade B material, the minimum Charpy V-notch impact energy is to be guaranteed at 0°C if agreed to between the manufacturer
and the purchaser.
2 For Grade C material, the minimum Charpy V-notch impact energy shall be guaranteed at any one of the three temperatures, namely
0°C or -20°C or -40°C. as specified by the purchaser.
3 ‘I’ is the thickness of the material.
4 The impact values are given for a standard test piece. When tested with subsidiary test pieces, the values shall not be less than the
following.
TestP iece Size Charpy V-Notch
mm Impact Energy
J, Min
IO x 7.5 22
IO x 5 19.5
5IS 2062 : 1999
11.3.1 For bend test, the test piece at room specifically agreed to between the manufacturer and
temperature shall withstand bending through 180’ to the purchaser.
an internal diameter not greater than that given in NOTE - The Y groove crackability test will not be applicable
Table 3 without cracking. for rounds and it is mainly for plates and sections.
14 DIMENSIONS
12 IMPACT TEST
Unless otherwise agreed to between the purchaser and
12.1 Impact test shall normally be carried out on
the manufacturer, the nominal dimensions of rolled
products having thickness/diameter greater than or
products conforming to this standard shall be in
equal to 12 mm. The test specimen shall be SO
accordance with the relevant lndian Standard.
machined that the axis of the test specimen is parallel
Currently available Indian Standards are listed in
to the direction of rolling and the base closer to the
Table 4.
rolled surface is more than 1 mm from it. The notch
axis shall be perpendicular to the rolled surface. 15 TOLERANCES
12.1.1 If stated in the order, impact tests may be The rolling and cutting tolerances for steel products
carried out on products having a thickness less than 12 conforming to this standard shall be those specified in
mm; the dimensions of the test pieces shall be in IS 1852. Stricter tolerances may be followed if agreed
conformity with IS 1757 (see also Note 4 of Table 3). to between the purchaser and the manufacturer.
12.2 This test is carried out using a V-notch test piece
16 RETEST
(see IS 1757) the value for consideration being the
airthmatic mean of the results obtained on three test Should any one of test pieces first selected fail to pass
pieces taken-side by side from the same product (see any of the tests specified in this standard, two further
Table 3). samples shall be selected for testing in respect of each
failure. Should the test pieces from both these
12.3 The test sample shall be taken from the thickest
additional samples pass, the material represented by
product. If the test sample taken from the thickest
the test samples shall be deemed to comply with the
product rolled from a cast meets the requirements, the
requirements of that particular test. Should the test
whole cast shall be deemed to meet the requirements
pieces from either of these additional samples fail, the
of the test. If not, the test shall be performed on a
material represented by the test samples shall be
section of next lower thickness rolled from the same
considered as not having complied with this standard.
cast and if it meets the requirements specified, this
particular thickness as also other sections of lower
Table 4 Indian Standards Which Give Nominal
thickness shall be deemed to satisfy the specification.
Dimensions of Rolled Steel Products
If this thickness also does not meet the requirements,
(Clause 14)
the test shall be carried out on the next lower thickness
and so on, because the toughness of the product will
be dependent on the rolling direction as well as on the Product Relevant Indian Standard
(I) (2)
section size.
Beam, column, channel IS 808 : 1989 Dimensions for hot rolled
12.3.1 A test sample shall be taken from each 50 and angle sections steel beam, column, channel and angle
sections (third revision)
tonnes or part thereof from the same cast.
Tee bars IS 1173 : 1978 Hot rolled slit steel tee bars
12.4 The material represented shall be deemed to (secontl revision)
comply with the standard, if the average value of 3 test Bulb angles IS 1252 : 1991 Hot rolled steel bulb
angles-Dimensions (first revision)
specimens, meets the requirements given in Table 3
Plates, strips and flats IS 1739 : 1989 Steel plates sheet&, strips
provided no individual value shall be less than and flats for structural and general en-
70 percent of the specified value. If the average value gineering purposes (.WUVX! reviswz)
Round and square bars IS 1732 : 1989 Dimensions for round and
of the three charpy impact tests fails to comply by an
square steel bars for structural and
amount not exceeding 15 percent of the specified general engineering purposes (first
revision)
minimum average value, three additional test pieces
Bulb flats IS 1863 : 1979 Hot rolled steel bulb flats
from the same sample shall be tested and the results
(firsf revision)
added to those previously obtained and a new average Sheet piling sections IS 2314 : 1986 Steel sheet piling sections
calculated. Provided this new average complies with (firsf revision)
Channel sections IS 3954 : 1991 Hot rolled steel channel
the specified requirement, the material represented
sections for general engineering purposes
shall be deemed to comply with this standard. (first revision)
Track shoe sections IS 10182 (Part I) : 1982 Dimensions and
13 Y GROOVE CRACKABILITY TEST tolerances for hot rolled track shoe
sections : Part I Section TS-LI
Y groove crackability tests may be carried out in IS 10182 (Part 2) : 1985 Dimensions and
accordance with IS 10842 for products of only tolerances for hot rolled track shoe
sections : Part 2 Section TS-HI
Grade C material having thickness above 12 mm, if
6IS 2062 : 1999
17 CALCULATION OF MASS with the cast number and the remaining plates have
suitable identification marking.
The mass of steel shall be calculated on the basis that
steel weighs 7.85 g/cm3. ‘19.3 The ends of the rolled product shall be painted
with a colour code as given below:
18 DELIVERY
Grade A Green
Subject to prior agreement between the purchaser and
Grade B Grey
the manufacturer, suitable protective treatment may be
Grade C Orange
given to the material after rolling.
19.3.1 For the copper bearing quality, in addition to
19 MARKING
the colour code as specified in 19.3, a white colour
19.1 Each product, with the exception of round, band shall be palnted.
square and hexagonal bars and flats, shall carry a tag
19.4 BIS Certification Marking
or be marked with the manufacturer’s name or
trade-mark. Bars and flats shall carry a tag bearing the
The material may also be marked with Standard Mark.
manufacturer’s name or trade-mark. Designation of
steel should also be similarly marked on the product 19.4.1 The use of the Standard Mark is governed by
or tag. the provisions of Bureau of Indian Standards Act,
1986 and the Rules and Regulations made thereunder.
19.2 Every heavy and medium structural mill product
The details of conditions under which the licence for
and each plate of thickness 10 mm and over shall be
the use of Standard Mark may be granted to
marked with the cast number. In case of plates below
manufacturers or producers may be obtained from the
10 mm thickness, the top plate of each pile (which may
Bureau of Indian Standards.
consist of approximately 16 plates) shall be markedAMENDMENT NO. 1 JUNE 2001
TO
IS 2062:1999 STEEL FOR GENERAL STRUCTURAL
PURPOSES — SPECIFICATION
(F~th Revision)
(Page 3, clause 10.1.1) —Substitute thefollowing fortheexisting clause
‘10.1.1 Plates, Strips, Sections (Angles, Tees, Beams, Channek, etc ) and Flats
Number of samples to be tested from acast/heat and a class of steel product
(namely,plates, strips, seetiona andflats)shall beasfollows:
a) ForcastJheatsize upto 100tonnes—2samples
b) Forcastsize between 100-200tonnes—3samples
c) Forcastsizeover 200 tomes —4samples.’
(MTD4)
ReprographyUniLBIS,NewDelhi,IndiaAMENDMENT NO. 2 NOVEMBER 2002
TO
1S 2062:1999 STEEL FOR GENERAL STRUCTURAL
PURPOSES — SPECIFICATION
(Fi@h Reviswn)
(Foreword) — Insert the following before last para:
‘For all the tests specified in this standard (chemical/physical/others), the method
as specified in relevant 1S0 standard may also be followed as an alternate
method.’
(MTD4)
Reprography Unit, BIS, New Delhi, IndiaAMENDMENT NO. 3 JUNE 2003
TO
IS 2062: 1999 STEEL FOR GENERAL STRUCTURAL
PURPOSES — SPECIFICATION
(F@th Revision )
( Page 3, clause 10.1.2) — Substitute the following for the existing clause:
‘10.1.2 Bars (Round, Square and Hexagonal)
Number of samples to be tested from a castiheat and a class of steel product
(namely, bars) shall be as follows:
a) For cast/heat size up to 100 tonnes — 2 samples,
b) For cast/heat size between 100-200 tonnes — 3samples, and
c) For cast/heat size over 200 tonnes — 4 samples.’
( Page 6, clause 13 )— Substitute the following for the existing:
’13 Y GROOVE CRACKABILITY TEST
Y groove crackability tests may be carried out in accordance with IS 10842 for
products of only Grade C material having thickness 12 mm and above, if
specificallyy agreed to between the manufacturer and the purchaser.’
(MTD4)
Reprography Unit, BIS, New Delhi, In=AMENDMENT NO. 4 DECEMBER 2003
TO
IS 2062:1999 STEEL FOR GENERAL STRUCTURAL
PURPOSES -SPECIFICATION
(Fijlh Revision )
(Page 6, clause 15) — Substitute the following for the existing clause:
15 TOLERANCES
Unless otherwise agreed to between the purchaser and the manufacturer the
rolling and cutting tolerances for steedproducts conforming to this standard shall
be those specified inIS 1852 :1985.’
( Page 6, Table 4 ) — Insert the reference of ‘IS 12778:1998 Hot ro!ied steel
parallel flange beam andcolumn sections — Dimensions.’ at appropriate place.
(MTD4)
Reprography Unit, BIS, New Delhi, India
|
ISO 17637 2016 VT in NDT.pdf
|
BS EN ISO 17637:2016
BSI Standards Publication
Non-destructive testing of
welds — Visual testing of
fusion-welded joints
(ISO 1 7637:201 6)BS EN ISO 17637:2016 BRITISH STANDARD
National foreword
This British Standard is the UK implementation of EN ISO
17637:2016. It supersedes BS EN ISO 17637:2011 which is
withdrawn.
The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical
Committee WEE/46, Non-destructive testing.
A list of organizations represented on this committee can be
obtained on request to its secretary.
This publication does not purport to include all the necessary
provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct
application.
© The British Standards Institution 2016.
Published by BSI Standards Limited 2016
ISBN 978 0 580 87798 8
ICS 25.160.40
Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from
legal obligations.
This British Standard was published under the authority of the
Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 December 2016.
Amendments/corrigenda issued since publication
Date Text affectedEUROPEAN STANDARD EN ISO 17637
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
December 2016
ICS 25.160.40 Supersedes EN ISO 17637:2011
English Version
Non-destructive testing of welds - Visual testing of fusion-
welded joints (ISO 17637:2016)
Contrôle non destructif des assemblages soudés - Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung von Schweißverbindungen -
Contrôle visuel des assemblages soudés par fusion (ISO Sichtprüfung von Schmelzschweißverbindungen (ISO
17637:2016) 17637:2016)
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 19 October 2016.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this
European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references
concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN
member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by
translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management
Centre has the same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania,
Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and
United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels
© 2016 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN ISO 17637:2016 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.BS EN ISO 17637:2016
EN ISO 17637:2016 (E)
European foreword
This document (EN ISO 17637:2016) has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 44 "Welding
and allied processes" in collaboration with Technical Committee CEN/TC 121 “Welding and allied
processes” the secretariat of which is held by DIN.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an
identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by June 2017, and conflicting national standards shall be
withdrawn at the latest by June 2017.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent
rights.
This document supersedes EN ISO 17637:2011.
According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the
following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria,
Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia,
France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta,
Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,
Turkey and the United Kingdom.
Endorsement notice
The text of ISO 17637:2016 has been approved by CEN as EN ISO 17637:2016 without any modification.
3BS EN ISO 17637:2016
ISO 17637:2016(E)
Contents Page
Foreword ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................iv
1 Scope .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................1
2 Normative references ......................................................................................................................................................................................1
3 Terms and definitions .....................................................................................................................................................................................1
4 Test conditions and equipment .............................................................................................................................................................1
5 Personnel qualification .................................................................................................................................................................................2
6 Visual testing ............................................................................................................................................................................................................2
6.1 General ...........................................................................................................................................................................................................2
6.2 Visual testing of joint preparation .........................................................................................................................................2
6.3 Visual testing during welding ....................................................................................................................................................2
6.4 Visual testing of the finished weld .........................................................................................................................................3
6.4.1 General......................................................................................................................................................................................3
6.4.2 Cleaning and dressing .................................................................................................................................................3
6.4.3 Profile and dimensions ...............................................................................................................................................3
6.4.4 Weld root and surfaces ...............................................................................................................................................3
6.4.5 Post-weld heat treatment .........................................................................................................................................4
6.5 Visual testing of repaired welds ...............................................................................................................................................4
6.5.1 General......................................................................................................................................................................................4
6.5.2 Partially removed weld ..............................................................................................................................................4
6.5.3 Completely removed weld .......................................................................................................................................4
7 Test records................................................................................................................................................................................................................4
Annex A (informative) Examples of test equipment .............................................................................................................................6
Bibliography .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................10
© ISO 2016 – All rights reserved iiiBS EN ISO 17637:2016
ISO 17637:2016(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity assessment,
as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the
Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 44, Welding and allied processes, Subcommittee
SC 5, Testing and inspection of welds.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 17637:2003), which has been technically
revised.
Requests for official interpretations of any aspect of this International Standard should be directed to
the Secretariat of ISO/TC 44/SC 5 via your national standards body. A complete listing of these bodies
can be found at www.iso.org.
iv © ISO 2016 – All rights reservedBS EN ISO 17637:2016
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 17637:2016(E)
Non-destructive testing of welds — Visual testing of fusion-
welded joints
1 Scope
This document specifies the visual testing of fusion welds in metallic materials. It may also be applied
to visual testing of the joint prior to welding.
2 Normative references
There are no normative references in this document.
3 Terms and definitions
No terms and definitions are listed in this document.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— IEC Electropedia: available at http://www.electropedia.org/
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at http://www.iso.org/obp
4 Test conditions and equipment
The illuminance at the surface with white light shall be a minimum of 350 lx; wearing of tinted goggles
(e.g. protective sunglasses) increases the minimum illuminance. However, 500 lx is recommended.
For direct inspection, the access shall be sufficient to place the eye within 600 mm of the surface to be
examined and at an angle not less than 30° (see Figure 1).
a Range.
Figure 1 — Access for testing
Remote inspection using mirrors, boroscopes, fibre optic cables or cameras shall be considered when
the access for testing in accordance with Figure 1 is not possible or when specified by an application
standard.
An additional light source can be used to increase the contrast and relief between imperfections and
the background.
© ISO 2016 – All rights reserved 1BS EN ISO 17637:2016
ISO 17637:2016(E)
Where the result of visual testing is inconclusive, the visual test should be supplemented by other non-
destructive testing methods for surface inspections.
Examples of equipment used for visual testing are given in Annex A.
5 Personnel qualification
Visual testing of welds and the evaluation of results for final acceptance shall be performed by qualified
and capable personnel. It is recommended that the personnel performing indirect visual testing is
qualified according to ISO 9712 or at an appropriate level in the relevant industry sector.
6 Visual testing
6.1 General
This document does not define the extent of visual testing. However, this should be determined in
advance, e.g. by reference to an application or product standard.
The examiner shall have access to the necessary inspection and production documentation required.
Any visual testing prior to, during or after completion of the weld should be carried out while physical
access is still possible. This may include the visual testing of surface treatments.
6.2 Visual testing of joint preparation
When visual testing is required prior to welding, the joint shall be examined to check the following:
a) the shape and dimensions of the weld preparation meet the requirements of the welding procedure
specification;
b) the fusion faces and adjacent surfaces are clean and any required surface treatment has been
carried out in accordance with the application or product standard;
c) the parts to be welded are correctly fixed in relation to each other according to drawings or
instructions.
6.3 Visual testing during welding
When required, the weld shall be tested during the welding process to check the following:
a) each run or layer of weld metal is cleaned before it is covered by a further run, particular attention
being paid to the junctions between the weld metal and the fusion face;
b) there are no visible imperfections, e.g. cracks or cavities; if imperfections are observed, they shall
be reported so that remedial action can be taken before the deposition of further weld metal;
c) the transition between the runs and between the weld and the parent metal is so formed that
satisfactory melting can be accomplished when welding the next run;
d) the depth and shape of gouging is in accordance with the WPS or compared with the original groove
shape in order to ensure complete removal of the weld metal as specified;
e) after any necessary repairs/remedial action, the weld conforms to the original requirements of
the WPS.
2 © ISO 2016 – All rights reservedBS EN ISO 17637:2016
ISO 17637:2016(E)
6.4 Visual testing of the finished weld
6.4.1 General
The finished weld shall be examined to determine whether it meets the requirements of the application
or product standard or other agreed acceptance criteria, e.g. ISO 5817 or ISO 10042. Finished welds
shall at least be examined in accordance with the requirements given in 6.4.2 to 6.4.5.
6.4.2 Cleaning and dressing
The weld shall be examined to check the following:
a) all slag has been removed by manual or mechanical means in order to avoid imperfections being
obscured;
b) there are no tool impressions or blow marks;
c) when weld dressing is required, overheating of the joint due to grinding is avoided and that grinding
marks and an uneven finish are also avoided;
d) for fillet welds and butt welds to be dressed flush, the joint merges smoothly with the parent metal
without under flushing.
If imperfections (caused by dressing or otherwise) are observed, they shall be reported so that remedial
action can be taken.
6.4.3 Profile and dimensions
The weld shall be examined to check the following:
a) the profile of the weld face and the height of any excess weld metal meet the requirements of the
acceptance criteria (see 6.4.1);
b) the surface of the weld is regular: the pattern and the pitch of weave marks present an even and
satisfactory visual appearance; the distance between the last layer and the parent metal or the
position of runs has been measured where required by the WPS;
c) the weld width is consistent over the whole of the joint and that it meets the requirements given in
the weld drawing or acceptance criteria (see 6.4.1); in the case of butt welds, the weld preparation
shall be checked to ensure it has been completely filled and meets the requirements of drawing or
acceptance criteria (see 6.4.1).
6.4.4 Weld root and surfaces
The visually accessible parts of the weld, i.e. the weld root for a single-sided butt weld and the weld
surfaces, shall be examined for deviations from the acceptance criteria (see 6.4.1).
The weld shall be examined to check the following:
a) in the case of single-sided butt welds, the penetration, root concavity and any burn-through or
shrinkage grooves are within the limits specified in the acceptance criteria over the whole of
the joint;
b) any undercut is within the limits indicated in the acceptance criteria;
c) any imperfections such as cracks or porosity, detected using optical aids when necessary, in the
weld surface or heat affected zones comply with the appropriate acceptance criteria;
d) any attachments temporarily welded to the object to facilitate production or assembly and which
are prejudicial to the function of the object or the ability to examine it are removed so that the
© ISO 2016 – All rights reserved 3BS EN ISO 17637:2016
ISO 17637:2016(E)
object is not damaged; the area where the attachment was fixed shall be checked to ensure freedom
of cracks;
e) any arc strikes are within the limits of the acceptance criteria.
6.4.5 Post-weld heat treatment
Final testing shall be done after heat treatment.
6.5 Visual testing of repaired welds
6.5.1 General
When welds fail to comply wholly or in part with the acceptance criteria and repair is necessary, the
welded joint shall be examined in accordance with 6.5.2 and 6.5.3 prior to re-welding.
Every repaired weld shall be re-examined to the same requirements as the original weld.
6.5.2 Partially removed weld
The excavation shall be sufficiently deep and long to remove all imperfections. The excavation shall be
tapered from the base of the cut to the surface of the weld metal at both the ends and sides of the cut.
The width and profile of the cut shall be such that there is adequate access for re-welding.
6.5.3 Completely removed weld
When a defective weld has been completely removed, with or without the need for a new section to be
inserted, the shape and dimensions of the weld preparation shall meet the specified requirements for
the original weld.
7 Test records
When test records are required, at least the following information should be included in the report:
a) the name of the component manufacturer;
b) the name of the testing body, if different from a);
c) the identity of the object tested;
d) the material;
e) the type of joint;
f) the material thickness;
g) the welding process;
h) an acceptance criteria;
i) the imperfections exceeding the acceptance criteria and their location;
j) the extent of testing with reference to drawings as appropriate;
k) the test devices used;
l) the result of testing with reference to acceptance criteria;
m) the name of tester and date of test.
Welds that have been tested and approved should be suitably marked or identified.
4 © ISO 2016 – All rights reservedBS EN ISO 17637:2016
ISO 17637:2016(E)
If a permanent visual record of an examined weld is required, photographs or accurate sketches or both
should be made with any imperfections clearly indicated.
© ISO 2016 – All rights reserved 5BS EN ISO 17637:2016
ISO 17637:2016(E)
Annex A
(informative)
Examples of test equipment
A.1 The following is a list of equipment typically used for carrying out visual tests of welded joints.
A.1.1 Straight edge or measuring tape, with a graduation of 1 mm or finer.
A.1.2 Vernier calliper, in accordance with ISO 13385.
A.1.3 Feeler gauge, with a sufficient number of feelers to measure dimensions between 0,1 mm and
3 mm in steps of 0,1 mm at most.
A.1.4 Radius gauge.
A.1.5 Magnifying lens, with a magnification of ×2 to ×5; the lens should preferably have a scale (see
ISO 3058).
A.1.6 Lamps.
A.2 The following equipment may also be needed.
A.2.1 Profile measuring device, with a wire diameter or width ≤1 mm, where each wire end is
rounded.
A.2.2 Material for impression of welds, e.g. cold setting plastic or clay.
A.2.3 For visual inspection of welds with limited accessibility, mirrors, endoscopes, boroscopes, fibre
optics or TV-cameras may be used.
A.2.4 Other measurement devices, e.g. specifically designed welding gauges, height/depth gauges,
rulers or protractors.
A.3 Typical measurement devices and gauges are listed in detail in Table A.1.
NOTE These devices and gauges are included as examples of testing equipment. Some of the designs may be
registered designs or the subject of patents.
6 © ISO 2016 – All rights reservedISO
17637:2016(E)
BS
EN
ISO
17637:2016
Table A.1 — Measuring instruments and weld gauges — Measuring ranges and reading accuracy
Type of weld Included
Measuring Reading or Permissible
Weld gauge Description Fillet weld Butt weld range accuracy fillet angle deviation of
included or
Flat weld Concave Convex mm mm degrees fillet angle
weld weld
Simple weld gauge x x — x 3 to 15 ≈0,5 90 Small
a) Measures fillet weld
from 3 mm to 15 mm
thickness. The gauge is
placed by the curved
part in the fusion faces
so as to have three
points of contact with
the work piece and the
fillet weld.
b) Measures butt
welds reinforcement
with the straight part.
Because the gauges
consist of relatively
soft aluminium, they
wear out rapidly.
Set of welding gauges x x — — 3 to 12 According 90 None
to fan part
Measures fillet welds
from 3 mm to 12 mm
thickness; from 3 mm
to 7 mm: graduations of
0,5 mm; above 8 mm,
10 mm and 12 mm. The
gauge measures by
using the principle of
three-point contact.
Weld gauge with x x — x 0 to 20 0,1 90 None
Vernier
Measures fillet welds;
also reinforcement of
butt welds can be
determined. The legs
of the gauge are so
formed that included
angles of 60°, 70°, 80°
and 90° of V- and
single-V butt weld
with broad face can
be measured. Slight
deviations from these
lead to significant errors.
©
ISO
2016
–
All
rights
reserved
7ISO
17637:2016(E)
BS
EN
ISO
17637:2016
Table A.1 (continued)
Type of weld Included Measuring Reading or Permissible
Weld gauge Description Fillet weld Butt weld range accuracy fillet angle deviation of
included or
Flat weld Concave Convex mm mm degrees fillet angle
weld weld
Self-made weld gauge x — — — 0 to 20 0,2 90 None
Measures 7 throat
thicknesses of fillet
welds with an
included angle of 90°.
Three-scale weld x x x x 0 to 15 0,1 90 Small
gauge
Measures throat
thickness and leg
length. Can also
measure weld
reinforcement of butt
welds. Easy to use. Also
appropriate for
asymmetric fillet welds.
Gauge for checking — — — — — — — —
profile of fillet welds
Checking the profile of
one shape for one size
of fillet welds. This
type of gauge needs
one model for each size
of fillet weld.
Multi-purpose gauge x x x x 0 to 50 0,3 0 to 45 None
(angle of
Measures angle of bevel)
bevel, leg length of
fillet weld, undercut,
misalignment, throat
thickness and weld
reinforcement.
8
©
ISO
2016
–
All
rights
reservedISO
17637:2016(E)
BS
EN
ISO
17637:2016
Table A.1 (continued)
Type of weld Included
Measuring Reading or Permissible
Weld gauge Description Fillet weld Butt weld range accuracy fillet angle deviation of
included or
Flat weld Concave Convex mm mm degrees fillet angle
weld weld
Universal weld gauge x x x x 0 to 30 0,1 — ±25 %
Measurement tasks:
— fillet welds: shape
and dimensions.
— butt welds:
misalignment of plates,
joint preparation
(angle width), weld
reinforcement, weld
width, undercuts.
Gap gauge — — — x 0 to 6 0,1 — —
Measures the width of
gaps.
Hook gauge for — — — x 0 to 100 0,05 — —
misalignment
Measures the
misalignment of the
preparation for butt
welds on plates and
pipes.
Universal butt weld x x x x 0 to 30 0,1 — ±25 %
gauge
Measures the
preparation and the
finished butt weld.
1 angle of bevel
2 width of root gap
3 weld reinforcement
4 width of weld surface
5 depth of undercut
6 diameter of
consumables
©
ISO
2016
–
All
rights
reserved
9BS EN ISO 17637:2016
ISO 17637:2016(E)
Bibliography
[1] ISO 3058, Non-destructive testing — Aids to visual inspection — Selection of low-power magnifiers
[2] ISO 5817, Welding — Fusion-welded joints in steel, nickel, titanium and their alloys (beam welding
excluded) — Quality levels for imperfections
[3] ISO 9712, Non-destructive testing — Qualification and certification of NDT personnel
[4] ISO 10042, Welding — Arc-welded joints in aluminium and its alloys — Quality levels for
imperfections
[5] ISO 13385 (all parts), Geometrical product specifications (GPS) — Dimensional measuring
equipment
[6] ISO 17635, Non-destructive testing of welds — General rules for metallic materials
10 © ISO 2016 – All rights reservedBS EN ISO 17637:2016This page deliberately left blankThis page deliberately left blankNO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAW
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1077.pdf
|
IS 1077:1992
Indian Standard
COMMON BURNT CLAY BUILDING
BRICKS- SPECIFICATION
( Fifth Revision )
Second Reprint AUGUT 1996
UDC 666’762’7 12
0 BIS 1992
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG
NEW DELHI 110002
January 1992 Price Group 2Clay Products for Buildings Sectional Committee, CED 30
FOREWORD
This Indian Standard ( Fifth Revision ) was adopted by the Bureau of Indian Standards, after the
draft finalized by the Clay Products for Buildings Sectional Committee had been approved by the
Civil Engineering Division Council.
The common building bricks is not only one of the oldest but also the most extensively used
building material in construction work. It is essentially a local building material and consequently
there exist considerablevariations in the quality of raw material, the process of manufacture and
the quality of the finished product. Rapid building activity, to be on rational lines, needs a certain
degree of uniformity in the construction materials. Standardization of the common building brick
with regard to its quality and dimensions would substanitally help in raising the quality of
construction work and its speed.
Keeping in view the advantages of modular co-ordination, Indian standards specify the
dimensions of standard bricks in 100 mm module as the basis of all dimensional standardiz-
ation in regard to building components. This is also in confirmity with the decision of
Government of India to adopt metric system in the country. Considering the various issues
regarding the manufacturing and other practices followed in the country, the Sectional Committee
responsible for the preparation of this standard had specified modular size of the brick. Advantages
that a modular brick has over traditional brick are many, such as:
i) requires less drying area;
ii) saving in space of floor area;
iii) economy in cost of brick masonry;
iv) saving in labour cost;
v) less losses during handling, etc; and
vi) less consumption of mortar.
However, it was brought to the notice of committee that there was sufficient demand for sizes other
than modular sizes and that the manufacturers were meeting such demands at present. This had
led to a situation where bricks satisfying other requirerrents of the standard, but not the requirements
regarding dimensions were classified as not satisfying the requirements of the standard. Therefore,
the committee reviewed the relevant clause of Indian Standards and decided to include the non-
modular size of the brick in addition to the modular size specified in the standard at present.
This relaxation will be for a period of four years from the publication of this standard and it is
intended that the manufacturers and consumer organization can gradually switch over with the
period to the modular sizes, which are the preferred sizes.
For the purpose of deciding whether a particular requirement of this standard is complied with,
the final value, observed or calculated, expressing the result of a test or analysis, shall be rounded
off in accordance with IS 2 : 1960 ‘Rules for rounding off numerical values (revised)‘. The number
of significant places retained in the rounded off‘value should be the same as that of the specified
value in this standard.IS 1077 : 1992
Indian Standard
COMMON BURNT CLAY BUILDING
BRICKS- SPECIFICATION
( Fifth Revision )
1 SCOPE 5.2 Hand-moulded bricks of 90 mm or 70 mm
height shall be moulded with a frog 10 to 20 mm
1.1 This standard lays down requirements for deep on one of its flat sides; the shape and size
classification, general quality, dimensions and of the frog shall conform to either Fig. IA or Fig.
physical requirements of common burnt clay 1B (see 6.t.l for L, Wand H ). Bricks of 40 mm
building bricks used in buildings. height as well as those made by extrusion process
may not be provided with frogs.
NOTE - Burnt clay bricks having compressive
strength less than 40 N/mm* ( approx 400 kgf/cm* ) 5.3 The bricks shall have smooth rectangular
are covered in this standard and -for higher strength, faces with sharp corners and shall be uniform in
seelS 2180 : 1988. colour.
2 REFERENCES 6 DIME;NSfONS AND TOLERANCES
6.1 Dimensions
2.1 The Indian Standards listed in Annex A are
necessary adjuncts to this standard. 6.1.1 The standard modular size of common
building bricks. shall be as follows (Fig. IA
and 1B ):
3 TERMINOLOGY
Length ( L ) Width ( -W) Height (H)
mm mm mm
3.1 For the purpose of this standard, the
190
definitions as given in IS 2218 : 1992 shall apply.
190 Z: ::
6.1.2 The following non-modular sizes of the
4 CLASSIFICATION
bricks may also be used ( Fig. I A and 1B ):
4.1 The common burnt clay bricks shall be Length (LJ Width CW ) Height (H)
mm mm
classified on the basis of average compressive
:: 110
strength as given in Table 1,
230 110 ::
Table 1 Classes-of Common Burnt Clay Bricks 6.1.2.1 For obtaining proper bond arrangement
and modular dimensions for the brickwork, with
( Clause 4.1 )
the non-modular sizes, the following sizes of the
bricks may also be used:
Class AverageC ompressiveS trength
Designation not Less Than Length CL) Width ( W) Height(H)
N/mms ( kgf/cnP ) mm mm
( approx ) 70 110 70 +?:,gth
35 35’0 ( 350 ) brick
30 30’0 (300) 6.2 Tolerances
25 25’0 ( 250 ) The dimensions of bricks when tested in accor-
20 20’0 (200) dance with 6.2.1 shall be within the following
T
17’5 17’5 (175) limits per 20 bricks:
15 15’0 ( 150 ) a) For modular size
12’5 12’5 (125) Length 3 720 to 3 880 mm ( 3 800fSO mm)
10 10’0 (100) Width 1 760 to 1 840 mm ( 1800&40 mm)
7’5 7’5 ( 75 ) Height 1 760 to 1 840 mm ( lSOOf40 mm)
( For 90 mm thigh bricks)
5 5’0 ( 50 )
760 to 840 mm~( 800f40 mm )
3’5 3.5 ( 35 )
.( For 40 mm high bricks)
b) For non-modular size
5 GENERAL QUALITY Length 4 520 to 4 680 mm ( 4600 f 80 mm )
Width 2240 to 2 160mm (2200&40 mm)
5.1 Bricks shall be hand-moulded or machine- Height I 440 to 1360 mm ( 1400f40 mm )
moulded and shall be made from ‘suitable soils. ( For 70 mm high bricks)
They shall be free from cracks and flaws and 640 to 560 mm ( 600f40 mm)
nodules of free lime. ( For 30 mm high bricks )
,
17 -7
H /I
Ii
1 1
1A 1B
All dimensions in millimetres.
FIG. 1 SHAPE AND SIZE OF FROGS IN BRICKS
28 MEASUREMENT OF WIDTH
2C MEASUREMENT OF HEIGHT
FIG. 2 MEASUREMENT OF TOLERANCES OF COMMON BUILDING BRICKS
6.2.1 Twenty ( or more according to the size of bricks in one row, the sample may be divided into
stack) whole bricks shall be selected at random rows of 10 bricks each which shall be measured
from the sample selected under 8. All blisters, separately to the nearest millimetre. All these
loose particles oi clay and small projections shall dimensions shall be added together.
be removed. They shall then be arranged upon a
level surface successively as inflicated in Fig. 2A, 7 PHYSICAL REQUIREMENTS
2B and 2C in contact with each other and in a
straight line. The overall length of the assembled
7.1 Compressive Strength
bricks shall be measured with a steel tape or
other suitable iucxtensible measure sufficiently
long to .measure the whole row at one stretch. The bricks, when tested in accordance with the
Measurement by repeated application of short procedure laid down in IS 3495 (Part 1) : 1992
rule or measure shall not be permitted. If, for shall have a minimum average compressive
any reason it is found impracticable to measure strength for various classes as given in 4.1.
2IS 1077 : 1992
7.1.1 The compressive strength of any individual the rating of efflorescence shall not be more
brick tested shall not fall below the minimum than ‘moderate up to class 12’5 and ‘slight’ for
compressive strength specified for the correspond- higher classes.
ing class of brick. The lot shall be then checked
for next lower class ~of brick. 8 SAMPLING AND CRITERION FOR
CONFORMITY
7.2 Water Absorption
8.1 Sampling and criterion for conformity of
The bricks, when tested in accordance with the
common bricks shall be-done in accordance with
procedure laid down in IS 3495 (Part 2) : 1992 t h e procedure laid down in IS 5454 : 4978.
after immersion in cold water for 24 hours,
water absorption shall not be more than 20 g MARKING
percent by weight up to class 12’5 and 15 percent
by weight for higher classes. 9.1 Each brick shall be marked (in the frog
where provided ) with an indication of source of
7.3 Efilorescence manufacture.
The bricks when tested in accordance with the 9.1.1 The manufacturer may also use the
procedure laid down in IS a3495 (Part 3 ) : 1992 Standard Mark.
ANNEX A
( Clause 2.1 )
LIST OF REFERRED INDIAN STANDARDS
IS No. Title IS No. Title
2180 : 1988 Specification for heavy-duty 3495 Methods of tests of burnt clay
burnt clay building bricks (Part 2): 1992 building bricks : Part 2 Deter-
( second revision ) mination of water absorption
2248 : 1992 Glossary of terms relating to ( third revision )
structural clay products for 3495 Methodsof tests of burnt clay
buildings (second revision ) (Part 3 ) : 1992 building bricks : Part 3 Deter-
3495 Methods of tests of burnt clay mination of eflorescence
( third revision )
( Part 1 ) : 1992 building bricks : Part 1 Deter-
mination of compressive 5454 : 1978 Methods for sampling of clay
strength ( third revision ) building bricks (first revision )Bureau of Indian Standards
BIS is a statutory institution established under the Bureau of Indian Stundurds Act, 1986 to promote
harmonious development of the activities of standardization, marking and quality certification of goods and
attending to connected matters in the country.
Copyright
BIS has the copyright of all its publications. No part of these publications may be reproduced in any form
without the prior permission in writing of BIS. This does not preclude the free use, in the course of
implementing the standard, of necessary details, such as symbols and sizes, type or grade designations.
Enquiries relating to copyright be addressed to the Director (Publication), BIS.
Review of Indian Standards
Amendments are issued to standards as the need arises on the basis of comments. Standards are also reviewed
periodically; a standard along with amendments is reaffirmed when such review indicates that no changes are
needed; if the review indicates that changes are needed, it is taken up for revision. Users of Indian Standards
should ascertain that they are in possession of the latest amendments or edition by referring to the latest issue
of ‘BIS Handbook’ and ‘Standards Monthly Additions’.
This Indian Standard has been developed from Dot: No. CED 30 ~(4 978 )
Amendments Issued Since Publication
i.
Amend No. Date of Issue Text Affected
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
Headquarters:
Manak Bhavan, 9 Bahadur Shah Zafar~Marg, New Delhi 110002 Telegrams: Manaksanstha
Telephones: 323 0131,323 83 75,323 94 02 (Common to all offices)
Regional Offices: Telephone
Central : Manak Bhavan, 9 Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg 323 76 17,323 38 41
NEW DELHI 110002
1
Eastern : l/14 C.I.T. Scheme VII M, V.I.P. Road, ManiktoIa 333377 8864 99,337 8951 2601
CALCUTIA 700054 26,337
Northern : SC0 335-336, Sector 34-A, CHANDIGARH 160022
(6~063082 403 25
Southern : C.I.T. Campus, IV Cross Road, MADRAS 600113
1 223355 0125 1169,,223355 0243 4125
Western : Manakalaya, E9 MIDC, Marol, Andheri (East) { 883322 9728 95,832 7788 ~5982
MUMBAI 400093 91,832
Branches : AHMADABAD. BANGALORE. BHOPAL. BHUBANESHWAR.
COIMBATORE. FARIDABAD. GHAZIABAD. GUWAHATI.
HYDERABAD. JAIPUR. KANPUR. LUCKNOW. PATNA.
THIRUVANANTHAPURAM.
Reprography Unit, BIS, New Delhi, In&a
|
13831.pdf
|
_--
PESTICIDE - METHOD FOR DBTERMINATION
OF RESIDUES IN AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD
COMMODITIES, ,SOIL AND WATER -
ACEPHATE AND ITS TOXIC METABOLITE,
METHAMIDOFOS
c
UDC 664 : 543 [ 632’95’028 ACE ]
0 BIS 1993
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG
NEW DELHI 110002
August 1993 Price Group 2
--]Bd&i&s de&&c Analysis Sectional Committee, FAD 34
This Indian Standard L&S adopted bj the Burktiof In&an !&dhids, after the draft finalized by
the Pesticides Residue -4nalysis Sectional Committee had been approved by the Food and Agri-.
culture Division Council.
Acephate ( 0, S-dimethyl acetyl phosphoramidothioate ) is used in agriculture for the control of
insect pests. Assessment of its residues in food commodities is an important step in sefeguarding
huinan health.
This standard will enable the health authorities and others engaged in the field to follow uniform
test proced.ures for the estimation of acephate and/or methamidofos residues in food commodities.
In the preparation of this standard, due consideration has been given to the maximum limits of’
acephate and/or methamidofos residues laid under the provisions of Prevention of Food Adulteration
Act, 1954 and the Rules framed thereunder. The test method is restricted to the prescribed level
of residues.
In reporting the result of a test or analysis made in accordance with this standard, if the final;
value, observed or calculated, is to be rounded off, it shall be done in accordance with IS 2 : 196@
‘Rules for rounding off numerical values ( revised ).’IS 13831 : 1993
Indian Standard
-PESTICIDE -METHOD FOR DETERMINATION
,OF RESIDUES IN AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD
COMMODITIES, SOIL AND WATER -
ACEPHATE AND ITS TOXIC METABOLITE,
METHAMIDOFOS
11 SCOPE 5 SAMPLING
1.1 This standard prescribes the gas chromato- The representative samples for the purpose of
-graphic ( GLC ) method for determination of estimating residues of acephate in food
residues of acephate and/or its principal toxic commodities shall be in accordance with
metabolite, methamidofos ( ~0, S-dimethyl IS 11380 : 1985.
phosphoramidothioate ) in agriculture and food
commodities, soil and water. 6 APPARATUS
1.2 The method is applicable with a limit of 6.1 Waring Blender
detection in the range of 0.0-l pg/g ( ppm > for
acephate and 0’02 pg/g ( ppm ) for methamidofos. 6.2 Vacuum Rotary Evaporator
1.3 Though no set procedure for thin layer 6.3 Cbromatographic Column
chromatography ( TLC ) is being prescribed,
standardized TLC procedures may be followed, Glass 30cm X 2 cm.
if necessary, for the purpose of clean up,
identification and confirmation of residues of 6.4 Gas Chromatograph
acephate and/or methamidofos.
A suitable gas chromatograph equipped with
2 REFERENCES a thermoionic or flame photometric detector and
operating under the following suggested
The Indian Standards listed below are necessary parameters. These parameters may be varied
adjuncts to this standard: according to the available facilities, provided
IS No. Title standardization is done:
1070 : 1992 Reagent grade water ( third Column : Glass, 100 cm long x 0’4
revision ) cm i.o.d packed with 5
percent OV-101 on chromo-
‘11380 : 1985 Method of sampling for the
sorb G
determination of pesticide re-
sidues in agricultural and food Temperatures : Column oven 190°C
commodities
Injector 225°C
3 PRINCIPLE Detector 240°C
The residues of acephate and its toxic Carrier gas : 30 ml/min
metabolite, methamidofos extracted from the iayetrogen ) flow
sample and subjected to the clean up step, are
estimated gas chromatographically ( GLC > in an
Retention time : Methamidofos 2’2 min
instrument equipped with thermoionic or flame
( approx )
photometric detector. The contents of acephate
and methamidofos are determined by compa- Acephate 3’1 min
ring the instrument response with those of the ( approx 1
standards of similar concentrations. In this
method, residue levels of both acephate and 6.5 Microlitre Syringe
methamidofos can be estimated separately based
10 PI capacity.
on the two GLC peaks.
-4 QUALITY OF REAGENTS 7 REAGENTS
Unless specified otherwise, pure chemicals and 7.1 Ethyl Acetate
distilled water ( see IS 1070~: 1992 ) shall be Glass redistihed.
employed in the tests.
NOTE - ‘Pure chemicals’ shall mean chemicals 7.2 Ethyl Ether
that do not contain impurities which affect the
result of analysis. AR Grade.
1IS 13831 : 1993
7.3 Metbanol 8.3 Oilseeds and Nuts
Glass redistilled. Transfer 50 g of finely powdered sample to aa.
Waring blender, add about 50 g anhydrous
7.4 Acetonitrile sodium sulphate, mix well and add 150 ml
Glass redistilled. ethyl acetate. Blend the mixture for 5 minutes
and continue the extraction as prescribed in 8.1.
7.5 Sodium Sulpbate After evaporation of the combined extract
dissolve the residue in .50 ml acetonitrile and
Anhydrous.
transfer the solution to a 125-ml separator-y
funnel. Rinse the flask twice with 10 ml portion
7.6 Silica Gel for Column Cbromatograpby
of acetonitrile adding the washing to the
60- 120 mesh. separatory funnel. Wash the acetonitrile
solution thrice with 25 ml petroleum ether
7.7 Petroleum Ether discarding the washings. Finally evaporate the
acetonitrile solution to dryness in a vacuum,
Boiling point 40-60°C.
rotary evaporatory using water bath at 40-60°C.
7.8 Methanol in Ethyl Ether
8.4 Soil
5 percent ( v/v ).
Transfer 50 g of air dried and sieved soil into
7.9 Methyl Isobutyl Ketone a 500-ml conical flask. Add about 200 ml of
acetone. Shake the contents well on a rotary
7.10 Methanol in Ethyl Ether shaker for two hours. Filter extract through
10 percent ( v/v). Buchner funnel with 20 ml additional acetone.
Collect the extracts and evaporate off solvent on
7.11 Acepbate Reference Standard a vacuum rotary evaporator. Add about
100 ml of 5 percent aqueous sodium chloride
Of known purity.
solution ( see 7.13 ) to a 250-ml separatory
funnel. Dissolve the r-esidues in 50 ml of
7.12 Metbamidofos Reference Standard
methylene chloride and transfer the solution to
Of known purity. the separatory funnel. Rinse the flask twice
witb 10 ml portions of methylene chloride,
7.13 Aqueous Sodium Chloride Solution add the washings to the separatory funnel.
Shake the contents in separatory funnel well for
5 percent ( m]v ).
about 2 minutes. Allow the layers to separate.
7.14 Metbylene Cbloride Drain off the lower methylene chloride layer
through a layer of anhydrous sodium sulphate
AR grade. mounted on a funnel. Repeat the partitioning
twice with 50 ml portions of methylene
8 EXTRACTION chloride. Wash the layer of sodium sulphate
with 20 ml additional methylene chloride.
8.1 Fruit and Vegetables Collect the methylene chloride extracts and
finally evaporate to dryness in a vacuum rotary
Transfer 50 g of finely chopped fruit or vegetable evaporator using water bath at 40-60°C.
sample to a Waring blender. Add 150 g
anhydrous sodium sulphate, mix well add 8.5 Water
150 ml ethyl acetate. Blend the mixture for
5 minutes. Filter the extract through a layer of Transfer 300 ml of the water to a 250-ml
anhydrous sodium sulphate on a filter paper separatory funnel. Add 50 ml of aqueous
mounted on the funnel. Transfer the residues sodium chloride solution ( see 7.13 ) followed by
on the filter paper back to the Waring blender, 75 ml of methylene chloride to the separatory
add 100 ml ethyl acetate, blend for 5 minutes and funnel. Shake the contents well for about 2
filter again. Rinse the residue and the filter minutes and allow the layer to separate. Drain
twice with 50 ml portion of ethyl acetate. off the lower organic layer through a layer of
Collect the filtrates and washings and evaporate anhydrous sodium sulphate mounted on funnel.
the combined extracts to dryness in a vacuum Repeat the extraction twice with 50 ml portions
rotary evaporator using water bath at 40-60°C. of methylene chloride. Wash the sodium
sulpate layer with 10 ml additional methylene
8.2 Cereals and Grains chloride. Collect the methylene chloride extracts
and evaporate off to dryness in a vacuum rotary
Transfer 50 g finely ground sample to a Waring evaporator using water bath at 40-60°C.
blender, add about 20 g anhydrous sodium
sulphate followed by 150 ml ethyl acetate. Blend 9 CLEAN UP
the mixture for 5 minutes and continue the 9.1 Prepare a pre-washed silica gel chromato-
extraction as described in 8.1. graphic column by placing a glass wool in the
2*
IS 13831 : 1993
bottom of the column, add 50 ml ethyl ether and acephate by their retention times and measure
15 g silica gel. Rinse the sides of the column the peak area.
with ether and place a 15 g layer of sodium
sulphate over the silica gel. Again rinse the 11 CALCULATION
sides of the column with ether and allow the
relevant to drain to the top of the column. Residue of captafol ( pg/g )
= Al x vz x v, x c
9.2 Using several 5 ml portions of ether,
transfer the extracted residue ( see 8.1-8.5 ) A2 x Vl x M xf
quantitatively or to the column. Wash the
where
column with 100 ml ether followed by 100 ml -of
5 percent methanol in ether ( see 7.8 ) discarding A1 = peak area of the sample;
the eluate. Then elute-acephate and methami-
vz = volume, in ~1, of standard captafol
dofos from the column with 200 ml 10 percent
injected;
methanol in ether ( see 7.10 ). Collect the eluate
and evaporate to dryness in vacuum rotary va = total volume, in ml, of the sample
evaporatory. solution;
c = concentration, in fig/g, of the standard
10 ESTIMATION solutions;
f= recovery factor
10.1 Preparation of Standard Solution
100
For reference standard, prepare solutions of = percent mean recovery ’
acephate and methamidofos in methyl isobutyl
AZ = peak area of the standard;
ketone with concentrations of 0’01 to 10 rg/ml
v, =
and measure the peak area after each injection. volume, in ~1, of the sam’ple injectedl
and
10.2 Preparation of Sample Solution M = mass, in g, of the sample taken for
analysis.
Dissolve the residue after clean up ( see 9.2 ) in
2 ml methyl isobutyl ketone and inject 2 ~1 of NOTE - Percent mean recovery is determined
by taking untreated control sample to which a
this solution into the gas chromatograph.
known amount of acephate methamidofos is added
ldentify the peaks for methamidofos and and analyzed as described above.Standard Mark
The use of the Standard Mark is governed by the provisions of the Bureau of Indian
Standards Act, 2986 and the Rules and Regulations made thereunder. The Standard Mark on
products covered by an Indian Standard conveys the assurance that they have been produced
to comply with the requirements of that standard under a well defined system of inspection,
testing and quality control which is devised and supervised by BIS and operated by the pro-
ducer. Standard marked products are also continuously checked by BIS for conformity to
that standard as a further safeguard. Details of conditions under which a 1 icence for the use
of the Standard Mark may be granted to manufacturers or producers may be obtained from
the Bureau of Indian Standards..
Bnreau of Indian Standards
BIS is a statutory institution established under the Bureau of Indian Standards Act, 2986 to promote
harmonious development of the activities of standardization, marking and quality certification of
Soode and attending to connected matters in the country.
Copyright
BIS has the copyright of all its publications. No part of these publications may be reproduced in
any form without the prior permission in writing of BIS. This does not preclude the free use, in
the course of implementing the standard, of necessary details, such as symbols and sizes, type or
grade designations. Enquiries relating to copyright be addressed to the Director ( Publications ), BIS.
Review of Indian Standards
Amendments are issued to standards as the need arises on the basis of comments. Standards are
also reviewed periodically; a standard along with amendments is reaffirmed when such review
indicates that no changes are needed; if the review indicates that changes are needed, it is taken
up for revision. Users of Indian Standards should ascertain that they are in possession of the
latest amendments or edition by referring to the latest issue of ‘BIS Handbook’ and ‘Standards
Monthly Additions’. Comments on this Indian Standard may be sent to BIS giving the following
reference :
Dot : No. FAD 34 ( 0016 )
Amendments Issued Since Publication
Amend No. Date of Issue Text Affected
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
Headquarters:
Manak Bhavan, 9 Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg, New Delhi 110002
Telephones : 331 01 31, 331 13 75 Telegrams : Manaksanstha
( Common to all Offices )
Regional Offices : Telephone
Central : Manak Bhavan, 9 Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg (331 01 31
NEW DELHI 110002 1 331 13 75
Eastern : l/14 C. I. T. Scheme VII M, V. I. P. Road, Maniktola 37 84 99, 37 85 61
CALCUTTA 700054 37 86 26, 37 86 62
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ISO 10893-2.pdf
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INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 10893-2
First edition
2011-04-01
Non-destructive testing of steel tubes —
Part 2:
Automated eddy current testing of
seamless and welded (except submerged
arc-welded) steel tubes for the detection
of imperfections
Essais non destructifs des tubes en acier —
Partie 2: Contrôle automatisé par courants de Foucault pour la
détection des imperfections des tubes en acier sans soudure et soudés
(sauf à l'arc immergé sous flux en poudre)
Reference number
ISO 10893-2:2011(E)
Copyright International Org anization for Standardization
© ISO 2011
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Contents
Page
Foreword............................................................................................................................................................iv
1 Scope......................................................................................................................................................1
2 Normative references............................................................................................................................1
3 Terms and definitions...........................................................................................................................1
4 General requirements...........................................................................................................................2
5 Test method...........................................................................................................................................2
5.1 Test techniques.....................................................................................................................................2
5.2 Test equipment......................................................................................................................................3
6 Reference tube.......................................................................................................................................6
6.1 General...................................................................................................................................................6
6.2 Concentric coil technique.....................................................................................................................6
6.3 Segment coil technique........................................................................................................................6
6.4 Fixed and rotating coil/pancake technique.........................................................................................7
6.5 Dimensions of the reference standards..............................................................................................7
7 Equipment calibration and checking...................................................................................................9
8 Acceptance..........................................................................................................................................10
9 Test report............................................................................................................................................10
Annex A (informative) Guidance notes on limitations of eddy current test method.................................11
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Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 10893-2 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 17, Steel, Subcommittee SC 19, Technical
delivery conditions for steel tubes for pressure purposes.
This first edition cancels and replaces ISO 9304:1989, which has been technically revised.
ISO 10893 consists of the following parts, under the general title Non-destructive testing of steel tubes:
⎯ Part 1: Automated electromagnetic testing of seamless and welded (except submerged arc-welded) steel
tubes for the verification of hydraulic leaktightness
⎯ Part 2: Automated eddy current testing of seamless and welded (except submerged arc-welded) steel
tubes for the detection of imperfections
⎯ Part 3: Automated full peripheral flux leakage testing of seamless and welded (except submerged arc-
welded) ferromagnetic steel tubes for the detection of longitudinal and/or transverse imperfections
⎯ Part 4: Liquid penetrant inspection of seamless and welded steel tubes for the detection of surface
imperfections
⎯ Part 5: Magnetic particle inspection of seamless and welded ferromagnetic steel tubes for the detection of
surface imperfections
⎯ Part 6: Radiographic testing of the weld seam of welded steel tubes for the detection of imperfections
⎯ Part 7: Digital radiographic testing of the weld seam of welded steel tubes for the detection of
imperfections
⎯ Part 8: Automated ultrasonic testing of seamless and welded steel tubes for the detection of laminar
imperfections
⎯ Part 9: Automated ultrasonic testing for the detection of laminar imperfections in strip/plate used for the
manufacture of welded steel tubes
⎯ Part 10: Automated full peripheral ultrasonic testing of seamless and welded (except submerged arc-
welded) steel tubes for the detection of longitudinal and/or transverse imperfections
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⎯ Part 11: Automated ultrasonic testing of the weld seam of welded steel tubes for the detection of
longitudinal and/or transverse imperfections
⎯ Part 12: Automated full peripheral ultrasonic thickness testing of seamless and welded (except
submerged arc-welded) steel tubes
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Non-destructive testing of steel tubes —
Part 2:
Automated eddy current testing of seamless and welded
(except submerged arc-welded) steel tubes for the detection of
imperfections
1 Scope
This part of ISO 10893 specifies requirements for automated eddy current testing of seamless and welded
tubes with the exception of submerged arc-welded (SAW) tubes, for the detection of imperfections according
to the different acceptance levels as shown in Tables 1 and 2. It is applicable to the inspection of tubes with
an outside diameter greater than or equal to 4 mm.
This part of ISO 10893 can also be applicable to the testing of hollow sections.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 9712, Non-destructive testing — Qualification and certification of personnel
ISO 11484, Steel products — Employer's qualification system for non-destructive testing (NDT) personnel
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 11484 and the following apply.
3.1
reference standard
standard for the calibration of non-destructive testing equipment (e.g. drill holes, notches and recesses)
3.2
reference tube
tube or length of tube containing the reference standard(s)
3.3
reference sample
sample (e.g. segment of tube, plate or strip) containing the reference standard(s)
NOTE Only the term “reference tube” is used in this part of ISO 10893, also covering the term “reference sample”.
3.4
tube
hollow long product open at both ends, of any cross-sectional shape
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3.5
seamless tube
tube made by piercing a solid product to obtain a tube hollow, which is further processed, either hot or cold,
into its final dimensions
3.6
welded tube
tube made by forming a hollow profile from a flat product and welding adjacent edges together, and which
after welding can be further processed, either hot or cold, into its final dimensions
3.7
manufacturer
organization that manufactures products in accordance with the relevant standard(s) and declares the
compliance of the delivered products with all applicable provisions of the relevant standard(s)
3.8
agreement
contractual arrangement between the manufacturer and purchaser at the time of enquiry and order
4 General requirements
4.1 Unless otherwise specified by the product standard or agreed on by the purchaser and manufacturer,
this eddy current inspection shall be carried out on tubes after completion of all the production process
operations, such as rolling, heat treating, cold forming and hot working, sizing and primary straightening.
4.2 The tubes being tested shall be sufficiently straight to ensure the validity of the test. The surfaces shall
be sufficiently free of foreign matter which can interfere with the validity of the test.
4.3 This inspection shall be carried out by trained operators qualified in accordance with ISO 9712,
ISO 11484 or equivalent and supervised by competent personnel nominated by the manufacturer. In the case
of third-party inspection, this shall be agreed on between the purchaser and manufacturer.
The operating authorization issued by the employer shall be according to a written procedure. NDT operations
shall be authorized by a level 3 NDT individual approved by the employer.
NOTE The definition of levels 1, 2 and 3 can be found in appropriate International Standards, e.g. ISO 9712 and
ISO 11484.
5 Test method
5.1 Test techniques
5.1.1 The tubes shall be tested by the eddy current method for the detection of imperfections using in
“absolute mode” and/or in “differential mode” one of the following alternative automated or semi-automated
techniques:
a) concentric coil technique — full peripheral (see Figure 1);
b) fixed or rotating probe/pancake coil technique — full peripheral (see Figure 2);
c) segment coil technique — weld seam only (see Figure 3) or full body (see Figure 4).
For all techniques, the chosen relative speed of movement during the testing shall not vary by more than
±10 %.
It is recognized that there may be a short length at both tube ends which cannot be tested. Any untested ends
shall be dealt with in accordance with the requirements of the appropriate product standards.
NOTE See Annex A for guidelines on the limitations of the eddy current test method.
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5.1.2 When testing tubes using the concentric coil technique, the maximum tube outside diameter that shall
be tested shall be restricted to 180 mm (250 mm for E4H).
Square and rectangular tubes, used for structural purposes, with a maximum dimension across the diagonal
of 180 mm may also be tested using this technique with adequately shaped coils.
5.1.3 When testing tubes using the rotating or fixed probe/pancake coil technique, the tube and the
probe/pancake coil shall be moved relative to each other or the movement shall be simulated by electronic
commutation through the individual probes composing the pancake, such that the whole of the tube surface is
scanned. There is no restriction on the maximum tube outside diameter using this technique.
NOTE It is emphasized that only external surface breaking imperfections can be detected using this technique.
5.1.4 When testing the weld of welded tubes using the segment coil technique, there is no restriction on the
maximum tube outside diameter. The test coil shall be maintained in proper alignment with the weld, such as
that the whole of the weld is scanned.
5.1.5 When testing the full body of tubes using the segment coils technique, the maximum tube outside
diameter that shall be tested shall be limited to:
⎯ ∅ 219,1 mm for 2 × 180° coils,
⎯ ∅ 508,0 mm for 4 × 100° coils.
NOTE It is emphasized that the test sensitivity is at a maximum at the tube surface adjacent to the test coil and
decreases with increasing thickness (see Annex A).
5.2 Test equipment
The equipment shall be capable of classifying tubes as either acceptable or suspect tubes by means of an
automated trigger/alarm level combined with a marking and/or sorting system.
Key
1 secondary coil 1
2 primary coil
3 secondary coil 2
4 tube
∼ alternate energizing current
ΔV signal output
NOTE The above diagram is a simplified form of a multi-coil arrangement which can contain, for example split
primary coils, twin differential coils and calibrator coil.
Figure 1 — Simplified diagram of the concentric coil technique
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a) Rotating probe/pancake coil technique — b) Fixed probe/pancake coil technique —
Linear movement of the tube Linear and rotary movement of the tube
Key
1 position of probe/pancake coil
2 tube
3 position of fixed pancake coil
4 rollers
a Direction of probe rotation.
b Direction of tube rotation.
NOTE The pancake coils in a) and b) can have different forms, e.g. single-coils, multiple coils of different
configurations, depending on the equipment used and other factors.
Figure 2 — Simplified diagram of probe/pancake coil technique
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Key
1 weld seam
2 secondary coil 1
3 primary coil
4 secondary coil 2
5 tube
6 coil
∼ alternate energizing current
ΔV signal output
NOTE The segment coil arrangement in this figure can take many forms depending, for example on the equipment
used and the product being inspected.
Figure 3 — Simplified diagram of segment coil testing method of the weld seam
a) 2 × 180° segment coils b) 4 × 100° segment coils
Key
1 segment coil
2 tube
Figure 4 — Simplified diagram of eddy current segment coil technique
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6 Reference tube
6.1 General
6.1.1 The reference standards defined in this part of ISO 10893 are convenient standards for calibration of
non-destructive testing equipment. Their dimensions should not be considered as the minimum size of
imperfections detectable by such equipment.
6.1.2 The reference tubes shall have the same specified diameter and thickness, same surface finish, and
delivery condition (e.g. as-rolled, normalized, quenched and tempered) and similar steel grade as the tubes
being tested. For specified wall thickness exceeding 5 mm, the wall thickness of the reference tubes may be
greater than the specified wall thickness of the pipe under inspection, provided the notch depth is calculated
on the specified wall thickness of the pipe being inspected. The manufacturer shall demonstrate, on request,
the effectiveness of the adopted solution.
6.1.3 The reference standards for the various testing techniques shall be as follows:
a) a reference hole or holes as defined in 6.2 and 6.5.1, when using the concentric coil technique;
b) a reference hole or holes as defined in 6.3 and 6.5.1, when using the segment coil technique;
c) a reference notch as defined in 6.4 and 6.5.2, when using the fixed or rotating probe/pancake coil
technique.
NOTE 1 In special cases, for example when testing hot tubes or using equipment contained within a continuous tube
mill, a modified calibration or calibration checking procedure can be used, by agreement.
NOTE 2 When using the concentric coil technique a longitudinal notch can be used, by agreement, as the reference
standard.
6.1.4 The reference standards (see 6.2 to 6.4) shall be sufficiently separated longitudinally (in the case of
reference holes) and from the ends of the reference tube such that clearly distinguishable signal indications
are obtained.
6.2 Concentric coil technique
6.2.1 When using the eddy current concentric coil technique, the reference tube shall contain three or four
circular holes, drilled radially through the full thickness of the reference tube. The holes shall be
circumferentially displaced respectively at 120° or 90° from each other.
6.2.2 Alternatively, only one hole shall be drilled through the full thickness of the reference tube and during
calibration and calibration checking the reference tube shall be passed through the equipment with the hole
positioned at 0°, 90°, 180° and 270°.
6.3 Segment coil technique
6.3.1 When using the segment coil technique, the reference tube shall contain a single circular hole, drilled
radially through the full thickness of the reference tube and located adjacent or directly in the weld seam.
6.3.2 When using the segment coil technique, for full body inspection, the reference tube shall contain three
circular holes, drilled radially through the full thickness of the reference tube. Each segment coil shall be
checked with the reference tube, and the three holes shall be displaced as follows:
⎯ 180° segment coils: 0°, +90° and −90° from the centre of the coil;
⎯ 100° segment coils: 0°, +45° and −45° from the centre of the coil.
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6.3.3 Alternatively, only one hole shall be drilled through the full thickness of the reference tube and during
calibration and calibration checking the reference tube shall be passed through the equipment with the hole
positioned at 0°, +90° and −90° for the 180° segment coil and at 0°, +45° and −45° for the 100° segment coil.
These operations shall be repeated for each segment coil.
6.4 Fixed and rotating coil/pancake technique
When using the fixed or rotating coil/pancake technique, the reference tube shall contain a longitudinal
reference notch on the external surface.
6.5 Dimensions of the reference standards
6.5.1 Reference hole
The diameter of the reference holes related to the tube outside diameter shall not exceed the requirements of
Table 1; the holes shall be formed by machining, spark erosion or other methods.
Table 1 — Specified tube outside diameter and corresponding diameters
of the reference holes for possible acceptance levels
Specified tube outside Acceptance level hole Specified tube outside Acceptance level hole
diameter diameter diameter diameter
D D
mm mm mm mm
E1H E2H E3H E4H
4 u D u 10 0,60 0,70 0,80 4 u D u 15,8 1,20
10 < D u 20 0,70 0,80 1,00 15,8 < D u 26,9 1,40
20 < D u 44,5 0,80 1,00 1,30 26,9 < D u 48,3 1,70
44,5 < D u 76,1 1,00 1,20 1,60 48,3 < D u 63,5 2,20
76,1 < D u 180 1,20 1,40 2,00 63,5 < D u 114,3 2,70
180 < D 1,40 1,80 2,20 114,3 < D u 139,7 3,20
139,7 < D 3,70
6.5.2 Reference notch
6.5.2.1 General
a) The reference notch shall be of the “N” type (see Figure 5) and shall lie parallel to the major axis of the
tube. The sides shall be nominally parallel and the bottom shall be nominally square to the sides.
b) The reference notch shall be formed by machining, spark erosion or other methods.
NOTE The bottom or the bottom corners of the notch can be rounded.
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Key
w width
d depth
Figure 5 — “N” type notch
6.5.2.2 Dimensions of the reference notch
a) Width, w (see Figure 5)
The width of the reference notch shall not be greater than the reference notch depth or 1 mm whichever is
greater.
b) Depth, d (see Figure 5)
The depth of the reference notch shall be as given in Table 2, with the following limitations:
⎯ minimum notch depth: 0,3 mm;
⎯ maximum notch depth: 1,5 mm.
The tolerance on notch depth shall be ±15 % of reference notch depth.
c) Length
Unless otherwise specified by product standard or agreed between purchaser and manufacturer, the length of
the reference notch(es) shall be greater than twice the width of each individual probe/pankace coil or
transducer. In any case, the length of reference notch shall not exceed 50 mm.
6.5.3 Verification of the reference standards
6.5.3.1 The diameter of the reference hole(s) (see Table 1), when used, shall be verified and shall not
exceed the value reported in Table 1.
6.5.3.2 The reference notch dimensions and shape shall be verified by a suitable technique.
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Table 2 — Acceptance level and corresponding external reference notch depth
(for fixed and rotating probe/pancake coil technique)
Notch depth of the specified thickness
Acceptance level
%
E2 5
E3 10
E4 12,5
E5 15
NOTE The values of notch depth specified in this table are the same for the corresponding categories, in
all International Standards concerning non-destructive testing of steel tubes where reference is made to
different acceptance levels. Although the reference standards are identical, the various test methods involved
can give different test results. Accordingly, the acceptance level designation prefix E (eddy current) has been
adopted to avoid any inferred direct equivalence with other test methods.
7 Equipment calibration and checking
7.1 At the start of each inspection cycle, the equipment shall be calibrated to produce consistently,
(e.g. from three consecutive passes of the reference tube through the equipment), clearly identifiable signals
from the reference standard(s). These signals shall be used to activate their respective trigger alarm of the
equipment as follows:
a) when using multiple reference holes in the reference tube (concentric coil techniques or segment coil
technique for testing full surface), the full amplitude obtained from the reference hole giving the smallest
signal shall be used to set trigger/alarm level of the equipment. When using a single reference hole in the
reference tube, the reference tube shall be passed through the inspection equipment with the reference
hole, on successive runs, positioned as specified in 6.2.2, and the full amplitude obtained from the
reference hole run giving the smallest signal shall be used to set trigger/alarm level of the equipment;
b) when using a single reference hole (segment coil technique for testing the weld of welded tubes), the full
amplitude obtained from the reference hole run giving the smallest signal shall be used to set the
trigger/alarm level of the equipment;
c) when using the reference notch (fixed or rotating probe/pancake coil technique), the full signal amplitude
obtained from the reference notch shall be used to set the trigger/alarm level of the equipment.
7.2 During the calibration check, the relative speed of movement between the reference tube and the test
coils/probes shall be the same as that used during the production test (see also 5.1.2, 5.1.3 and 5.1.4). The
same equipment settings, for instance frequency, sensitivity, phase discrimination, filtering and eventual
magnetic saturation, shall be employed.
7.3 The calibration of the equipment shall be checked at regular intervals during the production testing of
tubes of the same specified diameter, thickness and grade by passing the reference tube through the test
equipment.
The frequency of checking the calibration shall be at least every 4 h, but also whenever there is an equipment
operator team changeover and at the start and end of production.
7.4 The equipment shall be recalibrated if any of the parameters which were used during the initial
calibration are changed.
7.5 If on checking during production testing, the calibration requirements are not satisfied then all tubes
tested since the previous acceptable equipment calibration shall be retested after the equipment has been
recalibrated.
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8 Acceptance
8.1 Any tube producing signals lower than the trigger/alarm level shall be deemed to have passed this test.
8.2 Any tube producing signals equal to or greater than the trigger/alarm level shall be designated suspect,
or at the discretion of the manufacturer, may be retested. If, after two consecutive retests, all signals are lower
than the trigger/alarm level, the tube shall be deemed to have passed this test otherwise the tube shall be
designated as suspect.
8.3 For suspect tubes, one or more of the following actions shall be taken subject to the requirements of the
product standard.
a) The suspect area shall be dressed or explored by a suitable method. After checking that the remaining
thickness is within tolerance, the tube shall be tested as previously specified. If no signals are obtained
equal to or greater than trigger/alarm level, the tube shall be deemed to have passed this test.
By agreement between the purchaser and manufacturer the suspect area may be retested by other non-
destructive techniques and test methods, to agreed acceptance levels.
b) The suspect area shall be cropped off. The manufacturer shall ensure that all the suspect area has been
removed.
c) The tube shall be deemed not to have passed the test.
9 Test report
When specified, the manufacturer shall submit to the purchaser a test report including at least the following
information:
a) reference to this part of ISO 10893, i.e. ISO 10893-2;
b) statement of conformity;
c) any deviation, by agreement or otherwise, from the procedures specified;
d) product designation by steel grade and size;
e) type and details of inspection technique(s);
f) equipment calibration method used;
g) description of the reference standard acceptance level;
h) date of test;
i) operator identification.
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Annex A
(informative)
Guidance notes on limitations of eddy current test method
A.1 Eddy current depth of penetration
During the eddy current testing of tubes, the sensitivity of the test is at a maximum at the tube surface
adjacent to the test coil and decreases with increasing distance from the test coil. The signal response from a
subsurface or internal surface imperfection is thus smaller than that from an external surface imperfection of
the same size. The capacity of the test equipment to detect subsurface or internal surface imperfections is
determined by various factors, but predominantly by the thickness of the tube under test and the eddy current
excitation frequency.
The excitation frequency applied to the test coil determines the extent to which the induced eddy current
intensity penetrates the tube wall. The higher the excitation frequency, the lower the penetration and
conversely, the lower the excitation frequency, the higher the penetration. In particular, the physical
parameters of the tube (conductivity, permeability, etc.) should be taken into account.
A.2 Concentric coil/segment coil technique
These test techniques are preferred since they can detect short longitudinal imperfections and transverse
imperfections, both of which break, or lie below, the surface adjacent to the test coil.
The minimum length of the longitudinal imperfection which is detectable is principally determined by the
search coil arrangement and by the rate of change of section along the length of the imperfection.
When using these techniques on ferromagnetic steel, the products being inspected shall be magnetically
saturated, inserting them into an external strong magnetic field. The intention of this saturation is to normalize
and reduce the magnetic permeability of the material in order to increase the penetration capability of eddy
current and to reduce possible magnetic noises from material itself.
A.3 Fixed or rotating probe/pancake coil technique
This test technique uses one or more probes/coils to describe a helical path over the tube surface. For this
reason, this technique detects longitudinal imperfections with a minimum length dependent on the width of the
test coil and the inspection helical pitch. It is recognized that transverse imperfections are not normally
detectable.
Since the excitation frequency is significantly higher than that using concentric coil/segment coil, only
imperfections which break the tube surface adjacent to the test coil are detectable.
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1s: a200( Put XVIII ) - 1974
( Reaffhm1e99d2 )
Indian Standard
METHOD OF MEASUREMENT OF BUILDING
AND CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
PART XVIII DEMOLITION AND DISMANTLING
Third Revision )
Fourth Reprint SEPTEMBER 1998
UDC 69.003.12:69.059.62
BUREAU O’F INDIAN STANDARDS
MANAK BHAVAN;9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG
NEW DELHI 110002
Gr. 3 April I 9 ‘15Indian Standard
METHOD OF MEASUREMENT OF BUILDING
AND CJVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
PART XVIII BEMOLITION AND DISMANTLING
( Third Revision)
Civil Works Measurement Sectional Committee, BDC 44
Chairman Representing
Sriar V. R. VAXSEI Bureau of Public Enterprises, Ministry of Finance
Members
SHRI N:P. ACHARYYA Commissioner for the Port of Calcutta
ASSWTANT ADVISER ( PHE ) Ministry of Health & Family Planning
SEBI B. G BALJEKA~ Hindustan Steelworks Canstruction Ltd, Calcutta
SHRI J. DURAI RAJ ( Allcrnnfc)
SHRI P. L. BEA~IN Institution of Surveyors, New Delhi
CHIEX ENOINEEB ( R & B ) Public Works Department, Government of Andhra
Pradesh, Hyderabad
^ -.
SUPERINTENDING ENOINEER ( P & u )
Bhakra Manaeement Board. Nang_al Township
SERI I. P. PURI ( Allrrnofr )
SHRX W. J. DAGAMA Bombay Port Trust, Bombay
Srrar V. B. DESAI Hindustan Construction Co Ltd, Bombay
DIRECTOB, IRI Ittrigation Department, Government of Uttar
Pradesh, Roorkee
DIRECTOR ( RATES & COSTS ) Central Water & Power Commission, New Delhi
DEPUTY DIRECTOR ( RATES & COSTS )
( Altcmate )
SHRI P. K. DOCTOR Concrete Association of India, Bombay
SHHI D. S. V~J~YENDRA ( Altcrnak )
EXECUTIVE ENQINEER ( PLANNINO Ministry of Railways
& DE~IQN~ ), NORTHERN
RAILWAY
SERI P. N. GADI Institution of E..gineers (India), Calcutta
( Co&wed on page 2
@ Cowight 1975
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
This publication is protected under the hdiun Cofy!ght Atf (XIV of 1957) and
reproduction in whole or in part by any means except with written permission of the
publisher shall be deemed to be an infringement of copyright under the said Act.( CunriM#djrmn page1 )
MrllibCT5 Repmenting
Snxr G. V. Hruooar~x Gammon India Ltd, Bombay
SEBX G. K. C. l~~nons Heavy Engineeriog Corporation Ltd, Ranchi
SHRI S. L. KAT~URIA Ministry of Shipping & Transport ( Roads Wing)
Sam KRI~EAN Kurnn ( AI;rraefr )
Sum H. K. KHO~LA Irrigation Department, Government of Haryana,
Chandigarh
Sam S. K. KO~EKAB National Buildinga Organization, New Delhi
SnruJ. P. SHABXA (Alfnnofc)
SBRI K. K. MADHOS Builders Association of India, Bombay
Sn~r DATTA S. MAL~K Indian Institute of Architects, Bombay
PROV M. K. GODBOLE (Alternate )
Sam R. S. MURTHY Engineer-in-Chief.1 Branch, Ministry of Deferace
SHBI V. V. SAEWARAN ( Altmatc)
SEXI C. B PATEL M. N. Dartur & Co Private Ltd, Calcutta
Saaf B. C. PATEL (Al&&)
SHBl K.G. SALVI Hindustan Housing Factory Ltd, New Delhi
Sam S.K. CEATTEXJI (Altmufr)
SJKXtETABY Central Board of Irrigation & Power, New Delhi
DEPUTY SECR~ABY ( I ), ( Alrrrwtr )
DR R. B. SINOH Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi
Sri~r S. S~r~tvAaArs Hindustan Steel Ltd, Ranchi
SVPEBIN~NDINO SIJBV~YOB or Centml Public Works Department, New Delhi
Wonnr ( AVI )
Surx~!~~ox or WOBX~ (I) ATTA-
CElD TO SSW ( AVI ) ( Alfern& )
SUP~BINTIZNDISO SUBVEYOB OP Central Pahlic Works Department, New Delhi
WORKS ( I )
SWVEYOR OF WORKS (I) ATTA-
CHED TO SSW (I) ( AffCrnUf)C
TECENICALEXAMIXER Buildings & Communicationa Department,
Government of Maharaahtra, Bombay
SBIU D. AJITHA SIXHA. Director Generai, BjS( Er-&cio M#mk)
Director ( Civ Engg )
Sam K. M. MATHIJ~C
Deputy Director (Civ Engg), BIS
2
‘. ‘Indian Standard
METHOD OF MEASUREMENT OF BUILDING
AND CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
PART XVIII DEMOLlTlON AND DISMANTLING
( Third Revision
)
0. F,OREWORD
OJ This Indian Standard ( Part XVIII ) ( Third Rev&i ) was adopted by
the Indian Standa& Institution on 5 August 1974, after the draft finalized
by the Civil Works Mcaaurcmcnt Sectional Committee had been approved
by the ‘Civil Engineering Divisii Council.
0.2 Measurement oc4xplu a very im t place in plan+ng and
cxc4zution of any civil u@eering work frpoomr- the time of tint c&mates
linal corn l&on and settlement of payments of theproject. Them&z
followed Po r the measuement are not uniform and coniiderable dM”cncu
exist between the pm&es followed by one comeuctx’m agencyandanothcr
=! a1?0. lxtween various Central and State Government departmentr.
W’+“~QU~U-& th+ach system ?f meanVemen has to be spccitically
we and iinanclal oqJani2ations witllm the depart-
mcntresponsiblefbrwo&auni6cationoftherarioru systcmsatthe
te%nical level has been accepted as very daiile, spcclally as it permit8 a
wider circle of opc&on for civil engineering con- and eliminate
ambiiities and misundc&andii arising out of inadequate understanding
ofthe various systems followed.
0.3 Among the various Civil Engineering items, measurement of buiifng
had been first to be taken up for standardization and this standard ha
pmvisions ’r elatii to all building works, was first p&lished in 1958 3
rCGsCdill1964.
0.4 Iri the course of usage bf this standard by various constqct$~ agencies
in- country, several clarifications and suggestions for e
ruxivcd and as a result of study, the Sectional Committee decided ‘thZ?E
scope, beside being applicable to buildi should be UK- so ~&ZOVV
also the mcthqd of measurement .appli 3 le to civil M
industrial and river valley project works. Since each type <jr trade b not
3IS:1200(PartXVIII)-1974
related to one another, the Sectional Committee decided that each type of
trade as given in IS : 1200-1964* be issued in different parts which will be
helpful to specific users in various trades. This part covering method of
measurement of demolition and dismantling applicable to building as well as
civil engineering works was therefore issued as second revision in 1971.
The third revrston incorporates all the changes decided by the Sectional
Committee in the past 3 years including the provision of dismantling of
masonry and concrete met during excavation.
0.5 For the purpose of deciding whether a particular requirement of this
standard is complied with, the final value, observed or calculated, expressing
the result of a measurement, shall be rounded off in accordance with
IS : 2-1960t. The number of significant places retained in the rounded off
value should be the same as that of the specified value in this standard.
1. SCOPE
1.1 This standard ( Part XVIII) covers the method of measurement of
demolition and dismantling in buildings and civil engineering works.
NOTE - For the purpose of this standard the term ‘ dismantling ’ implies care_
fully taking up or down and removing without damage. The articles rhPll be
passed by hand, whrre necessary, and lowered to the ground, and not thrown, and
where these are fixed by nails, screws, bolts, etc, theseshall be taken out with proper
tools and not by tearing or ripping off and the term ‘ demolition ’ implies trrking up
or down, or-breaking up.
2. GENERAL RULES
2.1 Clubbing of Itemir- Items may be clubbed together provided the
break-up for such items is agreed to be on the basis of the detailed de&p
tion of the items stated in this standard.
2.2 Booking of Dimensions - In booking dimensions, the order shall be
consistent and generally in sequence of length, width and height or depth
or thickness.
2.3 Measurements
2.3.1 Measurement of all work, except hidden work, shall be taken
before demolition or dismantling and no allowance for increase. in bulk shall
be made.
2.3.2 All work shall be measured net in the decimal system as fixed in its
place, as given in 2.3.2.1 to 2.3.2.3.
*Method of measurement of building works (jirsf rrzrision) .
tRules for rounding off numerical values ( revised ) .
4IS : 1200( Part XVIII ) - 1974
2.3.2.1D imensions shalLbe measured to the nearest 0’01 m.
2.3.2.2 Areas still he worked out to the nearest 0’01 m2.
2.3.2.3 Cubik contents shallbe worked out to the nearest 0’01 ma.
2.4 Work to be Measured Separately -Work executed in the following
conditions shall bc measured’separately:
a) Work’ in or under water,
b) Work in liquid mud,
c) Work in or under, foul conditions,
d) Work under tides, and
e) Work in snow.
2.4.1 In the case of-work under tides the levels of high and low water
tidea lhall be stated.
.2.4.2 Where springs requiring pumping are likely to be encountered, the
work shall be tieasured against a separate specific provision made for the
purpose.
25 BiU of QpPntititr/Item of Work - Item of work shall fully describe
the materials and workmanship and represent the work to bc executed.
2.6 Me!aa*~ent in StageS- Work shall be measured under the follow-
ing ,+egori~s in convenient stages stating the height or depth:
a) Below ground/datum level, and
b) Above ground/datum level.
NOTE- Tbe grpund/datum level rhall be defined in each case.
2.7 Rtcaudonm
2.7.1 Attention shall be drawn to any neces&y precautions to be taken
for the protection of the public and the owner’s property,
2,X2 Temporary shoring for the safety of portions not required to be
pulled’down or of adjoining property, and temporary enclosures or partitions
shall be included in the main item. 1
2.73 If precautions are required to be taken to keep down dust, nuisance,
etc, i’t shall be so stated.
2.8 Demolition and Dismantling -Works required to hc demolished
and those required to be dismantled shall each be measured separately.
2.9 Lead -The description shall include separation of serviceable material
fnnn the unserviceable, stacking within 100 m and disposal of’ debris.
Removal of materials beyond 100 m shall be measured separately ( see 2.9.1).
5IS : 1200( Part XVIII ) - 1974
The distance for removal shall be measured over the shortest pm&cable
route and not necessarily the route actually taken.
2.9.1 Distances exceeding 100 m and up to 1 km shall be measured in
units of 100 m and those exceeding 1 km in units of 500 m.
2.10 Works laid dry and with mortar shall be measured
type of mortar shall be stated. Framed and unfram
measured separately.
2.U Disconnccting/MaintainIng of Services- Attention shall be
directed to any necessary diinnecting or maintaining of services, whether
temporary or permanent; and an item shall be provided fm making good if
required.
3. WALLS AND PIERS
3.1 Walls, independent piers, columns and their footing and foundation of
brick, stone or concrete shall .be described and measured in cubic metrea.
All copings, corbels, cornices and other projections shall be included with
the wall measurements.
3.1.1 In measuring the thickness of plastered walls, the thickness of the
plaster shall be excluded.
3.2 Ashlar face stones, dressed stone work, precast concrete articles, etc, if
required to be taken down in tact, shall be so stated and measured separately
in cubic metres.
3.3 Honeycomb work and hollow block walling of bricks, stone or eoncrete
shall be measured as solid.
3.4 Cleaning of bricks and stacking them for measurement, lncludi all
extra handling and removal and disposal of rubbish as stated, shz 1 be
enumerated in thousands of cleaned bricks.
3.5 Cleaning of stone obtained from demolished/dismantled stone masonry
of any description including ashlar facing, dressed stonework, stone slabs or
flagging and precast concrete blocks including all extra handling and dispo-
sal of rubbish as stated shall be measured in cubic metres of cleaned at&e.
4. REINFORCED CONCRR’I’R AND REINFORCED BRICK WORE
4.1 Reinforced concrete structures and reinforced brick roofs and walls with
their footing and foundation shall be. measured in cubic men-es and if rein-
forcement is required to be cut, it shall be so stated.
4.2 Where reinforcement is required to be separated, scraped and cleaned,
the :wrk shall be stated separately and measured in kilograms of salvaged
steel.IS:l2oo(ParcXVlII)-1971
5. ROOFS
5.1 Roof coverings generally including t&tens, boarding mats, bamboo
JAFFARI, other subsidiary support, shaU be measured in squap n,etres
stating the thickness and size or gauge. Ridges, hips and vallevb shall be
girthed and included with the roof area. C:orru,:atcd ahd semicorrugated
s@&ces shall be measured flat and not girthed.
5.2 Mud on roofs shall be measured in cubic metros.
5.3 Lead sheets in roofs shall be measured in kilograms and hips, valleys,
ilashings, linings to gutters, etc, shall be included in this weight.
5.1 Supporting members, s*_uzha s rafters, purlins, beams, joists and trusses,
where of wood, shall be measured in cubic metres and where of steel or iron
.
sectmu, in kilograms. If the span exceeds 10 m, it shall be so stated.
6. CEILINGS
6.1S trippiofn cgei ling shall be measured in square metres and described.
62 Sfipporting joists, b eams, etc, shall be measured in cubic metres or in
kilograms aa specified in 5.4.
7. CONCRETE AND BRICK ROOFS AND FLOORS
7.1 Concrete and brick roofs and floors shall be measured in cubic metres.
Beams, cantilevers and other supports of similar material shall he included
in the item.
8. PLOORS AND PAVINGS
8.1 Floors and pavings except concrete pavings, shall be measured in cubic
metres and mode of fixing shall be described. Concrete pavings shaI1 be
mured in square metres stating their thickness.
9. PARTITIONS, TRELLIS WORK ( JAFFARZ), ETC
9.X Partitions or light walls of lath and plaster, trellis work (JAFFARI ) ,
expanded metal, thin concrete or terra-cotta slabs and other similar materials,
including framework, if any, shall be measLred in square metres stating the
thickness.
10.W OODWORK
18.1 Ballies shall be measured in running metres.
lo*2 All other woodwork under 40 cm2 in section shall be measured in
running metres and average 40 cm2 and over in cubic mrires.Is: 1200( Pmt XVIII)- 1914
10.3 Boarding including wooden CHAJJAS and sunshades with supports
shall be measured in square metres stating the thickness.
11. STEEL AND IRON WORK
11.1 All steel and iron work’ shall be measured in kilograms. The’ weight
shall be computed from standard tables unless the actual weight can be
readily determined,
11.2 Riveted work, where rivets are required to be cut, shall be measured
separately.
11.3 Structural steel required to be re-erected shall be measured separately.
Il.4 ln framed steel gates the weight of any covering material or filling, such
as iron sheets and expanded metal, shall be added to the weight of the main
article if such covering is not ordered to be taken out separately.
12. DOORS AND WINDOWS
12.1 D~oors. windows, clear storey windows, ventilators, etc ( wood or s tee1 )
whether to be removed while dismantling of walls or by ,making recesses in
walls, when the walls are not to be dismantled, shall bc enumerated. Those
exceeding 3 m2 in the size’of openings shall be measured separately. Removal
of CHOWKHd4TS, architraves, holdfasts and other attachments shall be
included in the item.
13. POSTS OR STRUTS
13.1 Posts or struts ( wood, steel or R. C. C. ) any section including taking
out embedded portion shall be measured in running metres.
14. FENCING WIRE MESH
14.1 Fencing wire mesh of any type with frame work. shall be measured in
square metres. If the frame work is required to be separated and wire mesh
put into rolls, it shall be so stated.
15. GLAZING
15.1 Taking out any description of serviceable glass, except polished plate,
from old sashes, skylights, etc (any thickness, weight or size ) raking out
old putty, etc, shall be measured in square metres.
15.2 Irregular or circular plans shall be measured as rectangular or square.
16. WATER PIPE LINES AND SEWER LINES
16.1 Water pipe lines including rain water pipes with clamps and specials,
sewer lines ( salt glazed ware or concrete), etc, shall be describecl by their
8__~.___.-.-.. -~..
ISr1200(PartXVIII)-W4
internal diameter and length and measured in tinning metres inclusive of
measurement shall be taken along the centre line of pipe and
I..* xfc&++* s and fittings, etc, are required to be separated, it
intEEmated.
16.3 Pucra drains shall be measured in cubic metres and described,
16.4 Valve, cisterns, public foundation platforms, fire hydrants, etc, shah be
unlmerated.
163 Manholes and inspection hambers &ail be enumerated stating the size
and depth of manhole/ins ion chamber, They shall be classified into
different groups depending the depth, such as up to half metre depth,
half to one metres,.one to two metres depth and so on. The de@ of man-
holoH& the dutance between the top of manhole cover and mvert level
16.6 Ventilating shafts, guiley traps, flushing cisterns and other appurtenant
items ofwork shall be enumerated.
17. OIL AND GAS PIPE LINES
17.1O ila nd gas pipe lines shail be measured as in 16.
18.1D ifkrcnt types of road surfaces shall be measured separately.
18.2 Road Raving shall be measured in square metres and described.
18.3C haete pavings halble measured as in 8.1. If concrete is reinforced
with bars or fabric reinforcement, it shall be so stated and measured
separateIy.
18.4S oliia nd sub-base shall be measured in cubic metro separately for
each type of material,
9BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
Headquarfers:
Manak Ghavan, 9 Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg, NEW DELHI 110002
Telephones: 323 0131,323 3375,323 9402
Fax : 91 11 3234062,91 11 3239399, 91 11 3239382
Telegrams : Manaksanstha
(Common to all Offices)
Central Laboratory : Telephone
Plot No. 20/9, Site IV, Sahibabad Industrial Area, Sahibabad 201010 8-77 00 32
Regional Offices:
Central : Manak Bhavan, 9 Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg, NEW DELHI 110002 323 76 17
*Eastern : 1114 CIT Scheme VII M, V.I.P. Road, Maniktola, CALCUTTA 700054 337 86 62
Northern : SC0 335-336, Sector 34-A, CHANDIGARH 160022 60 38 43
Southern : C.I.T. Campus, IV Cross Road, CHENNAI 600113 235 23 15
IWestern : Manakalaya, E9, Behind Marol Telephone Exchange, Andheri (East), 832 92 95
MUMBAI 400093
Branch Offices::
‘Pushpak’, Nurmohamed Shaikh Marg, Khanpur, AHMEDABAD 380001 550 1348
$Peenya Industrial Area, 1 st Stage, Bangalore-Tumkur Road, 839 49 55
BANGALORE 560058
Gangotri Complex, 5th Floor, Bhadbhada Road, T.T. Nagar, BHOPAL 462003 55 40 21
Plot No. 62-63, Unit VI, Ganga Nagar, BHUBANESHWAR 751001 40 36 27
Kalaikathir Buildings, 670 Avinashi Road, COIMBATORE 641037 21 01 41
Plot No. 43, Sector 16 A, Mathura Road, FARIDABAD 121001 8-28 88 01
Savitri Complei, 116 G.T. Road, GHAZIABAD 201001 8-71 19 96
5315 Ward No.29, R.G. Barua Road, 5th By-lane, GUWAHATI 781003 541137
5-8-56C, L.N. Gupta Marg, Nampally Station Road, HYDERABAD 500001 201083
E-52, Chitaranjan Marg, C-Scheme, JAIPUR 302001 37 29 25
1171418 B, Sarvodaya Nagar, KANPUR 208005 21 68 76
Seth Bhawan, 2nd Floor, Behind Leela Cinema, Naval Kishore Road, 23 89 23
LUCKNOW 226001
NIT Building, Second Floor, Gokulpat Market, NAGPUR 440010 52 51 71
Patliputra Industrial Estate, PATNA 800013 26 23 05
Institution of Engineers (India) Building 1332 Shivaji Nagar, PUNE 411005 32 36 35
T.C. No. 14/l 421, University P. 0. Palayam, THIRUVANANTHAPURAM 695034 621 17
*Sales Office is at 5 Chowringhee Approach, P.O. Princep Street, 271085
CALCU-ITA 700072
tSales Office is at Novelty Chambers, Grant Road, MUMBAI 400007 309 65 28
*Salei Office is at ‘F’ Block, Unity Building, Narashimaraja Square, 222 39 71
BANGALORE 560002
_-
Printed at Printograph, New Delhi, Ph : 5726847
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14729.pdf
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IS 14729 : 1999
IS0 4868 : 1984
v7?dmmF
Indian Standard
CODE FOR THE MEASUREMENT AND
REPORTING OF LOCAL VIBRATION DATA OF
SHIP STRUCTURES AND EQUIPMENT
ICS 47.020.01; 17.160
0 BIS 1999
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDAR-DS
MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG
NEW DELHI 110002
September 1999 Price Group 7Mechanical Vibration -and Shock Sectional Committee, LM 04
NATIONAL FOREWORD
This Indian Standard which is identical with IS0 4868:1984’Code for the measurement and reporting of
local vibration data of ship structures and equipment’ issued by the International Organization for
Standardization (ISO) was adopted by the Bureau of Indian Standards on the recommendation of
Mechanical Vibration and Shock Sectional Committee and approval of the Light Mechanical
Engineering Division Council.
The text of IS0 Standard has been approved as suitable for publication as Indian Standard without
deviations. In the adopted standard certain conventions are not identical to those used in Indian
Standards. Attention is especially drawn to the following:
a) Wherever the words ‘International Standard’ appear referring to this standard, they should be
read as ‘Indian Standard’.
b) Comma (J has been used as a decimal marker while in Indian Standards, the current practice is
to use a full point (.) as the decimal marker.
In this adopted standard, reference appears to certain International Standards for which Indian Standards
also exist. The corresponding Indian Standards which are to be substituted in their place are listed
below along with their degree of equivalence for the editions indicated:
lntefnational Corresponding Indian Standard Degree-of
Standard Equivalence
IS0 2041 1s 11717:1999 Vocabulary on vibration and shock (first revision) Identical
IS0 4867 IS 14728 A999 Code for the measurement and reporting of do
shipboard vibration data
IS0 6954 IS 14733 :1999 Mechanical vibration and shock-- do
Guidelines for the overall evaluation of vibration in merchants shipsIS 14729: 1999
IS0 4668 : 1984
/n&In sfandard
CODE FOR THE MEASUREMENT AND
REPORTING OF LOCAL VIBRATION DATA OF
SHIP STRUCTURES AN~D EQUIPMENT
0 Introduction vibration of the structure or equipment mounted thereon. Con-
cern over local vibration may be caused by :
The term “local vibration”, as used in the shipbuilding industry,
applies to the dynamic response of a structural element, an
a) the stresses due to the vibration, for example in the
assembly of structural elements, machinery or equipment
structure, in the equipment or attachments;
which vibrates at an amplitude significantly greater than that of
the basic hull girder at the location. This~vibration may occur at
b) the necessity of maintaining trouble-free operation of a
a frequency of the hull girder or of a machinery component.
machine or other equipment which might be jeopardized by
Typical examples include the vibration of parts of the
the malfunction or degradation of components;
superstructure, smokestack, mast, binnacle, turbine, pipe or
deck plate. These local vibrations generally result from :
c) the physical strain on man (habitability and perform-
a) local flexibility of supporting structural elements; or, ance);
b) the vibratory characteristics of the machinery con- dj the effects of the vibration on its environment, such as
cerned. adjacent instruments, machines, equipment, etc.
In this International Standard, the term “vibration severity” is
The frequency range considered includes propulsion shaft rota-
used to describe the vibration conditions in the ship and, based
tional frequencies, rotational frequency of machines and other
on long-established practice in the industry, the peak value of
significant source frequencies, such as diesel firing, blade or
vibration velocity has been chosen as the primary quantity of
vane passage, etc.
measurement: since, however, much data have been ac-
cumulated in terms of vibration acceleration and vibration
displacement, a plotting sheet has been adopted on which data This International Standard ,gives general principles of vibration
may easily be plotted using any of these quantities of measure- measurement on board ships to improve vibration engineering.
ment. Therefore, in individual cases, items to be measured may be
selected or added to meet the aims of the vibration measure-
ment of each ship.
1 Scope and field of application
This International Standard establishes uniform procedures for 2 References
gathering and presenting data on vibrations of local structural
elements or equipment in sea-going merchant ships. The pro- IS0 2041, Vibration and shock - Vocabulary.
cedures, where applicable, can also be used for inland ships
and tug boats. Such data are necessary to establish uniformly IS0 4867, Code for the measurement and reporting of ship-
the vibration characteristics present in various compartments board vibration data.
on board ship and to provide a basis for design predictions, im-
provements and comparison against environmental vibration IS0 6964, Mechanical vibration and shock - Guidelines for the
reference levels or criteria relative to reliability (of machines), overall evaluation of vibration in merchant ships.
safety (of structures) and habitability. The data are not in-
tended to apply to the evaluation of the vibration of machines
with respect to noise control orto the design of the machine or
3 Definitions
equipment under consideration. These latter cases will gen-
erally require specific diagnostic treatment and include a
broader frequency range and more specialized instrumentation In addition to the terms defined in IS0 2041, the following
than is necessary for these general considerations. definitions are applicable.
This International Standard is concerned with local vibration
measured on structural elements, superstructure, decks, 3.1 free route : That condition achieved when the ship is
bulkheads, masts, machines, foundations, equipment, etc., proceeding at a constant speed and course with minimum
and only relates to the measurement and reporting of the local throttle or helm adjustment.L.“-.
IS 14729 : 1999
ISO 4868 : 1984
3.2 hull girder : The primary hull structure such as the shell 4.2 Preferable test conditions
plating and continuous strength decks contributing to flexural
rigidity of the hull and the static and dynamic behaviour of The preferable conditions shall be as follows:
which can be described by a free-free non-uniform beam
approximation. a) the test should be conducted in a depth of water not
less than five times the draught of the ship, with machinery
running under normal conditions, unless otherwise speci-
3.3 hull girder vibration : That component of vibration
fied:
which exists at any particular transverse plane of the hull so
that there is little or no relative motion between elements NOTE - For exploratory purposes, tests may be carried out at the
intersected by the plane. quayside if there is no reason to suppose that shallow water will
influence the results.
3.4 local vibration : The dynamic response of a structural b) the test should be conducted in a quiet sea (sea state 3
element, deck, bulkhead or piece of equipment which is or less);
significantly greater than that of the hull girder at that location.
c) the ship should be ballasted to a displacement as close
as possible to the operating conditions within the ordinary
3.5 severity of vibration : The peak value of vibration
ballasting capacity of the vessel. The draught aft should en-
(velocity, acceleration or displacement) during periods of
sure full immersion of the propeller;
steady-state vibration, representative of maximum repetitive
behaviour, under the conditions defined in 4.2.
d) during the free-route portion of the test, the rudder
angle should be restricted to about two degrees port or star-
When using autographic records, suitable lengths of record board (minimum rudder action is desired);
may easily be recognized.
e) individual machines may be run in isolation as required
When using electronic methods of recording and analysis, care to investigate particular problems.
shall be taken to use lengths of record, time constants and
averaging times so that a good approximation to the steady- Any divergence from these conditions should be clearly stated
state amplitude is obtained. in table 4.
4 Measurement of data 4.3 Transducer locations
4.1 Instrumentation 4.3.1 Stern
Measurement should preferably be made with an electronic Vertical, athwartship and longitudinal measurements as close
system which produces a permanent record. The transducers as possible to the centreline and the stern, to establish the hull
may generate signals proportional to acceleration; velocity or girder vibration characteristics. The location should be chosen
displacement. Recording can be made either on magnetic tape, so that the results are not influenced by local vibration effects.
paper oscillographs, or a combination of both. Use of paper
oscillographs during the tests means that the vibration traces 4.3.2 Superstructure
can be inspected directly and is very helpful in evaluating
existing vibration problems. When displacement rather than
Vertical, athwartship and longitudinal measurements on the
either velocity or acceleration is recorded, the desired low-
superstructure front bulkhead, at a minimum of three different
frequency signals associated with significant vibratory motion
deck levels.
are the major components of a recorded trace. Thus, they are
readily evaluated since they overshadow possible higher fre-
quency signals with low displacement amplitudes. 4.3.3 Local structures
Provision should be made for suitable attenuation control to Vertical, athwartship and longitudinal measurements at any
enable the system to accommodate a wide range of local structure where evidence of local vibration occurs.
amplitudes.
4.3.4 Local deck traverse
An event marker should be provided on the propeller shaft. Its
position with respect to top dead centre of cylinder number 1
Vertical, athwartship and longitudinal measurements at a suf-
and a propeller blade should be noted.
ficient number of points in the area of local vibration to deter-
mine the relative vibration with respect to the hull girder.
The complete measuring system should be calibrated in the
laboratory prior to the test and it is desirable to check the
calibration of each recording channel before each stage of the 4.3.5 Local machinery and equipment vibration
test.
Vertical, athwartship and longitudinal vibration at the outside
Portable electronic and mechanical instruments capable of of machinery where there is evidence of large vibration
single-point measurements may be used. amplitudes.
2IS 14729 : 1999
ISo 4888 : 1984
4.4 Quantities to be measured e) mode shape of local vibrations. Use hull girder vibration
as reference for the mode shape;
The quantities to be measured are as follows:
f) severity of vibrations of local machinery or equipment at
a) displacement, velocity, acceleration, pressure or strain; all measurement locations;
b) frequencies in cycies ,per second (Hz) or cycles per g) for additional optional measurements, if seecified, see
minute; IS0 4667.
c) shaft rotational frequency (speed) in revolutions per
NOTE - The presence of beating effects, if any, should be noted by
minute or revolutions per second;
recording maximum and minimum values of the amplitude and the fre-
quency of the beat.
d) phase, where appropriate.
4.5 Test procedure
5.2 Reporting of data
4.5.1 Calibration of recording equipment
Data reported should include the following:
Each channel should be checked after completion of instal-
lation to ensure proper working condition, desired amplifi- a) the principal ship design characteristics:
cation setting and phasing. Checks should be made at regular
intervals. The calibration should be recorded.
I) complete tables, 1, 2, 3 and 4;
4.5.2 Performance of rn-asurements
2) provide a sketch of the inboard profile of hull and
superstructure.
Record data in the following conditions:
a) in free route, at 3 to 10 r/min increments from one-half b) a sketch showing locations of hull girder and local
to maximum speed. Additional runs at smaller increments vibration transducers and their directions of measurement;
are required in the vicinity of critical speeds and near service
speed;
NOTE - For local vibration measurements, it is particularly impor-
tant that the precise position of transducers should be noted since
bl free route runs at the operation speeds;
very small changes in position can lead to large changes in
measured amplitude.
cl special runs at speeds reported to cause local vibra-
tions, as needed.
cl plots of displacement, velocity or acceleration
NOTE - For free-route runs, permit ‘the ship to steady on constant amplitudes versus speed for shaft rotational frequency,
speed. Hold the speed for a sufficient time to permit recording of maxi- blade rate or any harmonic thereof. Make use of forms of
mum and minimum vibration values (about 1 min). In multiple shaft the kind shown in figure 1 usir J the rules given in table 6.
ships, all shafts should be run at, or as close as possible to, the same Linear plots may also be used;
speed to determine total vibration levels. In certain instances it may be
preferable to run with a single shaft for the determination of vibration
modes. d) profiles of local deck vibration at each resonance from
port to starboard and from the nearest aft to the nearest for-
ward structural bulkhead;
5 Analysis and reporting of data
e) tables of all significant vibration severities and their
location and frequency. Include the shaft rotational fre-
5.1 Analysis
quency, for machinery-excited vibration;
Analysis should provide the following information for all runs :
f) hull girder natural frequencies identified from stern
a) severity of vibration at the propeller shaft rotational fre-
measurements and any unusual vibration condition en-
quency for hull girder transducers;
countered;
b) severity of vibration at blade rate frequencies for hull
girder and machinery transducers; g) weather conditions during the measurements, including
sea state and direction relative to the ship;
c) severity of vibration of each detectable harmonic of
shaft rotational frequency or blade rate for hull girder and
machinery transducers; h) method of analysis of results;
. d) severity of local structural vibration at all measurement
locations; j) type of instrument used.
3IS 14729: 1999
IS0 4868 : 1984
6 Rules for presentation of vibration test NOTES
results
1 Additional graphs should be used to identify phasing relationships,
etc.
2 The following marks should be used throughout the report for easy
a) Use one graph each (see figure 1) for vertical, athwartship
identification :
and longitudinal hull vibration at stern.
0 Propeller shaft frequency
Identify severity of vibration for evaluation of habitability. Use 0 Blade rate
0 for objectionable, @ for questionable, and 0 for acceptable A Twice blade rate
vibrations;
0 Three times blade rate
Higher frequencies (identify)
b) Use one graph (see figure 1) each for all measuring points
and directions of measurement. ii Engine frequency (identify predominant orders)
4t;_-...I.
I
IS 14729~1999
ISO 4866~1964
Table ‘1 - Particulars of test ship
Ship name
)erticulars of ship -_
Builder/year built
--
Hull Main engines
<ind and type Number, kind and type
:lass Year built
Zonstruction Bore and stroke, mm
Number of cylinders
Length L,, between perpendiculars, m Power, kW
Breadth B moulded, m Speed, r/min
Depth D moulded, m Location*
Draught T/full load), m
%l
Displacement A (full load), t Unbalance couple** , N.m w2
Block coefficient cs Mh
Deadweight, t
Propellers
Lightweight, t
2nd moment of area of midship Number and type
section, m4
Number of blades
Pitch ratio
Shear area of midship section, m2
Expanded area ratio
Sketch of midship section Skew in degrees
Diameter D,,, m
Speed, r/min
Type and number of rudders
Sketch of screw aperture***
Remarks :
l For diesel engines, the distance from the aft perpendicular to centre of engine. For turbine, the approximate location, for example amidships,
semi-aft or aft.
l * In the case of an engine having unbalanced force and/or any other excitation necessary to describe the vibratory phenomenon, the value should
be added in the “Remarks” column.
** See example in figure 2. Substitute appropriate sketch in multiple screw or ducted propeller ship.
l
5IS 14729 : 1999
ISO 4868 : 1984
Table 2 - Particulars of propulsion-shaft system
Number of shafts
Maximum speed and normal speed, r/min
Particulars of propulsion-shaft system -
Type of bushing material
Shaft alignment [straight or rational) *
Rotating parts Stationary parts
Diameter Length Diameter C*
Support”*
mm mm mm mm
Tail shaft a Stern tube aft bearing
1st intermediate shaft b Stern tube forward bearing
2nd intermediate shaft c 1st intermediate bearing
3rd interrnediate shaft d 2nd intermediate bearing
4th intermediate shaft e 3rd intermediate bearing
Thrust shaft f 4th intermediate bearing
Diameter Mass Mass polar moment of inertia g 5th intermediate bearing
mm t t.m2 h 6th intermediate bearing
nd reduction
ear i 7th intermediate bearing
st reduction
ear j 8th intermediate bearing
lywheel k 9th intermediate bearing
Aft part of the shafting I Thrust block
flass, t, and density, kg/ma, m Bull gearing aft
If propeller bearing
Aass polar moment of inertia n Bull gearing forward
If propeller, t.m2 bearing
Stiffness Distance Sketch of thrust block and its foundation with major scantlings
N/m mm
ift support of tail shaft l **
:orward support of tail shaft **I*
-It ermediate bearing I I
Forward Counter
Jatural Mode Lateral
whirl whirl
requency, _
:/min -ist
2nd
sketch of shaft system showing relative location of rotating and stationary parts. Indicate the length of aft bushing (L) and KID).
l Diametral clearance.
t
l For example, on double bottom, in propeller bossing.
**
l Distance between the propeller centre of gravity and aft support of the tail shaft.
*** Distance between two tail shaft supports.
l
6IS 14729: 1999
IS0 4868 : 1984
Table 3 - Particulars of main diesel engines or turbine driven plants
Particulars of main engine
anufacturer Natural frequency of shafting and crankshaft or gearing and turbines,
c/min’
nd
‘pe Mode Longitudinal Torsional
Maximum Normal 1st
Brake :
utput, kW Shaft : 2nd
otational frequency. r/min 3rd
Main diesel engine
umber of cylinders
Mass and position in longitudinal and vertical direction of
ylinder bore
centre of gravity relative to crankshaft axis
ylinder stroke
Indicate angle and cylinder Mass polar moment of inertia with respect to crankshaft
number, propeller blade and event axis
marker
Stiffness values of thrust block, N/m
Forward running Force Couple
Order
(looking forwards) N N.m
Free forces and couples due to 1st
unbalance
2nd
Firing order
+
Guide forces t/f) and couples (Xl
0
iketch of crankshaft or reduction gear system showing its major scantlings
l Give details of balancers, detunars, dampers, etc., which could influence vibration.
7IS 14729 ~:1 999
IS0 4868 : 1984
Table 4 - Conditions during vibration measurements .
Date
Test conditions
Place
ea state (Beaufort number) Type and characteristics of measuring instruments
eight of swell, m
Relative heading
angle, in degrees
Wave direction
lepth of water, m
kaught forward, m
kaught aft, m
clean draught, m
kst displacement A, t
‘repeller immersion from shaft centrelirie to water
urface, m
-
Loading plan
8IS 14729 : 1999
IS0 4888 : 1984
Table 6 - Results of vibration measurements during manoeuvres (optional)
Initial Frequency, Hz, and maximum amplitude**
shaft
Manoeuvres Stern Other selected location, identify
speed
rlmin Vertical Athwartship Longitudinal Vertical Athwartship Longitudir
Hard turn to port
Hard turn to starboard
Crashback
NOTES :
I
Ship:.........................................,.,..,..,. Testdate:.......................................,..,..
I
After order number, identify blade rate (BR) or twice blade rate (2 x BR).
* Indicate whether velocity, acceleration or displacement amplitudes are reported and enter the following units accordingly:
l
mm for displacement
mm/s for velocity (preferred)
mm/s2 for acceleration
10IS 14729:lQQQ
IS0 4888:1984
Table 7 - Longitudinal vibration of the propulsion system during manoeuvres (optional)
-
r I
I I Freauency. Hz. and maximum amplitude*
L
Initial shan 1 2 3 4 5 l-k 7 8
Manoeuvre Run numbel r speed Thrus Thnx Bllll Gear Gear LP con
rlmin bearic bearin gear case turbin turbin dense
housir fowl. shaft foun- top
datiol datior 1
Hard turn to po I?
I.l ard turn to stat. _
board
Crashback
!
NI OTES :
Ship : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .._. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Test date : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
hhme whetherv ekcitv, acceleration or displacement amplitudes are reported and enter the following units accordingly:
l
mm for displacement
mm/s for velocity (preferred)
mm/s2 for acceleration
11
*IS 14729:1999
IS0 4068:+984
Figure 2 - Example of a sketch of a screw aperture
13Bureau of Indian Standards
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|
3025_47.pdf
|
IS 3025 ( Part 47 ) : 1994
Indian Standard
METHODS OF SAMPLING AND TEST
(PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL)FOR WATER
AND WASTEWATER
PART 47 LEAD
( First Revision )
First Reprint JULY 1995
UDC 628.1032 : 628.3 : 543.3 [ 546.815 ]
@ BIS 1994
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG
NEW DELHI 110002
October 1994 Price Group 4
JEnvironmental Protection Sectional Committee, CHD 012
FOREWORD
This Indian Standard ( First Revision ) was adopted by the Bureau of Indian Standards, after the
draft finalized by the Environmental Protection Sectional Committee had been approved by the
Chemical Division Council.
Lead is a serious cumulative body poison. Natural waters seldom contain more than 20 pg/l,
although values as high as 4OO.~(g/l have been reported. Lead in a water supply may come from
industrial, mine and smelter discharges or from the dissolution of old lead plumbing. Tap waters
that.are soft, acidic and not suitably treated may contain lead resulting from an attack.on lead
service pipes. It is toxic and therefore, a stringent limit has been specified for lead in potable
water.
Also, lead is to be specially tested when pollution/plumbo solvency is suspected. Therefore, the
test for lead is essential. These tests serve to determine whether the lead .content of potable water
and *waste water is within the acceptable limit or not..
In the preparation of this standard, considerable assistance has been derived from American
Standard Test Methods ( ASI M Annual Book Section 11, 1983 ) and Analytical Chemical Acta,
164 ( 1984 ) l-21.
The, composition of the technical committee responsible for the formulation of this Indian
Standard is given in Annex A.
In reporting the result of a test or analysis made in accordance with this standard, if the final
value, observed or calculated, is to be rounded off, it shall be done in accordance with
IS 2 : 1960 ‘Rules for rounding off numerical values ( revised)‘.IS 3025 ( Part 47 ) : 1994
Indian Standard
METHODS OF SAMPLING AND TEST
( PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL ) FOR WATER
AND WASTEWATER
Y
PART 47 LEAD
First Revision )
(
rinsing with water. The water samples should
1 SCOPE
be collected and stored preferably in poly-
This standard prescribes the following three propylene or chemically resistant glass con-
methods for determination of lead: tainers. For preservation, the samples should be
acidified with concentrated nitric acid ( 2 ml
a) Atomic absorption method ( Direct ),
of AR grade nitric acid in 1 litre of the sample
b) Atomic absorption method ( Chelation - just to bring down the pH to below 2 ). For
Extraction ), and dissolved lead filter the sample in the field and
acidify the filtrate with nitric acid to a pH of
c) Differential Pulse Anodic Stripping
or lower.
Voltammetry ( DPASV ). ,,
NOTE - Avoid excess nitric acid. Add 5 ml of O-1 N
2 REFERENCES iodine solution to avoid losses of volatile organ0
lead compounds during handling and digestion of
The following Indian Standards are necessary samples.
adjuncts to this standard:
PURITY OF REAGENTS
IS No. Title
6.1 Unless otherwise specified, only AR grade
7022 ( Part 1 ) : Glossary of terms relating to chemicals should be used for all the tests.
1973 water sewage and industrial
effluents: Part 1 6.2 Lead free distilled water should be used for
preparing standards, and reagent solution.
7022 ( Part 2 ) : Glossary of terms relating to
1979 water, sewage and industrial 7 ATOMIC ABSORPTION METHOD
eatrents: Part 2
( DIRECT )
3 TERMINOLOGY
7.1 Principle
For the purpose of this standard, definitions The lead content of the sample is determined by
given in IS 7022 ( Part 1 ) : 1973 and IS 7022 directly aspirating the sample into the flame of
( Part 2 ) : 1979 shall apply. an atomic absorption spectrophotometer.
4 APPLICATION
This method is applicable in the range from 1.0
to 10.0 mg/l of lead. However, the concentra-
Depending upon the concentration range and
tion range will vary with the sensitivity of the
interference levels, choice of the method is
instrument used.
made. When the concentration levels are below
500 pg/l, pre-concentration is carried out either
7.2 Interferences
by chelation and extraction prior to atomic
absorption spectrophotometer ( AAS ) or by Other metals usually do not interfere. However,
deposition on a mercury drop electrode as in high concentrations of calcium do interfere and
DPASV method. For dissolved lead content, give high values for lead. In these cases the
filtration through 0.45 pm membrane filter is chelation-extraction procedure should be used.
required. Background correction should be applied.
5 SAMPLING AND PRESERVATION
7.3 Apparatus
The sampling bottles should be cleaned thorou- 7.3.1 Atomic absorption spectrophotometer
ghly with dilute nitric acid ( 6 N ) prior to final with air-acetylene flame.
1IS 3025 ( Part 47 ) : 1994
7.3.2 Hollow-cathode lamps or electrodeless evaporating to drycess, 11e ated with hot hydro-
discharge lamps for use at 283.3 nm. chloric acid ard diluted with water to a
specified volume. An aliquot is aspirated into
7.4 Reagents the air-acetylene flame of the spectrophoto-
meter. For total recoverable lead an acid
7.4.1 Hydrochloric Acid - Concentrated.
digestion procedure is done prior to chelation
7.4.2 Nitric Acid - Concentrated. or aspiration.
7.4.3 Nitric Acid - Diluted ( 1 : 499 ). This method is applicable for concentration
range from 100-l 000 rg/l of lead.
7.4.4 Lead Solutions
NOTE - The lower range of determination to the
7.4.4.1 Stock lead solution extent of 0401 mg/l may be obtained by graphite
system.
Dissolve 1.599 9 g of lead nitrate in a mixture of
10 ml or concentrated nitric acid and 100 ml of 8.2 Interferences - Same as in 7.2.
water and dilute to 1 litre ( 1 ml = 1.0 mg of
8.3 Apparatus - Same as in 7.3.
Pb ).
8.4 Reagents
7.4.4.2 Standard lead solution
8.4.1 Hydrochloric Acid - Concentrated.
Dilute 100 ml of lead stock solution to 1 litre
with dilute nitric acid ( 1 : 499 ) ( 1 ml = 0.1 8.4.2 Hydrochloric Acid - Diluted ( 1 : 2 ).
mg of Pb ).
8.4.3 Hydrochloric Acid - Diluted ( 1 : 49 ).
7.5 Procedure
8.4.4 Nitric Acid - Concentrated.
7.5.1 To 100 ml portion of the acidified sample
add O-5 ml of nitric acid, 5 ml of concentrated 8.4.5 Pyrrolidine Dithiocarbamic Acid Chloroform
hydrochloric acid and heat it not to .boil but to Reagent
reduce the volume to 20 ml in a well-ventilated
36 ml of pyrrolidine is mixed with 1 litre of
hood. Cool and filter the sample and make up
chloroform. The solution is cooled and 30 ml
to 100 ml in a standard flask. Aspirate the
of carbon disulphide is added in small fractions
sample solution and measure the absorbance at
with continuous stirring. Dilute with two litres
283.3 nm. Aspirate nitric acid ( 1 : 499 ) prior
of chloroform and store in a cool and dark
to sample aspiration.
place. The reagent is stable for atleast six
7.5.2 Prepare a reagent blank and sufficient months.
standards containing 1.0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5’ and 10.0
NOTE - As components of this mixture are highly
mg/l of lead by diluting suitable volume of the toxic and flammable, prepare and use in a
standard solution with nitric acid ( 1 : 499 ) fumehood.
and repeat as above. Aspirate the solutions and
8.4.6 Sodium Hydroxide Solution
measure the absorbance.
Dissolve 100 g of sodium hydroxide in water
7.6 Calculation and dilute to 1 litre with water.
Construct a standard calibration graph by
8.4.7 Chloroform
plotting the absorbance versus mg of lead
concentration of each standard. Read the 8.4.8 Bromophenol Blue Indicator Solution
concentration of the sample from the graph.
Dissolve 0.1 g of bromophenol blue in 100 ml
Lead, ( mg/l ) ==$x 1000 of 50 percent ethanol or isopropanol.
where 8.4.9 Lead Solutions
M = mass o lead present in mg in the 8.4.9.1 Stock lead solution
sample, and
Dissolve 1.5999 g of lead nitrate in a mixture of
V = volume of sample in ml.
10 ml of concentrated nitric acid and 100 ml of
8 ATOMIC ABSORPTION METHOD water and dilute to I litre ( I ml = 1-0 mg of
Pb ).
( CHELATION - EXTRACTION )
8.1 Principal 8.4.9.2 Standard lead solution
Lead is chelated with pyrrolidine dithiocarba- Dilute 100 ml of lead stock solution to 1 litre
mic acid and extracted with chloroform. The with dilute nitric acid ( 1 : 499 ) ( 1 ml = O-1 mg
extract is treated with hot nitric acid after of Pb ).
2Is3025( Part47): 1994
84.10 Water Saturated Chloroform where
M = mass of lead present in pg in the sample,
Mix one part of chloroform with one part of
and
water in a separatory funnel. Shake 30 times
and let separate. Discard aqueous layer. Save V = volume of sample in ml.
chloroform layer.
9 DIFFERENTIAL PULSE ANODIC STRIP-
8.5 Procedure PING VOLTAMMETRY ( DPASV )
8.5.1 For dissolved lead, filter 100 ml of the 9.1 Principle
sample through @45 pm membrane filter paper.
Lead is deposited on a hanging mercury drop
For total lead, add 5 ml of concentrated hydro-
at a negative ( - ve ) potential of - O-6 V
chloric acid and evaporate the sol,ution to 15
versus saturated calomel electrode ( SCE ).
to 20 ml. Cool and filter the sample through
Thell the lead is stripped back into the solution
acid washed filter paper. Make up to 100 ml
by applying a positive ( + ve ) potential scan.
in a volumetric flask. Add to this solution it
The anodic current peak which is measured is
the filtrate ( in case of dissolved lead ) 2 drops
representative of the lead concentration in the
of bromophenol blue indicator solution and
sample. For total dissolved lead the sample is
mix. Adjust the pH by adding sodium hydr-
filtered through a 0.45 pm membrane filter paper
oxide solution till a blue colour persists. Add
prior to acidification and analysis. This method
diluted hydrochloric acid ( 1 : 49 ) drop by
is applicable in the concentration range 1.0 to
drop until the colour just disappears; then add
100 ,g/l of lead.
2.5 ml in excess to bring the pH to 2-3-2.5.
Add 10 ml of pyrrolidine dithiocarbamic acid
9.2 Interferences
- chloroform reagent and shake well. After
the phases separate out, collect the chloroform Selenium interferes when it is present in excess
phase by taking care to avoid any trace of water of 50 Erg/l. This may be overcome by adding
in the flask. Repeat the extraction till the ascorbic acid which reduces selenium ( IV ) to
chloroform layer becomes colourless with fresh selenium metal. Irorl ( III ) interferes when
6 to 7 ml portion of chloroform; combine the present at levels greater than lead. However,
extracts and make up the volume to 25 ml. this may be overcome by warming the solution
Aspirate the organic extracts direqtly into the with hydroxylamine. Also, the presence of any
the flame ( zeroing the instrument on a water other neighbouring stripping peaks which is less
saturated chloroform blank ) and record absor- than 100 mV from that of the lead will
bance. To avoid problems associated with interfere.
instability of extracted metal complexes,
determine immediately, after extraction. 9.3 Apparatus
Alternatively evaporate the extracts just to
9.3.1 Polarographic insti-umentation capable of
dryness and dissolve the residue by dropwise
performing differential pulse work.
addition of 2 ml of concentrated nitric acid by
holding the beaker at an angle. Again eva-
porate to dryness and add 2 ml of hydrochloric 9.3.2 Hanging Mercury Drop Electrode
acid ( 1 : 2 ) and heat for 1 minute. Cool and 9.3.3 Platinum Counter Electrode
make up the solution in a 10 ml standard flask.
Aspirate the sample and measure the 9.3.4 Saturated Culomel Reference Electrode
absorbance.
9.3.5 Magnetic Stirrer Control Unit, Stirring Bar
8.5.2 Prepare a reagent blank and sufficient
standards containing 100, 200, 400, 500, 700, 9.4 Reagents
900 and 1 000 pg/l of lead by diluting a suitable
volume of the standard solution with 100 ml 9.4.1 Hydrochloric Acid - Concentrated.
of water and repeat as above. Aspirate the
9.4.2 Nitric Acid - Concentrated.
solution and measure the absorbance.
8.6 Calculation 9.4.3 Nitric Acid - Diluted ( 1 : 1 ).
8.6.1 Construct a standard calibration graph 9.4.4 Lead Solutions
by plotting the absorbance versus the micro-
grams of lead. Read the concentration of the 9.4.4.1 Stock lead solution
samples from the curve.
Dissolve O-319 8 g of lead nitrate in water con-
Lead, cLg/l = $ x 1000 taining 1 ml of concentrated nitric acid. Dilute
to one litre with water ( 1 ml = 200 pg of Pb ).
3IS 3025 ( Part 47 ) : 1994
9.4.4.2 Intermediate lead solution The cell should -be covered with nitrogen gas
during the experiment ( Fig. 2 ) Generate a
Dilute 10 ml of lead stock solution and 1 ml of
new droplet cf mercury and put the stirrer on.
nitric acid to one litre with water ( 1 ml = 2 pg
Connect the cell and deposit at - 0.6 V versus
of Pb ).
SCE for 3 minutes. Stop the stirrer and wait
for 30 seconds. Start the anodic scan with the
9.4.4.3 Standard lead solution
following settings:
Dilute 10 ml of lead intermediate solution and
Initial potential - 0.6 V vs SCE
1 ml of concentrated nitric acid to 100 ml with
Scan rate 5 mV/sec
water ( 1 ml = 0.2 pg of Pb ).
Scan direction + ve
This solution should be prepared just before use Modulation amplitude 25 mV
for preparing the working standards.
Current range l-lOpA
9.4.5 Amalgamated Zinc Drop time 0.5 set
Display direction - ve
Cover 10 g of granular zinc with water and add
2 drops of concentrated hydrochloric acid. Then Low pass filter Off position
add 5 to 8 drops of mercury with continuous Mode Differential pulse
shaking.
Scan range -0.6 V to -0.15
9.4.6 Purified Nitrogen
Measure the current peak height ( I, ). Add 20
,.J of standard lead solution and deaerate for 5
Boil 2 g of ammonium meta vanadate with 25
ml of concentrated hydrochloric acid. Dilute minutes. Repeat as above. Measure the
to 250 ml and transfer to the scrubber. Add current peak height ( L-).
10 to 15 g of amalgamated zinc. Pass nitrogen
9.6 Calculation
gas’ through the scrubber for removal of traces
of oxygen and through distillen water for wash- z, v Cstd x 1 000
ing any traces of scrubber chemicals ( Fig. 1 ). Cmwk Pg/l = 1 P v + ( la _ 1l ) y
where
9.5 Procedure
= current peak height for the
I1
9.5.1C lean all the glasswares and the voltam- sample,
metric cells by soaking them overnight in con-
I, = current peak height for the
centrated nitric acid and rinse them thoroughly
sample + standard,
with distilled water. If total dissolved lead
alone is to be determined, the sample should be = ;ol;;;,, of standard added
V
filtered through O-45 pm membrane filter paper.
For total recoverable lead, digest the sample V ‘z volume of the sample solution,
with 3 ml each concentrated hydrochloric acid
C concentration of the standard
and nitric acid. Evaporate the solution to 15 to std =
solution added, and
20 mtr-Cool and make up to 100 ml in a volume-
tric flask. Take 10 ml of the sample in the c concentration of lead in the
gampla =
polarograplric cell and deaerate for 15 minutes. sample.
VANADATE & HCI-
AMALGAMATED
ZINC -
FIG. 1 SCRUBBER ASSEMBLYFOR NITROGEE~P URIFICATION
4IS 3025 ( Yart 47 ) : 1994
TO Hg RESERVOIR
I N a GAS
Pi COUNTER
ELECTRODE
ELECTRODE
_------_--
HMDE.WORKING
ELECTRODE
FIG.2 VOLTAMMFTRICCE LLA SSEMBLY
.
51s 3025 ( Part 47 ) : 1994
ANNEX A
( Foreword )
COMMITTEE COMPOSITION
Environmental Protection Sectional Committee, CHD 012
Representing
Chairman
PROF D: K. BISWAS Central Pollution Control Board, Delhi
Members
DR K. R. RANQANATHAN ( Akrmfe to
Prof D. K. BISWAS )
Ministry of Rural Development
ADVISER ( PHE )
ADDL ADVISER ( PHE ) ( Ahemfe )
Bharat Heavy Electrical Ltd. Hyderabad
SHRI S. B C. AOARWALA
SHRI S. BALAGURUNATHAN ( Alternate 1 J
SHRI A. K. GIJPTA ( Alternate II )
Natio;o;t;vironmental Engineering Research Institute ( CSIR ),
DR A. L. AGGARWAL
DR T. CHAKRABARTI ( Alternate )
Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi
DR A. ALAM
National Council for Cement SCB uilding Materials, New Delhi
SHRI S. C. AHLUWALIA
SHRI A. D. AGNIHOTRI ( Alternate )
Shriram Institute for Industrial Research, Delhi
SHRI R. K. BANERJEE
SHRI P. K. MAIR ( AIternute )
SHRr B. BASU National Thermal Power Corporation Ltd, New Delhi
DR S. MUKHERJEE ( Alternate )
SHRJ V. S. BNATNAGAR Central Scientific Instruments Organization ( CSIR ), Chandigarh
DR M. S. N. SRINIYAS ( AItermte )
Directorate General Factory Advice Service & Labour Institutes,
SHRI S. CHAKRAVORTI
Bombay
DR M. H. FULEKAR ( Alternate )
SHRI S. DAS Indian Petrochemicals Corporation Ltd, Vadodara
SHRI M. K. PRABHUDESAI (Alternate )
DR V. S. GUPTA National Test House, Calcutta
SHRI D. N. P. SINOH ( Alternate )
!ndustrial Toxicology Research Centre (CSIR), Lucknow
DR HARISH CHANDRA
SHRI B. K. JAIN The Fertilizer Association of India, New Delhi
DR ( MS ) B. SWAMINATHAN ( Ahwm )
SHRI G. K. GUREJA Thermax Ltd, Pune
DR A. K. WAGLE (Altermte )
SHRI A. LAHrRr Hindustan Lever Ltd, Bombay
SHRI B. B. DAVE ( AItermte )
DR W- MADHAVAKRISHNA Central Leather Research Institute (CSIR ), Madras
SHRI S. RAJAMANI ( Alternate )
SHRI S. K. MAIRA Flakt India Ltd, Calcutta
SHRI A. SAHA (Alternate )
SHRI R. K. MALHOTRA Indian Oil Corporation Ltd (R & D Centre ), Faridabad
SHRI S. K. JAIN ( Ahernate )
SHRI A. N. KALE Municipal Corporation of Greater Bombay
SHRI V. S. MAHAJAN ( Alternate )
DR P. K. MATHUR Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (IGCAR ), Kalpakkam ( TN )
DR P. M. MODAK Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay
PROP H. VE~RAMAN~( Alternate )
SHRI K. P. NYATI National Proddctivity Council, New Delhi
SHRI L. PANEERSELVAM( Alternate )
PROF B . PADMANABHAMURTHY Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi
DR T. S. PATEL National Institute of Occupational Health ( ICMR ), Ahmadabad
SHRI C. V. RAIYANI ( Alternate )
DR V. V. RAO Dharmsi Morarji Chemical Co Ltd. Bombay
DR M. ATCAAYYA ( Alternate )
( Continued on page 7 )
6IS 3025 ( Part 47 ) : 1994
( Continued from page 6 )
Members Representing
SARI P. S. RAMANATHAN Pesticides Association of .India, New Delhi
&RI D. N. V. RAO Tata Chemicals Ltd. Bombay
SHRI R. J. BUCH ( AlterMte )
DR S. ROUTH National Test House, Calcutta
DR J. C. NIJHAWAN ( Alternate )
SARI P. R. SAMADDAR Central Mechanical Engg Research Institute ( CSIR ), Durgapur
SHRI P. K. SEN ( Alternate )
SHRI S. C. SHARMA India Meteorological Department, New Delhi
SHRI R. N. GUPTA ( Alternate )
SHRI M. P. SINOH Directorate General of Technical Development, New Delhi
SHRI N. C. TI~ARI ( Alternate )
SHRI M. SUBBAR AO Ministry of E.ivironment & Forests
DR T. CHANDINI ( Alternate )
SHRI R. M. SUNDARAM National Malaria Eradication Programme ( DGHS ), Delhi
SHRI C. KRISHNA RAO ( Alternate )
SHRI SURENDERK UMAR Indian Chemical Manufacturers Association, New Delhi
SHRI R. PARTHASARTHY( Alternate )
SUPERINTENDINGE NGINEER Panchayat Raj Department, Government of Andhra Pradesh,
Hyderabad
EXECUTIVEE NGINEER( Ahrnate )
SHRI J. M. TIJLI Engineers India Ltd, New Delhi.
SHRI S. N. CHAKRABARTI( Alternate )
DR R. K. SINGH. Director General, BIS ( Ex-officio Member )
Director ( Chem )
Member Secretary
SHRI T. RANGASAMY
Joint Director ( Chem ), BIS
Water Environment Subcommittee, CHD 012 : 01
Convener
DR Y. P. KAKAR Ministry of Environment & Forests
Mem hers
SHRI S. B. C. AGARWALA Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd, Hyderabad
SHRI A. K. GUPTA ( AlterMte )
YHRI A. BASU Thermax Ltd, Pune
SHRI A. K. JINDAL( Afternate )
‘SARI M. S. DHINGRA Shriram Institute for Industrial Research, Delhi
SHRI V. G. K. NAIR ( AIterMte )
DR E. K. JAYANARAYANAN Mohan Meakin Ltd. Mohan Nagar
SHRI K. K. MITTU ( Alternate )
SHRI S. ISLAM Central Pulp and Paper Research Institute, Saharanpur
SARI F. LAL KANSAL Punjab Pollution Control Board, Patiala
SHRI S. S. SANGHA ( Afternate )
SHRI D. D. KUMTA Tata Chemicals Ltd, Bombay
DR K, C. PATHAK ( Alternate )
PROPK . J. NATH All India Institute of Hygiene 8c Public Health. Calcutta
PROF A. K. ADHYA ( Alternate )
DR R. NATH Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi
DR S. RATAN ( Alternate )
DR S. R. PANDB Natiomitrnvironment Engineering Research Institute ( CSIR ),
DR M. V. NANOTI ( Akernate )
DR P. M. PHIRKB Natiza;izvironment Eugineering Research Institute ( CSIR ),
DR S. R. JOSHI( Alternate )
SHRI S. PRAKASH Delhi Water Supply & Sewage Disposal Undertaking, New Delhi
SHRI S. S. RAMRAKHYANI( AIterMte )
SHRI R. V. RAO Central Water Commission, New Delhi
SHRI D. K. KAUSHIK ( Alternate )
RBPRBSENTATIVE Ministry of Rural Development
REPR~ENTATIVE U. P. Jal Nigam, Lucknow
DR B. S~NGUPTA Central Pollution Control Board, Del hi
DR R. C. TRIVEDI ( Alternate )
SUPERINTENDINGE NGINEER Panchayat Raj Department, Government of Andhra Pradesh,
Hyderabad
EXECUTIVEE NGINEER( Alternate )
SHRI S. R. TAMTA Central Ground Water Board, New Delhi
SHRIK . RAJAGOPALAN( After?kare)
DR P. N. VISWANATHAN Industrial Toxicology Research Centre ( CSIR ), Lucknow
7Bureau of Indian Standards
BIS is a statutory institution established under the Bureau of In&m Srundurds Act, I986 to promote
harmonious development of the activities of standardization, marking and quality certification of goods
and attending to connected matters in the country.
Copyright
BIS has the copyright of all its publications. No part of these publications may be reproduced in any form
without the prior permission in writing of BIS. This does not preclude the free use, in the course of
implementing the standard, of necessary details, such as symbols and sizes, type or grade designations.
Enquiries relating to copyright be addressed to the Director (Publications), BIS.
Review of Indian Standards
Amendments are issued to standards as the need arises on the basis of comments. Standards are also
reviewed periodically; a standard along with amendments is reaffirmed when such review indicates that
no changes are needed; if the review indicates that changes are needed, it is taken up for revision. Users
of Indian Standards should ascertain that they are in possession of the latest amendments or edition by
referring to the latest issue of ‘BIS Handbook’ and ‘Standards Monthly Additions’.
This Indian Standard has been developed from Dot : No. CHD 012 ( 0170
Amendments Issued Since Publication
Amend No. Date of Issue Text Affected
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
Headquarters:
Manak Bhavan, 9 Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg, New Delhi 110002 Telegrams : Manaksanstha
Telephones : 3310131,331 13 75 (Common to all offices)
Regional Offices : Telephone
Central : Manak Bhavan, 9 Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg 3310131
NEW DELHI 110002 331 13 75
Eastern : l/14 C. I.T. Scheme VII M, V. I. P. Road, Maniktola 378499,378561
CALCUTTA 700054 378626,378662
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{
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JAIPUR. KANPUR. LUCKNOW. PATNA. THIRUVANANTHAPURAM.
Reprography Unit, BIS, New Delhi, IndiaAMENDMENT NO. 1 OCTOBER 2000
TO
IS 3025( PART 47 ) : 1994 METHODS OF SAMPLING
AND TEST (PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL) FOR WATER
AND WASTEWATER
PART 47 LEAD
-(First RevMon)
‘ (Page 1,clause 2 ) — Insertthe following atthe appropriate place:
‘3025 (Part 1) :1986 Methods of sampling and test (physical and chemieal)
forwater and wastewater: Part 1Sampling’
( Page 2, clause 75.1, line 6 ) — Insert the worda ‘using dilute nitric acid’ – ...—.—_..._ —.-- —.—...—
after the words ’100 ml’. ., /j
:{
(Page 4, clause 9.6) — Substitute the following for the existing formula:
Vstdx Cml 11
Csample, mg/1= x—
Z1
Vsample L?-
(CHD12)
.
ReprographyUnit,BIS,NewDelhi,IndiaAMENDMENT NO. 2 APRIL 2003 ‘“‘
TO
1S 3025( PART 47 ) : 1994 METHODS OF SAMPLING
AND TEST (PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL) FOR WATER
AND WASTEWATER
PART 47 LEAD
(FirstReviswn )
(Page I, clause 1) — Substitute thefollowing forthe existing:
‘1 SCOPE
This standard prescribes the following four methods for determination of lead:
a) Atomic absorption method (Direet);
b) Atomic absorption method (Chelation-Extraction);
c) Differential Pulse Anodic Stripping Voltammetry (DPAV); and
d) Dithizone method. ‘
,., ,
(Page 4, clause 9.6) — Insert thefollowing newclause after 9.6 ~
’10 DITHIZONE METHOD
10.1 Principle
An acidified sample containing microgram quantities of lead is extriteted with
dithizone solution inchloroform. The extraction iscarried out in thepresence of
strong ammoniacal citrate-cyanide reducing agent (pH 10to 11.5). The quantity
of lead present inthe sample isdetermined spectrophotometrically by measuring
the absorbance at 510 nm of the chloroform extract containing the lead
dithizonate complex.
10.2 Minimum Deteetion Lirdt
1.0~gPb/10 mldithizone solution (extract).
10.3 Interference
This method uses ahighpH, mixed colour andsingle dithizone extraction. The
method iswithout interference. In strongly ammoniacal citrate-cyanide solution
(pH 10to 11.5) dithizonesofSn(11) and Tl (1) are unstable and extracted only
Gr 1 1.
I\mend No.2 to 1S3025 ( Part 47 ) :1994
pwtlaliy. Further, a modification of the method allows for detection and
elimination of these interferences.
10.4 Apparatus
I().4.1 Spectrophotometer for use at S10 nm with a path length of 1 cm or
l(mger.
:10.4.2 pH meter
:10.4.3 Standard Volumetric Glasswares
10.4.4 TEF Beaker, 100 ml forAcid Digestion.
:10.4.5 Separatoty Funnels, 250 ml and500 ml.
10.4.6 All glassware are to becleaned with 1:1 HN03, and rinsed thoroughly
withdistilled water.
:10.5Reagents
10.5.1 Quality of Reagents
t~nly analytical Orequivalent grade reagents, unless specified otherwise, are to
be used.Allreagents aretobe prepared inlead-free distilled water.
10.5.2 Stock Lead Solution
Dissolve 0.1599 g lead nitrate [(Pb(NOs)2, minimum purity, 99.5 percent (w/w)l
in about 200 ml of water. Add 10ml concentrated HN03 and dilute to 1000
ml with water, 1.0mlofthis solution willcontain 100pg ofPb.
10.5.3 Standard Lead Solution
Dilute 2.0 mlof stock lead solution to 100ml with water, 1.0mlof this solution
will contain 2 ~g ofPb.
:10.5.4 Nitric Acid — Concentrated (18N).
10.5.5 Nitric Acid —Dilute —20 percent, VAJ.
10.5.6 Ammonium Hydroxide — Concentrated (14N).
10.5.7Amnrotrium Hydroxide — Dilute 10percent, v/vand 1percent, v/v.
:10.5.8 Citrate-Cyanide Reducing Solution
Dissolve 200 g anhydrous ammonium citrate [(NH4)2 HC6H507 ] 10 g
anhydrous sodium sulphite (Na2S03), 5 g hydroxylamine hydrochloride
2.
Amend No. 2 to 1S3025 (Part 47 ):1994
(NH20H.HcI), 20 g po@ssiumcyanide (KCN) in water and dilute to 500 ml,and
mixwithonelitreofconcentratedNH40H .
CAUTION — KCNisapoisonous solution.Handle withexmemecareanddo not
pipettebymouth.
10.5.9 Stock Dithi~ne Solution
Dissolve 25 mg dithizone in about 50 ml chloroform (CHC13) taken in a 200 ml
beaker and filterthroughWhatman No.42 (orequivalent)filterpaper. Collectthe
filtrate and two washings (10 ml each) in a 250 ml conical flask. Transfer the
combined filtratetoa500 ml separator funnel. Add about 100ml 1percent(v/v)
NH40H solution, shakemoderately for about 1min.Transfer theCHC13 layerto
another250mlseparator funnelretainingtheorange-redaqueous layerinthe500
ml separator ti.mnel.Repeattheextraction(of theCHC13layer)with IW mlof 1
percent (v/v) NH40H solution, transfer the CHC13 layer to another 250 ml
separator funnel andthe aqueous layerto theoriginal 500 ml separator funnel
containing thefu-stextrac~ One more repetition,of extractionandtransferringto
themainaqueouslayeriscarried out.
To thecombined aqueousextractinthe5(XImlseparator funneladd 1:1HC1in2
mlportions,mixhg aftereachaddition, untildithizoneprecipitationiscompleteand
thesolutionisnolongerorangered. Extracttheprecipitateddithizonewiththree 25
mlportionsofCHC13.Dilutethecombkd extractto250ml withCHC13, 1mlof
thissolutionwillcontain 100pg of dithizone.
10.5.10 Working Dithizone Solutwn
Dilute lCXmI lstock dithizonesolutionto250mlinastandardvolumetricflaskwith
CHC13,1mlofthissolutionwillcontain40p,gofdithizone.
10.6 procedure
10.6.1 Sample Dige.rtwn
Digest all samples for dissolved and total lead as per standarddigestion procedure
usingHN03H2S04 andHN03 -HC104.
10.6.2 To 100 ml acidified sample (@J add 20 ml of dilute (20 percent, v/v)
HN03, filterifrequiredthrough a,filterpaper (Whatman No.41orequivalent),and
transfer it to a 250 ml separator funnel. Add 60 ml ammoniacal citrate-cyanide
solution, mix and cool to room temperature. Add 10 ml of dithizone working
solution. Shake the stopperedfunnel vigorously for about 30s, allow to stand(to
get two separatelayers). Discard 1-2mlCHC13 layerandthenfillthe absorption
3.
Amend No. 2 to IS 3025 ( Part 47 ) :1994
cd1. Measure the absorbance at 510 nm using working dithizone solution as
reagent blank.
10.7 Calibration Curve
Plot a calibration curve using at least five standard lead solutions, after adding
50 ml ammoniacal citrate-cyanide solution to the individual lead standard
solutions andextracting the same with 10mlofdithizone working solution.
10.8 Calculation
~g Pb (in 10mlextract obtained from thecalibration curve)
mgPb/litre =
Volume of sample (ml)
10.9 Precision and Accuracy
Using the dithizone method, lead at the level of 0.026 mg/1can be recovered
with4.8 percent relative standard deviation and 15percent relative error.
(CHD 12)
ReprographUynit;BIS,NewDelhi,India
4
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13045.pdf
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Indian Standard
CODEOFPRACTICEFORFIRESAFETYOF
1NDUSTRIALBUILDINGS:FLOURMILLS
UDC 699’81 : 725’42 : 664’71
0 BIS 1991
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG
NEW DELHI 110002
March 1991 Price Group 2Fire Safety Sectional Committee, CED 36
FOREWORD *
This Indian Standard was adopted by the Bureau of Indian Standards, after the draft finalize&
by the Fire Safety Sectional Commit’tee had been approved by the Civil Engineering Division.
Council.
Fires occur frequently in the flour mills due to frictional heat generated in the rollers and also.
sparks from foreign material coming in alongwith grains. The other causes and spread of fires in
this type of factories are bad house keeping, congestion, faulty electrical equipment, height of the
building and use of combustible materials in the construction of buildings including the conveying
arrangement. In order to reduce fire losses, besides installation of adequate fire fighting equipment,
it is necessary to plan carefully the layout of the building, provision of external stair cases and the
arrangements for storage of grains and finished products. This standard has been formulated to
cover these aspects.
Provisions of this Code are supplimentary to the relevant statutory requirements as laid down ia
Indian Factory Act, Petroleum Rules, Gas Cylinder Rules, etc.IS 13045 : 1991
hzdiun Standard
CODE OF PRACTICE FOR FIRE SAFETY OF
INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS : FLOUR MILLS
1 SCOPE fire check doors, as the case may be, of same
rating.
This standard lays down minimum essential
5.3 Stores godowns, engine room, boiler house,
requirements for fire safety of flour mills
transformer house building and fire. pumphe~+
including the godowns for storage of granary
should be of Type I construction ( see IS 1642 :
and finished products.
1989 ).
2 REFERENCES 5.4 There should be at least two door openings
to the outside in every working block and the
The Indian Standards listed in Annex A are
location should be such that at least one stair-
necessary adjuncts to this standard.
case is approachable when any section of the
working block is on fire.
3 LOCATION
5.5 Separating walls should be constructed
3.1 The factories should be located in their own
between the mills block and the block where
compound and preferably in MOFUSSIL
scouring, brushing and cleaning of grains are
districts or outside the limits of municipal areas
carried out.
in close proximity to pucca metalled roadways
leading to towns so that the town’s fire brigade 5.6 Engine houses, boiler houses, motor rooms,
can come to assistance, should a serious fire substations, fire pump room and rope races
occur. should have similar separating walls if they
adjoin the mills block and wheat cleaning block.
3.2 If factories are located near each other a
minimum clear distance of 90 m should be
5.7 Buildings used for storage of grains, flour,
maintained betuieen factory buildings.
bread stuff and hazardous goods should be
separated from the mills and/or wheat cleaning
3.3 Factories should be located at least 300 m
away from railway sidings, yards and high premises at least by a separating wall.
tension electrical lines.
5.8 Horizontal surfaces should be kept to a
minimum to reduce accumulation of dust.
4 COMPOUNDS
Inaccessible horizontal surface, however, should
4.1 The compound surrounding the factories be made inclined as steeply as possible for
should be of sufficient area to accommodate the adequate cleaning. All surfaces, both hori-
mills block, godowns and open storages ( if zontal and flat shall be made smooth to facilitate
any >. cleaning.
4.2 Areas where goods are to be stored in the
6 DISTANCES
open should be raised at least 25 cm above the
general ground level. 6.1 A minimum distance of 6 m should be
maintained between any two buildings or bet-
4.3 The mills compound should be connected
ween a building and storage in the open or
to the main road by a pucca metalled road for
between two different kinds of storage in the
easy and free accessibility of fire tenders at the
open in the factory. a
time of need.
4.4 For big flour mills with railway siding inside 6.2 No oily or greasy waste should be deposited
only diesel/electric locomotives are recommend- in open in the compound.
ed. For coal engines to be used inside the mill
spark arrestor must be fitted. 7 EXIT REQUIREMENTS
5 BUILDING CONSTRUCTION 7.1 In every buildings, exists and fire escapes
should comply with the requirements stipulated
5.1 The mills building where cleaning, roller in IS 1644 : 1988.
milling, scouring, brushing, separating, sifting
and riddling of grains are carried out and 7.2 Exits to the access staircases should always
godown for graind, flour, bread stuff, etc, should be kept open during working hours, During
be of type I construction ( see IS 1642 : 19S9 ). non-working hours, the exits may be locked
from the staircase side only.
5.2 Openings to rope races, motor alley ways,
staircases and/or hoists may be deemed suffici- 7.3 The landing of the exit staircases should not
ently protected if fitted with double or single be less than 1‘5 m x 1’5 m. The hydrant posts
1IS 13045 : 1991
of the wet riser svstem should be located at the 8.5 Ventilation
staircase landings at each floor level ( see
8.5.1 Ventilator openings should be provided in
IS 3844 : 1989 ).
corrugated iron sheet roofs. The ventilator open-
7.4 The doorway leading to the exit staircases ings should not exceed 1’2 m x 0.3 m and at
should not be less than 100 cm in width and least one ventilator openings should be provided
200 cm in height. in every other day. All ventilator openings
should be protected either by expanded metal
8 GODOWNS or by wire netting having apertures of 12’5 mm
size. Individual ducts of ventilation air will be
8.1 General provided with fire smoke damper stop supply
for air in case of fire. For mechanical venting
8:l.l Stacking height in the godowns should a reference to IS 941 : 1985 may be made.
not exceed 4 m or up to a level which is
not less than one metre below the roof or ceiling
9 MACHINERY
whichever is less. A colour band, about 15,cm
wide should be painted on the ‘inside of walls 9.1 All machinery and line shafts should be
at this height to serve as a guide to the workers fitted with ball or roller bearings.
when stockmg.
9.2 Machinery should be so installed, arranged
8.1.2 Passage ways should be provided between
and worked as to prevent, as far as is practi-
stocks of goods. These passage ways should be
cable, the access or accumulation of dust to
not less than 2 m wide and at not more than
moving parts or the machinery not intended to
10 m apart. The passage ways should be always
receive dust.
kept clear by night fall.
8.1.3 Machineries for separating, sifting or 9.3 In case of any replacement of a bearing or
riddling grains or flour dressing should not be shaft, the machinery should be run empty for
carried out in granary godown. two hours and the bearings tested for overheat-
ing before any material is passed through
8.1.4 A minimum clear distance of 100 cm
them.
should be maintained between the stocks of
goods and the godown walls. 9.4 Pneumatic conveyor system and metallic
8.2 The floor levels of godowns should be at ducting should be used.
least 0’75 m above the surrounding ground
level and the floor should be made sloping 9.5 No heating or other process of drying
towards the door sills. A slope of 1 in 100 is except by steam be carried on the mill or in any
building communicating therewith.
considered adequate.
9.6 NO stive, dust or exhaust room be contain-
8.3 Doors and Windows
ed within the mill and that no apparatus for
8.3.1 Door should not exceed 6’25 m2 in area collecting stive or dust from machineries other
and should be close-fitting. All doors should than rollers, purifiers and/or centrifugals be
be protected against damage by lorries, trucks used except automatic cyclone dust collectors
and falling goods. There should be no other and/or whirl dust collectors strongly constructed
external windows or openings except ventilators of metal.
and fireman’s windows. Ventilators should be
located at a height of not less than 3 m from 10 ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION
ground level and same be protected by 6 mm
10.1 The electrical installation in general should
thick wired glass in steel frames. Fireman’s
be in accordance with IS 1646 : 1982.
windows which are meant for exclusive use in a
emergency should be of 6 mm thick wired glass
10.2 All wiring should be carried out in steeI
in steel framework and normally kept locked.
conduits ( see IS 1653 : 1972 ) or in rigid non-
They should be placed at a height convenient
metallic conduit [ see IS 9537 ( Part 3 ) : 1973 1.
for fire fighting operations and not more than
15 m apart and 7 m from a blind corner.
10.3 All lighting fittings should be of dust
tight type.
8.4 Roofs
10.4 No artificial light except electric light be
8.4.1 Roofs should be directly supported from used in the premises
wall to wall without any intermediate columns
or posts. If the roofsafe covered with corrugat- 10.5 Switchgear installed in the mill house
ed iron sheets, it is necessary to insert corrugat- should be of dust tight type.
ed asbestos sheets at intervals of 6 m along the
lower edge of the roof for fire fighting purposes. 11 ILLUMINATION
It is advisable to use non-flammable paint to
paint the underside of roofs of corrugated iron 11.1 For effective fire fighting purposes, the
sheets. mill should be fully illuminated as indicated
2IS 13045 : 1991
below: 13 HOUSEKEEPING
Sl Industrial building/ Minimum Limiting 13.1 AI1 sweeping from the mill premises should
No. Processes Illumination Glare be removed before tightfall and rope alloys
( Occupancy ) ( in Lux ) Index should be cleaned once in a day. All machinery,
walls, floors, platforms and other parts of the
i) Roller purifier, silks 150 25
buildings shall be cleaned at least once a week.
and packing floors
This may be done in a way without disturbing
ii) Wetting tables 300 25
the dust accumulation so that no dust cloud
iii) Godowns, loading 150 25 is formed. In case of use of air blowers or
bays, packing and vacuum cleaners for such cleaning all electric
despatch motors, switchgears, etc, shall be shut down
iv) Open compounds 50 - before operating the cleaning machines.
11.2 Emergency lighting provision should be 13.1.1 Any tools/cutting gears, etc, used inside
provided to take care of failure of normal the mill area shall be non-ferrous type.
power supply. 13.2 All building, machinery, electrical wiring
and equipment should be carefully maintained
12 FIRE FIGHTING ARRANGEMENTS in sound condition at all times.
12.1 Flour mill shculd be provided with first- 13.3 Open fires, naked lights and smoking in the
aid fire fighting equipments according to factory compound should be prohibited.
IS 2190 : 1979. The internal hydrant system Provision of separate smoking room may be
should be cccordirg to IS 3844 : 1989 and made.
external hydrant system should be according
13.4 Every boiler chimney in a factory com-
to IS 13039 : 1991.
pound should be fitted with an efficient spark
12.2 The first-aid fire fighting equipments should arrestor which should be properly maintained.
be placed as near as possible to the fire prone
13.5 Fire safety requirements and contingency
area like electric mctor, switchboard, starters,
plans should be prominently displayed at cons-
etc, or exits or staircase landings provided it
picuous places in the factory.
does not obstruct the passage and should be so
distributed over the entire floor area that a 13.6 No oily or greasy waste should be deposit-
person has to travel not more than 15 m to ed in open in the compound.
reach the nearest equipment.
12.3 The flour mill should be equipped with a 14 FLOUR BINS AND HOPPERS
warning system for fire so that the warning is
14.1 Flour bins and hoppers used inside the
clearly audible throughout the factory and the
mill shall be non-combustible or of fire resistive
compound. The appliance for giving such material.
warning of the means of operating the same
shall be located in a conspicuous position and 14.2 There shall be no opening between
shall be painted red ( see IS 5 : 1978 colour adjacent bins or hoppers containing dust or
No. 536 ). dust producing materials.
ANNEX A
( Clause 2 )
LIST OF REFERRED INDIAN STANDARDS
IS No. Title IS No. Title
5 : 1978 Colours for ready mixed paints 1653 : 1972 Rigid steel conduits for elec-
and enamels ( third revision ) trical wiring (second revision )
941 : 1985 Blower and exhauster for fire 21go : I979 Code of practice for selection,
lighting ( second revision ) installation and maintenance
of portable first-aid fire extin-
1642 : 1989 Code of practice for fire safety guisher ( second revision )
of buildings ( general >: Mate-
9537 ( Part 3 ) : Conduits for electrical ins-
rials and details of construction
1983 tallations: Part 3 Rigid plain
( first revision )
conduits of insulating
1644 : 1988 Code of uractice for fire safetv materials
;izaiAdings ( general ): Personal 3844 : 1989 Code of practice for installa-
tion of internal fire hydrants
1646 : 1982 Code of practice for fire in multistorey buildings
safety of buildings ( general ): 13039 : 1991 Code of practice for provision
Electrical installation ( first and maintenance of external
revision ) hydrant system.
3Standard Mark
The use of the Standard Mark is governed by the provisions of the Bureau of Indian
Standards Act, 2986 and the Rules and Regulations made thereunder. The Standard Mark on
products covered by an Indian Standard conveys the assurance that they have been produced
to comply with the requirements of that standard under a well defined system of inspection,
testing and quality control which is devised and supervised by BIS and operated by the pro-
ducer. Standard marked products are also continuously checked by BIS for conformity to
that standard as a further safeguard. Details of conditions under which a licence for the use
of the Standard Mark may be granted to manufacturers or producers may be obtained from
the Bureau of Indian Standards.Bureau of Indian Standards
BIS is a statutory institution established under the Bureau of Indian Standards Act, I986 to promote
harmonious development of the activities of standardization, marking and quality certification of
goods and attending to connected matters in the country.
Copyright .
BIS has the copyright of all its publications. No part of these publications may be reproduced in
any form without the prior permission in writing of BIS. This does not preclude the free use, in
the course of implementing the standard, of necessary details, such as symbols and sizes, type or
grade designations. Enquiries relating to copyright be addressed to the Director ( Publication ), BIS.
Revision of Indian Standards
Indian Standards are reviewed periodically and revised, when necessary and amendments, if any,
are issued from time to time. Users of Indian Standards should ascertain that they are in
possession of the latest amendments or edition. Comments on this Indian Standard may be sent
to BIS giving the following reference :
Dot : No. CED 36 ( 4507 )
Amendments Issued Since Publication
Amend No. Date of Issue Text Affected
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
Headquarters :
Manak Bhavan, 9 Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg, New Delhi 110002
Telephones : 331 01 31, 331 13 75 Telegrams : Manaksanstha
( Common to all O&es )
Regional Offices : Telephone
Central : Manak Bhavan, 9 Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg t 331 01 31
NEW DELHI 110002 331 13 75
Eastern : l/l4 C.I.T. Scheme VII M, V.I.P. Road, Maniktola
CALCUTTA 700054 37 86 62
Northern : SC0 445-446, Sector 35-C, CHANDIGARH 160036 53 38 43
Southern : C.I.T. Campus, IV Cross Road, MADRAS 600113 41 29 16
Western : Manakalaya, E9 MIDC, Marol, Andheri ( East )
BOMBAY 400093 6 32 92 95
Branches : AHMADABAD. BANGALORE. BHOPAL. BHUBANESHWAR.
COIMBATORE. FARIDABAD. GHAZIABAD. GUWAHATI.
HYDERABAD. JAIPUR. KANPUR. PATNA. THIRUVANANTHAPURAM.
Printed at Swatantra Bharar Press. Uelht. India
|
3085.pdf
|
IS : 3085 - 1965
Indian Standard
METHOD OF TEST FOR
PERMEABILITY OF CEMENT MORTAR
AND CONCRETE
( Scvcath
Rcprittl JANUARY 1’)9(1 )
UDC f&6,97:620.193.19
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAIIADUR SHAlI ZAFAR MARC
NEW DELI11 110002
Gr 3 My 1965IS:3085-1965
Indian Standard
METHOD OF TEST FOR
PERMEABILITY OF CEMENT MORTAR
AND CONCRETE
Cement and Concrete Sectional Committee, BDC 2
Chairman Representing
$HB K. K. NAMBIAR The Conprete Association of India, Bombay
Members
SHRI N. H. MOHILE (Alternate to
Shri K. K. Nambiar )
SHRI K. F. ANTIA M. N. Dastur & Co. (Pvt) Ltd., Calcutta
SERI BENI PAL SIN~H U. P. Government Cement Factory, Churk
COL G. BENJAMIN Engineer-in-Chief’s Branch, Army Headquarters
SHRI S. KRISHNAMURTHI ( Alternate )
SHRI P. S. BHATNA~AR Bhekra & Bees Designs Organization, New Delhi
DR. I. C. DOS M. PAIS CuDDOU Central Water & Power Commission ( Ministry ot
Irrigation & Power )
SHRI Y. K. MURTHY ( AZterna.te )
SHRI N, D. DAFTARY Khira Steel Works Privste Ltd., Bombay
SHRI N. G. DEWAN Central Public Works Department, Sew Delhi
SUPERINTENDINQE NQINEER,
END CIRCLE ( Alternczte )
DR. R. R. HATTIAN~ADI The Associctted Cement Companies Ltd., Bombey
SHRI V. N. PAX ( Alternate )
JOINT DIRECTOR STANDARDS Research, Designs & Standards Orgauization
(B&S) ( Ministry of Railways )
DEPUTY DIRECTOR STAN-
DARDS ( B & S ) ( Alternate )
SHRI 5. B. JOSHI S. B., Joshi & Co. Ltd., Bombay
PROF. S. R. ME~RA Central Rond Research Institute (CSIH ), Sew
Delhi
DR. R. K. Gaosu ( Alternate )
YHRI S. N. MUI~EHJI National Test House, Calcutta
SIrRI E. K. RAMCHs4NDRAN ( L4kY?late )
SHRI EARCH A. NADIRslI.4H Institut,ion of Engineers ( India ), Calcutta
SHRI C. B. PATEL National Buildings Organization ( Ministry of
Works & Housing )
SHRI RABINDER SIN~H (Alternate )
PROP. G. S. RAXASWAMS Central Building Research Institute (CSIH),
Roorkee
SI~RI Af. G. TAJIHANICAR ( 9lfernale )
SHRI T. N. S. RAO Gummon India Ltd., Bombny
SI~RI S. R. PINHEIRO ( dlternnte )
R*~RESEXTATI~E Geological Survey of Indis, Calcutta
I:EYi<l3l 31’AT,\‘I Mnrtin Burn Ltd., Cnlcutte
(Continued on page 2 )
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG
NEW DELHI 110002-.
IS :3085 -1965
( Continued from page 1 )
Members Representing
!&CRETARY Central Board of Irrigation & Power, New Delhi
BH. SUUUARAJU Indian Roads Congress, New Delhi
, SifbI L. SWAROOP Dalmia Cement ( Bhnrat ) Ltd., Calcutta
SHRI A. V. RAMANA ( Allernate )
SIIRI N. M. THADANI Sohu Cement Service, New Delhi
Scar J. M. TRIZIIAN Roads Wing, Ministry of Transport
SHRI N. H. KESWANI (Alternate )
Drt. H. C. VISVESVARAYA, Director, IS1 ( Er-oficio Member )
Doputy Director ( Civil Enp )
Scwetary
SI3RI Y. R. TANEJA
Extra Assistant Director ( Civil Eng ), ISI
Concrete Subcommittee, BDC 2 : 2
Conuener
YHRI S. B. JOSHI Y. B. Joshi & Co. Ltd., Bombay
Members
S~XRIN . H. BRA~WANANI l’:ngillcer-ill-CIIiof’s Branch, Army Heudquart,ers
DR. I. C. DOS. M. PAIS CIJUD0U Contra1 Water & Power Commission, ( Miuistry of
Irrigation & Power )
SHRI Y. K. M~~RTHY ( Alternate )
DYPUTY DIRICCTORS TANDARDS Resourch, Dosigns &Z Standards Organization
(B&S) ( Ministry of Railways )
DIRECTOR Engineering Research Depal%nent, Hyderabad
YHRI V. N. G~NAJI Maharashtrn Public Works Department
SI~RI M. A. HAFEEZ National Buildings Organization (Ministry of
Works SCH ousing )
SRRI B. 8. SIXIVAMURTHP (dllerna/e )
SHRI C. I,. HAND-4 Central Water & Power Commission ( Ministry of
Irrigation & Power )
SURI P. C. HAXRA Geologicnl Survey of India, Calcutta
SHRI K. K. NAM~IAR The Concrete Association of India, Bombay
fhR1 c. L. N. IYENGAR ( &eJW~e)
DR.M.L. FURI Central Road Research Institute ( CSIR ), New
Delhi
PKOF. G. S. RAMAS~~AMY Central Building Research Institute ( CSIK. ),
Roorkee
SIIRI M. G. TbxHdNKAR ( _-i~lerwle )
SHRI T. N. S. 1t~0 Gammon India Ltd., Bombay
SirRI S. R. ~rl;~srlro ( L-ikermrte)
S~PICRINTEXDIW E:.UQINE~.K, "ND Cent,ral Public \\‘orks Department, New Delhi
CIRCLE
SHRI 0. P. GOEL ( dllerxale )
SLIRI J. BI. TRUI~AN Roads Wing, Ministry of Transport
SHRI R. P. Srx~a ( Altewnle )
SICRI H. T. YAN Umithwaite Burn Sr.J essop Construction Co. Ltd.,
C&xltta
A&hoc Panel for Permeability of Cement Mortar and Concrete
DR. EQUAL ALI Engineering Research Department, Hyderabad
SHRI S. B. J~SHI S. B. Joshi CpC o. Ltd., Bombs?
SHRI I<. I<. ~ABIUIAR The Concrete Association of India, Bomba)
DR. H. C. VIS~ES~IRAI-A Indian Standards Institution
2IS:3085 - 1965
Indian Standard
METHOD OF TEST FOR
PERMEABILITY OF CEMENT MORTAR
AND CONCRETE
0. FOREWORD
0.1 This Indian Standard was adopted by the Indian Standards Institu-
tion on 20 April 1965, after the draft finalized by the Cement and
Concrete Sectional Committee had been approved by the Civil
Engineering Division Council.
0.2 Permeability of cement mortar or concrete is of particular significance
in structures which are intended to retain water or which come into
contact with water. Besides functional considerations, permeability is
also intimately related to the durability of concrete, specially its resistance
,against progressive deterioration under exposure to severe climate, and
leaching due to prolonged seepage of water, particularly when it contains
aggressive gases or minerals in solution. The determination of the
permeability characteristics of mortar and concrete, therefore, assumes
considerable importance.
0.3 As the test for the permeability of mortar or concrete falls outside
the scope of IS : 516-1959* and IS : 1199-19591_ and in view of its great
importance, the Sectional Committee took up the formulation of this
standard.
0.4 In the preparation of this standard, due weightage has been given to
the need for international co-ordination among standards prevailing in
different countries and the practices that are at present being followed
in the country in this field.
0.5 For the purpose of deciding whether a particular requirement of this
standard is complied with, the final value, observed or calculated,
expressing the result of a test or analysis, shall be rounded off in accordance
with IS : 2-1960$. The number of significant places retained in the
rounded off value should be the same as that of the specified value in
this standard.
*Method of test for strength of concrete.
tMethod of sampling and analysis of concrete.
$Rules for rounding off numerjcsl values ( revised L
3IS:3085- 1965
1. SCOPE
1.1T his standard covers the method for determining the permeability of
cement mortar and concrete specimens either cast in the laboratory
obtained by cutting out cores from existing structures.
2. PRINCIPLE
2.1 The test consists in subjecting the mortar or concrete specimen of
known dimensions, contained in a specially designed cell, to a known
hydrostatic pressure from one side, measuring the quantity of water
percolating through it during a given interval of time and computing the
coefficient of permeability as described in 8.1. The test permits measure-
ment of the water entering the specimen as well as that leaving it.
3. APPARATUS
3.1 Permeability Cell - The permeability cell shall consist of a metal
cylinder with a ledge at the bottom for retaining the specimen, a flange
at the top, a removable cover plate and a sheet metal funnel which can
be securely bolted to the cell. Gunmetal, aluminium or other suitable
corrosion-resistant metal shall be used for fabrication of the cell and
cover plate, which shall be designed to safely withstand the maximum
test pressure. A rubber or neoprene O-ring or other suitable gasket,
seated in matching grooves, shall be used between the cell and the covet
plate to render the joint water-tight. Typical details of the permeability
cell together with pertinent dimensions for use with test specimens of
various sizes, are show.n in Fig. 1.
3.2 Wjlter Reservoir - A suitable reservoir may consist of a length of
metal pipe, 50 to 100 mm in diameter and about 500 mm long. The
reservoir shall be fitted with a graduated side arm gauge-glass, and the
necessary fittings and valves for admitting water and compressed air
and for draining, bleeding and connection to the permeability cell, as
shown in Fig. 2.
NOTE - The choice of reservoir dimensions is necessarily e matter of compro-
mise between the accuracy with which the water entering the specimen can be
nieasured and the adequacy of the capaoity. The ideal combination would be the
smallest diameter and sufficient length to provide a capacity for at least 24 hours
of continuous operation. Lengths much greater than shout 600 mm may be
diEcult to handle.
3.3 Pressure Lines - Heavy duty armoured rubber hose or suitable metal
tubing or any other equally suitable hose or pipe shall be used for the
various high pressure connections. All joints shall be properly made to
render them leakproof.
4IS : 3085- 1965
PLAN
COVER PLATE 7
iD NIPPLE
CLAMPING
RING
~SHEET METAL FUNNEL
0n
ENLARGED SECTION XX
SPECIMEN DIA DIMENSION OB CELL,~~
mm
A B
I c
100 116 80 110
150 170 120 160
300 330 260 320
Fro. 1 TYPICAL DETAILS op PEBYEABILITY CELL
5IS:3085 - 1965
PRESSED
AIR _
4l
AIR BLEEDER VALVE
PRESSURE
REGULATOR AND GAUGE CELL
WATER INLET-,
GRADUATED GAUGE GLASS
(WITH SAFETY SHIECO)
WATER RESERVOIR
/1
SHUT-OFF VALVE
PERMEA6lLlTV CELL
TO COLLECTION BOTTLE
FIQ. 2 PERMEABILITY TEST SET-UP ( SCIIHMATIC)
6IS:3085 - 1965
4. ACCESSORIES
4.1 Supply of Compressed Air - Suitable arrangements shall be made for
supplying compressed air at 5 kg/cm2 to 15 kg/cm2 ( see 6 ) to the
permeability cell assemblies. Compressed air ( or nitrogen ) cylinders or
alternatively a compressor of adequate capacity may be used. Suitable
regulating valves and pressure gauges shall be provided. Several cells at
different operating pressures may be served by a common source as shown
in Fig. 2.
4.2 Supply of De-aired Water - An adequate supply of clean de-aired
water shall be available for use in the permeability tests. Water may be
easily de-aired for this purpose by boiling and cooling. De-aired water
may be stored in closed containers, which should, as far as possible, be
kept full. Unnecessary agitations and contact with air shall be avoided.
5. TEST SPECIMENS
5.1 Size of Specimens -The specimens shall be cylindrical in shape with
height equal to the diameter. The standard size of specimen shall have
diameter ( and height ) of 150 mm. In the case of specimens containing
aggregates whose nominal size does not exceed 20 mm, the diameter (and
the height) of the specimen may be reduced to 100 mm. In the case of
specimens containing aggregates whose nominal size exceeds 40 mm, the
diameter (and the height ) of the specimen should not be less than about
four times the nominal size of the aggregate.
5.2 Casting and Curing - The mortar or concrete mix shall be cast in
split moulds of the required size, with a removable collar of about hall’
the height set on the top. The material shall be compacted either by hand
rodding or vibration, as proposed to be done during construction. The
off
collar shall then be removed and the mould shall be struck level with
a straight-edge using a sawing motion without further trovelling OI
finishing, which might raise the fines to the surface. The specimen shall be
cured for 28 days unless otherwise specified by the engineer-in-charge.
6. PRESSURE HEAD
6.1 The standard test pressure head to be applied to the water in the
reservoir should be 10 kg/cm”. This may, however, be reduced up to
5 kg/cm2 in the case of relatively more pel,meable specimens where steady
state of flow is obtained in a reasonable time, and may be increased up
to 15 kg/cm” for relatively less permeable specimens and whe1.e senlillg
could be ensured to be fully elfectivc.
7. PROCEDURE
7.1 Calibrating the Reservoir - Each reservoir shall be calibrated uncle1
7IS :3085- 1965
the operating pressures of 5 kg/cm2 to 15 kg/cm2 ( see 6 ) as indicated
below:
With the reservoir drain-cock and the shut-off valve between the
reservoir and the cell closed, and with the air bleeder valve open,
the reservoir shall be filled with water. The reservoir drain-cock
shall then be opened to flush out any air and closed again. The
reservoir shall be refilled to a point above the zero mark of the
gauge-glass scale; the bleeder valve shall be closed and the desired
air pressure applied. The drain-cock shall be carefully opened to
bring the water to the zero mark and quickly closed. Water shall then
be drawn off and caught in 250 ml increments in a graduated jar
and the level in the gauge-glass read on the scale. The calibration
constant for the reservoir shall be expressed in millilitres per
division of the scale.
7.2 Preparing the Specimen - The specimen shall be thoroughly cleaned
with a stiff wire brush to remove all laitance. The end faces shall then
be sand-blasted or lightly chiselled.
7.3 Sealing the Specimen - The specimen shall be surface-dried and the
dimensions measured to the nearest 0.5 mm. It shall then be centred in
tht: cell, with the lower end resting on the ledge. The annular space
between the specimen and the cell shall be tightly caulked to a depth of
about 10 mm using a cotton or hemp cord soaked in a suitable molten
sealing compound. The rest of the space shall be carefully filled with the
molten sealing compound, level with the top of the specimen. Any drop
in the level due to cooling shall be made up, using a heated rod to remelt
the solidified,compound before pouring fresh material over it. A mix-
ture of bees-wax and rosin, applied smoking hot, forms an effective seal.
The proper proportions are best chosen by trial. Other suitable materials
are stearine pitch, marine glue, and various asphaltic compounds.
7.4 Testing the Seal - It is essential that the seal is ,watertight. This
may be checked very conveniently by bolting on the top cover plate,
inverting the cell and applying an air pressure of 1 to 2 kg/cm2 from
below. A little water poured on the exposed face of the specimen is used to
detect any leaks through the seal, which would show up as bubbles along
ihe ledge. In case of leaks the specimen shall be taken out and resealed.
7.5 Assembling the Apparatus - After a satisfactory seal has been obtained,
the funnel shall be secured in position and the cell assembly connected
to the water reservoir, as illustrated in Fig. 2. With the air bleeder
valve, the valve between the reservoir and the cell, and the drain-cock in
the cell open, de-aired water shall be allowed to enter the reservoir.
When water issues freely through the drain-cock, it shall be closed and
the water reservoir filled. The reservoir water inlet and air bleeder
valves shall then be closed.
8IS : 3085 - 1965
7.6 Running the Test -With the system completely filled with water, the
desired test pressure ( see 6 ) shall be applied to the water reservoir and
the initial reading of the gauge-glass recorded. At the same time a clean
collection bottle shall be weighed and placed in position to collect the
water percolating through the specimen. The quantity of percolate and
the gauge-glass readings shall be recorded at periodic intervals. In the
beginning, the rate of water intake is larger than the rate of outflow.
As the steady state of flow is approached, the two rates tend to become
equal and the outflow reaches a maximum and stabilizes. With further
passage of time, both the inflow and outflow generally register a gradual
drop. Permeability test shall be continued for about 100 hours after the
steady state of flow has been reached and the outflow shall be considered
as average of all the outflows measured during this period of 100 hours.
NOTE - The steady state of flow is defined as the stage at which tho outllow
and inflow of water become equal for the first time.
7.7 Test Temperature -The test shall preferably be carried out at a
temperature of 27” f 2°C. In case arrangements are not available for
maintaining the above temperature, a record shall be maintained of the
actual temperature. An approximate correction may be made on the
basis that each 5°C increase of temperature above the standard tempcra-
ture, results in IO percent increase in the coefficient of permeability and
vice versa.
7.8 Precautions - There are several precautions which sha!l be observed,
before any dependable estimate of permeability can be obtained from the
test data, of these the most important are as follows:
a) The seal around the specimen shall be effective. Leakage through
it can give rise to entirely misleading results. Obtaining a good
seal is a matter of experience and only a general guidance can be
provided.
It is important that the air content of the water entering the
specimen should not exceed about 0.2 percent. Excessive amounts
of dissolved air can result in air locks in the specimen and appa-
rent reduction in permeability. Periodical samples shall be drawu
from the cell drain-cock and the dissolved air determined. The
system shall be drained and rel~lcnisl~ccl with fresh de-aired water,
as soon as the air content exceeds the above limit.
Cl The flow should be permitted to attain the steady state before the
coefficient of permeability is calculated. Examination of the
inflow and outflow rate data or suitable graphs of the same may be
used to determine the establishment of the steady stnta.
d) The observation of outflow from the specimen is liable to he
influenced by evaporation of the percolate during collcc,tion. ‘l’he
collection bottle may be housed in a humid chamber, or altct-
natively, blank observations on a similar bottle containing water
9IS:3085-1965
should be made and the necessary correction for evaporation loss
applied. The inflow measurement provides an additional check.
4 It is very important that the specimen surface is carefully prepared
by sand blasting or chiselling, as even a thin highly -impervious
skin can result in considerable underestimation of the permeability.
8. CALCULATION
8.1 The coefficient of permeability shall be caIculated as follows:
where
K = coefficient of permeability in cm/set;
Q = quantity of water in millilitres percolating over the entire
period of test after the steady state has been reached;
A = area of the specimen face in cm*;
T = time in seconds over which Q is measured; and
H
- = ratio of the pressure head to thickness of specimen, both
L
expressed in the same units.
9. REPORT
9.1 The following information shall be included in the report on each
specimen:
a) Identification mark of the specimen,
b) Particulars of mix,
cj Age at commencement of the test,
d) Duration of test,
e) Size of specimen,
f) Test pressure,
g) Test temperature,
11) Coefficient of permeability at test temperature, and
j) Corrected coefficient of permeability at standard temperature,
10p. ..__ --._ __-
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
Headquaners:
Manak Bhavan, 9 Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg, NEW DELHI 110002
Telephones: 331 01 31, 331 13 75 Telegrams: Manaksanstha
( Common to all Offices )
Regional Offices: Telephons
Central Manak Bhavan, 9 Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg. I 333311 0113 7351
NEW DELHI 1’10002
*Eastern : 1 /14 C. I. T. Scheme VII M, V. I. P. Road, 36 24 99
Maniktola. CALCUTTA 700054
Northern : SC0 445-446, Sector 35-C, I 2 18 43
CHANDIGARH 160036 3 1641
41 24 42
Southern : C. I. T. Campus, MADRAS 600113 ( 41 25 19
41 2916
\ TWestern : Manakalaya, E9 MIDC, Marol, Andheri ( East ), 6 32 92 95
BOMBAY 400093
Branch Offices:
*Pushpak’, Nurmohamed Shaikh Marg, Khanpur. I 2 63 48
AHMADABAD 380001 2 63 49
SPeenya lndust rial Area 1st Stage, Bangalore Tumkur Road 38 49 55
BANGALORE 560058 38 49 56
I
Gangotri Complex, 5th Floor, Bhadbhada Road, T. T. Nagar, 667 16
BHOPAL 462003
Plot No. 82,183, Lewis Road, BHUBANESHWAR 751002 5 36 27
53/5. Ward No: 29, R.G. Barua Road, 5th Byelane, 3 31 77
GUWAHATI 781003
5-8-56C L. N. Gupta Marg ( Nampatly Station Road ), 23 1083
HYDERABAD 500001
63471
R14 Yudhister Marg. C Scheme, JAIPUR 302005
j 6 98 32
117/418 B Sarvodaya Nagar, KANPUR 208005 I :: “s: ;:
Patliputra Industrial Estate, PATNA 800013 6 23 05
T.C. No. 14/1421. University P.O.. Palayam 16 21 04
TRIVANDRUM 695035 16 21 17
/nspection Offices ( With Sale Point ):
Pushpanjali, First Floor, 205-A West High Court Road, 2 51 71
Shankar Nagar Square. NAGPUR 440010
Institution of Engineers ( India ) Building, 1332 Shivaji Nagar, 5 24 35
PUNE 411005
*Sales Office in Calcutta is at 5 Chowringhre Approach, P. 0. Princep 27 68 00
Street. Calcutta 700072
*Sales Office in Bombay is at Novelty Chambers, Grant Road, 89 66 28
Bombav 400007
SSales Office in Bangalore is at Unity Building, Narasimharaja Square, 22 38 71
Bangalore 560002
Reprography Unit, BIS, New Delhi, India
|
11817.pdf
|
IS : 11817- 1888
UDC6 24’078’3 : 008’78 IS0 7727- 1984
Indian Standard
CLASSIFICATION OF JOINTS IN BUILDINGS FOR ACCOMMODATION
OF DIMENSIONAL -DEVIATIONS DURING CONSTRUCTION
( IS0 Title Joints in Building - Principles for Jointing
:
of Building Components - Accommodation of Dimensional
Deviations During Construction )
National Foreword
This Indian Standard which is identical with IS0 7727-1984 ‘Joints in building - Principles
for jointing of building components - Accommodation of dimensional ~deviations during cons-
truction’ issued by the international Organization for Standardization (ISO), was adopted by the
Indian Standards institution on the recommendation of the Building Construction Practices Sec-
tional Committee and approval of the Civil Engineering Division Council.
Wherever the words ‘international Standard’ appear, referring to this standard, they shall
be read as ‘Indian Standard’.
in clause 6 of this standard, please read IS : 11817 in place of IS0 7727.
Cross Reference
In this Indian Standard, the following’ International Standard is referred to. Read in place
the following:
International Standard Corresponding Indian Standard
IS0 2444-1974 Joints in building - IS : 10957-1984 Glossary of terms appiica-
Vocabulary able for joints in buildings
( identical )
in this standard, the following international Standards are also referred to for which there
are no identical/equivalent Indian Standards:
IS0 1803 Tolerances for buildings - Vocabulary :
IS0 2445 Joints in building - Fundamental principle for design
The technical committee responsible for the preparation of this standard has reviewed the
provisions of the above fS0 Standards and has decided that they are acceptable for use in con-
junction with this standard.
_ Adopted 27 January 1988 I Q December1 987, BIS I Or 3
BUREAU OF INDIAN S~TANDARDS
MANAK BHAVAN, B BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR. MARG
NEW DELHI 110002IS : 11817 - 1986
IS0 7727 - 1984
0 Introduction 4 Joints and dimensional deviations
This International Standard is one of a series dealing with As a general rule, the sizes of building components should not
general rules and principles for the jointing of building com- be adjusted during or after assembly. The dimensional devia-
ponents. tions which are inherent in the components, the dimensional
deviations which occur during manufacture or assembly, and
the deviations which result from movement (for example,
settlement or thermal movement) in the building, shall,
1 Scope and field of application
therefore, be absorbed in the joints.
This International Standard establishes a classification system Given the scope, this International Standard takes into
for joints in building based on the ability of joints to acc~m- consideration -only the dimensional deviations inherent in the
modate dimensional deviations during construction. components when they are assembled and those which occur
during assembly.
Examples of types of joints are given in an annex, as an aid to
the understanding of the principles involved.
5 Classification
2 References
Three types of joints are specified, grouped according to their
ability to accommodate dimensional deviations” (see figure 1).
IS0 1803, Tolerances for building - Vocabulary.
IS0 2444, Joints in building - Vocabuhy. 5.1 Joints type 1
IS0 2445, Joints in building - Fundamntel principles for These are joints that can satisfactorily absorb all dimensional
design. deviations in connection with a given component, in the joints
around the component.
3 Definitions 5.2 Joints type 2
For the purpose of this International Standard, the definitions These are joints which can absorb dimensional deviations to a
given in IS0 1803 and IS0 2444 apply. limited extent.
1) Limit values between categoriess hould be fixed accordingt o the componentst o be assembled.
2IS : 11817 - 1986
IS0 7727 - 1984
6.3 Joints type 3 6 Designation
These are joints which cannot absorb dimension-al deviations Joints shall be designated by type and the number of this Inter-
without being functionally impaired. national Standard.
Example :
Joint type 2, IS0 7727.
Figure 1IS:l1817-1988
IS0 7727 - 1984
Annex
Examples of types of joints
(This annex does not form part of the standard.)
A.0 Introduction
The examples in this annex are derived mostly-from Some notes on Geometry of Join& for Building, Second Revised Edition, CIB
W 24, where further examples are given.
If joints of types 2 or 3 are chosen, which may result in the accumulation of unacceptably large dimensional deviations, measures
should be taken to limit each dimensional deviation. For this purpose, more stringent requirements for tolerances, or special design
solutions, such-as partial use of joints type 1, may be used.
A.1 Joints type 1
A.t.1 See figure 2.
The adjustability of the bolt and the nut combines with the height of the joint to allow absorption of greater dimensional deviations
than those normally occurring with this type of assembly.
Bolt, adjustable
horizontally
Figure 2
A.1.2 See figure 3.
The “sliding attachment” is available as a standard solution for an equipment system. The range of adjustability in the horizontal plane
allows for absorption of greater dimensional deviations than those normally occurring. The assembly also functions in case of walls
which are out of plumb.
Wall Cupboard
/-Joint typs 1
(variable)
Figure 3
4IS : 11817- 1966
IS0 7727- 1984
A..2 Joints type 2
A.2 1 See f gum 4.
Mortar joints in brickwork can to some extent compensate for fired bricks being of inaccurate sizes. There are, however, limits to how
narrcw, or wide, mortar joints should be made.
Inaccurate
Component parts
Relatively accurate
buitdrng element
Figure 4
A.2.2 See figure 5.
Joints with gaskets or sealants can absorb some dimensional deviations, but, as a rule, there are limits to how much such jointing pro-
ducts can be compressed or “stretched”
Joint(s) type 2
Maximum Minimum
= _B
Joint with gasket
Joint with sealant
Figure 5
5IS : 11817 - 1986
IS0 7727 - 1984
A.3 Joints type 3
A-3.1 See figure 6.
As a rule, wooden floor boards are joined together with a tongue and groove joint, part of which is detailed as a butt joint. Dimen-
sional deviations in the width of the floor boards cannot, therefore, be absorbed in the individual joints.
Joint type 3
Tongue and groove jo!nt
Figure 6
A.32 See figure 7.
Kitchen cupboard components are often joined together with butt joints. As the cupboard components are frail and, as a rule, highly
finishe-l, accumulated dimensional deviations must be absorbed in the joints between the row of kitchen cupboards and the walls.
Joint type 3
Row of kitchen cupboards
Figure 7
* 0
6
Reprography Unit, BIS, New Delhi, India *
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10525.pdf
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IS : 10525-1983
Indian Standard
SPECIFICATION FOR GENERAL PURPOSE
DRINKING WATER TROLLEY
Non-Powered Materials Handling Equipment Sectional
Committee, MCPD 20
Chairman Representing
SHRI J. S. MARWAHA RDSO ( Ministry of Railways ), Locknow
Members
SHRXK . L. NIRWAN ( Alternate to
Shri J. S. Marwaha )
SHRI AJIT SINGH Dunlop India Ltd, Calcutta
SHRI R. C. KUMAR (Alternate )
SHRI AZAD ABID ALI Hindustan Tyres Pvt Ltd, Bombay
SHRI A. R. SCOTT ( Alternate )
SHR~S . C. ANAND Directorate General of Supplies and Disposals,
New Delhi
SHRI 0. D. SANGAR ( Aiternare )
SHRI M. S. EKBOTE Indian Airlines, New Delhi
SHRI YASHBIR KUMAR ( Alternate )
SHRI J. M. MADAN Directorate General of Technical Development,
New Delhi
SHRI A. M. MERCHANT RexeIlo Industries, Bombay
SHRI T. H. MERCHANT ( Alternate )
SHRI G. D. MO& Gujarat Industrial Trucks Ltd, Bombay
SHRI A. G. MODI ( Alternate >
SHRI K. R. PRASAD Josts’ Engineering Co, Bombay
SHRI E. J. TARAPORE ( Alternate )
SHRI N. L. SARVAIYA Omega Engineering Co, Bombay
SHRI R. S. UMRIGAR ( Alternate )
SHRI T. R. SEHGAL Ministry of Industrial Development, New Delhi
SHRI V. B. SHAH T. Maneklal Manufacturing Company Ltd, Bombay
SHRI N. N. DESAI ( .4Zternate )
SHRI A. H. SHAIKH Special Equipment Company, Bombay
SHRI H. M. SHIDHAYE Voltas Limited, Bombay
SHRI SAT PAL SINGH Ministry of Defence ( DGI ), New Delhi
SHRI S. C. PANDE ( Alternate )
( Continued on page 2 )
@ Copyright 1983
INDIAN STANDARDS INSTITUTION
This publication is protected under the Indian Copyright Act ( XIV of 1957 ) and
reproduction in whole or in part by any means except with written permission of the
publisher shall be deemed to be an infringement of copyright under the said Act.IS:lus25-19s3
( Continuedfrom Page 1 )
Members Representing
SNRI V. R. SUBN~WS Air India, Bombay
SHRI S. V. KEMERE ( Alternate )
SHRI A. B. THAKUR Ministry of Shipping & Transport, New Delhi
SHRI K. C. UNNITHAN Macneill and Magor Ltd, Calcutta
SHRI S. ROY CHOWDHARY( Alternate 1
SHRI P. S. DAS, Director General, ISI ( Ex-officio Member >
Director ( MCPD )
Secretary
SHRI V. K. SEHGAL
Deputy Director ( MCPD ), IS1
Hand Trucks and Trolleys Subcommittee, MCPD 20 : 1
Convener
SHRI J. S. MARWAHA RDSO ( Ministry of Railways ), Lucknow
Members
SHRI K. L. NIRWAN ( Alternate to
Shri J. S. Marwaha )
SHRI AZAD ABID ALI Hindustan Tyres Pvt Ltd, Bombay
SHRI ANSEL R. SCOTT ( Alternate )
SHRI J. BASU Indian Posts & Telegraphs Department, New Delhi
SHRI M. S. EKBOTE Indian Airlines, New Delhi
SHRI G. K. AGGARWAL ( AZternate )
SHRI S. GANESAN Simpson & Company Ltd, Madras
SHRI V. NAGARATNAM( AIternate )
SHRI A. M. MERCHANT Rexello Industries, Bombay
SHRI T. H. MERCHANT( Alternate )
SHRI G. D. MODI Gujarat Industrial Trucks Ltd, Bombay
SHRI ASHWJN G. MODI ( Alternafe )
SHRI K. R. PRASAD Jests’ Engineering Company Ltd, Bombay
SHRI E. J. TARAPORE( Alternate )
SHRI N. L. SARVAIYA Omega Engineering Company, Bombay
SHRI R. S. UURIGAR ( Alternate )
SHRI H. M. SHIDHAYE Voltas Ltd, Bombay
SHRI K. C. UNNITHAN Macneill & Magor Ltd. Calcutta
SHRI S. ROY CHOWDHARY( Alternate )Indian Standard
SPECIFICATION FOR GENERAL PURPOSE
DRINKING WATER TROLLEY
0. FOREWORD
0.1 This Indian Standard wrs adopted by the Indian Standards Institu-
tion on 30 March 1983, after the draft finalized by the Non-Powered
Materials Handling Equipment Sectional Committee had been approved
by the Marine, Cargo Movement and Packaging Division Council.
0.2 For the purpose of deciding whether a particular requirement of
this standard is complied with, the final value, observed or calculated,
expressing the result of a test, shall be rounded off in accordance with
IS : 2-1960*. The number of significant places retained in the rounded
off value should be the same as that of the specified value in this
standard.
1. SCOPE
1.1T his standard prescribes the requirements for drinking water trolley
for general purpose.
2. DESIGN
2.1T he trolley shall be of 250 litres nominal capacity and its dimensions
shall be as shown in Fig. 1.
3. CONSTRUCTION
3.1 The trolley shall consist of a barrel, its supports for mounting
frame, handle and wheels/castor for movement.
3.2 Barrel - The barrel shall be horizontal and of cylindrical shape
with dished or conical ends as agreed to between the purchases and the
supplier. The diameter of the barrel shall be 500 mm. The barrel shall
be designed with a positive slope towards its outlet and ensure complete
drainage of the water during the course of cleaning.
*Rules for rounding off numerical values ( revised ).
3IS : 10525 - 1983
3.2.1 The barrel shall be made of stainless steel conforming
to IS : 6911-1972*.
3.2.2 Barrel inlet hole with caller ring and cover shall be made of
stainless steel conforming to IS : 691 l-1972” or to fibre glass confor-
ming to IS : 7193-1974t or as agreed to between the purchaser and the
supplier.
3.2.3 The inlet hole of 250 mm diameter shall have a cover which
shall be hinged on to a suitable caller on the barrel. The cover when
i n closed position shall prevent entry of dust into the tank.
3.2.4 One outlet shall be located at the bottom of the barrel for
cleaning purposes. It shall be provided with a dummy plug.
3.3 Barrel Support - This shall suit the trolley frame and the barrel to
provide a positive anchoring of the complete tank on the frame.
3.4 Frame - The frame shall be made of mild steel pipe ( light quality )
conforming to IS : 1239 ( Part I&1979$. The pipe fittings shall conform
to IS : 1239 ( Part II )-1969s and shall suit the standard push cocks and
othrr pipe connections.
3.5 Wheel - The wheels including one front castor of size 250X60 mm
conforming to IS : 7369-197411 shall be used. The front castor shall
be provided with a suitable arrangement nearest to the trolley-man to
facilitate movement to the trolley in the desired direction.
3.6 Tumbler Rack - The tumbler rack shali be made of steel conform-
ing to IS : 1079-1973% or as agreed to between the purchaser and the
supplier.
3.7 Waste Water Tray - The waste water tray shall be made of steel
conforming to IS : 1079-19737 or as agreed to between the purchaser
and the supplier.
3.8 Waste Water Tank - TO prevent the spreading of drain water, each
trolley shall be provided with a waste water tank of capacity not less
than 50 percent of barrel capacity and shall be made of steel conform-
ing to IS : 1079-19737.
*Specification for stainless steel plate, sheet and strip.
tSPecifi.cation for glass fibre base coal tar pitch and bitumen felts.
SSPecification for mild steel tubes, tubulars and other wrought steel fittings :
Part I Mild steel tubes (fourth revision ).
§Specification for mild steel tubes, tubulars and other wrought steel fittings : Part 11
( second revision ).
I!Specification for wheels and castors.
BSPecification for hot rolled carbon steel sheet and strip ( third revision ).
4’1s : 10525- 1983
INLET COVER ;;;,RREL SECURING
1
BARREL \ / km - \
.__-:
WASTE WATER
I
l777
13&O
,
------_- ! 1100
I
WA. STF WAlFO !d- 500 ----d-
1RAY FRONTiA /_ F RON, ,-~s,oR L REAR WHEELS
All dimensions in millimetres.
FIG. 1 WATER TROLLEY ( FOR GENERAL PURPOSE CAPACITY 250 LITRES )
5As in the Original Standard, this Page is Intentionally Left BlankIS :10525 - 1983
3.8.1T he tank shall be connected to all the waste water trays.
3.8.2 The tank shall be provided with an outlet plug type cock to
I drain out the waste water.
3.8.3 A hinged cover shall be provided on the tenk to enable its
cleaning easily
4. RUST PREVENTION
4.1 The parts liable to rusting shall be painted with an anti-rust primer
using non-corrosive filler.
5. WORKMANSHIP
5.1 The trolley shall be free from warp in structural framework.
5.2 The welds shall be ground smooth.
5.3 Wherever, an opening in steel sheets is made, suitable stiffening
arrangement shall be welded near edges of the opening.
5.4 The painted surfaces shall be free from wrinkles, irregular paint-
ing drippings, scratches and uneven colouring.
6. TEST
6.1 The barrel after grinding the welds and surface finishing shall be
tested for water leakage by subjecting it to a hydraulic pressure of 3’5
N/cm2 for 5 minutes.AHENaoM?M O. 1 MAY 1984
VO
ISr70925-1983 SPECIFICATION FOR GENERAL PURPOSE
DRINKING WATER TROLLEY
Corraenda
-- -m
(Page 4, clause 3.2.2) - Substitute the following
for the existing matter:
'3.2.2 Barrel inlet hole with collar ring and
cover shall be made of stainless steel conforming to
IS:6911-1972' or fibre glass or as agreed to between
the purchaser and the supplier.'
(page 4, ckuse 3.6, tine I) - Add 'sheet' after
the word 'steel'.
(Page 4, ckzuee 3.7, tine I) - Add 'sheet' after
the word 'steel' .
(Page 4, thee 3.8, tine 3) - Add 'sheet' after
the word 'steel'.
i
; (Page 4, Foot-no;tew ith 't' mark) - Delete.
(Page 4, foot-note with '5' mcrrk)- Substitute the
following for the existing matter:
'%pecification for mild steel tubes, tubulars and
other wrought steel fittings: Part 2 Hid steel tubulars
and other wrought steel pipe fittings (second revisia).'
(MCPD 20)
Reprography Unit, ISI, New Delhi, India
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3025_33.pdf
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UDC 628-l/ 3 : 543.361’5 IS : 3025 ( Part 33 ) - 1988
Indian Standard
METHODS OF SAMPLING AND
TEST ( PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL ) FOR
WATER AND WASTEWATER
PART 33 IODIDE
( First Revision )
1. Scope - This standard prescribes a method for determination of iodide in water and
wastewaters. The spectrophotometric method shall be followed as a referee method in case of
difference of opinion.
2. Principle - Iodide can be determined in water by using its ability to catalyze the reduction of
cerium (IV) by arsenious acid. For given reaction conditions and pH, the catalytic effect is
proportional to concentration of iodide. At the end of the fixed reaction time, the reaction is
stopped by cooling, The concentration of ceric ion remaining is determined by measuring the
absorbance of the solution at 520 nm and comparing with a calibrated graph based on the
absorbance of iodide standard solution treated similarly. The detection limit is 5 rg/l,
3. Interference - The formulation of non-catalytic forms of iodine and inhibitory effects of
silver and mercury are reduced by adding excess of sodium chloride that sensitized the reaction.
The interference of organic materials that can be oxidized by cerium (IV) is removed by digesting
sample in an alkaline medium.
4. Apparatus
;.;mSpectrophotometer - For use at wavelength of 520 nm and provided with a light path of
4.2 Stop Watch
4.3 Test Tubes - 2 X 15 cm.
5. Reagents
y.ztrTodium Chloride Solution - Dissolve 200.0 g of sodium chloride in water and dilute to
, Recrystallize the sodium chloride if an interfering amount of iodine is present, using water
ethanol mixture.
5 2 Arsenious Acid - 0’1 N. Dissolve 4,946 g of arsenic trioxide in water containing 0.20 ml
of concentrated sulphuric acid. Dilute to 100 ml.
I
5.3 Potassium Hydroxide - 2 N.
5.4 Zinc Sulphate - 100 g/l.
5.5 Ceric Ammonium Sulphate - 0.02 N. Dissolve 12.64 g of ceric ammonium sulphate
[ Ce ( NH* )4 ( SO4 ),.2HsO ] in water, add 44 ml of concentrated sulphuric acid and make up to
1 litre.
I 5.6 Potassium Chlorate Solution Saturated
5.7 Stock Iodide Solution -- Dissolve 261.6 mg of anhydrous potassium iodide in water and
dilute to 1 000 ml; 1 ,OO ml = 200 pg of iodide.
5.3 Intermediate Iodide Solution - Dilute 50 ml of stock iodide solution to 1000 ml with water;
1.00 ml _- IO.00 pg of iodide.
5.9 Standard iodide Solution - Dilute 10 ml of intermediate solution to 1 litre; 1 ml = 0.1 pg
of iodide.
I
I I
I Adopted 1 January 1988 @ July 1988, BIS Gr 1
I I
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG
NEW DELHI 110002IS : 3025 ( Part 33 ) - 1988
6. Procedure
6.1 Sample Pre-treatment - To eliminate interference from organic materials capable of being
oxidized the samples are digested in an alkaline medium. To a 6 ml sample placed in a test
tube, add 1 ml of zinc sulphate, 2 ml of 2 N potassium hydroxide and 2 drops of a saturated
solution of potassium chlorate solution, and mix, Evaporate to 105°C until dry. Heat for 30
minutes at 5OO”C, then for 1 hour at 600°C. After cooling, add 6 ml of distilled water and
centrifuge for 15 minutes. If the solution is not turbid, it can be used for analysis. It may be
necessary to clarify further by filtration.
6.2 A 2 ml volume of sample, standard or blank having a potassium hydroxide concentration of
0.66 N is placed in a test tube. The iodide content should be 0.005 to O*lOO pg. The test tube
is placed in ice water bath and the sample permitted to equilibrate after which 2.0 ml of arsenious
acid solution, ceric ammonium sulphate solution are added and solution is carefully mixed. The
sample is then placed in a water bath at 40’C for exactly 20 minutes. The reaction is then stopped
by placing the test tube in ice water bath where it is allowed to stand for exactly 10 minutes.
After this period, measure the absorbance at 520 nm using distilled water as a reference. The
absorbance of the blank is subtracted from that of the sample to obtain the net absorbance of
the sample.
6.3 Calibration Graph Preparation - Add 33 ml portions of 2 N potassium hydroxide solution to
each of a series of 100 ml volumetric flasks. Prepare standards and blank by adding 0 to 50.0 ml
portions of the iodide working solutions and diluting to 100 ml. Aliquots of these are treated in
the same manner as are samples except that they need not be subjected to the digestion procedure.
Plot a graph absorbance versus concentration.
7. Calculation
Iodide ( as I ), mgjl = F
where
m = clg of iodide equiva!ent from the calibration standard curve, and
v a volume in ml of the sample.
EXPLANATORY NOTE
Iodide is generally present in microgram per litre quantity in most natural waters. Higher
concentrations may be found in brine, certain industrial wastes, etc. This standard supersedes 25
of IS : 3025-1964 ‘Methods of sampling and test ( physical and chemical ) for water used in
industry’.
2
Printed at Printograph, New Delhi, India
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14785.pdf
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IS14785:2000
Indian Standard
AUTOMOTIVE VEHICLES -- DETERMINATION OF
ROAD-LOAD CONSTANTS BY COAST DOWN
TEST METHOD
ICS 19.060; 43.020
0 B;S 2000
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG
NEW DELHI 110002
:May 2000 Price Group 3Automotive Vehicle Testing and Performance Evaluation Sectional Committee, TED 8
FOREWORD
This Indian Standard was adopted by the Bureau of Indian Standards. after the draft finalized by-lhc Automotive
Vehicle Testing and Performance Evaluation Sectional Committee had been approved by the Transport Engineering
Division Council.
The road-load constants of an automotive vehicle are needed for evaluation of the performance of an automotive
vehicle such as fuel consumption, emission, etc, on a chassis dynamometer. Thcsc constants are used lo determine the
( load on the chassis dynamometer to simulate the power needed to propel the vchiclc at diffcrcnt speeds as per lhe
appropriate driving cycle.
This standard has beenprepared with a view to have a uniform procedure to be followed by the automobile manufacturers
as well as the testing laboratories who. at present in the absence of this standard. have evolved their own practices for
evaluating these constants.
The composition of the Committee rcsponsiblc for formulating this standard is given in Annex AIS 14785 : 2000
Indian Standard
AUTOMOTIVE VEHICLES -DETERMINATION OF
ROAD-LOAD CONSTANTS BY COAST DOWN
TEST METHOD
1 SCOPE 4 VEHICLE PREPARATION
1.1 This standard specifies the procedure for 4.1 The vehicle shall be clean and complete in all
determining the equation of road-load resistance of respects, representative of production series.
vehicle, including the aerodynamic and rolling
4.2 Vehicle shall be run-in as per manufacturer’s
resistance by coast down technique. This data is
recommendation.
primarily intended for the road-load simulation on
variable load curve chassis dynamometer. 4.3 The wheels of vehicle shall be free and without
any parasitic drag. For vehicles with rear chain drive,
This equation is expressed as F = u+6v2, where factors
it shall be-ensured that there is no chain rubbing.
a and b are the constants.
4.4 The weight of testing personnel riding the vehicle
1.2 However, it may be borne in mind that use of and instrumentation carried on the vehicle shall be
each of these constants independently may not be part of vehicle weight ( see 8.2.1). Additional loads
accurate. For example, the coefilcient of r olling resistance may be addedto bring the actual weight during testing
‘a’ will not be accurate enough to use as a comparison to be within f 2 percent of specified weight. The
of rolling resistance of tyre. distribution of weight among axles shall be as close
as possible to the values recommended by the
2 REFERENCES
mamiW~~ However, ifsumofmaximumrnded
The following standards contain provisions which axle weights exceeds the gross vehicle weight, the
through reference in this text, constitute provision of actual weight on the axle shall be in the same proportion
this standard. At the time of publication, the editions of the ratios of the gross vehicle weight to the sum of
indicated were valid. All standards are subject to maximum recommended axle weights. The actual load
revision. and ~parties to agreements based on this condition and wheel reactions shall be recorded in
standard are encouraged to investigate the possibility the report.
of applying the most recent editions of the standards
4.5 Tyres which have covered only 10 ~percent or
indicated below:
less of their expected life shall befitted on the vehicle.
IS No. Title The tread depth measurement method or tread wear
indicators on the tyre may be used to assess tyre life.
9211: 1979 Denomination and definitions of
At the start of the test, tyres shall be cold and shall
weights of road vehicles
be inflated to pressure specified for respective load
11422: 1986 Terms and definitions of weights of condition of the vehicle.
two wheeled motor vehicles
4.6 The grade, quality, quantity of lubricants for various
3 DEFINITIONS moving parts, adjustments ofbrake, clutch, idling speed,
etc, shall conform to the man-r ‘s recommendation.
The vehicle may be serviced before the test wasp er
3.1 LadenVehicle
the procedure recommended by manufacturer.
A vehicle loaded to the condition of weight required
5 FEATURES OF TEST TRACK
for-establishing the road-load.
The test shall be conducted on a dry, level test track
NOTE - The load condition of the vehicle for which
with a coefficient of adhesion not less than 0.8,
the road-load equation is to be determined, depends on
particularly in region where the test is to be conducted.
the end use of this equation. For example, for emission
measurement for statutory purposes, the load condition If test surface is of tar, it shall not be traffic smooth
is the ‘Reference Mass’, whereas for design verification and surface shall not have become soft due to heat.
tests, it may be the ‘Gross Vehicle Weight’. Longitudinal slope of the track shall-not exceed
0.5 percent and shall be constant within f 0.1 percent
3.2 Unladen Vehicle
over the measuring strip. The track shall have sufbcient
A vehicle in the condition of kerb weight as per the length and width for achieving the test speed and
relevant Indian Standard, given in 2 above. carrying out the test safely.
1IS 14785 : 2000
6 INSTRUMENTATION 8 COAST DOWN TEST
8.1 General
6.1 Fitment of instruments shall be as recommended
by instrument manufacturer. All instruments and the
8.1.1 Coast down test for a specific test speed (v) is
additional weights, if any, shall be mounted in such a
basically to establish the road-load ‘F’ from the
way that they do not affect the performance or stability
deceleration by measuring time elapsed from speed
of the vehicle and do not hamper rider/driver from
‘v + 6v’ to speed ‘v - Sv’, when the transmission is in
normal driving of vehicle and carrying out tests. The
neutral. From the values of ‘F at different speeds,
instrument shall be positioned on the vehicle such
values of constants ‘a’ and ‘b ’ in equation F = a + bv*
that it does not significantly affect the aerodynamics
are determined by best curve fit method.
of the vehicle.
8.1.2 In the case of two wheelers, the recommended
6.2 Calibration of instrument shall be checked and height of rider shall be 1.7 f 0.05 m and the rider shall
adjusted asper instrument manufacturer’s instructions wear helmet and proper riding gear. He shall be seated
before commencement of test. upright on the seat provided for the rider, his feet
upon the pedals or foot rests. This position shall,
6.3 Automatic speed and distance measuring nevertheless, allow the rider at all times to have proper
instruments meeting following least count and accuracy control of the vehicle during the test.
requirements shall be used.
8.1.3 While carrying out the test, the portion of the
test track where the vehicle is decelerated from
Parameter Least Count Accuracy
‘v + 6v’ to ‘v - 6~’ shall be kept approximately same in
Speed O.lkmh O.lkm/h both directions to reduce the effect of track
variation. This shall be followed for each test speed.
Distance O.lm O.lm
8.1.4 Forimproving the consistency of the test results,
Time 0.01 s 0.01 s
it is preferable that : *’
7 TEST REQUIREMENTS
a) the test at all speeds is conducted by the same
rider/ driver.
7.1 The test shall be conducted when wind speed is
less than 3 m/s with~gusts less than 5 m/s. In addition,
b) the test at each speed shall be done continuously
the vector component across the test-road shall not
without intermediate stoppage.
be more than 2 m/s. The wind velocity measurement
shall be done at a height of 0.7 m above the road 8.2 Testing Procedure
surface. The ambient temperature shall be preferably
8.2.1 The test shall be conducted with the load condition
between 15” to 40°C -and relative humidity shall
given in 3.1.
preferably be less than 75 percent.
8.2.2 Test Speeds
NOTE -~ For proper consistency of test results, it is
preferred that the tests are done with wind velocity less a) The test shall be conducted at least at 5 speeds.
than 0.5 m/s. Difference between each test speed shall not be
less than 10 km/h.
7.2 Air density when calculated as described below
shall not differ by more than 7.5 percent from the b) The lowestspeed at which test is done shall not
air density under reference condition: be less than 20 km/h.
c) However in case of vehicle with maximum speed
attainable under the test load and track condition
where is not exceeding 60 km/h,
d, = air density at test site expressed in kg/m’, 1) the interval between test speeds (a) above
(I, = airdensityatreference conditions = 1.168 kg/m), may be reduced to the extent particularly
needed, but not less than 5 km/h
P, = atmospheric pressure at test site kPa,
P, = atmospheric pressure at reference conditions 2) the lowest speed (b) above may be reduced
= lOOkPa, to 10 km/h.
Tb = ambient temperature at test site K, and
d) The highest speed shall be more than or equal
T = ambient temperature at reference conditions. to speed at which road load equation is intended
= 300K. to be used. However, the highest test speed shall
2IS 14785 : 2000
not be more than 80 percent ofthe maximum 8.2.10 Repeat the tests ( 8.2.8 and 8.2.9 ) sufficient
speed achievable by the vehicle under the test number of times to enable to select the lowest 10
load and test track condition. statistically consistent readings of IF,,,,,, at each speed.
The reading shall be considered as statistically
8.2.3 The value of ‘6~’ shall not be less than 3 km/h
consistent when the statistical error (P) calculated as
and not more than 5 km/h.
per formula given below is within 2 percent:
8.2.4 Mount the instrumentation on the vehicle and
make necessary connections. p= k ” ’ loo = 24.24
F, p
8.2.5 During the test, the windows and other ventilating
passages shall be kept closed. They may be kept open
to the minimun extent needed for installing the where
instruments. k=2,3forn= 10,
s = standard deviation
8.2.6 The vehicle shall be warmed up by running the
vehicle for at least 15 km, at test speed prior to test.
The test shall begin immediately after completion of F = average for force in both directions, and
Inearl
warming up. Warming up shall be repeated before F,v = average of 10 readings of ‘F,,,,:,‘.
tests for each speed.
NOTE - It may be necessary to select a different set of
8.2.7 The vehicle shall be driven along a straight line 10 readings if the condition given in 9.2 is not satisfEd.
during the test.
8.2.11 Repeat the test for all the desired test speeds
(see 8.2.2). Depending on consistent length of test
8.2.8 Attain a speed of about 5 to 10 km/h above
track available, the tests may be carried out for more
(v + 6~) and shift the transmission of vehicle in neutral.
than one speed in the same run. In such cases, as the
Measure time (t,) up to 2 decimal places required for
condition of 8.2.3 would not be satisfied, it shall be
the speed to reduce from ‘v + 6~’ to ‘v - 6~’ in one
ensured that the variation of the track does not affect
direction. In case the vehicle has transmission without
the test results.
manual control, the test shall be done by towing/
pushing the vehicle to achieve required speed and 9 CALCUIATION
releasing the towing/pushing arrangement. In case
of electric vehicles, if the regenerative braking system 9.1 The road load is calculated as :
can be electrically switched off, disconnecting the
F=a+bvZ
drive from the wheels may be done by switching off
the same and the power supply to the motor. If it is where
not possible to do so, the motor should be decoupled
F = road load, in Newton;
before the test and the test shall be done by towing/
a and b = road load constants; and
pushing the vehicle to achieve required speed and
test speed, in km/h.
releasing the towing/pushing arrangement. The towing/ V =
pushing shall be done in such a way that it does not 9.2 Curve Fitting
affect the test.
9.2.1 From the values of F, at atleast five test speeds,
8.2.9 Repeat the test immediately in the opposite the values of coefficients a and b shall bc calculated
direction and note the time (t,) as explained in 8.2.8. using following formulae. The curve fitting error should
Take arithmetic average (r) of t, and t2 from the value be within Z-percent.
oft, calculate the deceleration force ( F,,) as:
v=
C Fw - bC ( b=nCvZ F-2:v2CF
a _
~(T estl oad ). (6~ 1. (!I n nC v”-( c vy
F = Newton
mean 1.8. t
Curve fitting error -
where
I2 -f (Few,
-Fob)‘Fcw1 eI’ ’
loo
Test load = weight of test vehicle, in kg, as per
n
3.1;
fi = ( A factor to take into account the
inertia of rotating parts), that is, 1 where
for 2 and 3 wheelers and 1.035 for = number of test speeds,
other vehicles; and = a + bvz, and
‘t’ = time, in seconds. Fob. = F, given in 8.2.10.
3IS 14785 : 2000
NOTE - For finding values of a and b and error in curve 10.2 If the value of ‘a’ so obtained can be extrapolated
fitting, standard software packages such as ‘Regression for loadconditions other thanthe test load, this can
Analysis’ may be used. be done for loads up to + 10 percent of the test load
with following correction:
10 VALIDI’IYOF THE EQUATION
10.1 The above road-load equation can be extrapolated
Test Loaddenred
up to speeds 20 percent -above the highest speed at a
dcarrd = a tcded ’ Test Loadtc,ted
which test has been conducted.IS 14785 : 2000
ANNEX A
( Foreword)
COMMITTEE COMPOSITION
Automotive khicle Testing and Petiormance Evaluation Sectional Committee, TED 8
Chairman
SHRI R. RAMAKRISHNAN
28, I Cross Road
Kasturi Bai Nagar
Adyar, Chennai 600 020
Members Representing
SHRI R. R. G. MENON Ashok Leyland Ltd, Chennai
SHRI R. C. BALAKRISHANAN( Alternate )
SHRI RAJAT NANDI Society of Indian Automobile Mamufacturers, New Delhi
DR KOSHYC HERAIL( Alternate )
SHRI A. S. LAKARA Association of State Road Transport Undertakings, New Delhi
SHRI HIRA LAL (Alternate )
SHRI B. GHOSH Automotive Research Association of India Ltd, Pune
SHRI S. S. SANDHU (Alternate )
SHRI T. M. BALARAMAN Bajaj Auto Ltd, Pune
SHRI V. M. MANEL ( Altertmtc )
SHRI V. M. MUNDADA Bajaj Tempo Ltd, Pune
SHRI R. ,M. KANITKAR( Alternate )
SHRI S. R. TAPADE Central Institute~of Road Transport, Pune
SHRI P. C. BARJATIA( Alternate )
SHRI R. S. DASS Central Farm Machine Training and Testing Institute, Budni
SHRI M. L. MEHTA ( Alternow )
SHRI P K. SAHA Controllerate of Quality Assurance (Vehicles) [ DGAQ (V) 1, Ministry
of Defence, Ahmednagar
MAJORB ALWINDERS INCH ( Alternate )
SHRI DINESH TYAGI Daewoo Motors India Ltd, New Delhi
SHRI SURYA PATNAIK( Alternate )
SHRI N. K. KAUSHAL Directorate General of Supplies & Disposals, New Delhi
SHRI S. K. GAUTAM (Alternate )
SHRI S. K. BHARIJ Department of Industrial Development, New Delhi
SHRI R. K. TRIPATI( Alternate )
SHRI VEENU MATHUR Royal Entield Motors Ltd, Chennai
SHRI N. RANGANATHAN( Alternate )
SHRI K. C. JAIN Escorts Yamaha Motors Ltd. Fatidabad
SHRI R. K. GWTA (Alternate )
SHRI S.-B. GUPTA Hero Honda Motors Ltd, New Delhi
SHRI HARJITS INGH ( Alternate )
SHRI U. K. KINI Hindustan Motors Ltd, Hooghly
SHRI M. G. JHINGRAN( Alternate )
DR K. K. GANDHI Indian Institute of Petroleum, Dehra Dun
DR MUKESHS AXENA (Alternate )
SHRI P V. -BHANDARE Kinetic Engineering Ltd, Pune
SHRI S. K. MUKHERJEE Mahindra 8c Mahindra Ltd, Nashik
SHRI 2. A. MUJAWAR( Alternate )
SHRI I. V. RAO Maruti Udyog Ltd. Gurgaon
~HRI P. PANDA (Alternate )
( Continrred on page-6 )
5IS 14785: 2000
( Conlinuedfrom page 5 )
Members Representing
SHRI S. N. SRINIVASAN Premier Automobiles Ltd, Mumbai
SHRI K. D. DIGHE( Alternate )
DR A. N. OGALE Standing Committee ( Tech & Stores ) GIRT, Pune
SHRI P UOAY KUMAR( Alternate )
SHRI LAKHINDERS INGH Swaraj Mazda Ltd, Chandigarh
SHRI S. R. AGRAHARI( Alternate )
SHHI A. T. PHATAK Tata Engg & Loco Co Ltd, Pune
SHRI A. V. KULKARN~(A lternate )
SHRI R. C. S~HI Vehicle Research & Development EstabIishment, Ahmednagar
SHRI N. KARUPPAIAH(A lternote )
SHRI M. K. M~SHRA Vehicle Factory, Jabalpur (Ministry of Defence), OFB
SHRI R. G. KAREMORE(A lternate )
SHRI F? N. RANGAN Volvo India Pvt Ltd, Bangalore
SHRI PAULRAJE DWIN( Alternate )
SHRI K. E. TAKAVALE Toyota Kirloskar Motors Pvt Ltd, Bangalore
SHRIY OGAPRASAD( Alternale )
SHRI A. R. GULATI Director General, BIS ( Ex-officio Member)
Director ( Transport Engg )
Member-Secretary
SHRIA . K. NAGPAL
Additional Director ( Transport Engg ), BIS
6Bureau of Indian Standards
BIS is a statutory institution established under the Bureau oflndian Sfandurds.4 cf, 1986 to promote harmonious
development of the activities of standardization. marking and quality certification of goods and attending td
connected matters in the country.
Copyright
BIS has the copyright of all its publications. No part of these publications may be reproduced in any form without
the prior permission in writing of BIS. This does not preclude the free use, in the course of implementing the
standard, of necessary details, such as symbols and sizes, type or grade designations. Enquiries relating to
copyright be addressed to the Director (Publications), BIS.
Review of Indian Standards
Amekldments are issued to standards as the need arises on the basis of comments. Standards’are also reviewed
periodically: a standard along with amendments is reaffirmed when such review indicates that no changes are
needed: if the review indicates that changes are needed, it is taken up for revision. Users of lndian Standards
should ascertain that they are in possession of the latest amendments or edition by referring to the latest issue
of ‘BIS Handbook’ and ‘Standards : Monthly Additions’.
Thus Indian Standard has been developed from Dot : No TED 8 ( 269 )
Amendments-Issued Since Publication
Amend No. Date of Issue Text Affected
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
Headquarters:
Manak Bhavan. 9 Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg, New Delhi 110002 Telegrams: Manaksanstha
Telephones : 323 01 31, 323 94 02, 323 33 75 ( Common to
all offices )
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Pnnted at Ne.7 India Printmg Press, Khur~a, India
|
BS EN 1435-1997.pdf
|
BS EN
BRITISH STANDARD
1435:1997
Incorporating
Corrigendum No. 1
and Amendments
Nos. 1 and 2
Non-destructive testing
of welds —
Radiographic testing of
welded joints
The European Standard EN 1435:1997, with the incorporation of
amendments A1:2002 and A2:2003, has the status of a BritishStandard
ICS 25.160.40
(cid:1)(cid:2)(cid:3)(cid:4)(cid:2)(cid:5)(cid:6)(cid:7)(cid:1)(cid:8)(cid:3)(cid:9)(cid:7)(cid:10)(cid:11)(cid:2)(cid:12)(cid:10)(cid:3)(cid:13)(cid:14)(cid:7)(cid:3)(cid:5)(cid:15)(cid:16)(cid:17)(cid:7)(cid:14)(cid:14)(cid:7)(cid:2)(cid:1)(cid:3)(cid:15)(cid:18)(cid:4)(cid:15)(cid:5)(cid:10)(cid:3)(cid:19)(cid:14)(cid:3)(cid:5)(cid:15)(cid:16)(cid:17)(cid:7)(cid:10)(cid:10)(cid:15)(cid:20)(cid:3)(cid:13)(cid:6)(cid:3)(cid:4)(cid:2)(cid:5)(cid:6)(cid:16)(cid:7)(cid:8)(cid:11)(cid:10)(cid:3)(cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:9)BS EN 1435:1997
National foreword
This British Standard is the English language version of EN 1435:1997,
including amendments A1:2002 and A2:2003. It supersedes BS 2600-1:1983,
BS 2600-2:1973, BS 2910:1986 and BS7257:1989, which are withdrawn.
The start and finish of text introduced or altered by amendment is indicated in
the text by tags !". Tags indicating changes to CEN text carry the number
of the CEN amendment. For example, text altered by CEN amendment A1 is
indicated by !".
As agreed by CEN/TC 121/SC 5 resolution 134/2000 and in accordance with
amendment A1:2002, the term “examination” has been replaced by “testing”
throughout the document.
The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee
WEE/46, Non-destructive testing, which has the responsibility to:
– aid enquirers to understand the text;
– present to the responsible European committee any enquiries on the
interpretation, or proposals for change, and keep the UK interests
informed;
– monitor related international and European developments and
promulgate them in the UK.
A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on
request to its secretary.
Cross-references
The British Standards which implement international or European
publications referred to in this document may be found in the BSI Catalogue
under the section entitled “International Standards Correspondence Index”, or
by using the “Search” facility of the BSI Electronic Catalogue or of
BritishStandards Online.
This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a
contract. Users are responsible for its correct application.
Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity
from legal obligations.
Summary of pages
This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, the EN title page,
pages 2 to 33 and a back cover.
The BSI copyright notice displayed in this document indicates when the
document was last issued.
This British Standard, having
been prepared under the Amendments issued since publication
direction of the Engineering
Sector Board, was published
under the authority of the Amd. No. Date Comments
Standards Board and comes
into effect on 10616 August 1999 Correction to Table 2
15 December 1997
CorrigendumNo.1
© BSI 15 March 2004 13985 15 November 2002 See national foreword
14938 15 March 2004 Changes to foreword and deletion of
Annex ZA
ISBN 0 580 28913 3EUROPEAN STANDARD EN 1435
NORME EUROPÉENNE August 1997
+ A1
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
May 2002
+ A2
December 2003
ICS 25.160.40
Descriptors: Welded joints, fusion welding, butt welds, quality control, non-destructive tests, radiographic analysis, setting-up
conditions
English version
Non-destructive testing of welds —
Radiographic testing of welded joints
(includes amendments A1:2002 and A2:2003)
Contrôle non destructif des assemblages Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung von
soudés — Schweißverbindungen —
Contrôle par radiographie des assemblages Durchstrahlungsprüfung von
soudés Schmelzschweißungen
(inclut les amendements A1:2002 et A2:2003) (enthält Änderungen A1:2002 und A2:2003)
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 1997-08-02. Amendment A1
was approved by CEN on 2002-05-05; amendment A2 was approved by CEN
on2003-11-20. CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC
Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European
Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration.
Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national
standards may be obtained on application to the Central Secretariat or to any
CEN member. This European Standard exists in three official versions (English,
French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under
the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the
Central Secretariat has the same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Czech
Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland,
Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Slovakia,
Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
CEN
European Committee for Standardization
Comité Européen de Normalisation
Europäisches Komitee für Normung
Central Secretariat: rue de Stassart 36, B-1050 Brussels
© 1997 CEN — All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN
national members.
Ref. No. EN 1435:1997 + A1:2002 + A2:2003 EEN 1435:1997
Foreword Foreword to amendment A2
This European Standard has been prepared by This document EN 1435:1997/A2:2003 has been
Technical Committee CEN/TC 121, Welding, the prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 121,
Secretariat of which is held by DS. Welding, the Secretariat of which is held by DS.
This European Standard shall be given the status of This amendment to the European Standard
a national standard, either by publication of an EN1435:1997 shall be given the status of a national
identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by standard, either by publication of an identical text
February 1998, and conflicting national standards or by endorsement, at the latest by June 2004, and
shall be withdrawn at the latest by February 1998. conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn
at the latest by June 2004.
This document has been prepared under a mandate
given to CEN by the European Commission and the This document has been prepared under a mandate
European Free Trade Association. given to CEN by the European Commission and the
European Free Trade Association.
According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal
Regulations, the national standards organizations According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal
of the following countries are bound to implement Regulations, the national standards organizations
this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Czech of the following countries are bound to implement
Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Czech
Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany,
Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy,
Switzerland and the United Kingdom. Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway,
Portugal, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and
the United Kingdom.
Foreword to amendment A1
This document EN 1435:1997/A1:2002 has been
prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 121,
Welding, the Secretariat of which is held by DS.
This amendment to the European Standard
EN 1435:1997 shall be given the status of a national
standard, either by publication of an identical text
or by endorsement, at the latest by November 2002,
and conflicting national standards shall be
withdrawn at the latest by November 2002.
This document has been prepared under a mandate
given to CEN by the European Commission and the
European Free Trade Association, and supports
essential requirements of EU Directive(s).
Annex A and Annex B are normative.
According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal
Regulations, the national standards organizations
of the following countries are bound to implement
this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Czech
Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany,
Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Malta
Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden,
Switzerland and the United Kingdom.
2 © BSI 15 March 2004EN 1435:1997
Contents Page
6 Recommended techniques for making
Page
radiographs 8
Foreword 2
6.1 Test arrangements 8
1 Scope 5
6.2 Choice of tube voltage and radiation
2 Normative references 5 source 15
3 Definitions 5 6.3 Film systems and screens 17
3.1 nominal thickness, t 5 6.4 Alignment of beam 19
3.2 penetrated thickness, w 5 6.5 Reduction of scattered radiation 19
3.3 object-to-film distance, b 6 6.6 Source-to-object distance 19
3.4 source size, d 6 6.7 Maximum area for a single exposure 20
3.5 source-to-film distance (SFD) 6 6.8 Density of radiograph 21
3.6 source-to-object distance, f 6 6.9 Processing 22
3.7 diameter, D e 6 6.10 Film viewing conditions 22
4 Classification of radiographic techniques 6 7 Test report 22
5 General 6 Annex A (normative) Recommended number
5.1 Protection against ionizing radiation 6 of exposures which give an acceptable testing
of a circumferential butt weld 23
5.2 Surface preparation and stage of
manufacture 6 Annex B (normative) Minimum image quality
values 28
5.3 Location of the weld in the radiograph 6
5.4 Identification of radiographs 7
5.5 Marking ww7 w.bzfxw.com
5.6 Overlap of films 7
5.7 Types and positions of image quality
indicators (IQI) 7
5.8 Evaluation of image quality 8
5.9 Minimum image quality values 8
5.10 Personnel qualification 8
3
© BSI 15 March 2004www.bzfxw.com
4 blankEN 1435:1997
1 Scope
This European Standard specifies fundamental techniques of radiography with the object of enabling
satisfactory and repeatable results to be obtained economically. The techniques are based on generally
recognized practice and fundamental theory of the subject.
This standard applies to the radiographic testing of fusion welded joints in metallic materials.
It applies to the joints of plates or pipes. Besides its conventional meaning, “pipe” as used in this standard
should be understood to cover other cylindrical bodies such as tubes, penstocks, boiler drums and pressure
vessels. This standard complies with EN 444.
This standard does not specify acceptance levels of the indications.
If lower test criteria !are permitted by specification", the quality achieved may be significantly lower
than when this standard is strictly applied.
2 Normative references
This European Standard incorporates by dated or undated reference, provisions from other publications.
These normative references are cited at the appropriate places in the text and the publications are listed
hereafter. For dated references, subsequent amendments to or revisions of any of these publications apply
to this European Standard only when incorporated in it by amendment or revision. For undated references
the latest edition of the publication referred to applies.
EN 444, Non-destructive testing— General principles for the radiographic examination of metallic
materialsusing X- and gamma-rays.
EN 462-1, Non-destructive testing— Image quality of radiographs— Part 1: Concepts, image quality
indicators(wire type), determination of imagwe quawlity vwalue..bzfxw.com
EN 462-2, Non-destructive testing— Image quality of radiographs— Part 2: Concepts, image quality
indicators(step/hole type), determination of image quality value.
EN 462-3, Non-destructive testing— Image quality of radiographs— Part 3: Image quality classes for
ferrousmetals.
EN 462-4, Non-destructive testing— Image quality of radiographs— Part 4: Experimental evaluation of
imagequality values and image quality tables.
EN 473, Qualification and certification of non-destructive personnel— General principles.
EN 584-1, Non-destructive testing— Industrial radiographic film— Part 1: Classification of film systems
for industrial radiography.
EN 584-2, Non-destructive testing— Industrial radiographic film— Part 2: Control of film processing by
means of reference value.
EN 25580, Non-destructive testing— Industrial radiographic illuminators— Minimum requirements.
(ISO 5580:1985)
3 Definitions
For the purpose of this standard, the following definitions apply.
3.1
nominal thickness, t
the nominal thickness of the parent material only. Manufacturing tolerances do not have to be taken into
account
3.2
penetrated thickness, w
the thickness of material in the direction of the radiation beam calculated on the basis of the nominal
thickness
for multiple wall techniques the penetrated thickness is calculated from the nominal thickness.
5
© BSI 15 March 2004EN 1435:1997
3.3
object-to-film distance, b
the distance between the radiation side of the test object and the film surface measured along the central
axis of the radiation beam
3.4
source size, d
the size of the radiation source
3.5
source-to-film distance (SFD)
the distance between the radiation source and the film measured in the direction of the beam
3.6
source-to-object distance, f
the distance between the radiation source and the source side of the test object measured along the central
axis of the radiation beam
3.7
diameter, D
e
the nominal external diameter of the pipe
4 Classification of radiographic techniques
The radiographic techniques are divided into two classes:
— class A: basic techniques;
www.bzfxw.com
— class B: improved techniques.
Class B techniques will be used when class A might be insufficiently sensitive.
!Better techniques compared to class B are possible and may be defined by specification of all appropriate
test parameters."
The choice of radiographic technique shall be !defined by specification."
If, for technical reasons, it is not possible to meet one of the conditions specified for class B, such as type of
radiation source or the source-to-object distance, f, it may be !defined by specification" that the
condition selected may be that specified for class A. The loss of sensitivity shall be compensated by an
increase of minimum density to 3,0 or by the choice of a higher contrast film system. Because of the better
sensitivity compared to class A, the test specimen may be regarded as tested within class B. This does not
apply if the special SFD reductions as described in 6.6 for test arrangements 6.1.4 and 6.1.5 are used.
5 General
5.1 Protection against ionizing radiation
WARNING NOTICE. Exposure of any part of the human body to X-rays or gamma-rays can be highly
injurious to health. Wherever X-ray equipment or radioactive sources are in use, appropriate legal
requirements must be applied.
Local or national or international safety precautions when using ionizing radiation shall be strictly applied.
5.2 Surface preparation and stage of manufacture
In general, surface preparation is not necessary, but where surface imperfections or coatings might cause
difficulty in detecting defects, the surface shall be ground smooth or the coatings shall be removed.
Unless otherwise specified, radiography shall be carried out after the final stage of manufacture, e.g. after
grinding or heat treatment.
5.3 Location of the weld in the radiograph
Where the radiograph does not show the weld, high-density markers shall be placed on either side of the
weld.
6 © BSI 15 March 2004EN 1435:1997
5.4 Identification of radiographs
Symbols shall be affixed to each section of the object being radiographed. The images of these symbols shall
appear in the radiograph outside the region of interest where possible and shall ensure unambiguous
identification of the section.
5.5 Marking
Permanent markings on the object to be tested shall be made in order to accurately locate the position of
each radiograph.
Where the nature of the material and/or its service conditions do not permit permanent marking, the
location may be recorded by means of accurate sketches.
5.6 Overlap of films
When radiographing an area with two or more separate films, the films shall overlap sufficiently to ensure
that the complete region of interest is radiographed. This shall be verified by a high-density marker on the
surface of the object which will appear on each film.
5.7 Types and positions of image quality indicators (IQI)
The quality of image shall be verified by use of IQI in accordance with EN 462-1 or EN 462-2.
The IQI used shall be placed preferably on the source side of the test object at the centre of the area of
interest on the parent metal beside the weld. The IQI shall be in close contact with the surface of the object.
Its location shall be made in a section of uniform thickness characterized by a uniform optical density on
the film.
According to the IQI type used, two cases shall be considered.
www.bzfxw.com
a) When using a wire IQI, the wires shall be directed perpendicular to the weld and its location shall
ensure that at least 10 mm of the wire length will show in a section of uniform optical density, which is
normally in the parent metal adjacent to the weld. At exposures in accordance with 6.1.6 and 6.1.7, the
IQI can be placed with the wires across to the pipe axis, and they should not be projected into the image
of the weld.
b) When using a step/hole IQI, it shall be placed in such a way that the hole number required is placed
close to the weld.
At exposures in accordance with 6.1.6 and 6.1.7, the IQI type used can be placed either on the source or on
the film side. If the IQIs cannot be placed in accordance with the above conditions, the IQIs will be placed
on the film side and the image quality shall be determined at least once from comparison exposure with
one IQI placed at the source side and one at the film side under the same conditions.
For double-wall exposures, when the IQI is placed on the film side, the above test is not necessary and in
this case reference should be made to the tables of correspondence given in Annex B.
Where the IQIs are placed at the film side, the letter “F” shall be placed near the IQI and it shall be noted
in the test report.
If steps have been taken to guarantee that radiographs or similar test objects and regions are produced
with identical exposure and processing techniques, and no differences in the image quality value are likely,
the image quality need not be verified for every radiograph, the extent of image quality verification being
subject to !specification".
For exposures of pipes with diameter 200 mm and above with the source centrally located, at least three
IQIs should be placed equally spaced at the circumference. The film(s) showing IQI images are then
considered representative for the whole circumference.
7
© BSI 15 March 2004EN 1435:1997
5.8 Evaluation of image quality
The films shall be viewed in accordance with EN 25580.
From the testing of the image of the IQI on the radiograph, the number of the smallest wire or hole which
can be discerned is determined. The image of a wire is accepted if a continuous length of at least 10 mm is
clearly visible in a section of uniform optical density. In the case of the step/hole type IQI, if there are two
holes of the same diameter, both shall be discernible in order that the step be considered as visible.
The image quality obtained shall be indicated on the test report of the radiographic test. In each case, the
type of indicator used shall be clearly stated, as shown on the IQI.
5.9 Minimum image quality values
Table B.1 to Table B.12 in Annex B show the minimum quality values for ferrous materials. For other
materials these requirements or corresponding requirements may be !defined by specification". The
requirements shall be determined in accordance with EN 462-4.
5.10 Personnel qualification
Personnel performing non-destructive testing in accordance with this standard shall be qualified in
accordance with EN 473, or equivalent, to an appropriate level in the relevant industrial sector.
6 Recommended techniques for making radiographs
6.1 Test arrangements
6.1.1 General
Normally, radiographic techniques in accordance with 6.1.2, 6.1.3, 6.1.4, 6.1.5, 6.1.6, 6.1.7, 6.1.8 and 6.1.9
www.bzfxw.com
shall be used.
The elliptical technique (double wall/double image) in accordance with Figure 11 should not be used for
external diameter D > 100 mm, wall thickness t> 8 mm and weld width > D /4. Two 90° displaced images
e e
are sufficient if t/D < 0,12. The distance between the two weld images shall be about one weld width.
e
When it is difficult to carry out an elliptic test at D 100 mm, the perpendicular technique in accordance
ek
with 6.1.7 may be used (see Figure 12). In this case, three exposures 120° or 60° apart are required.
For test arrangements in accordance with Figure 11, Figure 13 and Figure 14, the inclination of the beam
shall be kept as small as possible and be such as to prevent superimposition of the two images. The
source-to-object distance, f, shall be kept as small as possible, in accordance with 6.6. The IQI shall be
placed close to the film with a lead letter “F”.
Other radiographic techniques may be !specified," e.g. for reasons like geometry of the !test
object" or differences in material thickness. In 6.1.9 an example of such a case is presented. Multi-film
techniques shall not be used to reduce exposure times on uniform sections.
NOTE In Annex A the minimum number of radiographs necessary is given in order to obtain an acceptable radiographic coverage
of the total circumference of a butt weld in pipe.
8 © BSI 15 March 2004EN 1435:1997
6.1.2 Radiation source located in front of the object and with the film at the opposite side
See Figure 1.
Key
S radiation source
F film
See Clause 3 for f, b, t.
Figure 1 — Test arrangement for plane walls and single-wall penetration
6.1.3 Radiation source located outside the object and with the film inside
See Figure 2, Figure 3 and Figure 4.
Figure 2 — Test arrangement for single-wall penetration of curved objects
Figure 3 — Test arrangement for single-wall penetration of curved objects (set-in weld)
9
© BSI 15 March 2004EN 1435:1997
Figure 4 — Test arrangement for single-wall penetration of curved objects (set-on weld)
6.1.4 Radiation source centrally located inside the object and with the film outside
See Figure 5, Figure 6 and Figure 7.
Figure 5 — Test arrangement for single-wall penetration of curved objects
!
Figure 6 — Test arrangement for single-wall penetration of curved objects (set-in weld)
"
10 © BSI 15 March 2004EN 1435:1997
Figure 7 — Test arrangement for single-wall penetration of curved objects (set-on weld)
6.1.5 Radiation source located off-centre inside the object and with the film outside
See Figure 8, Figure 9 and Figure 10.
Figure 8 — Test arrangement for single-wall penetration of curved objects
Figure 9 — Test arrangement for single-wall penetration of curved objects (set-in weld)
11
© BSI 15 March 2004EN 1435:1997
Figure 10 — Test arrangement for single-wall penetration of curved objects (set-on weld)
6.1.6 Elliptic technique
See Figure 11.
Figure 11 — Test arrangement for double-wall penetration double image of curved objects for
evaluation of both walls (source and film outside the test object)
6.1.7 Perpendicular technique
See Figure 12.
Figure 12 — Test arrangement for double-wall penetration double image of curved objects for
evaluation of both walls (source and film outside the test object)
12 © BSI 15 March 2004EN 1435:1997
6.1.8 Radiation source located outside the object and with the film on the other side
See Figure 13, Figure 14, Figure 15, Figure 16, Figure 17 and Figure 18.
!
Figure 13 — Test arrangement for double-wall penetration single image of curved objects for
evaluation of the wall next to the film, with the IQI placed close to the film
"
Figure 14 — Test arrangement for double-wall penetration single image
Figure 15 — Test arrangement for double-wall penetration single image of longitudinal welds
13
© BSI 15 March 2004EN 1435:1997
Figure 16 — Test arrangement for double-wall penetration single image of curved objects for
evaluation of the wall next to the film
Figure 17 — Test arrangement for penetration of fillet welds
Figure 18 — Test arrangement for penetration of fillet welds
14 © BSI 15 March 2004EN 1435:1997
6.1.9 Technique for different material thicknesses
See Figure 19.
Radiation source
Figure 19 — Multi-film technique
6.2 Choice of tube voltage and radiation source
6.2.1 X-ray devices up to 500 kV
To maintain a good flaw sensitivity, the X-ray tube voltage should be as low as possible. The maximum
values of tube voltage versus thickness are given in Figure 20.
For some applications where there is a thickness change across the area of object being radiographed, a
modification of technique with a slightly higher voltage may be used, but it should be noted that an
excessively high tube voltage will lead to a loss of defect detection sensitivity. For steel, the increment shall
be not more than 50 kV, for titanium not more than 40 kV, and for aluminium not more than 30 kV.
15
© BSI 15 March 2004EN 1435:1997
1 Copper/nickel and alloys
2 Steel
3 Titanium and alloys
4 Aluminium and alloys
1) X-ray voltage
2) Penetrated thickness w
Figure 20 — Maximum X-ray voltage for X-ray devices up to 500 kV as a function of penetrated
thickness and material
6.2.2 Other radiation sources
The permitted penetrated thickness ranges for gamma ray sources and X-ray equipment above 1 MeV are
given in Table 1.
!If permitted by specification", the value for Ir 192 may further be reduced to 10mm and for Se75
to 5mm.
On thin steel specimens, gamma rays from Se 5, Ir 192 and Co 60 will not produce radiographs having as
good a defect detection sensitivity as X-rays used with appropriate technique parameters. However,
because of the advantages of gamma ray sources in handling and accessibility, Table 1 gives a range of
thicknesses for which each of these gamma ray sources may be used when the use of X-rays is difficult.
For certain applications, wider wall thickness ranges may be permitted, if sufficient image quality can be
achieved.
In cases where radiographs are produced using gamma rays, the travel time to position the source shall not
exceed 10 % of the total exposure time.
16 © BSI 15 March 2004EN 1435:1997
Table 1 — Penetrated thickness range for gamma ray sources and X-ray equipment with energy
from 1 MeV and above, for steel, copper and nickel-based alloys
Radiation source Penetrated thickness, w
mm
Test class A Test class B
Tm 170 w u 5 w u 5
Yb 1691) 1 u w u 15 2 u w u 12
Se 752) 10 u w u 40 14 u w u 40
Ir 192 20 u w u 100 20 u w u 90
Co 60 40 u w u 200 60 u w u 150
X-ray equipment with energy from 1 MeV to 4 MeV 30 u w u 200 50 u w u 180
X-ray equipment with energy from 4 MeV to 12 MeV w W 50 w W 80
X-ray equipment with energy above 12 MeV w W 80 w W 100
1) For aluminium and titanium, the penetrated material thickness is 10 mm < w < 70 mm for class A and 25 mm < w < 55 mm for
class B.
2) For aluminium and titanium, the penetrated material thickness is 35 mm u w u 120 mm for class A.
6.3 Film systems and screens
For radiographic testing, film system classes shall be used in accordance with EN 584-1.
For different radiation sources the minimum film system classes are given in Table 2 and Table 3.
When using metal screens, good contact between films and screens is required. This may be achieved either
by using vacuum-packed films or by applying pressure.
For different radiation sources, Table 2 and Table 3 show the recommended screen materials and
thicknesses.
Other screen thicknesses may be !specified", provided that the required image quality is achieved.
17
© BSI 15 March 2004EN 1435:1997
Table 2 — Film system classes and metal screens for the radiography of steel, copper and
nickel-based alloys
Radiation source Penetrated Film system class1) Type and thickness of metal screens
thickness, w
mm Class A Class B Class A Class B
X-ray potentials u 100 kV C 5 C 3 None or up to 0,03 mm front and back
screens of lead
X-ray potentials >100 kV Up to 0,15 mm front and back screens of
to 150 kV lead
X-ray potentials >150 kV C 4 0,02 mm to 0,15 mm front and back
to 250 kV screens of lead
Yb 169 w < 5 C 5 C 3 None or up to 0,03 mm front and back
screens of lead
Tm 170
w W 5 C 4 0,02 mm to 0,15 mm front and back
screens of lead
X-ray potentials > 250 kV w u 50 C 5 C 4 0,02 mm to 0,2 mm front and back screens
to 500 kV of lead
w > 50 C 5 0,1 mm to 0,2 mm front screens of lead2)
0,02 mm to 0,2 mm back screens of lead
Se 75 C 5 C 4 0,1 mm to 0,2 mm front and back screens
of lead
Ir 192 C 5 C 4 0,02 mm to 0,2 mm 0,1 mm to 0,2 mm
front screens of front screens of
lead2) lead2)
0,02 mm to 0,2 mm back screens of lead
Co 60 w u 100 C.5 C 4 0,25 mm to 0,7 mm front and back screens
of steel or copper3)
w > 100 C 5
X-ray equipment with w u 100 C 5 C 3 0,25 mm to 0,7 mm front and back screens
energy from 1 MeV to 4 of steel or copper3)
MeV
w > 100 C 5
X-ray equipment with w u 100 C 4 C 4 Up to 1 mm front screen of copper, steel or
energy from 4 MeV to 12 tantalum4)
MeV
100 < w u 300 C 5 C 4 Back screen of copper or steel up to 1 mm
and tantalum up to 0,5 mm4)
w > 300 C 5
X-ray equipment with w u 100 C 4 — Up to 1 mm front screen of tantalum5)
energy above 12 MeV
100 < w u 300 C 5 C 4 No back screen
w > 300 C 5 Up to 1 mm front screen of tantalum5)
Up to 0,5 mm back screen of tantalum
1) Better film system classes may also be used.
2) Ready-packed films with a front screen up to 0,03 mm may be used if an additional lead screen of 0,1 mm is placed between the
object and the film.
3) In class A, 0,5 mm to 2,0 mm screens of lead may also be used.
4) In class A, lead screens 0,5 mm to 1 mm may be used !if permitted by specification."
5) Tungsten screens may be used by agreement.
18 © BSI 15 March 2004EN 1435:1997
Table 3 — Film system classes and metal screens for aluminium and titanium
Radiation source Film system class1) Type and thickness of intensifying screens
Class A Class B
X-ray potentials u C 5 C 3 None, or up to 0,03 mm front and up to
150 kV 0,15mm back screens of lead
X-ray potentials > 0,02mm to 0,15 mm front and back screens
150 kV to 250 kV of lead
X-ray potentials > 0,1 mm to 0,2 mm front and back screens of
250 kV to 500 kV lead
Yb 169 0,02 mm to 0,15 mm front and back screens
of lead
Se 75 !0,2 mm" front2) and 0,1 mm to 0,2 mm
back screens of lead
1) Better film system classes may also be used.
2) Instead of 0,2 mm lead, a 0,1 mm screen with an additional filter of 0,1 mm may be used.
6.4 Alignment of beam
The beam of radiation shall be directed to the centre of the area being tested and should be perpendicular
to the object surface at that point, except when it can be demonstrated that certain imperfections are best
revealed by a different alignment of the beam. In this case, an appropriate alignment of the beam can be
permitted.
Other ways of radiographing may be !specified".
6.5 Reduction of scattered radiation
6.5.1 Filters and collimators
In order to reduce the effect of back scattered radiation, direct radiation shall be collimated as much as
possible to the section under test.
With Ir 192 and Co 60 radiation sources or in the case of edge scatter, a sheet of lead can be used as a filter
of low-energy scattered radiation between the object and the cassette. The thickness of this sheet is 0,5 mm
to 2 mm, in accordance with the penetrated thickness.
6.5.2 Interception of back scattered radiation
If necessary, the film shall be shielded from back scattered radiation by an adequate thickness of lead, at
least 1 mm, or of tin, at least 1,5 mm, placed behind the film–screen combination.
The presence of back scattered radiation shall be checked for each new test arrangement by a lead letter B
(with a minimum height of 10 mm and a minimum thickness of 1,5 mm) placed immediately behind each
cassette. If the image of this symbol records as a lighter image on the radiograph, it shall be rejected. If the
symbol is darker or invisible, the radiograph is acceptable and demonstrates good protection against
scattered radiation.
6.6 Source-to-object distance
The minimum source-to-object distance, f , depends on the source size d and on the object-to-film
min
distance, b.
The distance, f, shall, where practicable, be chosen so that the ratio of this distance to the source size, d,
i.e. f/d, is not below the values given by the following equations.
For class A:
-f --≥7,5----b ------2⁄3
(1)
d mm
For class B:
-f --≥15----b ------2⁄3
(2)
d mm
b is given in millimetres (mm).
19
© BSI 15 March 2004EN 1435:1997
If the distance b < 1,2t, the dimension b in equations (1) and (2) and Figure 21 shall be replaced by the
nominal thickness t.
For determination of the source-to-object distance, f , the nomogram in Figure 21 may be used.
min
The nomogram is based on equations (1) and (2).
In class A, if planar imperfections have to be detected, the minimum distance f shall be the same as for
min
class B in order to reduce the geometric unsharpness by a factor of 2.
In critical technical applications of crack-sensitive materials, more sensitive radiographic techniques than
class B shall be used.
When using the elliptic technique described in 6.1.6 or the perpendicular technique described in 6.1.7,
b shall be replaced by the external diameter, D , of the pipe in equations (1) and (2) and in Figure 21.
e
When the source is outside the object and the film is on the other side (the technique described in 6.1.8 as
double-wall penetration/single image), the source-to-object distance is determined only by the wall
thickness.
If the radiation source can be placed inside the object to be radiographed (the techniques shown in 6.1.4
and 6.1.5) to achieve a more suitable direction of test, and when a double-wall technique (see 6.1.6, 6.1.7
and 6.1.8) is avoided, this method should be preferred. The reduction in minimum source-to-object distance
should not be greater than 20 %.
When the source is located centrally inside the object and the film is outside (the technique shown in 6.1.4),
and provided that the IQI requirements are met, this percentage may be increased. However, the reduction
in minimum source-to-object distance shall not be greater than 50 %.
6.7 Maximum area for a single exposure
The number of radiographs for a complete testing of flat welds (see Figure 1 and Figure 15) and of curved
welds with the radiation source arranged off-centre (see Figure 2, Figure 3 and Figure 4 and Figure 8 to
Figure 16) should be specified in accordance with technical requirements.
The ratio of the penetrated thickness at the outer edge of an evaluated area of uniform thickness to that at
the centre beam shall not be more than 1,1 for class B and 1,2 for class A.
The densities resulting from any variation of penetrated thickness should not be lower than those indicated
in 6.8 and not higher than those allowed by the available illuminator, provided that suitable masking is
possible.
The size of the area to be tested includes the weld and the heat-affected zones. In general, about 10 mm of
parent metal shall be tested on each side of the weld.
A recommendation for the number of radiographs is indicated in Annex A, which gives an acceptable test
of a circumferential butt weld.
20 © BSI 15 March 2004EN 1435:1997
1) Class B 2) Class A
Figure 21 — Nomogram for the determination of minimum source-to-object distance f in
min
relation to the object-to-film distance and the source size
6.8 Density of radiograph
Exposure conditions should be such that the minimum optical density of the radiograph in the area tested
is greater than or equal to the value given in Table 4.
Table 4 — Optical density of the radiographs
Class Optical density1)
A W 2,02)
B W 2,33)
1) A measuring tolerance of ±0,1 is permitted.
2) May be reduced !if permitted by specification to 1,5."
3) May be reduced !if permitted by specification to 2,0."
High optical densities can be used with advantage where the viewing light is sufficiently bright in
accordance with 6.10.
In order to avoid unduly high fog densities arising from film ageing, development or temperature, the fog
density shall be checked periodically on a non-exposed sample taken from the films being used, and
handled and processed under the same conditions as the actual radiograph. The fog density shall not
exceed0,3. Fog density here is defined as the total density (emulsion and base) of a processed, unexposed
film.
21
© BSI 15 March 2004EN 1435:1997
When using a multi-film technique with interpretation of single films, the optical density of each film shall
be in accordance with Table 4.
If double film viewing is requested, the optical density of one single film shall not be lower than 1,3.
6.9 Processing
Films are processed in accordance with the conditions recommended by the film and chemical
manufacturer to obtain the selected film system class. Particular attention shall be paid to temperature,
developing time and washing time. The film processing shall be controlled regularly in accordance with
EN584-2. The radiographs should be free from defects due to processing or other causes which would
interfere with interpretation.
6.10 Film viewing conditions
The radiographs should be tested in a darkened room on an area of the viewing screen with an adjustable
luminance in accordance with EN 25580. The viewing screen should be masked to the area of interest.
7 Test report
For each exposure, or set of exposures, a test report shall be made giving information on the radiographic
technique used, and on any other special circumstances which would allow a better understanding of the
results.
The test report shall include at least the following information:
a) name of the testing body;
b) object;
c) material;
d) heat treatment;
e) geometry of the weld;
f) material thickness;
g) welding process;
h) specification of test, including requirements for acceptance;
i) radiographic technique and class, required IQI sensitivity in accordance with this standard;
j) test arrangement in accordance with 6.1;
k) system of marking used;
l) film position plan;
m) radiation source, type and size of focal spot, and identification of equipment used;
n) film, screens and filters;
o) used tube voltage and current or source activity;
p) time of exposure and source-to-film distance;
q) processing technique: manual/automatic;
r) type and position of image quality indicators;
s) results of test, including data on film density, reading of IQI;
t) any deviation from this standard, by special agreement;
u) name, !reference to certificate and signature of the responsible person(s);"
v) date(s) of exposure and test report.
22 © BSI 15 March 2004EN 1435:1997
Annex A (normative)
Recommended number of exposures which give an acceptable test of a
circumferential butt weld
The minimum number of exposures required is presented in Figure A.1, Figure A.2, Figure A.3 and
Figure A.4, which are valid for pipes with an outside diameter exceeding 100 mm.
When the deviation of the wall thickness of the joint to be tested when using a single exposure, %t/t, does
not exceed 20 %, Figure A.3 and Figure A.4 are used. This technique is recommended only when the
possibility of having transverse cracks is small or when the weld is tested for such imperfections by other
non-destructive test methods.
When Dt/t is less than or equal to 10 %, Figure A.1 and Figure A.2 are used. In this case it is likely that
transverse cracks will also be detected.
If the object is examined for single transverse cracks, then the required minimum number of radiographs
will increase compared with the values in Figure A.1, Figure A.2, Figure A.3 and Figure A.4.
23
© BSI 15 March 2004EN 1435:1997
!
Nominal thickness t/ outside pipe diameter D
Figure A.1 — Minimum number of exposures, N, for single-wall penetration with source
outside, with a maximum permissible increase in penetrated thickness ∆t/t due to inclined
penetration in the areas to be evaluated of 10 %, as a function of ratios t/D and D /f
e e
"
24 © BSI 15 March 2004EN 1435:1997
!
1 Pipe wall
Nominal thickness t/ outside pipe diameter D
Figure A.2 — Minimum number of exposures, N, for off-centre penetration with source inside
and double-wall penetration, with a maximum permissible increase in penetrated thickness
%t/t due to inclined penetration in the areas to be evaluated of 10 %, as a function of ratios t/D
e
and D /SFD
e
"
25
© BSI 15 March 2004EN 1435:1997
!
Nominal thickness t/ outside pipe diameter D
Figure A.3 — Minimum number of exposures, N, for single-wall penetration with source
outside, with a maximum permissible increase in penetrated thickness ∆t/t due to inclined
penetration in the areas to be evaluated of 20 %, as a function of ratios t/D and D /f
e e
"
26 © BSI 15 March 2004EN 1435:1997
!
1 Pipe wall
Nominal thickness t/ outside pipe diameter D
Figure A.4 — Minimum number of exposures, N, for off-centre penetration with source inside
and double-wall penetration, with a maximum permissible increase in penetrated thickness
%t/t due to inclined penetration in the areas to be evaluated of 20 %, as a function of ratios t/D
e
and D /SFD
e
"
27
© BSI 15 March 2004EN 1435:1997
Annex B (normative)
Minimum image quality values
Single-wall technique; IQI on source side
Table B.1 — Wire IQI
Image quality class A
Nominal thickness t IQI value1)
mm
up to 1,2 W 18
above 1,2 to 2,0 W 17
above 2,0 to 3,5 W 16
above 3,5 to 5,0 W 15
above 5,0 to 7 W 14
above 7 to 10 W 13
above 10 to 15 W 12
above 15 to 25 W 11
above 25 to 32 W 10
above 32 to 40 W 9
above 40 to 55 W 8
above 55 to 85 W 7
above 85 to 150 W 6
above 150 to 250 W 5
above 250 W 4
1) When using Ir 192 sources, IQI values worse than the listed values can be accepted as follows:
10 mm to 24 mm: up to two values;
above 24 mm to 30 mm; up to one value.
28 © BSI 15 March 2004EN 1435:1997
Table B.2 — Step/hole IQI
Image quality class A
Nominal thickness t IQI value1)
mm
up to 2,0 H 3
above 2,0 to 3,5 H 4
above 3,5 to 6 H 5
above 6 to 10 H 6
above 10 to 15 H 7
above 15 to 24 H 8
above 24 to 30 H 9
above 30 to 40 H 10
above 40 to 60 H 11
above 60 to 100 H 12
above 100 to 150 H 13
above 150 to 200 H 14
above 200 to 250 H 15
above 250 to 320 H 16
above 320 to 400 H 17
above 400 H 18
1) When using Ir 192 sources, IQI values worse than the listed values can be accepted as follows:
10 mm to 24 mm: up to two values;
above 24 mm to 30 mm: up to one value.
Single-wall technique; IQI on source side
Table B.3 — Wire IQI
Image quality class B
Nominal thickness t IQI value1)
mm
up to 1,5 W 19
above 1,5 to 2,5 W 18
above 2,5 to 4 W 17
above 4 to 6 W 16
above 6 to 8 W 15
above 8 to 12 W 14
above 12 to 20 W 13
above 20 to 30 W 12
above 30 to 35 W 11
above 35 to 45 W 10
above 45 to 65 W 9
above 65 to 120 W 8
above 120 to 200 W 7
above 200 to 350 W 6
above 350 W 5
1) When using Ir 192 sources, IQI values worse than the listed values can be accepted as follows:
12 mm to 40 mm: up to one value.
29
© BSI 15 March 2004EN 1435:1997
Table B.4 — Step/hole IQI
Image quality class B
Nominal thickness t IQI value1)
mm
up to 2,5 H 2
above 2,5 to 4 H 3
above 4 to 8 H 4
above 8 to 12 H 5
above 12 to 20 H 6
above 20 to 30 H 7
above 30 to 40 H 8
above 40 to 60 H 9
above 60 to 80 H 10
above 80 to 100 H 11
above 100 to 150 H 12
above 150 to 200 H 13
above 200 to 250 H 14
1) When using Ir 192 sources, IQI values worse than the listed values can be accepted as follows:
12 mm to 40 mm: up to one value.
Double-wall technique; double image; IQI on source side
Table B.5 — Wire IQI
Image quality class A
Penetrated thickness w IQI value
mm
up to 1,2 W 18
above 1,2 to 2 W 17
above 2 to 3,5 W 16
above 3,5 to 5 W 15
above 5 to 7 W 14
above 7 to 12 W 13
above 12 to 18 W 12
above 18 to 30 W 11
above 30 to 40 W 10
above 40 to 50 W 9
above 50 to 60 W 8
above 60 to 85 W 7
above 85 to 120 W 6
above 120 to 220 W 5
above 220 to 380 W 4
above 380 W 3
30 © BSI 15 March 2004EN 1435:1997
!Double-wall technique; double image; IQI on source side"
Table B.6 — Step/hole IQI
Image quality class A
Penetrated thickness w IQI value1)
mm
up to 1 H 3
above 1 to 2 H 4
above 2 to 3,5 H 5
above 3,5 to 5,5 H 6
above 5,5 to 10 H 7
above 10 to 19 H 8
above 19 to 35 H 9
1) When using Ir 192 sources, IQI values worse than the listed values can be accepted as follows:
up to 3,5 mm: up to two values;
above 3,5 mm to 10 mm: up to one value.
Double-wall technique; double image; IQI on source side
Table B.7 — Wire IQI
Image quality class B
Penetrated thickness w IQI value
mm
up to 1,5 W 19
above 1,5 to 2,5 W 18
above 2,5 to 4 W 17
above 4 to 6 W 16
above 6 to 8 W 15
above 8 to 15 W 14
above 15 to 25 W 13
above 25 to 38 W 12
above 38 to 45 W 11
above 45 to 55 W 10
above 55 to 70 W 9
above 70 to 100 W 8
above 100 to 170 W 7
above 170 to 250 W 6
above 250 W 5
Table B.8 — Step/hole IQI
Image quality class B
Penetrated thickness w IQI value1)
mm
up to 1 H 2
above 1 to 2,5 H 3
above 2,5 to 4 H 4
above 4 to 6 H 5
above 6 to 11 H 6
above 11 to 20 H 7
above 20 to 35 H 8
1) When using Ir 192 sources, IQI values worse than the listed values can be accepted as follows:
4 mm to 11 mm: up to one value.
31
© BSI 15 March 2004EN 1435:1997
Double-wall technique; single or double image; IQI on film side
Table B.9 — Wire IQI
Image quality class A
Penetrated thickness w IQI value
mm
up to 1,2 W 18
above 1,2 to 2 W 17
above 2 to 3,5 W 16
above 3,5 to 5 W 15
above 5 to 10 W 14
above 10 to 15 W 13
above 15 to 22 W 12
above 22 to 38 W 11
above 38 to 48 W 10
above 48 to 60 W 9
above 60 to 85 W 8
above 85 to 125 W 7
above 125 to 225 W 6
above 225 to 375 W 5
above 375 W 4
Table B.10 — Step/hole IQI
Image quality class A
Penetrated thickness w IQI value1)
mm
up to 2 H 3
above 2 to 5 H 4
above 5 to 9 H 5
above 9 to 14 H 6
above 14 to 22 H 7
above 22 to 36 H 8
above 36 to 50 H 9
above 50 to 80 H 10
1) When using Ir 192 sources, IQI values worse than the listed values can be accepted as follows:
5 mm to 9 mm: up to two values;
above 9 mm to 22 mm: up to one value.
32 © BSI 15 March 2004EN 1435:1997
Double-wall thickness; single or double image; IQI on film side
Table B.11 — Wire IQI
Image quality class B
Penetrated thickness w IQI value
mm
up to 1,5 W 19
above 1,5 to 2,5 W 18
above 2,5 to 4 W 17
above 4 to 6 W 16
above 6 to 12 W 15
above 12 to 18 W 14
above 18 to 30 W 13
above 30 to 45 W 12
above 45 to 55 W 11
above 55 to 70 W 10
above 70 to 100 W 9
above 100 to 180 W 8
above 180 to 300 W 7
above 300 W 6
Table B.12 — Step/hole IQI
Image quality class B
Penetrated thickness w IQI value1)
mm
up to 2,5 H 2
above 2,5 to 5,5 H 3
above 5,5 to 9,5 H 4
above 9,5 to 15 H 5
above 15 to 24 H 6
above 24 to 40 H 7
above 40 to 60 H 8
above 60 to 80 H 9
1) When using Ir 192 sources, IQI values worse than the listed values can be accepted as follows:
5,5 mm to 9,5 mm: up to two values;
above 9,5 mm to 24 mm: up to one value.
33
© BSI 15 March 2004BS EN 1435:1997
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|
3709.pdf
|
IS : 3299 - 1966
t Reed 1966 )
Indian Standard
SPECIFICATION FOR
MASTIC CEMENT FOR BEDDING OF
METAL WINDOWS
( Second Reprint 1)ECEMBER 196tJ)
UDC 666.894:691.58
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MAR0
NEW DELHI 110002
er 2 November I%6Indi.an Standard
SPECIFICATION FOR
MASTIC CEMENT FOR BEDDING OF
METAL WINDOWS
Paints and Allied Products Sectional Commitfee, CDC 8
Chairman Reprwniing
SHBI W. E. NOBBIS Goodlass Nerolac Paints Private Ltd, Bombay
Vice-Chairman
SHBI S. S. NAYUDV Solar Paint & Varnish Manufacturing Co, Calcutta
Saax H. N. RAMAOEAB( Al&mate to
Shri W. E. Norris )
DB J. S. A~~AX~WAL . Regional Research Laboratory ( CX IR ), Hyderabad
SHBI M. A. SIVASAMBAN( A~lurnak 1
SERI P. C. CEANDA P. 6. Chanda & Co Ltd, Calcutta
S&r K. K. CHOWDHBY Minbtry of Defence ( R & D )
SHBI I. D. SINGE ( AItemute )
SEBI B. K. DAS GU~TA Ministry of Defence ( R & D )
SHRI I. D. SINQH (s41f6mak)
SHBI R. C. DAS GOPTA National Te6t House, Calcutta
.%a~ S. K. BOSE ( Ak6ma~6)
DEPVTY DII~XITO~ RESJ~AB~E Railway Board ( Ministry of Railways)
( CEEMICAL~)
SSSI L. R. FIALEO ( AltUntclt6)
DIRECTOR Indian Lac Research Institute, Ranchi
SENIORS OIsNTIBIOU ppX7sB ( AllUTnot6 )
DIBEOTO~ OF SOIENTIII~ RIG- Naval Headausrten
SEAsaH (N AVY )
SHBI K. S. GANESAN The HH~z~r~\xl Allwyn Metal Work6 Ltd,
Y
S~sr Isaw~a SINGE ( Alternab )
Ds JOSEPH GEOR~~D Central Building Research Institute ( CSIR ), Roorkee
SHRI G. W. KATIE ( Ak6mUt6)
SHBI R. R. HILZ I. p. I. (India) Private Ltd, Calcutta
SHBI J. HONAX (Al&mat%)
SHBXT . K. S. MANI Addisons Psint6 and Chemical6 Ltd, Madras
SH~I M. B. SATYANABAYANA( AitU??t6iU)
SEBI K. MAD-VAN NAIB Travsncore Titanium Product6 Ltd, Trivandnm
SHRI B. RAMA MVBTHI ( &7rsatu )
SH~I P. G. V. RAB~ANAN Indian Alwniaiuka Co Ltd, Galcutta
SEBI M. PEIL~~ ( Altrmab )
( Continudon p0sr 2 :
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MAR0
NEW DELHI 110002IS:37O!l-1966
( continud jhn pap 1)
Mambns R6jw656nting
SEBI M. N. RAO Indian Paint Association, Calcutta
SBBI B. V. DALAL (Alternate)
Sam IL K. ROKADE The Premier Automobiles Ltd, Bombay
Da H. A. !hAH Development Commissioner, Small Scale Industries
SHEI K. N. R. SHABMA Directorate General of Technical Development
SUPERINTENDINGS nsvpuo~ op Central Public Works Department, New Delhi
WOBKS (I)
SwvmYoa or WOBKS (I) ( Almut6)
DE SAWOPAL, Director General, BIS ( E.&~&J hfembar)
Director ( Chem )
i$6CT6h&S
SEBI M. S. SAUNA
Deputy Director ( Chem ), BIS
SEBI C. D. ANAND
Aasistant Director ( Chem ), BIS
Finished Products Subcommittee, CDC 8 : 6
Convksncr
SHBIS.S.NAYUDO Solar Paint & Varnish Manufacturing Co, Calcutta
Mmnbsrs
SEBI P. K. ADEIXABI Jenson and Nicholson ( India ) Ltd, ‘Calcutta
DE J. S. AWAECWAL Regional Research Laboratory ( CSIR ), Hyderabad
S~IU M. A. SIVA~AXBAN ( Al&r&a )
SERI N. S. BFIA~ATIA Indian Paint Association, Calcutta
Da P. K. BBANDABI ( Altmut6 )
of
SEBI K. K. CHOW~HBY Ministry Defence (R & D )
SH~I B. K. Dm GIJPTA ( hmut6 )
SHEI R. C. DAS GTLPTA National Test House, *Calcutta
DEPDTY DIBEOTO~ RE~SABCE Railway Board ( Mmutry of Railways )
( CHEW)
SHBI V. L. MEHENDALE Ministry of Defence ( R & D )
SHRXM . N. RAO Indian Paint Association, Calcutta
SEW H. N. RAMAOHA~ ( .dkrnut6)
2IS:37090196c
Indian Standard
Sl?ECIFICATION FOR
MASTIC CEMENT FOR BEDDING OF
METAL WINDOWS
0. FOREWORD
0.1T his Indian standard was adopted by the Indian Standards Institution
on 30 July 1966, after the draft finalized by the Paints and Allied Products
Sectional Committee had been approved by the Chemical Division Council.
0.2 Mastic cement is used for bedding one metal window into another; for
bedding metal windows into wooden frames; or for bedding metal frames
into masonry or concrete. An Indian Standard specification stipulating
the minimum quality requirements of this material, it was felt, would help
in the proper development of this product. Mastic cement is required to
ensure satisfactory adhesion to wood, masonry, concrete and metal. Apart
from this, it is expected to be suitable for taking paint without lifting,
bleeding or cracking. The setting and keeping properties of the material *
are also important.
0.3 The Sectional Committee felt the need to prescribe tests for flexibility
and its retention in this standard. However, in the absence of any standard-
ized procedure for the same, it was decided that these tests may be
considered for inclusion when complete details are available.
0.4 This standard is one of the series of Indian Standard specifications on
fillers, stoppers and putties. Other specifications printed so far in the
series are:
*IS : 1 lo-1950 Ready mixed paint, brushing, grey filler, for enamels
IS : 345-1952 Wood filler, transparent, liquid
*IS : 419-1953 Putty, for use on wooden frames
IS : 420-1953 Putty, for use on metal frames
IS : 421.1953 Jointing paste, for bedding moulding on coaching stock
IS : 423-1961 Plastic wood, for joiners filler ( revised )
IS : 426-1961 Paste filler, for colour coats ( revised )
IS : 2468-1963 Whiting for paints
0.5 For the purpose of deciding whether a particular requirement of this
standard is complied with, the final value, observed or calculated, express-
ing the result of a test or analysis, shall be rounded off in accordance with
IS : 2-19607. The number of significant places retained in the rounded off
,value should be the same as that of thespecified value in this standard,
*Since revised.
t Rules for rounding off numerical values ( revised 1.
3IS t 3799 - 1966
1. SCOPE
1.1 This standard prescribes the requirements and the methods of sampling
and test for mastic cement for bedding of metal windows. The material la
intended for application by hand or with a putty knife.
2. TERMINOLOGY
2.1 For the purpose of this standard, the definitions given in IS : 1303*1963*
shall apply.
3. REQUIREMENTS
3.1 Description -The material shall be in the form of a homogeneous
aste, which, after working in the hands, shall have a good plastic quality.
% he material shall work readily and smoothly under a knife without
crumbling or cracking and without sticking unduly to hand or knife.
3.2 Composition - The material shall consist of ingredients mixed in the
proportions specified below:
Percent by Weight
Whiting ( in accordance with 3.2.1) 80 to 85
Oils ( in accordance with 3.2.2) 15 to 20
3.2.1 Whiting - The whiting used shall conform to IS : 63-1964t. Up
to 10 percent of whiting may by replaced by asbestos fibrous powder. One
to two percent of this whiting shall be replaced by yellow ochre
(see IS : 47-1950$ ) to distinguish it from putty for fixing glass on metal
frames.
3.2.2 Oils- The oils shall consist of a mixture of 85 percent of raw
linseed oil ( conforming to IS : 75-1950s ) and 15 percent pf castor oil
( conforming to IS : 435- 195411 )
3.3 Adhesion - The material shall satisfactorily adhere to wood, masonry
and concrete as well as to metal frames of painted or etched galvanized
steel, or pre-treated ahrminium.
3.4 Water Cootent - The material shall contain not more than 0.5 percent
of water, when determined by the method prescribed in 10 of IS : 85-19509.
3.3 Setting Properties -The material, when tested as prescribed
in 3.5.1 shall show no cracks of sagging or the film and shall remain plastic,
*Glossary of terms relating to paints (revised).
tSpecification for whiting for paints ( revised) .
&Specification for ochre for paints.
@pecification for linseed oil, raw, for paints.
1lSpecification for castor oil.
IMethods of test for oil pastes for paints.
43.5.1 Spread the material to the thickness of 5 to 6 mm on a 300 x 300
mm mild steel plate of approximately 2.5 mm thickness and allow it to
remain in a vertical position .under standard atmospheric conditions
( see IS : 196-1966* ) for 7 days. Note cracks or sagging of the fiIm, if any,
on the mild steel plate.
3.6 Keeping Properties - When stored under cover in a dry place in the
original sealed container under normal tem’perature conditions, the material
shall not cake or harden in the container but shall retain the above
properties for six months after the date of manufacture, which shall be
subsequent to the date of placing the contract.
4. PAGKING MD MARKING
4.1 Packing - Unless otherwise agreed to between the purchaser and the
supplier, the material shall be packed in metal containers ccnforming to
IS : 2134-1962t.
4.2 Marking - The containers shall be marked with name of the material;
manufacturer’s name and trade-mark, if any; weight of the material; batch
number and month and year of manufacture.
4.21 The containers may also be marked with the Standard Mark
NOTE - The use of the Standard Mark is governed by the provisions of the
Bureau of Indian Standards Act, 1986 and the Rules and Regulations made there-
under. The Standard Mark on products covered by an Indian Standard conveys
the assurance that they have been produced to comply with the requirements of that
standard under a well defined system of inspection, testing and quality control
which is devised and supervised by BIS and operated by the producer. Standard
marked products are also continuously checked by BIS for conformity to that
standard as a fuither safeguard. Details- of conditions under which a license for
the use of the Standard Mark may be granted to manufacturers or producers may
he obtained from the Bureau of Indian Standards.
4.3 Other details of packing and marking shall be in accordance with the
instructions given by the purchaser.
5. SAMPLING
3.1 Preparation of Test Sample --Representative samples of the
material shall be drawn as prescribed under 3 of IS : ,85-19504.
5.2 Number of Tests -Tests for all characteristics specified shall .be
conducted on the composite sample.
*Atmosphericc onditionsf or testing (~&sad).
tSpeeifieation for round tins for generaI purposes.
$Methodso f test for oil pastes for paints.
5$3 Criteria for Conformity - The lot shall be considered as conform-
ing to the specification, if the composite sample satisfies all the requirements
specified in the standard.
6. TEST METHODS
6.1 Tests shall be conducted according to the methods prescribed in
IS : 8%1950* and in 3.3,3.5 and 3.6 of this standard. Reference to relevant
clause of IS : 85-1950+ is given in 3.4.
6.2 Quality of Reagents- Unless specified otherwise, pure chemicals
and distilled water (see IS : 1070-196Ot ) shall be employed in tests.
NOTE - ‘ Pure chemicals ’ shall mean chemicals that do not contain impurities which
affect the results of analybis.
*Methods of test for oil pastes for paints.
tSpecification for water, distilled quality (retied). (Since revised 1.
6-_____ .
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
Headquarters :
Manak Bhavan, 9 Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg, NEW DELHI 110002
Telephones : 3 31 01 31, 3 31 13 75 Telegrams : Manaksanstha
( Common to all Offices 1
Regional Offices : Telephone
*Western ; Manakalaya, E9 MIDC, Marol, Andheri ( East ). 6 32 92 95
BOMBAY 400093
tEastern : l/14 C. I. T. Scheme Vii M, V. I. P. Road, 36 24 99
Maniktola, CALCUTTA 700054
Northern : SC0 445-446, Sector 35-C 21843
CHANDlGARH 160036 { 3i641
Southern : C. I. T. Campus, MADRAS 600113 41 24 42
I 41 25 19
141 2916
Branch Offices :
PuShpak, Nurmohamed Shaikh Marg, Khanpur, 2 63 48
AHMADABAD 380001 C 2 63 49
‘F’ Block, Unity Bldg, Narasimharaja Square, 22 48 05
BANGALORE 560002
Gangotri Complex, 5th Floor, Bhadbhada Road, T. T. Nagar, 6 27 16
BHOPAL 462033
Plot No. 82183, Lewis Road, BHUBANESHWAR 751002 5 36 27
53/5 Ward No. 29, R. G. Barua Road,
-
5th Byelane. GUWAHATl 781003
5-8-56C L N. Gupta Marg. (Nampally Station Road), 22 10 83
HYDERABAD 500001
R14 Yudhister Marg, C Scheme, JAI PUR 302005 6 34 71
( -6 98 32
117/4188 Sarvodaya Nagar, KANPUR 208005 21 68 76
21 82 92
Patliputra lnduatrial Estate, PATNA 800013 6 23 05
Hantex Bldg ( 2nd Floor ), Rly Station Road, 52 27
TRIVANDRUM 695001
Inspection Office ( With Sale Point ):
institution of Engineers ( india ) Building. 1332 Shivaji Nagar. 5 24 35
PUNE 410005
*Sales Office in Bombay is at Novelty Chambers, Grant Road, 89 65 28
Bombay 400007
tSales Office in Calcutta is at 6 Chowringhee Approach. P. 0. Princrp 27 68 00
Strn. Calcutta 700072
Reprography Unit, BIS, New Delhi, India
|
14793.pdf
|
IS 14793 : 2000
Indian Standard
CODE OF PRACTICE FOR INS~TALLATION,
MAINTENANCE AND OBSERVATION OF THE
INSTRUMENTS FOR VIBRATION STUDIES OTHER
THAN EARTHQUAKES
ICS 17.160;93.160
0 BIS2000
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG
NEW DELHI 110002
May 2000
Price Group 4Hydraulic Structures Instrumentation Sectional Committee, WRD 16
FOREWORD
This Indian Standard~was adopted by the Bureau of Indian Standards, after the draft finalized by the Hydraulic
Structures Instrumentation Sectional Committee had been approved by the Water Resources Division Council.
The vibrations may be measured as displacement, velocity or acceleration with the help of displacement gauges,
velocity pick-ups and accelerometers respectively. Displacement measurements require a stable reference structure
close to the vibrating structure and it may be many a times impracticable to have one especially for hydraulic
structures. Velocity pick-ups suffer from poor response to high frequency vibrations and are bulky for certain
applications. The accelerometers hence are the most preferred. They are proven in respect of versatility, ruggedness,
accuracy and dynamic response. Accelerometers employ piezoelectric elements, force balance techniques or
strain gauge based elements. Therefore, the signal conditioners suitable for the particular type of accelerometers
have to be provided. As regards data recording and data analysis a computerized signal analyzer with sufficient
disk storage capacity completely replaces the earlier techniques of recording on multi-channel instrumentation
tape recorders and analyzing on a tunable band pass filter type frequency analyzers. Battery operated signal
analyzers are common now-a-days.
This standard covers requirements of the accelerometers, signal conditioning and signal processing equipment
for the application of vibration studies.
For the purpose of deciding whether a particular requirement ofthis standard is complied with, the final value,
observed or calculated expressing the result of test or analysis, shall be rounded off in accordance with IS 2 : 1960
‘Rules for rounding off numerical values ( revised)‘. The number of significant places retained in the rounded off
value should be the same as that of the specified value in this standard.IS 14793 : 2000
India-n Standard
CODE OF PRACTICE FOR INSTALLATION,
MAINTENANCE AND OBSERVATION OF THE
INSTRUMENTS FOR VIBRATION STUDIES OTHER
THAN EARTHQUAKES
1 SCOPE The charge output of accelerometer is independent
of cable length however the voltage output depends
Vibration studies are conducted on hydraulic machines
upon the cable length.Therefore, the charge output
viz. pumps, hydro-turbines, on civil structures viz.
is preferred and hence the amplifier associated with
dams, divide walls, bridges, power houses, foundations
piezoelectric accelerometer is invariably a charge
and on other parts viz. gates, penstocks, trash-racks,
amplifier. Accelerometer sensitivity is generally of
etc. This standard recommends a versatile combination
the order of 10 pcfmfs.
of the instruments essential for observation of
vibrations arising from sources other than earthquake 2.1.2.2 Frequency response
that is flow induced and operations of the machine.
The frequency response is defined as the variation
It further covers the details on installation of
of accelerometer signal with reference to frequency
accelerometers and procedure for observations of
of a sinusoidal vibration. The accelerometer signal
the vibration with the help of associated instrumentation
is fairly constant over the desired frequency range.
containing signal conditioner and signal processor.
The natural resonance frequency of an accelerometer
2 INSTRUMENTATION corresponds with natural frequency of the seismic
mass. Up to a frequency of 1/5th of the natural
2.1 Accelerometers
resonance frequency the variation in accelerometer
signal is generally within 6 percent.
2.1.1 Constructional Details
On the lower end of the frequency spectrum rather
There are number of technologies which have
than accelerometer the charge amplifier’s frequency
produced accelerometers, however the technology
response becomes the limiting factor. The phase
employing piezoelectric material develops an electrical
response is one of the significant characteristics in
charge when subjected to dynamic stresses. In a
respect of transient and shock performance of the
piezoefectric accelerometer, a heavy mass (seismic
accelerometer. The upper frequency limitation should
mass) preloaded by a shift spring, rests on the stack
be minimum of 1000 Hz and beyond.
of piezoelectric discs. When the assembly is subjected
to vibration the mass exerts a dynamic force on the
2.1.2.3 Dynamic range
disc which develops a variable charge proportional
to force and hence to acceleration. Figure 1 shows The dynamic range is the range of magnitudes of
constructional details of an accelerometer. accelerations over which the accelerometer output
is directly proportional to the acceleration amplitude
2.1.2 Performance Characteristics
applied. The lower magnitude is limited by the
mounting, cable length, environmental conditions
2.1.2.1 Sensitivity
and amplifier noise level. The higher magnitude for
A piezoelectric accelerometer is electrically analogous continuous accelerations is much higher than the
to a capacitor shunted by a high resistance and also accelerations encountered in practice.
a voltage source or a charge source. The piezoelectric
2.1.2.4 Sensitivity of accelerometers to unwanted
accelerometer thus has two sensitivities viz. charge
parameters
sensitivity and voltage sensitivity. The voltage
sensitivity is expressed as mv/m/s and charge
The accelerometers are also sensitive to many other
sensitivity as pc/m/s. These two are related by,
unwanted physical parameters viz. temperature, sound,
strain at the base surface, magnetism and transverse
Charge sensitivity
Voltage = accelerations. These sensitivities cause error in
sensitivity Accelerometer capacitance + measurements. The acceptable sensitivities on these
Cable capacitance accounts are as follows:IS 14793 : 2000
HOUSING
- SPRING
-MASS
PIEZOELECTRIC DISCS
*OUTPUT TERMINAL
BASE
GENERAL PURPOSE ACCELEROMETER
PREAMPLiFIER
SEISMIC MASS
HOUSING
PIEZOELECTRJC DISCS
CONNECTORS
HIGH SENSITIVITY ACCELEROMETER
FIG.~~C ONSTRUCTIONDAELT AILSO FA CCELEROMETER
Temperature sensitivity 1 pc/“C built in battery pack. Figure 2 shows schematic of a
Acoustic sensitivity 0.01 pc at 154 db sound signal conditioner.
pressure level
2.2.2 Performance Characteristics
Surface strain sensitivity 0.03 pc/microstrain
Magnetic sensitivity 10 pc/Tesla magnetism 2.2.2.1 AmpliJication
Transverse sensitivity 4 percent
The gain of the amplifier is expressed in mv/pc and
2.2 Signal Conditioner with 1 mv/pc gain termed as 0 db, amplifier with gain
variation ofthe order of 100 db is required.
2.2.1 Configurational Details
2.2.2.2 Frequency response
The signal conditioner comprises of electronic circuits
comprising of the preamplifier as charge amplifier, The frequency response of the signal conditioner is
low pass-high pass filters runs, integrators and adjusted by means of the low pass and high pass
peak detectors, etc. These circuits are built around filter9 associated with the amplifier. The low frequency
operational amplifiers. The frequency response and cut off at &nimtim 0.2 Hz and high frequency cut-off
gains of amplifier, choice of acceleration, velocity at mi$mum 1 000 Hz or beyond is required for the
and displacement are switch selectable. Signal applications. The fi!ter ro,ll off, ofthe order of minimum
conditioner is provided with meter indication for RMS, 12 db/octave is required for sufficient re_jection of
peak values and is~powered through line supply or unwanted frequencies.
2TRANSDUCER SENSITIVITY
S - SPRING
M - MASS
P - PIEZOELECTRIC
ELEMENT
B _ BASE
FIG. 2 PIEZOELECTRAICCC ELEROMETAENRD SIGNALC ONDITIONER
2.2.2.3 Integration phenomenon would be random in nature to assess,
its measurement needs to be carried out and measure-
The output of preamplifier corresponding to
ment data analysed on line. The earlier vibration
acceleration is integrated to produce output
measuring equipment contained an electronic tunable
corresponding to velocity which when integrated in
band pass filter and frequency spectrum strip chart
turn produces output corresponding to displacement.
recorder connected to the accelerometer and the signal
These integrators are, in fact, a pair of-20 db/octave
conditioner. The signal conditioner with meter indica-
cut-off low pass filters so that they produce outputs
tion still prevails owing to suitability for routine
exactly corresponding to velocity and displacement.
monitoring applications. However, the electronic band
These filters are built around operational amplifier
bass filter and frequency spectrum recorder have now
as active filter for good accuracies.
been replaced by computerised signal processor
2.2.2.4 Meter indication equipment. This standard elaborates only the signal
processor, being relevant today.
The signal conditioner should be provided with
panel meter indication of the vibration parameters 2.3.2 Configurational Details
for on-line monitoring and would also be helpful
The signal processor is an microcomputer based
for setting up of instruments for experiments involving
equipment. It essentially consists of analog input
analyzers. The meter indication is both RMS and peak
section, CPU, CRT display, floppy drives and output
value selectable. The crest factor for RMS detector
section and~keys to perform various functions under
should be less than 3 and the time constant for the
microprocessor control. The microcomputer with the
RMS as well as peak detector should be in the range
help of stored programmes and functional keys controls
of I to 10 seconds : the operation of the equipment besides conducting
2.2.2.5 Dynamic range the signal processing. A multi-channel inputs two or
four channel versions with multiple~display is required
The amplifier gain should be switch selectable, each for the application. Figure 3 shows schematic of a
setting corresponding to combination of range and signal processor.
sensitivity. The dynamic range would be most affected
by noise level at the low end for the maximum sensitivity. The recorder should have a filter for cancellation
A dynamic range of the order of minimum 50 dB would of electrical noise which is common in most power
be required. plants and at blasting sites. The recorder should have
RS-232 port for data transfer.
2.3 Signal Processor
2.3.3 Performance Characteristics
2.3.1 Evolution
2.3.3.1 Analog input characteristics
The aim of vibration measurements should be to assess
peak or RMS value of~the vibration parameters and A multi-channel (two or four channels), direct coupled
the frequency at which they occur. Since the vibration inputs for simultaneous data acquisition is required.
3INPUT
INTERFACE FOR
PLomR PRINTER
6 DISK DRIVES
FRONT PANEL
CONTROLS 6
FIG. 3 SCHEMATICO F SIGNALP RWESSOR
The inputs are direct coupled so that the lowest should be stored on floppy diskettes/hard disk and
frequency in the measured vibrations not be limited. should be presented on a plotter or printer.
The input impedance of the order of mega ohms or
3 POINTS OF VIBRATION MEASUREMENTS
greater and frequency response beyond 1 000 Hz is
required for the applications. The input section needs The vibration measurements are not always possible
to contain an antialiasing filter with facility for selection on the most pertinent parts viz. runner bhdes or wicket
of cut off frequency with keys. gates of a hydro-turbine, bearings in rotating -parts
or flapper of a valve, etc. Therefore, bearing housing,
2.3.3.2 Analysis functions
valve body, etc, are considered measurement points.
The following analysis functions are often required For measurement of gate vibrations and penstock
in vibration assessment work. vibrations, the accelerometers are installed directly
on them for example, on a centrally placed girder of
4 Amplitudes and peaks in time domain.
the gate.
b) Instantaneous and average frequency spectrum,
For vibrations measurement on bridges, bridge piers,
cross spectrum, coherence, transfer function,
power houses, divide walls, etc, the points selected
power spectral density.
are generally at the centre of the walls, centre of girders,
cl Orbits, nyquist diagrams, probability density unsupported ends, etc, regardless of response of the
functions. auto-correlation, cross-correlation, structure to periodic or random stimuli. However, an
time averaging. approximate estimate of the response of the structure
helps in deciding the points of measurement.
4 Arithmetic and calculus functions.
4 INSTALLATION METHODS
2.3.3.3 Other processing facilities
a> 4.1 Mounting Methods for Accelerometers
Weighting functions for frequency spectrum.
b) Transient capture and storage with preset 4.1.1 Adhesive Mounting
delays.
The simplest method of accelerometer mounting is
cl Selection of frequency range and amplitude by sticking it to the object with the help of double
range. sided adhesive disk or bees wax. Due to softening
of the adhesive the contact ofaccelerometer with
4 Display formatting with markers, cursors, text
the object may be detached and also the adhesive
editing, etc.
method of mounting needs smooth, clean, oil-free
e) Manual control by keyboard and disk data surface-ofthe object which may not always be available.
processing.
4.1.2 Mounting Threads
2.3.3.4 Storage and presentation of results
The securemost mounting is possible by threading
The results of processing available on CRT display the accelerometer to the test object. The accelerometer
41s 14793: 2000
manufacturers always provide them with a threaded 4.1.3 Water-Proofing of a Mounting
hole at the base and accessories such as mounting
In case the point selected is underwater or is likely
studs or mounting magnets with matching threaded
to be subjected to splashes of water, the accelerometer
protrusions at the top. For installations on metallic
mounting needs to be made waterproof with a
object mounting with the help of magnets would
waterproof housing onto it, through which the
suffice. The vibrations in two (X, Y) or three directions
connecting cables are taken out. Figure 5 shows a
(X, Y. Z) at point are to be measured either with a
recommended arrangement for the purpose.
three directional accelerometer or by threading three
unidirectional accelerometers on a mild steel cube 4.2 Equipment Locations and Cable Layouts
welded to the part.
The signal conditioner/amplifier, signal processor,
For measurements on concrete parts a mild steel piece plotter/printer should be kept in an enclosed shade
with threaded hole is grouted into the concrete with having mains power connections, from which cables
the help of foundation bolts and the accelerometers should be laid up to the measurement point. The
are mounted by means of studs. Figure 4 shows laying out cable plays an important part in the
mounting methods for accelerometers. accelerometer mountings as cable whips contribute
STUD MOUNTING
ISOLATED STUD MOUNTING
THIN LAYER
OF BEES WAX
MOUNTING WITH WAX
DOUBLE 8IDED
ADHESIVED ISC MOUf4TlNGwmCADHE8lVE
DISC
MAGNET MOUNTING
CLAMPING ACCELEROMETER
CABLE TO MINIMISE NOISE
FIG. 4 METHODS OF ACCELEROMETER INSTALLATIONWATER PROOFING BY ADHESIVE SEALING
CONNECTION WIRES
ACCELEROMETER
NEOPRENE RUBBER O-RING
FIG. 5 WATERP ROOFH OUSINGF ORA CCELEROMETER
to error in measurements arising from introduction 5.3 Measurement Procedures
of unwanted electrical inputs into the signal
5.3.1 Measurement Conditions
conditioning amplifier. The connecting cable should
therefore be kept attached to the test objects end, The vibrations change according to various conditions
and as far as possible not let free so that whipping to which the test part is subjected, for example gate
due to wind should be avoided, as shown in Fig. 4. openings, electrical load on machine. For each different
condition the signal validity may be checked as
5 EXPERIMENTALDATACOLLECTION
mentioned in 5.2 for the procedure for instrument
5.1 Pre-measurement Calibration check-up.
The accelerometer and amplifier performance 5.3.2 Measurement Time
characteristics are generally stable. These, however,
A portable signal processor conducts on-line analysis.
should be checkedeven on site. This should be carried
However, the record time selection should be limited.
out by reciprocity method for accelerometer using
The frequency range, the frequency resolution and
a standard accelerometer, miniature vibration source
record length are interrelated as follows:
and sensitivity comparator, and for charge amplifier
by charge simulation method using a calibrator T = l/f,
producing known charge and a digital voltmeter.
where T = record time,
5.2 Instrument Check-Up f, = frequency resolution
=
Having completed the installation of accelerometers (2.56xF,JlNt,
and having made electrical connections of the
where
equipment before data collection, a thorough
FM==m aximum anticipated
instrument check is very essential. Considering the
frequency of vibrations
sources of vibrations, these would be repetitive
in nature and signal validity checks could be easily N, = samples in time
carried out during this phase. The following require
5.3.3 Recording Observations
special attention:
The records of the measurements conducted should
a) To ensure that the mains supply frequency
be kept in a tabular form. The table should bear at the
(50 Hz pick-up, DC off-set and low frequency
head all the pertinent details for example, reservoir
variations should be minimum possible to an
level, condition of gates, machine speed, head on
extent that does not affect measurement results.
machines, load, etc, and date and time of experiment.
b) The sensitivity ranges should be selected to In case of simultaneous measurements on a number
accommodate the signal within dynamic range of channels, all the locations form the columns and
of the instruments. measurement conditions form the rows. Many sub.-
conditions within a condition are possible for example,
Figure 6 shows instrument set-up for vibration
a load on hydro-turbine with other unit at different
measurements.
6IS 14793 : 2000
,r~------_--,, (
CHARGE AMPLIFIER \ I
INTEGRATERS RMS
INDICATOR ‘I
\
I\
I\
t
MULTI CHANNEL IL, MULTI CHANNEL
MANY SUCH CHAINS AS PER REQUIRED NUMBER INSTRUMENTATION SIGNAL PROCESSOR
TAPS RECORDER MEMORY
_------_-
USED AT SITE FOR REAL TIME ANALYSIS
I
’ OPTlONAL IF ANALYSIS IS TO BE 1
CARRIED OUT IN lABORATORY 1
I AND NOT AT SITE
I I
FIG. 6 INSTRUMENSTE T-UP FORV IBRATIONA ND PRESSUREP ULSATIONM EASUREMENTS
load conditions. Entries should be made in this record during
observations for,
It is possible that the readings are not taken
simultaneously or in the order indicated by this table a) actual parameters value while using indicating
due to operational constraints or equipment limitations, instrument, and
therefore each condition and sub-condition as well
b) file names, diskette identification numbers while
as the points of measurements may be dated and
using signal processor.
time marked.
Figure 7 shows a typical record of observations
NAME OF PROJECT :
DATE :
RESERVOIR LEVEL :
TAIL RACE LEVEL :
UNIT NO. ;
GATE OPENING :
MACHINE SPEEO :
/
BEARING: BEARING:
VERTICAL NORIZONlAl.
FIG. 7 A TYPICALV IBRATIONM EASUREMENRT ECORDBureau of Indian Standards
BIS is a statutory institution established under~the Bureau oflndian Standards Act, 1986 to promote harmonious
development of the activities of standardization, marking and quality certification of goods and attending to
connected matters in the country.
Copyright
BIS has the copyright of all its publications. No part of these publications may be reproduced in any form without
the prior permission in writing of BIS. This does not preclude the free use, in the course of implementing the
standard, of necessary details, such as symbols and sizes, type or grade designations. Enquiries relating to
copyright be addressed to the Director (Publications), BIS.
Review of Indian Standards
Amendments are issued to standards as the need arises on the basis of comments. Standards are also reviewed
periodically; a standard along with amendments is reaffirmed when suchreview indicatesthat no changes are
needed; if the review indicates that changes are needed, it is taken up for revision. Users of Indian Standards
should ascertain that they are in possession of the latest amendments or edition by referring to the latest issue
of ‘BIS Handbook’ and ‘Standards : Monthly Additions’.
This Indian Standard has been developed from Dot : No. WRD l-6 ( 181 ).
Amendments Issued Since Publication
Amend No. Date of Issue Text Affected
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
Headquarters:
Manak Bhavan, 9 Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg, New Delhi 110002 Telegrams: Manaksanstha
Telephones : 323 01 31, 323 94 02, 323 33 75 ( Common to -
all offices )
Regional Offices: Telephone
Central : Manak Bhavan, 9 Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg 323 76 17
NEW DELHI 110002 323 384:
Eastern : l/14 C. I. T. Scheme VII M, V. I. P. Road,~Maniktola I 337 84 99, 337 85 62
CALCUTTA 700054 337 86 26, 337 86 62
Northern : SC0 335-336, Sector 34-A, CHANDIGARH 160022 1 603843
60 20 25
Southern : C. I. T. Campus, IV Cross Road, CHENNAI 600113 23502 16,2350442
235 15 19,235 23 15
Western : Manakalaya, E9 MIDC, Marol, Andheri (East) 8329295,8327858
MUMBAI 400093 832 78 91,832 78 92
Branches : AHMADABAD. BANGALORE. BHOPAL. BHUBANESHWAR.
COIMBATORE. FARIDABAD. GHAZIABAD. GUWAHATI. HYDERABAD. JAIPUR.
KANPUR. LUCKNOW. NAGPUR. PATNA. PUNE. THIRUVANANTHAPURAM.
Printed at New India Printing Press. Khurja, India
|
1070.pdf
|
IS 1078 : 1992
Indian Standard
REAGENT GRADE WATER-SSPBCTFICATION
( Third Revision)
-
Second Reprint NOVEMBER 1996
UDC 663.634
0 BIS 1992
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG
NEW DELHI 110002
September 1992 Price Group 2Water Sectional Committee, CHD 013
FOREWORD
This Indian S tandard ( Third Revision ) was adopted by the Bureau of Indian Standards, after the
draft finalized by Water Sectional Committee had been approved by the Chemical Division Couocil.
This Indian Standard was first issued in 1957 concerning water purified by thermal distillation only. It
was revised in 1960 in which water purified by other methods also were incorporated. In the light of
work carried out at the international level, this standard was again revised in 1977 incorporating the
requirements for residue on ignition and specific conductivity.
Based on the experience gained over the years, the technical committee responsible for the formulation
of this standard decided to revise it again to cover different grades of reagent water used for different
purposes and also to align it with IS0 3696 : 1987 ‘Water for analytical laboratory use - Specification
and test methods’ on this subject. In this revision, limits for three grades of water depending on their
end use have been specified and the characteristics have also been suitably modified.
The requirements for chlorides, sulphates, ammonia, calcium, magnesium and heavy metals are more
broadly reflected by the requirement electrical conductivity and therefore need not be covered separat-
ely for convenience and simplicity. The requirement for silica content has been incorporated as it is a
significant parameter for evaluation of reagent grade water.
It is important to prepare in the laboratory or purchase from outside, the reagent grade water to be
used for dilution of reagents and blank analysis. Generally reagent grade water means the distilled or
de-ionized water with no detectable amount of the compound or the element to be analysed at the
detection limit of analytical procedure.
Distillation removes water miscible organics and ionizable inorganic impurities, as well as colloidal
solids from water. The quality of resulting distillate varies wnh the original source of the water, the
materral from which distillation apparatus was constructed and the number of distillations. Generally
metal stills yield a product inferior to that obtained from borosilicate glass or vitreous silica. Multiple
distillations from vitreous/silica usually required to obtain high purity water which is also relatively
from organic traces.
Distillation, de-ionization, reverse osmosis ail can produce reagent water in suitable arrangement to
obtain the desired quality of water.
For the purpose of deciding whether a particular requirement of this standard is complied with, the
final value, observed or calculated, expressing the result of a test or analysis, shall be rounded off in
accordance with IS 2 : 1960 ‘Rules for rounding off numerical values ( revised)‘. The number of signi-
ficant places retained in the rounded off value should be the same as that of the specified value in this
standard.IS 1070 : 1992
Indian Standard
REAGENTGRADEWATER-SPECIFICATION
( Third Revision )
1 SCOPE Grade 2 : For use in the general laboratory
analytical procedures where freedom from
1.1 This standard prescribes requirements and organic impurities is of more significance. It is
methods of test for reagent grade water for not applicable for biological or medical analysis
laboratory use. General guidelines for storage and organic trace analysis.
of the reagent water are also given.
Grade 3 : For use in washing of glasswares,
1.2 It does not cover water for biological or preliminary rinsing of glassware and feed water
medical and organic trace analysis. for production of higher grade waters or where
large quantity of water is required of low purity
2 REFERENCES for make up of synthetic test solutions.
The following Indian Standards are necessary 4 REQUIREMENTS
adjuncts to this standard:
IS hTo. Title 4.1 Description
3025 Methods of sampling and The material shall be suitably treated by thermal
( Part 1’ ) : 1983 test ( physical and chemical ) distillation or ion exchange method and purified
for wa’ter and wastewater: subsequently if necessary. It shall be clear,
Part 11 pH value ( Jirst colourless, odourless and tasteless.
revision )
4.2 The material shall also comply with tlie
3050 Methods of sampling and requirements given in Table 1.
( ‘Par?. 4) : 1984 test ( physical and chemical )
for water and wastewater : 5 STORAGE
Part 14 Specific conductance
( wheatstone bridge, conduc- 5.1 Contamination of water during storage may
tance cell ) (first revision ) arise mainly from dissolution of suitable
constituents from glass or plastic containers or
3025 Methods of sampling and
absorption of atmospheric carbon dioxide and
( Part 15 ) : 1984 test ( physical and chemical )
or any other impurities present in the laboratory
for water and wastewater :
atmosphere. For this reason, the storage of
Part 15 Total residue ( total
grade 1 and grade 2 water is not recommended.
solids-dissolved and suspend-
It is desirable to prepare, as required for imme-
ed ) (first revision )
diate use.
3025 Methods of sampling and
( Part 35 ) : 1988 test (physical and chemical ) NOTE - In case it is required to store grade 1 and
grade 2 water it can be done with proper storage
for water and wastewater :
systems having carbon dioxide breather and with seal
Part 35 Silica (first revision ) arrangement.
4905 : 1968 Methods for random sampl- However, grade 2 water may be prepared in
ing reasonable quantity and stored in suitable, inert,
clear, tight full containers which have been
3 GRADES thoroughly pre-washed with water of same
grade.
The reagent grade water shall be of the following
threegrades depending on their extent of purity: The storage of grade 3 water possess little
problem, and should be stored in containers that
Grade 1 : For use in test methods requiring
do not affect the quality for the desired purpose.
minimum interference and maximum precision
Let the containers and storage conditions should
and accuracy such as trace analysis. Reagent
be the same as those used for the storage of
water may be prepared by distillation of feed
grade 2 water.
water having maximum conductivity of 20
ymhos/cm at 25°C followed by polishing with
NOTE - It is recommended that storage container
mixed bed deionizers and passage through 0.45
be reserved exclusively for the storage of grade 3
pm membrane filter. water.
1IS 1070 : 1992
Table 1 Requirement for Reagent Grade Water
( Clause 4.2 )
Sl No. Characteristic Requirement Method of Test, Ref to
r------ h---_7 Part of 1.3 No.
Grade 1 Grade 2 Grade 3
(I) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)
i) Specific conductivity 1’0 5’0 3025 ( Part 14 > : 1984
ymhos/cm at 25”C, Max (OS&
Note 1 ) N%i )
ii) pH, at 25°C ( see 5’0-8’0 3025 ( Part 11 ) : 1983
N% ) Note 2 )
iii) Total solids or non 1’0 2’0 3025 ( Part 15 ) : 1984
volatile residue at ( see
IOYC, mg/l Max Note 3 )
iv) S$F; ( as SiOa ), mgll, 0 01 0’1 1’0 3025 ( Part 35 ) : 1988
VI Colour retention of 60 10 10 Annex A
KMnO4, at 27 x 2’C
Minutes
NOTES
1 The requirement for specific conductivity for grade 1 and grade 2 apply to freshly prepared water. During
storage it is possible for contaminants like atmospheric carbon dioxide and alkalies from glass containers. to,
be dissolved leading to changes in conductivity.
2 Because of the difficulties associated with measurement of the pH value of high purity water, and ‘the doubt-
ful significance of the value obtained, limits for the pH of grade 1 and grade 2 water have not been specified.
3 The limit for oxidizable matter and residue after evaporation for grade 1 water is not specified because of
the difficulty of testing for compliance at this level of purity, the quality of grade 1 water is, however, assured,
by compliance with the other requirements and by its method of preparation.
6. PACKING AND MARKING 7 SAMPLING
6.1 Packing Representative samples of the material shrdl.be
drawn as prescribed in Annex B.
The material shall be packed in clean glass,
polyethylene or other suitable plastic container 8 TESTS
which do not affect the quality of water. The
containers shall be securely closed. 8.1 Tests shall be carried out according to
methods prescribed in Annex A and as indicated
6.2 Marking
m col 6 of Table 1.
The containers shall bear legibly and indelibly
the following information: 8.2 Quality of Reagents
a) Name of the material; Unless specified otherwise, pure chemicals and
distilled or deionized water shall be employed in
b) Indication of source of manufacture;
tests.
c) Volume of the material in litres;
d) Date of manufacture; and NOTE - ‘Pure chemicals’ shall mean chemicals that
do not contain impurities which affect the results of
e) Batch number. analysis.
ANNEX A
( Table 1, ~kwz( v) ]
COLOUR RETENTION TIME ( OXIDIZABLE MATTER )
A-l REAGENTS A-2 PROCEDURE
A-l.1 Sulphuric Acid - Concentrated AR grade To 500 ml of water sample add 1 ml of concen-
( sp gr 1.84 ). trated sulphuric acid and 0.2 ml of potassium
permanganate solution in a stoppered bottle of
A-1.2 Potassium Permanganate Solution
chemically resistant glass. Sample is considered
Dissolve 0.316 of potassium permanganate in to pass the test if thepermanganate colour does
reagent grade water and dilute to 1 We. not disappear completely after standing for the
2IS 1070 : 1992
indicated period of time at room temperature. water I<~IJWXIt o be free from organic subs-
This test should be run against a blank using tances.
ANNEX B
( Clause 7 )
SAMPLING
B-l GENERAL REQUIREMENTS B-2.2.1 The containers shall be selected at
random from the lot and in order to ensure the
B-1.0 In drawing, preparing, storing and hand- randomness of selection, the random sampling
ling samples, the following precautions and methods given in IS 4905 : 1968 may be followed.
directions shall be observed.
Table 2 Number of Containers to be Selected
B-l.1 Samples shall not be taken in an exposed from Lots of Different Sizes
place.
( Clause B-2.2 )
B-1.2 The sampling instruments shall be clean.
Before use these shall be washed several times
Lot Size Sample Size
with the material to be sampled. N n
B-l.3 Precautions shall be taken to protect the (1) (2)
samples, the material being sampled, the sampl-
up to I5 3
ing instruments and the containers for samples
from adventitious contamination. 16 to 25 4
B-l.4 To draw a representative sample, the con- 26 to 50 5
tents of each container selected for sampling 51 to 100 7
shall be mixed as thoroughly as possible by
101 to 1.50 8
suitable means.
151 and above 10
B-l.5 The samples shall be placed in a clean and
airtight glass bottle or other suitable containers
B-3 PREPARATION OF TEST SAMPLES
on which the material has no action and bvhich
have been previously washed several times with B-3.1 The containers shall be selected according
the material to be sampled. to B-2.2.1, equal portions of the material shall
B-1.6 The sample container shall be of such be taken out so that the total quantity collected
size that they are filled by the sample leaving an from all the containers is about 15 litres. This
ullage of 10 percent. shall be the composite sample.
B-1.7 Each sample container shall be sealed B-3.2 The composite sample shall be divided
airtight efter filling, and marked with full into three test samples not less than 5 !itres
details of sampling, the date of sampling and each. These test samples shall be transferred
the year of manufacture of the material. immediately to thoroughly washed bottles and
sealed airtight with glass stoppers and marked
B-2 SCALE OF SAMPLING with the particulars of sampling as given
in B-1.7. One test sample shall be sent to the
B-2.1 Lot purchaser and one to the supplier. The third test
sample bearing the seals of the purchaser and
All containers in‘ a single consignment of the
the supplier shall constitute the reference
material drawn from a single batch of manufac-
sample, to be used in case of dispute.
ture shall constitute a batch. If a consignment
is deciared or known to consist of different B-4 NU MBER OF TESTS AND CRITERIA
batches of manufacture, the batches shall be FOR CONFORMITY
marked separately and the groups of containers
in each batch shall ccnstitutc separate lots. B-4.1 All the characteristics given in Table 1
shall be tested on the composite sample.
B-2.2 For ascertaining conformity of the mate-
rial in a lot to the requirements of this specifica- B-4.2 The lot shall be declared as conforming
tion, sample shall be tested for each lot to the requirements of this specification if all
separately. The number of containers to be the test results on the composite sample meet
selected at random from lots of different sizes the relevant requirements given in Table 1,
shall be in accordance with Table 2. otherwise not.
3Bureau of Indian Standards
BIS is a statutory institution established under the Bureau of Indian Stendnrds Act, 2986 to promote
harmonious development of the activities of standardization, marking and quality certification of goods
and attending to connected matters in the country.
Copyright
BIS has the copyright of all its publications. No part of these publications may be reproduced in any form
without the prior permission in writing of BIS. This does not preclude the free use, in the course of
implementing the standard, of necessary details, such as symbois and sizes, type or grade designations.
Enquiries relating to copyright be addressed to the Director (Publications), BIS.
Review of Indian Standards
Amendments are issued to standards as the need arises on the basis of comments. Standards are also
reviewed periodically; a standard along with amendments is reaffirmed when such review indicates that
no changes are needed; if the review indicates that changes are needed, it is taken up for revision. Users
of Indian Standards should ascertain that they are in possession of the latest amendments or edition by
referring to the latest issue of ‘BIS Handbook’ and ‘Standards Monthly Additions’.
This Indian Standard has been developed from Dot : No. CHD 013 (0219)
Amendments Issued Since Publication
Amend No. Date of Issue Text Affected
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
Headquarters:
Manak Bhavan, 9 Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg, New Delhi 110002 Telegrams : Manaksanstha
Telephones : 323 0131,323 83 75,323 94 02 (Common to all offices)
Regional Offices : Telephone
Central : Ma&k Bhavan, 9 Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg 323 76 17
NEW DELHI 110002 323 38 41
{
Eastern : l/14 C. LT. Scheme VII M, V. I. P. Road, Maniktola 337 84 99,337 85 61
CALCUTTA 700054 { 337 86 26,337 9120
Northern : SC0 335-336, Sector 34-A, CHANDIGARH 160022 -603843
60 20 25
(
Southern : C. I. T. Campus, IV Cross Road, MADRAS 600113 235 02 16,235 04 42
{ 235 15 19,235 23 15
Western : Manakalaya, E9 MIDC, Marol, Andheri (East) 832 92 95,832 78 58
MUMBAI 400093 832 78 91,832 78 92
Branches : AHMADABAD. BANGALORE. BHOPAL. BHUBANESHWAR.
COIMBATORE. FARIDABAD. GHAZIABAD. GUWAHATI. HYDERABAD.
JAIPUR. KANPUR. LUCK_NOW. PATNA. THIRUVANANTHAPURAM.
Printed at Dee Kay Printers, New Delhi-l 10015, India.
|
12654.pdf
|
c
IS 12654: 1989
Indian Standard
LOWGRADEGYPSUM-USEINBUILDING
,- .. INDUSTRY-CODEOFPRACTICE
0
t. ,_'
Vrm"rS
9TVS
f~?rti~f~wT--m-l 7 f+rbTs it7 % a&r- -ffftai f@T
UDC 691’311-431 : 006’76
..L
*-• \
’ I
\
._’
.I
I-\ /
I ,
\ ’ @I BIS 1989
._’
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG
NEW DELHI 110002 .
September 1989 Price Group 2Gypsum and Gypsum Based Products for Buildings Sectional Committee, BDC 21
FOREWORD
This Indian Standard was adopted by the Bureau of Indian Standards on 20 March 1989, after
the draft finalized by the Gypsum and Gypsum Based Products for Buildings Sectional Committee
had been approved by the Civil Engineering Division Council.
India is endowed with more than 1 200 million tonnes of mineral gypsum. Out of it, about
92 percent occurs in Rajasthan alone. High grade gypsum is required for the manufacture of
fertilizer, as an additive to Portland cement or for surgical, ceramic plaster, etc. However, large
deposits of low grade gypsum are available at several places in Rajasthan and are considered
unsuitable for the above uses and hence remain unutilized.
Studies carried out at Central Building Research Institute ( CBRI ), Roorkee have shown that
suitable plaster for use as masonry mortar and for making blocks can be produced from gypsum
having purity less than 70 percent.
Considering the huge availability of low grade gypsum and its scope for utilization in the building
construction, the Committee felt it necessary to bring out a code of practice on the use of low
grade gypsum in building construction as this gypsum can be conveniently used as mortar and in
the manufacture of light weight blocks for non-load bearing walls. This standard, it is expected,
wquld help in promoting the wider use of low grade gypsum in low cost housing.
For the purpose of deciding whether a particular requirement of this standard is complied with,
the final value, observed or calculated, expresisng the result of a test or analysis, shall be rounded
off in accordance with IS 2 : 1960 ‘Rules for rounding off numerical values (revised)‘. The
number of significant places retained in the rounded off value should be the same as that of the
specified value in this standard.IS 12654 : 1989
Indian Standard
LOWGRADEGYPSUM-USE INBUILDING
INDUSTRY-CODEOFPRACTICE
1 SCOPE of calcium and magnesium, and clayey mate-
rials and minor impurities, such as, sodium
1.1 This standard covers the preparation and chloride, sodium sulphate, sodium carbonate,
physical requirements of calcined gypsum made gypsum anhydrite, etc.
from low grade gypsum and its use in masonry
mortar, internal plaster and light weight blocks. 5 PREPARATION OF CALCINED
GYPSUM OR GYPSUM PLASTER
2 REFERENCES
5.1 Gypsum should be calcined by methods,
2.1 The Indian Standards listed below are such as, open pan or rotary drum or kettle
necessary adjuncts to this standard: calcinators or by any other suitable method.
Before calcination, gypsum should be crushed
IS No. Title
and ground generally to a fineness of about
60 percent passing through 150 pm 1s Sieve.
IS 1288 : 1982 Methods of test for mineral Gypsum starts giving out steam after the
gypsum ( second revision )
removal of mechanically held water. The
temperature of calcination should be controlled.
IS 2250 : 1981 Code of practice for prepara- Gypsum starts boiling at about 120°C and
tion and use of masonry during the entire calcination process the maxi-
mortars (,first revision )
mum temperature should not exceed 170%.
During the calcination process, the temperature
IS 2469 : 1976 Glossary of terms relating to remains constant when the entire charge boils
gypsum ( jrst revision ) vigorously. The calcination of gypsum is
considered complete when boiling stops and
IS 2542 ( Part l/Set 1 to 12) : 1978 Methods the calcined material starts settling.
of test for gypsum plaster,
concrete and products: Part 1 N07’L - A fully covered pan with a chimney to avoid
Plaster and concrete (Jut dust pollution with mechanical agitation is the modi-
revision ) fied design introduced recently by CUR1 in the open
pan calcination process. In addition to improving the
quality of product, this process also effects considerable
IS 2542 ( Part 2/Set 1 to 8) : 1981 Methods saving in fuel consumption.
of test for gypsum plaster,
concrete and products: Part 2
6 PHYSICAL REQUIREMENTS
Gypsum products (first revision )
6.1 Gypsum plaster shall conform to the require-
I$I,. 3808 : 1979 Method of test for non-com- ments given in Table 1.
bustibility of building materials
( first revision )
7 GYPSUM MORTAR
IS 8272 : 1984 Specification for gypsum plaster 7.1 Materials
for use in the manufacture of
fibrous plaster boards (jrst
7.1.1 Gypsum Plaster
revision )
Gypsum plaster shall conform to the require-
3 TERMINOLOGY ments given in Table 1.
3.1 For the purpose of this standard, the 7.1.2 Retarder
dchnitions given in IS 2469 : 1976 shall apply.
A suitable quantity of retarder, such as, glue or
4 PURITY OF GYPSUM citrate may be used for prolonging the setting
time of mortar.
4.1 The purity of low grade gypsum when
determined according to IS 1288 : 1982, shall 7.1.3 Sarzd
be not less than 60 percent ( CaSO.r.2HsO ).
Such gypsum generally contains major Sand of fineness modulus 1’75 to 2’0 is reGom-
impurities, namely, silica, dolomite, carbonates mended for preparing mortar. The sand shall
1IS :12654=198!I
Table 1 Physical Requirements of Low Grade Gypsum Plaster
(Clauses6 .1, 7.1.1 and8.1.1 )
Sl Particulars Requirements Method of Test,
No. Ref to
i) Fineness, percentage passing through 95’0 Annex A
150 micron IS Sieve, Min
ii) Setting time, minutes 10 to 30 IS 2542 ( Part l/Set 1 to 12) :
1978
iii) Compressive strength, N/mm’, Min 7.0 IS 8272 : 1984 ( Appendix D )
contain no harmful material in such quantity 7.4.2 Compressive Strength of Gypsum Mortar
as to affect the strength or durability of mortar
adversely. Iron pyrites, coal, alkali, organic The average compressive strength of six 1 : 2
impurities, mica, clay, shale or similar laminated gypsum plaster and sand cubes ( by mass),
materials shall not be present. determined according to the method described
in IS 2250 : 1981 shall not be less than
7.1.4 Water 2’5 N/mm2.
Potable water is generally considered satisfactory 7.4.3 Weathering Test of Gypsum Mortar
for mixing plaster and sand. It should be clean
and free from suspended impurities. Gypsum mortar specimens rnoulded in 50 mm
cubes are subject to alternate wetting and
7.2 Preparation of Mortar drying cycles. One cycle comprises of 16 hours
of drying the cubes in an oven at 42°C followed
Gypsum plaster and sand should generally be by one hour cooling and seven hours immersion
mixed in the proportion of 1 : 2 by mass mixing in water.
of different materials shall be done preferably
in a mechanical mixer. Gypsum plaster and 7.4.3.1 Gypsum mortar cube shall not show any
sand shall be mixed dry in the required propor- sign of deterioration, such as, crumbling,
tions to obtain a uniform colour. The required cracking, chipping, when tested up to 5 cycles
quantity of water shall than be added and the of weathering test. For this test, observations
materials mixed thoroughly to produce a should be made on six cubes.
mortar of workable consistency. In case of
mechanical mixing, the mortar shall be mixed 7.5 Application of Gypsum Mortar
for at least three minutes after addition of
water. In the case of hand mixing, the mortar Gypsum mortar is generally recommended for
shall be thoroughly mixed for 5 to 10 minutes use as internal plastering and masonry work.
with addition of water. It shall not be exposed to external weather
conditions except where rainfall is very scanty.
7.3 Consistency of Gypsum Mortar
The field performance of gypsum mortar can be
The working consistency of mortar is usually assessed by applying a mixture of 1 part of
judged by the worker during application. The gypsum plaster and 2 parts of sand with
quantity of water should be enough to maintain 50 percent water ( all by mass) on a clean and
the fluidity of the mortar during application wetted brick surface. The set mortar shall not
but at the same time it shall not be excessive show any visible shrinkage crack, chalking,
leading to segregation of aggregates from the crazing, etc, when observed after 48 h of
gypsum plaster. The quantity of water application. ‘l’he set mortar shall adhere well
required for maintaining consistency of fluidity with the masonry surface and shall not peel off
will depend upon the masonry for which the after drying.
mortar is used, for example, thinner joints will
require greater fluidity and bed joints subject 8 LIGHT WEIGHT SOLID GYPSUM
to heavy pressure may require stiffer mortar. BLOCKS FOR NON-LOAD BEARING
WALL
7.4 Physical Requirements
8.1 Materials
7.4.1 Setting Time of Gypsum Mortar
The setting time of mortar, determined accord- 8.1.1 Gypsum Plaster
ing to the method described in IS 2542
( Part l/Set 1 to 12) : 1978 shall not be less than Gypsum plaster shall conform to cthe require-
one hour and greater than two hours. ments given in Table 1.
2
aIS:12654-1989
8.1.2 Water 8.4 Physical Requirements
Potable water is generally considered satis- 8.4.1 Comfiressive Strength
factory for mixing plaster.
The average compressive strength of three
8.2 Dimensions and Tolerances blocks when tested according to the procedure
given in IS 2542 ( Part 2,%ec 1 to 8)-1981 shall
8.2.1 The nominal dimensions of the blocks not be less than 1’5 N/mm2.
shall be as given below:
8.4.2 Non-combustibility
Length Brradth He@ht When tested according to the procedure given
mm mm mm in IS 3808 : 1979, the blocks shall not:
a) cause the temperature readings of the
700, Max 75 300, Max furnace thermocouple to rise by more
in multiples 100 in multiples than 40°C above the initial furnace
of 100 125 of 100 temperature,
150
b) cause the temperature readings of the
specimen thermocouple to rise by more
8.2.2 The tolerances on length shall be
than 40°C above the initial furnace
f3’0 mm and on breadth and height
temperature, or
f1’5 mm.
c) flame for more than 5 s.
8.3 Method of Casting of Gypsum
8.5 Visual Inspection
Blocks
All blocks shall be sound and free from cracks,
Gypsum plaster with sand, saw dust, wood broken edges and other imperfections that
shavings, etc, or without any aggregate is mixed would render them unfit for use.
with sufficient quantity of water to form a
uniform workable plaster or slurry. The wet 8.6 Application of Gypsum Blocks
mix is poured into well greased moulds in such
8.6.1 These blocks are recommended for use as
a way that all the gaps are filled up properly.
internal partition walls or for inner leaf of
The superfluous material is removed with
cavity construction in external walls.
a spatula to give a smooth surface. The
material after setting is demoulded and dried 8.6.2 These gypsum blocks shall not be used
in air. externally whether protected or unprotected.
ANNEX -4
( Table 1 )
METHOD FOR DETERMINATION OF FINENESS
A-l PROCEDURE sample may be broken down with fingers but
nothing shall be rubbed on the sieve. The mass
A-l.1 One hundred grams of dried sample shall of the material retained on the sieve shall be
be shifted continuously on a 150 t”rn IS expressed as a percentage of the original mass
Sieve for five minutes. Air set lumps in the of the sample.Standard Mark
The use of the Standard Mark is governed by the provisions of the Bureau of Indian Standards
Act, 1986 and the Rules and Regulations made thereunder. The Standard Mark on products
covered by an Indian Standard conveys the assurance that they have been produced to comply with
the requirements of that standard under a well defined system of inspection, testing and quality
control which is devised and supervised by BIS and operated by the producer. Standard marked
products are also continuously checked by BIS for conformity to that standard as a further safe-
guard. Details of conditions under which a licence for the use of Standard Mark may be granted
to manufacturers or producers may be obtained from the Bureau of Indian Standards. .Bureau of Indian Standards
BIS is a statutory institution established under the Bureau of Indian Standards Act, 1986 to promote
harmonious development of the activities of standardization, marking and quality certification
of goods and attending to connected matters in the country.
Copyright
BIS has the copyright of all its publications. No part of these publications may be reproduced in
any form without the prior permission in writing of BIS. This does not preclude the free use, in
the course of implementing the standard, of necessary details, such as symbols and sizes, type or
grade designations. Enquiries relating to copyright be addressed to the Director ( Publications ),
BIS.
Revision of Indian Standards
Indian Standards are reviewed periodically and revised, when necessary and amendments, if any,
are issued from time to time. Users of Indian Standards should ascertain that they are in
possession of the latest amendments or edition. Comments on this Indian Standard may be sent
to BIS giving the following reference:
Dot : No. BDC 21 ( 3894 )
Amendments Issued Since Publication
Amend No, Date of Issue Text Affected
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
Headquarters:
Manak Bhavan, 9 Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg, New Delhi 110002
Telephones : 331 01 31,331 13 75 Telegrams : Manaksanstha
( Common to all Offices )
Regional Offices:
Central : Manak Bhavan, 9 Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg
NEW DELHI 110002 { 333311 0113 3715
Eastern : l/14 C.I.T. Scheme VII M, V.I.P. Road, Maniktola
CALCUTTA 700054 . 36 24 99
Northern : SC0 445-446, Sector 35-C; CHANDIGARH 160036 2 1843
3 16 41
Southern : C.I.T. Campus, IV Cross Road, MADRAS 600113 I 4411 2245 4129
.
C41 29 16
Western : Manakalaya, E9 MIDC, Marol, Andheri (East)
BOMBAY 400093 6 32 92 95
Branches : AHMADABAD. BANGALORE. BHOPAL. BHUBANESHWAR.
GUWAHATI. HYDERABAD. JAIPUR. KANPUR. P,ATNA. .
TRIVANDRUM.
. Printed at Arcee Press, New Delhi, India
Lb.._*- ~- --- _ .-_ .._. _
|
ISO 10893-1.pdf
|
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 10893-1
First edition
2011-04-01
Non-destructive testing of steel tubes —
Part 1:
Automated electromagnetic testing of
seamless and welded (except submerged
arc-welded) steel tubes for the
verification of hydraulic leaktightness
Essais non destructifs des tubes en acier —
Partie 1: Contrôle automatisé électromagnétique pour vérification de
l'étanchéité hydraulique des tubes en acier sans soudure et soudés
(sauf à l'arc immergé sous flux en poudre)
Reference number
ISO 10893-1:2011(E)
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electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or
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Contents
Page
Foreword............................................................................................................................................................iv
1 Scope......................................................................................................................................................1
2 Normative references............................................................................................................................1
3 Terms and definitions...........................................................................................................................1
4 General requirements...........................................................................................................................2
5 Test method...........................................................................................................................................3
5.1 Test techniques.....................................................................................................................................3
5.2 Test equipment......................................................................................................................................4
6 Reference tube.......................................................................................................................................7
6.1 General...................................................................................................................................................7
6.2 Eddy current concentric coil technique..............................................................................................8
6.3 Eddy current segment coil technique.................................................................................................8
6.4 Eddy current and flux leakage rotating techniques...........................................................................8
6.5 Flux leakage — multiple transducer technique..................................................................................9
6.6 Dimensions of the reference standards..............................................................................................9
7 Equipment calibration and checking.................................................................................................11
8 Acceptance..........................................................................................................................................12
9 Test report............................................................................................................................................12
Annex A (informative) Guidance notes on limitations of eddy current test method.................................13
Annex B (normative) Limitations of magnetic flux leakage test method....................................................14
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Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 10893-1 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 17, Steel, Subcommittee SC 19, Technical
delivery conditions for steel tubes for pressure purposes.
This first edition cancels and replaces ISO 9302:1994, which has been technically revised.
ISO 10893 consists of the following parts, under the general title Non-destructive testing of steel tubes:
⎯ Part 1: Automated electromagnetic testing of seamless and welded (except submerged arc-welded) steel
tubes for the verification of hydraulic leaktightness
⎯ Part 2: Automated eddy current testing of seamless and welded (except submerged arc-welded) steel
tubes for the detection of imperfections
⎯ Part 3: Automated full peripheral flux leakage testing of seamless and welded (except submerged
arc-welded) ferromagnetic steel tubes for the detection of longitudinal and/or transverse imperfections
⎯ Part 4: Liquid penetrant inspection of seamless and welded steel tubes for the detection of surface
imperfections
⎯ Part 5: Magnetic particle inspection of seamless and welded ferromagnetic steel tubes for the detection of
surface imperfections
⎯ Part 6: Radiographic testing of the weld seam of welded steel tubes for the detection of imperfections
⎯ Part 7: Digital radiographic testing of the weld seam of welded steel tubes for the detection of
imperfections
⎯ Part 8: Automated ultrasonic testing of seamless and welded steel tubes for the detection of laminar
imperfections
⎯ Part 9: Automated ultrasonic testing for the detection of laminar imperfections in strip/plate used for the
manufacture of welded steel tubes
⎯ Part 10: Automated full peripheral ultrasonic testing of seamless and welded (except submerged
arc-welded) steel tubes for the detection of longitudinal and/or transverse imperfections
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⎯ Part 11: Automated ultrasonic testing of the weld seam of welded steel tubes for the detection of
longitudinal and/or transverse imperfections
⎯ Part 12: Automated full peripheral ultrasonic thickness testing of seamless and welded (except
submerged arc-welded) steel tubes
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Non-destructive testing of steel tubes —
Part 1:
Automated electromagnetic testing of seamless and welded
(except submerged arc-welded) steel tubes for the verification
of hydraulic leaktightness
1 Scope
This part of ISO 10893 specifies requirements for automated electromagnetic testing of seamless and welded
steel tubes, with the exception of submerged arc-welded (SAW) tubes, for verification of hydraulic
leaktightness. It is applicable to the inspection of tubes with an outside diameter greater than or equal to 4 mm,
when testing with eddy current, and greater than 10 mm when testing with flux leakage method.
This part of ISO 10893 can also be applicable to the testing of hollow sections.
NOTE Electromagnetic inspection using magnetic flux leakage method is not applicable to austenitic stainless steel
tubes.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 9712, Non-destructive testing — Qualification and certification of personnel
ISO 11484, Steel products — Employer's qualification system for non-destructive testing (NDT) personnel
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 11484 and the following apply.
3.1
reference standard
standard for the calibration of non-destructive testing equipment (e.g. drill holes, notches and recesses)
3.2
reference tube
tube or length of tube containing the reference standard(s)
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3.3
reference sample
sample (e.g. segment of tube, plate or strip) containing the reference standard(s)
NOTE Only the term "reference tube" is used in this part of ISO 10893 also covering the term "reference sample".
3.4
tube
hollow long product open at both ends, of any cross-sectional shape
3.5
seamless tube
tube made by piercing a solid product to obtain a tube hollow, which is further processed, either hot or cold,
into its final dimensions
3.6
welded tube
tube made by forming a hollow profile from a flat product and welding adjacent edges together, and which
after welding can be further processed, either hot or cold, into its final dimensions
3.7
manufacturer
organization that manufactures products in accordance with the relevant standard(s) and declares the
compliance of the delivered products with all applicable provisions of the relevant standard(s)
3.8
agreement
contractual arrangement between the manufacturer and purchaser at the time of enquiry and order
4 General requirements
4.1 Unless otherwise specified by the product standard or agreed on by the purchaser and manufacturer,
an electromagnetic inspection shall be carried out on tubes after completion of all the primary production
process operations (rolling, heat treating, cold and hot working, sizing, primary straightening, etc.).
4.2 The tubes being tested shall be sufficiently straight to ensure the validity of test. The surfaces shall be
sufficiently free of foreign matter which can interfere with the validity of the test.
4.3 This inspection shall be carried out by trained operators qualified in accordance with ISO 9712,
ISO 11484 or equivalent, and supervised by competent personnel nominated by the manufacturer. In the case
of third-party inspection, this shall be agreed on between the purchaser and manufacturer.
The operating authorization issued by the employer shall be according to a written procedure. NDT operations
shall be authorized by a level 3 NDT individual approved by the employer.
NOTE The definition of levels 1, 2 and 3 can be found in appropriate International Standards, e.g. ISO 9712 and
ISO 11484.
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5 Test method
5.1 Test techniques
5.1.1 Depending on the type of products, the dimensions, the type of steel used and its magnetic properties,
the tubes shall be tested for the verification of hydraulic leaktightness by either the eddy current method or the
flux leakage method, using one of the following automated or semi-automated techniques:
a) concentric coil technique (eddy current method) (see Figure 1);
b) segment coil technique (eddy current method) (see Figure 2);
c) fixed or rotating probe/pancake coil technique (eddy current method) (see Figure 3);
d) fixed or rotating magnetic transducer technique (flux leakage method) (see Figure 4);
e) multiple concentric magnetic transducers technique (flux leakage method) (see Figure 5).
For all techniques, the chosen relative speed of movement during the testing shall not vary by more than ±10 %.
NOTE 1 It is recognized that there can be, as in the case of hydraulic testing under normal production conditions, a
short length at both tube ends which cannot be tested.
NOTE 2 See Annexes A and B for guidelines on the limitations of the eddy current test method and flux leakage test
method.
5.1.2 When testing seamless or welded tubes using the eddy current concentric coil technique, the
maximum tube outside diameter tested shall be restricted to 250 mm.
Square or rectangular tubes with a maximum dimension across the diagonal of 250 mm may also be tested
using this technique with adequately shaped coils.
5.1.3 When testing tubes using the segment coils technique, the maximum tube outside diameter that shall
be tested shall be limited to:
⎯ ∅ 219,1 mm for 2 × 180° coils;
⎯ ∅ 508,0 mm for 4 × 100° coils.
5.1.4 When testing seamless or welded tubes using the fixed or rotating probe/pancake coil eddy current
technique or the fixed or rotating magnetic transducer flux leakage technique, the tube and the
probes/pancake coils/magnetic transducer shall be moved relative to each other or the movement shall be
simulated by electronic commutation through the individual probes composing the pancake, such that the
whole of the tube surface is scanned with coverage calculated on the dimensions of probe/pancake coils and
magnetic transducers. There is no restriction on the maximum outside diameter using these techniques.
5.1.5 When testing seamless and welded tubes using the multiple concentric magnetic transducer
technique, the tube and the multiple transducer assembly shall be linearly moved relative to each other such
that the whole of the tube surface is scanned with coverage calculated on the dimensions of probe/pancake
coils and magnetic transducers. There is no restriction on the maximum outside diameter using this technique.
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5.2 Test equipment
The equipment shall be capable of classifying tubes as either acceptable or suspect by means of an
automated trigger/alarm level combined with a marking and/or sorting system.
Key
1 secondary coil 1
2 primary coil
3 secondary coil 2
4 tube
∼ alternate energizing current
ΔV signal output
NOTE The above diagram is a simplified form of a multi-coil arrangement which can contain, for example split
primary coils, twin differential coils and calibrator coil.
Figure 1 — Simplified diagram of eddy current concentric coil technique
a) 2 × 180° segment coils b) 4 × 100° segment coils
Key
1 segment coil
2 tube
Figure 2 — Simplified diagram of eddy current segment coil technique
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a) Rotating probe/pancake coil technique — b) Fixed probe/pancake coil technique —
Linear movement of the tube Linear and rotary movement of the tube
Key
1 position of probe/pancake coil
2 tube
3 position of fixed pancake coil
4 rollers
a Direction of probe rotation.
b Direction of tube rotation.
NOTE The pancake coils in a) and b) can have different forms, e.g. single-coils, multiple coils of different
configurations, depending on the equipment used and other factors.
Figure 3 — Simplified diagram of probe/pancake coil eddy current technique
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a) Rotating magnetic transducer technique — b) Fixed magnetic transducer technique —
Linear movement of the tube Linear and rotary movement of the tube
Key
1 flux leakage transducers
2 tube
N magnetic north pole
S magnetic south pole
a Direction of probe rotation.
b Direction of tube rotation.
Figure 4 — Simplified diagram of magnetic flux leakage technique for the detection
of longitudinal imperfections
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Key
1 staggered array of transducers
2 magnetic saturation coils (d.c.)
NOTE The magnetic transducers can take different forms, for example absolute and differential, depending on the
equipment used and other factors. The means of introducing magnetic flux in a direction parallel to the major axis of the
tube can be achieved by methods other than that shown in this figure.
Figure 5 — Simplified diagram of magnetic flux leakage technique for the detection
of transverse imperfections
6 Reference tube
6.1 General
6.1.1 The reference standards defined in this part of ISO 10893 are convenient standards for the calibration
of non-destructive testing equipment. The dimensions of these standards should not be construed as the
minimum size of imperfection detectable by such equipment.
6.1.2 The reference tubes shall have the same specified diameter and thickness, same surface finish,
delivery condition (e.g. as-rolled, normalized, quenched and tempered) and similar steel grade as the tubes
under test. For specified wall thickness exceeding 10 mm, the wall thickness of the reference tubes may be
greater than the specified wall thickness of the pipe being inspected, provided the notch depth is calculated on
the specified wall thickness of the pipe being inspected. The manufacturer shall demonstrate, on request, the
effectiveness of the adopted solution.
6.1.3 The reference standards used for the various testing techniques shall be as follows:
a) a reference hole or holes as defined in 6.2 and 6.6.1, when using the eddy current concentric coil and as
defined in 6.3 and 6.6.1, when using segment coil technique;
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b) a reference longitudinal notch, as defined in 6.4 and 6.6.2, when using one of the following techniques:
1) fixed or rotating probe/pancake coil eddy current technique;
2) fixed or rotating magnetic transducer flux leakage technique.
c) a reference transverse notch, as defined in 6.5 and 6.6.2, when using the multiple concentric magnetic
transducer flux leakage technique;
d) by agreement between the purchaser and manufacturer, the reference holes suggested in Table 1 may
also be used when flux leakage inspection technique is performed.
NOTE 1 For eddy current testing, concentric coil, segment coil, fixed or rotating probe/pancake coil, other types of
reference standard which shows the same characteristics can be used by agreement between the purchaser and
manufacturer.
NOTE 2 In special cases, for example testing hot tubes or using equipment contained within a continuous tube mill, a
modified calibration or calibration checking procedure can be used, by agreement. Also by agreement, internal longitudinal
or transverse notches can be additionally used during flux leakage inspection of pipes having wall thickness lower than
12,7 mm.
6.1.4 The reference standards (see 6.2 to 6.5) shall be sufficiently separated longitudinally (in the case of
reference holes) and from the ends of the reference tube such that clearly distinguishable signal indications
are obtained.
6.2 Eddy current concentric coil technique
6.2.1 When using the eddy current concentric coil technique, the reference tube shall contain three or four
circular holes, drilled radially through the full thickness of the reference tube. The holes shall be
circumferentially displaced respectively at 120° or 90° from each other.
6.2.2 Alternatively, only one hole shall be drilled through the full thickness of the reference tube and during
calibration and calibration checking the reference tube shall be passed through the equipment with the hole
positioned at 0°, 90°, 180° and 270°.
6.3 Eddy current segment coil technique
6.3.1 When using the segment coil technique, the reference tube shall contain three circular holes, drilled
radially through the full thickness of the reference tube. Each segment coil shall be checked with the reference
tube, and the three holes shall be displaced as follows:
⎯ 180° segment coils: 0°, +90° and −90° from the centre of the coil;
⎯ 100° segment coils: 0°, +45° and −45° from the centre of the coil.
6.3.2 Alternatively, only one hole shall be drilled through the full thickness of the reference tube and during
calibration and calibration checking the reference tube shall be passed through the equipment with the hole
positioned at 0°, +90° and −90° for the 180° segment coil and at 0°, +45° and −45° for the 100° segment coil.
These operations shall be repeated for each segment coil.
6.4 Eddy current and flux leakage rotating techniques
6.4.1 When using the fixed or rotating probe/pancake coil eddy current technique, the reference tube shall
contain a longitudinal reference notch on the external surface.
6.4.2 When using the fixed or rotating magnetic transducer flux leakage technique, the reference tube shall
contain a longitudinal reference notch on the external surface or, by agreement, a reference hole as listed in
Table 1. In this case, the manufacturer shall demonstrate that the test sensitivity achieved using the reference
hole and the equipment settings, for example signal rate filtering, is essentially equivalent to that obtained
when using the reference notch.
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6.5 Flux leakage — multiple transducer technique
When using the multiple magnetic transducer flux leakage technique, the reference tube shall contain a
transverse reference notch on the external surface of the reference tube or, by agreement, a reference hole
as listed in Table 1.
6.6 Dimensions of the reference standards
6.6.1 Reference hole
The diameter of the reference holes related to the tube outside diameter shall not exceed the requirements of
Table 1; the holes shall be formed by machining, spark erosion or other methods.
Table 1 — Specified tube diameter related to the diameter of the reference holes
Specified tube outside diameter Maximum hole diameter
Acceptance level
D
mm mm
4 u D u 15,8 1,20
15,8 < D u 26,9 1,40
26,9 < D u 48,3 1,70
48,3 < D u 63,5 2,20
63,5 < D u 114,3 2,70
114,3 < D u 139,7 3,20
139,7 < D 3,70
For those products requesting a more severe inspection, e.g. for stainless steel pipes, by agreement between
the customer and manufacturer, Table 2 may be adopted.
Table 2 — Specified tube diameter related to the diameter of the reference holes
Specified tube outside diameter Maximum hole diameter
Acceptance level
D
mm mm
4 u D u 15,8 1,00
15,8 < D u 26,9 1,20
26,9 < D u 48,3 1,40
48,3 < D u 63,5 1,70
63,5 < D u 114,3 2,20
114,3 < D u 139,7 2,70
139,7 < D 3,20
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---`,,`,`,,`,,`-`-````,,,,```,,`--ISO 10893-1:2011(E)
6.6.2 Reference notch
6.6.2.1 General
a) The reference notch shall be of the “N” type (see Figure 6) and shall lie
1) parallel to the major axis of the tube for tests in accordance with 5.1.1 c) and d) (see also 6.4), or
2) at right angles to the major axis of the tube for tests in accordance with 5.1.1 e) (see Figure 7 and
also 6.5).
The sides shall be nominally parallel and the bottom shall be nominally square to the sides.
b) The reference notch shall be formed by machining, spark erosion or other methods.
NOTE The bottom or the bottom corners of the notch can be rounded.
Key
w width
d depth
Figure 6 — “N” type notch
6.6.2.2 Dimensions of the reference notch
a) Width, w (see Figure 6)
The width of the reference notch shall be not greater than the reference notch depth or 1 mm whichever is
greater.
b) Depth, d (see Figures 6 and 7)
The depth of the reference notch shall be 12,5 % of the specified thickness with the following limitations:
1) minimum notch depth: 0,5 mm;
2) maximum notch depth: 1,5 mm.
The tolerance on notch depth shall be ±15 % of reference notch depth.
c) Length
Unless otherwise specified by product standard or agreed between the purchaser and manufacturer, the
length of the reference notch(es) shall be greater than twice the width of each individual probe/pancake coil or
transducer. In any case, the length of reference notch shall not exceed 50 mm.
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a) External partial circumferential notch b) Chord notch — External only
Key
d depth
Figure 7 — Possible transverse notch forms
6.6.3 Verification of the reference standards
6.6.3.1 The diameter of the reference hole(s) (see Table 1), when used, shall be verified and shall not
exceed the value reported in Table 1.
6.6.3.2 The reference notch dimensions and shape shall be verified by a suitable technique.
7 Equipment calibration and checking
7.1 At the start of each inspection cycle, the equipment shall be calibrated to consistently produce
(e.g. from three consecutive passes of the reference tube through the equipment) clearly identifiable signals
from the reference standard(s). These signals shall be used to activate their respective trigger alarm of the
equipment.
7.2 When using multiple reference holes in the reference tube (eddy current concentric coil or segment
coils technique), the full amplitude obtained from the reference hole giving the smallest signal shall be used to
set the trigger/alarm level of the equipment. When using a single reference hole in the sample test pipe, the
sample test pipe shall be passed through the inspection equipment with the reference hole, on successive
runs positioned as requested in 6.2.2 or 6.3.2; the full amplitude of the smallest signal obtained from the
reference hole shall be used to set the trigger/alarm level of the equipment.
7.3 When using the reference notch (fixed or rotating probe/pancake coil eddy current technique or fixed or
rotating magnetic transducer flux leakage technique), the full signal amplitude shall be used to set the
trigger/alarm level of the equipment.
7.4 When using the partial circumferential notch, chord reference notch or the reference hole (multiple
transducer flux leakage technique), the reference tube shall be passed through the inspection equipment with
the reference notch or hole, on successive runs, positioned at the angular pitch of adjacent magnetic
transducers, such that the centre of the reference notch or hole passes past the centre line of each transducer
in turn. The full signal amplitude obtained from each transducer shall be used to set the trigger/alarm level on
the transducer channel of the equipment.
7.5 During dynamic checking of calibration, the relative speed of movement between the reference tube
and the test coils shall be the same as that used during the production test (see 5.1.2, 5.1.4 and 5.1.5). The
same equipment settings, for example frequency, sensitivity, phase discrimination, filtering and magnetic
saturation, shall be employed.
7.6 The calibration of the equipment shall be checked at regular intervals during the production testing of
tubes of the same specified diameter, thickness and grade, by passing the reference tube through the
equipment.
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The frequency of checking the calibration shall be at least every 4 h, but also whenever there is an equipment
operator changeover and at the start and end of the production run.
7.7 The equipment shall be recalibrated if any of the parameters which were used during the initial
calibration are changed.
7.8 If on checking during production testing, the calibration requirements are not satisfied then all tubes
tested since the previous acceptable equipment calibration shall be retested after the equipment has been
recalibrated.
8 Acceptance
8.1 Any tube producing signals lower than the trigger/alarm level shall be deemed to have passed this test.
8.2 Any tube producing signals equal to or greater than the trigger/alarm level shall be designated suspect
or, at the discretion of the manufacturer, may be retested. If after two consecutive retests all signals are lower
than the trigger/alarm level, the tube shall be deemed to have passed this test otherwise the tube shall be
designated as suspect.
8.3 For suspect tubes, one or more of the following actions shall be taken, subject to the requirements of
the product standard.
a) The suspect area shall be dressed or explored by using a suitable method. After checking that the
remaining thickness is within tolerance, the tube shall be tested as previously specified. If no signals are
obtained equal to or greater than the trigger/alarm level, the tube shall be deemed to have passed this
test. By agreement between the purchaser and manufacturer, the suspect area may be retested by other
non-destructive techniques and test methods to agreed acceptance levels.
b) Each suspect tube shall be subjected to a hydraulic leaktightness test in accordance with the relevant
product standard, unless otherwise agreed between the purchaser and manufacturer.
c) The suspect area shall be cropped off.
d) The tube shall be deemed not to have passed the test.
9 Test report
When specified, the manufacturer shall submit to the purchaser a test report including at least the following
information:
a) reference to this part of ISO 10893, i.e. ISO 10893-1;
b) statement of conformity;
c) any deviation, by agreement or otherwise, from the procedures specified;
d) product designation by steel grade and size;
e) type and details of inspection technique(s);
f) equipment calibration method used;
g) description of the reference standard acceptance level;
h) date of test;
i) operator identification.
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Annex A
(informative)
Guidance notes on limitations of eddy current test method
A.1 Eddy current depth of penetration
During the eddy current testing of tubes, the sensitivity of the test is at a maximum at the tube surface
adjacent to the test coil and decreases with increasing distance from the test coil. The signal response from a
subsurface or internal surface imperfection is thus smaller than that from an external surface imperfection of
the same size. The capacity of the test equipment to detect subsurface or internal surface imperfections is
determined by various factors, but predominantly by the thickness of the tube under test and the eddy current
excitation frequency.
The excitation frequency applied to the test coil determines the extent to which the induced eddy current
intensity penetrates the tube wall. The higher the excitation frequency, the lower the penetration and
conversely, the lower the excitation frequency, the higher the penetration. In particular, the physical
parameters of the tube (conductivity, permeability, etc.) should be taken into account.
A.2 Concentric coil/segment coil technique
These test techniques are preferred since they can detect short longitudinal imperfections and transverse
imperfections, both of which break, or lie below, the surface adjacent to the test coil.
The minimum length of the longitudinal imperfection which is detectable is principally determined by the
search coil arrangement and by the rate of change of section along the length of the imperfection.
When using this technique on ferromagnetic steel, the products under inspection shall be magnetically
saturated inserting them into an external strong magnetic field. The intention of this saturation is to normalize
and reduce the magnetic permeability of the material in order to increase the penetration capability of eddy
current and reduce possible magnetic noises from material itself.
A.3 Fixed or rotating probe/pancake coil technique
This test technique uses one or more probes/coils to describe a helical path over the tube surface. For this
reason, this technique detects longitudinal imperfections with a minimum length dependent on the width of the
test coil and the inspection helical pitch. It is recognized that transverse imperfections are not normally
detectable.
Since the excitation frequency is significantly higher than that using concentric coil/segment coil, only
imperfections which break the tube surface adjacent to the test coil are detectable.
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Annex B
(normative)
Limitations of magnetic flux leakage test method
B.1 General
When using this method the products under inspection shall be magnetically saturated by inserting them in an
external strong magnetic field; the aim of this saturation is to cause flux leakage/flux diversion from
imperfections.
During the fIux leakage testing of tubes, the sensitivity of the test is at a maximum at the tube surface adjacent
to the magnetic transducer and decreases with increasing tube thickness due to effective diminishing flux
diversion from imperfections at the tube bore surface in relation to that at the external surface. The signal
response from internal surface imperfections can thus be smaller than that from an external imperfection of
the same size.
B.2 Fixed or rotating magnetic transducer
These test techniques use one or more magnetic transducers to describe a helical path over the tube surface.
For this reason, these techniques detect longitudinal imperfections with a minimum length dependant on the
width of the transducer and the inspection helical pitch. It is recognized that transverse imperfections are not
normally detectable.
B.3 Multiple transducers technique
This test technique uses multiple fixed magnetic transducers surrounding the tube during its linear movement.
For this reason, the technique detects predominantly transverse imperfections having a minimum length
dependant on the circumferential dimension of the transducer. It is recognized that longitudinal imperfections
are not normally detectable unless they have a significant transverse component (oblique).
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Provided by IHS under license with ISO
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ICS 23.040.10; 77.040.20; 77.140.75
Price based on 14 pages
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|
BS OHSAS 18001 2007.pdf
|
BS OHSAS 18001:2007
OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY ASSESSMENT SERIES
Occupational health and safety
management systems – Requirements
NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAW
raising standards worldwide™BS OHSAS 18001:2007
National foreword
Publishing information
This British Standard was published by BSI. It is the official UK
implementation of OHSAS 18001:2007, which supersedes OHSAS 18001:1999.
BS OHSAS 18001 will be maintained in line with any changes to
OHSAS 18001, subject to the approval of BSI Technical Committee HS/1,
Occupational health and safety management, which collated the UK comments
on the second Working Draft of OHSAS 18001 and put forward its preferred
position.
A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on
request to its secretary.
Contractual and legal considerations
In the UK, and Europe generally, there are various legal requirements for
occupational health and safety that apply to the potentially harmful effects of
work activities and which extend beyond the workplace to those affected by
workplace activities (see Note to 3.12 on the definition of occupational health
and safety). It is essential for the organization to take the matters addressed
by these legal requirements into account in establishing, implementing and
maintaining its OH&S management system – and in particular when
identifying hazards, assessing risks and determining controls (see 4.3.1
and 4.3.2). This standard ought therefore to be read in conjunction with
BS 8800 and HSG 65,1) which give good practice guidance on complying with
such legal requirements in the UK.
This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a
contract. Users are responsible for its correct application.
Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from
legal obligations.
Publishing and copyright information
The BSI copyright notice displayed in this document indicates when the
document was last issued.
© BSI 2007
ISBN 978 0 580 59404 5
Publication history
First published July 2007
Amendments issued since publication
Amd. no. Date Text affected
1) BS 8800, Occupational health and safety management systems – Guide, and HSG 65,
Successful health and safety management.BS OHSAS 18001:2007
Contents
Acknowledgement ii
Foreword iii
Introduction v
1 Scope 1
2 Reference publications 1
3 Terms and definitions 2
4 OH&S management system requirements 5
Annexes
Annex A (informative) Correspondence between OHSAS 18001:2007,
ISO 14001:2004 and ISO 9001:2000 15
Annex B (informative) Correspondence between OHSAS 18001,
OHSAS 18002, and the ILO-OSH:2001 Guidelines on occupational
safety and health management systems 18
Bibliography 22
List of figures
Figure 1 – OH&S management system model for this OHSAS
Standard vi
List of tables
Table A.1 – Correspondence between OHSAS 18001:2007,
ISO 14001:2004 and ISO 9001:2000 15
Table B.1 – Correspondence between the clauses of the OHSAS
documents and the clauses of the ILO-OSH Guidelines 20
Summary of pages
This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover,
pagesitoviii, pages 1 to 22, an inside back cover and a back cover.
© BSI 2007 • iBS OHSAS 18001:2007
Acknowledgement
This edition of OHSAS 18001 has been developed with the assistance of the
following cooperating organizations:
American Industrial Hygiene Association (AIHA)
Asociación Española de Normalización y Certificación (AENOR)
Association of British Certification Bodies (ABCB)
British Standards Institution (BSI)
Bureau Veritas
Comisión Federal de Electricidad (CFE), (Gerencia de la seguridad industrial)
Czech Accreditation Institute (CAI)
Det Norske Veritas (DNV)
DS Certification A/S
EEF the manufacturers’ organisation
ENLAR Compliance Services, Inc.
Health and Safety Executive1)
Hong Kong Quality Assurance Agency (HKQAA)
Inspecta Certification
Institution of Occupational Safety and Health (IOSH)
Instituto Argentino de Normalización y Certificación (IRAM)
Instituto Colombiano de Normas Técnicas y Certificación (ICONTEC)
Instituto de Normas Técnicas de Costa Rica (INTECO)
Instituto Mexicano de Normalización y Certificación (IMNC)
Instituto Uruguayo de Normas Técnicas (UNIT)
ITS Consultants
Japan Industrial Safety and Health Association (JISHA)
Japanese Standards Association (JSA)
Korea Gas Safety Corporation (ISO Certificate Division)
Lloyds Register Quality Assurance (LRQA)
Management Systems Certification Limited
National Standards Authority of Ireland (NSAI)
National University of Singapore (NUS)
Nederlands Normalisatie-instituut (NEN)
NPKF ELECTON
NQA
Quality Management Institute (QMI)
SABS Commercial (Pty) Ltd.
Service de Normalisation Industrielle Marocaine (SNIMA)
SGS United Kingdom Ltd
SIRIM QAS International
SPRING Singapore
Standards Institution of Israel (SII)
Standards New Zealand (SNZ)
Sucofindo International Certification Services (SICS)
Swedish Industry Association (Sinf)
TÜV Rheinland Cert GmbH – TÜV Rheinland Group
Standards Association of Zimbabwe (SAZ)
We would also like to recognize the invaluable contribution made by those many
organizations who took the time to review the working drafts of
OHSAS 18001, and who submitted comments for consideration. This helped us
greatly in improving the standard, and is much appreciated.
1) As the regulatory authority responsible for health and safety in Great Britain,
the Health and Safety Executive would wish to make it clear that reliance on the
OHSAS Standard by organizations will not absolve them from compliance with
any of their legal health and safety obligations under the laws of England &
Wales, and Scotland.
ii • © BSI 2007BS OHSAS 18001:2007
Foreword
This Occupational Health and Safety Assessment Series (OHSAS)
Standard and the accompanying OHSAS 18002, Guidelines for the
implementation of OHSAS 18001, have been developed in response to
customer demand for a recognizable occupational health and safety
management system standard against which their management systems
can be assessed and certified.
OHSAS 18001 has been developed to be compatible with the
ISO 9001:2000 (Quality) and ISO 14001:2004 (Environmental)
management systems standards, in order to facilitate the integration of
quality, environmental and occupational health and safety management
systems by organizations, should they wish to do so.
This OHSAS Standard will be reviewed or amended when considered
appropriate. Reviews will be conducted when new editions of either
ISO 9001 or ISO 14001 are published, to ensure continuing
compatibility.
This OHSAS Standard will be withdrawn on publication of its contents
in, or as, an International Standard.
This OHSAS Standard has been drafted in accordance with the rules
given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition
(OHSAS 18001:1999), which has been technically revised.
The principal changes with respect to the previous edition are as
follows.
• The importance of “health” has now been given greater emphasis.
• OHSAS 18001 now refers to itself as a standard, not a
specification, or document, as in the earlier edition. This reflects
the increasing adoption of OHSAS 18001 as the basis for national
standards on occupational health and safety management systems.
• The “Plan-Do-Check-Act” model diagram is only given in the
Introduction, in its entirety, and not also as sectional diagrams at
the start of each major clause.
• Reference publications in Clause 2 have been limited to purely
international documents.
• New definitions have been added, and existing definitions revised.
• Significant improvement in alignment with ISO 14001:2004
throughout the standard, and improved compatibility with
ISO 9001:2000.
• The term “tolerable risk” has been replaced by the term
“acceptable risk” (see 3.1).
• The term “accident” is now included in the term “incident”
(see 3.9).
• The definition of the term “hazard” no longer refers to “damage to
property or damage to the workplace environment” (see 3.6).
© BSI 2007 • iiiBS OHSAS 18001:2007
It is now considered that such “damage” is not directly related to
occupational health and safety management, which is the purpose of
this OHSAS Standard, and that it is included in the field of asset
management. Instead, the risk of such “damage” having an effect on
occupational health and safety should be identified through the
organization’s risk assessment process, and be controlled through the
application of appropriate risk controls.
• Sub-clauses 4.3.3 and 4.3.4 have been merged, in line with
ISO 14001:2004.
• A new requirement has been introduced for the consideration of
the hierarchy of controls as part of OH&S planning (see 4.3.1).
• Management of change is now more explicitly addressed
(see 4.3.1 and 4.4.6).
• A new clause on the “Evaluation of compliance” (see 4.5.2) has
been introduced.
• New requirements have been introduced for participation and
consultation (see 4.4.3.2).
• New requirements have been introduced for the investigation of
incidents (see 4.5.3.1).
This publication does not purport to include all necessary provisions of
a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application.
Compliance with this Occupational Health and Safety
Assessment Series (OHSAS) Standard cannot confer immunity
from legal obligations.
iv • © BSI 2007BS OHSAS 18001:2007
Introduction
Organizations of all kinds are increasingly concerned with achieving
and demonstrating sound occupational health and safety (OH&S)
performance by controlling their OH&S risks, consistent with their
OH&S policy and objectives. They do so in the context of increasingly
stringent legislation, the development of economic policies and other
measures that foster good OH&S practices, and increased concern
expressed by interested parties about OH&S issues.
Many organizations have undertaken OH&S “reviews” or “audits” to
assess their OH&S performance. On their own, however, these
“reviews” and “audits” may not be sufficient to provide an organization
with the assurance that its performance not only meets, but will
continue to meet, its legal and policy requirements. To be effective, they
need to be conducted within a structured management system that is
integrated within the organization.
The OHSAS Standards covering OH&S management are intended to
provide organizations with the elements of an effective OH&S
management system that can be integrated with other management
requirements and help organizations achieve OH&S and economic
objectives. These standards, like other International Standards, are not
intended to be used to create non-tariff trade barriers or to increase or
change an organization’s legal obligations.
This OHSAS Standard specifies requirements for an OH&S management
system to enable an organization to develop and implement a policy and
objectives which take into account legal requirements and information
about OH&S risks. It is intended to apply to all types and sizes of
organizations and to accommodate diverse geographical, cultural and
social conditions. The basis of the approach is shown in Figure 1. The
success of the system depends on commitment from all levels and
functions of the organization, and especially from top management. A
system of this kind enables an organization to develop an OH&S policy,
establish objectives and processes to achieve the policy commitments,
take action as needed to improve its performance and demonstrate the
conformity of the system to the requirements of this OHSAS Standard.
The overall aim of this OHSAS Standard is to support and promote good
OH&S practices, in balance with socio-economic needs. It should be
noted that many of the requirements can be addressed concurrently or
revisited at any time.
The second edition of this OHSAS Standard is focused on clarification
of the first edition, and has taken due consideration of the provisions of
ISO 9001, ISO14001, ILO-OSH, and other OH&S management system
standards or publications to enhance the compatibility of these
standards for the benefit of the user community.
© BSI 2007 • VBS OHSAS 18001:2007
There is an important distinction between this OHSAS Standard, which
describes the requirements for an organization’s OH&S management
system and can be used for certification/registration and/or
self-declaration of an organization’s OH&S management system, and a
non-certifiable guideline intended to provide generic assistance to an
organization for establishing, implementing or improving an OH&S
management system. OH&S management encompasses a full range of
issues, including those with strategic and competitive implications.
Demonstration of successful implementation of this OHSAS Standard
can be used by an organization to assure interested parties that an
appropriate OH&S management system is in place.
Those organizations requiring more general guidance on a broad range
of OH&S management system issues are referred to OHSAS 18002. Any
reference to other International Standards is for information only.
Figure 1 OH&S management system model for this OHSAS Standard
Continual Improvement
OH&S policy
Management
review
Planning
Implementation
Checking and and operation
corrective action
NOTE This OHSAS Standard is based on the methodology known as
Plan-Do-Check-Act (PDCA). PDCA can be briefly described as follows.
• Plan: establish the objectives and processes necessary to deliver
results in accordance with the organization’s OH&S policy.
• Do: implement the processes.
• Check: monitor and measure processes against OH&S policy,
objectives, legal and other requirements, and report the results.
• Act: take actions to continually improve OH&S performance.
Many organizations manage their operations via the application of a
system of processes and their interactions, which can be referred to as the
“process approach”. ISO 9001 promotes the use of the process approach.
Since PDCA can be applied to all processes, the two methodologies are
considered to be compatible.
vi • © BSI 2007BS OHSAS 18001:2007
This OHSAS Standard contains requirements that can be objectively
audited; however it does not establish absolute requirements for OH&S
performance beyond the commitments, in the OH&S policy, to comply
with applicable legal requirements and with other requirements to
which the organization subscribes, to the prevention of injury and ill
health and to continual improvement. Thus, two organizations carrying
out similar operations but having different OH&S performance can both
conform to its requirements.
This OH&S Standard does not include requirements specific to other
management systems, such as those for quality, environmental,
security, or financial management, though its elements can be aligned
or integrated with those of other management systems. It is possible for
an organization to adapt its existing management system(s) in order to
establish an OH&S management system that conforms to the
requirements of this OHSAS Standard. It is pointed out, however, that
the application of various elements of the management system might
differ depending on the intended purpose and the interested parties
involved.
The level of detail and complexity of the OH&S management system, the
extent of documentation and the resources devoted to it depend on a
number of factors, such as the scope of the system, the size of an
organization and the nature of its activities, products and services, and
the organizational culture. This may be the case in particular for small
and medium-sized enterprises.
© BSI 2007 • viiBS OHSAS 18001:2007
viii • © BSI 2007 This page deliberately left blankBS OHSAS 18001:2007
Occupational health and safety
management systems –
Requirements
1 Scope
This Occupational Health and Safety Assessment Series (OHSAS)
Standard specifies requirements for an occupational health and safety
(OH&S) management system, to enable an organization to control its
OH&S risks and improve its OH&S performance. It does not state
specific OH&S performance criteria, nor does it give detailed
specifications for the design of a management system.
This OHSAS Standard is applicable to any organization that wishes to:
a) establish an OH&S management system to eliminate or minimize
risks to personnel and other interested parties who could be
exposed to OH&S hazards associated with its activities;
b) implement, maintain and continually improve an OH&S
management system;
c) assure itself of its conformity with its stated OH&S policy;
d) demonstrate conformity with this OHSAS Standard by:
1) making a self-determination and self-declaration, or
2) seeking confirmation of its conformance by parties having an
interest in the organization, such as customers, or
3) seeking confirmation of its self-declaration by a party external
to the organization, or
4) seeking certification/registration of its OH&S management
system by an external organization.
All the requirements in this OHSAS Standard are intended to be
incorporated into any OH&S management system. The extent of the
application will depend on such factors as the OH&S policy of the
organization, the nature of its activities and the risks and complexity of
its operations.
This OHSAS Standard is intended to address occupational health and
safety, and is not intended to address other health and safety areas such
as employee wellbeing/wellness programmes, product safety, property
damage or environmental impacts.
2 Reference publications
Other publications that provide information or guidance are listed in the
bibliography. It is advisable that the latest editions of such publications
be consulted. Specifically, reference should be made to:
OHSAS 18002, Occupational health and safety management
systems – Guidelines for the implementation of OHSAS 18001
International Labour Organization:2001, Guidelines on Occupational
Health and Safety Management Systems (OSH-MS)
© BSI 2007 • 1BS OHSAS 18001:2007
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions
apply.
3.1 acceptable risk
risk that has been reduced to a level that can be tolerated by the
organization having regard to its legal obligations and its own
OH&S policy (3.16)
3.2 audit
systematic, independent and documented process for obtaining “audit
evidence” and evaluating it objectively to determine the extent to which
“audit criteria” are fulfilled
[ISO 9000:2005, 3.9.1]
NOTE 1 Independent does not necessarily mean external to the
organization. In many cases, particularly in smaller organizations,
independence can be demonstrated by the freedom from responsibility for
the activity being audited.
NOTE 2 For further guidance on “audit evidence” and “audit criteria”,
see ISO 19011.
3.3 continual improvement
recurring process of enhancing the OH&S management
system (3.13) in order to achieve improvements in overall
OH&S performance (3.15) consistent with the organization’s (3.17)
OH&S policy (3.16)
NOTE 1 The process need not take place in all areas of activity
simultaneously.
NOTE 2 Adapted from ISO 14001:2004, 3.2.
3.4 corrective action
action to eliminate the cause of a detected nonconformity (3.11) or
other undesirable situation
NOTE 1 There can be more than one cause for a nonconformity.
NOTE 2 Corrective action is taken to prevent recurrence whereas
preventive action (3.18) is taken to prevent occurrence.
[ISO 9000:2005, 3.6.5]
3.5 document
information and its supporting medium
NOTE The medium can be paper, magnetic, electronic or optical
computer disc, photograph or master sample, or a combination thereof.
[ISO 14001:2004, 3.4]
3.6 hazard
source, situation, or act with a potential for harm in terms of human
injury or ill health (3.8), or a combination of these
3.7 hazard identification
process of recognizing that a hazard (3.6) exists and defining its
characteristics
2 • © BSI 2007BS OHSAS 18001:2007
3.8 ill health
identifiable, adverse physical or mental condition arising from and/or
made worse by a work activity and/or work-related situation
3.9 incident
work-related event(s) in which an injury or ill health (3.8) (regardless
of severity) or fatality occurred, or could have occurred
NOTE 1 An accident is an incident which has given rise to injury, ill
health or fatality.
NOTE 2 An incident where no injury, ill health, or fatality occurs may
also be referred to as a “near-miss”, “near-hit”, “close call” or “dangerous
occurrence”.
NOTE 3 An emergency situation (see 4.4.7) is a particular type of
incident.
3.10 interested party
person or group, inside or outside the workplace (3.23), concerned
with or affected by the OH&S performance (3.15) of an
organization (3.17)
3.11 nonconformity
non-fulfilment of a requirement
[ISO 9000:2005, 3.6.2; ISO 14001, 3.15]
NOTE A nonconformity can be any deviation from:
• relevant work standards, practices, procedures, legal
requirements, etc.
• OH&S management system (3.13) requirements.
3.12 occupational health and safety (OH&S)
conditions and factors that affect, or could affect, the health and safety
of employees or other workers (including temporary workers and
contractor personnel), visitors, or any other person in the
workplace (3.23)
NOTE Organizations can be subject to legal requirements for the health
and safety of persons beyond the immediate workplace, or who are
exposed to the workplace activities.
3.13 OH&S management system
part of an organization’s (3.17) management system used to develop
and implement its OH&S policy (3.16) and manage its OH&S
risks (3.21)
NOTE 1 A management system is a set of interrelated elements used to
establish policy and objectives and to achieve those objectives.
NOTE 2 A management system includes organizational structure,
planning activities (including, for example, risk assessment and the
setting of objectives), responsibilities, practices, procedures (3.19),
processes and resources.
NOTE 3 Adapted from ISO 14001:2004, 3.8.
© BSI 2007 • 3BS OHSAS 18001:2007
3.14 OH&S objective
OH&S goal, in terms of OH&S performance (3.15), that an
organization (3.17) sets itself to achieve
NOTE 1 Objectives should be quantified wherever practicable.
NOTE 2 4.3.3 requires that OH&S objectives are consistent with the
OH&S policy (3.16).
3.15 OH&S performance
measurable results of an organization’s (3.17) management of its
OH&S risks (3.21)
NOTE 1 OH&S performance measurement includes measuring the
effectiveness of the organization’s controls.
NOTE 2 In the context of OH&S management systems (3.13), results can
also be measured against the organization’s (3.17) OH&S policy (3.16),
OH&S objectives (3.14), and other OH&S performance requirements.
3.16 OH&S policy
overall intentions and direction of an organization (3.17) related to its
OH&S performance (3.15) as formally expressed by top management
NOTE 1 The OH&S policy provides a framework for action and for the
setting of OH&S objectives (3.14)
NOTE 2 Adapted from ISO 14001:2004, 3.11.
3.17 organization
company, corporation, firm, enterprise, authority or institution, or part
or combination thereof, whether incorporated or not, public or private,
that has its own functions and administration
NOTE For organizations with more than one operating unit, a single
operating unit may be defined as an organization.
[ISO 14001:2004, 3.16]
3.18 preventive action
action to eliminate the cause of a potential nonconformity (3.11) or
other undesirable potential situation
NOTE 1 There can be more than one cause for a potential nonconformity.
NOTE 2 Preventive action is taken to prevent occurrence whereas
corrective action (3.4) is taken to prevent recurrence.
[ISO 9000:2005, 3.6.4]
3.19 procedure
specified way to carry out an activity or a process
NOTE Procedures can be documented or not.
[ISO 9000:2005, 3.4.5]
3.20 record
document (3.5) stating results achieved or providing evidence of
activities performed
[ISO 14001:2004, 3.20]
3.21 risk
combination of the likelihood of an occurrence of a hazardous event or
exposure(s) and the severity of injury or ill health (3.8) that can be
caused by the event or exposure(s)
4 • © BSI 2007BS OHSAS 18001:2007
3.22 risk assessment
process of evaluating the risk(s) (3.21) arising from a hazard(s), taking
into account the adequacy of any existing controls, and deciding
whether or not the risk(s) is acceptable
3.23 workplace
any physical location in which work related activities are performed
under the control of the organization
NOTE When giving consideration to what constitutes a workplace, the
organization (3.17) should take into account the OH&S effects on
personnel who are, for example, travelling or in transit (e.g. driving,
flying, on boats or trains), working at the premises of a client or customer,
or working at home.
4 OH&S management system
requirements
4.1 General requirements
The organization shall establish, document, implement, maintain and
continually improve an OH&S management system in accordance with
the requirements of this OHSAS Standard and determine how it will fulfil
these requirements.
The organization shall define and document the scope of its OH&S
management system.
4.2 OH&S policy
Top management shall define and authorize the organization’s OH&S
policy and ensure that within the defined scope of its OH&S
management system it:
a) is appropriate to the nature and scale of the organization’s OH&S
risks;
b) includes a commitment to prevention of injury and ill health and
continual improvement in OH&S management and OH&S
performance;
c) includes a commitment to at least comply with applicable legal
requirements and with other requirements to which the
organization subscribes that relate to its OH&S hazards;
d) provides the framework for setting and reviewing OH&S
objectives;
e) is documented, implemented and maintained;
f) is communicated to all persons working under the control of the
organization with the intent that they are made aware of their
individual OH&S obligations;
g) is available to interested parties; and
h) is reviewed periodically to ensure that it remains relevant and
appropriate to the organization.
© BSI 2007 • 5BS OHSAS 18001:2007
4.3 Planning
4.3.1 Hazard identification, risk assessment and
determining controls
The organization shall establish, implement and maintain a
procedure(s) for the ongoing hazard identification, risk assessment, and
determination of necessary controls.
The procedure(s) for hazard identification and risk assessment shall
take into account:
a) routine and non-routine activities;
b) activities of all persons having access to the workplace (including
contractors and visitors);
c) human behaviour, capabilities and other human factors;
d) identified hazards originating outside the workplace capable of
adversely affecting the health and safety of persons under the
control of the organization within the workplace;
e) hazards created in the vicinity of the workplace by work-related
activities under the control of the organization;
NOTE 1 It may be more appropriate for such hazards to be assessed
as an environmental aspect.
f) infrastructure, equipment and materials at the workplace, whether
provided by the organization or others;
g) changes or proposed changes in the organization, its activities, or
materials;
h) modifications to the OH&S management system, including
temporary changes, and their impacts on operations, processes,
and activities;
i) any applicable legal obligations relating to risk assessment and
implementation of necessary controls (see also the NOTE to 3.12);
j) the design of work areas, processes, installations,
machinery/equipment, operating procedures and work
organization, including their adaptation to human capabilities.
The organization’s methodology for hazard identification and risk
assessment shall:
a) be defined with respect to its scope, nature and timing to ensure it
is proactive rather than reactive; and
b) provide for the identification, prioritization and documentation of
risks, and the application of controls, as appropriate.
For the management of change, the organization shall identify the
OH&S hazards and OH&S risks associated with changes in the
organization, the OH&S management system, or its activities, prior to
the introduction of such changes.
The organization shall ensure that the results of these assessments are
considered when determining controls.
6 • © BSI 2007BS OHSAS 18001:2007
When determining controls, or considering changes to existing
controls, consideration shall be given to reducing the risks according to
the following hierarchy:
a) elimination;
b) substitution;
c) engineering controls;
d) signage/warnings and/or administrative controls;
e) personal protective equipment.
The organization shall document and keep the results of identification
of hazards, risk assessments and determined controls up-to-date.
The organization shall ensure that the OH&S risks and determined
controls are taken into account when establishing, implementing and
maintaining its OH&S management system.
NOTE 2 For further guidance on hazard identification, risk assessment
and determining controls, see OHSAS 18002.
4.3.2 Legal and other requirements
The organization shall establish, implement and maintain a
procedure(s) for identifying and accessing the legal and other OH&S
requirements that are applicable to it.
The organization shall ensure that these applicable legal requirements
and other requirements to which the organization subscribes are taken
into account in establishing, implementing and maintaining its OH&S
management system.
The organization shall keep this information up-to-date.
The organization shall communicate relevant information on legal and
other requirements to persons working under the control of the
organization, and other relevant interested parties.
4.3.3 Objectives and programme(s)
The organization shall establish, implement and maintain documented
OH&S objectives, at relevant functions and levels within the
organization.
The objectives shall be measurable, where practicable, and consistent
with the OH&S policy, including the commitments to the prevention of
injury and ill health, to compliance with applicable legal requirements
and with other requirements to which the organization subscribes, and
to continual improvement.
When establishing and reviewing its objectives, an organization shall
take into account the legal requirements and other requirements to
which the organization subscribes, and its OH&S risks. It shall also
consider its technological options, its financial, operational and
business requirements, and the views of relevant interested parties.
© BSI 2007 • 7BS OHSAS 18001:2007
The organization shall establish, implement and maintain a
programme(s) for achieving its objectives. Programme(s) shall include
as a minimum:
a) designation of responsibility and authority for achieving objectives
at relevant functions and levels of the organization; and
b) the means and time-frame by which the objectives are to be
achieved.
The programme(s) shall be reviewed at regular and planned intervals,
and adjusted as necessary, to ensure that the objectives are achieved.
4.4 Implementation and operation
4.4.1 Resources, roles, responsibility, accountability and
authority
Top management shall take ultimate responsibility for OH&S and the
OH&S management system.
Top management shall demonstrate its commitment by:
a) ensuring the availability of resources essential to establish,
implement, maintain and improve the OH&S management system;
NOTE 1 Resources include human resources and specialized skills,
organizational infrastructure, technology and financial resources.
b) defining roles, allocating responsibilities and accountabilities, and
delegating authorities, to facilitate effective OH&S management;
roles, responsibilities, accountabilities, and authorities shall be
documented and communicated.
The organization shall appoint a member(s) of top management with
specific responsibility for OH&S, irrespective of other responsibilities,
and with defined roles and authority for:
a) ensuring that the OH&S management system is established,
implemented and maintained in accordance with this OHSAS
Standard;
b) ensuring that reports on the performance of the OH&S
management system are presented to top management for review
and used as a basis for improvement of the OH&S management
system.
NOTE 2 The top management appointee (e.g. in a large
organization, a Board or executive committee member) may delegate
some of their duties to a subordinate management representative(s)
while still retaining accountability.
The identity of the top management appointee shall be made available
to all persons working under the control of the organization.
All those with management responsibility shall demonstrate their
commitment to the continual improvement of OH&S performance.
The organization shall ensure that persons in the workplace take
responsibility for aspects of OH&S over which they have control,
including adherence to the organization’s applicable OH&S
requirements.
8 • © BSI 2007BS OHSAS 18001:2007
4.4.2 Competence, training and awareness
The organization shall ensure that any person(s) under its control
performing tasks that can impact on OH&S is (are) competent on the
basis of appropriate education, training or experience, and shall retain
associated records.
The organization shall identify training needs associated with its OH&S
risks and its OH&S management system. It shall provide training or take
other action to meet these needs, evaluate the effectiveness of the
training or action taken, and retain associated records.
The organization shall establish, implement and maintain a
procedure(s) to make persons working under its control aware of:
a) the OH&S consequences, actual or potential, of their work
activities, their behaviour, and the OH&S benefits of improved
personal performance;
b) their roles and responsibilities and importance in achieving
conformity to the OH&S policy and procedures and to the
requirements of the OH&S management system, including
emergency preparedness and response requirements (see 4.4.7);
c) the potential consequences of departure from specified
procedures.
Training procedures shall take into account differing levels of:
a) responsibility, ability, language skills and literacy; and
b) risk.
4.4.3 Communication, participation and consultation
4.4.3.1 Communication
With regard to its OH&S hazards and OH&S management system, the
organization shall establish, implement and maintain a procedure(s)
for:
a) internal communication among the various levels and functions of
the organization;
b) communication with contractors and other visitors to the
workplace;
c) receiving, documenting and responding to relevant
communications from external interested parties.
4.4.3.2 Participation and consultation
The organization shall establish, implement and maintain a
procedure(s) for:
a) the participation of workers by their:
• appropriate involvement in hazard identification, risk assessments
and determination of controls;
• appropriate involvement in incident investigation;
• involvement in the development and review of OH&S policies and
objectives;
© BSI 2007 • 9BS OHSAS 18001:2007
• consultation where there are any changes that affect their OH&S;
• representation on OH&S matters.
Workers shall be informed about their participation arrangements,
including who is their representative(s) on OH&S matters.
b) consultation with contractors where there are changes that affect
their OH&S.
The organization shall ensure that, when appropriate, relevant external
interested parties are consulted about pertinent OH&S matters.
4.4.4 Documentation
The OH&S management system documentation shall include:
a) the OH&S policy and objectives;
b) description of the scope of the OH&S management system;
c) description of the main elements of the OH&S management system
and their interaction, and reference to related documents;
d) documents, including records, required by this OHSAS Standard;
and
e) documents, including records, determined by the organization to
be necessary to ensure the effective planning, operation and
control of processes that relate to the management of its OH&S
risks.
NOTE It is important that documentation is proportional to the level of
complexity, hazards and risks concerned and is kept to the minimum
required for effectiveness and efficiency.
4.4.5 Control of documents
Documents required by the OH&S management system and by this
OHSAS Standard shall be controlled. Records are a special type of
document and shall be controlled in accordance with the requirements
given in 4.5.4.
The organization shall establish, implement and maintain a
procedure(s) to:
a) approve documents for adequacy prior to issue;
b) review and update as necessary and re-approve documents;
c) ensure that changes and the current revision status of documents
are identified;
d) ensure that relevant versions of applicable documents are available
at points of use;
e) ensure that documents remain legible and readily identifiable;
f) ensure that documents of external origin determined by the
organization to be necessary for the planning and operation of the
OH&S management system are identified and their distribution
controlled; and
g) prevent the unintended use of obsolete documents and apply
suitable identification to them if they are retained for any purpose.
10 • © BSI 2007BS OHSAS 18001:2007
4.4.6 Operational control
The organization shall determine those operations and activities that are
associated with the identified hazard(s) where the implementation of
controls is necessary to manage the OH&S risk(s). This shall include the
management of change (see 4.3.1).
For those operations and activities, the organization shall implement
and maintain:
a) operational controls, as applicable to the organization and its
activities; the organization shall integrate those operational
controls into its overall OH&S management system;
b) controls related to purchased goods, equipment and services;
c) controls related to contractors and other visitors to the workplace;
d) documented procedures, to cover situations where their absence
could lead to deviations from the OH&S policy and the objectives;
e) stipulated operating criteria where their absence could lead to
deviations from the OH&S policy and objectives.
4.4.7 Emergency preparedness and response
The organization shall establish, implement and maintain a
procedure(s):
a) to identify the potential for emergency situations;
b) to respond to such emergency situations.
The organization shall respond to actual emergency situations and
prevent or mitigate associated adverse OH&S consequences.
In planning its emergency response the organization shall take account
of the needs of relevant interested parties, e.g. emergency services and
neighbours.
The organization shall also periodically test its procedure(s) to respond
to emergency situations, where practicable, involving relevant
interested parties as appropriate.
The organization shall periodically review and, where necessary, revise
its emergency preparedness and response procedure(s), in particular,
after periodical testing and after the occurrence of emergency situations
(see 4.5.3).
4.5 Checking
4.5.1 Performance measurement and monitoring
The organization shall establish, implement and maintain a
procedure(s) to monitor and measure OH&S performance on a regular
basis. This procedure(s) shall provide for:
a) both qualitative and quantitative measures, appropriate to the
needs of the organization;
b) monitoring of the extent to which the organization’s OH&S
objectives are met;
c) monitoring the effectiveness of controls (for health as well as for
safety);
© BSI 2007 • 11BS OHSAS 18001:2007
d) proactive measures of performance that monitor conformance
with the OH&S programme(s), controls and operational criteria;
e) reactive measures of performance that monitor ill health, incidents
(including accidents, near-misses, etc.), and other historical
evidence of deficient OH&S performance;
f) recording of data and results of monitoring and measurement
sufficient to facilitate subsequent corrective action and preventive
action analysis.
If equipment is required to monitor or measure performance, the
organization shall establish and maintain procedures for the calibration
and maintenance of such equipment, as appropriate. Records of
calibration and maintenance activities and results shall be retained.
4.5.2 Evaluation of compliance
4.5.2.1 Consistent with its commitment to compliance [see 4.2c)], the
organization shall establish, implement and maintain a procedure(s) for
periodically evaluating compliance with applicable legal requirements
(see 4.3.2).
The organization shall keep records of the results of the periodic
evaluations.
NOTE The frequency of periodic evaluation may vary for differing legal
requirements.
4.5.2.2 The organization shall evaluate compliance with other
requirements to which it subscribes (see 4.3.2). The organization may
wish to combine this evaluation with the evaluation of legal compliance
referred to in 4.5.2.1 or to establish a separate procedure(s).
The organization shall keep records of the results of the periodic
evaluations.
NOTE The frequency of periodic evaluation may vary for differing other
requirements to which the organization subscribes.
4.5.3 Incident investigation, nonconformity, corrective
action and preventive action
4.5.3.1 Incident investigation
The organization shall establish, implement and maintain a
procedure(s) to record, investigate and analyse incidents in order to:
a) determine underlying OH&S deficiencies and other factors that
might be causing or contributing to the occurrence of incidents;
b) identify the need for corrective action;
c) identify opportunities for preventive action;
d) identify opportunities for continual improvement;
e) communicate the results of such investigations.
The investigations shall be performed in a timely manner.
Any identified need for corrective action or opportunities for preventive
action shall be dealt with in accordance with the relevant parts
of 4.5.3.2.
12 • © BSI 2007BS OHSAS 18001:2007
The results of incident investigations shall be documented and
maintained.
4.5.3.2 Nonconformity, corrective action and preventive action
The organization shall establish, implement and maintain a
procedure(s) for dealing with actual and potential nonconformity(ies)
and for taking corrective action and preventive action. The
procedure(s) shall define requirements for:
a) identifying and correcting nonconformity(ies) and taking action(s)
to mitigate their OH&S consequences;
b) investigating nonconformity(ies), determining their cause(s) and
taking actions in order to avoid their recurrence;
c) evaluating the need for action(s) to prevent nonconformity(ies)
and implementing appropriate actions designed to avoid their
occurrence;
d) recording and communicating the results of corrective action(s)
and preventive action(s) taken; and
e) reviewing the effectiveness of corrective action(s) and preventive
action(s) taken.
Where the corrective action and preventive action identifies new or
changed hazards or the need for new or changed controls, the
procedure shall require that the proposed actions shall be taken through
a risk assessment prior to implementation.
Any corrective action or preventive action taken to eliminate the causes
of actual and potential nonconformity(ies) shall be appropriate to the
magnitude of problems and commensurate with the OH&S risk(s)
encountered.
The organization shall ensure that any necessary changes arising from
corrective action and preventive action are made to the OH&S
management system documentation.
4.5.4 Control of records
The organization shall establish and maintain records as necessary to
demonstrate conformity to the requirements of its OH&S management
system and of this OHSAS Standard, and the results achieved.
The organization shall establish, implement and maintain a
procedure(s) for the identification, storage, protection, retrieval,
retention and disposal of records.
Records shall be and remain legible, identifiable and traceable.
4.5.5 Internal audit
The organization shall ensure that internal audits of the OH&S
management system are conducted at planned intervals to:
a) determine whether the OH&S management system:
1) conforms to planned arrangements for OH&S management,
including the requirements of this OHSAS Standard; and
2) has been properly implemented and is maintained; and
3) is effective in meeting the organization’s policy and objectives;
© BSI 2007 • 13BS OHSAS 18001:2007
b) provide information on the results of audits to management.
Audit programme(s) shall be planned, established, implemented and
maintained by the organization, based on the results of risk assessments
of the organization’s activities, and the results of previous audits.
Audit procedure(s) shall be established, implemented and maintained
that address:
a) the responsibilities, competencies, and requirements for planning
and conducting audits, reporting results and retaining associated
records; and
b) the determination of audit criteria, scope, frequency and methods.
Selection of auditors and conduct of audits shall ensure objectivity and
the impartiality of the audit process.
4.6 Management review
Top management shall review the organization’s OH&S management
system, at planned intervals, to ensure its continuing suitability,
adequacy and effectiveness. Reviews shall include assessing
opportunities for improvement and the need for changes to the OH&S
management system, including the OH&S policy and OH&S objectives.
Records of the management reviews shall be retained.
Input to management reviews shall include:
a) results of internal audits and evaluations of compliance with
applicable legal requirements and with other requirements to
which the organization subscribes;
b) the results of participation and consultation (see 4.4.3);
c) relevant communication(s) from external interested parties,
including complaints;
d) the OH&S performance of the organization;
e) the extent to which objectives have been met;
f) status of incident investigations, corrective actions and preventive
actions;
g) follow-up actions from previous management reviews;
h) changing circumstances, including developments in legal and
other requirements related to OH&S; and
i) recommendations for improvement.
The outputs from management reviews shall be consistent with the
organization’s commitment to continual improvement and shall include
any decisions and actions related to possible changes to:
a) OH&S performance;
b) OH&S policy and objectives;
c) resources; and
d) other elements of the OH&S management system.
Relevant outputs from management review shall be made available for
communication and consultation (see 4.4.3).
14 • © BSI 2007BS OHSAS 18001:2007
Correspondence between
Annex A (informative)
OHSAS 18001:2007, ISO 14001:2004
and ISO 9001:2000
Table A.1 Correspondence between OHSAS 18001:2007, ISO 14001:2004
and ISO 9001:2000
OHSAS 18001:2007 ISO 14001:2004 ISO 9001:2000
— Introduction — Introduction 0 Introduction
0.1 General
0.2 Process approach
0.3 Relationship with ISO 9004
0.4 Compatibility with other
management systems
1 Scope 1 Scope 1 Scope
1.1 General
1.2 Application
2 Normative references 2 Normative references 2 Normative reference
3 Terms and definitions 3 Terms and definitions 3 Terms and definitions
4 OH&S management system 4 Environmental management 4 Quality management system
elements (title only) system requirements (title (title only)
only)
4.1 General requirements 4.1 General requirements 4.1 General requirements
5.5 Responsibility, authority and
communication
5.5.1 Responsibility and authority
4.2 OH&S policy 4.2 Environmental policy 5.1 Management commitment
5.3 Quality policy
8.5.1 Continual improvement
4.3 Planning (title only) 4.3 Planning (title only) 5.4 Planning (title only)
4.3.1 Hazard identification, risk 4.3.1 Environmental aspects 5.2 Customer focus
assessment and 7.2.1 Determination of
determining controls requirements related to the
product
7.2.2 Review of requirements
related to the product
4.3.2 Legal and other 4.3.2 Legal and other 5.2 Customer focus
requirements requirements 7.2.1 Determination of
requirements related to the
product
4.3.3 Objectives and 4.3.3 Objectives, targets and 5.4.1 Quality objectives
programme(s) programme(s) 5.4.2 Quality management system
planning
8.5.1 Continual improvement
4.4 Implementation and 4.4 Implementation and 7 Product realization (title
operation (title only) operation (title only) only)
© BSI 2007 • 15BS OHSAS 18001:2007
Table A.1 Correspondence between OHSAS 18001:2007, ISO 14001:2004
and ISO 9001:2000 (continued)
OHSAS 18001:2007 ISO 14001:2004 ISO 9001:2000
4.4.1 Resources, roles, 4.4.1 Resources, roles, 5.1 Management commitment
responsibility, responsibility and 5.5.1 Responsibility and authority
accountability and authority 5.5.2 Management representative
authority 6.1 Provision of resources
6.3 Infrastructure
4.4.2 Competence, training 4.4.2 Competence, training and 6.2.1 (Human resources) General
and awareness awareness 6.2.2 Competence, awareness and
training
4.4.3 Communication, 4.4.3 Communication 5.5.3 Internal communication
participation and 7.2.3 Customer communication
consultation
4.4.4 Documentation 4.4.4 Documentation 4.2.1 (Documentation requirements)
General
4.4.5 Control of documents 4.4.5 Control of documents 4.2.3 Control of documents
4.4.6 Operational control 4.4.6 Operational control 7.1 Planning of product realization
7.2 Customer-related processes
7.2.1 Determination of requirements
related to the product
7.2.2 Review of requirements related
to the product
7.3.1 Design and development
planning
7.3.2 Design and development
inputs
7.3.3 Design and development
outputs
7.3.4 Design and development
review
7.3.5 Design and development
verification
7.3.6 Design and development
validation
7.3.7 Control of design and
development changes
7.4.1 Purchasing process
7.4.2 Purchasing information
7.4.3 Verification of purchased
product
7.5 Production and service
provision
7.5.1 Control of production and
service provision
7.5.2 Validation of processes for
production and service
provision
7.5.5 Preservation of product
16 • © BSI 2007BS OHSAS 18001:2007
Table A.1 Correspondence between OHSAS 18001:2007, ISO 14001:2004
and ISO 9001:2000 (continued)
OHSAS 18001:2007 ISO 14001:2004 ISO 9001:2000
4.4.7 Emergency preparedness 4.4.7 Emergency preparedness 8.3 Control of nonconforming
and response and response product
4.5 Checking (title only) 4.5 Checking (title only) 8 Measurement, analysis and
improvement (title only)
4.5.1 Performance 4.5.1 Monitoring and 7.6 Control of monitoring and
measurement and measurement measuring devices
monitoring (Measurement, analysis and
improvement)
8.1 General
8.2.3 Monitoring and measurement
of processes
8.2.4 Monitoring and measurement
of product
8.4 Analysis of data
4.5.2 Evaluation of compliance 4.5.2 Evaluation of compliance 8.2.3 Monitoring and measurement
of processes
8.2.4 Monitoring and measurement
of product
4.5.3 Incident investigation, — — — —
nonconformity,
corrective action and
preventive action (title
only)
4.5.3.1 Incident investigation — — — —
4.5.3.2 Nonconformity, 4.5.3 Nonconformity, corrective 8.3 Control of nonconforming
corrective and preventive action and preventive product
action action 8.4 Analysis of data
8.5.2 Corrective action
8.5.3 Preventive action
4.5.4 Control of records 4.5.4 Control of records 4.2.4 Control of records
4.5.5 Internal audit 4.5.5 Internal audit 8.2.2 Internal audit
4.6 Management review 4.6 Management review 5.1 Management commitment
5.6 Management review (title only)
5.6.1 General
5.6.2 Review input
5.6.3 Review output
8.5.1 Continual improvement
© BSI 2007 • 17BS OHSAS 18001:2007
Correspondence between
Annex B (informative)
OHSAS 18001, OHSAS 18002, and
the ILO-OSH:2001 Guidelines on
occupational safety and health
management systems
B.1 Introduction
This annex identifies the key differences between the International
Labour Organization’s ILO-OSH Guidelines and the OHSAS documents,
and provides a comparative assessment of their differing requirements.
It should be noted that no areas of significant difference have been
identified.
Consequently, those organizations that have implemented an OH&S
management system that is compliant with OHSAS 18001 may be
reassured that their OH&S management system will also be compatible
with the recommendations of the ILO-OSH Guidelines.
A correspondence table between the individual clauses of the OHSAS
documents and those of the ILO-OSH Guidelines is given in B.4.
B.2 Overview
The two prime objectives of the ILO-OSH Guidelines are:
a) to assist countries in the establishment of a national framework for
occupational health and safety management systems; and
b) to provide guidance to individual organizations regarding the
integration of OH&S elements into their overall policy and
management arrangements.
OHSAS 18001 specifies requirements for OH&S management systems,
to enable organizations to control risks and to improve their OH&S
performance. OHSAS 18002 gives guidance on the implementation of
OHSAS 18001. The OHSAS documents are therefore comparable with
Section 3 of the ILO-OSH Guidelines “The occupational safety and
health management system in the organization”.
B.3 Detailed analysis of Section 3 of the ILO-OSH
Guidelines against the OHSAS documents
B.3.1 Scope
The focus of the ILO-OSH Guidelines is on workers. The focus of the
OHSAS Standards, towards persons under the control of the
organization and other interested parties, is broader.
B.3.2 OH&S management system models
The models picturing the main elements of an OH&S management
system are directly equivalent between the ILO-OSH Guidelines and the
OHSAS documents.
18 • © BSI 2007BS OHSAS 18001:2007
B.3.3 ILO-OSH Section 3.2, Worker participation
In the ILO-OSH Guidelines, subsection 3.2.4 recommends that: “The
employer should ensure as appropriate, the establishment and
efficient functioning of a health and safety committee and the
recognition of workers health and safety representatives in
accordance with national laws and practice”.
OHSAS 18001, 4.4.3, requires the organization to establish a procedure
for communication, participation and consultation, and to involve a
wider spectrum of interested parties (due to the broader scope of
application of the document).
B.3.4 ILO-OSH Section 3.3, Responsibility and
accountability
The ILO-OSH Guidelines recommend in 3.3.1(h) the establishment of
prevention and health promotion programmes. There is no requirement
in the OHSAS Standards for this.
B.3.5 ILO-OSH Section 3.4, Competence and training
The recommendation of the ILO-OSH Guidelines subsection 3.4.4:
“Training should be provided to all participants at no cost and
should take place during working hours if possible”, is not a
requirement of the OHSAS documents.
B.3.6 ILO-OSH Section 3.10.4, Procurement
The ILO-OSH Guidelines emphasize that safety and health requirements
of the organization should be incorporated into purchasing and leasing
specifications.
The OHSAS Standards address procurement by their requirements for
risk assessment, identification of legal requirements and the
establishment of operational controls.
B.3.7 ILO-OSH Section 3.10.5, Contracting
The ILO-OSH Guidelines define the steps to be taken to ensure that the
organization’s safety and health requirements are applied to contractors
(they also provide a summary of the actions needed to ensure that they
are). This is implicit in OHSAS.
B.3.8 ILO-OSH Section 3.12, Investigation of work related
injuries, ill health, diseases and incidents, and their
impact on safety and health performance
The ILO-OSH Guidelines do not require corrective actions or preventive
actions to be reviewed through the risk assessment process prior to
implementation, as they are in OHSAS 18001, 4.5.3.2.
B.3.9 ILO-OSH Section 3.13, Audit
The ILO-OSH Guidelines recommend consultation on the selection of
auditors. In contrast, the OHSAS documents require audit personnel to
be impartial and objective.
© BSI 2007 • 19BS OHSAS 18001:2007
B.3.10 ILO-OSH Section 3.16, Continual improvement
This is a separate subclause in the ILO-OSH Guidelines. It details
arrangements that should be taken into account for the achievement of
continual improvement. Similar arrangements are detailed throughout
the OHSAS documents, which consequently do not have a
corresponding clause.
B.4 Correspondence between the clauses of the
OHSAS documents and the clauses of the
ILO-OSH Guidelines
Table B.1 Correspondence between the clauses of the OHSAS documents
and the clauses of the ILO-OSH Guidelines
Clause OHSAS Clause ILO-OSH Guidelines
Introduction — Introduction
3.0 The occupational safety and health management
system in the organization
Foreword — The International Labour Organization
1 Scope 1.0 Objectives
2 Reference publications — Bibliography
3 Terms and definitions — Glossary
4 OH&S management system elements — —
(title only)
4.1 General requirements 3.0 The occupational safety and health management
system in the organization
4.2 OH&S policy 3.1 Occupational safety and health policy
3.16 Continual improvement
4.3 Planning (title only) — Planning and implementation (title only)
4.3.1 Hazard identification, risk assessment and 3.7 Initial review
determining controls 3.8 System planning, development and implementation
3.10 Hazard prevention
3.10.1 Prevention and control measures
3.10.2 Management of change
3.10.5 Contracting
4.3.2 Legal and other requirements 3.7.2 (Initial review)
3.10.1.2 (Prevention and control measures)
4.3.3 Objectives and programme(s) 3.8 System planning, development and implementation
3.9 Occupational safety and health objectives
3.16 Continual improvement
4.4 Implementation and operation (title only) — —
4.4.1 Resources, roles, responsibility, 3.3 Responsibility and accountability
accountability and authority 3.8 System planning, development and implementation
3.16 Continual improvement
20 • © BSI 2007BS OHSAS 18001:2007
Table B.1 Correspondence between the clauses of the OHSAS documents
and the clauses of the ILO-OSH Guidelines (continued)
Clause OHSAS Clause ILO-OSH Guidelines
4.4.2 Competence, training and awareness 3.4 Competence and training
4.4.3 Communication, participation and 3.2 Worker participation
consultation 3.6 Communication
4.4.4 Documentation 3.5 Occupational safety and health management
system documentation
4.4.5 Control of documents 3.5 Occupational safety and health management
system documentation
4.4.6 Operational control 3.10.2 Management of change
3.10.4 Procurement
3.10.5 Contracting
4.4.7 Emergency preparedness and response 3.10.3 Emergency prevention, preparedness and response
4.5 Checking (title only) — Evaluation (title only)
4.5.1 Performance measurement and monitoring 3.11 Performance monitoring and measurement
4.5.2 Evaluation of compliance — —
4.5.3 Incident investigation, nonconformity, — —
corrective action and preventive action
(title only)
4.5.3.1 Incident investigation 3.12 Investigation of work related injuries, ill health,
diseases and incidents and their impact on safety
and health performance
3.16 Continual improvement
4.5.3.2 Nonconformity, corrective and preventive 3.15 Preventive and corrective action
action
4.5.4 Control of records 3.5 Occupational safety and health management
system documentation
4.5.5 Internal audit 3.13 Audit
4.6 Management review 3.14 Management review
3.16 Continual improvement
© BSI 2007 • 21BS OHSAS 18001:2007
Bibliography
[1]ISO 9000:2005, Quality management systems – Fundamentals
and vocabulary
[2]ISO 9001:2000, Quality management systems – Requirements
[3]ISO 14001:2004, Environmental management systems –
Requirements with guidance for use
[4]ISO 19011:2002, Guidelines for quality and/or environmental
management systems auditing
22 • © BSI 2007BS OHSAS 18001:2007
This page deliberately left blankBS OHSAS 18001:2007
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2098.pdf
|
Indian Standard
ASBESTOS CEMENT BUILDING BOARDS -
SPECIFICATION
( First Revision )
ICS 91.100.40
0 BIS 1997
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG
NEW DELHI 110002
November 1997 Price Group 3Cement Matrix Products Sectional Committee, CED 53
FOREWROD
This Indian Standard ( First Revision ) was adopted by the Bureau of Indian Standards, after the draft finalized by
the Cement Matrix Products Sectional Committee had been approved by the Civil Engineering Division Council.
Asbestos cement building boards are mainly used as interior fittings where no load or little load comes on them such
as partitions, furniture and Dado work.
Asbestos cement building boards are different from:
a) Asbestos cement flat sheets (water cured or humid cured) intended for external use conforming to IS 2096 :
1992 ‘Specification for asbestos cement flat sheet’.
b) Silica asbestos cement flat sheets conforming to IS 13000 : 1990 ‘Specification for shallow corrugated
asbestos cement sheets’.
This is the first revision of the standard which was originally published in 1964. In this revision, besides incorpo-
rating the amendments already issued, all the tests have been aligned with the methods given in IS 5913 : 1989
‘Methods of tests for asbestos cement products’. Modifications have also been done to refer latest versions of
referred standards.
The technical committees responsible for formulation of this standard is given in Annex B.
For the purpose of deciding whether a particular requirement of this standard is complied with the final value,
observed or calculated, expressing the result of test or analysis shall be rounded off in accordance with IS 2 : 1960
‘Rules for rounding off numerical values (revised)‘. The number of significant places retained in the rounded off
value should be the same as that of the specified value in this standard.IS 2098 : 1997
Indian Standard
ASBESTOS CEMENT BUILDING BOARDS -
SPECIFICATION
(First Revision)
1 SCOPE Table 1 Dimensions of Asbestos Cement
Building Boards
This standard specifies the requirements regarding
( Clauses 5, 7.1 and 8.3 )
composition, dimensions and tests of asbestos cement
building boards. Asbestos cement flat sheets and silica class of Length Width Thickness
asbestos cement flat sheets which are different, are Board
mm mm mm
not covered in this standard.
(1) (2) (3) (4)
2 REFERENCES A 2 440 1 220 6
(2 400) (1 200)
The Indian Standards listed in Annex A are necessary
1 830
adjuncts to this standard. (1 800)
1220
3 COMPOSITION (1 200)
Asbestos cement building boards shall be made from B 2 440 1 220 5
(2 400) (1 200)
a thorough and homogenous mixture of ordinary
1 830
Portland cement, grade 33 conforming to IS 269 or
(1 800)
ordinary Portland cement, grade 43 conforming to 1 220
IS 8112 or ordinary Portland cement, grade 53 (1 200)
conforming to IS 12269 or rapid hardening Portland C 2 440 1 220 4
cement conforming to IS 8041, Portland slag cement (2 400) (1 200)
conforming to IS 455, Portland pozzolana cement 1 830
conforming to either IS 1489 (Part 1) or IS 1489 (1 800)
1220
(Part 2) and Asbestos fibre to which other suitable
(1 200)
libres may be added. Pozzolanic materials, fillers and
NOTE - Values which are not in brackets are preferred
pigments which are compatible with Asbestos cement
sizes.
may be added.
NOTE - By mutual agreement between the purchaser
4 COLOURING MATTER and the manufacturer the boards may be supplied in
dimensions other than specified in Table 1.
The boards may be left in their natural colour or
colouring matter may be added in the composition. 6 GENERAL APPREARANCE AND FINISH
They may receive coloured or uncoloured coatings on
The finished product when delivered, shall be free from
their surface. Pigments which are embodied in
visible defects that impair its appearance or service-
Asbestos cement for colouring purposes shall be of
ability. The surface of the boards shall be of uniform
permanent colour and shall conform to the relevant
texture and shall have atleast one smooth surface. They
Indian Standards. For guidance in ascertaining the
shall be flat, rectangular and shall have neatly trimmed
colour and staining power of the pigments, IS 5913
straight and regular edges and shall be square at the
may be referred to.
corners.
5 CLASSIFICATION
7 TOLERANCES
Asbestos cement building boards shall be of three
7.1 Tolerances on Length and Width
classes namely, Class A, Class B and Class C, con-
forming to the dimensions given in Table 1. Asbestos cement building boards shall not vary fromIS 2098 : 1997
the nominal dimensions for length and width 9 SAMPLING
specified in Table 1 by more than + 5 mm.
The sampling, inspection and acceptance shall be in
7.2 Tolerance on Thickness accordance with IS 7639. Unless otherwise agreed to
between the manufacturer and the purchaser, the
From3mmto5mm -+0.5mm
maximum and minimum inspection lots shall be 3 000
From 6 mm and above - f 0. le mm (f 10
and 400 sheets respectively.
percent)
where ‘e ’ is nominal thickness of board. 10 MANUFACTURER’S CERTIFICATE
The manufacturer shall satisfy himself that the boards
8 TESTS
conform to the requirements of this standard and, if
8.1 The samples of boards taken as described in 9 and required, shall furnish a certificate to this effect to
tested for the various characteristics shall conform to the purchaser or his representative clearly stating class
the requirements specified in 8.2 to 8.4. of the board.
8.2 Load Bearing Capacity Test 11 MARKING
When tested in accordance with IS 5913 the average Each board shall be stamped or marked by any suitable
breaking load of two specimens taken from the same method on non weathering side with the following
board shall be not less than 20 kg for Class A boards information:
and 15 kg for Class B and Class C boards. Further, the
a) Class of board;
breaking load of either of the specimens shall not be
less than 15 kg for Class A boards and 10 kg for Class b) Identification of source of manufacture;
B and Class C boards. c> Nominal thickness of board; and
8.3 Measurement of Thickness 4 Pictorial warning sign as gi- .n in IS 12081
(Part 2).
The average thickness of the sheet when measured at
three points at each end of the sheet approximately 11.2 BIS Certitication Marking
20 mm from the edge by means of a metal plate gauge
The product may also be marked with Standard Mark.
having diameter not less than 9 mm and reading to
0.1 mm shall correspond to the nominal thickness and
11.2.1 The use of Standard Mark is governed by the
the tolerance specified in Table 1 and 7.1 respectively.
provision of the Bureau oflndian Sfandards Act, 1986
and the Rules and Regulations made thereunder. The
8.4 Water Absorption Test
details of conditions under which the licence. for the
When tested in accordance with IS 5913 the amount use of Standard Mark may be granted to manufacturers
of water absorbed by the specimen shall not exceed or producers may be obtained from the Bureau of
40 percent of its dry weight. Indian Standards.
2IS 2098 : 1997
ANNEXA
( CZause2 )
LIST OF REFERRED INDIAN STANDARDS
IS No. Title IS No. Title
269 : 1989 Specification for 33 grade ordi- 8041 : 1990 Specification for rapid hardening
nary Portland cement ( fourth Portland cement ($rst revision )
revision)
8112 : 1989 Specification for 43 grade
45.5 : 1989 Specification for Portland slag ordinary Portland cement ( first
cement ( fourth revision ) revision )
1489 Specification for Portland 11769 Guidelines for safe use of
pozzolana cement: (Part 1) : 1987 products containing asbestos :
Part 1 Asbestos cement products
(Part 1) : 1991 Flyash based ( third revision )
12081 Recommendations for pictorial
(Part 2) : 1991 Calcined clay based ( third
(Part 2) : 1987 warning signs and precautionary
revision )
notices for asbestos and products
5913 : 1989 Methods of test for asbestos containing asbestos : Part 2 Asbes-
cement products (first revision ) tos and its products
7639 : 1975 Methods of sampling of asbestos 12269 : 1987 Specification for 53 grade ordi-
cement products nary Portland cement
3IS 2098 : 1997
ANNEX B
( Foreword >
COMMITYCEE COMPOSITION
Cement Matrix Products Sectional Committee, CED 53
Chinnun
SHR~S . A. REDDI Gammon India Ltd, Mumbai
Members
SHRIK . H. GP.NGWAL Hyderabad Industries Ltd, Sanatnagar
SHRIV . PA~T~BHI( Alternate )
DR C. RAJKIJMAR National Council for Cement and Building Materials. New Delhi
SHRIH . K. JULKA( Alternate)
SHRIR . SUBRAMANIAM Central Public Works Department, New Delhi
SHRI K. P. ABRAHAM( Alternate )
SHRIP . S. ROY Engineer-in-Chiefs Branch, Army Hcadquaners, New Delhi
DR A. S. GOYAL( Alternate )
JOINT DIRECTORS TANDARDS(B &S) CB II Research, Design and Standards Orge.nizat;on, Ixcknow
ASSISTANTD ESIGNE NGINEER(C S-I) ( Alternate )
SHRID . K. KANUNGO National Test House, Calcutta
SHRIT . CHOUDHUR(YA lternate )
SHRIC . H. SUBRAMANIAN Small Scale Industries, New Delhi
SHRIA . DUTTA ( Alternate )
DR IRSADM ASXID Central Building Research Institute, Roorkee
SHRIS . P. TEHRI( Alternate )
SHRI0 . p. AGARWAL Municipal Corporation of Delhi, Delhi
SHRIJ . L. DHINGRA( Alternote )
SHRIP S. KALANI All India Small Scale, A. C. Pressure Pipes Manufacturers
Association.Hyderabad
SHRIN . KISHANR EDDY( Alternate )
SHRIP . D. KELKAR Indian Hume Pipe Co Ltd Mumbai
SHRIF ? R. C. NAIR (Alternate )
SHRIG . S. SHIRALKAR Spun Pipes Manufacturers Association of Maharashtra (%I),
Pune
SHRIA .V. G~GTE (Alternate )
SHRIA . K. CHADHA Hindustan Prefab Ltd. New Delhi
SHRIJ . R. SIL (Alternate )
SHRIS . HARIRAMASAMY Tamil Nadu Water Supp!y and Drainage Board, Chennai
DR V. S. PARAMESWAR.AN Structural Engineering Research Centre. Madras
SHRIA . K. MANI ( Al?ernate )
CHIEFE NGINEER Municipal Corporation of Greater Bombay, Mumbai
DEPUTYC HIEFE NGINEER( Alternote )
SHRIS . P RASTOGI Federation of UP Pipe Manufacturers, Lucknow ’
SHRIG . R. BHAR~KAR B. G. Shirke Construction Technology Private Ltd, Pune
COL (ROD) D. V. PADSALGIKAR(A lternate )
SHRI B. V. B. PAI The Associated Cement Companies Ltd. Thane
SHRIM . G. DANDWATE(A lternate )
SHRIM . A. AZE~ Rural Electrification Corporation L,td, New Delhi
SHRIP D. GAIKAWAD( Alternate )
SHRIK . SRIVASTAVA Etemit Everest Ltd, Mumbai
SHRIV INODK ~MAR Director General, BIS (Ex-ojkio Member)
Director ( Civ Engg )
Member Secretary
SHRI J. K. PRASAV
Additional Director ( Civ Engg ), BlSIS 2098 : 1997
( Corrfinrredfrom page 4 )
Fibre Reinforced Cement Products Subcommittee, CED 53: 1
Convener Representing
DR C. RAIKUMAR National Council for Cement and Building Materials. New Delhi
Members
DR N. RAGHAVENDRA National Council for Cement and Building Materials. New Delhi
SHRI SRINFASAN N. IYER Eternit Everest Ltd. New Delhi
DR V. B. UPADHYAYA( Alternate)
SHRI V. PAITABHI The Hyderbad Industries Ltd. Hyderabad
SHRI A. K. GUFTA (Alternate )
SUPERINTENDINEGN GINEER( TADC) Central Public Works Department, New Delhi
EXECUTIVEE NGINEER( TADC) ( Alternate )
COI. V. K. SAWHNEY Engineer-in-Chief’s Branch. New Delhi
LT.COL R. I.. KRIRE ( Alternate )
SHRI U. N. VENKATESH Shree Digvijay Cement Co Ltd, Ahmadabad
SHRI K. S. RAMAKRISHANAN (Alternate )
JOINTD IRECTORS TANDARDS( B&S) I CB-I Research, Design and Standards Organization. Lucknow
JOINT DIRECTORS TANDARDS( B&S) CR-I ( Alternafe )
SHRI S. GANAPATHY Ramco Industries Ltd. Chennai
SHRI N. Cr. BHASAK Directorate General of Technical Developent. New Delhi
SHRI P. K. JAIN (Alternate )
SHRI S. K. BANERIEE National Test House, Calcutta
SHKI K. P. GOENKA Sabarmangala Industries, Calcutta
SHRI I. P. GOENKA (Alternate )
SHRI RAJ KUMAR Development Commissioner, Small Scale Industries, New Delhi
SHRI S. C. KUMAR (Alternate )
DR KAI.YAND AS Central Building Research Institute, Roorkee
SHRI R. S. RAWAT( Alternate )
SHRI F? S. KAI.ANI Kalani Asbestos Cement Private Ltd. Indore
SHRI T. S. SUMMI ( Alternate )
SIN P I,. JAIN Jain Trading Corporation, Kota
SHRI M. M. JAIN (Alternate )
SHRI P. N. MEHTA Geological Survey of India, Jaipur
SHRI V. K. KASI.IWAL( Alternate )
SHRI S. N. BASU Directorate General of Supplies and Disposals, New Delhi
SHRI T. N. UBOVUA (Alternate )
SHRI S. PRAKASH Delhi Water Supply & Sewage Disposals IJndL~rtakin~. New Delhi
SHRI P S. KALANI Kalnni Industries Private Ltd. Secunderabad
SHRI N. KRISHAN REDDI ( Alternate )
SHRI S. B. SURI Central Soil & Materials Research Station. New Delhi
SHRI N. CHANDRASEKARAN(A lternate )Bureau of Indian Standards
BIS is a statutory institution established under the Wurenu ofIndia/? Standurds.4ct, 1986 to promote harmonious
development of the activities of standardization, marking and quality certification of goods and attending to
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Copyright
BIS has the copyright of all its publications. No part of these publications may be reproduced in any form without
the prior permission in writing of BIS. This does not preclude the free use, in the course of implementing the
standard, of necessary details, such as symbols and sizes, type or grade designations. Enquiries relating to
copyright be addressed to the Director (Publications), BIS.
Review of Indian Standards
Amendments are issued to standards as the need arises on the basis of comments. Standards are also reviewed
periodically; a standard along with amendments is reaffirmed when such review indicates that no changes are
needed; if the review indicates that changes are needed, it is taken up for revision. Users of Indian Standards
should ascertain that they are in possession of the latest amendments or edition by referring to the latest issue
of ‘BIS Handbook’ and ‘Standards : Monthly Additions’.
This Indian Standard has been developed from Dot : No. CED 53 ( 5 184 )
Amendments Issued Since Publication
Amend No. Date of Issue Text Affected
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
Headquarters:
Manak Bhavan, 9 Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg, New Delhi 110002 Telegrams: Manaksanstha
Telephones : 323 01 31. 323 94 02, 323 33 75 ( Common to
all offices )
Regional Offices: Telephone
Central : Manak Bhavan, 9 Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg C 32376 17
NEW DELHI 110002 323 3841
Eastern : l/14 C. I. T. Scheme VII M, V. I. P. Road, Maniktola 3378499.3378561
CALCUTTA 700054 337 86 26, 337 86 62
Northern : SC0 335-336, Sector 34-A, CHANDIGARH 160022 I 60 38 43
60 20 25
Southern : C. I. T. Campus, IV Cross Road, CHENNAI 600113 I 23502 16.2350442
235 15 19,235 23 15
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Branches : AHMADABAD. BANGALORE. BHOPAL. BHUBANESHWAR.
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Pnnted at New India Prmtmg Press. tiU1J.X India
|
9901_1.pdf
|
IS : 9901 ( Part I ) - 1981
( Redfirmed1 995 )
Indian Standard
MEASUREMENT OF SOUND INSULATION IN
BUILDINGS AND OF BUILDING ELEMENTS
PART I REQUIREMENTS FOR LABORATORIES
( First Reprint OCTOBER 1997 )
UDC 699.844 : 727.57
0 Copyright 1982
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG
NEW DELHI 110002
Gr 2 March 1982ISt9991(PartI)-1981
Indian Standard
MEASURE-MENT OF SOUND INSULATIO~N IN
BUILDkNGS AND OF BUILDING ELEMENTS
PART I REQUIRE-MENTS FOR LABORATORIES
Acoustics Sectional Committee, LTDC 5
Chairman
DR M. PANCHOLY
Emeritus Scientist
National Physical Laboratory, New Delhi
Members Representing
DR K. ACHYUTHAN Ministry of Defence ( R & D )
Ssmr R. S. VOHRA ( Alternate )
SHRI SANDEEPA HUJA Ahuja Radios, New Delhi
SHRI S. P. JERATH ( Alternate )
COL T. R. BHALOTRA Ministry of Defence ( DGI )
LT COL K~~HANLAL( Aknatc )
DR A. F. CHIIAPDAR National Physical Laboratory ( CSIR), New Delhi
DR Pz N. GUPTA . I Department of Electronics, New Delhi
SHRI TEK CHANDAM ( Altcmate ,
SHRI R. K. JAIN Electronic Component Industria Association,
( ELCINA), New Delhi
SHRI L. K. VISHWANATH( Alternate )
SHRI K. S. KALIDAs Railway Board, New Delhi
SHIU V. JAYARAMAN( Altcrnatc )
SHRI J. S. MONGA Botton Industrial Corporation, New Delhi
Snm M. S. MONGA ( Alkmate )
SHRI B. C. MUIWERJEE National Test House, Calcutta
SHRI J. K. BHATTACHARYA( Alkmatr )
DR ( KM ) SHAILAJAN IKAM All India Institute of Speech & Hearing, Mysore
SHRI K. D. PAVATE Central Electronics Engineering Research Institute
( CSIR ), Pilani
SHRI M. R. KAPOOR ( Alternate)
Smu A. V. R-AN Films Division, Bombay
Rrsah~csr ENGINEER Directorate General of All India Radio, New Delhi
SHRI M. SANKARALINGAM Directorate General of Supplies & Disposals, New
Delhi
SHRI R. S. ARORA ( Alternate )
SHRI Smwm KUMAR Directorate General of Civil Aviation, New Delhi
SHRI K. CHANDRACHUDAN( Akernate )
( Continuedo n pOgc 2 )
0 Copyight 1982
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
This publication is protected under the Indian CoPvrignt Act (XIV of 1957 ) and
reproduction in whole or in part by any means except with written permission of the
publisher shall be deemed to be an infringement of copyright under the said Act.Is:99ol(PartI)-1981
( continued.fipoa7gne 1 )
Members Representing
SHRI M. N. SI.MU.A Posts and Telegraphs Board, New Delhi
SHRI S. K. TANDON( Altmatt )
SUPERINTENDESNUTR VEY&RO F ’ Central Public Works Department, New Delhi
WORKS( FOOD)
SHRIL . K. VISHWANATW Peico Electronics & Electricals Ltd, Bombay and
The Radio Electronics and Television Manu-
facturers’ Association, Bombay
SHRI K. D’SA ( Altmate )
SHRI R. C. JAIN, Director General, BIS ( Ex-o&o Member)
Head ( Electronics )
SHRI PAVANK ~~uR
Assistant Director ( Electronics ), BISISt99Ol(PartI)-1981
Indian Standard
MEASUREMENT OF SOUND INSULATION IN
BUILDINGS AND OF BUILDING ELEMENTS
PART I REQUIREMENTS FOR LABORATORIES
0. FOREWORD
0.1 This Indian Standard ( Part I ) was adopted by the Indian Standards
Institution on 25 August 1981, after the draft finalized by the Acoustics
Sectional Committee had been approved by the Electronics and Tele-
communication Division Council.
0.2 The purpose of this standard is to provide a coordinated statement of
requirements for laboratories used for measurement of sound insulation
of building elements.
0.3 Laboratories for the determination of airborne and impact sound
reduction of structural elements should be constructed in such a way that
the measurement results can be directly or indirectly applied to the con-
ditions in actual buildings.
0.4 In the case of laboratories with suppressed radiation from flanking
elements, the behaviour of the element in the actual building can be con-
cluded only indirectly and only in some cases from the measurement results
in the laboratory. The test rooms described in this standard belong to this
group of laboratories. This group includes laboratories where the specimen
is structurally isolated ~fromb oth test rooms, and laboratories where the test
specimen is connected to one or both of the test rooms, the radiation from
flanking elements being reduced either by use of heavy elements or by use
of appropriate linings.
A direct application of the results of laboratory measurements is
possible if the flanking transmission is included. For this purpose, the test
rooms -and coupling of test specimen to the flanking construction must
resemble the situation in usual buildings (laboratories with flanking
transmission or mockups ): The requirements for such laboratories are
under consideration.
0.5 Measurement of sound insulation in buildings and of building elements
are being covered by a series of standards consisting of the following in-
dividual parts :
3Part I Requirements for laboratories
Part II Statement of precision requirements
Part III Laboratory measurements of airborne sound insulation
of building elements
Part IV Field measurements of airborne sound insulation between
rooms
Part -V Field measurements of airborne sound insulation of facade
elements and facades
Part VI Laboratory measurements of impact sound insulation
of floors
Part VII Field measurements of impact sound insulation of floors
Part VIII Laboratory measurements of the reduction of transmitted
impact noise by floors coverings on a standard floor.
0.6 While preparing this standard, assistance has been derived from
ISO/DIS 140/I ‘Measurement of sound insulation in buildings and of
building elements: Part I Requirements for laboratories’ issued by the
International Organization for Standardization.
0.7 In reporting the result of a test made in accordance with this standard,
if the final value, observed or calculated is to be rounded off, it shall be
done in accordance with IS : 2-1960*.
1. SCOPE
1.1 This standard ( Part I ) specifies requirements for laboratories for
sound insulation measurements of building elements. It applies to labo-
ratories with suppressed radiation from flanking elements.
2. TERMINOLOGY
2.0 For the purpose of this standard, the terms and definitions given in
IS : 1885 ( Part III/Set 8 )-1974t shall apply.
3. LABORATORIES FOR AIRBORNE SOUND INSULATION
MEASUREMENTS UNDER DIFFUSE CONDITIONS
3.0 The laboratory test facility consists of two adjacent reverberant rooms
with a test opening between them in which the test suecimea is inserted.
*Rules for rounding off numerical values ( recked ).
tElectrotechnica1 vocabulary : Part III Acoustics, Set 8 Architectural acoustics.
4Is :99ol<PartI)-1981
3.1 Roomy
3.1.1 Volumes and shapes of the two test rooms should not be exactly
the same. A difference in room volumes of at least 10 percent is recommend-
ed. The volumes of the test rooms should be atleast 50ms. The ratios
of the room dimensions should be so chosen that the natural frequencies
in the low-frequency region are spaced as uniformly as possible. If neces-
sary, diffusing elements should be installed in the rooms to obtain a diffused
sound field.
NOTE 1 - The volume of the rooms and the size of the test opening as well
as the position of the test specimen within this opening are under consideration.
Theoretical calculation as well as some experiments have indicated that it may
be advisable that the specimen should cover a total side wall or ceiling of the test
room, that is, the test opening should extend from wall to wall and/or from ceiling
to floor. If the latter is the case, a volume of 5Oms is appropriate in view of the
recommended size of the test opening.
NOTE 2 - The reverberation time in the rooms should not be excessively long.
Where the reverberation time at low frequencies exceeds two seconds, a check
should be made to determine whether the measured reduction index d ends
on the reverberation time. When such a dependence is found, even with di! %u sors
in the rooms, the room should be modified to reduce the reverberation time to
not more than two seconds at low test frequencies.
3.1.2 The background level in the receiving room must be sufficiently
low to permit a measurement of the sound transmitted from the source
room, considering the power output in the source room and the isolating
properties of the specimens for which the laboratory is intended.
3.1.3 In laboratory test facilities for measuring the transmission loss,
the sound transmitted by any indirect path should be negligible compared
with the sound transmitted through the test specimen. One way to achieve
this in such facilities is to provide sufficient structural isolation between
source and receiving room. Another method might be to cover all surfaces
of both rooms with linings that reduce the radiation sufficiently:
NOTE - A suitable measure to use as a reference value is d, Max defined in
IS : 9901 ( Part III )-1951*.
3.2 Test Opening
3.2.1 It is recommended that the size of the test opening should be
approximately lOm2 for walls, and between IOms and 2Om2 for floors, with
the shorter edge length not less than 2.3m for both walls and floors.
*Measurement of sound insulation in buildings and of building elements: Part III Labo-
ratory measurements of airborne sound insulation of building elements.
5IS:99Ol(PartI)-1981
3.2.2 A smaller size may be used if the wavelength of free flexural waves
at the lowest frequency considered is smaller than half the minimum
dimension of the specimen. The smaller the specimen, however, the more
sensitive the results will he to edge constraint conditions and to local varia-
tions in sound fields.
3.2.3 A smaller size may also be appropriate for tests of windows, doors
and similar components. Test openings for doors shall be so arranged that
the lower edge is situated directly above the floor of the test rooms according
to the conditions in the field.
NOTE-Test openings should be so arranged that the test specimen can be
installed in a manner as similar as possible to the actual construction with a careful
simulation of normal connections and sealing conditions at the perimeter and at
joints within the partition.
4. LABORATORIES FOR IMPACT SOUND INSULATION OF
FLOORS AND FLOOR COVERINGS
4.1 Receiving Room -The volume of the receiving room should be
at least 50ms. The ratios of the receiving room dimensions should be so
chosen that the natural frequencies in the low-frequency region are spaced
as uniformly as possible. If necessary, diffusing elements should be installed
in the receiving room to obtain a diffuse sound field.
NOTE I - The volume of the receiving room and the size of the test opening as well
as the position of the test specimen within this opening are under consideration. Theo-
retical calculation as well as some experiments have indicated that it may be advisable
that the specimen should cover the total ceiling of the receiving room, that is, the test
openmg should extend from wall to wall. If the latter is the case, a volume of 5Oms is
appropriate in view of the recommended size of the test opening.
NOTE 2 - The reverberation time in the receiving room should not be excessively
long. Where the reverberation time at low frequencies exceeds two seconds, a check
should be made to determine whether the measured impact sound insulation depends
on the reverberation time. When such a dependance is found, even with diffusers in
the room, the room should be modified to reduce the reverberation time to not more
than two seconds at low test frequencies.
4.1.1 The background level in the receiving room must be sufficiently
low to permit a measurement of the transmitted impact sound, considering
the properties of the tapping machine and the isolating properties of the
specimens for which the laboratory is intended.
4.1.2 The airborne sound insulation between the receiving room and the
source room must be sufficiently high that the sound field measured in the
receiving room is only that generated by the impact excitation of the test
floor.
6IS:99Ol(Part.I)-1981
4.2 Test Opening - It is recommended that the size of the test opening
for floors should be between 1Omz and 20m2, with the shorter edge length
not less than 2*3m.
NOTE - When measuring reduction in impact sound pressure level by floor coverings
according to IS : 9901 ( Part VIII )-1981 , special precautions with respect to the test
opening may not be necessary.
*Measurement of sound insulation in buildings and of building elements: Part VIII
Laboratory measurements of the reduction of transmitted impact noise by Roor coverings
on a standard floor.
7BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
He&quartets:
Manak Bhavan, 9 Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg, NEW DELHI 110002
Telephones: 323 0131, 323 3375, 323 9402
Fax : 91 113234062, 91 113239399, 91 113239382
Telegrams : Manaksanstha
(Common to all Offices)
Central-Laboratory: Telephone
Plot No. 2OI9, Site IV, Sahibabad Industrial Area, SAHIBABAD 201010 8-77 00 32
Regional Offices:
Central : Manak Bhavan, 9 Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg, NEW DELHI 110002 323 76 17
‘Eastern : 1114 CIT Scheme VII M, V.I.P. Road, Maniktola. CALCUTTA700054 337 86 62
Northern : SC0 335336, Sector 34-A, CHANDIGARH 160022 60 38 43
Southern : C.I.T. Campus, IV Cross Road, CHENNAI 600113 235 23 15
twestern : Manakalaya. E9 Behind Mar01 Telephone Exchange, Andheri (East), 832 92 95
MUMBAI 400093
Branch Offices:
‘Pushpak’. Nurmohamed Shaikh Marg, Khanpur. AHMEDABAD 380001 550 13 48
SPeenya Industrial Area, 1st Stage, Bangalore - Tumkur Road, 839 49 55
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Plot No. 62-63, Unit VI, Ganga Nagar. BHUBANESHWAR 751001 40 36 27
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Plot No. 43. Sector 16 A, Mathura Road, FARIDABAD 121001 8-28 88 01
Savitri Complex, 116 G. T. Road, GHAZIABAD 201001 8-71 19 96
5315 Ward No. 29, R G Barua Road, 5th By-lane, GUWAHATI 781003 541137
58-58C, L. N. Gupta Marg. Nampally Station Road, HYDERABAD 500001 20 10 83
E-52, Chitaranjan Marg, C-Scheme, JAIPUR 302001 37 29 25
117/418 B, Sarvodaya Nagar, KANPUR 208005 21 68 76
Seth Bhawan, 2nd Floor, Behind Leela Cinema, Naval Kishore Road, 23 89 23
LUCKNOW 226001
Patliputra Industrial Estate, PATNA 800013 26 23 05
T. C. No. 14/1421, University P. 0. Paleyam, 621 17
THIRUVANANTHAPURAM 695034
NIT Building, Second Floor, Gokulpat Market, NAGPUR 440010 52 51 71
Institution of Engineers ( India ) Building, 1332 Shivaji Nagar, PUNE 411005 32 36 35
‘Sales Office is at 5 Chowringhee Approach, P. 0. Princep Street,
CALCUTTA 700072 27 10 85
*Sales Office is at Novelty Chambers, Grant Road, MUMBAI 400007 309 65 28
*Sales Office is at ‘F’ Block, Unity Building, Narashimaraja Square, 222 39 71
BANGALORE 560002
Printed al New India Printing Press,K iwrja,I ndia
|
ISO 14122 Part 4.pdf
|
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 14122-4
First edition
2004-12-15
Safety of machinery — Permanent means
of access to machinery —
Part 4:
Fixed ladders
Sécurité des machines — Moyens d'accès permanents aux
machines —
Partie 4: Échelles fixes
Reference number
ISO 14122-4:2004(E)
--`,,,`,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Copyright International Organization for Standardization
© ISO 2004
Reproduced by IHS under license with ISO
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for ResaleISO 14122-4:2004(E)
PDF disclaimer
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accepts no liability in this area.
Adobe is a trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated.
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parameters were optimized for printing. Every care has been taken to ensure that the file is suitable for use by ISO member bodies. In
the unlikely event that a problem relating to it is found, please inform the Central Secretariat at the address given below.
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All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or
ISO's member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
Case postale 56 • CH-1211 Geneva 20
Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11
Fax + 41 22 749 09 47
E-mail [email protected]
Web www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
--`,,,`,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
ii © ISO 2004 – All rights reserved
Copyright International Organization for Standardization
Reproduced by IHS under license with ISO
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for ResaleISO 14122-4:2004(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 14122-4 was prepared by the European Committee for Standardization (CEN) in collaboration with
Technical Committee ISO/TC 199, Safety of machinery, in accordance with the Agreement on technical
cooperation between ISO and CEN (Vienna Agreement).
Throughout the text of this document, read “...this European Standard...” to mean “...this International
Standard...”.
ISO 14122 consists of the following parts, under the general title Safety of machinery — Permanent means of
access to machinery:
— Part 1: Choice of fixed means of access between two levels
— Part 2: Working platforms and walkways
— Part 3: Stairs, stepladders and guard-rails
— Part 4: Fixed ladders
For the purposes of this part of ISO 14122, the CEN annex regarding fulfilment of European Council
Directives has been removed.
© ISO 2004 – All rights reserved iii
Copyright International Organization for Standardization
Reproduced by IHS under license with ISO
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale
--`,,,`,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---ISO 14122-4:2004(E)
Contents
Page
Foreword......................................................................................................................................................................v
Introduction................................................................................................................................................................vi
1 Scope ..............................................................................................................................................................1
2 Normative references ....................................................................................................................................1
3 Terms and definitions ...................................................................................................................................1
4 Safety requirements ......................................................................................................................................6
4.1 General requirements....................................................................................................................................6
4.2 Strength of fixed ladders ..............................................................................................................................6
4.2.1 General requirements....................................................................................................................................6
4.2.2 Fixing elements..............................................................................................................................................7
4.2.3 Platforms ........................................................................................................................................................8
4.3 Conditions for installation of an fall protection device ...........................................................................11
4.3.1 Conditions requiring the installation of an fall protection device..........................................................11
4.3.2 Choice of the type of fall protection device..............................................................................................12
4.4 Ladder...........................................................................................................................................................12
4.4.1 Position of the rungs...................................................................................................................................12
4.4.2 Rungs............................................................................................................................................................13
4.4.3 Devices against slipping-off.......................................................................................................................15
4.4.4 Spacing between the ladder and any permanent obstruction................................................................15
4.5 Safety cage...................................................................................................................................................15
4.6 Guided type fall arrester on a rigid anchorage line..................................................................................15
4.7 Departure and arrival areas - Platforms ....................................................................................................15
4.7.1 Departure areas............................................................................................................................................16
4.7.2 Arrival areas .................................................................................................................................................17
4.7.3 Access openings .........................................................................................................................................18
4.7.4 Climbing off and getting on to a fixed ladder safely................................................................................18
4.7.5 Platforms ......................................................................................................................................................20
5 Verification of safety requirements............................................................................................................21
5.1 General..........................................................................................................................................................21
5.2 Tests of fixed ladders with two stiles........................................................................................................22
5.3 Testing of the safety cage...........................................................................................................................22
5.4 Tests of fixed ladders with one stile..........................................................................................................24
5.4.1 Strength and bending of a ladder element; Torsion of the rungs ..........................................................24
5.4.2 Strength of the rungs ..................................................................................................................................25
5.4.3 Strength of the stile .....................................................................................................................................26
5.5 Test of the anchor points............................................................................................................................26
5.5.1 Fixed ladders with two stiles without fall arrester ...................................................................................26
5.5.2 Fixed ladders with one stile........................................................................................................................27
5.5.3 Fixed ladders with fall arrester...................................................................................................................27
6 Assembly and operating instructions .......................................................................................................28
6.1 Assembly instructions ................................................................................................................................28
6.2 Operating instructions for ladders with fall arrester................................................................................28
6.3 Marking at points of entry and exit ............................................................................................................28
Bibliography..............................................................................................................................................................29
--`,,,`,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
iv © ISO 2004 – All rights reserved
Copyright International Organization for Standardization
Reproduced by IHS under license with ISO
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for ResaleISO 14122-4:2004(E)
Foreword
This document (EN ISO 14122-4:2004) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 114 “Safety of
machinery”, the secretariat of which is held by DIN, in collaboration with Technical Committee ISO/TC 199 “Safety
of machinery”.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or
by endorsement, at the latest by June 2005, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by
June 2005.
This document has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and the European
Free Trade Association, and supports essential requirements of EU Directive(s).
According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following
countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark,
Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta,
Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Poland, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.
© ISO 2004 – All rights reserved v
Copyright International Organization for Standardization
Reproduced by IHS under license with ISO
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale
--`,,,`,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---ISO 14122-4:2004(E)
Introduction
This is the fourth part of the standard "Safety of machinery — Permanent means of access to machinery". The
parts of the standard are:
Part 1: Choice of a fixed means of access between two levels
Part 2: Working platforms and walkways
Part 3: Stairs, stepladders and guard-rails
Part 4: Fixed ladders.
This European standard is a type B standard as stated in EN ISO 12100.
This standard is to be read in conjunction with Clause 1.6.2 "Access to operating position and servicing points"
and 1.5.15 "Risk of slipping, tripping or falling" of the essential safety requirements expressed in Annex A of
EN 292-2:1991/A1:1995. See also 5.5.6 "Measures for safe access to machinery" of EN ISO 12100-2:2003 which
supersedes EN 292-2.
The provisions of this document can be supplemented or modified by a type C standard.
NOTE 1 For machines which are covered by the scope of a type C standard and which have been designed and built
according to the provisions of that standard, the provisions of that type C standard will take precedence over the provisions of
this type B standard.
NOTE 2 The use of materials other than metals (composite materials, so-called "advanced" materials, etc.) does not alter the
application of the present standard.
vi © ISO 2004 – All rights reserved
Copyright International Organization for Standardization
Reproduced by IHS under license with ISO
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale
--`,,,`,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---ISO 14122-4:2004(E)
1 Scope
This standard applies to all machinery (stationary and mobile) where fixed means of access are necessary.
The purpose of this standard is to define the general requirements for safe access to machines mentioned in
EN ISO 12100-2. EN ISO 14122-1 gives advice about the correct choice of access means when the necessary
access to the machine is not possible directly from the ground level or from a floor.
This standard applies to fixed ladders, which are a part of a machine.
This standard may also be applied to fixed ladders to that part of the building where the machine is installed,
providing the main function of that part of the building is to provide a means of access to the machine.
NOTE This standard may be used also for means of access which are outside the scope of this standard. In those cases
the possible relevant national or other regulations should be taken into account.
This standard applies also to ladders which are not permanently fixed to the machine and which may be removed,
moved to the side or pivoted (swivel-mounted) for some operations of the machine (e. g. changing tools in a large
press).
For the significant hazards covered by this standard, see Clause 4 of EN ISO 14122-1.
This standard is not applicable to machinery which are manufactured before the date of publication of this standard
by CEN.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references,
only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any
amendments) applies.
EN 131-2:1993, Ladders — Requirements, tests, markings.
EN 353-1, Personal protective equipment against falls from a height — Part 1: Guided type fall arresters including a
rigid anchorage line.
EN 363, Personal protective equipment against falls from a height — Fall arrest systems.
EN ISO 12100-1:2003, Safety of machinery — Basic concepts, general principles for design — Part 1: Basic
terminology, methodology (ISO 12100-1:2003)
EN ISO 12100-2:2003, Safety of machinery — Basic concepts, general principles for design — Part 2: Technical
principles (ISO 12100-2:2003).
EN ISO 14122-1, Safety of machinery — Permanents means of access to machinery — Part 1: Choice of a fixed
means of access between two levels (ISO 14122-1:2001).
EN ISO 14122-2, Safety of machinery — Permanents means of access to machinery — Part 2: Working platforms
and walkways (ISO 14122-2:2001).
EN ISO 14122-3, Safety of machinery — Permanents means of access to machinery — Part 3: Stairs, stepladders
and guard-rails (ISO 14122-3:2001).
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this European Standard, the terms and definitions given in EN ISO 12100-1:2003,
EN ISO 14122-1:2001 and the following apply.
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The main terms used in the present standard are given as an example in Figures 1, 2, 3 and 4.
3.1
fixed ladder with two stiles
ladder, according to 3.1 of EN ISO 14122-1, which is stationary and where the rungs are arranged between and
attached to the stiles. The stiles carry the load (see Figure 2)
3.2
fixed ladder with one stile
ladder, according to 3.1 of EN ISO 14122-1, which is stationary and where the rungs are attached to both sides of
the stile. The stile carries the load alone (see Figure 3)
3.3
ladder flight
continuous part of the fixed ladder (see Figure 1):
between arrival and departure area, in the case of ladders without platforms; or
between the arrival area respectively departure area and the nearest platform; or
between rest platforms following each other
3.4
climbing height H of a fixed ladder
total vertical distance between the walking surface of the arrival area at the top of the ladder(s) and the walking
surface of the departure area at the base of the ladder(s) (see Figure 1)
3.5
height h of the ladder flight
vertical distance between the level at the beginning and the level at the end of each flight (see Figure 1)
3.6
fall protection
technical measure to prevent or reduce the risk of people falling from fixed ladders
NOTE Commonly used fall protection devices are defined in 3.6.1 and 3.6.2.
3.6.1
safety cage
assembly which serves to limit the risk of people falling from the ladder (see Figure 2)
3.6.2
guided type fall arrester on a rigid anchorage line
fall arrester
protective equipment fixed to ladder used in combination with personal protective equipment that everyone has
available before being allowed to use the ladder. (See also definition in EN 353-1 and EN 363)
In the following text the abbreviation "fall arrester" will also be used for this type of fall protection device.
3.7
arrival level
upper level of the surroundings or of the intermediate platform to which, the person steps after the ascent (see
Figure 1)
3.8
departure level
lower level of the surroundings or of the intermediate platform from which the person starts to climb the fixed ladder
(see Figure 1)
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3.9
intermediate platform
horizontal structure (platform) between two consecutive flights of a ladder (used with ladders having staggered
flights) (see Figure 1 and 4b)
3.10
rest platform
area equipped with the required protective means designed so that the user of the ladder can have a physical rest
(See Figures 1b, 10, 11 and 12)
3.11
access platform
horizontal structure at the arrival or departure area used by a person for means of access
3.12
trap door
normally closed device which can be opened to give access through a platform or through other similar horizontal
structures
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Position of the rest platforms
Dimensions in millimetres
H = 10000 mm h = 6000 mm
max max
Figure 1.a : Ladder without rest platform Figure 1.b : Ladder with staggered flights
(single flight)
Key
1 Arrival area
2 Departure area
3 Intermediate platform or rest platform
4 Ladder flight
Figure 1 — Height of flights and location of platforms
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Key
1 Anchor bracket
2 Rung
3 Ladder stile
4 Safety cage vertical members
5 Lowest hoop
6 Intermediate hoop
7 Toe plate
8 Platform step
9 Gate
10 Upper hoop
[A] Exit section
[B] Safety cage
Figure 2 — Terminology
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Key
1 Stile
2 Rung
3 Protective device against slipping-off
4 Anchor point
Figure 3 — Example of a ladder less than 3000 mm with one stile
4 Safety requirements
4.1 General requirements
The materials, dimensions of constituent elements and construction mode used shall meet the safety objectives of
this standard.
Ladders shall be designed to meet the same installation requirements as the machine, taking into consideration
where necessary, conditions such as harsh environment, vibrations, etc.
As far as possible, fixed ladders should be designed with two stiles. In exceptional circumstances (e. g. a
continuous ladder with a varying angle of pitch or insufficient space to provide two stiles), fixed ladders may be
provided with only one stile.
All parts likely to be in contact with users shall be designed so as not to catch, hurt or hinder i. e. sharp corners,
welds with burrs, or rough edges, etc. should be avoided. Opening or closing the mobile parts (gate) shall not
cause further hazards (e. g. shearing or accidental falling) for persons using the ladder and those in the vicinity.
Fittings, hinges, anchor points, supports and mounting points shall hold the assembly sufficiently rigid and stable to
ensure the safety of users under normal conditions of use.
4.2 Strength of fixed ladders
4.2.1 General requirements
A ladder, platform and safety cage (when installed) shall meet the following design requirements:
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4.2.1.1 Ladder element
The ladder elements are considered to fulfil the requirements mentioned in 4.2.1 when they meet the requirements
of EN 131-2. The maximum deflection as indicated in 5.1 shall not exceed 50 mm.
In case of fixed ladders with one stile instead of the lateral bending test (see 4.4 of EN 131-2:1993) a torsion test
shall be made by application of two test loads each 400 N. The deflection of the ladder shall not exceed 20 mm
(see 5.4.3 and Figure 16). For the rungs, the load is applied on a length of 100 mm close to the lateral devices
against slipping off. The residual deflection of the rungs shall be not more than 0,3 % related to the length of the
rung (see 5.4.2, and Figure 15).
4.2.1.2 Safety cage
The safety cage is considered to meet these requirements if the permanent deformation as the result of a vertical
load of 1000 N is not more than 10 mm and as the result of a horizontal load of 500 N is not more than 10 mm.
(see 5.3 and Figure 13).
4.2.1.3 Fixed ladders equipped with a fall arrester
In addition to the requirements of 4.2.1.1, the combination of fall arrester and ladder shall be capable of stopping
the user from falling (see Clause 5).
4.2.2 Fixing elements
4.2.2.1 General
Fixing elements such as fittings, anchorage points, hinges, supports and mountings shall hold the assembly
sufficiently rigid and stable to ensure the safety of user under normal conditions of use (see verification in 5.5).
In case of fixed ladders equipped with a fall arrester the connecting elements shall withstand the stresses caused
by the fall arrester catching the person who falls down.
4.2.2.2 Anchoring points of fixed ladders
The anchoring points and connections to them shall be capable of supporting 3000 N per stile. Up to four
anchorages may be considered to contribute to this support. See 5.5 for the test method.
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4.2.3 Platforms
All platforms shall comply with the requirements of EN ISO 14122-2.
Dimensions in millimetres
Figure 4a — Side elevation on ladder with a safety cage
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Dimension in millimetres
Figure 4b — Front elevation on ladder with safety cage
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Dimensions in millimetres
Figure 4.c – Plan view of a ladder with a safety cage
Dimensions in millimetres
Figure 4.d – Plan view of a ladder without safety cage
Key
1 Connection element
2 Gate
3 Discontinuous obstacle
4 To suit maximum open area ≤ 0,4 m²
5 Intermediate platform
Figure 4 — Principal dimensions of ladders and safety cages
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Dimensions in millimetres
Key
1 See 4.4.1.1
2 See 4.4.1.2 and Figure 6.a
3 Discontinuous obstacle
Figure 5 — Principal dimensions of a fixed ladder with one stile
4.3 Conditions for installation of an fall protection device
4.3.1 Conditions requiring the installation of an fall protection device
The ladder shall be fitted with a fall protection device when:
a) height of the ladder flight is more than 3000 mm;
b) height of the ladder is 3000 mm or less, but at the departure area there is the risk of falling an additional
distance. In this case, the total distance of fall from the upper level of the ladder could be more than 3000 mm.
NOTE Risk of falling is considered to exist when the distance from the centre of the ladder to the unprotected side of a
platform (or similar structure) is less than 3000 mm.
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4.3.2 Choice of the type of fall protection device
Two main alternatives for protection of the users of fixed ladders against falls from a height are safety cages or fall
arresters:
The cage shall be the required choice, as it is a means which is always present and the actual safety function
is independent of the operator's actions,
Where it is not possible to use a cage, individual protective equipment shall be provided. The fall arrester is
only effective if the user chooses to use it. If a harness with an incompatible sliding system is used with a
guided type fall arrester, there will be a risk (requirements for information for use see Clause 6).
A fall arrester shall be designed only for low frequency and specialised access (e. g. maintenance).
NOTE An appropriate individual fall protection device is able to arrest a fall better than a cage.
4.4 Ladder
The principal dimensions of the ladder shall be determined in accordance with 4.4.1 to 4.4.4 (See also Figures 4
and 5).
4.4.1 Position of the rungs
4.4.1.1 Spacing between the rungs
The spacing between successive rungs shall be constant and shall be between 225 mm and 300 mm.
4.4.1.2 Spacing between rungs and the departure and arrival area
The distance between the walking surface of the departure area and the first rung shall not exceed the spacing
between two consecutive rungs.
NOTE In case of mobile machinery to be used on uneven ground, the distance between the walking surface of the
departure area and the first rung may be 400 mm max..
The top rung shall be positioned at the same level as the walking surface of the arrival area (see Figure 6a). If the
gap between the walking surface and the ladder is greater than 75 mm, a floor extension shall be provided at the
arrival area to reduce this gap.
4.4.1.3 Position of rungs of fixed ladders with one stile
The rungs at one side of the stile shall be on the same level as the respective rung at the opposite side of the stile
(see Figure 5).
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Dimension in millimetres
Figure 6.b — Design of polygonal rungs –
Figure 6.a — Position of top rung
Recommended mounting
Figure 6.c — Design of polygonal rungs — Mounting
Figure 6.d — Design of U-shaped profile rungs
for special use only
Key
1 Walking surface of the arrival area
2 Rung/tread surface
3 No sharp edges
Figure 6 — Position of rungs
4.4.2 Rungs
4.4.2.1 Position of polygonal and U-shaped rungs
Polygonal and U-shaped rungs shall be positioned so that the tread walking surface is horizontal (see Figure 6.b,
6.c and 6.d).
4.4.2.2 Length of the rungs
a) Length of rungs of fixed ladders with two stiles
The clear width between the two stiles shall be between 400 mm and 600 mm (see Figure 4). However, a shorter
length between 300 mm and 400 mm is permissible, in cases where the immediate environment makes it
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impossible to use 400 mm. Before a shorter length is considered a check should be carried out to see if it is
possible to find a more favourable position for the ladder allowing a clear width of 400 mm or more.
b) Length of rungs of fixed ladders with two stiles and a fall arrester.
The clear width between the stiles and the rigid anchorage line for a guided type fall arrester shall be at least
150 mm and the thickness of the anchorage line shall not be more than 80 mm (see Figure 7).
Dimension in millimetres
Key
1 Rigid anchorage line
2 Stile
3 Rung
Figure 7 — Length of the rungs of a fixed ladder with two stiles and a rigid anchorage line for a guided type
fall arrester
c) Rungs of fixed ladders with one stile
The clear width between the stile and the protective device against slipping-off shall be between 150 mm
and 250 mm and the thickness of the stile shall not be more than 80 mm (see Figure 5).
4.4.2.3 Cross-section of the rungs
The diameter of the rungs shall be at least 20 mm, or the walking surface of the tread of polygonal or U-shaped
rungs shall have a depth of at least 20 mm.
The cross-section of the rungs shall not be given dimensions difficult to grasp by hand. The diameter of the rung
shall not be more than 35 mm.
4.4.2.4 Surface of the rungs
The surface of the rungs shall not cause injuries, notably to hands, e. g. no sharp edges (see Figure 6.d).
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The surface of the rung shall have a slip resistant walking surface. Special measures to prevent slipping may be
necessary when the risk of slipping is increased due to environmental conditions (oil, ice, etc.).
4.4.3 Devices against slipping-off
The ends of the rungs of fixed ladders with one stile shall be fitted with protective devices against slipping-off
laterally from the rungs. These protective devices against slipping-off shall have a height of at least 20 mm (see
detail A of Figure 5).
4.4.4 Spacing between the ladder and any permanent obstruction
The space between the ladder and any permanent obstruction or obstacles shall be:
in front of the ladder:
at least 650 mm and 600 mm in case of a discontinuous obstacle;
behind the front side of the rungs:
at least 200 mm and 150 mm in case of a discontinuous obstacle.
See Figures 4 and 5.
4.5 Safety cage
The lowest part of safety cage, e. g. the lowest hoop shall start at a height of between 2200 mm and 3000 mm
above the departure area. Below the cage on the chosen access side, the safety cage shall not have elements
likely to obstruct the access to the area situated in front of the ladder. At the arrival area the safety cage shall be
extended up to the height of the guard-rail of the arrival area (see Figure 4).
The clear distances within the hoop of the safety cage shall be between 650 mm and 800 mm (see Figure 4.c).
This applies equally to non-circular as well as circular safety cages. The distance from the rung to the safety cage
shall be between 650 mm and 800 mm (see Figure 4.d). With regard to the ladder axis, the distance from the
surrounding structure in the absence of a safety cage shall be between 325 mm and 400 mm (see Figure 4.d).
The clearance within the cage at the arrival area, measured along the transverse axis of the ladder rungs between
the inside face of the cage shall be between 500 mm and 700 mm (see Figure 4.c).
The distance between two hoops shall not exceed 1500 mm and the distance between two uprights on the cage
shall not exceed 300 mm. The hoops shall be placed at right angles to the uprights on the cage. The safety cage
uprights shall be fixed to the inside of the hoop and be equally spaced.
The spacing of safety cage components shall be designed so that the empty spaces are in any case not more
than 0,40 m2.
A cage is not necessary if surrounding structures (walls, parts of machines, etc.) in front of and on the sides of the
ladder provide a similar safety function (e. g. by providing similar dimensions).
4.6 Guided type fall arrester on a rigid anchorage line
Fall arresters shall meet the relevant requirements of EN 353-1.
4.7 Departure and arrival areas - Platforms
Departure and arrival areas as well as intermediate platforms shall meet the relevant requirements of
EN ISO 14122-2.
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When required, guard-rails as protective devices against the risk of falling from a height at departure and arrival
areas as well as at intermediate platforms shall meet the relevant requirements for guard-rails according to
EN ISO 14122-3.
4.7.1 Departure areas
If the walking surface of the departure area has been raised by more than 500 mm above the surroundings or the
departure area borders on areas which are not able to take a load, e. g. area made of glass or synthetic material,
the departure area shall have guard-rails or equivalent means that are able to protect persons against falling from a
height.
4.7.1.1 Access platforms
If the departure area on the structure of a machine, a building, etc. cannot be considered as an area which meets
the relevant requirements of EN ISO 14122, an access platform shall be provided.
4.7.1.2 Fixed ladders with a safety cage
If the horizontal distance from a fixed ladder, equipped with a safety cage, to the guard-rail of the raised departure
area is not more than 1500 mm, the guard-rail shall be fitted with an extension or the structure of the cage shall be
extended down to the guard-rail (see Figure 8).
The top of the extension shall at least meet the following requirements:
no dimension between the cage and the extension shall exceed 400 mm, or
it shall have an angle, formed by the vertical and a straight line linking the upper section of the extension to the
nearest part of the safety cage of 45 degrees or more.
The components shall be positioned so that:
horizontal width of any space is not more than 300 mm and,
area of a free space is ≤ 0,4 m2 .
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Dimension in millimetres
Key
1 Extension
2 Guard-rail
3 Safety cage
a guard-rail without an extension
b height of the extension determined by an angle 45° minimum
c height of the extension determined by a distance 400 mm maximum
d diameter of the safety cage
Figure 8 — Extension completing the protective function of guard-rails at the departure area
4.7.2 Arrival areas
4.7.2.1 Access platform
If the arrival area on the structure of a machine, a building, etc. cannot be considered as an area which meets the
relevant requirements of EN ISO 14122, an access platform shall be provided.
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4.7.2.2 Falling from a height
Suitable means to prevent persons falling from a height, e. g. guard-rails, shall be provided at drop edges of arrival
areas, over a length of at least 1500 mm on both sides of the vertical axis of the ladder or over the entire length of
the edge, if this is less than 3000 mm. This is independent of any fall protection device fitted beyond this length.
4.7.3 Access openings
4.7.3.1 Front or side exit
Ladders may have a front or side exit to the arrival area.
The width of the access opening shall be between 500 mm and 700 mm.
4.7.3.2 Gates
To prevent falling through the access opening at arrival areas the opening shall be provided with a gate.
The gates shall meet the following requirements:
a) opening direction of this gate shall not be towards the edge of the drop (outwards);
b) gate shall be designed so, that it can be opened easily;
c) gate shall close automatically, e. g. by means of springs or the effects of gravity;
d) gate shall have at least a handrail and a kneerail according to relevant requirements of EN ISO 14122-3.
4.7.3.3 Access through platforms by means of trap doors
When it is necessary for technical reasons, a platform may have an opening to permit access to (and exit from) a
ladder below the platform.
Protection against the risk of falling through such an opening shall be provided by a trap door or by guard-rails in
combination with a gate. The guard-rail shall meet the requirements of EN ISO 14122-3 and the gate shall be
according to 4.7.3.2 of this standard.
The trap door shall be designed so that:
a) The opening shall be at least equal to the required size of the ladder cage (see 4.5).
b) The trap door shall not open downwards. It shall move upwards or horizontally.
c) Opening the trap door shall be manual and easy.
d) The trap door shall allow the safe passage of the operator whilst in the open position.
e) Closing of the trap door shall be done following safe passage without much strain of the operator for example,
springs, hydraulic means.
4.7.4 Climbing off and getting on to a fixed ladder safely
4.7.4.1 Ladder with two stiles and without a fall arrester (3000 mm max)
Handrails shall be fitted connecting the ladder stiles to the handrail of the guard-rail. Those handrails shall be fixed
to the guard-rail at the arrival area (see Figure 9).
See also 4.7.3.1 and Figure 4.c.
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4.7.4.2 Ladder with one stile and without a fall arrester (3000 mm max)
Handrails shall be fitted on both sides of the ladder beginning at the level of the rung before the last rung,
extending up the level of and connected to the handrail of the guard-rail at the arrival area (see Figure 9).
Key
1 Walking surface of the arrival area
2 Gate
3 Guard-rail
4 Handrail
5 Ladder with one stile and without a fall arrester
6 Ladder with two stiles and without a fall arrester
Figure 9 — Connected handrail at the arrival area
4.7.4.3 Arrangement for getting on and off ladders with a guided-type fall arrester
Suitable safeguards shall be provided, e. g. a locked device, to ensure that only authorised, trained and fully
equipped operators (see also 4.3.2), can use the ladder.
NOTE A written warning or audible signal are not adequate safeguards.
In addition, the fall arrester and its surroundings shall be designed so that the operator has to connect or
disconnect in a safe position, e. g. by providing a continuous line or an automatically closing extendable platform.
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4.7.5 Platforms
4.7.5.1 Cases where the installation of platforms are required
Generally, if the climbing height H of fixed ladders is more than 6000 mm the ladders shall be equipped with one or
more platform(s).
Where there are several flights, the height h of a ladder flight between the departure area and the nearest platform
or between consecutive rest platforms shall be no more than 6000 mm.
But in the case of a single flight only (no rest platform), the height h between departure area and the arrival area
(see Figures 1.a and 1.b) can be extended to no more than 10000 mm.
4.7.5.2 Intermediate platforms
The length of the intermediate platform shall be at least 700 mm installed between the two flights of the ladder (see
Figure 4.b). In this case the requirement of 4.7.1 and 4.7.2 apply.
These platforms shall be equipped with a gate with dimensions to suit emergency situations.
4.7.5.3 Rest platforms
The width of a rest platform shall be at least 700 mm (see Figure 12).
4.7.5.4 Movable rest platforms
For ladders with one stile or guided type fall arresters the movable rest platforms shall be at least 400 mm wide
and 300 mm long (see Figure 10) or consist of 2 parts at least 130 mm wide and 300 mm long (see Figure 11).
Dimensions in millimetres
Figure 10 — Example of a movable rest platform Figure 11 — Example of a movable rest platform
(one part) (two parts)
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4.7.5.5 Staggered ladder flights
If the layout of the machine or its environment make it unavoidable to do otherwise, two successive ladder flights
may be adjacent, without a separate platform. In this case the lower flight of the ladder shall be extended to where
the highest rung is at least 1 680 mm above the platform to provide good handholds for the user of the ladder. The
height of the guarding above the platform shall be at least 1 600 mm (see Figure 12).
The clear height for the passage between the platform and the lowest complete hoop of the safety cage on the
upper ladder shall be between 2 200 mm and 2 300 mm.
Dimensions in millimetres
Figure 12 — Example of adjacent staggered ladder flights including a rest platform
5 Verification of safety requirements
5.1 General
The stipulated safety requirements and/or measures may be assessed by measurement, inspection, calculation
and/or testing. When testing is used it shall be according to the testing procedure described in this Clause.
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5.2 Tests of fixed ladders with two stiles
The ladder element shall satisfy the following tests:
strength test of the ladder (see 4.2 of EN 131-2:1993);
bend test of ladder (see 4.3 of EN 131-2:1993);
lateral bending test of ladder (see 4.4 of EN 131-2:1993);
bend test of rungs (see 4.6 of EN 131-2:1993);
torsion test of rungs (see 4.7 of EN 131-2:1993).
These tests are carried out on a ladder according to the requirements of 4.1 of EN 131-2:1993 in the order
indicated above.
The distance L to be taken into account for the strength, bend and lateral bending tests, is the distance in mm
between two consecutive anchor points of the ladder, see point 4 in Figure 16.
Acceptance criterion of the bending test (see 4.3 of EN 131-2:1993) is modified as follows: The maximum
2 -6
deflection admissible under load shall be no more than 5 x L x 10 in mm without exceeding 50 mm.
5.3 Testing of the safety cage
5.3.1 The test is carried out under the same conditions as those likely to exist at the place where it would be
used. The safety cage is fixed to the ladder. The two tests take place in accordance with Figures 13 and 14.
5.3.2 For the safety cage hoop, a preload (F ) of 200 N is applied vertically at the most unfavourable point (see
PL
Figure 13). The preload may be distributed over three horizontal safety cage hoops for one minute providing the
connections between the uprights of the cage and the safety cage hoops are tension proof. The position of the
lowest safety cage hoop after removing the preload is taken into account as a reference position for the test to be
carried out for a test load (F ) of 1000 N. The permissible permanent deformation which is measured at the point of
T
application of the load is no more than 10 mm.
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---`,,`,`,,`,,`-`-,,`,,,`--ISO 14122-4:2004(E)
FPL =200 N Preload
FT =1000 N Test load
Figure 13 — Test of a safety cage (vertical)
5.3.3 For the uprights, a simulated load (FH) of 500 N shall be horizontally applied at the most unfavourable
point. The simulated load (FH) may be distributed over three uprights (see Figure 14). The permissible permanent
deformation measured at the point of application of the load is 10 mm maximum. Test cages recording any
permanent deformation shall not be used in service.
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---`,,`,`,,`,,`-`-,,`,,,`--ISO 14122-4:2004(E)
Figure 14 — Test of a safety cage (horizontal)
5.4 Tests of fixed ladders with one stile
5.4.1 Strength and bending of a ladder element; Torsion of the rungs
The ladder element shall satisfy the tests specified in the following of subclauses EN 131-2:1993:
4.2 Strength test;
4.3 Bending test;
4.7 Torsion test on the rungs.
Whereby the distance L to be taken into account for strength and bending tests shall be the longest distance
between two consecutive anchor points of the ladder, see point 4 in Figure 16.
Acceptance criteria of the bending test (see 4.3 of EN 131-2:1993) is modified as follows: The maximum admissible
2 -6
deflection under load shall be ≤ 5 x L x 10 (mm) without exceeding 30 mm.
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--`,,,`,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---ISO 14122-4:2004(E)
5.4.2 Strength of the rungs
The bending test of the rungs of ladders with one stile shall be carried out as shown in the Figure 15.
Dimensions in millimetres
Key
1 Line of application
Figure 15 — Test of the rungs of a ladder with one stile
A preload of 200 N perpendicular to the top of the rungs is applied for one minute. The position of the rung after
moving the preload is taken into account as a reference position for the test carried out with the test load.
The direction of the preload and of the test load of 2,6 kN is perpendicular to the top of the rungs. The preload and
test load are equally distributed on a length of 100 mm close to the lateral devices provided at the end of the rungs
to prevent slipping.
After removing the test load, the residual deflection of the rungs shall be not more than 0,3 % related to the length
L of the rung. Point of measuring is at a distance of 50 mm from the lateral protective device provided at the end of
the rung to prevent slipping-off; the direction of measuring to be in the line of application of the test load. Measuring
of the deflection of the rungs shall be carried out no less than one minute after removing the test load.
© ISO 2004 – All rights reserved 25
Copyright International Organization for Standardization
Reproduced by IHS under license with ISO
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale
--`,,,`,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---ISO 14122-4:2004(E)
5.4.3 Strength of the stile
The ladder shall be stressed by two forces according to Figure 16.
Dimensions in millimetres
Key
Two test load each 400 N
1 Line of application
2 Measuring point
3 Distance between four sets of rungs
4 Distance between two consecutive anchor points
Figure 16 — Torsion test of a ladder with one stile
The direction of both test loads of 400 N is perpendicular to the face of the ladder. The length of the ladder is at
least two distances between consecutive anchor points. The ladder shall be mounted at the anchor points on the
ground.
The distance between the test loads corresponds to the distance between four sets of rungs of the ladder. The test
loads are applied to the point considered as the most unfavourable.
The deflection of the ladder shall not exceed 20 mm under the application of the test loads. Measuring points on
the rungs stressed by the test loads shall be at a distance of 50 mm from the lateral protective devices used to
prevent slipping-off. The direction of measuring shall be in the line of application of the test loads.
5.5 Test of the anchor points
5.5.1 Fixed ladders with two stiles without fall arrester
The strength of the anchor points of fixed ladders with two stiles shall be calculated taking into account a force of
3 kN for each stile, directed along the centre line of each stile (see Figure 17).
At each stile, no more than four anchor points shall be taken into account by which the forces will be transmitted to
fixed parts of the surroundings (e. g. wall, enclosure of the machine, etc.).
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---`,,`,`,,`,,`-`-,,`,,,`--ISO 14122-4:2004(E)
Key
1 Rung
2 Stile
3 Mounting
4 Anchor point
5 Fixed part (e. g. wall)
Figure 17 — Arrangement for assessment of anchor points and connections of fixed ladders with two stiles
5.5.2 Fixed ladders with one stile
The strength of the anchor points of fixed ladders shall be calculated taking into account a force of 6 kN, directed
along the center line of the stile. (see Figure 18).
At the stile, no more than four anchor points shall be taken into account by which the forces will be transmitted to
fixed parts of the surroundings (e. g. wall, enclosure of the machine).
5.5.3 Fixed ladders with fall arrester
5.5.3.1 The fall arrester shall be tested according to the provisions of EN 353-1.
5.5.3.2 The stile and anchorage points of the ladder shall be tested taking into account a single force of 6 kN
directed along the center line of the stile. The ladder shall support the load without fracture (see Figure 18).
© ISO 2004 – All rights reserved 27
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Reproduced by IHS under license with ISO
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--`,,,`,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---ISO 14122-4:2004(E)
Key
1 Rung
2 Stile
3 Mounting
4 Anchor point
5 Fixed part (e. g. wall)
Figure 18 — Arrangement for assessment of anchor points and connections of fixed ladders with one stile
6 Assembly and operating instructions
6.1 Assembly instructions
All information on the correct assembly shall be contained in the instructions, including the method of fixing and the
assembly of the fall arrester, where applicable.
6.2 Operating instructions for ladders with fall arrester
The provisions of EN ISO 12100-2 as well as of EN 353-1 shall be considered in the operating instructions.
6.3 Marking at points of entry and exit
Ladders with fall arresters shall be permanently marked with the following information:
type of guided type fall arrester and year of manufacture,
notice: "Use of Personal Protective Equipment is mandatory”
The marking is only required to be applied to those points of entry and exit which are reachable via the respective
ladders.
NOTE A marking, for example, by an embossed coating is considered permanent. The information of the marking should
be mentioned in the operating instructions for ladders with fall arrester.
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Reproduced by IHS under license with ISO
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale
---`,,`,`,,`,,`-`-,,`,,,`--ISO 14122-4:2004(E)
Bibliography
[1] EN 294, Safety of machinery — Safety distances to prevent danger zones being reached by the upper
limbs.
[2] EN 349, Safety of machinery — Minimum gaps to avoid crushing of parts of the human body.
[3] EN 364, Personal protective equipment against falls from a height — Test methods.
[4] EN 547-1, Safety of machinery — Human body measurements — Part 1: Principles for determining the
dimensions required for openings for whole body access into machinery.
[5] EN 547-2, Safety of machinery — Human body measurements — Part 2: Principles for determining the
dimensions required for access openings.
[6] EN 547-3, Safety of machinery — Human body measurements — Part 3: Anthropometric data.
[7] EN 811, Safety of machinery — Safety distances to prevent danger zones being reached by the lower
limbs.
[8] EN 1050, Safety of machinery — Principles for risk assessments.
[9] ISO 13852, Safety of machinery — Safety distances to prevent danger zones being reached by the upper
limbs
[10] ISO 13853, Safety of machinery — Safety distances to prevent danger zones being reached by the lower
limbs
[11] ISO 13854, Safety of machinery — Minimum gaps to avoid crushing of parts of the human body
[12] ISO 14121, Safety of machinery — Principles of risk assessment
--`,,,`,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
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ICS 13.110
Price based on 29 pages
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9468.pdf
|
IS : 9468 - 1980
Indian Standard
SPECIFICATION FOR
STEEL INGOTS AND BILLETS
FOR PRODUCTION OF MILD STEEL
RIVET BARS FOR SHIPBUILDING
Wrought Steel Products Sectional Committee, SMDC 5
Chairman Representing
DR U. N. BBRANY Modella Steel & Alloys Ltd, Bombay
Members
SRRI H. S. ASWATH Bokaro Steel Plant ( SAIL ), Bokaro Steel City
SHRI S. G. TUDEKAR (Alternate )
SHI~I S. BANERJEE Steel Re-rolling Mills Association of India,
Calcutta
SHRI K. L. BARUI National Test House, Calcutta
SRRI P. K. CHAKRAVARTY Tata Iron & Steel Co Ltd, Jamshedpur
SHR~ T. MUKHERJEE ( Alternate )
CONTROLLER o F I N s P E c T I o N, Ministry of Defence ( DGI )
ICRAP~RE
INYPECTORATE OF M E T A L-S,
IcH.4PoItE ( Alternate )
DR N. S. DATAR Rourkela Steel Plant ( SAIL ), Rourkela
SHR~ K. S. SINC+H( Alternate )
SHRI S. C. DIZY Central Boilers Board
DIRECTOR ( M & C ), RDSO Ministry of Railways
IRECTOR ( MET ), RDSO ( Alternate )
SHR%kD%TTA Ministry of Defence ( DGOF)
SINAIS .‘M: DUTTA Durgapur Steel Plant ( SAIL ), Durgapur
SHRI A. K. G~I~A Directorate General of Supplies & Disposals,
Now Delhi
S~rtr R. N. SAHA (Alternate )
JOINT DIRECTOR ( WAQON )-II, Ministry of Railways
RDSO
JOINT DIRECTOR ( IRON & STEEL),
RAILWAY BOARD ( Alternata)
SEEI M. N. KHANNA Bhilai Steel Plant ( SAIL ), Bhilai
SRRI K. C. SOM (Alternate )
DR D. M. LAKHIANI The Indian Iron & Steel Co Ltd, Burnpur
SHRI T. K. DATTA ( Alternate )
( Continued on page 2 )
@ Copyright 1980
INDIAN STANDARDS INSTITUTION
This publication is protected under the Indian Coprright Act (XIV of 1957) and
reproduction in whole or in part by any means except with written permission of the
publisher shall be deemed to be an infringement of copyright under the said Act.
tIS:9468 -1980
( Continuedfrom page 1 )
Members Representing
SnnI P. LAXMINARAYANA Hindustan Shipyard Ltd, Vishakhapatnam
SERI C. K. KURIAKOSW (Alternate )
SHRI R. C. MAHAJ~N ’ The Indian Steel and Wire Products Ltd.
Jamshedpur
SHRI A. N. KA~CAKI( Alternate )
Maa GEN M. C. S. MENOX The Tinplate Co of India Ltd, Golmuri
SHRI C. G. GIXOSH ( Alternate )
SHRI SATISK MURANJAN Special Steels Ltd, Bombay
SHRI A. D. HAZARE (Alternate )
SARI M. K. PRAMANIK Iron & Steel Control, Calcutta
SHRI B. K. DUTTA (Alternate )
SHRI RACHUBIR SINCH National Metallurgical Laboratory ( CSIR ),
Jamshedpur
SHRI A. K. ROY CIIOW~HURY Guest, Keen, Williams Ltd, Howrah
- _I
SHRI L. SIIUND The Metal Box Co of India Ltd, Calcutta
SHRI K. R. NAR.ASI&~HAN(A lternate )
SHRI A. SRINIVASULU Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd, Hyderabnd
SHRI A. K. MITTAL (Alternate I )
SHRI U. MOHAN RAO i Alternate II )
SHRI D. SRINIVASAN ’ Joint Plant Committee, Calcutta
SHRI B. P. GHOSH (Alternate )
SHRI K. V. SUBBA RAO Mukand Iron & Steel Works Ltd, Bombay
SHRI R. V. PAREKIX ( Alternate )
SHRI K. S. VAIDYANATHAN M. N. Dastur & Co Pvt Ltd, Calcutta
SHRI C. R. RAMA RAO, Director General, IS1 ( E.x-ojicio Member)
Director ( Strut & Met )
Secretary
SHRI SHANTI SWARUP
Deputy Director ( Metals), ISI
Steel Ingots Subcommittee, SMDC 5 : 5
SHRI P. K. MUNSHI Ministry of Railways
Members
DR K. M. BAFNA Coventry Spring & Engineering Co Pvt Ltd,
Nagpur
S^H [RI A. M. BAFNA ( Alternate )
SHRI I I. C. KUMARASW.~~~Y Tata Iron & Steel Co Ltd, Jamshedptlr
SRRI R. RAJAMANI Tamil Nadu Steels. Arkonam
SHRI S. R_OIASWAXTY ( Altrrrrnte )
REPRESENTATIVE Guest, Keen, Williams Ltd, Howrah
REPRESENTATIVB Hope ( India ) Ltd, Calcutta
DR K. V. SCBBA R \o Mttkand Iron & Steel Works Ltd, Thane
2IS : 9468 - 1980
Indian Standard
SPECIFICATION FOR
STEEL INGOTS AND BILLETS
FOR PRODUCTION OF MILD STEEL
RIVET BARS FOR SHIPBUILDING
0. FOREWORD
0.1 This Indian Standard was adopted by the Indian Standards
Institution on 1 April 1980, after the draft finalized by the Wrought
Steel Products Sectional Committee had been approved by the Structural
and Metals Division Council.
0.2 With the rapid industrialization in the country, quite a number of
mini-steel plants have come up. AS there is no standard specification
available for ingots or cast billets, it is felt that there may be a possibility
of sub-standard material being introduced in the engineering and
constructional purposes which is not desirable. The Government of
India, Ministry of Industrial Development has desired that the mini-steel
plants should be registered for the manufacture of steel ingots of different
categories. In order to assure the quality of ultimate products it has
become necessary to issue standards covering their products. This
standard is one of the standards published in this series.
0.3 For the benefit of the purchaser, an informative appendix
(see Appendix A ) giving particulars to be specified by the purchaser
while ordering material conforming to this standard has been included.
0.4 For the purpose of deciding whether a particular requirement of
this standard is complied with, the final value, observed or calculated,
expressing the result of a test or analysis, shall be rounded off in
accordance with IS : 2-1960”. The number of significant places retained
in the rounded off value should be the same as that of the specified
value in this standard.
1. SCOPE
1.1 This standard covers the requirements for ingots ( including cast billet
ingots ) and billets ( including continuous cast billets ) for the production
of mild steel rivet bars for shipbuilding.
*Rules for rounding off numerical values ( revised).
3IS:9468 -1980
1.2 Ingots ( including cast billet ingots ) and billets ( including continuous
cast billets ) covered by this standard shall be used for the manufacture
of mild steel rivet bars conforming to the requirements of IS : 3298-1965”.
2. TERMINOLOGY
2.0 For the purpose of this standard, besides the following definitions,
the definitions given in IS : 1956 ( Part II )- 19767 shall apply.
~2.1 Ingot - Castings of suitable shape and size intended for subsequent
hot working.
2.2 Cast Billet Ingot - An ingot, generally of cross section not more
than 150 mm square which can be rolled directly into merchant products.
Cast billet ingot is also sometimes known as ‘ pencil ingot ‘.
2.3 Billet-A semi-finished product obtained by forging or rolling,
usually square and not exceeding 125 x 125 mm in cross section with
rounded or chamfered corners, and is intended for further processing
into suitable finished product by forging or re-rolling.
2.4 Continuous Cast Billet - A semi-finished product obtained by
continuous casting usually square and not exceeding 1‘25 x 125 mm in
cross section with rounded corners and is intended for further processing
into suitable finished product by forging or re-rolling.
3. GRADES
3.1 Steel for mild steel rivet bars shall be of grade, specified in 6.1.
4. SUPPLY OF MATERIAL
4.1 The general requirements relating to the supply of steel shall conform
to IS : 8910-1978:.
5. MANUFACTURE
5.1 Steel shall be manufactured by open hearth, electric, duplex, basic
oxygen or a combination of these processes. In case any other process is
employed by the manufacturer, prior approval of the purchaser should
be obtained.
5.2 Steel shall be supplied semikilled or killed.
*Specification for mild steel rivet barsfor shipbuilding:
+Glossary of terms relating to iron and steel: Part II Steel making.
$General technical delivery requirements for steel and steel products.
4IS : 9468 - 1980
6. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
6.1 The ladle analysis of the material when analysed in accordance with
the appropriate part of IS : 228* .shall be as given below:
Constituent Percent, Ma#
Sulphur 0.050
Phosphorus 0’050
6.1.1 In case of continuous cast billets, the billet analysis shall be taken
as ladle analysis.
6.2 Product Analysis - Permissible variation in case of product
analysis from the limits specified under 6.1 shall be as follows:
Constituent Variation Over Spec$ed
Limits, Percent, Max
Sulphur o-005
Phosphorus O-005
NOTE 1- When steel is required in copper-bearing quality, copper content shall
be between 0.20 to 0.35 percent. In case of product analysis, permissible variation
shall not exceed ho.03 percent.
NOTE Z-When the steel is silicon-killed, silicon content in the product
analysis shall not be less than 0.10 percent. When the steel is silicon-aluminium
killed, the requirement regarding minimum silicon contentshall not apply.
7. SAMPLING
7.1 At least one ladle sample analysis shall be taken per cast.
7.2 If required, the samples for product analysis shall be prepared either
by forging or rolling down to 30 mm round sections or to the size of rivet
bar to be rolled whichever is less.
7.2.1 Drilling shall be taken from the sample (see 7.2 ) representing
two-thirds, half and one-third of height from bottom of the ingot
separately.
7.2.2 In case of continuous cast billets and billets produced from ingots
( with minimum reduction of 4 : 1 from ingot to billet) the sample (see 7.2 )
may be taken from anywhere from the billets.
*Methods of chemical analysis of steels ( second revisiobne ing issued in parts ).
5IS :9468 -1980
8. FREEDOM FROM DEFECTS
8.1 The billet and continuous cast billets shall be sound and free from
pipe, laminations, segregation, inclusions and cracks, etc which are
harmful for the purpose for which it is intended.
8.1.1 Subject to agreement between the purchaser and the manu-
facturer, the billets and continuous cast billets may be supplied with
suitable surface dressing.
8.2 Ingots shall either be supplied free from harmful defects such as
segregation, piping cracks, inclusions, and blow-hole by appropriate top
and bottom discard and dressing, or supplied with suitable surface
dressing only, without top and bottom discard if agreed to between the
purchaser and the manufacturer, to ensure the requirements of freedom
from defects specified in the relevant product specifications.
9. TESTS
9.1 If agreed to between the purchaser and the manufacturer the follow-
ing tests may be carried out from the samples prepared under 7.2:
a) Macroexamination and sulphur sprint, and
b) Inclusion content (see IS : 4163-1967* ).
10. DIMENSIONS
10.1 The size and tolerance of ingots shall be subject to agreement
between the purchaser and the manufacturer. However, the nominal sizes
of ingots generally supplied are given below for guidance only:
Width Across Flat, mm
r-__-_-__h____-_
---
Wide End Narrow End
100 76
115 90
125 105
150 120
150 130
10.2 The preferred sizes of billets shall be 50, 63, 71, 80, 90, 100 and
125 mm.
10.3 The sizes other than those specified may be supplied by agreement
between the purchaser and the manufacturer.
*Method for determination of inclusion content in steel by microscopic method.
6IS:9468 - 1980
11. TOLERANCES
11.1 In case of billets the following tolerances shall apply:
Width Across Flat Tolerance
mm
up to 75 i”Y5
Over 75 xt3
11.2 A tolerance of -&150 mm shall be permitted on the specified length
of ingots band billets.
12. MARKING
12.0 Unless agreed otherwise, the material shall be marked as given
in 12.1 and 12.2.
12.1 The ends of ingots and billets shall be painted with a suitable colour
code conforming to IS : 2049-1978*.
12.2 Each ingot and billet shall be legibly stamped or painted with the
cast number, and the name or trade-mark of the manufacturer.
12.2.1 The material may also be marked with the IS1 Certification
Mark.
NOTE - The use of the IS1 Certification Mark is governed by the provisions of
the Indian Standards Institution (Certification Marks) Act and the Rules and
Regulations made thereunder. The IS1 Mark on products covered by an Indian
Standard convers the assurance that they have been produced to comply with the
requirements of that standard under a well-defined system of inspection, testing
and quality control which is devised and supervised by IS1 and operated by the
producer. IS1 marked products are also continuously checked by ISI for conformity
to that standard as a further safeguard. Details of conditions under which a
licence for the use of the IS1 Certification Mark may by granted to manufacturers
or processors, may be obtained from the Indian Standards Institution.
APPENDIX A
( Clause 0.3 )
BASIS FOR ORDER
A-l. While placing an order for the ingots/billets covered by this standard,
the purchaser should specify clearly the following:
a) Size of ingot/billet ;
b) Size and dimensions of endproduct;
c) End use;
d) Tests and test reports required; and
e) Special requirernents, if any.
*Colour code for the identification of wrought steels for general engineering
purposes (jut revision) .
7INDIAN STANDARDS
ON
STEEL INGOTS AND BILLETS
IS:
6414-1978 Cast billet ingots and continuously cast billets for rolling into structural
steel ( standard quality ) ( first r&ion)
6915-1978 Cast billet ingots and continuously cast billets for rolling into structural
steel ( ordinary quality ) ( jirst revision )
8051-1976 Steel ingots and billets for the production of volute, helical and laminated
springs for automotive suspension
8052-1976 Steel ingots and billets for the production of volute and helical spring
( for railway rolling stock )
8053-1976 Steel ingots and billets for the production of steel wire for the manufacture
of wood screws
8054- 1976 Steel ingots and billets for the production of laminated springs ( railway
rolling stock )
8055-1976 Steel ingots and billets for the production of spring washers
8056- 1976 Steel ingots and billets for the production of hard drawn steel wire for
upholstery springs
8057-1976 Steel ingots and billets for the production of wire rod for the manufacture
of machine screw ( by cold heading process )
8951-1978 Steel ingots and billets for production of carbon steel wire rods
8952-1978 Steel ingots and billets for production of mild steel wire rod for general
engineering purposes
9467-1980 Steel ingots and billets for the production of rivet bars for structural
purposes
9468-1980 Steel ingots and billets for production of mild steel rivet bars for
shipbuilding
|
3025_35.pdf
|
UDC 628’11’3 : 543’363 ( First Reprint JULY 1992 ) IS : 3025( Part 35 ) - 1888
Indian Standard
METHODS OF
SAMPLING AND TEST (PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL) FOR
WATER AND WASTEWATER
PART 35 SILICA
( First Revision )
1. Scope. - Prescribes four methods for determination of silica as follows:
a) Gravimetric method,
b) Molybdosilicate method,
c) Heteropoly blue method, and
d) Automated method for molybdate-reactive silica.
I.1 Gravimetric method determines total silica. Other methods determine molybdate reactive silica.
2. Gravimetric Method
2.1 Prjncjp/e - Hydrochloric acid decomposes silicates and dissolved silica, forming silicic acids that
are precipitated as partially dehydrated silica during evaporation and baking. Ignition completes
dehydration of silica, which is weighed and then volatilized as silicon tetrafluoride, leaving any
impurities behind as non-volatile residue. The residue is weighed and silica is determined as loss on
volatilization.
2.2 /n/arference -Glassware contributes silica and hence avoid its use as far as possible. Use reagents
and distilled water low In silica. Carry out a blank to correct for silica introduced by the reagents and
apparatus.
E.3 Apparatus
2.3.1 Plafinum crucibles -With covers.
2.3.2 Platinum evaporating dishes - 200 ml capacity. In dehydration steps, acid-leached glared
porcelain evaporating dishes free from etching may be substituted for platinum, but for greatest
xcuracy, platinum is preferred.
!.4 Reagen f s
2.4.1 Hydrochloric acid - 1 : 1 and 1 : 50.
2.4.2 Sulphuric acid - 1 : 1.
2.43 Hydrofluoric acid - 48 percent.
2.4.4 Perchloric acid - 72 percent.
!.5 Procedure - Before determining silica, test sulphuric acid and hydrofluoric acid for interfering non-
roIatiIe matter by carrying out procedure given in 2.5.1.5. Use an empty clean platinum crucible. If
any Increase in weight is observed, make a correction in the silica determinations.
2.5.1 Hydrochloric acid dehydration
2.5.1.1 Sample evaporation-To a clear sample containing at least 10 mg of silica, add 5 ml of 1 : 1
lydrochloric acid. Evaporate to dryness in a 200 ml platinum or acid leached glazed porcelain dish, in
everal portions if necessary, on a waterbath or over a hot plate. Protect against contamination from
ltmospheric dust. During evaporation add a total of 15 ml of 1 : 1 hydrochloric acid in several portions,
)ry the dish and place it in an oven at 110°C or over a hot plate to bake for 30 minutes. I ‘
i
Adopted 29 February 1933 0 September 1938, BIS or 3
I I
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG
NEW DELHI 1100021s : 3025 ( Part 315) - 1888
2.5.1.2 First fikrafion - Add 5 ml of I : 1 hydrochloric acid, warm and add 50 ml of hot distilled
water. While the mixture is hot, filter through an ashless medium textured filter paper, decanting as
much liquid as possible. Wash dish and residue with hot I : 50 hydrochloric acid and then with a
minimum volume of distilled water until washings are chloride-free. Save all washings. Set aside
filter paper with its residue.
2.5.1.3 Second filtration - Evaporate filtrate and washings from the above operation to dryness in
the original platinum dish. Bake residue at 110°C in an oven or over a hot plate for 30 minutes.
Repeat steps given in 2.5.1.2. Use a separate filter paper and rubber policeman to aid in transferring
residue from dish to filter. Take special care with porcelain dishes because silica adheres to the dish.
2.5.1.4 Ignition -Transfer the two filter papers ( one, if dehydrated by 2.5.2 ) and residues to a
covered platinum crucible dry at 1IO’C and ignite at 1 2OO’C to constant mass. Avoid mechanical loss
of residue when first charring and burning off paper by gradual heating at minimum temperature. Too
rapid heating may form black silicon carbide. Cool in desiccator, weigh and repeat ignition and
weighing until constant mass is attained. Record mass of crucible and contents.
2.5.1.5 Volatilization with hydrofluoric acid-Thoroughly moisten weighed residue with distilled
water. Add 4 drops of 1 : 1 sulphuric acid, followed by IO ml of hydrofluoric acid, measuring the latter
in a plastic graduated cylinder. Slowly evaporate to dryness over an air bath or hot plate in a hood
and avoid loss by splattering. Ignite crucible to constant mass at 1 2OO’C. Record mass of crucible
and contents.
2.5.2 Perchloric acid dehydration - Follow procedure as given in 2.5.1.1 until all but 50 ml of
sample has been evaporated. Add 5 ml of perchloric acid and evaporate until dense white fumes appear.
Continue dehydration for 10 minutes Cool, add 5 ml of 1 I hydrochloric acid and 50 ml of hot distilled
water. Bring to boil and filter through an ashless quantitative filter paper. Wash thoroughly ten times
with hot distilled water and proceed as directed in 2.5.1.4 and 2.5.1.5. For many purposes, the silica
precipitate is often sufficiently pure for the purpose intended and may be weighed direct, omitting
hydrofluoric acid volatilization.
2.6 Calculation - Substract mass of crucible and contents after hydrofluoric ac’d treatment from the
corresponding mass bafore hydrofluoric acid treatment. The difference (A) in milligrams is loss on
volatilization and represents silica.
A x I 000
Silica (as SiO, ), mg/l = V
where
V is volume in ml of sample taken for test.
3. Molybdosilicate Method
3.1 Principle -Ammonium molybdate at pH about 1’2 reacts with silica and any phosphate present to
produce heteropoly acids. Oxalic acid is added to destroy molybdophosphoric acid. Even if phosphate
is known to be absent, the addition of oxalic acid is must in this method. The intensity of yellow
colour produced IS proportional to concentration of molybdate reactive silica.
In at least one of its forms, silica does not react with molybdate even though it is capable of
passinq through the filter paper and not noticeably turbid. It is not known to what extent such
unreactive silica l~ccurs in waters. Molybdate unreactive silica can be converted into molybdate
reactive form by heating or fusing with alkali.
3.2 interference-- Glasswaros contribute to silica and avoid using these. Tannin, large amounts of
iron, turbidity, colour, sulphide and phosphate interfere.
3.3 Apparatus
3.3.1 Platinum dishes - 100 ml capacity.
3.3.2 Spectrophotometer-- for use at 410 nm, providing a light path of I cm or longer.
3.3.3 Nessler tubes -matched, 50 ml capacity, tall.
3.4 Reagents
3.4.1 Sodium bicarbonate
3.4.2 Sulphuric acid - I N.
2IS : 3025(Part35)- 1988
3.4.3 Hydrochloric acid - 1 : 1.
3.4.4 Ammonium molybdafe reagent - Dissolve 10 g ammonium molybdate [ ( NH, )JVlo,O,&H,O J
in distilled water with stirring and gentle warming, and dilute to 100 ml. Filter, if necessary. Adjust
to pH 7 to 8 with silica free ammonia or sodium hydroxide and store in polyethylene bottle to stabilize.
3.4.5 Oxalic acid solution - Dissolve 7.5 g of oxalic acid in distilled water and dilute to 100 ml.
3.4.6 Stock silica solution - Dissolve 4.73 g of sodium metasilicate nonahydrate ( Na$iO,.SH,O )
in distilled water and dilute to 1000 ml. Analyze lOO*O ml portions by method given in 2 to determine
concentration. Store in plastic bottle.
3.4.6.1 Sfandard silica solution Dilute 10’00 ml of stock solution to 1 000 ml with distilled water.
1’00 ml = 10.0 pg of SiO,.
3.4.7 Permanent co/our solutions
3.4.7.1 Pofassium chromafe solution - Dissolve 630 mg of potassium chromate in distilled water
and diltue to 1 litre.
3.4.7.2 Borax solution - Dissolve 10 g of sodium borate decahydrate in distilled water and dilute
to 1 litre.
3.5 Procedure
3.5.1 Co/our development - To 50 ml of sample, add in quick succession 1.0 ml of 1 : 1 hydrachloric
acid and 2.0 ml ammonium molybdate reagent. Mix by inverting at least six times and let stand for 5
to 10 minutes. Add 2.0 ml of oxalic acid solution and mix well. Read colour alter 2 minutes but
before 15 minutes, measuring time from addition of oxalic acid. Measure colour in a spectrophotometer
or visually.
3.5.2 To detect the presence of molybdate unreactive silica, digest sample with sodium bicarbonate
before colour development. This digestion may not be sufficient to convert all molybdate unreactive
silica to the molybdate-reactive form. Complex silicates and higher silica polymers require extended
fusion with alkali at higher temperature or digestion under pressure for complete conversion Omit
digestion, if all the silica is known to react with molybdate.
Prepare a clear sample by frltration. if necessary. Place 50’0 ml or smaller portion diluted to
50 ml in a 100 ml platinum dish. Add 200 mg of silica-free sodium bicarbonate and digest on steam
bath for 1 h. Cool and add slowly, 2’4 1111o f 1 N sulphuric acid with stirring Do not interfupt analysis
but proceed at once with remaining steps. Transfer quantitatively to a 50 ml Nessler tube and make
up to mark with distilled water.
3.5.3 Preparation of sfandards - If sodium bicarbonate treatment is used, add to the standards
200 mg of sodrum bicarbonate and 2.4 ml of 1 N sulphuric acid to compensate both for the slight
amount of silica introduced by the reagents and for.the effect of the salt on colour intensity. Dilute to
50 ml.
3.5.4 Correction for co/our or furbidify - Prepare a special blank for every sample that needs such
correction. Carry two identical portions of each such sample through the procedure, including sodium
bicarbonate treatment, if this is used. To one portion, add all reagent as directed in 3.5.1. To the
other, add hydrochloric acid and oxalic acid but no molybdate. Adjust spectrophotometer to zero
absorbance with the blank containing no molybdate before reading absorbance of molybdate treated
sample.
3.5.5 Specfrophofomefric measurement - Prepare a calibration curve from a series of approximately
six standards to cover the range given below:
Light Path Silica in 55 ml
cm Final Volume
w
1 200-l 300
2 100-700
5 40 - 250
10 20-130
Follow steps given in 3.5.1 on suitable portions of standard silica solutions diluted to 50’0 ml
in Nessfer tubes, Set spectrophctometer at zero absorbance with distilled water and read all standards
3IS : 3025 ( Part 35 ) - 1988
including reagent blank, against distilled water. Plot migrogram silica in the final ( 55 ml) developed
solution against spectrophotometer readings. Run a reagent blank and at least one standard with each
group of samples to confirm that the calibration curve previously established has not shifted.
3.5.6 Visual comparison - Make a set of permanent artificial colour standards, using potassium
chromate and borax solutions. Mix liquid volumes specified below and place them in well stoppered,
appropriately labelled 50 ml Nessler tubes. Verify correctness of those permanent artificial standards
by comparing them visually against standards prepared by analvzinn portions of the standard silica
solution. Use permanent artificial colour standards only for visual comparison.
Value in Silica Potassium Borax Water
mg Chromate Solution ml
ml
s”‘zion
0’00 0’0 25 30
0’10 1’0 25 29
0’20 2’0 25 28
0’40 4’0 25 26
0.50 5.0 25 25
0’75 7’5 25 22
1’0 10.0 25 20
3.6 Calculation
~9 of SiO, ( in 55 ml of final volume I
Silica ( as SiO, ), mg/l =
Volume in ml of sample for test
Also report whether sodium bicarbonate degestion was used.
4. Heteropoly Blue Method
4.1 Principle -Ammonium molybdate at pH about 1’2 reacts with silica and any phosphate present to
produce heteropoly acids. The yellow molybdosilicic acid is reduced by means of aminonaphthol
sulphonic acid to heteropoly blue.
4.2 Interference - Glassware contributes silica and avoid using glassware. Tannin, large amount of
iron, turbidity, sulphide and phosphate interfere.
4.3 Apparatus
4.3.1 Platinum dishes - 100 ml capacity.
4.3.2 Spectrophotometer -for use at 815 nm (may be used at 650 nm with appreciably reduced
sensittvity ) with a light path of 1 cm or longer.
4.3.3 Nessler tubes - matched, 50 ml, tall form.
4.4 Reagents
4.4.1 All reagents listed in 3.4 are required,
4.4.2 Reducing agent - Dissolve 500 mg of 1 amino-2 naphthol-4 sulphonic acid and 1 g of sodium
sulphite in 50 ml of distilled water with gentle warming, if necessary; add this to a solution of 30 g of
sodium hyposulphite in 50 ml distilled water. Filter and keep in a plastic bottle.
4.5 Procedure
4.5.1 Co/our development - Proceed as given in 3.51 up to and including the words ‘add 2.0 ml of
oxalic acid solution and mix well’. Meas jring time from the moment of adding oxalic acid, wait at least
2 minutes but not more than 15 minutes, add 2.0 ml of reducing agent and mix thoroughly. After 5
minutes, measure the blue colour spectrophotometerically or visually. If sodium bicarbonate pre-
treatment is used follow 3.5.2.
4.5.2 Spectrophofometric measurement - Prepare a calibration curve from a series of approximately
six standards to cover the optimum range indicated below. Carry out the steps described in 4.5.1 on
suitable portions of standard silica solution diluted to 50’0 ml in Nessler tubes; pre-treat standards, if
sodium bicarbonate digestion is used Adjust spectrophotometer to zero absorbance with distilled
4IS : 3025 ( Part 35 ) - 1988
water and read all standards, including a reagent blank, against distilled water. If necessary to correct
for colour or turbidity in a sample, follow steps given in 3.5.4. To the special blank, add hydrochloric
and oxalic acids but no molybdate or reducing agent. Plot mg of silica in the final 55 ml developed
soultion against absorbance. Run a reagent blank and at least one standard with each group of
samples to check the calibration curve.
Light Path Silica in 55 ml Final Volume, rg
cm ~-__-_----h-_-____,--
650 nrn 815 nm
Wave Length Wave Length
1 40-300 20-100
2 20-l 50 110-50
5 7-50 4-20
10 4-30 2-10
4.5.3 Visual comparison - Prepare a series of not less than 12 standards, covering the range 0 to
120 pg of silica ( as SiO, ) by placing the calculated volumes of standard silica solution in 50 ml Nessler
tubes, diluting to mark with distilled water and developing colour as prescribed in 4.5.1.
4.6 Calculation
pg of SiOz in 55 ml of final volume
Silica (as SiO, ), mg/I = -
Volume in ml of sample taken for test
4.6.1 Report whether sodium bicarbonate digestion was used.
5. Automated Method for Molybdate Reactive Silica
5.1 Principle -This method is an adoption of heteropoly blue method utilizing continuous flow
analytical instrument.
5.2 interference-Glassware contributes to silica and avoid using these. Tannin, large amounts or
iron, turbidity, sulphide and phosphates interfere.
5.3 Apparatus
5.3.1 Automated analytical equipment - The required continuous-flow analytical instrument consists
of interchangeable components shown in Fig. 1.
5.4 Reagents
5.4.1 Sodium dicarbonate - powder.
5.4.2 Sulphuric acid - 1 N.
5.4.3 Hydrochloric acid - 1 : 1.
5.4.4 Ammonium molybdate reagent - See 3.4.4
5.4.5 Oxalic acid solution - See 3.4.5.
5.4.6 Stock silica solution - See 3.4.6.
5.4.6.1 Standard silica solution - See 3.4.6.1.
5.4.7 Reducing agent - Dissolve 120 g of sodium hyposulphite and 4 g of sodium sulphite in 800 ml
of warm distilled water, Add 2 g of 1-amino-2-naphthol-4-sulphohic acid, mix well and dilute to 1 litre.
Filter and store in plastic bottle. To prepare working reagent, dilute 100 ml of this to 1 litre with distilled
water.
5.5 Procedure - Set up manifold as shown in Fig. 1 and follow the instructions prescribed by the
manufacturer. Determine absorbance at 660 nm.
5.6 Calculation - Prepare standard curves by plotting peak heights of standards processed through the
manifold against silica ( as SiOz ) concentration in standards. Compute samples of SiO, concentratibn
by comparing sample peak height with standard curve.
5IS : 3025 ( Part 35 ) - 1988
WASHWATER TO ml I min
SAMPLER _ 1.6 WASH
0
SMALL MIXING COIL 0.8 AIR
2.5 WATER
SAMPLER
&O/h
0.6 SAMPLE 1
I 2:)
1.2 MCJLYBOATE REAGENT
0.8 OXALIC ACID
a
MIXING COIL.
,1.2 REDUCING
AGENT
PROPORTIONING
PUMP 3.4
I
COLORIMETER
SOmm FLOW CELL 1
600mm FlLw
FIG. 1 SILICA MANIFOLD
EXPLANATORY NOTE
Silicon ranks next to oxygen in abundance on earth’s crust. The silica content of natural
waters is in the range of 1 to 30 mg/l. Silica in water is undesirable for a number of industrial uses
because it forms difficult to remove silica and silicate scales in equipment, particularly on high
pressure steam turbine blades. It is possible to convert various forms of silica to the molybdate reactive
form for determination by methods given in this standard. Gravimetric method determines more than
one form of silica. It will determine all dissolved silica and some colloidally dispersed silica.
Gravimetric method may be used to standardize sodium silicate solutions used as standards in other
methods for determination of silica. Molybdosilicate method is recommended for relatively pure waters
having 0.4 to 25 mg of SiO, per litre and gravimetric method is not recommended when samples contain
less than 20 mg SiOs/l. The range can be extended by diluting, concentrating or by varying light path.
Interferences due to tannin, colour and turbidity are more severe with this method as compared to
hetropoly blue method. The yellow colour produced has a limited stability and attention to timing is
necessary. The colour developed in molybdosilicate and hetropoly blue methods are affected by high
concentrations of salts. Hetropoly blue method is recommended for low range, from 0’04 to 2 mg
‘
SiOz:l. Hetropoly blue method shall be the refree method, This standard supersedes 30 of IS : 3025
1964 ‘Methods of sampling and test ( physical and chemical ) for water used in industry’. In the pre-
paration of this standard, considerable assistance has been derived from Standard Methods for the
Examination of Water and Wastewater, published by the American Public Health Association,
Washington, USA, 16th Edition, 1985.
6
r_. Pritkd at D&T Kay Printers. New Delhi. India
|
3182.pdf
|
IS : 3182- 1986
Indian Standard
SPECIFICATION FOR
BROKEN BRICK ( BURNT CLAY ) FINE
AGGREGATE FOR USE IN LIME MORTAR
Second Revision )
(
First Reprint MAY 1996
UDC 666.972.124:691.421-493:691.534
6 Copyright 1986
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG
NEW DELHI 110002
Grt December 19ra6IS : 3182 - 1986
Indian Standard
SPECIFICATION FOR
BROKEN BRICK ( BURNT CLAY ) FINE
AGGREGATE FOR USE IN LIME MORTAR
Second Revision )
(
Building Limes Sectional Committee, BDC 4
Chairman Representing
SRRI C. D. THATTE Gujarat Engineering Research Institute, Vadodara
Members
RESEARCH OFFICER ( GERI ) ( Alternate to
Shri C. D. Thatte )
DR S. C. AHLTJWALIA National Council for Cement and Building Materials,
New Delhi
SHRI S. P. S. AHUJA Engineer-in-Chief’s Branch ( Ministry of Defence ),
New Delhi
Ma J V. K. SIJRI ( Alternate )
SHRI S. K. BANERJEE \N ational Test House, Calcutta
SHRI D. K. KANUQO ( Alternate )
SHRI N. G. BASAK Directorate General of Technical Development,
New Delhi
SHRI S. K. GROSH ( A1temzfe)
SHRI H. U. BIJLANI All India Housing Development Association,
New Delhi
SHRI S. J. BA~ADUR ( Alternate )
SHRI B. K. CFIAKRABORTY Housing and Urban Development Co-operation,
New Delhi
SHRI P. S. SRIVASTAVA ( Alfemale )
$jHRI s. K. CHAUnHaRy Lime Manufacturers’ Association of India,
New Delhi
DR N. G. Davy Central Building Research Institute ( CSIR ),
Roorkee
SHRI S. K. MALHOTRA ( Alternate )
DIRECTOR A.P. Engineering Research Laboratories, Hyderabad
JOINT DIRECTOR ( Alfcrnatc )
DIRECTOR Central Soil and Materials Research Station,
New Delhi
DEPUTY DIRE~OR’( Alternate )
( Continuedo n page 2 )
@ Copligrhr 1987
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
This publication is protected under the Iadian Comkht Act ( XIV of 1957) and
reproduction in whole or in part by any means except with written permission of the
I oublisher shall be deemed to be an infrineement of convrkht under the said Act.IS:3182 - 1986
( Continued from page 1 )
Members Rajwesenting
HOUSING COM~USSIONER Rajasthan Housing Board, Jaipur
RESIDENT ENQINEER ( Alternate )
JOINT DIXECTOR RE~EAROH ( B&S ) Research, Designs and Standards Organization
( Ministry of Railways ), Lucknow
DEPUTY DIRECTOR RESEAROH
( B&S ) ( Alternate )
SHRI N. MACEDO Dyer’s Stone Lime Co Pvt Ltd, Delhi
SHIU H. L. MARWAH Builder’s Association of India, Bombay
SHRI Hmrsrr C. KOHLI ( Alternate )
DRS.C. MAUDGAL Department ol Science & Technology, New Delhi
Sam Y. R. PHULL Central Road Research Institute ( CSIR ), New
Delhi
SRRI M. L. BHATIA ( Alternate )
DR A. V. R. RAO National Buildings Organization, New Delhi
Soar J. SEN GUPTA ( Alternate )
SHBI M. V. NA~ARAJ RAO Public Works Department, Government of Madhya
Pradesh, Bhopal
SRRI C. V. KAND ( Alternuts)
SHBI K. V. SINGH Department of Mines & Geology, Government of
Rajasthan, Udaipur
SHRI J. N. KICKER ( ANnnate)
SUPQR~NTINDIN~ ENGINEER Public Works Department, Government of Tamil
( PLANNINQ & DESION ) Nadu, Madras
EXECUTIVE ENQINEEH ( Boxnn-
INQ CENTRE DIVISION ) ( Altemole )
S~JPICRII~TENDINS~U RVEYOR or Central Public Works Department, New Delhi
-e-e;;z )
01 WOuKS 1
SaRr v’ ;;fu;g;- )
Khadi 8c Village Industries Commission, New Delhi
SH~I E. RAMACHANDRAN( Alternate)
SIKRIG . RAYAN, Director General, ISI ( Ex-oficio n4ember )
Director ( Civ Engg )
Secretary
Sart1N.C. BANIXYOPADHYAY
Deputy Director ( Civ Engg ), IS1
2IS :3182 - 1986
Indian Standard
SPECIFlCATION FOR
BROKEN BRICK ( BURNT CLAY ) FINE
AGGREGATE FOR USE IN LIME MORTAR
Second Revision )
(
0. FOREWORD
0.1 This Indian Standard ( Second Revision ) was adopted by the Indian
Standards Institution on 30 June 1986, after the draft finalized by the
Building Limes Sectional Committee had been approved by the Civil
Engineering Division Council.
0.2 Ground broken brick ( burnt clay ), commonly known as SURKHI,
is also used as fine aggregate in the preparation of lime mortar where
fine aggregates derived from natural sources are not available in plenty
or where its cost is prohibitive. It is a good alternative to sand where
well-burnt bricks are available in sufficient quantity. It can be used in
mortars for masonry and other works requiring lower loads and less
severe conditions of service. Fine aggregates prepared from bricks of
varying strengths and properties are used for lime mortar in different
parts of the country. To give a rational approach for use of this type
of aggregate in lime mortar, this standard has been formulated.
0.3 This standard was first published in 1967 and subsequently revised
in 1975. The present revision has been prepared with a view to incorpo-
rating the modifications found necessary in the light of experience gained
during the use of this standard. In this revision, the requirements of
broken brick fine aggregates in respect of specific gravity, water soluble
matter and material finer than 75 pm IS sieve have also been incorpo-
rated.
0.4 For the purpose of deciding whether a particular requirement of
this standard is complied with, the final value, observed or calculated,
expressing the result of a test, shall be rounded off in accordance with
IS : 2-1960’s. The number of significant places retained in the rounded
off value should be the same as that of the specified value in this
standard.
*Ruler for roundig off numerical values ( rruisrd ).
3X5:3182- IWfi
1. SCOPE
1.1 This standard covers the requirements for broken brick ( burnt clay )
fine aggregate for use in lime mortar.
2. GENERAL QUALITY
2.1 The broken brick fine aggregate shall be prepared from broken/
solid bricks conforming to class designation 50 and above of IS : 1077-
1986*. It shall be free from underburnt clay particles, soluble salts and
adherent coating of soil or silt.
2.2 The broken brick fine aggregate material shall be 100 percent passing
4.75 mm IS sieve.
3. PHYSICAL REQUIREMENTS
3.1 Grading - The fine aggregate shall be of the grading specified in
Table 1 when tested for sieve analysis according to IS : 2386 ( Part 1 )-
1963t.
TABLE 1 REQUIREMENTS OF GRADING FOR BROKEN BRICK
FINE AGGREGATE
IS SIEVE DESIQNATION PERCENT PASINQ
[ scc IS : 460 ( Part 1 )-1985* J ( BY MASS )
&75 mm 180
2.36 mm 90-100
1.18 mm 70-100
600 pm 40-100
30d pm 5-70
150 pm o-15
75 pm Nil
*Specification for test sieves: Part 1 Wire cloth test sieves ( t&xf rmision) .
3.2 The broken brick fine aggregate, when tested in accordance with the
method of test indicated, shall also conform to the requirements given in
Table 2.
4. SAMPLING
4.1 The method of sampling shall be in accordance with IS : 2430-1969:.
*Specification for common burnt clay building bricks (fourth revision) .
+Methods of test for aggregates for concrete: Part 1 Particle size and shape.
JMethods for sampling of aggregates for concrete.
4IS: 3182.1986
TABLE 2 REQUIREMENTS OF BROKEN BRICK FINE AGGREGATE
( cfuusc3 .2 )
SL CHARACTERISTIC REQUIREMENT REFERENCE TO METHOD
No. OF TEST
i) Specific gravity 2-4-2.7 IS : 2386 ( Part 3 )-1963’
ii) Clay and silt, percent, MUX 5 IS : 2386 ( Part 2 )-1963t
iii) Materials finer than 75 pm 15 IS : 2386 ( Part 1 )-1963$
IS sieve, percent, Max
iv) Water soluble matter, per- 1 Appendix B of IS : 3068-
cent, Max 19868
*Methods of test for aggregates for concrete: Part 3 Specific gravity, density, voids,
absorption and bulking.
*Methods of test for aggregates for concrete: Part 2 Estimation of deleterious
materials and organic impurities.
$Methods of test for aggregates for concrete: Part 1 Particle siae and shape.
HSpecification for broken brick ( burnt clay ) coarse aggregate for use in lime
concrete ( sccmd r&ion ) .
5B’UREAU O,F INDIAN STANDARDS
Headquarters:
Manak Bhavan, 9 Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg, NEW DELHI 110002
Telephones: 331 01 31, 331 13 76 Telegrams: Manaksanstha
( Common to all Off ices )
Regional Offices: Telephone
Central : Manak Bhavan, 9 Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg, 331 01 31
NEW DELHI 110002 331 13 75
I
*Eastern : l/l 4 C: I. T. Sc@me VII M, V. I. P: Road, 36 24 99
Maniktola, CALCUTTA 700054
Northern : SC0 445-446, Sector 35-C, 21843
CHANDIGARH 160036 I 3 1641
41 24 42
Southern : C. I. T. Campus, MADRAS 600113 41 25 19
1 41 2916
tWestern : Manakalaya, E9 MIDC, Marol, Andheri ( East ), 6 32 92 95
BOMBAY 400093
Branch Offices: i
‘Pushpak’, Nurmohamed Sfiiikh Marg, Khanpur, 2 63 48
AHMADABAD 380001
I 2 63 49
+,Peenya Industrial Area 1 st Stage, Bangalore Tumkur Road (38 49 55
BANGALORE 560068 138 49 56
Gangotri Complex, 5th Floor, Bhadbhada Road, T. T. Nagar, 667 16
BHOPAL 462003
Plot No. 82/83. ‘Lewis Road, BHUBANESHWAR 751002 5 36 27
5316. Ward No. 29, R.G. Barua Road, 6th Byelane, 3 31 77
GUWAHATI 781003
S-8-56C L. N. Gupta Marg ( Nampally Station Road ), 23 1083
HYDERABAD &IO001
63471
R14 Yudhister Marg, C Scheme, JAIPUR 302005
{ 6 98 32
21 68 76
117/418 B Sarvodaya Nagar, KANPUR 208005
( 21 82 92
Patliputra industrial Estate, PATNA 800013 623 5
T.C. No. 14/1421. University P.O.. Palayam f621 8. 4
TRIVANDRUM 696035 t6 21 17
Inspection Offices ( With Sale Point ):
Pushpanjali, r;rat Floor, 206-A West High Court Road, 2 61 71
Shankar rdagar Square, NAGPUR 440010
Institution of Engineers ( India ) Building, 1332 Shivaji Nagar, 6 24 35
PUNE 411005
*Sales Gfflce in Calcutta is Ot 6 Chowringhsr Approach, P. 0. Princep 27 68 00
Street. Calcutta 700072
tSslea Office in Bombay ir at Novelty Chimbero, Grant Road, 89 6628
Bombay 400007
-$Sales Office% Bangalore is at Unity Building, Naresimharaja Square, 22 36 71
Bangalore 560002
Reprography Unit, BIS, New Delhi, India
|
ISO 10684.pdf
|
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 10684
First edition
2004-07-15
Fasteners - Hot dip galvanized coatings
a
Elements de fixation - Revetements de galvanisation chaud
Reference number
---~--- ISO 10684:2004(E)
~ISO]
~~~
© ISO 2004ISO 10684:2004(E)
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All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or
ISO's member body in the country of the requester.
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Published in Switzerland
© ISO 2004 - All rights reservedISO 10684:2004(E)
Contents
Page
Foreword ............................................................................................................................................................ iv
1 Scope ...................................................................................................................................................... 1
2 Normative references ........................................................................................................................... 1
3 Tenns and definitions ........................................................................................................................... 2
4 Materials ................................................................................................................................................. 3
4.1 Raw material of parts ............................................................................................................................ 3
4.2 Zinc ......................................................................................................................................................... 3
5 Hot dip galvanizing procedures and precautions ............................................................................. 3
5.1 Stress relief ............................................................................................................................................ 3
5.2 Cleaning and pickling ........................................................................................................................... 3
5.3 Baking .................................................................................................................................................... 3
5.4 Fluxing .................................................................................................................................................... 3
5.5 Hot dip galvanizing ............................................................................................................................... 3
5.6 Spinning and quenching ...................................................................................................................... 4
5.7 Special requirements for nuts ............................................................................................................. 4
5.8 Post-treatment ....................................................................................................................................... 4
6 Requirements on thread tolerances and additional marking ........................................................... 4
6.1 General ................................................................................................................................................... 4
6.2 Requirements and precautions in assembling hot dip galvanized threaded fasteners ................ 4
6.3 Special requirements for marking when supplying fasteners in sealed containers ...................... 8
7 Mechanical properties of nuts tapped oversize and undersize threaded bolts, screws and
studs ....................................................................................................................................................... 8
8 Coating requirements ........................................................................................................................... 8
8.1 Appearance of zinc coating ................................................................................................................. 8
8.2 Considerations for hot dip galvanized washers ................................................................................ 8
8.3 Zinc coating thickness ......................................................................................................................... 8
8.4 Adhesion of zinc coating ...................................................................................................................... 8
9 Lubrication ............................................................................................................................................. 9
10 Ordering requirements ......................................................................................................................... 9
11 Designation ............................................................................................................................................ 9
Annex A (normative) Special requirements for bolts, screws and nuts with thread sizes M8 and
M10 ....................................................................................................................................................... 11
Annex B (normative) Limits of sizes for hot dip galvanized internal and external screw thread M8 ...... 13
Annex C (informative) Calculation of minimum ultimate tensile loads and proof loads for bolts
and screws M8 and M10 with threads undersized to tolerance class 6az .................................... 15
Annex D (informative) Surface areas of bolts, screws and nuts ................................................................. 16
Annex E (normative) Adherence of hot-dip galvanized coating .................................................................. 19
Annex F (informative) Strength of hot dip galvanized bolt or screw and nut assemblies ........................ 20
© ISO 2004 - All rights reserved iiiISO 10684:2004{E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 10684 was prepared by Technical Committee ISOITC 2, Fasteners, Subcommittee SC 1, Mechanical
properties of fasteners.
iv © ISO 2004 - All rights reservedINTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 10684:2004(E)
Fasteners - Hot dip galvanized coatings
1 Scope
This International Standard specifies material, process, dimensional and some performance requirements for
hot dip spun galvanized coatings applied to coarse threaded steel fasteners from M8 up to and including M64
and for property classes up to and including 10.9 for bolts, screws and studs and 12 for nuts. It is not
recommended to hot dip galvanize threaded fasteners in diameters smaller than M8 and/or with pitches below
1,25 mm.
NOTE Attention is drawn to the fact that the proof loads and stresses under proof load of oversize tapped nuts with
threads M8 and M10 and the ultimate tensile loads and proof loads of undersize threaded bolts and screws with threads
M8 and M10 are reduced as compared to the values specified in ISO 898-2 and ISO 898-1 respectively and are specified
in AnnexA.
It primarily concerns the spun hot dip galvanizing of threaded steel fasteners, but it may also be applied to
other threaded steel parts.
The specifications given in this International Standard may also be applied to non-threaded steel parts such
as washers.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 898-1, Mechanical properties of fasteners made of carbon steel and al/oy steel - Part 1: Bolts, screws
and studs
ISO 898-2, Mechanical properties of fasteners - Part 2: Nuts with specified proof load values - Coarse
thread
ISO 965-1, ISO general purpose metric screw threads - Tolerances - Part 1: Principles and basic data
ISO 965-2, ISO general purpose metric screw threads - Tolerances - Part 2: Limits of sizes for general
purpose external and internal screw threads - Medium quality
ISO 965-3, ISO general purpose metric screw threads - Tolerances - Part 3: Deviations for constructional
screw threads
ISO 965-4, ISO general purpose metric screw threads - Tolerances - Part 4: Limits of sizes for hot-dip
galvanized external screw threads to mate with internal screw threads tapped with tolerance position H or G
after galvanizing
ISO 965-5, ISO general purpose metric screw threads - Tolerances - Part 5: Limits of sizes for internal
screw threads to mate with hot-dip galvanized external screw threads with maximum size of tolerance
position h before galvanizing
© ISO 2004 - All rights reserved 1ISO 10684:2004(E)
ISO 1460, Metallic coatings - Hot dip galvanized coatings on ferrous materials - Gravimetric determination
of the mass per unit area
ISO 1461, Hot dip galvanized coatings on fabricated iron and steel articles - Specifications and test methods
ISO 2064, Metallic and other inorganic coatings - Definitions and conventions concerning the measurement
of thickness
ISO 2178, Non-magnetic coatings on magnetic substrates - Measurement of coating thickness - Magnetic
method
ISO 8991, Designation system for fasteners
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 2064 (in particular, the definitions of
significant surface, measuring area, local thickness, minimum local thickness and average thickness) and the
following apply.
3.1
batch
quantity of identical parts cleaned, pickled, fluxed and galvanized together at one time in a galvanizing basket
3.2
production lot
batches of parts originating from the same manufacturing lot, processed continuously through cleaning,
pickling, fluxing, dipping in molten zinc and spun in a centrifuge without any change in temperature and
concentration of the constituents of the process
3.3
batch average thickness
calculated average thickness of a coating as if it was uniformly distributed over the surface of the parts of the
batch
3.4
baking
process of heating parts for a definite time at a given temperature in order to minimize the risk of hydrogen
embrittlement
3.5
stress relief
process of heating parts for a definite time at a given temperature in order to relieve stress induced by work
hardening
3.6
hot dip galvanizing of fasteners
process whereby steel fasteners are zinc coated by immersion in a bath of molten zinc, resulting in the
formation of a zinc-iron alloy coating or a zinc-iron alloy coating plus a zinc coating at the surface of the
fastener
NOTE This process involves the removal of excess zinc by spinning the parts in a centrifuge or by an equivalent
method.
2 © ISO 2004 - All rights reservedISO 10684:2004(E)
4 Materials
4.1 Raw material of parts
4.1.1 Chemical composition
Materials as included in ISO 898-1 and ISO 898-2 are suitable for hot dip galvanizing except if the total
content of phosphorus and silicon is between 0,03 % and 0,13 %, in which case high temperature galvanizing
(530°C to 560°C) is recommended.
4.1.2 Surface condition
The surface of the fastener, before immersion in the molten zinc, shall be clean and free from all contaminants
that would adversely effect the galvanizing.
4.2 Zinc
The zinc used for this process shall be in accordance with ISO 1461.
5 Hot dip galvanizing procedures and precautions
5.1 Stress relief
Fasteners subjected to severe work hardening may require stress relief before acid cleaning and hot dip
galvanizing.
5.2 Cleaning and pickling
Parts shall be cleaned. During the cleaning process, hydrogen could be absorbed into the steel. The hydrogen
may not effuse completely in the galvanizing bath and consequently, may lead to brittle failure. Unless
otherwise agreed, parts heat treated or work hardened to a hardness of ;:, 320 HV shall be cleaned using an
inhibited acid, alkaline or mechanical process. Immersion time in the inhibited acid depends on the
as-received surface condition and should be of minimum duration.
NOTE An inhibited acid is an acid to which a suitable inhibitor has been added to reduce corrosive attack on the steel
and absorption of hydrogen.
5.3 Baking
If baking is carried out, it shall be carried out prior to surface activation.
5.4 Fluxing
Parts shall be surface activated, and dried if necessary.
5.5 Hot dip galvanizing
Normal temperature galvanizing is carried out at a bath temperature of 455°C to 480 °C. High temperature
galvanizing is used to produce a smoother and thinner coating and is carried out at a bath temperature of
530°C to 560 °C. The finish obtained using the high temperature process is dull. In order to avoid micro
cracks, bolts, screws and studs of property class 10.9 in sizes M27 and above, shall not be high temperature
galvanized.
Galvanizing shall not be carried out at bath temperatures between 480°C and 530 °C.
3
© ISO 2004 - All rights reservedISO 10684:2004(E}
5.6 Spinning and quenching
Parts shall be spun immediately following removal from the galvanizing bath and quenched in water or air
cooled depending on size consideration.
5.7 Special requirements for nuts
Nut threads and other internal threads shall be tapped after hot dip galvanizing. Retapping shall not be
permitted.
5.8 Post-treatment
Most galvanized parts do not require any post treatment. When required by the purchaser, treatments such as
chromating or phosphating may be applied to reduce the possibility of wet storage staining (white corrosion) or
to assist subsequent painting.
6 Requirements on thread tolerances and additional marking
6.1 General
Dimensional limits for ISO metric screw threads M10 to M64 before and after coating are specified in
ISO 965-1 to ISO 965-5. All other dimensions and tolerances of fasteners apply before hot dip galvanizing.
Dimensional limits for internal and external screw threads M8 with thread tolerances 6AX and 6AZ for internal
threads and 6az for external threads are specified in Annex B.
NOTE It is not possible to check the thread tolerance of a hot dip galvanized part by stripping the coating and
gauging the thread thereafter, since some steel is dissolved from the part during the galvanizing process.
6.2 Requirements and precautions in assembling hot dip galvanized threaded fasteners
6.2.1 General
This clause applies only to parts with thread tolerances in accordance with ISO 965-1 to ISO 965-5 and with
marking according to the marking requirements for fasteners as given in ISO 898-1 and ISO 898-2. The
marking specified in 6.2.2 and 6.2.3 shall be carried out in addition to the marking according to ISO 898-1 and
ISO 898-2.
The application of zinc coating by the hot dip process results in the deposition of a heavy coating thickness of
zinc (always in excess of 40 iJm). Hence, it is necessary to manufacture screw threads to special limits in
order to accommodate such heavy coatings.
There are two different methods provided for, which give the necessary fundamental deviations (clearances)
for the zinc layer applied to fasteners by hot dip galvanizing.
The first method (see 6.2.2) consists of using nuts tapped oversize to tolerance class 6AZ or 6AX after coating,
to mate with bolts or screws manufactured with screw threads to tolerance position g or h before coating.
The second method (see 6.2.3) consists of using bolts or screws manufactured with threads undersized to
tolerance class 6az before coating, to mate with nuts tapped to tolerance position H or G after coating.
Nuts tapped oversize (marked with Z or X) shall never be mated with bolts or screws with undersized
threads (marked with U), because such combinations create a high probability of thread stripping.
Assembling hot dip galvanized nuts tapped to tolerance position H or G after coating with hot dip galvanized
bolts or screws manufactured with threads to tolerance position 9 or h before coating results in thread
interference.
4 © ISO 2004 - All rights reservedISO 10684:2004(E)
6.2.2 Nuts tapped oversize to tolerance class 6AZ or 6AX after coating
Oversize tapping of nuts and internal threads to tolerance class 6AZ or 6AX in accordance with ISO 965-5 is
required after hot dip galvanizing when the mating bolts or screws or external threads are manufactured to
tolerance position g or h in accordance with ISO 965-1 to ISO 965-3 before hot dip galvanizing.
Nuts tapped oversize shall be marked with the letter Z immediately after the property class mark in case of
tolerance class 6AZ or with the letter X in case of tolerance class 6AX. See example in Figure 1.
Figure 1 - Example of marking of hot dip galvanized nuts tapped oversize
to tolerance position 6AZ after coating
In order to reduce the risk of interference on assembly of threads with hot dip galvanized coatings, the coating
thickness on the mating bolts or screws or external threads advisably should not exceed one quarter of the
minimum clearance of the thread combination. These values are given in Table 1 for information.
© ISO 2004 - All rights reserved 5Q) en
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-"
CI
Q)
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01=00
Table 1 - Fundamental deviations and upper limits of coating thicknesses for assemblies with nuts tapped oversize N
CI
-CI
Nominal m01=00
Minimum clearance and maximum coating thickness for thread combinations
Pitch thread Fundamental deviation
(for information)
diameter
Internal External
AZlh AZ/g AXlh AX/g
thread thread
Maximum Maximum Maximum Maximum
p d AZ AX h g Minimum coating Minimum coating Minimum coating Minimum coating
clearance clearance clearance clearance
thickness thickness thickness thickness
mm mm ~m ~m ~m ~m ~m ~m ~m ~m ~m ~m ~m ~m
1,25 8 + 325a + 255a 0 -28 325 81 353 88 255 64 283 71
I
1,5 10 + 330 + 310 0 - 32 330 83 362 91 310 78 342 86
1,75 12 +335 +365 0 -34 335 84 369 92 365 91 399 100
2 16 (14) +340 +420 0 -38 340 85 378 95 420 105 458 115
2,5 20 (18,22) +350 +530 0 -42 350 88 392 98 530 133 572 143
3 24 (27) + 360 +640 0 -48 360 90 408 102 640 160 688 172
3,5 30 (33) + 370 + 750 0 -53 370 93 423 106 750 188 803 201
4 36 (39) + 380 +860 0 -60 380 95 440 110 860 215 920 230
4,5 42 (45) + 390 +970 0 -63 390 98 453 113 970 243 1033 258
5 48 (52) +400 + 1080 0 -71 400 100 471 118 1080 270 1 151 288
© 5,5 56 (60) +410 + 1 190 0 -75 410 103 485 121 1 190 398 1265 316
u;
o 6 64 +420 + 1300 0 -80 420 105 500 125 1300 325 1380 345
N
~ a The fundamental deviations for AZ and AX are calculated according to the formulae given in ISO 965-5 on the basis of the thread dimensions specified in Annex B.
I
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C.ISO 10684:2004(E)
6.2.3 Bolts and screws with threads undersized to tolerance class 6az before coating
Undersize threading of bolts, screws and external threads to tolerance class 6az in accordance with
ISO 965-4 is required before hot dip galvanizing, when the mating nuts or internal threads have tolerance
position G or H in accordance with ISO 965-1 to ISO 965-3 after hot dip galvanizing.
Bolts and screws with undersized threads shall be marked with the letter U immediately after the property
class mark. See example in Figure 2.
2
Key
manufacturer's identification mark
2 property class and additional marking
Figure 2 - Example of marking of hot dip galvanized bolts and screws with threads undersized to
tolerance class 6az before coating
In order to reduce the risk of interference on assembly of threads with hot dip galvanized coatings, the coating
thickness advisably should not exceed one quarter of the minimum clearance of the thread combination.
These values are given in Table 2 for information.
Table 2 - Fundamental deviations and upper limits of coating thicknesses
for assemblies with bolts and screws with undersized threads
Nominal Minimum clearance and maximum
Pitch thread Fundamental deviation coating thickness for thread combinations
diameter (for information)
External Internal
azlH azlG
thread thread
Maximum Maximum
p d az H G Minimum coating Minimum coating
clearance clearance
thickness thickness
mm mm
~m ~m ~m ~m ~m ~m ~m
1,25 8 - 3258 0 + 28 325 81 353 88
1,5 10 - 330 0 + 32 330 83 362 91
1,75 12 - 335 0 + 34 335 84 369 92
2 16 (14) - 340 0 + 38 340 85 378 95
2,5 20 (18,22) - 350 0 +42 350 88 392 98
3 24 (27) - 360 0 +48 360 90 408 102
3,5 30 (33) - 370 0 + 53 370 93 423 106
4 36 (39) - 380 0 + 60 380 95 440 110
4,5 42 (45) - 390 0 +63 390 98 453 113
5 48 (52) -400 0 + 71 400 100 471 118
5,5 56 (60) -410 0 + 75 410 103 485 121
6 64 -420 0 +80 420 105 500 125
8 The fundamental deviation for az is calculated according to the formula given in ISO 965-4 on the basis of the thread dimensions
specified in Annex B.
© ISO 2004 - All rights reserved 7ISO 10684:2004(E}
6.3 Special requirements for marking when supplying fasteners in sealed containers
If hot dip galvanized bolts or screws and mating nuts are packed together and supplied in the manufacturer's
sealed container, the additional marking of the bolts, screws or nuts as described in 6.2.2 and 6.2.3 is not
mandatory. The label on each sealed container shall indicate the additional marking as required in 6.2.2 and
6.2.3.
Additional marking of products or labelling of containers as described in 6.2.2 and 6.2.3 is not mandatory for
fasteners with a special marking related to a product standard which specifies the thread tolerance for hot dip
galvanized bolts, screws, studs or nuts and, therefore, does not allow the manufacturer to choose the thread
tolerance.
7 Mechanical properties of nuts tapped oversize and undersize threaded bolts,
screws and studs
For bolts, screws, studs and nuts ~ M12, the requirements of ISO 898-1 and ISO 898-2 shall be met after hot
dip galvanizing. For the sizes M8 and M10, proof loads and stresses under proof loads for nuts and ultimate
tensile loads and proof loads for bolts, screws and studs are specified in Annex A.
8 Coating requirements
8.1 Appearance of zinc coating
The hot dip galvanized parts shall be free from uncoated areas, blisters, flux deposits, black spots, dross
inclusions and other defects that would impair the intended use of the parts. Dull appearance shall not
constitute grounds for rejecting parts.
8.2 Considerations for hot dip galvanized washers
Hot dip galvanized washers tend to bond to each other and suitable acceptance criteria should be agreed
upon at the time of ordering.
8.3 Zinc coating thickness
The local coating thickness shall be a minimum of 40 !-1m and the batch average coating thickness shall be a
minimum of 50 !-1m. The measurement of the local coating thickness shall be made on measuring areas as
shown in Figure 3.
Measurement of the local coating thickness shall be conducted by the magnetic method in accordance with
ISO 2178 on every production lot. To calculate the local coating thickness, a minimum of five readings shall be
taken and averaged. In case the geometry does not permit five readings, five samples shall be used to
establish the readings to be averaged. In case of dispute, the gravimetric method in accordance with
ISO 1460 shall be used. For the calculation of the batch average coating thickness, the surface area of the
fastener can be evaluated according to Annex D.
8.4 Adhesion of zinc coating
The zinc coating shall adhere tenaciously to the surface of the base metal. The method for testing the
adherence is specified in Annex E.
8 © ISO 2004 - All rights reservedISO 10684:2004(E)
~
1
Key
measuring area
Figure 3 - Measuring area for local coating thickness measurement on fasteners
9 Lubrication
To enhance tightening behaviour of the assembly, the nuts or the bolts or the screws should be lubricated.
10 Ordering requirements
When ordering fasteners to be coated in accordance with this International Standard, the following information
shall be supplied to the coater:
a) reference to this International Standard and the coating designation (see Clause 11);
b) the material of the part, the manufacturing lot number and the condition of the part, e.g. heat treatment,
hardness or other properties, which may be affected by the coating process;
c) whether a special coating thickness is required;
d) additional tests, if required;
e) additional treatments such as lubrication, chromating, etc., as required.
11 Designation
Fasteners shall be designated according to the appropriate product standards. The designation of the surface
coating shall be added to the product designation according to the specification of ISO 8991 using the symbol
tZn for the hot dip galvanized coating.
Example 1 refers to a bolt/nut combination as described in 6.2.2 using nuts tapped oversize.
Example 2 refers to a bolt/nut combination as described in 6.2.3 using bolts or screws with undersized threads.
EXAMPLE 1 A hexagon nut in accordance with ISO 4032, size M12, property class 8, hot dip galvanized and tapped
oversize to thread tolerance class 6AZ is designated as follows:
Hexagon nut ISO 4032· M12· 8Z· tZn
NOTE 8Z is substituted by 8X in case of thread tolerance class 6AX.
© ISO 2004 - All rights reserved 9ISO 10684:2004(E)
The mating hexagon head bolt in accordance with ISO 4014 size M12 x 80, property class 8.8, thread tolerance class 6g
and hot dip galvanized is designated as follows:
Hexagon head bolt ISO 4014· M12 x 80·8.8· tZn
EXAMPLE 2 A hexagon head bolt in accordance with ISO 4014, size M12 x 80, property class 8.8, thread tolerance
class 6az and hot dip galvanized is designated as follows:
Hexagon head bolt ISO 4014· M12 x 80· 8.8U . tZn
The mating hexagon nut in accordance with ISO 4032, size M12, property class 8, hot dip galvanized and tapped to thread
tolerance class 6H is designated as follows:
Hexagon nut ISO 4032· M12 ·8· tZn
10 © ISO 2004 - All rights reservedISO 10684:2004(E)
AnnexA
(normative)
Special requirements for bolts, screws and nuts
with thread sizes M8 and M10
A.1 General
For M8 and M10 ultimate tensile loads and proof loads lower than those specified in ISO 898-1 and ISO 898-2
are specified in this annex taking into account the relatively large fundamental deviations according to 6.2.2
and 6.2.3.
For nuts tapped oversize, the reduced overlap of thread M8 and M10 significantly reduces the proof load
values as compared with those given in ISO 898-2.
For bolts and screws with undersized threads, the stress areas for M8 and M10 are significantly smaller than
the stress areas given in ISO 898-1.
A.2 Minimum proof loads for hexagon nuts tapped oversize to tolerance class 6AZ or
6AX after coating
According to 6.2.2 nuts may be tapped oversize to tolerance class 6AZ or 6AX in accordance with ISO 965-5
and Annex B. For thread sizes M8 and M10 tolerance class 6AZ gives the largest fundamental deviation.
Consequently, for thread sizes M8 and M10 the fundamental deviations for tolerance class 6AZ are used to
establish the proof loads as given in Table A.1. Stresses under proof load are given in Table A.2.
All other mechanical property requirements as given in ISO 898-2 are valid.
For test methods, see ISO 898-2.
Table A.1 - Proof loads for nuts with threads of tolerance classes 6AZ and 6AX
Nominal Property class
Thread Pitch of stress area 5 I 6 I 8 I 9 I 10
thread of standard
test mandrel Marking
(d) p As 5Z15X 1 6Z16X I 8Z/8X 1 9Z19X I 10Zl10X
Proof load
mm mm2 N
M8 1,25 36,6 17300 20000 25500 1 27600 30600
I I
M10 1,5 58,0 28600 1 33000 42200 45600 50400
Table A.2 - Stresses under proof load for nuts with threads of tolerance classes 6AZ and 6AX
Property class
I I I I
5 6 8 9 10
Thread Marking
(d) I 1 1 1
5Z/5X 6Z/6X 8Z/8X 9Z/9X 10Z/10X
Stress under proof load
N/mm2
M8 473 546 698 1 754 835
M10 493 1 569 1 728 786 1 870
© ISO 2004 - All rights reserved 11ISO 10684:2004(E)
A.3 Minimum ultimate tensile loads and proof loads for bolts and screws with
threads undersized to tolerance class 6az before coating
According to 6.2.3 bolts, screws and external threads have to be threaded undersize to tolerance class 6az in
accordance with ISO 965-4 and Annex B. For thread sizes M8 and M10 tolerance class 6az gives large
fundamental deviations and this reduces the stress area. Consequently, for thread sizes M8 and M10, the
ultimate tensile loads and proof loads are reduced. For principles of calculation, see Annex C. The reduced
values are given in Tables A.3 and A.4.
All other mechanical property requirements as given in ISO 898-1 are valid.
For test methods, see ISO 898-1.
Table A.3 - Minimum ultimate tensile loads for bolts and screws with threads of tolerance class 6az
Property class
I I I
4.6 5.6 8.8 10.9
Stress area
Thread Asaz Marking
(d) I I I
4.6U 5.6U 8.8U 10.9U
mm2
Minimum ultimate tensile load (Asaz x Rm. min)
N
M8 33,2 13300 16600 26600 34500
M10 53,6 21400 26800 42900 55700
Table A.4 - Proof loads for bolts and screws with threads of tolerance class 6az
Property class
I I I
4.6 5.6 8.8 10.9
Stress area
Thread Asaz Marking
(d) I I I
4.6U 5.6U 8.8U 10.9U
mm2
Proof load (Asaz x Sp)
N
M8 33,2 7470 9300 19300 27600
M10 53,6 12 100 15000 31 100 44500
12 © ISO 2004 - All rights reservedISO 10684:2004(E)
Annex B
(normative)
Limits of sizes for hot dip galvanized internal and external screw thread
M8
B.1 General
For thread size M8 this annex gives information on screw thread limits for
a) internal screw threads tapped oversize to tolerance class 6AZ and 6AX;
b) external screw threads undersize threaded to tolerance class 6az.
B.2 Limits of sizes - Internal screw thread M8
The internal screw thread limits for M8 for tolerance class 6AZ and 6AX are specified in Table B.1.
Tolerance quality: medium
Thread engagement group: normal
Tolerance classes: 6AZ and 6AX
Table B.1 -Internal screw thread limits for tolerance classes 6AZ and 6AX.
Dimensions in millimetres
Length of Tolerance Major
Thread Pitch diameter a Minor diameter b
thread engagement class diameter a
D D2 D1
over up to and
including min.c max. min. max. min.
6AZ 8,325 7,673 7,513 7,237 6,972
M8 4 12
6AX 8,255 7,603 7,443 7,167 6,902
a Dimensions apply to internal screw threads after galvanizing and tapping oversize.
b Dimensions apply to internal screw threads before galvanizing or after galvanizing and removal of zinc fragments.
c Refers to the imaginary co-axial cylinder through the points where the requirement with regard to straightness of flank ceases.
© ISO 2004 - All rights reserved 13ISO 10684:2004(E)
8.3 Limits of sizes - External screw thread M8
The external screw thread limits for MB for tolerance class 6az are specified in Table B.2.
Tolerance quality: medium
Thread engagement group: normal
Tolerance class: 6az
The actual root contour shall not at any point transgress the basic profile.
For hot-dip galvanized screw threads, the tolerances apply to the parts before galvanizing. After galvanizing,
the actual thread profile shall not in any point transgress the maximum material limits for tolerance position h
and is intended to mate with internal screw threads of tolerance position H or G only.
Table B.2 - External screw thread limits for tolerance class 6az
Dimensions in millimetres
Minor
Length of diameter
Thread Major diameter Pitch diameter Root radius
thread engagement (for stress
calculation)
d d 2 d 3
over up to and
including max. min. max. min. max. min.
M8 4 12 7,675 7,463 6,863 6,745 6,142 0,156
14 © ISO 2004 - All rights reservedISO 10684:2004(E)
Annex C
(informative)
Calculation of minimum ultimate tensile loads and proof loads for bolts
and screws M8 and M10 with threads undersized to tolerance class 6az
The minimum ultimate tensile loads given in Table A.3 and the minimum proof loads given in Table A.4 have
been calculated using the minimum tensile strength, Rm, and the stress under proof load, Sp' as specified in
ISO 898-1. These values are multiplied by the stress area, Asaz' derived from the thread diameters for M 10 in
accordance with ISO 965-4 and for M8 in accordance with Annex B and the following formula:
=~(d2
A +d3j2
saz 4 2 )
where
d is the maximum pitch diameter of the thread;
2
d is the maximum minor diameter of the thread.
3
15
© ISO 2004 - All rights reservedISO 10684:2004{E)
Annex D
(informative)
Surface areas of bolts, screws and nuts
0.1 General
This annex gives guidance for the evaluation of the surface areas of bolts, screws and nuts which are needed
for the determination of the batch average thickness according to 8.3.
NOTE The surface areas given in Tables D.1 and D.2 apply only if agreed upon between the parties concerned.
0.2 Bolts and screws
To obtain the total surface area of a bolt or screw, the following parameter values are necessary
(see Figure 0.1):
the surface area, A1, of a length of 1 mm of the threaded shank of the bolt or screw;
the surface area, A , of a length of 1 mm of the unthreaded shank of the bolt or screw;
2
the surface area, A 3, of the head (including surface of the end face).
The total surface areas, A, is then calculated as follows:
A = A1 x thread length + A2 x shank length + A3
16 © ISO 2004 - All rights reservedISO 10684:2004(E)
I
I a
I
I
I:::'"
'--i-\
a Total surface area of the head including surface area of the end face, seed.
b Surface area of the shank of 1 mm length.
c Surface area of the threaded part of 1 mm length.
d Surface area of the end face is included in the surface area of the head (A 3).
Figure D.1 - Surface area
If the thread is cut, the unthreaded shank will be approximately equal to the basic major diameter (nominal
diameter). If the thread is rolled, the unthreaded shank will be approximately equal to either the pitch diameter
(reduced shank) or the basic major diameter (full shank).
Table 0.1 gives values for the surface areas A1, A2 and A3 for different shanks and hexagon head.
Table D.1 - Surface areas of bolts and screws
Surface areas in square mil Ii metres
Surface area
Surface area per millimetre length of
Thread size head,A
3
(coarse
thread) Threaded Unthreaded shank, A2
shank,A
1 Reduced shank Hexagon
(coarse thread) Full shank
(coarse thread) head
M8 38,48 25,15 22,43 541,3
M10 48,31 31,42 28,17 905,8
M12 58,14 37,63 33,98 1 151
M14 67,97 43,99 39,45 1523
M16 78,69 50,27 45,67 1830
M18 87,63 56,54 50,88 2385
NOTE For the time being, values for bolts and screws with sizes> M18 or with fine pitch
thread are not available and should be calculated as appropriate.
© ISO 2004 - All rights reserved 17ISO 10684:2004(E)
0.3 Nuts
Table 0.2 gives the surface areas of hexagon nut style 1.
NOTE When evaluating the surface area of a hot dip galvanized nut, the surface area of the thread is not taken into
consideration since the nut is tapped after hot dip galvanizing.
Table D.2 - Surface areas of hexagon nuts style 1
Surface areas in square millimetres
Surface area
Thread size
A
M8 536
M10 892
M12 1 169
M14 1522
M16 1877
M18 2424
NOTE For the time being values for nuts with sizes > M18 and nuts of style 2 are not
available and should be calculated as appropriate.
18 © ISO 2004 - All rights reservedISO 10684:2004(E)
Annex E
(normative)
Adherence of hot-dip galvanized coating
To determine the adherence of the zinc coating to the surface of the base metal, use the point of a stout knife.
Cut or prise, with the application of considerable pressure, in a manner tending to remove a portion of the
coating.
The adherence shall be considered inadequate if the coating flakes off in the form of a layer or skin so as to
expose the base metal in advance of the knife point.
Testing shall not be done at edges or corners (points of lowest coating adherence) to determine adherence of
coating.
Likewise, the removal of small particles of the coating by paring or whittling shall not constitute failure and
therefore not be grou nds for rejection.
19
© ISO 2004 - All rights reservedISO 10684:2004{E)
Annex F
(informative)
Strength of hot dip galvanized bolt or screw and nut assemblies
Bolts, screws and nuts modified by either undersizing of the bolt or screw thread as required by ISO 965-4 or
oversize tapping of the nut thread in accordance with ISO 965-5, if manufactured to the full range of
dimensional and mechanical property tolerances, may not achieve the expected assembly strength when
combined with the specified mating component.
The reduction in assembly strength is due to the reduction in shear strength of the modified threads; refer to
the work of Alexander1) on the strength of screw threads.
The following proposals indicate methods by which the full assembly strength of a 6g/6H thread tolerance
combination may be achieved, when modified thread combinations are used.
a) Bolts and screws manufactured with thread tolerance class 6az in accordance with ISO 965-4
The bolts or screws should not be manufactured to the minimum tensile strength, R , specified in ISO 898-1.
m
Care should be taken with bolts and screws of property class 8.8 not to exceed the maximum hardness of
property class 8.8, because of the risk of hydrogen embrittlement.
b) Nuts manufactured with thread tolerance class 6AZ in accordance with ISO 965-5
To achieve full assembly strength with nuts tapped oversize to thread tolerance class 6AZ. two options may be
considered:
1) Fit the bolts and screws with nuts of one property class higher, i.e. bolt or screw of property class 8.8
with nut of property class 10, etc.
2) Fit the bolts and screws with nuts of the same property class but of style 2 nut height instead of
style 1.
c) Nuts manufactured with thread tolerance class 6AX. in accordance with ISO 965-5
For diameters greater than M10 in order to achieve the full assembly strength of nuts tapped oversize to
thread tolerance class 6AX, nuts of an even higher property class than those used with thread tolerance
class 6AZ should be used. In some countries, where this thread tolerance class is generally used, the national
standards require the use of nuts of two property classes higher.
1) E.M. ALEXANDER, Analysis and design of threaded assemblies, SAE Transactions, Section 3 - Volume 86.
20 © ISO 2004 - All rights reserved15010684:2004(E)
le5 21.060.01; 25.220.40
Price based on 20 pages
© ISO 2004 - All rights reserved
|
3025_43.pdf
|
IS 3025 ( Part 43 ) : 1992
Indian Standard
METHODSOFSAMPLTNG AND TEST
(PHYSICALANDCHEMICAL)FORWATERAND
WASTEWATER
PART 43 PHENOLS
( First Revision )
First Reprint JULY 199s
UDC 628-l/-3 : 543 ( 547.56 )
0 BIS 1992
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG
NEW DELHI 110002
December 1992 Price Group 2Environmental Protection Sectional Committee, CHD 012
FOREWORD
This Indian Standard ( First Revision ) was adopted by the Bureau of Indian Standards, after the draft
finalized by the Environmental Protection Sectional Committee had been approved by the Chemical
Division Council.
Phenols, defined as hydroxy derivatives of benzene and its condensed nuclii may occur in domestic and
industrial wastewaters, natural waters and portable water supplies. Chlorination of such waters may
produce odouriferous and objectional tasting chlorophenols. Phenol removal processes in water treat-
ment include super chlorination, chlorine dioxide or chloramine treatment, ozonation and activated
carbon adsorption. This standard supersedes 57 of IS 3025 : 1964 ‘Methods of sampling and test
( physical and chemical ) for water used in industry’. In the preparation of this standard, considerable
assistance has been derived from Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater,
17th edition published by American Public Health Association, Washington ( USA ), 1989 and
EPA-1979 ‘Methods for Chemical Analysis of Water and Wastewater.’
In reporting the result of a test or analysis made in accordance with this standard, if the final value,
observed or calculated, is to be rounded off, it shall done in accordance with 1S 2 : 1960 &Rules for
rounding off numerical values ( revised )‘.IS 3025 ( Part 43 ) : 1992
Indian Standard
METHODSOFSAMPLINGANDTEST
(PHYSICALANDCHEMICAL)FORWATERAND
WASTEWATER
PART 43 PHENOLS
First Revision /
(
1 SCOPE ferricyanidc to form a coloured antipyrine dye.
This dye is kept in aqueous solution and the --
I.1 This standard prescribes two spectrophoto-
absorbance is measured at 460 nm.
metric methods for the determination of phenol
This method is recommended for concentrations
in natural waters, potable water supplies,
more than 1 mg/l phenol which does not
domestic and industrial wastewaters.
requite chloroform extraction technique.
a) 4 Amino-antipyrine method without
chloroform extraction, and 5.2 Interferences
b) 4 Amino-antipyrine method with chlorc- To eliminate or minimize the interferences, use
form extraction. steam distilled sample. Phenols are distilled
from non-volatile impurities. Because the
1.2 It does not app!y to differentiate between volatilization of phenols is gradual, the distilate
various kinds of phenols. volume shall ultimately equal that of the
original sample.
2 REFERENCES
The following Indian standards are the neces- 5.2.1 Preliminary Step of Steam Distillation
sary adjuncts to this standard: 5.2.1.1 Measure 500 ml of sample into a beaker.
IS No. Title Lower the pH to approximately 4.0 with
8.5 percent phosphoric acid. If the sample was
7022 Glossary of terms relating to already preserved using phosphoric acid, omit
( Part 1 ) : 1973 water, sewage and industrial
the addition of phosphoric acid again. Transfer
effluents, Part 1
to the distillation apparatus made up of glass,
7022 Glossary of terms relating to consisting of a 1 litre borosilicate glass distilling
( Part 2 ) : 1979 water. sewage and industrial apparatus with Graham condenser.
effluents, Part 2
5.2.1.2 Distil 450 ml of sample and stop the
3 TERMINOLOGY distillation. When boiling ceases, add 50 ml of
warm distilled water to the distilling flask and
For the purpose of this standard, definitions
resume distillation until 500 ml have been
given in IS 7022 ( Part 1 ) : 1973 and IS 7022
collected.
( Part 2 ) : 1979 shall apply.
5.2.1.3 If the distillate is turbid, filter through
4 SAMPLE PRESERVATION AND STORAGE
a pre-washed membrane filter.
4.1 Phenol concentration usually encountered 5.3 Apparatus
in wastewaters are subject to biological and
5.3.1 Spectrophotometer
chemical oxidation. Preserve and store samples
at 4°C or lower but do not allow to freeze unless For use at 460 nm equipped with light path 1 to
analysed within 4 hours after collection. 5 cm.
4.2 After acidification with phosphoric acid to 5.3.2 pH Meter
pH 4 or slightly below the sample can be stored
5.4 Reagents
upto 4 weeks at 4°C.
All reagents should be prepated with distilled
5 4-AMINOANTIPYRINE METHOD
water free from phenols and chlorine.
WITHOUT CHLOROFORM EXTRACTION
5.1 Principle 5.4.1 Stock Phenol Solution
Most phenols react with 4-aminoantipyrine at Dissolve 1.0 g phenol in freshly boiled and
pH 7.9 c 0.1 in the presence of potassium cooled distilled water and dilute to 1 000 ml.
1IS 3025 ( Part 43 ) : 1992
CAUTION - ‘ TOXIC; HANDLE WITH 5.4.7 Polassium Ferricyarride Solution
CARE ‘.
Dissolve 8.0 g of potassium ferricynnide [ KsFe
5.4.1.1 Standat-dize the stock phencl solution ( CN js ] in distilled water and dilute to 100 ml.
as follows: Store in a brown glass bottle. Prepare fresh
Lveekly.
To 100 ml water in a 500-ml glass stoppered
conical flask, add 50.0 ml stock phenol
5.4.8 Sodium Sulphate - Anhydrous.
solution and 10.0 ml 0.1 N bromate-bromide
solution. Immediately, add 5 ml concentrated
5.5 Procedure
hydrochloric acid and swirl gently. lf brown
colour of free bromine does not persist, add 5.5.1 Place 100 ml of distiliate or a portion
10*0-m] portions of bromatc-brcmide containing not tnore than O-5 mg of phenol
solution until it does. Keep flask stoppered diluted to 100 ml in a 250 ml beaker. Prepare
a&d let stand for 10 minutes, then add a 100 ml distilled water blank. Prepare a series
approxitnately 1 g KI. Usually fklur IO-ml of 100 ml phenol standards containing 0.1, 0.2,
portions of bromate-bromide solution are O-3, 0.4 and 0.5 mg phenol. Treat sample, blank
rewired if the stock phenol s0lUiion and standards as follows:
contains 1 000 mg phenol/l.
Add 2.5 m! of O-5 N ammonium hydroxide
Prepare a blank in exactly the same solution and adjust to pH 7.9 + 0.1 with
manner, using distilled water and 10.0 ml
phosphate buffer. Add 1.0 ml of 4-amino-
O-l- .N bromate bromide solution. Titrate
antipyrine solution, mix well, add l ml of
blank and sample with O-025 N sodium
potassium ferricyanide solution and mix
thiosulphate, using starch solution indicator.
well. Let it stand for 15 minutes. Read
Calculate the cencentration of phenol solu- absorbance of sample and standards against
tion as follows: the bank at 460 nm.
,Phenol, mg/l = 7.842 ( A x B) - C 5.5.2 Calibsation Curve
where Prepare a standard curve by plotting the absor-
bance values of standards versus corresponding
A = thiosulphate for blank in ml;
phenol concentrations.
B E bromate-bromide solution used for
sample divided by 10 in ml; and 5.6 Calculation
C = thiosulphate used for sample in ml. After obtaining the absorbance values, depend-
ing upon the volume of sample chosen for test,
5.4 2 Intermediate Phenol Solution calculate the amount of phenol present in
1 000 ml as given below:
Dilute 10.0 ml of the stock phenol solution in
freshly boiled and cooled distilled water to
i 000 ml; 1 ml = 10 lig pnenol. Prepare daily. Using calibration curve:
5.4.3 Staltdard Phenol Solution
phenol, pg/l m -$ x 1000
Dilute 50.0 ml of intermediate phenol solution
to 500 ml with freshly boiled and cooled distilled where
water; 1 ml = I.0 ,,g phenol. Prepah within
2 hours of use. C -- concentration of phenol in rig in
sample from the calibration curve,
5.4.4 Ammonium Hydroxide - 0.5 N. and
Dilute 35 ml of fresh concentrated ammonium 1’ = voulme in ml of original sample.
hydroxide to 1 litte with distilled water.
6 4-AMINOANTIPYRINE METHOD WITH
5.4.5 Phosphate Bufer Solution
CHLOROFORM EXTRACTION
Dissolve 104.5 g of potassium hydrogen phos-
6.1 Principle
phate ( KIHPOl ) and 72.3 g of potassium
dihydrcgen phosphate ( KH,PO, ) in distilled Most phenols react with 4aminoantipyrine at
water and dilute to 1 litre. The pH of the pH 79 -+ 0.1 in the presence of potassium
resulting solution should be 6.8. ferricyanide to form a coloured antipyrine dye.
This dye is extracted from water with chloro-
5.4.6 4-Aminoantipyrine Solution
form and the absorbance is measured at 460 nm.
Dissolve 2.0 g of 4-aminoantipyrine in distilled The minimum detectable quantity is I pg of
water and dilute to 100 ml.. Prepare daily. phenolilitrc in 460 ml distilate.
2IS 3025 ( Part 43 ) : 1993
This method is more sensitive and is adoptable 6.4.3 Filter Paper
for use in water sample containing less than
Alternative to buchner type funnel: use
I mg of phenol/litre.
Whatman No. 40 filter paper and anhydrous
sodium sulphate for filtration of chloroform
6.2 Joterferences
phase.
62.1 Interferences such as phenol decomposit-
ing bacteria, oxidizing and reducing substances, 6.4.4 pH Meter
and alkaline pH values are dealt with by
acidification. If the sample has been preserved 6.4.5 Separating Funnel
as mentioned in 4, further acidification is not 1 000 ml capacity with ground glass stoppers
required. The interferences may be eliminated and TFE stop cock.
as follows.
6.5 Reagents
4.2.1 .l Oxidizing agents, such as chlorine
All reagents shouid be prepared with distillecl
Remove immediately after sampling by adding
water free from phenols and chlorine.
excess ferrous sulphate.
6.5.~ Phenol Stack Solution
6.2.1.2 Sulphur compounds
Dissoivc I.0 g phenol in freshly boiled and
Remove by acidifying to pEI 4-O with phosphoric
cooled distilled water and dilute to 1 000 ml.
acid and aerating briefly by stirring. This
eliminates interference of gases like hydrogen
CAUlION - i TOXLC, HANDLE WlTH
,sulphite and sulphur dioxide.
CARE ‘.
6.2.1.3 Oils and tars
6.5.2 Intermediate Phenol Solution
Make an alkaline extraction by adjusting pH to
12 to 12.5 with sodium hydroxide pellets. Dilute 10.0 ml of stock phenol solution in
Extract oil and tar from aqueous solution with freshly boiled and cooled distilled water to
50 ml chloroform in three steps. Discard oil 1 000 ml. I ml = 10 0 rg of phenol. Prepare
and tar containing layer. Remove excess daily.
chloroform in aqueous layer by warming on a
water bath before proceeding with the 6.5.3 Standard Phenol Solution
distillation step. Dilute 50-O ml of Intermediate phenol solution
to 5UOm l with freshly boiled ano cooled distilled
6.3 Preliminary Step of Steam Distillation water. 1 ml of this solution is equivalent to
I.0 rg of phenol. Prepare this solution within
6.3.1 Measure 500 ml of sample into a beaker.
2 hours of use.
Lower the pH to approximately 4-O with
8.5 percent phosphoric acid. If the sample was 6.5.4 Amnrcnium H)&oside - 0.5 N.
already preserved usmg phosphoric acid, omit
the addition of phosphoric acid again. Transfer Dilute 35 ml of fresh concentrated amm@:JiLJJll
to the distillation apparatus made up of glass, hydroxide to 1 litre with distilied water.
consisting of a 1 litre borosilicate glass distilling
apparatus with Graham condenser. 6.5.5 Phosphate Buffer Solution
Dissolve 104.5 g of p”tas>ium hydrogen
6.3.2 Distil 450 ml of sample and stop the
distillation. When boiling ceases, add 50 ml of phosphate ( K,HYOI ) and 72.3 g of potassrum
dihydrogen phosphate ( KHLPOl ) in ,distil.led
warm distilled water to the distilling flask and
water and dilute to 1 litre. The pH’ of the
resume distillation until’ 500 ml have been
resulting solution should be 6.8.
collected.
6.5.6 I-Aminoantipyrine‘ Solution
6.3.3 If the distillate is turbid, filter through a
pre-washed membrane filter. Dissolve 2-O g of 4-aminoantipyrinc in distilled
water and dilute to 100 ml. Prepare daily.
6.4 Apparatus
6.5.7 Potassium Ferricyanide Solution
6.4.1 Spectrophotometer
Dissolve 8.0 g of material in water and dilute
For use at 460 nm and equipped with 1 to 10 cm to 100 ml. Filter. if necessary and store in
cells. brown glass bottle. Prepare fresh weekly.
6.4.2 Filter Funnels 6.5.8 Chlor~lform /
Puchner type with fritted disc. 6.5.9 Sodium Sulphatc - Anhydrous.
3IS 3025 ( Part 43 ) : 1992
6.6 Procedure 6.6.2 Calibration Curve
6.6.1 Place 500 ml of distillate or a suitable Prepare a standard curve by plotting the
portion containing not more than 50 rg phenol, absorbance values of standards versus corres-
diluted to 500 ml, in a I-litre beaker. Prepare ponding phenol concentrations.
a 500 ml distilled water blank and a series of
6.6.3 For infrequent analysis, prepare only one
500 ml phenol standards containing 5, 10, 20,
standard phenol solution. Prepare 500 ml
30, 40 and 50 pg phenol. Treat sample, blank,
standard phenol solution of a strengh approxi-
and standards as follows:
mately equal to the phenolic content of that
portion of original sample used for final
Add 12.0 ml of 0.5 N ammonium hydroxide analysis. Also prepare a 500 ml distilled water
and adjust pH to 7.9 f 0.1 with phosphate blank. Measure absorbance of sample and
buffer ( 10 ml may be sufficient ). Transfer standard phenol solution against the blank at
to a 1 htre separating funnel, add 3.0 ml 460 nm following procedure given in 6.6.1.
aminoantipyrine solution, mix well and add
3.0 ml of potassium ferricyanide and let 6.7 Calculation
colour develop for 3 minutes. The solutron After obtaining the absorbance values, depend-
should be clear and light yeilow. Extract ing upon the volume of sample chosen for test,
immediately with chlor~oform using 25 ml calculate the amount of phenol present in
for I to 5 cm cells and 50 ml for 10 cm cell. 1000 ml as given below:
Let chloroform settle, shake again for
10 minutes add let the chloroform settle Using calibration curve:
again. Filter each chloroform extract
through filter paper or fritted glass funnels phenol, pg/l - -;- x 1 000
containing a 5 g layer of anhydrous sodium
where
sulphate. Make up the volume to 25 ml or
C= concentration of phenol in pg in sample
50 ml as the case may be; Read absorbance
from the calibration curve, and
of sample and standards against the blank at
360 nm., v= volume in ml of original sample.
4Bureau of Indian Standards
BIS is a statutory institution established under the Bureau oJIndian StmdardsAct, 1986 to promote harmonious
development of the activities of standardization, marking and quality certification of goods and attending to
connected matters in the country.
Copyright
BIS has the copyright of all its publications. No part of these publications may be reproduced in any form without
the prior permission in writing of BIS. This does not preclude the free use, in the course of implementing the
standard, of necessary details, such as symbols and sizes, type or grade designations. Enquiries relating to
copyright be addressed to the Director (Publications), BIS.
&/view of Indian Standards
Amendments are issued to standards as the need arises on the basis of comments. Standards are also reviewed
periodically; a standard along with amendments is reaffirmed when such review indicates that no changes are
needed; if the review indicates that changes are needed, it is taken up for revision. Users of Indian Standards
should ascertain that they are in possession of the latest amendments or edition by referring to the latest issue
of ‘BIS Handbook’ and ‘Standards : Monthly Additions’.
This Indian Standard has been develoned from Dot : No. CHD0 12 ( 9593 ).
Amendments Issued Since Publication
Amend No. Date of Issue Text Affected
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
Headquarters:
Manak Bhavan, 9 Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg, New Delhi 110002 Telegrams: Manaksanstha
Telephones : 323 01 31, 323 94 02, 323 33 75 ( Common to
all offices )
Regional Offices: Telephone
Central : Manak Bhavan, 9 Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg 32376 17
NEW DELHI 110002 I 323 3841
Eastern : l/l4 C. I. T. Scheme VII M, V. I. P. Road, Maniktola 337 84 99, 337 85 61’
CALCUTTA 700054 337 86 26,~337 86 62
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/
I
Printed at New India Printing Press, Klwja, India—.. . <
“.
AMENDMENT NO. 1 SEPTEMBER 2000
TO
IS 3025( PART 43 ) : 1992 METHODS OF SAMPLING
AND TEST (PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL) FOR WATER
AND WASTEWATER
PART 43 PHENOLS
(First Reviswn)
( Page 2, clause 5.4.1.1, line 23 ) — Substitute the following for the
existing:
—-—.——-..-—.. .. .. .-----.—
‘Phenol, mg/1= 7.842[ (A xB) -C]’
I
,. I
.
.“
.(CHD 12)
ReprographyUrrit,BIS, NewDelhi,India ,
,
\
,, ,,
.
I
I
,.
,. ,,
,,AMENDMENT NO. 2 MARCH 2003
TO
1S 3025 (Part 43 ) : 1992 METHODS OF SAMPLING
AND TEST ( PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL) FOR WATER
AND WASTEWATER
PART 43 PHENOLS
(FirstRevision)
( Page 3, clause 6.5.2, line 3 )— Substitute ‘10.0 ~g’ for ‘1OOpg’.
(CHD32) -
Reprography Unit, BIS, New Delhi, India
i
I
|
2974_2.pdf
|
IS : 2974 (Part II) - 1980
Indian Standard (RePIT19u9m3e) d
CODE OF PRACTICE FOR
DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF
MACHINE FOUNDATIONS
PART II FOUNDATIONS FOR IMPACT TYPE MACHINES
(HAMMER FOUNDATIONS)
(First Revision)
Third Reprint JANUARY 1998
UDC 624.159.11:621.974.2:006.76
@ CopyrighrI 98 1
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARC3
NEW DELHI 110002
Gr 4
March 1981IS : 2974 (Part II) - 1980
Indian Standard (Rcfimwewd
CODE OF PRACTICE FOR
DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF
MACHINE FOUNDATIONS
PART II FOUNDATIONS FOR IMPACT TYPE MACHINES
(HAMMER FOUNDATIONS)
(First Revision)
Foundation Engineering Sectional Committee, BDC 43
c%ahafl Rcpwenting
PROPD INEBHM OI-IAN Ckn~~rfe$lding Research Institute &SIR),
MmZb#rS
DR R. K. BHAND~ Centralral;~ding Rezarch Institute (CSIR),
Smu I. G. CHA~KO Calcutta Port Trust, Calcutta
SHRI S. Grnu (Al&r-&e)
SHRI K. N. DADINA In personal capacity (P-820, Block P, Nnu Ali$ore,
CUlXWU)
SHRI M. G. DANDAVATE Concrete Association of India, Bombay
Ssim N. C. DU~~AL( Alkmk)
SHRI R. K. DM GLWTA Simplex Concrete Piles (I) Pvt Ltd, Calcutta
SHKIH . G~HA Bxsw.+s( Alkmak)
SXRI A. G. DASTIDAR In personal capacity (5, Hung@rd Court, 1.21
Hmgerfmd Sk&, Calcutta)
SHRI v. c. DESHPANDB F’resure Piling Co (India) Pvt Ltd, Bombay
DUU~XOR (CSMRS) Central Water Commission, New Delhi
DEPUTY DIREnOR (CSMRS) (Abnak)
SHRI A. H. D~~ANJX Asia Foundation & Construction Pvt Ltd,
Bombay
SHRI A. N. JANOLE( Al&mare)
SHRI A. Gsiosn~. Braith<h;Burn & Jeasop Construction Co Ltd,
Smu N. E. A. RA~HAVAN(A ftem&
DR GOPAL AN 3 niversity of Roorkee, Roorkee
DR SHM~~ RK3. ~LHATI Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi
Smu A. VARADARAJA(ANi kmak)
@wltiwdon~e2)
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
This publication is protected under the Zndlan Copyr@ht Act (XIV of 1957) and
reproduction in whole or in part by any means except wtth written permission of the
publicr shall bc dcancd to bc an infringancnt of copyright unda the said Act.Is : 2974( Part II) - 1980
Smu M. I~~N~AR EngineersIn dia Ltd, New Delhi
DR R. K. M. B-ARI (A&m&)
SHRI G. R. S. JAIN G. S.J ain & Associates, Roorkee
JOINT DIRECTOR RR~~RCH (SM) Ministry of Railways
(RDSO)
JOINT I)IRECM)R& !s~Rcxi (B&S),
RDSO (A&em&)
DR R. K. Knrn Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay
SHRI K. K. &iANNA National Buildings Organization, New Delhi
SHRI SUNIL BERRY (Altematc)
SHRI S. R. KULURNZ M. N. Dastur & Company Pvt Ltd, Calcutta
SHR~ S. ROY (Alternate)
SI-IIU 0. P. h'fALIiOTRA Building & Roads Branch, Public Works Depart-
ment, Government of Punjab, Chandigarh
SHRI A. P. MATHUR Central Warehousing Corporation, New Delhi
SHIU V. B. MATHUR Mckenzies Limited, Bombay
SHRI Y. V. NARASIMHRAA O Bokaro Steel Plant (Steel Authority of India),
Bokaro Steel City
BRIG OMBIRS x~cui \E ngineer-in-Chief’s Branch, Army Headquarters
MAJ H. K. BHUTANI (Altmutc)
Y~RI B.K. PANTILUCY Hindustan Construction Co Ltd, Bombay
&RI V. M. MADOE (Alkmak)
PRESIDENT Indian Geotechnical Societv, New Delhi
%2RETARY (Alkmak)
PROFESSOR( CML ENW) Collegeof Engineering, Guindy, Madras
&ISTANT PROFESWR (CML
ENGG) (Alkmak)
SIUU M. R. PUNJA Cementation Co Ltd, Bombay
SHRI A. A. RAJU Steel Authority of India, New Delhi
DR V. V. S. ho Nagadi’Consultanta Pvt Ltd; New Delhi
SHRI ARP RIJHsmQxiANI Cement Corporation of India, New Delhi
Saar 0. S. SRWASTAVA( Ahemk)
&IRI K. R. SAXZNA Engineering Research Laboratories, Government of
Andhra Pradeshi Hyderabad
DR S. P. SR~VASTAVA United Technical Consultants Pvt Ltd, New Delhi
DR R. KAPUR (Alkmuk)
SximN~S~~u Roads Wing, Ministry of Shipping & Transport
THA~AMAN( Alkmk)
&RI T. N.~SusnAR AO Gammon India Ltd, Bombay
SEIIU S. A. &DDI (Alkmak)
Sxmmmm~~x~o ENGINEER(D ESIGN) Central Public Works Department, New Delhi
wcvnv~ BNOINEER( DBSIONV ) (AltaMfe)
SHRI M. D. T-a Bombay Port Trust, Bombay
SHRI D. AJITHA SIMHA, Director General, BIS (JIx-&cio Member)
Director (Civ Engg)
SHRr K. M. MATEUR
Deputy Dkector (Civ En&, BIS
(Cainwad on #age 15)
2IS : 2974 (Part II) - 1980
Indian Standard
CODE OF PRACTICE FOR
DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF
MACHINE FOUNDATIONS
PART II FOUNDATIONS FOR IMPACT TYPE MACHINES
(HAMMER FOUNDATIONS)
(First Revision)
0. FOREWORD
0.1 This Indian Standard (Part II) (First Revision) was adopted by the
Indian Standards Institution on 31 July 1980, after the draft finalized
by the Foundation Engineering Sectional Committee had been approved
by the Civil Engineering Division Council.
0.2 The installation of heavy machinery involves careful design of their
foundations taking into consideration the impact and vibration charac-
teristics of the load and the condition of the soil on which the foundation
rests. While many of the special features relating to the design and con-
struction of such machine foundations will have to be as advised by the
manufacturers of these machines, still most of the details will have to be
according to general principles of design. This part (Part II) of the
standard lays down the general principles with regard to foundations for
impact type machines (hammer foundations). This standard was first
published in 1966: This revision has been prepared based on experience
gained in the implementation of this standard.
0.3 This standard on machine foundations is published in five parts. Other
parts are:
Part I Foundations for reciprocating type machines.
Part III Foundations for rotary type machines (medium and high
frequency).
Part LV Foundations for rotary type machines of ‘low frequency.
Part V Foundations for impact type machines other than hammer
(forging and stamping press, pig breaker, elevator and hoist
towers).
0.4 For the purpose of deciding whether a p&tic&r requirement of this
standard is complied with, the final value, observed or calculated, expressing
the result of a test, shall be rounded off in accordance with IS : Z-1960*.
lR ula for rounding off numerical valuer (rezdd).
3IS : 2974 (Part II) - 1980
The number of significant places retained in the rounded off value should
be the same as that of the specified value in this standard.
1. SCOPE
1.1 This standard (Part II) covers design and construction of hammer
foundation subject to stray and repeated impacts and where the ratio
of mass of anvil to foundation is high.
2. TERMINOLOGY
2.0 For the purpose of this standard, the following and the relevant defi-
nitions in IS : 2974 (Part I)-1964*, shall apply.
2.1 Anvil -A base-block for a hammer on which material is forged into
shape by repeated striking of the tup (see Fig. 1).
FOUNDATION BLOCK
JOINT Jz’ ‘-SOLE PLATE
IA With Elastic Support
FIG. 1 DIFFERENT TYPES OF FOUNDATION SUPPORT-CO&
2.2 Capa&y of Hunmer - It is expressed as the mass of the falling tup.
*Code of practice for design and construction of machine foundadonn: Part I Foundationa
for reciprocating type machines (firr r&en).
4IS : 2974 (Part II) - 1980
CORK
(ANY
GAP
RCC
IB Resting on Piles
rANi’lL
IC Resting on Soil
FIG. 1 DIFFERENTT YPES OF FOUNDATIONS UPPORT
2.3 Foundation Block - A mass of reinforced concrete on which the
anvil rests (see Fig. 1).
5IS : 2974 (Part II) 0 1980
2.4 Foundation Support- A support for resting the foundation block.
The block may rest directly on ground or on a resilient mounting, such as
timber sleepers, springs, cork layer, etc. The block may also be supported
on pile foundations.
2.5 Impact Force (F) - The force produced when the falling tup strikes
the material being forged on the anvil.
2.6 CoefBdent of Restitution (k - A coefficient used to determine the
velocity of the anvil and the foun da tion block after the tup strikes. This
coefficient is governed by the condition 0~ k< 1 and its average value for
design purposes may be taken up to 0.6. However, in specific known cases
this value may be reduced.
2.7 Protective Cushionin Layer (Elastic Pad) - An elastic cushioning
of suitable material and tf ickness provided between the anvil and the
foundation block in order to prevent bouncing of anvil and creation of
large impact stresses and consequent damage to the top surface of the
concrete in the foundation block.
2.8 Tup - A weighted block which strikes the material being forged on
the anvil (see Fig. 1).
3. NECESSARY DATA
3.1 Hammer Details
a) Total mass of hammer, that is, mass of frame. and falling parts ;
b) Mass of falling parts, that is, mass of tup and top die;
c) Mass of anvil (in case ide frame of the hammer is attached to
the anvil, the mass of t8 ”e frame should be added) ;
d) Energy of impact;
e) Number of blows per minute (this may vary depending on full stroke
and short stroke) ;
f) Base dimensions of the anvil;
g) Manufacturer’s drawing showing general cross section, lan, eleva-
tion of anvil, frame base, anvil base, etc, including detai % of anchor
bolts;. and
h) Coefficient of impact of anvil in extreme case for die to die blow.
3.2 Detaila of the Curhio~ Pad Between Anvil and Block
a) Material,
b) Elastic modulus,
c) Maxknum allowable deformation, and
d) Allowable atress intensity.
6IS : 2974 (Part II) - 1980
3.3 Details of Cushioning Between Foundation Block and Soil, If
Provided
a) If resilient pad is used:
1) Material,
2) Elastic modulus,
3) Maximum allowable deformation, and
4) Allowable stress intensity.
b) If springs and dampers are used:
1) Maximum allowable spring deflections for normal working as
well as for extreme conditions and also for static loads as well
as for dynamic loads,
2) Details of springs, and
3) Details of dampers.
3.4 Soil Data
3.11 The sub-soil properties shall be determined according to IS : 1892-
1979*.
3.4.2 The dynamic elastic properties of the soiI shal1 be ascertained
according to IS : 5249-1977t.
3.5 Information about the location of the hammer in the shop with respect
to adjacent foundations; the dimensions, elevations and depth of these
foundations as well as their tolerable amplitudes, shall be provided.
4. DESIGN CRITERIA
4.1 General Considerations -The hammer foundation shall satisfy the
following requirements :
a) The design of the entire foundation system shall be such that the
centres of gravity of the anvil and of the foundation block, as well as
the resultants of the forces in the elastic pad and the foundation
support, act as far as practicable so as to coincide with the line of
fall of the hammer tup. While determining the centre of gravity
of the foundation block the weight of the frame and of the tup shall
also be considered.
W The foundation shall be so designed that the induced vibrations in
the structures nearby are within the safe limits fixed for them.
4 In case of hammers having continuous ‘impacts, the design shall be
such that the natural frequency of the foundation system will not be
a whole number multiple of the operating frequency of impact. A
natural frequency of the foundation system of two-and-a-half times
the frequency of impact or more may be considered satisfactory.
When the natural frequency is designed to be less than the frequency
*Code of practice for aubaurfacei nvestigationsf or foundations( J%s~r& rion).
tMethod of test for determination of dynamic properties of soila (first rcG.rwn).
,
7IS : 2974 (Part II) - 1980
of impact, it shall be 30 percent or more below than the frequency
of impact. For design, the combined natural frequency of the
two-mass-spring system shall be considered.
4.2 Permissible Stresses
4.2.1 The total force acting on the pad and on the foundation support
(see Fig. 1) shall be such that the deformation of the elastic material in them
are within the allowable limits.
4.2.2 The load intensity on the soil below the foundation shall not be
more than 80 percent of the allowable bearing pressure of the soil or material
as the case may be.
4.3 Permissible Amplitudes
4.3.1 The permissible amplitudes which depend upon the mass of the
tup shall be as follows:
Mass of 7-q
*
-- -------T
up to 1 to 3 tonnes More than
1 tonne 3 tonnes
For foundation block lmm 1.5 mm 2mm
For anvil 1 mm 2mm 3to4mm
43.2 In case any important structure1 exists near the foundation, the
amplitude of the foundation should be adjusted so that the velocity of the
vibrations at the structure does not exceed 0.3 cm/s.
4.4 Dimensional Criteria
4.4.1 A?ea - The area of the foundation block at the base shall be
such that the safe loading intensity of soil is never exceeded during the
operation of the hammer.
4.43 Depth - The depth of the foundation block shall be so designed
that the block is safe both in punching shear and bending. For the calcu-
lations the inertia forces developed shall also be included. However,
the following minimum thickness of foundation block below the anvil shall
be provided :
Mass of 7-q Thickness (Dejth) of
Foundation Block, Min
Tonnes m
up to 1.0 1.00
1.0 ,, 2-o 1.25
2.0 ,, 4.0 1.75
4.0 ,, 6-O 2.25
Over 6-O 2.50IS : 2974 (Part II) - 1980
4.4.3 Mass- The mass of the anvil is generally 20 times the mass of
the tup. The mass of the foundation block (Wb) shall be at least 3 times
that of the anvil.
For foundations resting on stiff clays or compact sandy deposits, the
mass of block should be from 4 to 5 times the mass of the anvil.
For moderately firm to soft clays and for medium dense to loose sandy
deposits, the mass of the block should be from 5 to 6 times the mass of
the anvil.
5. VIBRATION ANALYSIS
5.1 Drop and Forge Hammers - The machine foundation system shall
be analysed as a 2-mass system, with anvil forming one mass and the founda-
tion block as the second mass. The analysis of a two-mass system is suggested
in Appendix A. For analysis the dynamic force is calculated on ,the basis
of momentum equation. In case of stray or random impact hammers
(when the operating frequency is less than 150 strokes per minute) the
natural frequencies need not be calculated. The deflection of the founda-
tion under a ‘single impact should be calculated. This deflection should
be within permissible amplitudes. In case of high speed hammers (whose
operating frequency is more than 150 strokes per minute) the detailed
analysis will have to be conducted to determine the natural frequencies
as well as the amplitudes.
5.2 Counter-Blow Hammers - In these hammers as no dynamic force
is transmitted to the foundation, detailed vibration analysis is unnecessary.
Only the natural frequencies should be determined to avoid resonance
of the system.
6. CONSTRUCTION
6.1 The foundation block should be made of reinforced concrete. The
concrete used shall be of grade not less than M 15 conforming to IS : 456-
197s*.
6.2 It is desirable to cast the entire foundation block in one operation.
If a construction joint is unavoidable, the plane of joint shall be horizontal
and measures shall be taken to provide a proper joint. The following
measures are recommended.
6.2.1 Dowels of 12 to 16 mm diameter at 60 mm centres should be
embedded to a depth of at least 30 cm on both sides of the joint. Before
placing the new layer of concrete, the previously laid surface should be
roughened, thoroughly cleaned, washed by a jet of water and then covered
*Code of practice for plain and reinforced concrete (third reoision).
9Is :2974.(PartII)-1980
by a layer of rich 1 : 2 cement grout, 2.cm thick. Concrete should be placed
not later than 2 hours after the grout is lasd.
6.3 Reinforcement shall be arranged along the. three axis and also dia-
gonally to prevent shear (~a Fig. 2). More reinforcement shall be provided
at the to side of the foundation block than at the other sides. Reinforce-
ment at tg e top may be provided in the form of layers of grills made of 16 mm
diameter bars suitably spaced to allow easy pouring of concrete. The
topmost layers of reinforcement shall be provided with a cover of at least
5 cm. The reinforcement provided shall be at least 25 kg/m8o f concrete.
6.4 Special care shall be taken to provide accurate location of holes for
anchor bolts (if *any) cut out for anvil, frame, etc. The bearing~surface
for anvil shall be- strictly horizontal and no additional corrective pouring
of concrete shall be permitted.
6.5 The protective layer between anvil and foundation block shall be
safeguarded against water, oil scales, etc, and the material selected should
withstand temperatures up to 100°C.
I ’ 8
b OUNDATION BLOCK 11’
FIG. 2 TYPICAL REINFORCEMENDTE TAIL
6.6 Air-gaps and spring elements provided for the purpose of damping
vibrations shall be accessible in order to remove scales and enable inspection
of springs and their replacement, if necessary.
6.7 Hammer foundations which are ‘cut-in’ by the anvil pits shall be
made so deep that the parts which are weakened by the indent of ‘cut-in’
are of sufficient strength.
10IS : 2974 (Part II) - 1989
APPENDIX A
(Clause5 .1)
VIBRATION ANALYSIS OF A 2-MASS SYSTEM AND ITS
APPLICATION TO DESIGN OF HAMMER FOUNDATIONS
A-l. ANALYSIS OF P-MASS SYSTEM
A-l.1 The P-mass system is represented by the model given in Fig. 3. The
mass ml is subjected to a velocity of vibration of VI. The two natural
frequencies fnl and fna of the- system are given by the positive roots of the
following expressions :
fn4-Cf2na+f2nb> (1+B)f2n+(1+,8)f2,*f2,b=ro
where
fna= &j/$9
The amplitude of vibrations are given by:
A-2. APPLICATION TO ANALYSIS OF HAMMER FOUNDATIONS
A-2.1 Notations
Mass of the tup Wt kg
Mass of the anvil Wak g
Mass of the frame W kg
Height of fall of tup hem
Frequency of impact $ tJtm2ws/min
Area of piston
Area of anvil base Aa cm2
Elastic modulus of the pad between El kg/cm2
anvil and foundation
11IS : 2974 (Part II) - 1980
Thickness of pad fl cm
Mass of foundation block
wb kg
Area of foundation block Ab Cm2
Equivalent radius of the base of foundation rem
Dynamic shear modulus of soil G kg/cm2
Coefficient of uniform elastic compression of soil C, kg/cm3
Spring coefficient of pile foundations G kg/cm
Elastic modulus of pile material EP kg/cm2
Cross-sectional area of pile A, cm2
Length of pile 1 cm
FIG. 3 MODEL SHOWING TWO-MASS SYSTEM
A-2.2 In a hammer foundation the first mass of the model corresponds to
the anvil and the second mass to the foundation block. The mass of the
frame will have to be added either to that of the anvil or to that of the
foundation block depending upon whether the frame is attached to the
anvil or to the block. The spring k, of the model corresponds to the elastic
pad between the anvil and the block, while spring k, corresponds to the
foundation support. The velocity V, is calculated on the basis of
momentum equation.
A-2.2.1 These parameters can be calculated as below:
W* wb
m, = -;m,=-
s g
12Is s 2974(Partll)-1!9ao
Wf will have to be added to either W. or to -WI, depending upon whether
the frame is attached to anvil orto foundation block:
kl = “1ilA8 kg/cm,
When the block is directly resting on soil:
k4 = 7.6 rG or Ab . Cn kg/cm,
When the block is supported on short bearing piles:
where
k, = 7.6 rG or Ab . Cu, and
n.Ep. A,
k, =
I
For loose soils k, may be taken from settlement tests.
When springs are provided between the block and soil:
kd
k, = kg/cm
k,, +k,
where
kgD is the spring coefficient of springs,
?i = V.asV&city of the anvil after impact, and
1+k
.
vAa= Vtb
where
VQ,= &-$ for a f reely falling tup type hammer, and
-0.65 zg ( wt +psA) h for double acting steam
J wt hammer.
A-2.2.2 Check on Design
a) Stability of the pad between anvil and block - Total deflection of pad
under impact = 6, = S1, $ 81~
where
NOTE- FVfw ill have to be added to W, if the frame is attached to the anvil,
V‘
and
s1d= lLnfna
13IS I 2974 (Part II) - 1980
The loading intensity on the pad
a1 and u, should be less than the allowable values for the pad.
b) Stability of the soil below the foundation:
wa+wb+ W,+kz 4~
Loading intensity us=
A6
where
l+k
( W, will have to be added. to wb or to Wa depending upon whether
the frame is attached to’ the block or to the anvil.)
us should be less than the allowable bearing pressure for the soil
specified in 4.2.2.
4 Maximum deflection of the foundation under a singk impact:
Assuming the anvil and the foundation block to be a single
monolithic unit, the velocity after the impact:
l+k
v’a= vtb =4s
wa+wb+wf
1+
WI
The natural frequency of the sptem=fnb. Hz
V’.
The deflection of the block 6 =m-
should be less than the permissible amplitude for the block.
14IS : 2974 (Part II) - 1988
(Continued j?om #age 2)
Foundations Subject to Dynamic Loads Subcommittee, BDC 43 : I
Members Rej8resentiig
SHRI N. K. BAW Cemindia Company Limited, Calcutta
SHRI R. D. CHOUDHURY Metallurgical & Engineering Consultants (India)
Ltd, Ranchi
SHRIA.P. MvKHE.RJEE(A~~~~~(~)
DIRECTOR (TCD) Central Electricity Authority, New Delhi
DEPUTYDIRECXOR (TCD) (Alternate)
SHRl M. IYENOAR Engineers India Ltd, New Delhi
SHR~J . K. BAGCHI( Ah-mate)
Da A. K. MUKHERJEE Development Consultants Limited, Calcutta
SW S. K. RAY (&tern&)
Smu M. V. PAN~T Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited, Bhopal
&RI E. C. H. C. REDDY( Afternate)
SHIU D. H. PATEL Fertilizer India Limited, Dhanbad
SHRI N. S. DANI (Allemote)
&RI R. fiRI University of Roorkee, Roorkee
DR V. V. S. RAO Nagadi Consultants Pvt Ltd, New Delhi
DR B. SHIVARAM Cent~~or~~lding Research Institute (CSIR),
DR P. SIUNIVASULU Struc;~o~ke~ineering Research Centre (CSIR),
SHRI 0. S. SRNA~TAVA Cement Corporation of India, New Delhi
SHRI S. K. CHATTERJEE (Alkrnak)
15BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
Headquarters
Manak Bhavan, 9 Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg, NEW DELHI 110002
Telephones: 323 0131,323 3375,323 9402
Fax : 91 11 3234062, 91 11 3239399, 91 11 3239382
Telegrams : Manaksanstha
(Common to all Offices)
Central Laboratory : Telephone
Plot No. 20/9, Site IV, Sahibabad Industrial Area, Sahibabad 201010 8-77 00 32
Regional Offices:
Central : Manak Bhavan, 9 Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg, NEW DELHI 110002 323 76 17
*Eastern : 1I 1 4 Cl1 Scheme VII M, V.I.P. Road, Maniktola, CALCUTTA 700054 337 86 62
Northern : SC0 335-336, Sector 34-A, CHANDIGARH 160022 60 38 43
Southern : C.I.T. Campus, IV Cross Road, CHENNAI 600113 235 23 15
tWestem : Manakalaya, E9, Behind Marol Telephone Exchange, Andheri (East), 832 92 95
MUMBAI 400093
Branch Offices::
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SPeenya Industrial Area, 1 st Stage, Bangalore-Tumkur Road, 839 49 55
BANGALORE 560058
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Plot No. 62-63, Unit VI, Ganga Nagar, BHUBANESHWAR 751001 40 36 27
Kalaikathir Buildings, 670 Avinashi Road, COIMBATORE 641037 21 01 41
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Savitri Complex, 116 G.T. Road, GHAZIABAD 201001 8-71 19 96
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5-8-56C, L.N. Gupta Marg, Nampally Station Road, HYDERABAD 500001 201083
E-52, Chitaranjan Marg, C- Scheme, JAIPUR 302001 37 29 25
1171418 B, Sarvodaya Nagar, KANPUR 208005 21 68 76
Seth Bhawan, 2nd Floor, Behind Leela Cinema, Naval Kishore Road, 2389 23
LUCKNOW 226001
NIT Building, Second Floor, Gokulpat Market, NAGPUR 440010 52 51 71
Patliputra Industrial Estate, PATNA 800013 26 23 05
Institution of Engineers (India) Building 1332 Shivaji Nagar, PUNE 411005 32 36 35
T.C. No. 14/l 421, University P. 0. Palayam, THIRUVANANTHAPURAM 695034 621 17
*Sales Office is at 5 Chowringhee Approach, P.O. Princep Street, 271085
CALCUTTA 700072
tSales Office is at Novelty Chambers, Grant Road, MUMBAI 490007 309 85 28
*Sales office is at ‘F’ Block, Unity Building, Narashimaraja Square, 222 39 71
BANGALORE 560002
Reprography Unit, BIS, New Delhi, IndiaAMENDMENT NO. 1 MAY .1984.
TO
IS : 2974 (Part 2) - 1980 CODE OF PRA(X.ICE FOR DESIGN
, AND CONSTRUCTION OF MACHINE FOUNDATIONS
PART 2 FOUNDATIONS FOR IMPACT TYPE MACHINES
( HAMMER FOUNDATIONS )
( First Revision )
Alterations
(Page 4, clause 1.1 ) -Substitute the following for the existing:
‘1.1 This standard (Part 2) coven the design and construction of hammer
foundation subject to repeated impacts.
(Page 6, clause 2.4 ):
a) Line I - Add the words ‘(see Fig. 1)’ after ‘support’.
b) Line 2 - Substitute the word ‘soil’ for ‘ground’.
[ Pages 7 and 8, &use 4.1(c) ] -Delete.
(BDC43)
Reprography Unit, BIS, New Delhi, India
|
228_8.pdf
|
IS228(Part8):1989
( Reaffirmed 1994 )
Indian Standard
METHODS FOR
CHEMICALANALYSISOFSTEELS
PART 8 DETERMINATION OF SILICON BY THE GRAVIMETRIC METHOD
( FOR SILICON 0’05 TO 5’00 PERCENT )
Third Revision )
(
Third Reprint AUGUST 1597
UDC 669’14 + 669’15-194 : 543’21 ( 546’28)
@ BIS 1990
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
MANA& BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG
NEW DELHI 110802
June 1990 PriceG roup 1Methods of Chemical Analysis of Ferrous Metals Sectional Committee, MTD 2
FOREWORD
This Indian Standard ( Part 8) ( Third Kevision ) was adopted by the Bureau of Indian Standards
on 24 November 1989, after the draft finalized by the $L!ethods of Chemical Analysis of Ferrous
Metals Sectional Committee had been approved by the Metallurgical Engineering Division
Council.
IS 228 which was first published in 1952 and subsequently revised in 1’159, covered the chemical
analysis of plain carbon and low alloy steels, alongwith pig iron and cast iron. This standard
was again revised to make it CornPrehensive in respect of steel analysis and to exclude pig iron
and cast iron which are being covered in separate standard. 14 parts have already been issued
covering only chemical analysis of steels.
This standard IS 228 ( Part 8) was published in 1975. In this revision the limit for determination
of silicon has been modified as 0’05 to 5’00 percent in place of greater than or equal to 0’1 percent
and the reproducibility of the method has also been incorporated.
In reporting the result of a test or analysis made in accordance with this standard, if the final
value, observed or calculated, is to be rounded off, it shall be done in accordance with IS 2 : 1960
‘Rules for rounding off numerical values ( reuiscd)‘.Is228(?.rtU)rl!m
Zndiun Standard
METHODS FOR
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF STEELS
PART 8 DETERMINATION OF SILICON BY THE GRAVIMETRIC METHOD
(FOR SILICON 0.05 TO 5’00 PERCtNT)
Third Revision )
(
1 SCOPE 4.2.9 Tarturic Acid, 40 percent (tm/v).
1.1 This standard (Part 8 ) covers the gravi- 4.3 Procedure
metric method for determmation of silicon (0’05
to 5’00 percent ) in plain carbon and alloy steels 4.3.1 For Plain Carbon Steels
including high speed steels containing tungsten.
Take 5’0 g of sample containing up to 0’1 percent
2 SAMPLING silicon content, 2’5 g of sample for silicon
content up 10 J percent and 1 g of sample fol
2.1 Samples shall be drawn and prepared as silicon content up to 5 percent, in a 300 ml
prescribed in the relevant Indian Standard. porcelain casserole. Add 30 ml of mixed acid
to dissolve the sample. Heat until nitrous
3 QUALITY OF REAGENTS fumes are expelled and continue hearing till
SO, fumes are evolved. Coo\ and add 50’ml
3.1 Unless specified otherwise analytical grade of dilute hydrochloric acid ( 1 : J ) and heat
reagents and distilled water shall be employed again. Cool, dilute to 100 ml with warm water
in the test. and add filter paper pulp. Stir well and filter
immediately through medium textured filter
4 DETERMINATION OF SILICON BY
paper. Wash the residue with hot dilute
THE GRAVIMETRIC METHOD
hydrochloric acid ( 1 : 20 ) and then with hot
water till residue is free from chloride (check
4.1 Outline of the Method
the solution for presence of chloride by
After dissolution of the sample, silicic acid is 0.5 percent AgNOs solution ). Transfer the
dehydrated by fuming with sulphuric acid. The residue and filter paper to a platinum crucible
solution is filtered, and silica is ignited, weighed, and dry at 110°C. Heat, char and ignite at
and then volatilized with hydroflouric acid. 1050°C for 30 minutes. Cool in a desiccator
The residue is ignited and weighed; the loss in and weigh. Add 1-2 drops of dilute sulphuric
weight represent silica. acid to moisten the residue and then add 3-5 ml
of hydrofluoric acid. Evaporate to dryness
4.2 Reagents and ignite at 1 050°C to constant mass.
4.2.1 Mixed Acids 4.3.2 For Steel Containing Hgh Chromium
Add 450 ml of concentrated nitric acid to Take 1 g of sample in a 500 ml beaker. Add
500 ml water and cool. To another 500 ml of 40 ml of dilute hydrochloric acid 3 : 1 and
water add 250 ml of concentrated sulphuric heat gently till reaction ceases. Add 4-5 ml
acid and cool. Mix both the dilute acids. of concentrated nitric acid and heat gently
to expel nitrous fumes. Add 10 ml of per-
y:. ‘;irje Hydrochloric Acid, 1 : 1, 3 : 1 and chloric acid and reflux for 15 minutes after
: vu. perchloric acid fumes are evolved. Cool,
add 50 ml of hot dilute hydrochloric acid (1 : 1).
4.2.3 Dilute Sulphuric Acid, 1 : 1 ( v/v ).
Follow rest of the procedure as given
under 4.3.1 starting from addition of 50 ml of
4.2.4 Hydrojhwric Acid, 0, 40 percent.
dilute hydrochloric acid ( 1 : 1 ).
4.23 Corrcentrated Nitric Acid, rd L= 1’42 ( con-
forming to IS 264 : 1976 ). 4.3.3 For High Speed Steels Containing Tungsten
4.2.6 Per&ok Acid, 70 percent. Take 2 g of sample in a beaker and dissolve
in 50 ml of dilute sulphuric acid ( 1 : 1 ). Add
4.2.7 Concentrated Sulphuric Acid, rd = 1’84 ( con-
10 ml of dilute nitric acid and evaporate to
forming to IS 266 : 1977 ).
copius fumes. Add 40 ml of dilute hydro-
4.2.8 Dilute .Nitti Acid, 1 : 1 (v/v). chloric acid ( 1 : 1 ), and 70 ml of tartaric acid
11#228(PartI)t1989
( 40 percent) and heat to dissolve the salts. 4.4 Caballatior
filter through medium textured filter paper
and wash with dilute hydrochloric acid ( 1 : 20). Silicon, percent
= (d--B) x 46’75
Ignite the residue at 105VC in a platinum by mass
c
crucible, weigh and then moisten the residue
with dilute sulphuric acid ( 1 : 1). Add 2 to
where
3 ml of hydrofluoric acid and evaporate to
dryness. Reignite the residue at 75O”C, cool A = mass in g of silica obtained i
and weigh. sample,
4.3.4 For High Silicon Steels B = mass in of silica obtained I
blank, a In!
Dissolve 1 g of the sample in 40 ml of dilute
hydrochloric acid ( 1 : 1). Add 2Oml of con- C = mass in g of sample taken.
centrated nitric acid and 20 ml of perchloric
acid and fume. Follow rest of the procedure 4.5 Reproducibility
as given ih 63.1.
f 0’02 at 0’5 percent level
4.3.5 Blank
f 0’05 at 2’0 percent level
Carry out a reagent blank using the procedure
adopted for the determination. f 0’07 at 4’0 percent level
2Burenu of Indian Standards
BIS is a statutory institution established under the Bureau of Indian Standards Act, 1986 to promote
harmonious development of the activities of standardization, marking and quality certification of goods and
attending to connected matters in the country.
Copyright
BIS has the copyright of all its publications. No part of these publications may be reproduced in any form
without the prior permission in writing of BIS. This does not preclude the free use, in the course of
implementing the standard, of necessary details, such as symbols and sizes, type or grade dcsignalions.
Enquiries relating to copyright be addressed to the Director (Publication), BIS.
Review of Indian Stondrrds
Amendments are issued to standards as the need arises on the basis of comments. Standards are also reviewed
periodically; a standard along with amendments is reaffirmed when such review indicates that no changes are
needed; if the review indicates that changes are needed, it is taken up for revision. Users of in&an Standards
should ascertain that they are in possession of the latest amendments or edition by referring to tk. rqlest issue
of ‘BIS Handbook’ and ‘Standards Monthly Additions’.
This Indian Standard has been developed from Dot: No. MTD 2 (3556)
Amendments Issued Since Publication
Amend No. Date of Issue Text Affected
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Telephones: 323 0131,323 33 75,323 94 02 (Common to all offices)
Regional Offices: Telephone
Central : Manak Bhavan, 9 Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg 323 76 17,323 38 41
NEW DELHI 110002
Eastern : l/14 C.I.T. Scheme VII M, V.I.P. Road,,Maniktola 337 84 99,337 85 61
CALCUTTA 700054 337 86 26,337 9120
Northern : SC0 335-336, Sector 34-A, CHANDIGARH 160022 60 38 43
{ 60 20 25
Southern : C.I.T. Campus, IV Cross Road, CHENNAI 600113 235 02 16,235 04 42
{ 235 15 19,235 23 15
Western : Manakalaya, E9 MIDC, Marol, Andheri (East) 832 92 95,832 78 58
MUMBAI 400093 ( 832 78 91,832 78 92
Branches : AHMADABAD. BANGALORE. BHOPAL. BHUBANESHWAR.
COIMBATORE. FARIDABAD. GHAZIABAD. GUWAHATI.
HYDERABAD. JAIPUR. KANPUR. LUCKNOW. NAGPUR.
PATNA. PUNE. THIRUVANANTHAPURAM.
Printed at Dee Kay Printers, New Deb, India
|
1200_9.pdf
|
lBrl200 (Put lx)-1973
( Reaffkmcd 1992 )
Indian Standard
METHOD OF MEASUREMENT OF
BUILDING AND CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
PART Ix ROOF COVERING (INCLUDING CLADDING)
( Second Revision )
Eighth Reprint AUGUST 1997
( Incorporating Amendment No. 1 )
UDC 69.003.12:69.024.15
@ Copyright 1978
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SIIAH ZAFAR MARG
NEW DELHI 1l oo02
Cl-3 March 1973ls:l!2op(Partlx)-1973
(Reairnled 1992)
Indian Standard
METHOD OF MEASUREMENT OF
BUILDING AND CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
PART IX ROOF COVERING (INCLUDING CLADDING)
Second Revision )
(
Civil Works Measurement Sectional Committee, BDC 44 .
ChUimlOn R@sesting
Sunr V. R. VAISH Bureau ,of Public Enterprises, Ministry of Fiice
Membrrs
SHRI N. P. ACEA~YYA Calcutta Port Trust
SHBI R. G. ANAND Indian Inetltute of Architects, Bombsy
A8SISTANTtbVISlXft(P~) Ministry of He&h & Family Plant&
SEBI B. G. BALJEZCAB Hiidwtan Steel Works Construction 1Lt d, Calatm
&RI P. L. BHASIN Institute of Surveyors, New Delhi
Canrv ENQDIEEB Heavy Engineering Corporation Ltd, Rnnchi
Crimv ENQINEEB( R 8 B) Pubikyofts Department, Government of Andhrs
SUPEBENTENDINQEN QINEEB
Sasr R P+R~~~ro~n.) ( Aftmare )
Bhskra Management Board, Nangal Townshll
Suk P. S. RAO ( Akmate)
SH~I V. B. DESAI Hindustan Construction Co Ltd, Bombay
DIBEC~OB( RATES 8~ COSTS) Central Water & Power Commimion, New Delhi
DEPUTY DIBECTOB (RATES
82 COSTS) ( &cr7une )
DIBECTOB,I m Irrigee~~Department, Government of Uttar
SHRI P. R.. DOCTOB Concrete Association of Indl, Bombay
SERI D. S. VIJAY~~DBA ( AIternure)
ExuauTrvuENoxNnuB ( PLANNIu a Mini2try of Railways
& DESIGNS) NOBTHEBX
RAILWAY
SHBI P. N. GADI Institution of Englnem (India ), Cslcutte
SHBI W. J. ~GAMA Bombay Port Trust
SuBI V. G. HEoDa, National Buildinga Organization, New Delhi
SHRI J. P. SHARYA ( Al&sate)
SHBI G. V. H~~UOBANX Gammon Indl Ltd, Bombay
(Coniinrrcdonpogr 2)
_
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
This publication ia protected under the Indian Copytighf Act ( XIV of 1957) aad
reproduction in whole or in part by any means except with written permission of the
publisher shell be deemed to be an infringement of copyright under the rid &t.ISrl200 (Put xx)-1973
( Continuedfr om page 1)
Membtrs Rcprtsttiing
SHRI H. K, KEOSLA Irrigation Department, Government of Haryana
SERI KRISEAN KUHAR Ministry of Shipping & Transport ( Roads Wing )
SHRI L. R. KADIYALI ( Allem& )
SHRI K. K. MADHOE Builders Association of India, Bombay
SIIRI MUNISH GUPTA ( AllnnaU )
SHRI R. S. MURT~ Engineer-in-Chief’s Branch, Army Headquarters,
New Delhi
SHRI V. V. SASIDABAX ( Alttrnaft )
SHBI T. S. MUBTHY National Project Construction Corporation,
New Delhi
SHRI K. N. TANEJA ( Ah~tt)
SERI C. B. PATEL M. N. Dastur & Co Private Ltd, Calcutta
SHRI B. C. PATEL ( AZftrndt)
SIX.XIY . G. PATEL Pate1 Engineering Co Ltd, Bombay
SHRI C. K. CHOXSEI (Ahmutt )
S~BI A. A. RAJU Hindurtan Steel Ltd, Ranchi
SXBI S. SRINIVASAN( AlhuGe)
SEEI K. G. SALVI Hindustan Housing Factory Ltd, New Delhi
SHRI G. B. SINCJE( Alftmdt 1
SECRETARY Central Board of Irrigation and Power, New Delhi
DR R. B. SIN~H Banaras Hindu Universitv. Varanasi
SIJP~BINTENDINQ SUB~~YOB OF Cent;iwP;i& Works ’ ‘Department ( Aviation ),
WORKS (AVIATION)
SURVEYOR or WOEX~ (I)
ATTACHED TO SUPEI&-
TENDINO SoRVEYOB OF
WORKS ( AVIATION ) ( A~fcrnufc)
SUPEBRJTENDINO SURVEYOB OB Central Public Works Department, New Delhi
WOBXS (I)
SURVEYOR OF WORKS (I)
ATTACHED TO SUP&BIN-
TENDINQ SURVEYOE OF
WORXS (I) (Akrrutt)
TECHNICAL E~AIKINEB Buildings and Communication Department, Govern-
ment of Maharashtra
SIXBI D. AJITHA SIMHA, Director General, BIS ( Ex-o& Mrmbrr )
Director ( Civ Engg )
SHBI K. M. h&TEUR
Akstant Director ( Civ Engg ) , BlSIS : 1299 ( Part IX) - 1973
Indian Standard
METHOD OF MEASUREMENT OF
BUILDING AND CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
PART IX ROOF COVERING (INCLUDING CLADDING)
( Second Revision )
0. FOREWORD
0.1 This Indian Standard (Part IX) (Second Revision) was adopted by
the Indian Standards Institution on 16 February 1973, after the draft
finalized by the Civil Works Measurement Sectional Committee had been
approved by the Civil Engineering Division Council.
0.2 Measurement occupies a very important place in the planning and
execution of any civil engineering work from the time of first estimates to
the final completion and settlement of payments for a project. Methods
followed for measurement are not uniform’and considerable differences
exist among practices followed by different construction agencies and
also among various Central and State Government departments. While
it is recognized that each system of measurement has to be specifically
related to administrative and financial organizations within a department
responsible for the work, a unification of various systems at technical level
has been accepted as very desirable specially as it permits a wider range
of operation for civil engineering contractors and eliminates ambiguities
and misunderstandings of various systems followed.
0.3 Among various civil engineering items, measurement of buildings was
the first to be taken up for standardization and this standard having
provisions relating to building work was first published in 1958 and was
revised in 1964.
0.h In the course of usage of this standard by various construction agen-
cies in the country, several clarifications and suggestions for modifications
were received and as a result of study, the technical committee responsi-
ble for this standard decided that its scope besides being applicable to
buildings should be expanded to cover method of measurement of civil
engineering works like industrial and river valley projects.
0.5 Since different trades are not related to one another, the Sectional
Committee decided that each trade as given in IS : 1200-1964* shall be
*Method of measurement of building works (revised).
3IS:1200 (Part IX)-1973
issued separately as a different part. This will also be helpful EOI :..CS
in using the specific standard.
0.5.1 This part covers method of mea.surement c&f rc..l c~.~~:PT7:.;.
(including cladding) apphcable to buildings as well as t.2 civil en!: : ::A.
ing works.
0.G For the purpose of deciding whether a particular requirement of this
standard is complied with, the final value, observed or calculated,
expressing the result of a measurement, shall be rounded off in accord-
ance with IS: 2-1960*. The number of significant places retained in
the rounded off value should be the same as that of the specified value
in this standard.
1. SCOPE
1.1 This standard (Part IX) covers the method of measurement of roof
covering ( including cladding ) for buildings and civil engineering works,.
2.1 Clubbing of Items - Items may be clubbed together provided that
the break-up of the clubbed items is agreed to be on the basis of the
detailed description of the items stated in this standard.
2.2 Booking of Dimensions- In booking dimensions, the order shall
be consistent and generally in the sequence of length, breadth or width
and height or depth or thickness.
2.3 Description of Items-The description of each item shall, unless
otherwise stated, be held to include, where necessary, conveyance and
delivery, handling, unloading, storing, fabrication, hoisting, all labour
for finishing to required shape and size.
2.4 Mcrsuremcnts - Unless otherwise stated . hereinafter all works
shall be measured net in decimal system, as fixed m its place, <as given in
2.41 and 2.4.2 .
2.4.1 Dimension shall be measured to the nearest 0.01 m.
2.45 Areas shall be worked out to the nearest 0’01 m*.
2.5 Work executed in the snow shall be measured separately.
-
*Ruler for rounding off numerical values ( raised ) .
4 ’IS: 1 200( P art IX ) - 1973
2.6 Bi4ls of Qkaatities- The bills of quantities shall fully describe the
n~+mi& and workmanship, and accurately represent the work to be
executed.
2.7 The superficial area of roof coverings and cladding as laid shall be
measured on the flat in square metres without allowance for laps and
corrugations, if any.
2.7.1 Portions of roof covering overlapped by ridge or hip, etc, shall be
included in the measurements of the roof except where otherwise
stated.
2.8 Any opening not exceeding @4 ms shall not be deducted and form-
ing such openings requiring cutting shall be enumerated.
2.9 Any opening exceeding 0’4 m* shall be deducted and cutting requi-
red shall be measured in running metres.
2.10 Cutting across corrugations shall be measured on the flat and not
girthed.
2.11 No additions shall be made for laps cut through.
2.12 Sheeting curved or bent to curvature shall be measured separately.
2.13 The woodwork and steelwork shall be measured separately under
the relevant part of this standard.
3. METAL SHEET ROOFINGS
3.1 The type of sheeting shall be described stating the thickness. The
side and end laps shall be stated.
3.2 If the side and end laps are bolted or riveted, it shall be so stated
specifying the spacing of the bolts or rivets.
3.3 Nainital pattern sheet-roofing shall be fully described and measured
separately and shall include all rolls, clips, etc. Measurements shall be
taken on the flat and not girthed.
3.4 Ridges, hips and valleys shall be measured along the central line in
running metres stating the girth and flashings in square mctres. The
laps, passings and method of fixing shall be described.
3.4.1 The laps along the length of the ridges, hips, valleys or flashing
pieces shall nor be measured separately.
4. ASBE$TOS CEMENT ROOFING
4.1 The type of sheeting shall be described stating the thickness.
5IS : 1200( Part IX ) - 1973
4.1.1 The side and end laps shall be stated and the method of fixing
described. If required to be fixed in accordance with maker’s instruc-
tions, it shall be so stated.
4.2 Ridges and hips shall be described stating the laps and measured in
running metros along the crntral line; where in two pieces, these shall be
measured as one length.
4.3 Ridge finials, cowl type ventilators, curved barge boards for north-
light curves, roof lights, expansion joints for ridges and expansion joints
for northlight curves shall be described and enumerated. Ridge finials
where in two interlocking pieces, shall be measured as one number.
4.4 Eaves filler pieces, aprons, barge boards, corner pieces, flashings,
louvers, northlight and ventilator curves, expansion joints for sheets and
other similar specials shall be described and measured for the finished
work in running metres stating the laps and the method of fixing.
4.5 Ventilator sheets and other sheeting of dissimilar material shall be
described and enumerated as ‘ extra over ’ on ordinary sheeting.
4.6 Eaves and valley gutters shall be described and measured in running
metres along the central line.
4.7 Accessories, such as drop ends, stop ends, nozzles and angles shall
be described and enumerated as ‘extra over’ gutters.
4.8 Union clips (loose sockets) shall not be measured separately.
5. ROOF SHEETING OTHER THAN METAL AND ASBESTOS
CEMENT
5.1 The method of measurement given in 4 shall also be applicable to
roof sheeting of plastic, fibre glass, etc.
6. CLADDING (PLAIN, CORRUGATED OR SEMI-CORRUGATED)
6.1 The type of sheeting shall be described stating the thickness. The
side and end laps shall be stated and method of fixing described. If the
side and end laps are bolted or riveted it shall be so stated specifying the
spacing of bolts or rivets.
7. ROOF TILING
7,6 The description shall state the kind, pattern, quality and size of the
tiles, the gauge to which they are to be laid and the method of laying.
7.2 Single and double tiling shall each be measured separately.
7.3 Ridges, hips and valleys, shall be measured in running.metres. If
set in mortar, it shall be so stated specifying the mortar.
6ISrl280 (Pm-t Ix)-1973
,7.4Sp ecial ridge and hip tiles shall be described stating the kind, pattern,
quality and size as also the mortar in which bedded and pointed.
Coloured mortar (to match the coloured tiling, if required to be used
for pointing) shall be described.
7.5 Hip hooks shall be enumerated stating the size and whether black or
galvanized.
7.6 Eaves tiles bedded in mortar on walls shall be measured in running
metres as extra for eaves describing the mortar and width of bedding.
7.7 Filling ends and spaoes between tiles at eaves with mortar shall be
measured in running metres and described stating the depth of fi!ling.
7.8 Filling to single and double tiling shall be measured separately.
7.9 Screwing eaves tiles to battens shall be measured in running metres
stating type, size, spacing of screws and washers. Drilling holes in the
tiles shall be included in the description.
7.10 Half tiles or one and a half tiles at verges shall not be measured
separately, but straight cutting and waste at verges shall be allowed for
the full length of the verge and measured in running metres.
7.11 Tiles at verges bedded in mortar on walls shall be measured in
running metres as ‘extra over’ for verges describing the mortar and width
of the bedding.
7.12 Country tiling shall be described as including all cutting and
waste.
7.13 Special ventilating tiles and glass tiles shall be enumerated as
‘extra over’ only over roof tiling.
8. ROOF SHINGLES
8.1W ood shingles to roof shall be measured in the same way as iti the
case of roof tiling ( see 7 ).
9. ROOF SLATING
9.1 Slate roofs shall be measured in the same way as in the case of roof
tiling (see 7 ).
10. TERRACED ROOFING
10.0T he size and qtqglity of burnt bricks, brick tiles, stone slabs and
similar materials for terraced roofing, method of laying, jointing, point-
ing and mix and type of mortar shall be described, stating the number of
layers of bricks tiles, etc.
7IS:1260 (Part IX)-1973
IO.1 Ma&as Terrace Rooibg - It shall be fully described and pl&er
finish on the top and underside included in the item.
IO.2 Flat brick tile roofing shall be fully described stating the thickness
and number of layers.
IO.3 Hollow roof with brick on edge bridging courses in between two
layers of tiles shall be fully described and measured separately.
10.4 Flush pointmg to tiles on top and underside of roof shall be described
and included in the item of roofing.
10.5 Tiles laid in CHAJJAS and sun shades shall be measured separately.
10.6 The type of stone, quality and its dressing for stone slab roofing
shall be described stating the thickness of slabs and spacing of battens or
joists. If the size of slabs is required to be uniform, it shall be so stated.
10.7 Jack arch roofing including provision of centering shall be measured
flat overall in square metres. The clear span, rise and thickness of arch,
method of laying, jointing and pointing shall be described. The finish to
top and underside shall also be stated and included in the description.
11. ROOF TREATMENT
11.1 Lime concrete in terracing shall be described and measured in
square metres stating consolidated average thickness.
11.2 Mud terraced roof shall be described stating average consolidated
thickness.
11.3 Each type of waterproofing treatment shall be fully described (includ-
ing type, quality and quantity of materials, side and end laps, where
necessary) and shall be measured in square men-es. All cutting, waste,
forming of openings and wedging and pointing edges in masonry
work shall be included in the description. Turn-ups and trt.m-doms, at
eaves, verges, abutment, etc, shall be measured along with waterproo&g
treatment.
11.4 The primer where provided shall also be measured separately as
in 113.
11.5 The waterproofing treatment in flashings, aprons, gutters, hips, ridges,
valleys, etc, shall be fully described (see 11.3), and measured net separately
in square metres.
11.6 The waterproofing treatment between laps of corrugated sheeting
shall be fully described including the method of securing and measured in
running metres stating the width.
8IS : 1200( Part IX ) - 1973
12. THATGHING, MATTING AND BAMBOO WORK
12.1 The materials shall be described stating the kind of fibre or straw
and the finished thickness. The description shall ‘include bamboo or
wood securing fillers, tying string and trimming to eaves and verges.
12.2 Thatched capping to ridges and hips shall be described and measured
along central line in running metres stating the girth. Matting, material,
number of layers, laps and the method of fixing shall be described and all
cutting and waste shall be included.
12.3 Cover strips and cross bracings of split bamboos or wooden laths shall
be measured in square metres as ‘ extra over ’ matting and the method of
fixing shall be described.
12.4 Bamboos laid one-way or two-way JAFFRI work shall each be
measured separately in square metres stating the size of bamboos and their
spacing. Framing shall be included with the item,
12.5 Split bamboo work and whole bamboo work shall be measured
separately.
12.6 Whole bamboos fixed independently as support to matting shall be
measured in running metres stating the mean girth. The description
shall state the method of fixing and application of preservatives, if
required.
13. RAIN WATER GOODS
13.1 Gutters and pipes shall be described and measured in running metres
including all short lengths, cutting and waste. The material, protective
coating, if any, the pattern, the method of jointing and fixing shall be
described. The length shall be measured along the central line. The
length of all fittings, such as bends, junctions angles and the like shall be
included.
13.2 Brackets for gutters shall be measured separately under the relevant
part of this standard.
13.3 Angles (internal or external ), drop ends’and stopped ends shall be
enumerated as ‘ extra over ’ the length of gutters and shall include extra
joints, cutting and waste.
13.4 Pipe rails, distance pieces and holder bats shall be described and
included with the fixing of the pipes.
13.5 Bends, elbows, offsets, shoes, branches, swan necks and heads shall
be enumerated as ‘extra over ’ the length of pipe and shall include .for
extra joints, cutting and waste.
9.
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
Headquarters
Manal; Bhavan, 9 Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg, NEW DELHI 110002
Telephones: 323 0131,323 3375.323 9402
Fax i 91 11 3234062, 91 11 3239399, 91 11 3239382
Telegrams : Manaksanstha
(Common to all Offices)
Central Laboratory : Telephone
Plot No. 20/9, Site IV, Sahibabad Industrial Area, Sahibabad 201010 8-77 00 32
Regional Offices:
Central : Manak Bhavan, 9 Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg, NEW DELHI 110002 323 76 17
*Eastern : l/l 4 CIT Scheme VII M, V.I.P. Road, Maniktola, CALCUUA 700054 337 86 62
Northern : SC0 335-336, Sector 34-A, CHANDIGARH 160022 60 38 43
Southern : C.I.T. Campus, IV Cross Road, CHENNAI 600113 235 23 15
twestern : Manakalaya, E9, Behind Marol Telephone Exchange, Andheri (East), 832 92 95
MUMBAI 400093
Branch Offices::
‘Pushpak’, Nurmohamed Shaikh Marg, Khanpur, AHMEDABAD 380001 550 13 48
SPeenya Industrial Area, 1 st Stage, Bangalore-Tumkur Road, 839 49 55
BANGALORE 560058
Gangotri Complex, 5th Floor, Bhadbhada Road, T.T. Nagar, BHOPAL 462003 55 40 21
Plot No. 62-63, Unit VI, Ganga Nagar, BHUBANESHWAR 751001 40 36 27
Kalaikathir Buildings, 670 Avinashi Road, COIMBATORE 641037 21 01 41
Plot No. 43, Sector 16 A, Mathura Road, FARIDABAD 121001 8-28 88 01
Savitri Complex, 116 G.T. Road, GHAZIABAD 201001 8-71 19 96
5315 Ward No.29, R.G. Barua Road, 5th By-lane, GUWAHATI 781003 54 11 37
5-8-56C, L.N. Gupta Marg, Nampally Station Road, HYDERABAD 500001 20 10 83
E-52, Chitaranjan Marg, C-Scheme, JAIPUR 302001 37 29 25
117/418 B, Sarvodaya Nagar, KANPUR 208005 21 68 76
Seth Bhawan, 2nd Floor, Behind Leela Cinema, Naval Kishore Road, 23 89 23
LUCKNOW 226001
NIT Building, Second Floor, Gokulpat Market, NAGPUR 440010 52 51 71
P %!!\~\\%\&&\?IX\%ti\% ,p \s++\%Q%\% 161% w
Institution of Engineers (India) Building 1332 Shivaji Nagar, PUNE 411005 32 36 35
T.C. No. 14/l 421, University P. 0. Palayam, THIRUVANANTHAPURAM 695034 621 17
.
*Sales Office is at 5 Chowringhee Approach, P.6. Princep Street, 271085
CALCUll-A 700072
tSales Office is at Novelty Chambers, Grant Road, MUMBAI 400007 309 65 28
*Sales Office is at ‘F’ Block, Unity Building, Narashimaraja Square, 222 39 71
BANGALORE 560002
Printed at Dee Kay Printers, New Delhi, India
|
3535.pdf
|
IS:3535-1986
( Rdtiid 1993)
Indian Standard
METHODS OF
SAMPLING HYDRAULIC CEMENTS
( First Revision )
Third Reprint DECEMBER 1998
‘UDC 666.942.31:62&l 13
@ Co&right 1986
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARC
NEW DELHI 110002
CP 4
August 1986IS : 3535 - 1986
Indian Standard
METHODS OF
SAMPLING HYDRAULIC CEMENTS
( First Revision )
Building Materials and Components Sampling Sectional Committee,
BDC 31
Chairman Representing
DR MOHAN RAI Central Building Research Institute ( CSIR ),
Roorkee
Members
SHRI S. K. Goswa~rr ( Aflcrnnte to
Dr Mohan Rai )
SHRI S. K. BANEHJEE National Test House, Calcutta
DI: P. R.~Y ClTAT_T~llUU Central Road Research Institute ( CSIR ), New
Delhi
SHRI P. S. GOPINATI~ Central Public Works Department, New Delhi
SU~~VEYOR OF WOWI<S ( NZ ) ( Alfernntc )
San1 S. C. KUYA-R Development Commissioner, Small Scale Industries,
New Delhi
SHRI K. V. K. RAJU ( Alternate )
SRRl M. V. ~AKSHYANASAMY Indian Statistical Institute, Calcutta
DR A. G. MADH.~VA R-40 Struc;;;jayineering Research Centre ( CSIR ),
SI%HID . S. RAMACHANT)I~A
MUI~THY ( Akrmolc )
S~rtr J. P. MAIKHURI Export Inspection Council of India ( Ministry of
Commerce ), New Delhi
SHRI P. P. QAXENA ( Afkrnofc )
S~uu S. M. MITTAL Railway Boaid ( Ministry of Railways ), New Delhi
DEPUTY DIRECTOR RES~AI~~H
( B & S )-I ( Alternate )
DI: A. K. MULLICK National Council for Cement and Building Materiala,
New Delhi
SHRI K. H. BABU ( Alternate*)
SHRI S. 5. RAJPUT Forest Research Institute and Colleges, Dehra Dun
S~nr K. S. SRINIVASAN National Buildings Organization, New Delhi
SHRI T. R. BH.4TlA ( Alfemuta )
( Conlincud on pose 2 )
@ Cqm&r 1986
BUREAU OF INDtAF.! STANDARDS
This publication is protected under the Indian Co&ight Act ( XIV of 1957 ) and
reproduction in whole or in part by any means except with written permission of the
publirhy aball be deemed to be an infringement of copyright uader the said Act.IS : 3535 - 1986
( Confirrucdfrom page 1 )
Members Rcprcsrntiq
SHRI G. VEX~ATEEXLU ?tlinistry of Shipping and Transport ( Roads Wing ),
New Delhi
SHRI PRAF~XL~ KUNAR ( dlfcrnafr )
SHRr G. W. DATEY, Director General, ISI ( Ex-oJicio A/rmbrr )
Director ( Statistics )
SHRI .\. K. T.~LWAR
Joint Director ( Statistics ), IS1
Panel on Sampling of Hydraulic Cements, BDC 31/‘P-4
Memdcrs
SHRI P. S. GOPIXATH Central Public \Vorks Department, New Delhi
DR A. K. MELLICK National Council for Cement and Building
Materials, New Delhi
SHRI K. H. BABU ( AIfcntatc )
SHRI Y. R. PHULL CentrDaclhFoad Research Institute ( CSIR ), New
SHRI C. S. SHARXA Cement Corporation of India Ltd, New DelhiIS :3535- 1986
Indian Standard
METHODS OF
SAMPLING HYDRAULIC CEMENTS
( First Revision)
0. FOREWORD
0.1T his Indian Standard ( First Revision ) was adopted by the Indian
Standards Institution on 2‘4 January 1986, after the draft finalized by the
Building Materials and Components Sampling Sectional Committee had
been approved by the Civil Engineering Division Council.
0.2 With the considerable increase in production and consumption of
cement which is of vital importance to the building industry, it is
imperative that due consideration is given to sampling procedures which
will help in the proper and objective evaluation of the various character-
istics of cement.
X2.1 Proper quality control during process ofmanufacture would also
substantially reduce quality fluctuations of the material. The sampling
procedures recommended in the standard, therefore, include the
provisions for both process and lot inspection.
0.3 This standard was first issued in 1966. It is being revised so that
various modifications necessary in the light of experience gained in its
use could be incorporated.
0.4 In this revised version, inspection levels for routine control have been
incorporated for those characteristics that have been included in various
cement specifications from time to time by Cement and Concrete
Sectional Committee, BDC 2. In order to provide a better quality
assurance to the consumer, an upper limit to the quantity of material in
a lot has been provided. The frequency of testing/inspection in process
inspection for various characteristics has been modified so as to bring it
in line with current practices in the cement industry. Keeping in view
the practical difficulties in some cases in taking the requisite quantity of
material in a single operation of the sampling equipment, provision for
taking the material in two or three operations has been included. The
quantity of material required for the laboratory sample has, been
increased so that sufficient material is available for carrying out various
tests on laboratory samples and the composite sample. In order to obtainIS t 353s - *966*.
the increased quantity of laboratory sample, the provision for increasing
the weight of increment particularly for smaller sub-lots, has been
included.
0.5 This standard covers the methods for sampling of hydraulic cements
only. The methods for sampling of concrete and cement products will
be covered in separate standards.
_ .z.
0.6 In reporting the results of a test or analysis, if the final value, observed
or calculated, is to be rounded off, it shall be done in accordance with
IS : 2-1960*.
1. SCOPE
1.1 This standard prescribes the methods for sampling and the criteria
for conformity of hydraulic cements from bags, bulk storage ( silos ),
ship’s hold, wagons and conveyors. Broad outlines with regard to. the
controls to be exercised during the manufacturing process have also been
indicated.
2. TERMINOLOGY
2.0 For the purpose of this standard, the following definitions shall
apply.
2.1 Hydraulic Cement - Finely ground material which on addition
of requisite quantity of water is capable of hardening both under water
and in air by the chemical interaction of its constituents with water, and
is also capable of binding together appropriate materials.
2.2 Lot -: The quantity of cement from the same manufacturing unit
and offered for inspection at one time, not exceeding 2 000 tonnes.
2.3 Sub-Lot - The quantity of cement in each of the parts into which
a lot is divided for the purpose of sampling.
2.4 Increment - The quantity of cement taken at a time by the sampl-
ing implement.
2.5 Gross Sample - Sample as collected from a sub-lot, that is, the
quantity of cement obtained by aggregating together all the increments
from the same sub-lot.
2.6 Laboratory Sample - The* quantity of cement obtained by
reducing the gross sample by following a specified procedure for
laboratory testing.
*Rules for romding off numerical values ( revisvd ).
41s : 3535 - 19SS
2.7 Composite Sample - The quantity of cement obtained by mixing
together equal quantities of cement from each of the laboratory samples
representing the sub-lots into which the lot has been divided.
3. GENERAL RULES
3.1 In drawing, preparing, storing and handling test samples, the
following precautions and directions shall be observed:
a) The sampling instrument shail be clean and dry when used.
b) Precautions shall be taken to protect the sample, the material
being sampled, the sampling implement and the containers for
samples from adventitious contamination.
c) The sample containers shall be of such a size that they are almost
completely filled by the sample.
d) The sample containers shall he sealed air-tight after filling and
marked with full particulars of the material and the date of
sampling.
e) Samples shall be stored in such a manner that the temperature of
the material does not vary unduly from the normal temperature.
f) The place of sampling shall be clean and dry and free from
draught.
3.2 The interval of drawing the increments shall be, as far as possible,
uniform in terms of mass throughout the whole quantity of the lot. How-
ever, if the rate of handling quantity is uniform, the interval of drawing
the increments may be based on time unit in place of quantity unit.
4. PROCEKS LNSPECTION
4.1 The object of inspecting cement by the purchaser is to ensure its
conformity to the specification requirements whereas inspection done by
the manufacturer during production is to ensure uniformity and reduce
quality fluctuations 10 minimum. For process control, the manufacturer
shall take representative samples of the product at regular intervals to
control the quality fluctuations. The inspection levels given in Table 1
are recommended for routine control over the manufacturing process.
4.2 Methods of Drawing Samples
4.2.1 Clinker - Every hour, a sample shall be drawn from each kiln
immediately after it comes out of the cooling chamber. All the hourly
samples drawn during a day shall be’mixed together and shall constitute
the composite sample for the day. After taking out a sufficient quantity
of clinker from this composite sample for chemical analysis, the remain-
ing clinker in the composite sample shall be mixed together and
pulverized with a proper proportion of gypsum or both or the additives
and tested *for all other characteristics of the specification.
5TABLE P RECOMMENDED INSPECTION LEVELS FOR
ROUTINE CONTROL
( Clnrrrc 4.1 )
Sr, CHARACTERISTICS/ RWQI-I:?~CY 0~ INSPE~'I.ION/TIZ~TS
No. TESTS ____----_---_ *_-_----_-_---_-~
’ Clinker;Pozzolana Cemt nt Cement
Grinding Packing
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
i) Chemical composition One composite One composite One composite
( complete analysis ) sample every sample every sample every
day for clinker week * week
and every weelr
for pozzolana
ii) Fineness One composite One sample One composite
sample every every alternate sample every
day (clinker hour and one day
taken hourljl ) composite sam-
ple every da)
iii) Setting time do a) One sample do
every hour
b) One com- -
posite sample
every day
iv) Soundnes do do One composite
sample every
day
v) Compressive strength do do do
vi) Degree of whiteness ( for do do do
white Portland cement
only )
vii). Heat of hydration ( for do One composite One Composite
low-heat Portland ce- sample every sample every
ment only ) week week
-
viii) Drying shrinkage ( for do do
Portland-pozzolana ce-
ment only )
-
ix) Transverse strength ( for do do
Portland and Portland
blast furnace cement
only )
x) Air content ( for maso- do do
nry cement only )
xi) Water retention ( for - do do
masonry cement only )
xii) Hydrophobicity ( for - do do
hydrophobic Portland
cement only+ )
NOTE - For physical requirements under co1 -3, cement samples prepared in the
laboratory ball mill by adding clinker with different suitable additives as per the
relevant specification, shall be tested.
6IS : 3535 - 1986
4.2.2 Cement Grinding - Every hour, a sample shall be drawn from the
grinding mill and tested for setting time. For fineness, a sample taken
every alternate hour shall be tested. The remaining portions of the
hourly samples shall be mixed together to give the composite sample
for the day. Similarly, a composite sample for a week shall be prepared.
The frequency of testing for various characteristics shall be according
to co1 4 of Table I.
4.2.3 Cement Packing - One composite sample every day from the
packing machine shall be tested for fineness, setting time, soundness,
compressive strength and degree of whiteness. The remaining portions of
the daily samples, shall be mlxed together to give the composite sample
for the week which shall be tested for other characteristics of the specili-
cation.
4.2.4 For effective process control, the use of statistical quality control
techniques is recommended and helpful guidance may be obtained in
this respect from IS : 397 ( Part 1 )-1972*, IS : 397 ( Part 2 )-1975t and
IS : 397 ( Part 3 )-1~80:.
4.2.4.1 The inspection data or the results of tests done at the place of
manufacturer may be made available along with the materials supplied
to enable the purchaser to judge the acceptability of the lot.
4.2.5 When such information cannot be made available or when the
purchaser so desires, the procedure laid down in 5 shall be followed for
judging conformity of the lot of hydraulic cements to the requirements of
the relevant material specifications.
5. LOT INSPECTION
5.1 The samples shall be selected and ejtamined for each lot separately
for ascertaining their conformity to the requirements of the relevant
specification.
5.1.1 For obtaining reliable conclusions, it is recommended that as far
as possible, cement be sampled when it is in motion; that is, from
conveyors or during loading or unloading.
5.2 Sampling .from Conveyors
5.2.1 Sub-Lots - For the. p&pose of sampling, a lot while it is being
discharged over a conveyor shall be divided into a number of sub-lots in
accordance with Table 2.
*Method for statistical quality control during production: Part 1 Control charts for
variables ( jirsf rewim ).
*Method for statistical quality control during production: Part 2 Control charts
for attributes and count of defects ( second reoisim ).
$.Method for statistical quality control during production: Part 3 Special control
charts.
75.2.1.1 A representative gross sample shall be drawn from each of
the sub-lots and shall be kept separately. Thus, there will be as many
gross samples as the number of sub-lots into which the lot has been
divided.
TABLE 2 NUMBER OF SUB-LOTS INTO WHICH A LOT
IS TO BE DIVIDED
( Cfuuses5.2.1, 5.3.1, 5.4.1, 5.5.2 and5.6.1 )
WEIQHTOFTTHELOT No.0~ &B-LOTS
( IN TONNES )
up to 100 2
101 ” 200 3
201 ” 300 4
301 ” 500 5
501 ” 1 000 6
1 001 ” 2 000 7
5.2.2 Gross Sample - The gross sample shall be collected by taking a
number of increments at regular intervals such that one increment is
taken for every 10 tonnes or part thereof from the material discharged.
The increment shall preferably be taken from the full cross-section and
thickness of the stream and in one operation. The best possible way of
taking the increment is to collect the material in a receptacle which cuts
across the entire stream at the time when the material is discharged from
the conveyor. If it is not possible to take the increment at. the point of
discharge, it may be taken from the moving belt by means of a scoop
which can sweep across the whole cross-section of the material. For this
purpose, if practicable, the conveyor may be stopped while the increment
is taken. The weight of increment shall not be less than 2 kg. It shall be
ensured that the quantity of sample so collected is sufficient for the tests
as per 5.7.
5.2.3 As increments are taken from the sub-lot, they shal! be placed
directly in moisture-proof, air-tight containers to avoid moisture absorp-
tion and aeration of the sample. If the increments are placed in cans,
the cans shall be completely filled and sealed immediately. Moisture-
proof multiple wall paper bags or plastic bags may be used, if they are
strong enough to avoid breakage and if they can be sealed immediately
after filling in such a manner as to eliminate excess air in the bag and
avoid moisture absorption and aeration of the sample. The containers
shall carry suitable identification marks so that they can be related back
to the particular sub-lot from which the gross sample has been taken.
81s : 3535 - 1986
5.3 Sampling from Bulk Storage ( Silos )
5.3.1 Sllb~Lols - For the purpose of sampling, the quantity of cement
in the bulk storage shall be divided into a number of sub-lots depending
upon the weight of the lot, in accordance with Table 2. The division
into sub-lots shall be indicated by placing suitable markers on top of the
cement.
5.3.2 Grass Sample - The gross sample shall be taken from a sub-lot by
taking increments at regular intervals when the cement is being charged
into the bulk storage or is being discharged from the bulk storage. If
there is more than one opening for charging or discharging, the incre-
ments shall be taken from each opening. The number of increments
shall be such that one increment is obtained for every 10 tonnes of the
cement or part thereof. Each increment shall weigh at least 2 kg. It
shall be ensured that the quantity of sample so collected is sufficient for
tests as per 5.7.
5.3.3 The increments taken from the sub-lot shall be stored in the
manner described in 5.2.3.
5.4 Sampling from Ship’s Hold
5.4.1 Sub-Lots - For the purpose of sampling, the quantity of cement
in the ship’s hold shall he divided into a number of sub-lots depending
upon the weight.of the lot, in accordance with Table 2.
5.4.2 Gross Sample - When the depth of the cement to be sampled
does not exceed 2 m, increments may be obtained by a slotted tube
sampler as shown in Fig. 1. The slotted tube-sampler shall be between
1’5 to 1’8 m long and about 35 mm in outside diameter and shall consist
of two polished brass telescopic tubes with registering slots which are
opened or closed by rotation of the inner tube; the outer tube being
provided with a sharp point to facilitate penetration. Where applicable,
for depths of cement greater than 2 m, a sampling pipe activated by an
air jet which is capable of removing cement from different depths may
be used. The increments obtained by the slotted tube-sampler or sampl-
ing pipe shall be taken from well-distributed points and various depths
of the cement in the sub-lot The number of increments shall be such
that one increment is obtained for every 10 tonnes or part thereof from
the cement. The increment ‘shall weigh at least 2 kg. The material
may be drawn in two or three operations. It shall be ensured that the
quantity of sample so collected is sufficient for tests as per 5.7.
5.4.3 The increments taken from the sub-lot shall be stored in the
manner described in 5.2.3.
5.5 Sampling from Wagons
5.5.1 This method shall apply when loose cement or cement in bulk is
received in wagons. If the’cement is supplied in bags, 5.6 shall apply.
9IS : 3535 - 1986
5.5.2 Sub-Lots - For the purpose of sampling, the $uantity of cement
in wagons shall be divided into a number of sub-lots depending upon the
weight of the lot: in accordance with Table 2. The sub-lots shall consist
of approximately equal number of wagons.
5.5.3 Gross Sample - The gross sample shall be taken from a sub-lot
with the help of a slotted tube-sampler of the same design as shown in
Fig. 1 but about 60 cm in length. The sampler shall be taken in the
manner described in 5.4.2 from at least six evenly distributed points in
each selected wagon.
~ll5-+--15O--+-115~+l5O---+ t-225
SLOTS IN BOTH THE TUBE5
35-O 00 X 2.24mm THICK BRASS TUBE
INNER TUBE.IS FRE
TO ROTATE INSIDE
ENLARGED VIEW OF A SLOT
All dimewiona in millimetm.
Fro. 1 SLOTTEDTUBE-SAMPLER FOR BULK CEMENT
5.5.3.1 ,From each selected wagon approximately equal number of
increments shall be taken and weight of increment shall be not less
than 2 kg. The material may be drawn in two or three operations. It
shall be ensured that the quantity of sample so collected is sufficient for
teats as per 5.7.
5.5.4 The increments taken for the sub-lot shall be stored in the
mannez described in 5.2.3.
5.6 Sampling from Bags
5&l SuQ.Lots - For the purpose of sampling, the quantity of cement
in the lot shall be divided into a number of sub-lots, depending upon
the weight of the lot, in accordance with Table 2. The sub-lots shall
consist of approximately equal number of bags.
5.6.2 Gross Sample - FQr drawing representative sample from a sub-
lot, at least 2 percent of the bags subject to a minimum of five shall be
sampled. In case fractional numbers are obtained, the number of bags
to be selected shall be taken to be equal to the next higher integer.
10IS : 3535 - 1986
5.6.2.1 These bags shall be chosen at random from the sub-lot. To
ensure the randomness of selection, a random number table as agreed to
between the purchaser and the supplier shall be used ( see IS : 4905-
1968* ). In case such a table as not available, the following procedure
may be followed:
Starting from any bag at random, count the bags in the sub-lot
in one order as 1, 2, 3, up to Y and so on. Every rth bag SO counted
shall be removed, where r = N/n, .N being the number of bags in
the sub-lot and n the number of bags to be selected. In case the
value of ‘Y’ comes out to be a fractional number, its .value shall be
taken as equal to the integral part of it.
5.6.2.2 The sampling tube shown in Fig. 2 shall be inserted
diagonally into the valve of the bag and the thumb placed over the air-
hole and then shall be withdrawn. The material may be drawn in two
or three operations.
n 520 -1
All dimensions in millimetres.
Fro. 2 TUBE-SAMPLER FOR PACKAGED CEMENT VOLUME
300 cm3 AP~ROX
5.6.2.3 From each selected bag, approximately equal number of
i,ncrements shall be taken and weight of each increment shall be not less
than 2 kg. It shall be ensured that the quantity of sample so collected
is sufficient for tests as per 5.7.
5.6.3 The increments taken from the sub-lot shall be stored in the
manner described in 5.2.3.
5.7 Reduction of Gross Sample
5.7.1 Each gross sample shall be reduced separately. The material
collected in the gross sample shall be thoroughly mixed, breaking the
lumps and removing the foreign materials. It shall then be passed
through 850-micron IS sieve. The foreign materials and hardened
lumps that do not break on sieving or brushing, shall be discarded.
*Methods for random sampling.
11IS : 3535 - 1986
5.7.2 Coning and Qtcartering ‘- The material shall be scooped into a cone-
shaped pile. Care shall be taken to drop each scoopful exactly over the
same spot as otherwise the central axis of the cone will be slackened.
After the coneis formed, it shall be flattened by pressing the top of the
cone with the smooth surface of the scoop. Then the cone is cut into
quarters by two lines which intersect at right angles at the centre of the
cone. The reduction is’achieved by rejecting any two diagonally opposite
quarters.
5.7.2.1 Sample splitter or riffle samplers of the appropriate size may
tie used for reducing the gross sample mechanically.
5.7.3 The reduction of the sample m the manner described in 5.7.2
shall be continued till 11 kg of the material required for the laboratory
sample is obtained.
5.7.4 Equal quantities-of the material shall be taken from each of the
laboratory samples representing the sub-lot into which the lot has been
divided and mixed together to constitute a composite sample represent-
ing the lot as a whole. The weight of the composite sample shall be
about 21 kg.
5.7.5 The laboratory sample and the composite sample shall be
divided into three equal parts, one fir the purchaser, another for tLe
supplier and the third to be used as a referee sample. The reicree
sample shall be used in case of a dispute between the purchaser a&l the
supplier. Each of these parts shall then be placed in a moisture-nrobf
air-tight container to avoid moisture absorption and aeration ofFhe
samples. They shall be labelled with full identification particulars such
as supplier’s name, the lot and the sub-lot number, the date of sampling,
etc.
5.8 Number of Tests
5.8.1 The chemical and physical requirements for which individual
laboratory samples shall be tested are:
a) Total sulphur content as sulphuric anhydride, and
b) Fineness.
5.8.2 A composite sample shall be tested for all the requirements.
5.9 Criteria for Conformity
5.9.1 For those characteristics where a composite sample has been
tested for a lot, only one test result will be available and that result shall
satisfy the requirements of the specification.
12IS :3535 - 1986
5.9.2 When two laboratory samples have been analyzed individually
from a lot for any characteristic, the lot shall be considered ‘as conform-
ing to the requirement -for that characteristic only if both of them
pass.
5.9.3 When three or more laboratory samples have been analyzed
individually from a lot for any characteristic, the following procedure
shall be followed for judging the conformity to the requirements of that
characteristic.
5.9.3.1Fo r dilikrent test results obtained by analyzing different’
laboratory samples, the average ( 2 ) and the range ( R ) shall be
calculated as follows:
The sum of test results
Average ( 3 ) =
Number of test results
Range ( R ) = The difference between the maximum and the
minimum val.ues of the test results.
5,9.3.2 If the specification limit for the characteristic is given as a
minimum, the value of the expression ( 2 - 0.5 R ) shall be calculated
from the relevant test results. If the value SO obtained is greater than or
equal to the minimum limit, the lot shall be declared as conforming to
the requirement of that characteristic.
5.9.3.3 If the specification limit for the characteristic is given as a
mauimum, the value of the expression ( Z + 0.5 R ) shall be calculated
rrom the relevant test results. If the value SO obtained is less than or
equal to the maximum limit, the lot shall be declared as conforming to
the rkquirement of that characteristic.
5.9.3.4 If the characteristic has two-sided specification limits the
value of the expression ( ;i: - 0.5 R) and ( ? + 0.5 R) shall be calculated
from the relevant test results. If the values SO obtained lie between the
two specification limits, the lot shall be declared as conforming to the
requirement of that characteristic.
13BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
Headquarters
Manak Bhavan, 9 Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg, NEW DELHI 110002
Telephones: 323 Rl31,323 3375,323 9402
Fax : 91 11 3234062,91 11 3239399, 91 11 3239382
Telegrams : Manaksanstha
(Common to all Offices)
Central Laboratory : Telephone
Plot No. 20/9, Site IV, Sahibabad Industrial Area, Sahibabad 201010 8-77 00 32
Regional Offices:
Central : Manak Bhavan, 9 Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg, NEW DELHI 110002 32376 17
*Eastern : l/l4 CIT Scheme VII M, V.I.P. Road, Maniktola, CALCUlTA 700054 337 86 62
Northern : SC0 335-336, Sector 34-A, CHANDIGARH 160022 60 38 43
Southern : C.I.T. Campus, IV Cross Road, CHENNAI 600113 23523 15
tWestern : Manakalaya, E9, Behind Mar01 Telephone Exchange, Andheri (East), 832 92 95
MUMBAI 400093
Branch OtYices::
‘Pushpak’, Nurmohamed Shaikh Marg, Khanpur, AHMEDABAD 380001 5501348
SPeenya Industrial Area, 1 st Stage, Bangalore-Tumkur Road, 839 49’55
BANGALORE 560058
Gangotri Complex, 5th Floor, Bhadbhada Road, T.T. Nagar, BHOPAL 462003 55 40 21
Plot No. 62-63, Unit VI, Ganga Nagar, BHUBANESHWAR 751001 40 36 27
KalaikathirBuildings, 670 Avinashi Road, COIMBATORE 641037 21 01 41
Plot No. 43, Sector 16 A, Mathura Road, FARIDABAD 121001 8-28 88 01
Savitri Complex, 116 G.T. Road, GHAZIABAD 201001 8-71 19 96
53/5 Ward No.29 R.G. Barua Road, 5th By-lane, GUWAHATI 781003 54 11 37
5-8-56C, L.N. Gupta Marg, Nampally Station Road, HYDERABAD 500001 201083
E-52, Chitaranjan Marg, C-Scheme, JAIPUR 302001 37 29 25
117/418 B, Sarvodaya Nagar, KANPUR 208005 21 68 76
Seth Bhawan, 2nd floor, Behind Leela Cinema, Naval Kishore Road, 23 89 23
LUCKNOW 226001
NIT Building, Second Floor, Gokulpat Market, NAGPUR 440010 52 51 71
Patliputra Industrial Estate, PATNA 800013 26 23 05
Institution of Engineers (India) Building 1332 Shivaji Nagar, PUNE 41 1005 32 36 35
T.C. No. 14/l 421, University P. 0. Paiayam, THIRUVANANTHAPURAM 695034 621 17
*Sales Cffice is at 5 Chowringhee Approach, P.O. Princep Street, 271085
CALCUTTA 700072
TSales Office is at Novelty Chambers, Grant Road, MUMBAI 400007 309 65 28
$Sales Cffice is at ‘F’ Block, Unity Building, N&ashimaraja Square, 222 39 71
BANGALORE 560002
Printed at Printograph, New Delh, Ph.: 5726847
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10790_2.pdf
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IS : 10790 ( Part 2 ) - 1984
( Reaffirmed 1996 )
Indian Stacdard
METHODS OF SAMPLING OF STEEL FOR
PRESTRESSED AND REINFORCED CONCRETE
PART 2 REINFORCING STEEL
( First Reprint JULY 1998 )
UDC 666.982.4 : 669.14.018.291.3 : 620.113
0 Copyright 1984
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG
NEW DELHI 110002
Gr 3 April 1984IS : 10790 ( Part 2 ) - 1984
Indian Standard
METHODS OF SAMPLING OF STEEL FOR
PRESTRESSED AND RElNFOIPCED CONCRETE
PART 2 REIN~FORCING STEEL
Building Materials and Comp;;;t;yampling Sectional Committee,
Chairmnn Representing
DR MOHAN RAI Cenyl$;e;ding Research Institute ( CSIR ),
Members
$&RI S. K. GOSWAMI ( Alternate to
Dr Mnhan Rai )
National ‘lest House, Calcutta
SHRI s. K. hi%RJ!%
SHRI BIMLE~HI(UWP Export inspection Council of India, New Delhi
SHRI J. P. MAIKHURI ( Alternate )
SHRI Y. C. GOKHALE Centraa,oad Research Institute ( CSIR ), New
SHRI P. S. GOPINATH Central Public Works‘Department, New Delhi
SURVEYOR OF WORKS ( NZ ) ( Alrernnte 1
SHRI S. C. KUMAR Small Industries Service Institute, Trichur
SHRI K. V. K. RAJU ( Alternate )
SHRI M. V. LAK~HMANASWAMY Indian Statistical I?stitute, Bombay
DR A. G. MADHAVA RAO Struct$~ngmeermg Research Centre ( CSIR ),
SHRI D. S. RAMACHANDRA MUIUIO’
( Alternate )
SHRI S. M. MUX-AI. Railway Board ( Ministry of Railways )
DEPUTY DIRECTOR RESEARCH
( B & S )-I ( Alternare )
SHRI S. S. RAJPUT Forest Research Institute and Colleges,
D&a Dun
SHRI K. S. SRINIVASAN National Buildings Organization, New Delhi
SHRI T. R. BIIA~ I h ( A!rernate )
DR V. V. SULFA RAO Cement Research Institute of India, New Delhi
SHRI K. H. BABU ( Alternate )
SRRI G. VENKA-I%ULU Ministry of Shipping and Transport, New Delhi
SHN PRAFULLA KUUAR ( Alternate )
SHRI D. S. AHLLJWALIA, Director General, IS1 ( Ex-officio Member )
Director ( Statistics )
Secretary
SHRI A. K. TALWAR
Deputy Director ( Statistics ), IS1
( Contimwd on page 2 )
@ Copyright 1984 I
BUREAU OF INDiAN STANDARDS
This publication is protected under the Indian Copyright Acz (XIV of 1957) and
reproduction in whole or in part by any means except with written permission t$ the
1 publisher shall be deemed to be an infringement of copyright under the said Act.$3 : 10791( ) Part 2 ) - 1984
( Continued from page 1)
Building Steels and Steel Products Sampling Subcommittee,
BDC 31 : 1
Members Representing
SHRI M. G. BHADE The Tata Iron and Steel Co Ltd. Jamshedpur
SARI S. A. HAQUE ( AIternate )
SHRI M. R. DOCI-~R Special Steels’ Ltd, Bombay
SHRI S. G. JOSHI ( Alternate )
SHRI S. K. GOSWAM~ Cent~~or~~lding Research Institute ( CSIR ),
SIIRI G. K. MAJUMDAR I-Jindustan Prefab Ltd, New Delhi
SHRI M. KUNDU ( Alternate )
SHRI P. R. NATARAJAN StrucM;;rng@ermg Research Centre ( CSIR ),
SHRI N.~JAYARAM( Alternate )
DR N. RAGHVENDRA Cement Research Institute of India, New Delhi
SHRI H. K. JULKA ( Alternate )
SHRI H. N. SUBHA RAO Hindustan Steel Works Construction Ltd,
Calcutta
SHRI J. GHATAK ( Alternate )IS : 10790 4 Part 2 )- 1984
Indian Standard
METHODS OF SAMPLING OF STEEL FOR
PRESTRESSED AND RUNFORCED CONCRETE
PART 2 REINFORCING STEEL
0. FOREWORD
0.1 This Indian Standard ( Part 2 ) was adopted by the Indian Staudards
Institution on 19 March 1984, after the draft finalized by the Building
Materials and Components Sampling Sectional Committee had been
~approvcd by the Civil Engineering Division Council.
0.2 This standard has been prepared with a view to unifying the
quality control-and sampling provisions applicable to all types of remforcing
steel used in reinforced concrete. Some broad guidelines regarding the
provisions for process control have also been indicated besides giving an
objective sampling procedure which will bc helpful in large scale
transactions.
0.3 Such process control and sampling procedures will help in the develop-
ment of adequate quality assurance system in the manufacture and also
in assuring adequate protection to the users against poor quality. Further,
proper quality control during the process of manufactur,: would substan-
tially reduce quality fluctuations of the various characteristics and thus,
ensure supply of uniform quality of reinforcing steels. For effective process
control, the use of statistical quality control techniques is imperative for
which helpful guidance may be obtained from IS : 397 ( Part 1 J-1972*,
IS : 397 ( Part 2 )-1975* and IS : 397 ( Part 3 )-1980*. The purchasing
organizations need guidance in economic and effective sampling inspection
of the lots of materials being received by them to evaluate their quality
before their actual use. The samplin g procedure recommended in this
standard therefore includes provisions both for process control and lot
inspection.
0.4 The prestressing steel used in prestressed concrete is separately covered
in Part 1 of this standard.
0.5 In reporting the results of test or analysis, if the final value, observed
or calculated, is to be rounded off, it shall be done in accordance witP
IS : 2-1960t.
*Method for statistical quality control during production:
Part 1 Control charts for variables (Jim revision ).
Par: 2 Control charts for attributes and count OF defects (first rqv$ioff ).
Part 3 Special control charts.
j-Rules for rounding off numerical values ( revised ).
3IS : 10790 ( Part 2 ) - 1984
1. SCOPE
I.1 This standard ( Part 2 ) prescribes the methods for sampling, sample
sizes and the criteria for conformity for steel used in reinforced concrete.
Broad outlines with regard to the controls to be exercised during the manu-
facturing process have also been indicated.
2. TERMINOLOGY
2.0 For the purpose of this standard, the following definitions shall apply.
2.1 Acceptance Number -- The maximum allowable number of defectives
in the sample for acceptance of the lot.
2.2 Coil --One continuous length in the form of a coil.
2.3 Bar - A rolled rod or bar of steel of circular cross section.
2.4 Item - A coil or a bar on which inspection will be performed.
2.5 Lot -The quantity of material of the same grade and nominal size
manufactured from steel fully tested in respect of physical, chemical and
surface characteristics and processed under similar conditions shall
constitute a lot.
2.6 Lot Size - The number of items in a lot.
2.7 Mean (X) - The sum of test results divided by the number of teht
results.
2.8 Range (R) - The difference between the maximum and minimum
values of test results in the sample.
2.9 Sample - Collection of coils or bars of reinforcing steel selected for
inspection and testing from a lot.
2.10S ample Size - Number of items in the sample.
2.11 Acceptable Quality Level ( AQL ) - The maximum percent defective
that, for the pupose of sampling inspection, can be considered satisfactory
asa process average.
3. PROCESS INSPECTION
3.1 The object of inspection by the purchaser is to ensure conformity of
the material offered to him to the specification requirements, whereas the
inspection done by the manufacturer during the production is not only to
ensure the conformity to relevant specifications, but also to maintain
overall uniform quality For process control, the manufacturer should test
representative samples of the material at regular intervals during the
manufacture to control the quality variation at various manufacturing
stages. The following inspection levels may serr’e as a guide for routine
control over the manufacturing process.
4IS : 10790( Part 2 ) - 1984
3.1.1 In case of producers with their own melting facilities, the routine
process control on heat basis should be done separately for material of
each diameter from the heat. For this purpose Table 1 may be followed.
Column 2 of this table gives the number of samples to be tested for visual,
dimensional and weight characteristics :lnd col 3 for cross section, surface
configuration, tensile strength, elongation, proof/yield stress, bending.
rebendmg and welding suitablility tests as given in the respective Indian
Standard specification. The samples may be taken at appropriate
intervals so that the samples are uniformly spread over the heat.
TABLE 1 RECOMMENDED LEVELS OF ROUTINE INSPECITON/TESTING
ON HEAT BASIS
WEIGHT OF HEAT No. OF SAMPLEST O IJET ESTEDF OK EACH
( IN TONNES ) DIAMETEI~I ROM THE HEAT
r--- __--_--~-_-__-_-_-~
Visual, Dimensional Other
and Weight Tests
Characteristics
(1) (2) (3)
up to 50 10 2
Over 50 up to 100 15 3
over 100 up to 150 20 4
over 150 25 5
3.1.2 In case the manufacturer does not have melting facilities, the
routine process control on the basis of daily production should be done.
For this purpose, Table ? may be followed. Colllmn 2 of this table gives the
number of samples to bz tested daily for visual, dimensional and weight
characteristics, co1 3 for proof stress, tensile strength, elongation, bend,
rebend and welding suitability tests and co1 4 for deformation and surface
characteristics as given in the respective Indian Standard specification.
These samples may be taken at rerular intervals of time in a day.
TABLE 2 RECOMRIENDED LEVELSOF ROllTINE INSPECTION/TESTING
OF DAILY PRODUCTION
DAILY AVEIIAGE No. OF DAILY SAMPLESF OR
PRODUCTION c---------- ---__-__-_-__~
( IN TONNES ) Visuak Proof Stress, Deformation and
Dimensional and Tensile Test, Surface
Weight Character- Elongation, Characteristics
istics Bend. Rebend
and Welding
Suitability Tests
(1) (2) (3) (4)
Up to 25 15 2 1
Over 25 up to 50 20 3 2
Over 50 up to 100 25 4 3
Over 100 30 5 4
5IS : 10790 ( Part 2 ) - 1984
3.2 The manufacturer should maintain control of various characteristics
of the reinforcing steel on the basis of the following considerations.
3.2.1 Following an unsatisfactory test result, the manufacturer should
take all necessary steps to rectify the deficiencies and shortcomings in the
process. Products which do not satisfy the requirements are to be
segregated.
3.2.2 Results of the inspection and testing should be recorded and
evaluated statistically. The records may be preserved for adequate period
of time say 2 to 3 years so that they can be referred to in case of difficulties
and complaints.
3.2.2.1 The scrutiny of the test results may be carried out with the
aid of statistical methods adopting the variables or attributes approach as
appropriate. The variables approach shall normally be applied for proof
stress;’ tensile strength. elongation, weight, dimensions, rolling and cutting
tolerances and chemical requirements. The attributes approach might be
applied in respect of bending test and visual characteristics. For this
purpose, reference may be made to IS : 7200 ( Part 1 )-1974*, IS : 7200
( Part 2 )-1975*, IS : 6200 ( Part 1 )-1977-f, IS : 6200 ( Part 2 )-1977t,
IS : 7300-1974$ and IS : 7600-19753.
3.3 On the basis of the process inspection data, the manufacturer may
issue relevant test certificate to prove the conformity of a lot to the
requirements of any specification.
3.3.1 When such test certificate cannot be made available to
the purchaser or when the purchaser so desires, the procedure laid down
in 4 shall be followed for judging the conformity or otherwise of a lot
to the requirements of relevant specifications.
4. LOT INSPECTION
4.1 Lot - The quantity of material of the same grade and nominal
size manufactured from steel f:dly tested in respect of physical, chemical
and surface characteristics and processed under similar conditions shall
constitute a lot.
4.2 The samples shall be selected and examined for each lot separately for
ascertaining their conformity to the requirements of the relevant specifica-
tions
*Presentation of statistical data:
Part 1 Tabulation and summarization.
Part 2 Diagrammatic reprejentarion of data.
tStatistica1 tests of significance:
Part I r,-Normal and F-tests (fir.sf revisinrr )
Part 2 x‘+est (first revision ).
iMethods of regression and correlatron.
ZjAnalysis of variance.
6IS : 10790 ( Part 2 ) - 1984
4.3 Scale of Sampling and Criteria for Conformity
4.3.1 Visual, Dimensional and Weight Characteristics
4.3.1.1 The number of items to be selected for visual, dimensional and
weight characteristics as given in respective Indian Standard specification
depend upon the size of the lot and shall be in accordance with Table 3.
These items shall be selected from the lot~at random. In order to ensure
the randomness of selection, procedures given in IS : 4905 1968* may be
followed.
TABLE 3 SCALE OF SAMPLING AND ACCEPTANCE NUMBER FOR VISUAL,
DlMENSIONALmAND WEIGHT CHARACTERISTICS
( CIuuses 4.3.1.1,4.3.1.2 and4.3.1.3 )
LOT SIZE POR VISUAL CHARACTERISTICS FOR DIMENSIONAL AND
~_---*_-__-~ WEIGHT CHARACTERISTICS
Sample _---- >
Size AK%G
(1) (2) (3)
up to 25 8 0
26 to 5tJ 13 1
51 to 100 20 1
101 to 150
151 IO 300 ::, z
301 to 500 80
501 and above 125 ;
NATE -Y The above sampling plan has an associated AQL of 2.5 percent. This
value of AQL will hold good generally in case of larger lots.
4.3.1.2 Each item selected according to co1 1 and 2 of Table 3 shall be
inspected for visual characteristics and freedom from defects. Any item
failing to meet any of the requirements shall be considered as defective. If
the number of defectives found in the sample is less than or equal to the
corresponding acceptance number given in co1 3 of Table 3, the lot shall
be considered as conforming to the requirements of visual characteristics.
NOTE - In case of those lots which have been found unsatisfactory, all the items
in the lot may be inspected for visual characteristics and the defectives may be
removed, it’ agreed to tewecn the purchaser and the supplier.
4.3.1.3 The lot which has been found satisfactory with respect to visual
characteristics shall be further inspected for dimensional and weight
requirements. The number of items required for this-purpose shall be taken
at random ixaccordancc with co1 1 aud 4 of Table 3. ‘I hese ma: be taken
___.. -.--__
* Methods for random samphng.
7IS:10790(P art 2)-1984
from those items which have been found conforming to visual charac-
teristics. If the number of defectives fouud in the sample for weight or
dimensional requirements is less than or equal to corresponding acceptance
number ( see co1 5 of Table 3 ), the lot shall be considered as conforming
to the requirements of the relevant specification; otherwise not.
4.3.1.4 The lot which has been found satisfactory in visual, dimensional
and weight characteristics shall be fur&her tested for physical and chemical
characteristics according to 4.3.2 and 4.3.3.
4.3.2 Physical Churucteri~tics
4.3.2.1 The specimen for physical charact&stics like tensile strength,
proof-stress, elongation, bend and rebend tests as given in the respective
.Indian Standard specification, shall be taken in such a manner that it
represents the material and shall bc so prepared that it conforms to the
relevant specification to ensure uniformity of test procedure.
4.3.2.2 The number of items requlrcd for proof stress test, elongation
test, tensile strength test, bend and rebend tests in this sequence, shall be
in accordance with col 1 and 2 of Table 4. These may be taken from those
items which have been found satisfactory in visual, dimensional and wetght
requirements. From each of the items so selected, the required numbtr of
test specimens shall be prepared for conducting the tests specified.
TABLE 4 SCALE OF SAMPLING FOR PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL TESTS
( Clauses 4.3.2.2 and 4.3.3.1 )
NUMBER OF ITEMS NUMBER oFI~iss~0
IN A LOT BE SELECTED
(1) (2)
up to 50
51 to 150 3”
151 to 500 5
501 and above 8
4.3.2.3 For ascertaining the conformity of the lot in respect of tensile
strength, proof stress and e!ongation, the following procedure shall be
adopted:
a) When two items arc selected from a lot and tested the lot shall
be considered as conforming to the requirements of tensile
strength, proof stress and elongation if both the samples
pass in each of the tests
b) When the number of items selected from a lot are three or more,
the mean (2) and range (R) is calculated from the test results
for each characteristic. The lot shall be considered as conform-
ing to the specification if the value of ( x - 0’4 R ) is greater
than or equal to the corresponding minimum specification limit
of the characteristic in the relevant specification.
8IS : 10790 ( Part 2 ) - 1984
4.3.2.4 The lot shall be considered as conforming to the requirements
of bend and rebend test, if each of the test results is found to be
satisfactory.
4.3.3 Chemical Characteristics
4.3.3.1 ‘Sk number of items required for chemical analysis shali bc
taken at random in accordance with co1 I and 2 of Table 4. These may
be taken from those items which have been found conforming to visual.
dimensional and weight requirements.
4.3.3.2 From each of the items so selected, drilling shall be taken and a
composite sample of these drillings shall be made. The lot shall be consi-
dered as complying with the requirements of various chemical constituents,
if the analysis made on the composite sample conforms to the requirements
of the relevant specification.BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
Headquarters
Manak Bhavan, 9 Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg, NEW DELHI 110002
Telephones: 323 0131,323 3375,323 9402
Fax : 91 11 3234062,91 11 3239399, 91 11 3239382
Telegrams : Manaksanstha
(Common to all Offices)
Central Laboratory : Telephone
Plot No. 20/9, Site IV, Sahibabad Industrial Area, Sahibabad 201010 8-77 00 32
Regional Offices:
Central : Manak Bhavan, 9 Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg, NEW DELHI 110002 32376 17
*Eastern : l/14 CIT Scheme VII M, V.I.P. Road, Maniktola, CALCUTTA 700054 337 86 62
Northern : SC0 335-336, Sector 34-A, CHANDIGARH 160022 60 38 43
Southern : C.I.T. Campus, IV Cross Road, CHENNAI 600113 23523 15
tWestern : Manakalaya, E9, Behind Marol Telephone Exchange, Andheri (East), 832 92 95
MUMBAI 400093
Branch Offices::
‘Pushpak’, Nurmohamed Shaikh Marg, Khanpur, AHMEDABAD 380001 550 13 48
SPeenya Industrial Area, 1 st Stage, Bangalore-Tumkur Road, 839 49-55
BANGALORE 560058
Gangotri Complex, 5th Floor, Bhadbhada Road, T.T. Nagar, BHOPAL 462003 55 40 21
Plot~No. 62-63, Unit Vl,Ganga Nagar,-BHUBANESHWAR 751001 40 36 27
Kalaikathir Buildings, 670 Avinashi Road, COIMBATORE 641037 21 01 41
Plot No. 43, Sector 16 A, Mathura Road, FARIDABAD 121001 8-28 88 01
Savitri Complex, 116 G.T. Road, GHAZIABAD 201001 8-71 19 96
5315 Ward No.29, R.G. Barua Road, 5th By-lane, GUWAHATI 781003 54 11 37
5-8-56C, L.N. Gupta Marg, Nampally Station Road, HYDERABAD 500001 201083
E-52, Chitaranjan Marg, C-Scheme, JAIPUR 302001 37 29 25
117/418 B, Sarvodaya Nagar, KANPUR 208005 21 68 76
Seth Bhawan, 2nd Floor, Behind Leela Cinema, Naval Kishore Road, 23 89 23
LUCKNOW 226001
NIT Building, Second Floor, Gokulpat Market, NAGPUR 440010 52 51 71
Patliputra Industrial Estate, PATNA 800013 26 23 05
Institution of Engineers (India) Building 1332 Shivaji Nagar, PUNE 411005 32 36 35
T.C. No. 14/l 421, University P. 0. Palayam, THIRUVANANTHAPURAM 695034 621 17
Jales Cffice is at 5 Chowringhpe Approach, P.O. Princep Street, 271085
CALCUTTA 700072
tSales Office is at Novelty Chambers, Grant Road, MUMBAI 400007 309 65 28
SSales Office is at ‘F’ Block, Unity Building, Narashimaraja Square, 222 39 71
BANGALORE 560002
Printed at Printograph, New Delhi, Ph : 5726847
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7321.pdf
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IS:7321 -1974
(R eaffirmed 1996 )
Indian Standard
CODE OF PRACTICE FOR
SELECTION, HANDLING AND ERECTION OF
CONCRETE POLES FOR OVE-RHEAD POWER
AND TELECOMMUNICATION LINES
( Fourth Reptint FEBRUARY 1998 )
UDC 621.315.668.3
0 Copyright 1974
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG
NEW DELHI -110002
Gf2 September 1974IS : 7321- 1974
Indiun Standard
CODE OF PRACTICE FOR
SELECTION, HANDLING AND ERECTION OF
CONCRETE POLES FOR OVERHEAD POWER
AND TELECOMM’UNICATION LINES
Cement and Concrete Sectional Committee, BDC 2
Chairman Raprcsmting
DR H. C. VIWE~VABAYA Cement Research Institute of India, New Delhi
M6mbsrs
Da A. S. Bxianmzr National Test House, Calcutta
Srmr E. K. RAXAOEAND~A~~ ( Altemats )
SHRI A. K. CEATTE~JI CentrRaArhBIilding Research Institute ( CSIR ),
Da S. SR&-r;’ ( Akrnatr )
DEPUTY ENQ~NEER Public Works Department, Government of Tamil
( BUILDINGS ) Nadu, Madras
Dzzau CHIZ~ ENQII~ZR
( IRRITATION & DZSI~NS ) ( Altsrnatc )
DIREOTOR Central Road Research .Institute ( CSIR ),
New Delhi
DR R. K. GHOSH ( Alt6nrclt6 )
DIREOTOR ( CSMRS ) Central Water & Power Commission, New Delhi
DEPUTY DIRECTOR ( CSMRS ) ( Aft6rnatc )
Szzx K. H. GAN~WAL Hyderabad Asbestos Cement Products Ltd,
Hyderabad
SHBI K. C. GHOSAL Glokudyog Services Ltd, New Delhi
SHRI A. K. BISWAS ( Aftsnratc )
DR R. K. GHO~H Indian Roads Congress, New Delhi
BRIM HARISH CHAND~A Engineer-in-Chief’s Branch, Army Headquarters
Szzr G. R. M~~~~HANDAN(I Affcrnats )
DE R. R. HATTUNQADI Associated Cement Companies Ltd, Bombay
&RI P. J. JAQUS ( Alfemate )
Da IQBA L.ALI Engineering Research Laboratories, Hyderabad
JOINT DIRECTOR, STANDARDS Research, Designs & Standards Organization,
(B&S) Luckuow
DEPUTY DIBEQPOR, STANDARDS
(B&S)(Altnnab)
SBBI S. B. JOSHI S. B. Joshi & Co Ltd, Bombay
Sum M. T. KANSE Directorate General of Supplies & Di6pomb
@ co@ighf 1974
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
This publication is protected under the fndion CopJlript Act ( XIV of 1957) and
rep&u&on in whole~or in part by any means except with written permission of the
publiar shall be deemed to be an izfringement of copyright under the said Act.IS : 7321- 1974
( Continuedfrom page 1 )
MNnbCrS Reprsssnting
SHRI S. L. KATHTJRIA Roads Wing ( Ministry of Shipping & Transport )
SHRI S. R. KULKARNI M. N. Dastur & Co ( Private ) Ltd, Calcutta
SHRI M. A. MEHTA Concrete Association of India, Bombay
SHRI 0. MUTRAOEEN Central Public Works Department
SUPERINTENDINQ ENQINEER,
2ND CIRCLE ( Alternate )
SERI ERAOH A. NADIRSHAH Institution of Engineers ( India ), Calcutta
SHRI K. K. NAMBIAR In personal capacity ( ‘Ramanalaya’, I1 First Crsrcent
Park Road, pand+agar, Adyar, Madras )
PROP G. S. RAMASWAMY Stru;;ct;~c3ngmeermg Research Centre ( CSIR ),
DR N S. BHA~ ( Alternate )
DR A. V. .R. RAO National Buildings Organization, New Delhi
SHRI K. S. SRINIVASAN ( Alfcmafe)
SHRI G. S. M. RAO Geological Survey of India, Nagpur
SHRI T. N. S. RAO Gammon India Ltd, Bombay
SHRI S. R. PINHEIRO ( Altcmatc )
SECRETARY Central Board of Irrigation & Power, New Delhi
DEPUTY SEORETARY ( I ) ( Alternate )
SIXRI R. P. SHARMA Irrigation & Power Research Institute, Amritsar
SERI MOEIRDER SINQH ( Alternate )
SHRI G. B. SINoR Hindustan Housing Factory Ltd, New Delhi
SHRI C. L. KASLIWAL ( Altemafs )
SHRI J. S. SIN~HOTA Beas Designs Organization, Nangal Township
SRRI T. C. GARQ ( Alfcrnate )
SHRI R. K. SINHA Indian Bureau of Mines, Nagpur
SURI K. A. SUBRAMANIAM India Cements Ltd. Madras
SERI P. S. RAMAOHANDRAN ( Alternate )
SHRI L. SWAROOP Dalmia Cement ( Bharat ) Ltd, New Delhi
SHRI A. V. RAMANA ( Alternate )
SIIRI D. AJITHA SIMHA, Director General, BIS ( Ex-oBcio Member )
Director ( Civ Engg J
Sccretav
SHRI Y. R. TANEJA
Deputy Director ( Civ Engg ),[+I$
Concrete Pipes and Poles Subcommittee, BDC 2 : 6
Convener
SERI S. B. JOSHI S. B. Joshi & Co Ltd, Bombay
Members
Sam M. D. PATAAE ( Alternate to
Shri S. B. Joshi )
Saab BHA~WANT SIN~H Concrete Pipe Association, New Delhi
SERI I. S. SUD ( Altemafe)
DR N. S. BEAL StruTo;Lengineering Research Centre ( CSIR ),
SERI P. M. A. RAFIIMAN ( Alfemate )
( Continued on page 8 )
2IS t 7321- 1974
lndian Standard
CODE OF PRACTICE FOR
SELECTION, HANDLING AND ERECTION OF
CONCRETE POLES FOR OVERHEAD POWER
AND TELECOMMUNICATION LINES
0. FOREWORD
0.1T his Indian Standard was adopted by the Indian Standards Institution
on 21 February 1974, after the draft finalized by the Cement and
Concrete Sectional Committee had been approved by the Civil Engineer-
ing Division Council.
0.2 A number of Indian Standards on reinforced concrete and prestressed
concrete, lighting columns and poles for overhead power and telecommuni-
cation lines have been published. Notwithstanding the intrinsic quality
of the concrete poles for which guidance has been given in the standard
specifications, safe and efficient service from the concrete poles can be
ensured only by proper selection, handling and erection of concrete poles
for difIerent purposes. The Sectional Committee has therefore decided to
lay down certain guidelines for selection, handling and erection of
different types of concrete poles. The recommendations given in the
code will be found useful by the user as well as the manufacturer.
0.3 For the purpose of deciding whether a particular requirement of this
standard is complied with, the final value, observed or calculated, express-
ing the result of a test or analysis, shall be rounded off in accordance
with IS : 2-1960*. The number of significant places retained in the
rounded off value should be the same as that of the specified value in this
standard.
L SCOPE
1.1 This standard lays down guidelines for selection, handling and erec-
tion of concrete poles for overhead power and telecommunication lines.
2. TERMINOLOGY
2.0 For the purpose of this standard, the foIlowing definition shall apply.
2.1 Major Axi* -Major axis of the pole is the geometrical axis of the
cross section ~of the pole about which the pole has greatest r&sting
moment.
+Rulu for rounding0 8 aumeairrlv aluer( reuiwd).
3IS : 7321- 1974
3. SELECTION
3.1 The reinforced cement concrete poles and prestressed cement concrete
poles shall conform to IS : 785-1964*, IS : 167&1960t, IS : 1332-1959$,
and IS: 2193-1963s.
3.2 The length of poles shall be determined depending upon the type of
line, that is power transmission (high voltage ) or power distribution
(low voltage ) lines, required clearance of conductors from ground level,
expected sag ( which depends upon spacing of poles and allowable tension
in conductor ), position of cross-arms and the planting depth. Guidance
may be obtained from Rule 77 of the Indian Electricity Rules, read with
amendment, if any, of the State Government under exercise of Rule 133
of the same rules; and the relevant Indian Staxidards.
3.2.1 For poles to be used for 11 kV lines and medium or low tension ,,
lines, the length of the poles should normally be 8 m and 7’5 m.
3.3 Keeping in view the strengths specified in the relevant Indian
Standards, the poles shall be of required strength, to meet .the loads that
are expected tg act on the support during normal working conditions,
iith specified factors of safety.
3.4 Apart from length and strength requirements of the poles, it shall be
ensured that:
a) the dimensional tolerances and uprightness of the poles is as per
requirements of relevant specifications;
b) sufficient number of suitable holes have been provided in the
poles for fixing of cross-arms, and other fittings;
c) holes have been plugged with hard-wood or other suitable
material for fixing of danger and number plates;
d) lifting hooks have been provided for handling purposes;
e) suitable earthing arrangement has been provided according to
relevant standard specifications and the requirements of the
engineer-in-charge;
f) the poles are marked as specified in IS : 785-1964* and
IS: 1678~1960t; and
g) the poles are free from cracks visible to the naked eye, honey
combing and are of good finish.
*Specification for reinforced concrete polu for overhead power and telecommunication
lmca ( nvirvd ).
+Specificationf or prcatread concrete poles for overheadp ower, traction and telecom-
munication lines.
SSpecikation for reinforced concretertrcct liiting c&mms.
6Specification for prcrtrcucd can~ete rtmt hghting columna.
4IS : 73219 lW4
3.5 It shall be ensured that the poles are from the lots from which
samples have been approved according to requirements of IS : 785-1964*
and IS : 1678-1960-t.
4. HANDLING
4.1 Reinforced cement concrete poles and prestressed concrete poles are
heavy items and their resistance to impact is low in comparison to that of
metal poles. Sufficient care shall, therefore, be taken in handling and
transport of these poles.
4.2 The poles shall preferably be handled with major axis in horizontal
position.
4.3 The handling and lifting conditions shall be considered in design and
indicated on the pole unless otherwise specified by the designer, poles shall
be lifted from at least two points, one point being roughly at a distance of
1/5th of length from bottom, and the other at a distance of 1/4th of length
from top. Poles having self weight more than 500 -kg shall referably be
lifted at four points, the position of point of lift shall be 1 P6 th of length
and 1/3rd of length from bottom and 2/5th of length and 1/5th of length
from top. This system shall be followed both for mechanical and manual
loading,
4.51 Single oint lifting through the midlength of the ole shall be
avoided since t f: is may cause concentration of stresses in on Py that parti-
cular section, thus producing cracks.
63.2 In case of manual handling, the pole may be uniformally
supported all over its lengths and not at its ends.
4.4 Loading and Unloading
4.4.1 Poles shall preferably be loaded and unloaded by means of crane
or other similar mechanical device. If mechanical loading and unloading
is not practicable or economical, manual loading and unloading may be
done, according to the procedure described in 44.2 to 4.4.4.
4.4.2 While poles are to be loaded into truck, wagon, trailer, etc, either
wooden sleepers or steel rails of sufficient length shall be put in a gentle
slope against body of the vehicle at 3 or 4 places. For loading, poles
shah be dragged one by one, gently and uniformly on those supports by
means of rope. As soon as pole comes on the floor of the vehrcle, the
same shall be carefully shifted by crow-bar or other suitable means to
suitable position to avoid striking the next pole.
4.43 Similar procedure shall be followed for unloading of the poles.
It is desirable to put some sand filled sacks or similar material at ground
*Specification for reinforced concrete poles for overhead power and telccomm unication
linea ( ryimd ).
ca ion for prertresscd concrete poles for overhead power, traction and telcconc-
r&s2 L .
5IS P 7321- 1974
level in front of slanting sleepers/rails, so that after sliding down, the
poles may sit on sand cushion without appreciable impact. Shifting of
the unloaded poles shall be done simultaneously, so that no pole remains
along the junction line of the slanting sleeper/rails and the ground.
4.4.4 While loading and unloading, care shall be taken to avoid
dropping, dropping with a jerk or striking of the poles against each
other.
4.4.5 Poles may be stacked in body of vehicle in multiple layers. Two
uniform sized wooden battens of suitable cross section shall be put in
-between the layers of poles running across the length of the poles. The
poles shall have complete bearing over these wooden battens.
4.5 Transport
4.5.1 The poles may be transported either by 8 wheeler wagons or
trucks or trailers depending upon distance and convenience. These may
also be carried by bullock cart for short distance.
4.5.2 While transporting, the poles shall preferably be placed parallel
to the direction of -haulage and with major axis in horizontal position.
Poles may-be stacked in the body of the vehicle in multiple layers, as
mentioned in 4.4.5. All the poles shall be tightly secured to the body of
the vehicle.
4.5.3 Where poles are longer than truck body by more than 3’5 m, they
shall be placed in such a manner that there is balanced overhang at both
the ends of truck. To ensure better security, four or more poles shall be
bound together.
45.4 For convenience of loading and unloading, the poles may be
placed with minor axis vertical ( flat position ), on the vehicle, provided
the poles are contained fully in the body of the carrier vehicle without any
overhang. In that case, separate wooden battens ( between the layem)
shall be increased by 25 percent. Sufficient cushioning with materials,
like straw and/or waste gunny should be provided between the layers.
4.5.5 For transportation in bullock cart, the poles shall be hung from
the bottom of bullock cart at least at four points as mention-ed in 43, and
at such a level that those do not touch ground at any part during trans-
portation; alternatively, the poles may Abes tacked on the wooden body of
the bullock cart, suitably balanced; or supported on wheels at suitable
locations and pulled by bullock.
5. ERECTION
5.1 Concrete poles shall be erected and positioned in such a way that the
major axis is in line with the direction of the power line.
51.1 Jerking and swinging of poles caused by sudden lifting as well as
striking of the poles with ground or other objects shall be avoided.
6IS t 7321- 1974
5.2 Spacing ( conductor span ) of the poles shall be such as to maintain
the loading conditions assumed in the design.
5.3 The poles shall be buried in the ground at least up to the distance of
minimum specified planting depth from bottom according to relevant
Indian Standards.
5.4 Foundation pit may be cut with suitable equipment such as earth
auger. The size of the pit will depend upon the size of base plate
required to be put under the pole and space required for working.
5.5 As reinforced cement concrete poles are generally bigger in cross
section, these may be erected without foundation, provided the soil at the
bottom of pole is not of poor bearing capacity.
5.5.1 However, where poles are likely to be subjected to gale, cyclonic
storm and soil erosion due to rains and flood, or in soils of poor bearing
capacity, concrete base plate shall be provided as per 5.6.
5.6 For prestressed concrete poles, a concrete base plate shall be provided
at the bottom of trench, size of which will depend upon bearing capacity
of soil. In normal soil condition, the size of concrete base plate shall
be 450 x 450 x 75 mm. Alternatively, with the approval of the engineer-
in-charge, one or two baulks of reinforced cement concrete or timber of
size 800 X 300 X 100 mm may be provided.
5.7 If the soil is non-cohesive, concreting shall be done right from bottom
up to 150 mm above the planting depth to safeguard from overturning
moments.
5.8 The details of preparing foundations and erection are given in
IS : 5613 ( Part I/Section ~2) -1971*. The concrete poles are generally
erected by direct pole method. Use of tractor-trailer unit, if available,
may also be made in the direct pole method.
5.8.1 Stays shall be provided wherever necessary before the conductors
are given their working tension.
5.9 Concrete base block and foundation concrete as required shall be
prepared, cast and cured, as per IS : 456-1964t.
5.10 Back fill of trench shall be well compacted. After first monsoon, the
foundation shall be inspected and back filled if necessary.
5.11 Stringing of the conductors shall be done as soon as foundation
concrete has been cured and hardened and soil has been well compacted.
*Code of practice for design, installation and maintenance of overhead power lines:
Part I Lines up to and including 1 I kV, Section 2 Installation and maintenance.
t&de of practice for plain and reinforced concrete ( second ratdsion ).
7IS : 7321- 1974
( Gmtinaedji~ page 2 )
Mambers Represmting
SERI P. C. CHA~JEE Orissa Cement Ltd, Rajgangpur
SHIUU . N. RATE ( Altemate )
DI~EOTO~( R. E. ) Central Water & Power Cornmission
DEPUTYD IRECITO(R R . E. ) (Altemntc )
D~EOTOR OBT ELEGRAPHY( L ) Posts & Telegrapha Department
DIVISIONAL ENGINEER
TELEQRAPHB( C ) ( Alternate )
Smt~ K. C. GHOSAL Alokudyog Servicer Ltd, New Delhi
SHRI A. K. BISWAB( Al&mate )
JOINT D~E~TOE, STANDARDS Research, Designs 82 Standards Organization,
(B&S) Lucknow
DEPUTY DIRECTORS, TANDA~L~S
( B & S ) ( Altemate )
S-I I’?. G. JOSEI Indian Hume Pipe Co Ltd, Bombay
Sa.M. A. MEETA Concrete Association of India, Bombay
6rtn1 T. M. MENON ( Altemate )
L&ot H. M. S. M~RTHI Engineer-in-Chief’s Branch, Army Headquartera
MAJ U. B. S. AHLUWALIA( 4hmate )
SHRI V.P. NARAYNANNAYAR Kerala Premo Pipe Factory Ltd. Neendakara
DR K~ISHNAN( Altemate )
SHRI S. R. PINHEIR~ Gammon India Ltd, Bombay
Smzx V. PODDAR Rohtas Industries Ltd. Dalmianagar
Snnr V. V. RAHQ~KAR Directorate%meral of Supplier 8t Disposals
S-1 K. G. SALvI Hindustan Housing Factory Ltd, New Delhi
SHRI S. K. CHATTERJEE( Alte nte )
SEBI .A. P. SEETHAPATHY x ural Electrification Corporation Ltd, New Delhi
SHRI A. K. MUKHERJEE( Alternate )
S~~~BINTENDINQ SUR~~DYORO B Central Public Works Department, New Delhi
WORKS ( NDZ )
SHBIV . M. TALATI Spunr;ia& Construction Co ( Baroda ) Pvt Ltd.BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
Headquarters
Marqk Bhavan, 9 Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg, NEW DELHI 11 QOO2
Telephones: 323 0131,323 3375,323 9402
Fax : 91 1 l-3234062,91 11 3239399, 91 11 3239382
Telegrams : Manaksanstha
(Common *t;t$EJ
Central Laboratory :
Plot No. 20/9,Site IV, Sahibabad Industrial Area, Sahibabad 201010 8-77 00 32
RegIonal Omcesr:
Central : Manak Bhavan, 9 Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg, NEW DELHI 110002 3237617
*Eastern : l/l 4 CIT Scheme VII M, V.I;P. Road, Maniktola, CALCUITA 700054 337 66 62
Northern : SC0 335-336, Sector 34-A, CHANDIGARH 160022 603843
Southern : C.I.T. Campus, IV Cross Road,CHENNAl600113 2352315
tWestem : Manakalaya, E9, Behind Mar01 Telephone Exchange, Andheri (East), 632 92 95
MUMBAI 400093
,’
Branch Offbs::
‘Pushpak’, Nurmohamed Shaikh Marg, Khanpur, AHMEDABAD 380001 5501348
SPeenya Industrial Area, 1 st Stage, Bangalore-Tumkur Road, 639 49 55
BANGALORE 560058
Gangotri Complex, 5th Floor, Bhadbhada Road, T.T. Nagar, BHOPAL 462003 55 40 21
Plot No. 62-63, Unit VI, Ganga Nagar, BHUBANESHWAR 751001 40 36 27
Kalaikathir Buildings, 670 Avinashi Road, COIMBATORE 641037 21 01 41
Plot No. 43, Sector 16 A, Math&a Road,~FARIDABAD 121001 6-26 88 01
Savitri Complex, 116 G.T. Road, GYAZIABAD 201001 8-71 1996
53/5 Ward No.29, R.G. Barua Road, 5th By-lane, GUWAHATI 781003 541137
5-8-56C, L.N. Gupta Marg, Nampally Station Road, HYDERABAD 500001 201083
E-52, Chitaranjan Marg, C- Scheme, JAIPUR 302001 37 29 25
117/418 B, Sarvodaya Nagar, KANPUR 208005 21 68 76
Seth Bhawan, 2nd Floor, Behind Leela Cinema, Naval Kishore Road, 23 89 23
LUCKNOW 226001
NIT Building, Second Floor, Gokulpat Market, NAGPUR 440010 52 51 71
Patliputra Industrial Estate, PATNA 800013 26 23 05
Institution of Engineel_s&&a)%$lding 1332 Shivaji Nagar, PUNE 411005 32 36 35
T.C. No. 14/l 421, Universit-P. 0. Palayam, THIRUVANANTHAPURAM 695034 621 17
*Sales Office is at 5 Chowringhee Approach, P.O. Princep Street, 271085
CALCUlTA 700072
tSales Office is at Novelty Chambers, Grant Road, MUMBAI 400007 309 65 28
*Sales Office is at ‘F’ Block, Unity Building, Narashimaraja Square, 222 39 71
BANGALORE 560002
Reprography Unit, BIS,.New Delhi, India
|
9401_12.pdf
|
IS9401 ( Part 12) : 1992
METHODOFMBASUREMENTOFWORKSIN
RIVERVALLEYPROJECTS
(DAMSANDAPPURTENANTSTRUCTURES)
PART 12 TOPOGRAPHICAL SURVEYS
UDC 69’003 12’627’82:528.42
0 BIS 1992
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG
NEW DELHI 110002
January 1992 Price Group 1Measurement of Works of River Valley Projects Sectional Committee, RVD 23
FOREWORD
This Indian Standard ( Part 12 ) was adopted by the Bureau of Indian Standards, after the draft
finalized by the Measurement of Works of River Valley Projects Sectional Committee had been
approved by the River Valley Division Council.
In measurement of works of river projects a large diversity of methods exist at present according
to local practices. This lack of uniformity creates complications regarding measurements and
payments. Keeping in view the large amount of financial outlay involved in river valley projects
and also the fact that the authorities responsible for completing these projects, are of the state
level or national level, it is felt that a suitable methodology is needed for adopting uniform
practices towards the measurement of works so that the scope of complications and misinter-
pretation of items of work is reduced, as far as possible. This standard is intended to provide a
uniform basis for measuring the work done in respect of topographical surveys for river valley
projects.
For the purpose of deciding whether a particular requirement of this standard is complied with
the final value, observed or calculated, expressing the result of a test or analysis, shall be rounded
off in accordance with IS 2 : 1960 ‘Rules for rounding off numerical values ( revised )‘. The
number of significant places retained in the rounded off value should be the same as that of the
specified value in this standard.IS 9401(P art 12 ):1992
Indian Standard
METHODOFMESUREMENTOFWORKSIN
RIVERVALLEYPROJECTS
(DAMSANDAPPURTENANTSTRUCTURES)
PART 12 TOPOGRAPHICAL SURVEYS
1 SCOPE iii) Collection of appropriate and adequate
field data;
1.1T his standard covers the methods of
iv) Field control charts and records;
measurement in respect of topographical surveys
to be carried out for river valley projects. v) List of survey bench marks and stations,
duly identified. Topographical survey
2 REFERENCES plans as submitted/shown, should clearly
indicate the reduced level of railways
2.1 The Indian Standard listed below is a
PWD, CPWD, Geological Survey of India
necessary sdjunct to this standard:
or Survey of India wherever each references
are available ( see IS 5497 : 1983 );
IS NO. Title
vi) Maintenance of proper survey records,
IS 5497 : 1983 Guide for topographical including sketches and survey
surveys for river valley computations;
projects ( first revision ) vii) Topographical and other surveys as
required;
3 GENERAL
viii) Survey and other maps to requisite scale;
3.1 Clubbing of Items ix) L-sections and cross section of rivers,
canals or highways, etc; and
Items may be clubbed together provided the
detailed description of the surveys carried out x) Handing over all the above records in a
in accordance with the items enumerated in complete manner including the originals.
IS 5497 : 1983.
4 MEASUREMENTS OF RIVER VALLEY
SURVEYS
3.2 Booking of Dimensions
In booking dimensions the sequence order shall 4.1 Area Survey
be consistent and generally in the sequence of
length, breadth or width and height or depth or The measurement of area surveys shall be done
thickness. in hectares and it shall include all items as
mentioned in 3.4. These surveys shall include
3.3 Units of Measurement reservoir survey, site survey, flood control
survey, catchment area survey, command area
All works shall be measured net in decimal
survey, and other similar surveys.
systems subject to the following limitations
unless otherwise stated:
4.2 Longitudinal Section Survey
i) Linear measurements to the nearest
0’01 m; and The measurement of longitudinal section survey
ii) Areas to the nearest 0’01 hectare. shall be done on linear basis and it shall include
all items as mentioned in 3.4. These surveys
3.4 The following work shall not be measured shall include alignment of canals, drains,
separately and allowance for the same shalI be highways and other similar features.
deemed to have been made in the description of
the main item: 4.3 Cross Section Survey
i) Control surveys including control points;
The measurement of cross section survey shall
ii) Laying and fixing of permanent bench be done on linear basis and it shall include all
marks to be linked up with the nearest items as mentioned in 3.4. These surveys shall
of India bench mark ( see include alignment of canals, drains, highways
%?;7 : 1983 ); and other similar features.Standard Mark
The use of the Standard Mark is governed by the provisions of the Bureau of Indian
Standards Act, I986 and the Rules and Regulations made thereunder. The Standard Mark on
products covered by an Indian Standard conveys the assurance that they have been produced
to comply with the requirements of that standard under a well defined system of inspection,
testing and quality control which is devised and supervised by BIS and operated by the pro-
ducer. Standard marked products are also continuously checked by BIS for conformity to
that standard as a further safeguard. Details of conditions under which a licence for the use
of the Standard Mark may be granted to manufacturers or producers may be obtained from
\
the Bureau of Irdian Standards.Bureau of Indian Standards
BIS is a statutory institution established under the Bureau of Indian Standards Act, I986 to promote
harmonious development of the activities of standardization, marking and quality certification of
goods and attending to connected matters in the country.
Copyright
BIS has the copyright of all its publications. No part of these publications may be reproduced in
any form without the prior permission in writing of BIS. This does not preclude the free use, in
the course of implementing the standard, of necessary details, such as symbols and sizes, type or
grade designations. Enquiries relating to copyright be addressed to the Director ( Publication ), BLS.
Revision of Indian Standards
Indian Standards are reviewed periodicahy and revised, when necessary and amendments, if any,
are issued from time to time. Users of Indian Standards should ascertain that they are in
possession of the latest amendments or edition. Comments on this Indian Standard may be sent
to BIS giving the following reference :
Dot : No. RVD 23 ( 4412 )
Amendments Issued Since Publication
Amend No. Date of Issue Text Affected
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
Headquarters :
Manak Bhavan, 9 Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg, New Delhi 110002
Telephones : 331 01 31, 331 13 75 Telegrams:: Manaksanstha
( Common to all Of&es )
Regional Offices : Telephones
Central : Manak Bhavan, 9 Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg, 331 01 31
NEW Delhi-l 10002 331 13 75
Eastern : l/14 C.I.T. Scheme VII M, V.I.P. Road, Maniktola
CALCUTTA 700054 37 86 62
Northern : SC0 445-446, Sector 35-C, CHANDIGARH 160036 53 38 43 ,
Southern : C.I.T. Campus, IV Cross Road, MADRAS 600113
Western : Manahalaya, E9 MIDC, Marol, Andheri ( East ) -. “I
BOMBAY 400093 6 329295
Branches : AHMADABAD, BANGALGRE, BHOPAL, BHUBANESHWAR, L
COIMBATORE, FARIDABAD, GHAZIABAD, GUWAGATI,
HYDERABAD, JAIPUR, KANPUR, PATNA, THIRWANANTHAPURAM.
I
1,.
at Swatamra Bharat Press, Delhi, India
.
._IAMENDMENT NO. 1 AUGUST 2008
TO
IS 9401 (PART 12 ) : 1992 METHOD OF
MEASUREMENT OF WORKS IN RIVER VALLEY
PROJECTS (DAMS AND APPURTENANT STRUCTURES)
PART 12 TOPOGRAPHICAL SURVEYS
II?’f or
[ Pcrgc1 , cltursc 3.3(ii) ] - Substitute ‘10 ‘0.01’ hectare.
(WRD23)
Reprography Unit, BlS, New Delhi, India
|
2685.pdf
|
XS: 2685- 1971
Indian Standard
CODE OF PRACTICE FOR
SELECTION, INSTALLATION AND
MAINTENANCE OF SLUICE VALVES
( First Revision)
Sixth Reprint SEPTEMBER 1993
UDC 621.646.5.005
@ Copuright 1971
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
h%ANAKB HAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG
NEW DELHI 110002
Gr2 December 1971Is t 2685- 1971
Indian Standard
CODE OF PRACTICE FOR
SELECTION, INSTALLATION AND
MAINTENANCE OF SLUICE VALVES
First Revisiop)
(
Sanitary Appliances and Water Fittings Sectional Committee, BDC 3
Chaimwn Rrprerentiag
THE I)rRECTOR Central Public Health Engineering Research Institute
( CSIR ), Nagput
Melnbers
ADVISER Ministry of Health, Family Planning & Works,
Housing & Urban Development
Stint H. R. BADYAL The Indian Iron and Steel Co Ltd, Caicutta
SHRI K: D. BWVM( Alkrnatc)
SRRl v. D. GHADHA Ministry of Railways
Cssns~ ENOXNEBR Central Public Works Department
SUPER~N~~NDIENNOQ INB~R( A lternate )
CkitkFE NGlNRER Local Self Government Engineering Deparkment,
Government of Uttar Pradesh
SUPERINT~NDXNGE NGINEER ( Al&mate )
Gfflep ENGINEUR( WATER ) Municipal Corporation of Delhi
DRAINAGE EN~INRRR( A/kmale )
CITY ENGINEER Bombay Municipal Corporation
SHREY . H. KARAT ( Alkrnak )
Sxm H. N. DALES The Indian Institute of Architects, Bombay
LALA G. C. DAS National TeJt House, Calcutta
SHRI M. K. GI~PUUZ All &di;iitaPottcry Manufacturers’ Association,
SHRIR . M. MEHRA ( Alkrnak )
SHRI K. C. JERATH Engineer-in-Chief’s Branch, Army Headquarters
SHRl J. Ttiovee ( Alfema~e)
SHREM . T. KANIE Directorate General of Supplies & Disposals
SHRIG . S. SUDBARAUAN( Alkmate )
SHRI R. v. tete Central Glass & Ceramic Research Institute
( CSIR ). Calcutta
SIIlks G. A. LUHAR Indian Non-ferrous Metals Manufacturrn Associa-
tion, Calcutta
SHRIR . N. MALUM Directorate General of Technical Development
SHRI N. R. SRINWMAN( AIkrnak )
SHRIR . M. MEHRA Bombay Potteries 8; Tiles Ltd, Bombay
( Confinvcd on page 2 )
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARC
NEW DELHI I10002IS:2695-1971
(C ontinuedfrom page 1)
Members Rejresenting
SHII V. P. NARAYANAN NAYAR Public Health Enginnring Department, Government
of Kcrala
SWRIR . PARIKSHIT Indian Section of Plastic Institute, New Delhi
SHRI A. H. PATEL Ahmcdabad Munici al Corporation
DR A. V. R. RAO National Buildings 8 rganization ( Ministry of Works,
Housing & Urban Devclopmcnt )
SHRI G. T. BHIDE ( Alternate)
REPRESENTATIVE Cent;ArkB3ilding Research Institute ( CSIR ),
REPRESENTATIVE Hindustan Shi yard Ltd, Visakhapatnam
lS HRI B. B. RAU Inatitution of %n ginecn ( India )! Calcutta
SHRI R. K. SOMANY Hindustan Sanitaryware Industrms Ltd, Bahadurgarh
SHRI V. S. BHATT ( Alternate)
SHRI B. ULLAL E. I. D. Parry Ltd, Madram
SHRI T. S. CHINTAMANI( Altematc )
SHPX D. AJITHA SIMHA, Director General, IS1 ( Ex-o&o Membrr )
Director ( Civ Engg )
Secretary
SHRXC . R. RAMA RAO
Deputy Director ( Civ Engg ), ISI
Water Works Fittings Subcommittee, BDC 3 : 5
conoencr
SHRI Y. H. K-AT Bombay Municipal Corporation
&fCl&lS
SHRIJ . R. AOGARWAL Govardhan Dar P. A, JuBundur City
SHRI,YASHR AJ AGGARWAL ( Alternate )
SHRI H. R. BA~YAL The Indian Iron & Steel Co Ltd, Calcutta
SHRI K. D. BISWAS( Alternate )
SHIU T. C. Blrsu Bum & Co Ltd, Calcutta
SHRI K. K. BHATTACHARWA Indian Valve Co Ltd. Calcutta
SHRI A. K. BHA~ACHAR~A ( Alternate )
SHRI V. D. CHADHA Ministry of Raihvap
Cmlsr ENGINEER Local Self Government Engineering Department
Governmcnr of Uttar Pradesh
SUPER~ENDINO ENGINEER ( Alternate )
CHIEF ENGINEER( WA- ) Delhi Municipal Corporation
DEPWT~ CHIEF ENGINZER( WATER ) ( Alternate )
SHRI .J_ D. DAROGA Itaiab Engineering Pvt Ltd, Bombay
SHRI M. K. DAMG UPTA National Physical Laboratory ( CSIR ), New Delhi
SHRI M. L MVTALIOK I)Ew Kirloskar Brotbcrs Ltd, Kirloskarwadi
SHR~V . P. HAVALDAR ( &ernutc )
( Continued on page 7 )
lH c i also aitcmate to the adviser, Ministry of Hcahh, Family Planning 8 Works,
Housing & Urban Dcvclopment.
2IS:2685-1971
Indian Standard
CODE OF PRACTICE FOR
SELECTION, INSTALLATION AND
MAINTENANCE OF SLUICE VALVES
( First Revision)
0. FOREWORD
0.1T his Indian .Standard ( First Revision ) was adopted by the Indian
Standards Institution on 30 July 1971, after the draft finalized by the
Sanitary Appliances and Water Fittings Sectional Committee had been
approved by the Civil Engineering Division Council.
0.2 This standard was first published in 1964. The Sectional Committee
h,as revised the standard after reviewing it in the tight of experience gained
in the usage of the same and has incorporated the necessary tnodifications
to facilitate the use of valves conforming to IS :7 80-1969*.
0.3 For the purpose of deciding whether a particular requirement of this
standard is complied with, the final value, observed or calculated,
expressing the result of a test or analysis, shall be rounded off in
accordance with IS : 2-1960t. The number of significant places retained
in the rounded off value should be the same as that of the specified value
in this standard.
1. SCOPE
1.1 This code covers the selection, installation and maintenance of sluice
valves conforming to IS : 780-1969;.
2. SELECTION
2.1 The aspects governing the selection ofsluice valves are listed below:
a) Nominal bore of pipe.
b) JV&fur~ of Pi&-w hether it is made of cast iron, cast steel,
asbestos-cement or steel coated with concrete.
c) Sit&ion -whether distribution or rising main.
,~~tion for duke valves for water-works purposes ( 50 to 300 mm size ) (fourth
th& fat roundtrg offaum&al
~UCS (mid).
3IS : 2685- 1971
d) Location - whether underground or above.
c) Nature of location of the valve which would depend upon the
following factors:
1) Whether centre line of spindle is vertical or horizontal, and
2) Whether inside or in a terminal position in a pipe line.
f) Nature of end connections, namely, flanged, socketed or plained
ended.
g) Quality of water:
1) Whether raw unfiltered or filtered,
2) Acidic or alkaline, if possible pH value (hydrogen-ion
concentration ) ; and
3) Temperature.
h) Pressure of water, bnth working and unbalanced, and the static
head at the centre of the valve.
None-Unbalanced pressure is the difference between Abe prsura on the
two rid.3 of the door with the valve shut. Thin determinea the resultant
unbalanced thrust against which the valve has to be operated.
j) For headstock operation only:
1) Distance, between the centre line of waterway and the base
of heaclstock, that ia level of operating platform;
2) Distance between the centre line of extension spindle and the
face of wall or masonry; and
3) Headroom available on the operating platform.
3. INSTALLATION
3.1 Sluice valves shall normally be installed with spindle vertical on
horizontal pipes except on vertical pipes where spindle shall be horizontal.
On slopes, the sluice valves may preferably be kept vertical if slope is
nominal and gradieut can be adjusted with the help of connecting pipes
on either sides.
$1.1 It shall be ensured while fixing sluice valves in pipe lines below
ground level that a clear space of about 200 mm is available between the
top of the sluice valve spindle and surface box, so that valve cap may be
easily provided when surface box is kept in flush with road level.
3.2 It is most important to ensure that:
a) all grit and foreign matters are removed from the inside of the
valves before placing in pipes, and
4b) all the four faces are thoroughly cleaned and coated with a thin
layer of mineral grease.
3.3 It is important to check tightening of gland with a pair of inside
calipers. Clearance between the top of the rtuffing box and the underaide
of the gland should be uniform on all the sides.
3.4 Gland should not be tightened too hard. The pressure applied should
be just enough to stanch leakage.
3.3 Hemp packing sl.ould be adequately soaked in grease and should not
be allowed to remain dry.
3.6 The valves should be tightly closed when being installed, as this keeps
the valve rigid and prevents any foreign matter from getting in between
the working parts of the valve.
3.7 While installing flanged valves, each flange bolt should be tightened a
little at a time, taking care to tighten diametrically opposite bolts
alternately. The practice of fully tightening the bolts one after the
other is hrghly undesirable.
3.6 After installation of the valve, the valve and the pipe line should be
flushed Hiith water to remove any foreign matter that may be present in
them.
3.3 If any leak is detected at the valve seats, applying extra torque on the
valve spindle to set right the valve is not good practice. The valve seats
should be examined and, if necessary, repaired by scraping or replacing
where necmmry.
3.10 Valves in exposed positions should be protected in cold weather where
there is a likelihood of their becoming frozen and bursting.
3.11 Surface boxes conforming to IS : 39%1966’ should be provided to
cover the valve chamber for the safety and easy indcntlfkation of the
valves.
3.12 The direction of opening and closing should be clearly indicated.
3.13 Suitable identification plate should be provided as near to the actual
location of valves as possible.
3.14 Care should be taken to ensure that the joining material sits
squarely between the flanges of the valves and pipe lines or tails without
obstructing the waterway. It is equally important to ensure that there are
no kinks in thejointing material as might allow leakage in service.
ispccitic8tion for suffacc boxes for sluice valvc8.
54. MAlNTENANCE
4.1 A valve normally kept open or shut in a pipe should be operated once
every three months to ful! travel of gate and any jamming that may have
developed due to its remaining unused is to be freed.
4.2 It should be ensured that packings inside stuffing box are in good
trim and im regnated with grease. It may be necessary to change the
packing as 0 Pt en as necessary to ensure these requirements.
4.3 For T-key operation the end of the key should have good fit on the
square taper at the top of spindle. It is dangerous to operate valves by
oversize keys fitted direct to the spindle as this practice may result in
rounded square top and the key may eventually slip.
4.4 Partial opening of valves frequently in a pipe is dangerous particularly
against high unbalanced pressures. Where frequent partial opening of a
valve is necessary against high unbalanced pressures a duplicate valve may
be provided on the upstream side of the operating valve which should be
kept fully open all the time. This will enable isolation of the pipe section
for repairing the operative valve when it becomes defective.
4.4.1 Where a valve has been fully opened, the back-lash should be
taken out and the valve slightly eased so that it will not stick.
4.3 The valve should be regularly inspected internally and externally,
preferably, at intervals of not more than a year, the frequency of inspections
depending upon the service conditions and the frequency of valve
operations. The stuffing box packing should be adjusted or replaced soon
after leakage past the spindle is detected.
6IS : 2695 - 1971
( Cbnfinncdf rom page 2 )
Members Repnsrnling
SHRI s. K. GAMRHXR Directorate General of Supplies B Disposals
!%ixx M. C. Axtzi ( Afternote )
SHRl A. Gnosn National Tut HOUK, Calcutta
SHRl hf. hf. hbNSEiI Garlick & Co Pvt Ltd. Bombay
S-1 S. J. REGE( Alkrnuk)
SIIRIV . P. NARAYANANN AYS PublFf E3:: Engineering Department, Govcrnmcnt
SHRI RAXESIWHANDRHA . THAKKAR Geeta Iron ik Brass Works, Baroda
SHRXN AND KUMARH . T%+luca ( Al~emufe )
REPRESENTATIVE Central Public Health Engineering Rcscarcb Institute
( CSIR ), Nagpur
SHRI V. RAYAN ( Alternate)
Stm A. K. RAY Annapurna Metal Works, Calcutta
7BUREAU OF INDIAN S TANDARDS
Headquarters:
Manak Bhavan, 9 Bahadut Shah Zafat Matg, NEW DELHI 110002
Telephones: 331 01 31, 331 13 75 Telegrams: Manaksanstha
( Common to all Offices)
Regional Offices: Telephone
Central : Manak Bhavan, 9 Bahadut Shah Zafat Matg, I 331 01 31
NEW DELHI 110002 331 13 75
*Eastern : 1 jl4 C. I. T. Scheme VII M, V. I. P. Road, 36 24 99
Maniktola, CALCUTTA 700054
Nortnetn : SC0 445-446, Sector 35-C, I 21843
CHANDIGARH 160036 3 16 41
41 24 42
Southern : C. I. T. Campus, MADRAS 600113 I 41 25 19
141 2916
tWestern : Manakalaya, E9 MIDC, Matol, Andheti ( East ), 6 32 92 95
BOMBAY 400093
Branch Offices:
‘Pushpak’. Nurmohamed Shaikh Matg, Khanput, 2 63 48
AHMADABAD 380001
I 2 63 49
$Peenya Industrial Area 1 St Stage, Bangalore Tumkut Road 38 49 55
BANGALORE 560058 38 49 56
I
Gangotri Complex, 5th Floor. Bhadbhada Road, T. T. Nagar, 667 16
BHOPAL 462003
Plot No. 82/83. Lewis Road. BHUBANESHWAR 751002 5 36 27
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Reprography Unit, BIS, New Delhi, IndiaAMENDMENI’ NO. 1 MARCH 1990
IS : 2685 - 197f COD:OF PRACTICE FOR
SELECTION, INSTALLATION AND hlAINTENANCE
OF SLUICE VALVES
( First Revision )
( Page 3, clmse 0.2, lost fine ) - Substitute ‘1s : 780-1984” fir ‘IS :
780-1969.‘.
( Page 3, clause 1.1, last line ) - Substitute ‘IS : 78O-1984*’ for
‘IS : 78&1969*‘.
( Page 3, fiOf-note, jirsf line ) - Substitute ‘( sixfh revision )’ for
‘(fourth revision )‘.
( Page 5. clause 3.11, jrsr line ) - Substitute ‘IS : 3950 - 1979*‘for
‘IS : 3950-1966*‘.
( Page 5, four-note ) - Insert ‘(first revision )’ in the end.
(CED 3)
.
Reprography Unit, BIS, New lklhi, India
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1239_1.pdf
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lS1239(Partl ): 1990
(Reaffirmed 1998)
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Indian Standard
MILD STEEL TUBES, TUBULARS AND OTHER
WROUGHT STEEL FITTINGS — SPECIFICATION
PART 1 MILD STEEL TUBES
(Fijith Revision)
Third Reprint FEBRUARY 2002
UDC 621.643.2 [ 669.141.24 ]
.
OBIS 1991
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG
NEW DELHI 110002
January 1991 Price Group 4
\
i
-.Steel Tubes, Pipes and 1,ttings Sectional Committee, MTD 19
FOREWORD
This Indian Standard (Part 1) (Fifth Revision ) was adopted by the Bureau of Indian Standards
on ’20 Aprill 990, after the draft finalized by the Steel Tubes, Pipes, and Fittings Sectional
Committee had been approved by the Metallurgical Engineering Division Council.
This standard was first published in 1958 and subsequently revised in 1964, 1968, 1973 and 1979
respectively.
In this revision, the following main modifications have been made:
a) Eddy current test as a part of non-destructive testing has been introduced in this
specification as an alternate to hydraulic test based on the international practice and
experience gained in the country. Other methods of non-destructive testing may be
considered for inclusion in lhe specification , as and when sufficient experience isgained in
the country.
b) Requirements of sockets nave been deleted from this Indian Standard and are being covered
suitably through amendment No. 2 to IS 1239 ( Part 2 ) :1982.
c) Reference has been given to IS 10748:1984 for manufacture of steel tubes.
Where the use of tubes is not controlled by bvelaws or regulations, a reference should be made
to the code of practice relating to the particular’ application’:
In this country, the regulations governing the use of tubes for conveying steam are laid down
in the Indian Boiler Regulations published by the Central Boilers Board.
While formulating this standard, due consideration hasbeen given to the trade practices followed
in the country in this field. Due consideration has also been given to international coordination
among the standards prevailing in different countries. Assistance has been derived from the &
following publications: fI qi
..j
1S0 65: “1981 Carbon steel tubes suitable for screwing in accordance with 1S0 7/1. }
1~
International Organization for standardization.
~
BS 1387:1985 Screwed and socketed steel tubes and tubulars and for plain end steel tubes
suitable for welding or for screwing to BS 21 : 1985 Pipe threads fur tubes and
fitting where pressure-tight joints are made on the threads. British Standards .
Institution.
This standard contains clauses 6.3s 7.1$ 11.2, 13.1, 16.2 and 17.2.1 which call for an agreement.
bet\veen the manufacturer and the purchaser. .
For the purpose of deciding whether a particular requirement of this standard iscomplied with,
the final value, observed or calculated, expressing the result of a test or analysis, shall be rounded
off in accordance with IS 2.: 1960 ‘Rules for rounding off numerical values (revzkd )’. The
number of significant places retained in the rounded off value should be the same as that of the
specified value in this standard. ,.,IS 1239( Part 1) :1930
Indian Standard
MILD STEEL TUBES, TUBULARS AND OTHER
WROUGHT STEEL FITTINGS — SPECIFICATION
PART 1 MILD STEEL TUBES
( Fifth Revision]
1 SCOPE INo~Nr— The term socket issynonymous with.the term
I
1.”1 This standard (Part 1) covers the require-
3.6 Length
I ments for welded and seamless plain end or
screwed arid socketed mild steel tubes intended
3.6.1 Random Length
for use in water, gas, airlines and steam.
Normal manufacturing lengths which may vary
1.2 Medium and heavy tubes only are, recom-
over a wide range; alternatively, a length range
mended for carrying steam services. The
may be agreed to between the purchaser and
maxiqmm permissible pressure and temperatures
the manufacturer.
for different sizes of tubes are given in Annex A
fot guidance only.
3.6.2 Exact Length of Screwed and Socketed Tube
2 BZFERENCES
The length of the tube inclusive of the socket.
2.1 The Indian Standards listed in Annex B are
3.6.3 Length of Screwed and Socketed Tube
necessary adjuncts to thk standard.
The length of the tube exclusive of the socket on
3 TERMINOLOGY
one end with handling-tight.
3.0 For the purpose of this standard, the
NOTE —Handling-tight means that the socket is so
following definitions shall apply. tight fitted that it should not fall down during handling
ortransit.
3.1 Black Tube
4 DESIGNATION
Tube as manufactured, without any subsequent
surface treatment. 4.1 Mild steel tubes covered by this standard
shall be designated by their nominal bore, and ,, ,
3.2 Nominal Bore shall be further classified as light, medium and
heavy depending on the wall thickness; and
A size reference denoting the approximate bore screwed and socketed or plain-end to denote
of the tube. For each size of tube, the outside end condition, and black or galvanized to
diameter is fixed by the corresponding screw denote surface condition.
thread dimensions of IS 554:1985, and there-
fore, the actual’ bore of each size of tube will 5 SUPPLY OF MATERIALS
vary according to the thickness.
5.; G;;~al rre~uir:~:m:s relating to the supply
3.3 Plain End
shall co~form to
IS 1387:1967.
The ends are cleanly finished by normal
deburring process.
6 MANUFACTURE
3.4 Tube Pipe
6.1 Seamless Steel Tubes
A long, hollow, open-ended object of circular
or other cross-section. The term tube is Shall be made from tested quality steel
synonymous wuththe term pipe. manufactured by any approved process and
shall be fully killed. The sulphur and phosphorus
3.5 Socket requirements in steel shall not exceed” 0“05
percent each. The welded tubes shall be
The screwed coupling utilized in jointing the manufactured from hot-rolled steel skelp/strips
tubes together. conforrtiing to 1S 10748: 1984.
1IS 1239 (Part 1) :1990
6.2 Steel tubes shall be manufactured by one of shall be permitted on the.tubes and sockets:
the fol!cswing processes:
a) Thickness:
a) Hot-finished seamless (HFS );
1) Seam welded + Not limited
b) Electric resistance welded ( ERW ); Light tubes – 8 percent
c) High frequency induction welded (HFIW);
Medium and heavy + Not limited
d) Hot finished welded (HFW ); and tubes - 10 percent
e) Cold finished seamless ( CDS ). 2) Seamless tubes + Not limited
— !2”5percent
NOTE – Tuiws made by manual welding are not
covered by thn specification.
b) Weight
6.3 ‘L,ght’, ‘Medium’ and ‘Heavy’ tubes shall
be either welded or seamless as agreed to 1) Single tube (light + 10 percent
between the purchaser and the manufacturer. series ) — 8 percent
2) Single tube ( medium + 10 percent
6.4 If so specified by the purchaser, the height
and heavy series )
of the internal weld fin shall not be greater than
60 percent of the specific 3 thickness.
3) For quantities per load & 5 percent
of 10tonnes, Min (light
6.5 All electric welded tubes used for steam
series )
services shall be normalized. Only medium
and heavy class of tubes shall normally be used 4) For quantities per load & 7:5 percent
for steam services. of 10 tonnes, Min
NOTE – HFS and HFW tube. need not be normalized. (medium and heavy
series ]
7 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
NOTE —For the purpose of a minimum weizhment of
10tonnes lot, the w>igkment may be done in c&venient
7.1 The chemical analysis of steel tubes shall be
lotsat the option of the manufacturer.
carried out only for sulphur and phosphorus
requirements.
10 JOINTS
7.1.1 The analysis of steel shall be carried out
10.1 All screwed tubes shall be supplied with
either by the method specified in IS 228 and its
relevant parts or “any other established pipe threads conforming to IS 554:1985.
instrumental/chemical methods. In case of .Gauging in accordance with IS 8999:1979 shall
dispute the procedure given in IS 228 and its be considered as an adequate test for con-
relevant parts shall be the referee method. How- formity of threads of IS 554:1975.
ever, where the method is not given in IS 228
and its relevant parts, the referee methodsh all 10.1.1 Unless specified otherwise, tubes shall be
be as agreed to betlveen the purchaser and the supplied screwed with taper threads.
manufacturer.
10.1.1.1 However, in the case of ‘light’ tubes,
7.1.2 Product Analysis the application of taper pipe threads may be
modified by permitting the outside diameter of
The maximum permissible variation of stdphur the tubes to be within the limits shown in
and phosphorus in the case of product analysis CO12 and 3 of Table 1. Where the tube
from the limits stated in 6.1 shall be 0“005 approaches the lower limit of outside diameter,
percent each. some incomplete thr,eads (perfect “at root and
imperfect at the crest ) may be expected from
8 DIMENSIONS
and beyond the gauge plane. Such incomplete
threads shall not be regarded as justification
8.1 The dimensions and nominal mass of tubes
for rejection of the tubes. Also, the minimum
shall be in accordance with Tables 1,2 and 3,
length of threads in ‘light: tubes shall be 80
sul)ject to the tolerances permitted in 9.
percent of that specified in IS 554:1985.
8.1.1 Thickness and mass mentioned in Tables
10.2 Each tube shall be supplied with one
1, 2 and 3 are applicable to both black and
socket conforming to IS 1239 (Part 2 ) :1982.
galvanized tubes.
9 TOLERANCES ON THICKNESS AND 11 LENGTH!J
MASS
11.0 Following tolerances shall be applied on
9.1 The following manufacturing tolerances lengths of tubes.
2IS 1239 (Part 1) :1990
Table 1 Dimensions and Nominal Mass of Steel Tubes — Light
(C&zuseJ8.1 and 10.1.1.1)
Nominal Outxide Diameter l%ickmeaa Mxxa of Tube
Bore ————— A _——. ——T
Ga;imum Minimum ‘Plain Screwed ‘
End and Socketed
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)
mm mm kg/m kg/m
10”1 9“7 1“8 0“360 W363
13”6 13.2 I“8 0“515 0519
17”1 16”7 1“8 0“670 0“676
2L”4 21”0 2“0 0“947 0956
269 26”4 2T3 1“38 1“39
3Y8 33”2 2“6 1“98 2“00
42”5 41”9 2“6 2“57
48”4 47”8 2“9 :: 3“27
60”2 59’6 2“9 ~08 415
65 76”0 75”2 3“2 971 5“83
so 88”7 87”9 C72 689
100 113”9 )1*O U 975 100
Table 2 Dimensions and Nominal Mass of Steel Tabes — Medium
(Clause 8.1 )
Nominal Outside Diameter Thicknex9 Maxs of Tube
Bore ~———.. .A_. ——— - — — .- —.——— T
Maximum Minimu~ Plain Screwed
End and Socketed
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)
Inm mm mm mm kg/m kg/m
6 1W6 P8 0407
140 13”2 R $% tV645
18 17”5 16”7 2“3 0“839 0%45
21”8 21”0 1-21 1.22
27”3 26”5 1.56 1.57
34”2 33”!3 241 2’43
32 42.9 42.0 3.2 3.10 3.13
40 488 47.9 3.2 3.56 3.60
50 6W8 597 3.6 5.03 5.10
766 75.3 642 6.54
895 88.0 8.36 8.53
115.0 113.1 12.2 12.5
125 140.8 138.5 4.8 1590 16.4
150 166.5 163.9 4.8 189 19.5
J1.1 Random Length below 65 mm nominal bore and 7.5 percent of
the total number of lengths for sizes 65 mm
4 to 7 m, unless otherwise specified. Includes nominal bore and above. In addition, it shall
one socket for screwed and socketed tubes. be permissible for two lengths to be jointed
together to make a random length, provided
11.1.1 For orders of over 150 m of any one size that the number of such jointed lengths does
of tube, it shall-be permissible to supply short not exceed 5 percent of the total numbers of
random lengths from 2 to 4 m, provided that lengths for sizes below 65 mm nominal bore
the number of such lengths does not exceed 5 and 7.5 percent of the total number of lengths
percent of the total numbers of lengths for sizes for sizes 65 mm and above.
3IS 1239(Part 1) :1990
Table 3 Dimensions and Nominal Ibfa- of Steel Tsalsem— Heawy
(Clause8.1)
Ossteide Diameter l%ickssees Mass of Tube
~ .. —. —.A——— ~pA-_—_—_
Maximum Minimum Plain Screwed
End and Socketed
(1) .(2) (3) (4) (5) (6)
mm mm mm mm kg/m kg/m
6 10”5 2“6 0“4s7 W490
14”0 1;”: 2“9 0“765 0769
18 17”5 16”7 2“9 1’02 1“0.3
21”8 21”0 3’2 1“44 1“45
27”3 26”5 3“2 1“87 1“88
34”2 33”3 40 2“93 2“95
32 42”9 42”0 40 3“79 3“82
40 4S”8 47”9 40 4’37 *41
50 60”8 59”7 4“5 &19 626
65 76”6 7!5”3 45 7“93 8“05
80 8SY5 88”0 4“U 990 10”40
100 115”0 113”1 54 145 148
125 140-8 138”5 5“4 17”9 18.4
150 1665 163”9 5“4 21.3 21”9
.
11.2 Exact Length seconds and shall not show any leakage in the
pipe.
Unlessotherwise agreed to between the manufac-
turer and the purchaser, where exact lengths are 14 TEST ON FINISHED TUBES
specified, either for screwed and socketed tubes
or for plain-end tubes, each tube shall be within 14.0 The following tests shall be conducted by
+6 the manufacturer on finished tubes.
_ ~ mm of the specified length.
14.1 The tensile strength of length or strip cut
11.3 Approximate Length from selected tubes, when testetin accordance
with IS 1894: 1972, shall be at least 320 MPa
Where approximate lengths are required, either (320 N/mm’).
for screwed and socketed tubes or for plain end
NOTES
tubes, each tube shall be within + 150 mm of
the specified length. 1.For welded tubes, the strip tensile test specimen shall
not contain the weld.
12 GALVANIZING 2 For galvanised tubes, zinc coating may be removed
by stripping prior to tensile test.
12.1 Where tubes are required to be galvanized,
14.1.1 The elongation percentage on a gauge
the zinc coating on the tubes shall be in
length of 5“65/So, where So is the original cross-
accordance with IS 4736: 1986.
sectional area of the test specimen, shall be as
follows:
12.1.1 Tubes which are to be screwed shall be
galvanized before screwing. Nominal Bore Elongation
Percent, Min
13 LEAK TIGHTNESS TEST
a) For steam and gas services 20 percent
13.1 Each tube shall be tested for hydrostatic for all sizes
test for leak tightness as an in-process test at the
b) For other services:
manufacturer’s ~vorks. Eddy current test may
he done in place of hydrostatic test as per the Up to and including25 mm 12 percent
procedure given in Annex C, subject to mutual Over 25 mm up to and 20 percent
agreement between the purchaser and the including 150 mm
manufacturer.
14.2 Bend Test on Tubes “Up to and
Including 50 mm Nominal Bore
13.1.1 Hydrostatic test shall be carried out at a
pressure of 5 MPa, maintained for at least 3 When tested in accordance with IS 2329:1985,
4-&
IS 1239( Part 1) :1890
the finished tubes shall be capable of with- reasonably straight.
standing the bend test without showing any
signs of fracture or failure. Welded tubes shall 16 SAMPLING OF TUBES
be bent with the weld at 90° to the plane of
bending. The tubes shall not be filled for this 16.1 Lot
test.
For the purpose of drawing samples all mild
14.2.1 Ungalvanized tubes shall be capable of steel tubes bearing same designation and
being bent cold, without cracking, through 180° manufactured under a single process shall be
round a former having a radius at the bottom grouped together to constitute a lot. Each lot
of groove, in the plane of bending, equal to six shall be sampled separately and assessed for
times the outside diameter of the tube. conformity to this specification.
14.2.2 Galvanized tubes shall be capable of 16.2 Sampling and Criterion for
being bent cold, without cracking of the steel, Conformity
through 90° round a former having a radius at
the bottom of the groove equal to eight times Unless otherwise agreed to between the manu-
the outside diameter of the tube. facturer and the purchaser the procedure for
sampling of tubes for various tests and criteria
14.3 Flattening Test on Tubes Above 50mm for conformity shall be asgiveninIS4711 :1974.
Nominal Bore
17 MARKING
Rings, not less than 40 mm in length, cut from
the ends of selected tubes, shall be flattened 17.1 Each tube shall bear legibly the identity of
between parallel plates with the weld if any at the source of manufacturer.
90° (point of maximum bending) in accordance
with IS 2328: 1983. No opening shall occur by 17.2 The different classes of tubes shall be
fracture in the weld until the distance between distinguished by colour bands which shall be
the plates is lessthan 75 percent of the original applied as follows before the tubes leave the
outside diameter of the pipe and no cracks or manufacturer’s works:
breaks in the metal elsewhere than in the weld
‘Light’ tubes, Yellow*
shall occur until the distance between the plates
‘Medium’ tubes, Blue
is less than 60 percent of the original outside
‘Heavy’ tubes, Red.
diameter.
17.2.1 Unless otherwise mutually agreed to
14.3.1 The test rings may have the inner and between the manufacturer and the purchaser, a
outer eclges rounded. whtte colour band shall be appiied at each end
of the tubes for steam services. -, -J
14.4 Retest
17.3 “All long random lengths shall each have
Should any one of the test pieces first selected two 75 mm bands, one near each end; all other
fail to pass any of the tests specified above, two lengths shall each have one 75 mm band.
further samples shall be selected for testing in
respect of Each faiiure. Should the test pieces 17.3.1 The tubes may also be marked with the
from both these additional samples pass, the Standard Mark, details for which may be
material shall be deemed to comply with the obtained from the Bureau of Indian Standards.
requirements of that particular test. Should
the test pieces from either of these additional 18 PROTECTION AND PACKING
samples fail, the material represented by the
test samples shall be deemed asnot complying 18.1 Black tubes not otherwise protected shall
with the standard. be varnished or suitably painted externally
throughout the length unless ordered
15 WORKMANSHIP unvarnished or unpainted. Where tubes are
lmndle~ for transport, all qualities of tubes shall
15.1 All pipes shall be cleanly finished and be packed in accordance with IS 4740:1979.
reasonably free from injurious defects. The
ends shrillbe cleanly cut and reasonably square “For export purposes the tubes may be
with axis of the pipe. The tubes shall be painted yellow or brown.IS=(Part 1):1990
ANNEX A
( Clause 1.2)
MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE PRESSURE AND TEMPERATURE FOR
TUBES FOR CONVEYING STEAM
A-1 The maximum permissible pressure and A-2 For tubes fitted with appropriate flanges or
temperature for tubes with screwed and suitably butt welded together, the maximum
socketed joints shall be as given in Table 4. permissible pressure shall be 2-06 MPa and the
maximum permissible temperature 260”C.
T=ble 4 Maximum Permissible Presmme and Ternperatare For Tubes With
Steel Couplings or Screwed and Socketed Joints
(Claw A-1)
Nomhal Bore
(1) (2) (3)
mm MPa “c
Up toand including 25 mm 1“20 260
Over 25mmuptoandincluding 40 mm 1“03 260
Over 40 mm up to and including 60 mm tY86 260
Over 60 mm up to and including 100mm 069 260
tV83 177
Over 100mm up to and including 125mm 069 171
Over 125mm up to and including 150mm 050 160
NOTE —1MPa = 1N/mms = 01020 kg/mm8
ANNEX B
( Clause 2.1)
LIST OF REFERRED INDIAN STANDARDS
Is No. Tile IS NO. Title
228 Methods for chemical analysis 2329: 1985 Method for bend test on
of steels metallic tubes (in full section )
(&t reviswn)
554:1985 Dimensions for pipe threads
where pressure-tigh~ joints are 4711: 1974 Methods for sampling of steel
made.on threads (third revi>ion) pipes, tubes and fittings (jht
revirion)
1239 Mild steel tubes, tubulars and
( Part 2 ) :1982 other wrought steel fittings : 4736: 986 Hot dip zinc coatings on mild
Part 2 Mild steel tubulars and
steel tubes (jht reviswn )
other wrought steel pipe
fittings ( third revisrhs) 4740: 979 Code of practice for packaging
of steel tubes (first revtiion )
1387:1967 General requirements for the
supply of metallurgical
8999: 979 Gauging practice for pipe
materials (Jirsrtetiion )
threads where pressure tight
1894:1972 Method for tensile testing of joints are required on the
steel tubes (j%t revfiion) threads
2328:1983 h4ethod for flattening test on 10748: 1984 Hot rolled steel skelp/strip for
metallic tubes (jhtrerrfiiort) welded tubes and pipes
6IS1239(Partl) :1990
ANNEX C
( Clause 13.1 )
EDDY CURRENT TESTING OF TUBES AS AN ALTERNATIVE TO
THE HYDRAULIC LEAK TIGHTNESS TEST
C-1 METHODS OF TEST follows:
Nominal Bor# of Tubes Drill Dianwter
C-1.l The tubes shall be tested for imperfections
.mm
using a concentric coil or a rotating tube or
rotary probe eddy current fechnique in
Up to and including 15 1“2
accordance with this Annex,
20,25-32 1“7
C-1.2 The tube shall be sufficiently straight to 40-50 2“2
ensure the validity of the test and the surface 65-80 2“7
shall be free from any foreign matter that 100-125 3“2
would interfere with. the interpretation of the
150 3“7
test.
C-2.3 Method B
C-1.3 TWO methods of test are ermitted ( at
the manufacturer’s option ). T~e equipment
The standard testpiece shall have alongitudinal
may be located ‘on’ or ‘off’ the tube mill. notch 0-8 mm or lessin width machin~d parallel
to the tube axis on the outer surface of the
Method A tube. The depth of the notch shall not exceed
12 1/2 percent of the specified thickness of the
tube or 0-3 mm whichever is greater. The
The tube to be tested ispassed through the (a)
length, of the notch at full depth shall not
concentric test coil (applicable to welded or
exceed 50 mm.
seamless tubes ), or (b) segmental coil covering
the weld and + 15° arc from weld line
C-3 CALIBRATION PROCEDURE
( applicable to welded tubes) on either side.
C-3.1 The equipment and test coils shall be
Method B
adjusted to produce in a consistent manner a
clearly identifiable signal from the standard($)
The tube to be tested or the test coil assembly defect on the standard tube and this signal
------
is rotated and translated relative to each other shall be used to set the trigger/alarm level of
so the test coil describe a helical path over the the equipment. For calibration purposes the
tube surface. The pitch of the helical scan shall relative speed between the standard tube
ensure that the whole of the tube surface is containing standard defect and the test coils
effectively covered. This method is applicable shall be the same as that used during the
to seamless tubes only. production.
C-2 CALIBRATION OF TEST C-3.2 The calibration of the equipment shall
be checked at the commencement and at the
EQUIPMENT
end of each working period and at intervals
not exceeding 2 h.
C-2.1 The equipment shall be calibrated using
standard tube containing holes as defined
C-3.3 If on checking during production testing
in .C-2.3 for Method A or standard notches as
the reference standard is not detected even after
defined in C-2.4 for Method B. The test piece
changing the sensitivity by 2dB to allow for
for off-line equipment shall have similar
equipment drift, the equipment shall be recali-
electromagnetic properties and same diameter brated. Following recalibration, all tubes
and thickness as the tube to be tested. For
tested since the previous check shall be retested,
online equipment, running tube may he
unless recordings from individually identified
considered as standard tube.
tubes are available that permit classdlcatjon of
those tubes into ‘suspect’ and ‘acceptable’
C-2.2 Method A categories.
The standard defect shall be a circular hole C-4 TEST PROCEDURE
drilled radially completely through the tube
wall on the welding. The diameter of the C-4.1 Pass the pipe or tubing to be inspected
drill required to make these holes shall be as through the test unit at the appropriate
7‘-
IS 1239( Part 1) :1990
production speed, maintaining the production to have passed thk test.
spe?d constant within +10 percent under
C-5.2 Since NDT systems are known to be
conditions identical to those used in the
sensitive to some features which do not cause a
calibration of the equipment.
leak, the tubes rejected by NDT may be retested
NOTE — Identical conditions include all instrument hydraulically and whatever tubes pass the
settings, mechanical motion, positioning ofthe encirclir@ hydraulic test shall be accepted.
coil(s) in relation to the tube and any other factor that
affect the validity ofthe technique. C-5.3 The tubes rejected in C-5.1 may also be
retested off-line NDT equipment. Those which
C-5 ACCEPTANCE do not produce reject level signals shall be
accepted. Others may be accepted after
C-5.1 Any tube producing a signal lower than cropping of the portion producing reject level
the signals from the standard shall be deemed signals.
8A
-
Bureau of Indian Standards
BIS is a statutory institution established under the Bureau of Indian Standards Act, 1986 to promote
harmonious development of theactivities of standardization, markingandquality certification of goods and
attending to connected mattersinthe country.
Copyright
BIShasthecopyright of allitspublications. Nopartofthesepublications maybe reproduced inanyformwithout
the prior permission inwriting of BIS. This does not preclude the free use, inthe course of implementing the
standard, of necessary details, such as symbols and sizes, type or grade designations. Enquiries relating to
copyright be addressed to the Director (Publications), BIS.
Review of Indian Standards
Amendments are issued to standards astheneed arises onthe basis ofcomments. Standards are also reviewed
periodically; astandard along with amendments isreaffirmed when such review indicates that nochanges are
needed; ifthe review indicates that changes are needed, itistaken up for revision. Users of Indian Standards
should ascertain that they are inpossession ofthe latest amendments oredition byreferring to the latest issue
of ‘BIS Catalogue’ and ‘Standards :Monthly Additions’.
This Indian Standard has been developed from Doc :No. MTD 19 ( 3565 ).
Amendments Issued Since Publication
Amend No. Date of Issue Text Affected
(
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PrintedatNew IndiaPrintingPress, Khurja, India
.S!._
. ....
AMENDMENT NO.1 JUNE1992 1
i-
To
IS 1239( Part1) :1990 MILD STEEL TUBES,
~UBULARS AND CYl!HERWROUGHT SI’EEL
FITTINGS — SPECIFICATION
PART 1 MILD STEEL TUBES
(F#h Revirb)
( Cowrpngqlfhditi&~JimWwti) – Sublrtill*ltefollowing for*
Cxbthlwgord
“ ~ ‘f-’~ ‘.
(hge ~ CfUMM~~ ) —Subtitaklk WOKI‘CXC]UdVCoff‘widusivc’.
(Pqe Lclause3s) —subtitu8eUMword%cldve’jiw ‘excludvcoe
(P4rge4clauselad )—suktkute%65#%’@
‘sAs&’.
(Pu&5,*174)—q*h**mkmMti~b
fWowiagkxu
‘For cxpotiputposcs,b colourbami onthc tuba maybeyelloworbrowm’
1
i
(MTD19)
Printed atNew IndiaPrintingPress, Khuja, IndiaNO* 2 DECEMBER 1992 Ii
To
1S1?39 ( Part 1 ) :1990 MILD STEELTUBES,
TUMJLARS AND OTHER WROUGHT STEEL
FI’ITINGS — SPECIFICATION
PART 1 MU.O STEEL TUBES
( El!jthRevision )
( Page 1,clause3.4) —Substitute ‘Tube/Pipe’for ‘Tube Pipe’.
[page 1,clause6.1) — Substitute tke following for the existing
clause.
‘Seamlew She]tubes shall be made from tested quality steel manufac-
turedbyany a~oved proceas andshall be fully killed. The sulphur
and phospho~ ~W~rements in steel shal] not e~eed 0.05 percent
each.
Thewelded tubes 8hall b ~a~actw~ from hot-rolled steel skelp/
stripsco~rming to IS 1074.. ~~.’
(P*e7, &use GM):
a) Lfne3 - substitute ‘GM’ J.. ~GW.
b) LfJte4- ‘Gus for‘C-24’.
c) line 4- Whtitute “standardtube’~v ~~st pie=’.
(Page 7, clause C-23, hue 1) - Substitute ‘tube& ~taatpiece’.
( Pago 7, clause -.1) :
a)&3 — Substitute‘standard’@ ‘standard(s)’.
b) Une4— Substitute ‘defeot(s)’fm‘defect’.
( Page 7, clause (X.1, lfne 1) - Substitute ‘tube’ /or ‘pipe or
tubing’.
( Page 8,cfauseC&3, he S) – Substitute ‘off’f~ ‘of’.
Printed atNew hdiaprintinPgress, Khurja,IndiaAMENDMENT NO. 3 OCTOBER1993 )
TO
r
1S1239 ( Pprt 1): 1990 MILD STEEL TUBES,
TtJBUL~RS AND OTHER WROUGHT STEEL
tWITINGS — SPECIFICATION
PART1 MILD STEEL TUBES
(Puge 1.ckmse 6.1)— Addanew paraqfterthisclause
‘Tubes may also bc manufactured from sheethtnp conforming10IS513:1988
C+ rolledlowcarbonsteelsheetandstrip.’
(Page2. chwe 10.2)—Suhstituwthefollowing fortheexistingclause
‘Each tub shall be supplied with one socket. SocketsIN conform to 811
rcquimwcntsofIS1239( Past2): 1992exceptclause&4.’
(Page 4. Table3,cof6)– Substitute‘10.W@ ‘10.40’.
(MTD19)
Printed atNew IndiaPrinting press, Khja, IndiaAMENDMENT NO. 4 DECEMBER. 1995
TO
1S 1239( Part 1 ) :1990 MILD STEEL TUBES,
TUBULJ4RS AND OTHER WROUGHT STEEL
FI’ITINGS — SPECIFICATION
PART 1 MILDSTEEL TUBES
(Fijlh Revisioir)
(Page 1, clause 2.1) — Insert the following afler2.1:
‘2.1.1 Latestversionofthestandardshouldbereferredto.’
(Page 1,clause 6.1) — Substitute‘10748 :1995’ for ‘10748 :1984’ and
also whereveritoccum inthestandard.
[ Page 4,clause 14.1.l(a) ]— Substitutethefollowing forthecxis[ing
Nominal Bore Elongation Percen~ Min
a) Forsteamservices forallsizes 20
( MTD 19)
Printed atNew IndiaPrinting Press, Khurja, IndiaAMENDMENT NO. 5 FEBRUARY 1999
TO
IS 1239 (PART 1) :1990 MILO STEEL TUBES,
TUBULARS AND OTHER WROUGIiT STEEL FI’ITINGS
— SPECIFICATION
PART 1 MILD STEEL TUBES
(Fiflh Revkwn )
I Page 1, chmc 2.1 ( see also Arnencfrrmt No. 4 ) ] – Substitulc Ilrc
following for Ilk existing clause:
‘The Indian Standards listed in Annex B contain previsions which tbrougb
reference in this text, comtilule prvvision of this standard. At the time of
publication, the editions indicated were valid. All Iudian Standards are subject to
revision, and partiesto agreements based on !his $tandnrd arc encouraged to
investigate the possibility of applying the most rcccnt editions of the Indian
Standards indicated inAnnex B.’
( Page 2, clause 10.1, line 5 )-- Subslilulc ‘IS 554:1985’ for ‘IS 554:
1975~.
(Page 4, clause 14.1, line 3)— Subs!ihrte ‘IS 1608:1995’ @ ‘1S!994 :
1972’.
(Page 6,Annex B)-– Substitute the following matter for tbcexisting:
is
No. ‘fide
228 Mctbods forchcmic~l analysis of pig iron,ms! ~ion and plain
carbon and lowalloy steels
513:1994 CMd rolled lowcartxm steel sbecLsand strips (/orwt/Irewrkion)
$54:1985 Dimensions for pipe threads where pressure tight joints are
required on tbe threads (r/rird revision)
1239 (Part 2): Mild steel tubes, tubulara and other wrought steel fitting.. :
1992 Part 2 Mild steel sockets tubular and other wrought steel pipe
fittings (@rfh mtvkbn)Amend No.Sto1S1239(Pan 1) :1990
lSNO. Title
1387:1993 Geneml requirementsforthesupplyoftnctaiiurgieaml aterials
(Seeondrevision)
1608:1995 Mechankai testing of metals — mmsik testing ( second
revision )
2328:1983 h.iethodforflatteningtestonmctaliic tubes(/Irst reviswn )
2329:1985 Methodforbend test cmmetallic tubes ( infullsection)(first
reviswn )
4711:1974 Methods [or sampiing of steel pipes, tubes and fittings (first
revision )
4736:1986 Hotdipzinc matings on mild steel tubes (Jlrst Jevision )
4740:1979 Code of practice forpackaging of steel tubes (jh revision )
8999:1979 Gauging ptactice for pipe threads where prcsure tight joints
are required on the threads
10748: 19!?5 Hot rolled steel strips for welded tubes and pipes ( Jrsl
revision )
(MTD19)
Printed atNew IndiaPrintingPress, Khurja,India
2
|
228_5.pdf
|
IS : 228 (Part Q-1987
( Reaffirmed 1997 )
Indian Standard
METHODS FOR
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF STEELS
PART 5 DETERMINATION OF NICKEL BY
DIMETHYLGLYOXIME (GRAVIMETRIC) METHOD
(FOR NICKEL)O~l PERCENT)
( Third Revision )
Third Reprint OCTOBER1998
UDC 669’1%194.2/*:3 5 43’21[ 546*74]
Q Copyright 1987
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAPAR MARO
NEW DBLHI 1loooZ
Gr 3 August 1987IS : 228 ( Part 5 ) - 1987
Indian Standard
METHODS FOR
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF STEELS
PART 5 DETERMINATION OF NICKEL BY
DIMETHYLGLYOXIYE (GRAVIMETRIC) METHOD
(FOR NICKEL > 0’1 PERCENT)
( Third Revision)
Methods of Chemical Analysis of Ferrous Metals
Sectional Committee, SMDC 2
Chairman Repesmting
DR C. S. P. IYER Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Bombay
M#fIlb#W
Sunr G. M. APPABAO Steel Authority of India Ltd ( Bhilai Steel Plant ),
Bhilai
Snnx R. D. A~ABWAL ( Allnnalc )
SHBI S. V. BEA~WAT Khandelwal Ferro Alloys Ltd, Nagpur
SERI D. N. GUPTA ( AZ~crauZr)
S~HI P. CHAKRA Indian Metals & Ferro Alloys Ltd, Koraput
CHE~ST & METALL~B~I~T Ministry of Transport ( Department of Railways )
AIWSTMT REBEABCH OBPIOEB
(MET-2) RDSO, LV~KNOW
( Alternate )
CEIEB CHPYIST Tata Iron & Steel Co Ltd. Jamshedpur
ASSISTANT CHIEF CHEMIST ( Ahnatr )
SBRI M. K. CHAKRAVA~TY Ministry of Defence (DGI)
SRRI P. K. SEN ( Attrrnata )
DH M. M. CHAKRABORTY Indian Iron & Steel Co Ltd, Burnpur
SERI M. S. CHATTEBJLE ( Aftsrnatr )
SERI C. K. DIKBHIT Ordnance Factory Board ( Ministry of Defence ).
Calcutta
Sam S. N. MOITRA ( Altnnotr)
SHRI V. B. KBANNA Directorate General of Supplies 8t Dirposals,
New Delhi
9nn1 J. N. MVKEERJEE Steel Authority of India Ltd ( Durgapur Steel
Plant ), Durgapur
( Continuedon pap 2 )
Q Copyighf 1987
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
This publication is protected under the Zadiaa Coplright Act ( XIV of 1957) and
reproduction in whole or in part by any means except with written permtion of the
publisher shall be deemed to be an infringement of copyright under the said Act.IS : 228 ( Part 5) - 1987
( Centinucd/ remp ugt I )
Md8TJ Rqmmting
Sanx P. NARAIN Mahindra Ugine Steel Co Ltd, Bombay
SARI G. R. SIRMA ( Alfrmatr )
SHRI N. P. PANDA Steel Authority of India Ltd (Rourkela Stee
Plant ), Rourkela
SBHI B. MASIAPATRA( Alfrrnala )
Da L. P. PANDEY National Metallurgical Laboratory ( CSIR)
NatcJa;;hedPur
DR D, C. PflAaXAR Physical Laboratory (CSIR j
New Delhi
SHRI J. RAI ( Altwarr )
SHRI G. RAJANAO Ferro Alloyr Corporation Ltd, Shreeramnagar
SARI K. RAMAPRIBRNAN Essc-n & Co, Bangalore
DR J. RAJAIXAM( AIlrrnolr )
SHRXA . P. SINHA Steel Authority of India Ltd (Bokaro Stec
Plant ), Bokaro
SBRI K. ANWIAH ( Alfrrnatr )
SARI N. V. SUBBARAYAPPA Visveevaraya Sron & Steel Ltd, Bhadravati
DR P. SUBRAIIMANIAM Dcfence Metallurgical Rcrearch Laboratory
Hyderabad
SRR~ T. H. RAO ( Alfrr~f# )
DR CR. VRNXATEBWARLU Bhabha Atomic Research Centre Bombay
Snnx K. RAORAVENUI~AN, Director General, BIS ( Ex-o#cio Mamba )
Director ( Strut & Met )
S#nrto~
SHRI M. L. SHARMA
Atristant Diwctor ( Metalr ), BIS
Ferrous Metals Analysis Subcommittee, SMDC 2 : 3
Convenrr
DR C. S. P. IYER Bhabba Atomic Reeearcb Centre, Bombay
Mtmbrrr
Sa~x S. EA~~KARAN Bbarat Heavy Electricale Ltd, Hydcrabad
SHRI MATA SARAN ( Alfrr~t 1)
SERI B. RARA ( Alfrrnalr II )
SHRI U. P. Bean Stee~~$ority of India Ltd ( Bbilai Strel Plant )
SHRI E. M. Ve~xmmm ( Ahrnalr )
CHIEF CII~MIW Tata Iron & Steel Co Ltd, Jamshedpur
AUE:ETANTC ntEp CBEWST ( Allrrnolr )
Da M. M. CHARRABORTY Indian Iron dr Steel Co Ltd, Burapur
SHRI L. N. DAN ( Ahmalt )
SHRI H. K. DAB Steel Authority of India Ltd (Rourksla Stee
Plant ),.. Rourkela
SHRI K. Bra~~ot ( Altrmat~ )
SEYRAI , K. GUPTA National Physical Laboratory ( CSIR )
New Delhi
( Conttnwd ea pap 9
*
2IS t 228 ( Part 5 ) - 1987
Indian Standard
METHODS FOR
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF STEELS
PART 6 DETERMINATION OF NICKEL BY
DIMETHYLGLYOXIME ( GRAVIMETRIC ) METHOD
( FOR NICKEL > 0’1 PERCENT)
Third Revision )
(
0. FOREWORD
0.1 This Indian Standard ( Part 5 ) ( Third Revision ) was adopted by
the Indian Standards Institution on 16 January 1987, after the draft
finalized by the Methods of Chemical Analysis of Ferrous Metals
Sectional Committee had been approved by the Strtictural and Metals
Division Council.
0.2 IS : 228, which was issued as a tentative standard in 1952 and
revised in 1959, covered the chemial analysis of pig iron, cast iron and
plain carbon and low alloy steels. For the convenience it was decided
to publish a comprehensive series on chemical analysis of steels includ-
ing high alloy steels. Accordingly, revision of IS : 228 was taken up
and new series on methods of chemical analysis of steels
&zsing high alloy steels was published in various parts as IS : 228
( Parts 1 to 13 ) ( see Appendix A ) covering separate method of
analysis for each constituent in steels. However, IS : 228-1959* version
has been retained for the analysis of pig iron and cast iron till a
separate standard for analysis of pig iron and cast iron is published.
0.2.1 This revision of IS : 228 ( Part 5 )-1974t has been undertaken on
the basis of experience gained during the implementation of the
standard by the manufacturers and testing laboratories.
0.3 In this revision major modifications are:
a) scope of the method has been modified by lowering the limit
of nickel for determination from 0’5 to 0’1 percent, and
--_
*Methods of chemical analyric of pig iron, cmt iron and plain carbon md low alloy
Iterlc (rcuircd).
tMethod# of chemical analyG# of rtacla: Part 5 Determination of nickel by
iimetbylglyorime ( gravimetric ) method ( for nickel > 0’5 percent) ( wand rruisio)n.
3IS t 228 ( Part 5 ) - 1987
1)) inclusion of reproducibility of the method at the various levels
of nickel content.
0.4 In reporting the result of a test or analysis made in accordance
with this standard, if the final value, observed or calculated, is to be
rounded off, it shall be done in accordance with IS : 2-1960*.
1. SCOPE
1.1 This standard ( Part 5 ) covers method for determination of nickel
content of low alloy and high alloy steels containing more than or equal
to 0’1 percent nickel.
2. SAMPLING
2.1 The samples shall be drawn and prepared as prescribed in the
relevant Indian Standard.
3. QUALITY OF REAGENTS
3.1 Unless specified otherwise, analytical grade reagents and distil!ed
water ( see IS : 1070-1977t ) shall be employed in the test.
4. OUTLINE OF THE METHOD
4.1 After complexing interfering elements, nickel in the solution of the
sample is precipitated as nickel dimethylglyoximate and weighed.
5. REAGENTS
5.1 Dilate Hydrochloric Acid - 1 : 1 and 1 : 19 ( v/v) .
5.2 Dilute Nitric Acid- 1 : 1 (v/v).
5.3 Perchloric Acid - 70 percent.
5.4 Tartaric Acid Solution - 50 percent ( m/v ).
5.5 Dilute Ainmonium Hydroxide - 1 : 1 (v/v).
5.6 Dimethylglyoxime Solution - 1 percent ( m, u ). Dissolve 1 g of
the solid reagent in 100 ml of rectified spirit.
-;Ruler for rounding off numerical valuer ( revised ).
tSprcification for water for general laboratory use ( second rmirim ).
4IS:228(Part5)-1987
5.7 Ammoniacal Ammonium Nitrate Solution - Dissolve 1 g of
ammonium nitrate in 100 ml of water and make it slightly alkaline to
methyl red with dilute ammonium hydroxide.
5.8 Acid Mixture - Make up as follows:
Concentrated hydrochloric acid ( rd = 1’16 400 ml
conforming to IS : 265-1976’ )
Concentrated nitric acid ( rd == 1’42 180 ml
conforming to IS : 264-1976t )
Perchloris acid (rd = 1’56 ) 600 ml
Water 680 ml
5.9 Hydrofiuoric Acid - 40 percent.
5.10 Concentrated Hydrochloric Acid - Relative density 1’16
( conforming to IS : 265-1976* ).
6. PROCEDURE
6.1 For Low Alloy Steels - Weigh accurately about 2 to 3 g of the
sample for nickel < 0’5 percent and 1 g for nickel up to 5 percent
and transfer to a 400-ml beaker. Add 60 ml of dilute hydrochloric
acid(1 :l). Cover the beaker and digest till the decomposition is
complete. Add cautiously dropwise nitric acid. Boil until iron and
carbides are oxidized and brown fumes have been expelled. Add
15 to 20 ml of perchloric acid and fume, evaporate to syrupy
consistency.
6.1.1 Cool and add 100 ml of water. Heat to boiling, filter to remove
silica, if any, and wash with dilute hydrochloric acid ( 1 : 19 ). Cool
and dilute to 250-ml in a volumetric flask.
6.1.2 Take a suitable aliquot containing about 15 to 20 mg of nickel
and dilute to 200 ml. Add 10 to 15 ml of tartaric acid solution,
neutralize with dilute ammonium hydroxide and add 1 ml in excess.
If the solution is not clear, add more tartaric acid solutton and
neutralize with dilute ammonium hydroxide. Add dilute hydrochloric
acid (1 : 19) until slightly acidic and warm to 60 to 80°C. Add 25
to 30 ml of dimethylglyoxime solution ( too much reagent should not be
used ). Add dilute ammonium hydroxide until slightly alkaline ( avoid
addition of excess dilute ammonium hydroxide ). Keep the beaker on
*Specification for hydrochloric acid ( smnd rcvirion ).
tsoecification for nitric acid ( semndrc tiim).IS:!228(Part5)-1987
hot-plate at 6O’C with occasional stirring for 30 minutes. Cool to room
temperature.
6.1.3 Filter through previously cleaned, dried and weighed sintered
glass crucible No. 3, wash the precipitate with 10 ml cold ammoniacal
ammonium nitrate solution 6 to 8 times and then with the cold water.
‘When the precipitate has been washed, discontinue the suction and dry
the precipitate at 15O’C to constant weight. Cool in a desiccator and
weigh as nickel dimethylglyoximate.
6.2 For High Nickel and High Chromium Steels -Take 0’5 to
1 g of sample in a 400-ml be.lker, add 40 ml of the acid mixture and
heat gently first and when the sample has dissolved, allcw it to fume
and continue fuming for 7 to 10 minutes. In case the sample does not
dissolve, add few drops of hydrofluoric acid and fume, and cool, ’
dilute with 75 ml of water and filter. Wash the residue with dilute
hydrochloric acid (1 : 19). Collect the filtrate and washiugs in a
beaker, transfer to 250-ml volumetric flask and make up the volume of
the filtrate to 250 ml. Complete the determination as in 6.1.2 and 6.1.3.
6.3 For Tungsten Steels - If the steel contains tungsten, add 10 ml
concentrated hydrochloric acid to solution obtained under 6.1 and
dilute to 150 ml; add some ashless paper pulp, digest at 60°C and allow
the precipitate to settle and filter through aper pulp pad and wash
with hot dilute hydrochloric acid (1 : 19). 6 iscard the residue. Cool
the filtrate and dilute to a known volume with water. Follow further
the procedure given under 6.1.1 to 6.1.3.
NOTE -If appreciable cobalt ( over 1 percent ) or copper ( over 1 percent ) is
prenent, dialolve the precipitate obtained under 6.13 into the original beaker with
amall quantitv of alternate w-her of hot dilute hydrochloric acid and warm water.
Re-precipitate nickel aa under 6.1.2.
7. CALCULATION
7.1 Calculate the nickel content of the steel as follows:
A .’ 20’32
Nickel, percent = B
where
A = mass in g of nickel dimethylglyoximate in the aliquot,
and
B - mass in g of the sample or aliquot representing the
rample taken.
6IS I 228 ( Part 5 ) 1987
l
7.2 Reproducibility
a) f 0’025 percent at 0’5 percent nickel and below,
b) f 0’050 percent for nickel between 0’5 to 5 percent,
c) f 0’120 percent for nickel between 5 to 10 percent, and
cl) f 0’160 percent for nickel above 10 percent.
APPENDIX A
( czuuse 0.2 )
INDIAN STANDARDS ON METHODS FOR CHEMICAL
ANALYSIS OF STEELS
IS : 228 Methods for chemical analysis of steels:
(Part 1 )-1972 Determination of carbon by volumetric method
( for carbon > 0’1 percent ) ( second rev&ion )
( Part 2 )-1972 Determination of manganese in plain carbon and
low alloy steels by arsenite method ( second revision )
( Part 3 )-1972 Det.ermination of phosphorus by alkalimetric
method ( second revision )
( Part 4)-1974 Determination of carbon by gravimetric method
( for carbon > 0’ 1 percent ) ( second revision )
( Part 5 )-I974 Determination of nickel by dimethyl lyoxime
Ierafvi metric ) method ( for nickel > 0’5 percent 5 (second
ision )
( Part S)-1974 Determination of chromium by persulphate
oxidation method ( for chromium > 0’5 percent ) (second
revision )
( Part 7 )- 1974 Determination of molybdenum by a-benzoinoxime
method ( for molybdenum > 1 percent ) (second reubion)
( Part 8)-1975 Determination of silicon by the gravimetric method
( for silicon ) 0’1 percent ) ( second revision )
( Part 9 )-I975 Determination of sulphur in plain carbon steels by
evolution method (second revision )
7IS : 228 ( Part 5 ) - 1987
(Part lo)-1976 Determination of molybdenum by thiocyanate
( photometric) method ( for molybdenum up to 1 percent )
in low and high alloy steels ( second revision )
(Part 11 )-1976 Determination of silicon by photometric method in
carbon steels and low alloy steels (for silicon 0’01 to
0’05 percent ) ( second revision )
( Part 12 )-1976 Determination of manganese by periodate
( photometric ) met;-.od in low and high alloy steels ( for
manganese up to 2 percent ) ( second revision )
(Part 13)-1982 Determination of arsenicIS : 228 ( Part 5) - 1987
( Cmtinarcdfran pap 2 )
Manbars Rcpe&wUin~
Smu J. MIJKHRRJEE Steel Authority of India Ltd (Durgapur Steel
Plant ), Durgapur
SHXI P. I;. BANEBJES ( Altrrnate 1
SERI P. NARMN kahindra Ugine Steel Co Ltd, Bombay
&RI G. R. t&UUA (Altematr)
SHEU R. S. NATE Steel Authority of India Ltd (Rokaro Steel
Plant ), Bokaro
SERI N. GUNDAPPA ( Aftrrmte )
DR L. P. PANIIEY National A*-tallurgical Laboratory ( CSIR ),
Jamshedpur
SHRI G. R~ntnnlr Vbvavaraya Iron & Steel Ltd, Bhadravati
S~nr R. D. VANUMWALLA Italab Pvt Ltd, Bombay
SARI J. C. DEY ( Aftmatr)
9BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
Headquarters:
Manak Bhavan, 9 Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg, NEW DELHI 110002
Telephones: 323 0131,323 3375,323 9402
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Reprography Unit, BIS, New Defhi, India
|
14835.pdf
|
IS14835:2000
Indian Standard
GUIDELINES FOR ESTIMATING UNIT RATE OF ITEMS
OF WORKS IN CONSTRUCTION OF RUBBLE
MASONRY FOR RIVER VALLEY PROJECTS
ICS 91.100.01; 93.160
0 BIS 2000
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SH~AH ZAFAli MARG
NEW DELHI 110002
June 2000 Price Group 2Cost Analysis and Cost Estimates Sectional Committee, WRD 19
FOREWORD
This Indian Standard was adopted by the Bureau of Indian Standards, after the draft finalized by the Cost
Analysis and Cost Estimates Sectional Committee had been approved by the Water Resources Division Council.
Estimation of unit rate for different type of works in construction of rubble masanry far river valley projects is
being done by various methods. It becomes very essential to follow certain guidelines during the process of
estimation of unit rate, so that uniform methods are followed by concerned personnel.
For the purpose of deciding whether a particular requirement of this standard is complied with, the final value,
observed or calculated, expressing the result of a test or analysis, shall be rounded off in accordance with
IS 2 : 1960 ‘Rules for rounding off numerical values (revised)‘. The number of significant places retained in
the rounded off value should be the same as that of the specified value in this standard.I!3 14835 : 2000
Indian Standard
GUIDELINESFORESTIMATINGUNITRATEOFITEMS
OFWORKSINCONSTRUCTIONOFRUBBLE
MASONRYFORRIVERVALLEYPROJECTS
1 SCOPE IS No. Title
8605 : 1977 Code of practice for construction of
This Indian Standard stipulates general requirements
masonry in dams
for the estimation of unit rate of various items of work
9103 : 1979 Admixtures for concrete - Speci-
in construction of rubble masonry used in river valley
fication
projects.
12269 : 1987 53 Grade ordinary Portland cement
- Specification
2 REFERENCES
3 TERMINOLOGY
The following standards contain provision which
through reference in this text,constitute provisions of For the purpose of this standard, the definitions to
this standard. At the time of publication, the editions terms defined in IS 1597 (Part 1) shall apply.
indicated were valid. All standards are subject to
4 MATERIAL, PREPARATION AND LAYING
revision and parties to agreements based on this
OF MASONRY
standards are encouraged to investigate the possibility
of applying the most recent editions of the standards The material used, preparation and laying of masonry
indicated below: shall conform to IS 1597 (Part 1).
IS No. Title
5 UNIT RATE
269 : 1989 33 Grade ordinary Portland cement
- Specification vourth revision) 5.0 General
455 : 1989 Portland slag cement - Specifi-
In order to arrive at the output norms for various
cation (fourth revision)
classes -of masonry, the stone masonry shall be
456 : 1978 Code of practice for plain and rein-
classified, as one of the following or combination of
forced concrete (third revision)
various classes of works mentioned below :
650 : 1991 Standard sand for testing cement -
Specification (second revision) a) Cut stone in cement mortar
1489 Portland pozzolana cement:
b) Ashlar arching in cement mortar
(Part 1) : 1991 Flyash based - Specification (third
c) Rubble arching in cement mortar
revision)
d) Coursed rubble in cement mortar - First sort
(Part 2) : 1991 Calcined clay based - Specification
(third revision) e) Coursed rubble in cement mortar-Second sort
1597 Code of practice for construction of f) Random rubble in cement mortar
stone masonry:
5.1 Unit Rate for Cement Mortar (1:X)-Rate for
(Part 1) : 1992 Rubble stone masonry (first revision)
1 cu m
(Part 2) : 1992 Ashlar masonry (f%-str evision)
2116 : 1980 Sand for masonry mortars - Speci- The mix proportions for the cement mortar shall comply
fication (first revision) with requirement of IS 2250 or as directed by the
2250 : 1981 Code of practice for preparation engineer-in-charge, according to the nature and require-
and use of masonry mortars (first ments of items of work involving cement mortar.
revision)
Mix proportion 1: X (containing X part of sand by
3466 : 1988 Specification for masonry cement
volume to be taken as one cubic metre and one part of
(second revision)
cement by volume to be taken as 1 440/X kilograms).
4852 : 1987 Proforma for estimating unit rate of
random rubble masonry used in Quantify Description Unit Rare Amount
construction of river valley projects of Work
(second revision) 1440/X kg Cement 1 tonne
6909 : 1990 Specification for supersulphated 1 cu m Sand 1 cu m
cement
1 cu m Mixing charges 1 cu m
8112 : 1989 43 Grade ordinary Portland cement
for mortar
- Specification (first revision)
Sundries Lumpsum
1IS 14835 : 2000
5.2 Unit Rate -for Cut Stone in Cement Mortar Quantity Description Unit Rate Amount
(1:X)-Rate for 10 cu m of Work
28.2 No. Mazdoors Each
Quantity Description Unit Rate Amount
category II
of Work
Lumpsum Centering and Lumpsum
10.5 cu m Cut stone roughly 1 cu m sundries
dressed to shape
Total
at quarry
1.6 cu m Cement mortar 1 cu m Rate for 1 cu m
35.3 No. Masons including Each 5.5 Coursed Rubble in Cement Mortar (1:X) -
stone cutter labour First Sort - Rate for 10 cu m
(10.6 No. I Class,
Quantity Description Unit Rate Amount
24.7 No. II Class)
of -Work
35.5 No. Mazdoors Each
11.0 cu m Stone (including 1 cu m
category I
bond stones)
28.2 No. Mazdoors Each
2.8 cu m Cement mortar 1 cu m
category II
(1:X)
Sundries Lumpsum
35.3 No. Masons (inclu-
(For brushing ding stone cutters
washing, raking, vide standard
watering, curing, etc) specifications for
NOTES dressing and roun-
ding comers, etc
1 For rates applying to floor works above first storey or lii above
10.6 No. I Class Each
initial lift of 2 metres, the concerned schedule of rates applicable
to the area and year of execution shall have to be adopted. 24.7 No. II Class Each
14.1 No. Mazdoor Each
2 It should be noted that the labour including stone cutter allowed
category I
in the unit rate norms is for final stone dressing at work site and
building. Rough dressing to cut stone size at quarry is to be Mazdoor Each
included in the cost of the stone at quarry. category II
Sundries Lumpsum
5.3 Ashlar Arching in Cement Mortar (1:X) - Rate
for 1 cu m 5.6 Coursed Rubble in Cement Mortar (1:X) -
Second Sort - Rate for 10 cu m
Quantity Description Unit Rate Amount
of Work Quantity Description Unit Rate Amount
of Work
1 cu m Rate for “Cut- 1 cu m
‘16 cu m Coursed rubble cu m
stone in cement
stone including
mortar” (1:X)
bond stones
1.4 No. Extra masons - Each
I) 5 cu m Rough stones cu m
I Class Centering, Lumpsum
3.2 cu m Cement mortar cu m
etc
(1:X) -
5.4 Rubble Arching in Cement (1:X) -Rate for 24.7 Masons (including
10 cu m stone cutters vide
standard specific-
Quantity Description Unit Rate Amount
ations for dressing
of Work
and rounding
11 SO cu m Selected stones of 1 cu m
comers, etc
sizes
7.1 No. I Class Each
2.80 cu m Cement mortar 1 cu m 17.6 No. II Class Each
(1:X)
14.1 No. Mazdoor category Each
42.4 No. Masons including Each II
stone cutter (14.2 Sundries Lumpsum
No. I Class, 28.2
Total
No. II Class)
14.1 No. Mazdoors Each Rate for 1 cu m
category I
1)T he proportion may vary for various classes of stone and work
specification.
25.7 Random Rubble (Undressed and Brought to NOTES
Course) in Cement Mortar (1:X) - Rate for 10 cu m 1 For ‘Coping Work’ -burnt stone on edge in mortar add 1.4
masons II Class for one cu m of finished work.
Quantity Description Unit Rate Amount 2 For well steining in this class of masonry add 1.4 masons-11
of Work class for one cu m of finished work.
3 Thirty eight (38) percent of mortar shall be adopted in the data
10.0 cu m Rough stone l~cu m
for Random Rubble Masonry Work for construction of Dam and
1;O cu m Bond stone 1 cu m appurtenant works.
4 In individual cases and~ifw arranted, the above percentage limit
3.4 cu m Cement mortar 1 cu m
can be raised up to 40 (forty) percent by the Superintending
17.7 No. Masons (including Engineer-in-Charge of the work for recorded reasons.
stone cutter 5 The provisions for bond stones shall be deleted in the data for
Random Rubble Masonry for dams and its appurtenant works.
7.1 No. I Class Each
For the purpose of notes (2) and (5) above :
10.6 No. II Class Each
a) ‘Dam’ means hydraulic structure built across a stream to
14.1 No. Mazdoors hold water.
category I Each b) Appurtenant works of a masonry dam are the abutments,
aprons, water cushions and retaining walls forming part
14.1. No. Mazdoors
of masonry dam.
category II Each c) Diversion works like anicuts, head regulators can not be
Sundries Lumpsum classified as Dams.
5.8 Works for cornice, corbel stones and other orna-
Total mental finishes, the unit rates shall be decided~by the
Engineer-in-Charge, based on observed data at site of
Rate for 1 cu m
work for the specifications and drawings.Bureau of Indian Standards
BIS is a statutory institution established under the Bureau of Indian Sttindurds Act, 1986 to promote
harmonious development of the activities of standardization, marking and quality certification of goods
and attending to connected matters in the country.
Copyright
BIS has the copyright of all its publications. No part of these publications may be reproduced in any form
without the prior permission in writing of BIS. This does not preclude the free use, in the course of
implementing the standard, of necessary details, such as symbols and sizes, type or grade designations.
Enquiries relating to copyright be addressed to the Director (Publications), BIS.
Review of Indian Standards
Amendments are issued to standards as the need arises on the basis of comments. Standards are also
reviewed periodically; a standard along with amendments is reaffirmed when such review indicates that
no changes are needed; if the review indicates that changes are needed, it is taken up for revision. Users
of Indian Standards should ascertain that they are in possession of the latest amendments nor edition by
referring to the latest issue of ‘BIS Handbook’ and ‘Standards: Monthly Additions’.
This Indian Standard has been developed from Dot : NO. WRD 19 (255).
Amendments Issued Since Publication
Amend No. Date of Issue Text Affected
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
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Rinted at : Prabhat Offset Press, New Delhi-2
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4410_F_2.pdf
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I!ijr4410(Part xv/se!c 2) -1973 *
Indian Standard
GLOSSARY OF TERMS RELATING TO
RIVER VALLEY PROJECTS
PART XV CANAL STRUCTURES
Sectign 2 Transitions
Terminology Relating to River Valley Projects
Sectional Committee, BDC 46
Chairman Reficsenting
SHE1 I. P. KA.PXLA Power Development Department, Government of
Jammu & Kashmir
Members
SH~I B. S. BHALLA Beas Design Organization ( Ministry of Irrigation &
Power )
CHIEF ENGINEER Publgadorks Department, Government of Tamil
SUPEI~INTENIXN~E NGINEER (Alternate)
DIRECTOR Land Reclamation., Irrigation & Power Research
Institute, Amrltsar
D~ECTOR ( HYDROLOGY ) Central Water & Power Commission, New Delhi
SH~I N. K. DWIVEDI Irrigation Department, Government of Uttar
Pradesh
SEBI K. C. GHOSAL Alok Udyog Cement Service, New Delhi
SHBI A. K. B~sw:rs ( Alternate )
SHBI N. K. GHOSE Public Works Department, Government of West
Bengal
SEZI It. L. GUFTA PublFra!;s Department, Government of Madhya
SUPERINTENDINQ ENQINEER
( DESIGNS ) ( Alternate )
Da R. C. HOON In personal capacity (M 18, New Delhi South
Ektension, Part ZZ, New Delhi 16 )
SHRI M. S. JAIN Geological Survey of India, Calcutta
SRRI T. S. MURTHY National Projects Construction Corporation Ltd,
New Delhi
SHRI K. N. TANEJA ( Alternate )
SHRI M. VENKATA RAO Public Works Department, Government of Andhra
Pradesh
( Continued on pOge 2 )
0 copgrighf 1973
INDIAN STANDARDS INSTITUTIO,V
This publication is protected under the Indian Cojpright Act (XIV of 1957) and
reproduction in whole or in part by any means except with written permission of
the publisher shall be deemed to be an infringement of copyright under the said Act.
1I,3:4410( Part xv/set 2).1973
( conrinlfdr omp uge1)
Members R+rmnting
Sam R. K. SARU Irriga;iam & Power Department, Government of
SURI E. C. SALDANEA Irrigation & Power Department, Government of
Maharashtra
Sa~r V. S. GUPTE ( Alttr~te)
PIXOF SARINJIF SINGE Indian Institute of Technology, Kew Delhi
DR P. P. SEHQAL ‘Jniversity of Roorkee
COL N. K. SEN Survey of India, Debra Dun
COL P. M~srin ( Alkrnalc )
SHRI G. 3. SIDEU Irrigation Department, Government of Punjab
.\
SHBX M. M. ANAND ( AltnMir 1
SOIL CONSERVATION ADVISEU Ministry of Food, Agriculture, Community DeGe-
lopment & Cooperation
.%mr VIJENDBA SIN~H Irrigation Department, Government of Uttar
Pradesh
&RI D. AJITHA SIPHA, Director General, IS1 ( Ex-o&cio Member)
Director ( Civ Engg )
Saar K. RAQHA~ENDI~AN
Deputy Director (Civ Rngg ), IS1
Panel for Glossary of Terms Relating to Canal Structures, BDC 46 : Pl
DIRECTOR ( CANALS ) Central Water & Power Commission, New Delhi
Members
DEPUTY DIBE~XOX ( CANALS ) ( Al&mote to
Director )
Irrigation Department, Government of PunjabIS : UlO( Part xvpec 2) - 1973
Indian Standard
GLOSSARY OF TERMS RELATING TO
RIVER VALLEY PROJECTS
PART XV CANAL STRUCTURES
Section 2 Transitions
FORE,WORD
,O.
0.1 This Indian Standard ( Part XV/See 2 ) was adopted by the
Indian Standards Institution on 4 April 1973, after the draft finalized
by the Terminology Relating to River Valley Projects Sectional Com-
mittee had been approved by the Civil Engineering Division Council.
0.2 A number of Indian Standards has already been printed covering
various aspects of river valley projects and a large number of standards
are in the process of formulation. These standards include technical
terms, the precise definitions of which are required to avoid ambiguity
in their interpretation. To achieve this end, the Institution is bringing
out IS : 4410 Indian Standard glossary of terms relating to river valley
projctes, which is being published in parts.
0.3 Part XV covers theimportant field of canal structures and in view
of the vastness of this subject, it is proposed to cover it in different
sections. Other sections in the series will be the following:
Section 1 General terms
Section 3 Flumes
Section 4 Regulating works
Section 5 Cross drainage works
Section 6 Other structures
0.4 In the formulation of this standard due weightage has been given
to international co-ordination among the standards and practices
prevailing iv different countries in addition to relating it to the practices
in the field in this countrv. This has been met by deriving assistance
from the’following publications:
UNXTED NATIONS. E~OKOMW COMMISSIONF OR Asu AND THE FAR
EAST. Glossary of hydrologic terms used in’ Asia and the Far,
East. 1956. Bangkok.
3INDIA. SIWERNATIONAL~~OMF+SS~ON ON IRRULWION AND DRAINAGE.
trilingual techmcal drctsonary on irrigation and drainage.
*
INDIA. CENTRAL BOARD OF IRRIWTION AND POWER. Glossary of
irrigation and hydra-electric terms and standard notations used
in India. 1954. Manager of Publications, Delhi.
NOMENCLATUREF OR HYDRAULICS.1 962. American Society of Civil
Engineers. New York.
0.4.1 All the definitions taken from ‘ Multilingual technical dictionary
on irrigation and drainage are marked with asterisk (*) in the standard.
1. SCOPE
1.1 This standard (Part XV/Set 2) covers the definitions of terms
relating to transitions in canal structures.
2. TRANSITIONS
2.1 Angle of Flare, Angle of Splay- It is the inclinations both in
elevation and plan of the transition sides expressed as an angle or tangent
of that angle.
2.1.1 The inclination in vertical is specified as ‘ angle of vertical flare ’
or ‘ vertical flare ’ or ‘ angle of vertical splay ’ or ‘ vertical splay ’ and
that in horizontal as ‘ angle of horizontal flare ’ or ‘ horizontal flare ’ or
‘ angle of horizontal splay ’ or ‘ horizontal splay ‘.
2.1.2 The angle between the center line of a structure and a wall.
2.2 Broken Back - It is the line of intersection of the vertical and
sloping plane surfaces on the sides of the transition.
2.3 Broken Back Transition - A transition having a brcken back.
2.4 Compo~d Transition -A combination of transitions, where more
than one form is involved.
2.5 Conical Diffuser - A diverging cone of a pipe.
2.6 Control - A section or a reach of a conduit or open channel, where
conditions exist that make the water level above it a fairly stable index of
discharge. A control may be complete or partial. .A complete control is
independent of downstream conditions while partial control exists where
downstream fluctuations have some effect on the upstream water level.
2.7 Conversion Loss* - The loss of energy due to change in velocity at
the entrance and exit section of the transition, usually expressed in terms
of head of water.
4IS t 4410 ( Pmt XVlSec 2 ) - 1973
2.8 Diffuser - Stt 2.5.
2.9 Dog Leg Transition- Set 2.3:
2.10 Elongated Transition - A transition whose length is more than
required by the standard design procedure or test research.
2.11 Fillet -The filling required in the transition section between a
trapezoidal and a curved conduit.
2.12 Flare, Flare Angle - Stt 2.1.
2.13 Flaring -The place or part that spreads in the direction of flow;
used as a noun, namely, flaring of wall.
2.14 Flow Spreahing Hump - A hump built on the transition invert of
expansion side within open transition to reduce scour ( stt Fig. 1 ).
FLOW SPREADING HUMP
FIG. 1 FLOW SPREADINGH UMP
2.15 Gate Transitions - Closed conduit transitions provided on both
sides of the gate recess of chamber. Similar are valve .transitions.
.
2.16 Hydraulic Elements - The depth, area, perimeter, mean depth,
hydraulic radius, velocity energy and other quantities pertaining to
a particular stage of flowing water.
51s t 44m ( Par8 xv/* 2 )‘-1973
2.17 Hydraulic Transition* -A length of conduit or ch_eI wherein
the cross-sectional shape is gradually changed from that of the conduit or
channel upstream to that of the conduit or channel downstream. The
transitions are characterized by adjectives bearing 6~ *their length
( for example, short, long, sudden or gradual ); geometrical shape of the
side walls ( for example, conical frustum ); or by the physical appearance
of side walls ( for example, flared, splayed, straight, warped, or stream-
lined); or by reference to the adjacent structures (for example, tunnel
subcritical, .one-dimensional, valve, gate, inlet,. outlet, or tail); or by
: reference to type of flow in the transition length (for example, subcritical,
supercritical, one-dimensional or two-dimensional 9. This is sometimes
referred to as ‘ conversion ‘.
2.18 Perfect Transition* -A transition conforming in its shape and
size with that evolved by standard procedures of design or test research,
and in which rate of the acceleration or deceleration so changes that the
water surface profile becomes a smooth, continuous curve.
2.19 Portal Transition -The transition section restricted within
the portal length of a tunnel. In case of inlet portal, a bell-mouth
can also be provided at its inlet face. Such a portal is called ‘bell-
mouthed portal ‘.
’ 2.26. Proper Transition* - See 2.19.
2.21 Regular Transition* -See 2.19.
2.22 Reverse Warped Transition-A warped transition in which
alignment of the side walls is of ‘S ’ shape, and may not necessarily be
streamlined.
2.23 Sharp Transition -A transition whose length is less than required
. by the standard design procedure or test research.
2.24 Short Transition -See 2.23.
2.25 Side Transitions -The portions of the sides of transition, in a
closed conduit or open channel.
2.26 Slender Transitios - See 2.10.
2.27 Splay, Splay Angle - See 2.1.
2.28 Sudden Transition* - A transition where the change in cross-
section occurs in a relatively short distance inducing rapidly varied flow,
namely, sudden contraction and expansion vertically, horizontally, or
both.
2.29 S-Warped Transition-See 2.22.
230 Tail Iale Trakition -The transition provided upstream of a:
tail structure or at the tail end of, and contained within, the conduit
length.IS : 4410 ( Part XV/See 2 ) - 1973
2.31 Tail Outlet Transition -The transitions provided partly or
wholly downstream of a tail structure or tail end of a conduit.
2.32 Tail Transition - A transition or system of transitions provided
at the tail end of a conduit or at a tail structure.
2.33 Transition* - See 2.17.
2.34 Transition Curve - Profile of the transition, which may be
parabolic, elliptical, circular or compound.
2.35 Transition Curve Length-The length measured along the
transition curve at any elevation. Also referred to ai ‘transition face
length ’ or ‘ transition surface length ‘.
2.36 Transition Element - A small length along a transition curve.
2.37 Transition Energy Loss* - The sum of the friction loss and the
conversion loss in a transition, usually expressed in terms of head
of water.
2.33 Transition Length- The length of the transition measured in
the direction of the flow as given below:
a) Longitudinal axis in case of closed conduits, and
b) Centre line of the bed in case of open channels.
2.33 Transition Loss - See 2.37,
2.40 Warp --A gradual and uniform flaring out between the two
different side slopes.
2.41 Warp+ Transition* -A transition in which side walls are
warped.
2.42 Wedge Transition - See 2.2.
2.43 Well-Designed Transition-See 2.19.
7
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2911_2.pdf
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ISr2911(PartII~- MO
( ReaKiiled 1995 )
Indian Standard
CODE OF PRACTICE FOR
DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF
PILE FOUNDATIONS
PART11 TIMBER PILES
First Revision)
(
Fifih Reprint MARCH 1999
UDC 624.154.2.04:006.76
@ Co&vighf 1980
BUREAU OFINDIAN STANDARDS
MANAK BHAVAN. 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG
NEW DELHI 110002
Cr4 August 1980IS : 2911( Part II ) - 1980
Indian Standard
CODE OF PRACTICE FOR
DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF
PILE FOUNDATIONS
PART II TIMBER PILES
First Revision )
(
Foundation Engineermg Se&onal Committee, BDC 43
Chairman Reprewnting
PROS DINESH MOEAN Central Building Research Institute ( CSIR ),
Roorkee
Members
DR R. K. BHANDARX Cent;~or~~ding Research Institute ( CSIR ),
CHIEF ENGINEER Calcutta Port Trust, Calcutta
SHRI S. GUEA ( ANernatc )
SRRI K. N. DADINA In personal capacity (P-820, Block P, New Alifiorc,
Calcutta )
SHRI M. G. DANDAVATE Concrete Association of India, Bombay
SHRI N. C. DIJQ~AL ( Alternate)
Saab R. K. DAY GU~TA Simplex Concrete Piles ( I ) Pvt Ltd, Calcutta
SERI H. GUHA BISWAS ( A&mate )
SHRI A. G. DASTIDAR . t personal capacity (5, Hungcrford Court,
I21 Hungerford Street, Calcutta )
SHEI V. C. DESBPAIJDE Pressure Piling Co ( India ) Pvt Ltd, Bombay
DIRECTOR ( CSMRS ) Central Water Commission, New Delhi
DEPUTY DIRECTOR ( CSMRS ) ( Alternuts i
SHRI A. H. DIVANJI . ’ ‘Asia Fohndation and Construction Pvt Ltd,
Bombay
SH~I A. N. JANGLE ( Altcrnats )
SaRr A. &fOSJHAL Braithwaite Bum 8c Jessop Construction Co Ltd,
Calcutta
SERI N. E. A. RA~HAVAN ( Altsmafc )
DR SHASEI K. GULHA*~I Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi
SH~I A. VARADARAJAN ( Alternate )
SHRI M. ImC3AR Engineers India Ltd, New Delhi
DR R. K. M. BRANDARI ( Alternatc )
SHRI G. R. S. Jti G. S. Jain & Associates, Roorkee
SARI ASHOK KU~UARJ AM ( Aftamute )
( Continued on page 2 )
Q Co+ght 1980
I BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS I
‘1Jiis publication is protected under the Indian Qpyrighr Act ( XIV of 1957 ) and
reproduction in whole or in part by any means except with written permission of the
publisher shall be deemed to be an infringement of copyright under the said Act.IS : 2911 (Part II ) - 1980
Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay
National Buildings Organization, New Delhi
M. N. Dastur & Co Pvt Ltd. Calcutta
B & R Branch, Public Works Department,
Government of Punjab, Chandigarh
Central Warehousing Corporation, New Delhi
M&en&s Limited, Bombay
Bokaro Steel Plant ( Steel Authority of India )
Engincser-in-Chief’s Branch, Army Headquarters
Hindustan Construction Co Ltd, Bombay
Indian Geotrchniral Society, New Delhi
Cementation Co Ltd, Bombay
SHRI A. A. RAJU Steel Authority of India, New Delhi
DR GOPAL RANJ.\N University of Roorkee, Roorkee
Da V. V. S. Rno Nagadi Consultants Pvt Ltd, New Delhi
SHRI AXJUN RIJHSINGHANI Cement Corporation of India, New Delhi
SRaI 0. P. SRIVASTAVA( -‘ihCrt&h)
DR A. SAR~UNAN College of Enginrcnring, Guindy, Madrv
SHRI S. BOOMINATRAX ( AIternata )
SHRI K. R. SAXENA Engineerin Research Laboratories, Government
of Andt ra Pradesh, Hyderabad
DR S.P. SHHIVA~TAVA United Technical Consultants Pvt Ltd, New
Delhi
DR R. KAPUR ( Alfwnate )
SRRI N. SIVAQUR~ Roads Wing, Ministry of Shipping and Transport
SHRI D. V. SIKKA (Ahmate I
SHR;%'.N.SUBBA RAO‘ ’ Gammon India Ltd, Bombay
SRRI S. A. REDDI ( Altcrnafc )
SUPERINTENDING. E N o I N E F. K Central Public Works Department, New Delhi
( DESIGN )
EXECUTIVP: ENQINEFX ( DESIGN V )
( Alternate )
SHRI M. D. TAIUBEKAR Bombay Port Trust, Bombay
SBRI D. AJITEA SIMHA, Director General, BIS ( Ex-&icie Mnn6rr)
Director ( Civ Engg )
Secretary
SHI~I K. M. M.r~aun
Deputy Director ( Civ Engg ), BIS
2IS : 2911 ( Part ll ) - 1980
Indian Standurd
CODE OF PRACTICE FOR
DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF
PILE FOUNDATIONS
PART II TIMBER PILES
( First Revision )
0. FOREWORD
0.1 This Indian Standard ( Part II ) ( First Revision) was adopted by the
Indian Standards Institution on 29 February 1980, after the draft
finalized by the Foundation Engineering Sectional Committee had been
approved by the Civil Engineering Division Council.
0.2 Piles find application in foundation to transfer loads from a structure
to competent sub-surface strata having adequate load bearing capacity.
The load transfer mechanism from a pile to the surrounding ground is
complicated and could not yet be fully determined, although application
of piled foundations is in practice over many decades. Broadly, piles
transfer axial loads either substantially by friction along its shaft or by
the end bearing or both. Piles are used where either of the above load
transfer mechanism is possible depending upon the subsoil stratification
at a particular site. Construction of pile foundations requires a careful
choice of piling system depending upon the subsoil conditions, the load
characteristics of a structure, the limitations of total settlement,
differential settlement, and any other special requirement of a project.
The installation of piles demands careful control on position, alignment
and depth, and involves specialized skill and experience.
0.3 Timber piles find extensive use for compaction of soils and also for
supporting as well as protecting water-front structures. The choice for
using a timber pile shall be mainly governed by the site conditions,
particularly the water-table conditions. Use of treated or untreated piles
will depend upon the site conditions and upon whether the work is
permanent or of temporary nature. They have the advantages of being
comparatively light for their strength and are easily handled. However,
they will not withstand as hard driving as steel or concrete piles. Timber
has to be selected carefully and treated where necessary for use as piles,
3IS : 2911 ( Part II ) - 1980
as the durability and perforniance would consitleral.~1~- tlepencl 1~11on thr
quality of the material and relative freedom from natural defects. TIC!:
standard is intended to provide the guidance with regard to the selection
and use of timber piles in foundations. This standard was first published
in 1965 and has now been revised to align its provisions with other
Indian Standards on pile foundations.
0.4 The Sectional Committee responsible for thch preparati~~n of tlli,
standard has, while formulating this standard, given due c~>nsitleration
to the available experience in this country in pile construction and also
the limitations regarding the availability ol’ piling plant and cquipmenr.
0.5 For the purpose of deciding \vhethel ii particular rcquirc~nicnt ol
this standard is complied with, the final value, observed or calculated,
expressing the result of a test, shall 1~ ~OIIIKM off in accordance
with IS : 2-1960*. The number of significant places retained in the
rounded off value should be the same as that of the specified value
in this standard.
1. SCOPE
1.1 This standard covers the design and construction of timber piles used
either for load bearing or for the compaction ol‘ground.
NOTE - Sawn timber piles, generally used in shrt4 piling, are nPc co, ,wd ilr
this code.
2. TERMINOLOGY
2.0 For the purpose of this standard, the following definitions shall apply.
2.1 For general terms relating to timber, reference may be made to
IS : 707 - 1976t.
2.2 Allowable Load - The load lvllich may be applied to a pile ;LWI
taking into account its ultimate load capacity, pile spacing, overall
bearing capacity of the ground below the pile, the allowable settlement.
negative skin friction and the loading renditions incllltlin~ reversal of
loads, etc.
2.3 Batter Pile ( or Raker Pile ) - The pile which is installed at an
angle to the vertical.
*Rules for rounding off numerical valur~ \ rcci.wd j.
tG1ossaz-y of terms applicable to timber technology and utilization ( .~ecmzrcdu ision
4IS : 2911 ( Part II ) - 1980
2.4 Bearing Pile- A pile formed in the ground for transmitting the
load of a structure to the soil by the resistance developed at its tip or
along its surface or both. It may be formed either vertically or at an
inclination ( batter pile ) and may be required to take uplift.
2.5 Brooming - Separation of fibres at butt or tip of a timber pile,
caused by excessive or improper driving or improper treatment or due to
deceased timber.
2.6 Cut-Off Level -The level where the installed pile is cut off to
support the pile caps or beams or any other structural components at
that level.
2.7 Draft Bolt -- A metal rod driven into a hole bored in timber, the
hole being smaller in diameter than the rod.
2.8 Factor of Safety -The ratio of the ultimate load capacity of a
pile, to the safe load of a pile.
2.9 Follower - A piece of timber or steel or some other material which
is used following the main pile when adequate set is not obtained and it
requires to be extended further. The diameter of the follower should
be the same as the diameter of the pile.
2.10 Nett Displacement - Nett movement of the pile top after the pile
has been subjected to a test load and subsequently released.
2.11 Pile Line - The rope used to lift a pile and hold it in place during
the early stages of driving.
2.12 Pile Ring -A metal hoop used to bind the head of a timber pile
during driving to prevent splitting and brooming.
2.13 Pile Shoe-A metal protection for the foot of a pile to prevent
damage or to obtain greater penetration when driving through hard
material.
2.14 Safe Load - The load derived by applying a factor of safety on
the ultimate load capacity of the pile or as determined in the pile load
test.
2.15 Spliced Pile -A pile composed of two or more lengths secured
together, end to end, to form one pile.
2.16 Test Pile - A pile which is selected for load testing and which is
subsequentlv loaded for that purpose. The test pile may form a working
pile itself if subjected to routine load test with up to one-and-a half
times the safe load.
5IS:2911 (Pa&II)-1989
2.17 Treated Pile -A timber pile impregnated with a preservative
material which retards or prevents deterioration and destruction due to
organism.
2.18 Trial Pile - One or more piles, which are not working piles, that
may be installed initially to assess load-carrying capacity of the piles.
These piles are tested either to their ultimate bearing capacity or to
twice the estimated safe load.
2.19 Total Electric Displacement - This is the magnitude of the pile
due to rebound caused at the top after removai of a given test load.
This comprises the two components as follows:
a) Elastic displacement of the soil participating in load transfer,
and
b) Elastic displacement of the pile shaft.
2.20 Total Displacement ( Gross ) - The total movement of the pile
top under a given load.
2.21 Ultimate Load Capacity - The maximum load which a pile can
carry before failure of ground ( when the soil fails by shear as evidenced
from the load settlement curves ) or failure of pile materials.
2.22 Working Load - The load assigned to a pile according to design.
2.23 Working Pile - A pile forming part of foundation of a structural
system.
3. NECESSARY INFORMA’I’ION
3.1 For the satisfactory design and construction of pile foundation, the
following information is necessary:
a) Site investigation data as laid down in IS : 1892-1979* or any
other relevant Indian Standard code. Sections of trial boring,
supplemented where appropriate by penetration tests, should
extend sufficiently below the anticipated level of founding of
piles but this should generally be not less than 10 m unless bed
rock or firm stratum has been encountered. The nature of soil
both around and beneath the proposed piles should be tested for
strength and compressibility. Ground water level and
conditions ( such as artessian conditions ) should also be recorded
and chemical tests to ascertain the sulphate, chloride and other
deleterious chemical content of soil and water should be carried
out. This is particularly required in a job when extensive piling
is to be undertaken.
*Code of practice for sub-surface exploration for foundation (fist rmkim).
6IS : 2911 ( Part II ) - 1980
b) The experience of driving piles in the area close to the proposed
site and any boring report thereof for assessing the founding
level of piles.
c) l:or piling work in water, as in the case of bridge construction,
data on high flood levels,‘water level during the working season,
maximum depth of scour, CLC, and in the case of marine
construction data on high and low tide level, corrosive action
of chemical present and data regarding flow of water, etc.
d) The general layout of the structure showing the,estimated loads,
vertical and lateral, including moments and torques at the top
of the pile caps, but excluding the weight of the pile caps and
piles. ‘The level of pile caps should also be indicated.
e) All transient loads due to seismic and wind conditions and force
due to water should be indicated separately.
f) Sufficient information of structures existing nearby should be
pmvided.
3.2 As far as possible, all information in 3.1 shall be made available to
the agency responsible for the design and/or construction of piles and/or
foundation work.
3.3 The design details of pile foundation shall indicate information
necessary for setting out, the layout 6f each pile within a cap, cut off
levels, finished cap levels, orientation of cap in the foundation plan, the
safe capacity of ench type of piles, etc.
4. EQUIPMENT AND ACCESSORIES
4.1 The equipment and accessories would depend upon the type of
timber piles job by job and would be selected giving due consideration
to the subsoil strata, ground-water conditions, type of founding material
and the required penetration therein wherever applicable.
4.2 Among the commonly used plants, tools and accessories, there exist
a large variety; suitability of which depends on the subsoil conditions,
manner of operations, etc. Brief definitions of some commonly used
equipments are given below:
Dolly- A cushion of hardwood or some suitable material placed
on the top of casing to receive the blows of the hammer.
Drop Hammer ( on Monkey ) - Hammer, ram or monkey raised by a
winch and allowed to fall under gravity.
Single OT Double Acting Hammer -A hammer operated by steam,
compressed air or internal combustion, the energy of its blows being
derived mainly from the source of motive power and not from
gravity alone.
71s : 2911 ( Part II ) - 1980
Kent/edge -Deadweight used for applying a test load to a pile.
Pile Frame ( or Pile Rig ) - A movable steel structure for driving
piles in the correct position and alignment by means of a hammer
operating in the guides or ( leaders ) of the frame.
5. DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
5.1 General -Pile foundations shall be designed in such a way that
the load from the structure it supports can be transmitted to the soil
without causing any soil failure and without causing such settlement,
differential or total, under permanent or transient loading as may result
in structural damage or functional distress. The pile shaft should have
adequate structural capacity to withstand all loads (vertical, axial or
otherwise ) and moments which are to be transmitted to the subsoil.
5.2 Adjacent Structures
5.2.1 When working near existing structures, care shall be taken to
avoid any damage to such structures. Figure 1 of IS : 2974 ( Part I )-
1969* may be used as a guide for qualitatively studying the effect
of vibration on persons and structures.
5.2.2 In case of deep excavations adjacent to piles, proper shoring or
other suitable arrangement shall be done to guard against the lateral
movement of soil strata or releasing the confining soil stress.
5.3 Soil Resistance - The bearing capacity of a pile is dependent on
the properties of the soil in which it is embedded. Axial load from a
pile is normally transmitted to the soil through skin friction along the
shaft and bearing at its tip. A horizontal load on a vertical pile is
transmitted to the subsoil primarily by horizontal subgrade reaction
generated in the ‘upper part of the shaft. A single pile is normally
designed to carry load along its axis. Transverse load-bearing capacity
of a single pile depends on soil reaction developed and the structural
capacity of the shaft under bending. In case the horizontal loads are of
higher magnitude it is essential to investigate the phenomena using
principles of horizontal subsoil reaction adopting appropriate values for
horizontal modulus of the soil. Alternatively, piles may be installed in
rake.
5.4 Structural Capacity- The pile shall have necessary structural
strength to transmit the load imposed on it ultimately to the soil. Load
tests shall be conducted on single and preferably on a group of piles. For
*Code of practice for design and conrtruction of machine foundations : Part I
Foundations for reciprocating type machines (firs: reei&m ).
8IS:2911 (PartII)-19&I
aompaction piles, tests should be done on a group of piles with their cap
resting on the ground [ su IS : 2911 ( Part IV )-1979*]. If such test data
are not available, the load carried by the pile shall be determined by the
Engineering News formula ( see Note). Care shall be taken that while
counting the number of blows, the head of the pile is not broomed or
brushed and in case of interrupted driving counting shall be done after
30 cm of driving.
NOTE - For piles driven with drop hammer,
p,E
s + 2.5
Far piler driven with single-acting steam hammer,
p,16
s + 0.25
where
P = safe load on pile in kg,
W = weight of monkey in kg,
H = free fall of monkey in m, and
s = penetration of pile in cm to be taken m the average of three
blows.
5.5 Spacing of Piles - The centre to centre spacing of pile is considered
from two aspects as follows:
a) Practical aspects of installing the piles, and
b) The nature of the load transfer to the soil and possible reduction
in bearing capacity of group of piles thereby.
The choice of the spacing is normally made on semi-empirical
approach.
5.5.1 In case of piles founded on a very hard stratum and deriving their
capacity mainly from end bearing the spacing will be governed by the
competency of the end bearing strata. The minimum spacing in such
cases shall be 2.5 times the diameter of the shaft.
5.5.2 Piles deriving their bearing capacity mainly from friction shall
be sufficiently apart to ensure that the zones of soil from which the piles
derive their support do not overlap to such an extent that their bearing
values are reduced. Generally, the spacing in such cases shall not be
less than 3 times the diameter of the shaft.
*Code of practice for deriga rad construction of pile found&omsz Part IV Lo4 tplt
on piles.
9IS:2911 (PartII)-1980
5.5.3 In the case of loose Sand or filling, closer spacing than in dense
sand may be possible since displacement during the piling may be
absorbed by vertical and horizontal compaction of the strata. Minimum
spacing in such strata may be twice and half the diameter of the shaft.
NOTE- In the case of piles of non-circular cross section, diameter of the
circumscribing circle shall be adopted.
5.6 Overloading -When a pile in a group, designed for a certain safe
load is found, during or after execution, to fall just short of the load
required to be carried by it, an overload of up to 10 percent of the pile
capacity may be allowed on each pile. The total overloading on the
group should not be more than 10 percent of the capacity of the group
nor more than 40 percent of the allowable load on a single pile. This is
subject to the increase of the load on any pile not exceeding 10 percent
of its capacity.
6. CLASSIFICATION
6.1 Depending upon the use, that is, type of structure and the size, piles
shall be classified as Class A and Class B.
6.1.1 Class A - Piles for railway and highway bridges, trestles, docks
and wharves. The butt diameter or sides of square shall be not less
than 30 cm.
6.1.2 Class B - Piles for foundation work other than those specified
in 6.1.1 and temporary work. Piles used for the compaction of
ground shall be not less than 10 cm in diameter or side in case of square
piles.
7. TIMBER SPECIES
7.1 The species of timber and their specification shall conform to
IS : 3629- 1966*. The length of the individual pile shall be the specified
length f30 cm for piles less than 12 m long, and the specified length
&60 cm for piles of length 12 m or above. In case of round piles, the
ratio of heartwood diameter to the pile butt diameter shall be not less
than 0.8. Both the ends will be sawn at right angles to the length of
pile and the surface shall be made flush by trimming the knots and
limbs.
8. PRESERVATIVE TREATMENT
8.1 The timber shall be treated in accordance with IS : 401-1967t
specially where conditions are not favourable.
*Specification for structural timber in building.
t&de of practice for preservation of timber ( second rctisim ).
10IS : 2911 ( Part II ) - 1980
9. WORKING AND DRIVING STRESSES
9.1 The working stresses shall be as given in IS : 883-1970*. These may
be exceeded by not more than 100 percent during driving.
10. DESIGN OF PILE CAP ( RCC )
10.1 The method of stresses and allowable stresses should be in
accordance with IS : 456-l 9787.
10.2 Pile cap shall be deep enough to allow for necessary anchorage of
the column and pile reinforcement.
10.3 The pile cap should normally be rigid enough so that the imposed
load could be distributed on the piles in a group equitably.
10.4 The clear overhang of the pile cap beyond the outermost pile in the
group shall normally be 100 to 150 mm, depending upon the pile size.
10.5 The cap is generally cast over 75 mm thick levelling course of
concrete. The clear cover for main reinforcement in the cap slab shall
not be less than 75 mm.
10.6 The pile should project 40 mm into the cap concrete.
11. CUTOFFS AND THEIR TREATMENT
11.1 After driving, pile tops shall be cut off to a true plane and shall
show a solid head at the plane of cutoff. After cutoff the pile tops shall be
treated with a preservative (see IS : 401-1967: ) . If metal top-covers are
specified these shall be placed immediately after the treatment. Any
holes and cuts if required for framing shall be suitably treated.
11.2 Capping -Capping shall be done when the piles are in correct
position.
12. CONTROL OF PILE DRIVING
12.1 The piles in each bent of a pile trestle shall be selected for
uniformity of size to facilitate placing of brace timbers.
12.2 The pile tip shall be pointed ( unless the driving is wholly in soft
strata) in the form of truncated cone or a p ramid having the end
25 cm2 to 40 cm2 in area and the length shall b one-and-a-half to two
times the diameter or side of square.
*Code of practice for design of structural timber in building ( third r&ion ).
fCode of practice for plain and reinforced concrete ( third recisio)n.
SCode of practice for preservation of timber ( second vuisim ).
11IS:2911 (PartII)-1980
12.2.1 If the driving is to be done through hard materia1 as stiff clay,
gravels, etc, metal shoes of approved design shall he attached to the
tip.
12.3 To prevent splitting and reduce brooming, the head of the pile
should be hooped wit11 a suitable ring or wrapped with wires.
12.3.1 The heads of the piles shall be further protected by the provision
of cushion blocks.
12.3.2 Use of followers shall be avoided as far as possible.
12.4 If the piles are required to be formed from two or more lengths, the
butting surfaces should be cut square to ensure contact over the whole
cross section of the pile. A thin steel plate placed between the butting
surfaces will reduce the tendency to brooming. The pieces should also
be secured with steel tube or steel flats. Splices near the middle of the
pile should be avoided. If it is necessary to obtain increase in size and
length of pile by building up piles from several timber sections, the
joint should be staggered and timber members connected by means of
bolts or coach screws.
12.5 Control of Alignment - Piles shall be installed as accurately as
possible according to the designs and drawings either vertically or
to the specified batter. Greater care should be exercised in respect
of installation of single piles or piles in two-pile groups. As a guide,
for vertical piles a deviation of 1.5 percent and for raker piles a
deviation of 4 percent should not normally be exceeded although in
special cases a closer tolerance may be necessary. Piles should not deviate
more than 75 mm from their designed positions at the working level of
the piling rig. In the case of a single pile in a column positional
tolerance should not be more than 50 mm. Greater tolerance may be
prescribed for piles driven over water and for raking piles. For piles to
be cutoff at a substantial depth, the design should provide for the worst
combination of the above tolerances in position and inclination. In case
of piles deviating beyond these limits and to such an extent that the
resulting eccentricity cannot be taken care of by a redesign of the pile
cap or pile ties, the piles should be replaced or supplemented by one or
more additional piles.
NOTE -In case of raker piles up to a rake of 1 in 6, there may be no reduction
in the capacity of thr pile.
12.6 Sequence of Piling
12.6.1 In a pile group the sequence of installation of piles shall
normally be from the centre to the periphery of the group or from one
side to the other.
12IS : 2911 ( Part II ) - 1980
12.6.2 Consideration should be given to the possibility of doing harm
to a pile recently formed by driving the pile nearby. The danger of
doing harm is greater in compact soils than in loose soils.
12.6.3 DrizGg n Croup of Friction Piles - Driving piles in loose sand tends
to compact the sand which in turn increases the skin friction. There-
fore, the order of installing of such a pile in group should avoid creating
a compacting block of ground into which further piles cannot be driven.
In case where stiff clay or compact sand layers have to be
penetrated, similar precautions need be taken. This may be overcome by
driving the piles from the centre outwards or by beginning at a selected
edge or working across the group. However, in the case of very soft soils,
the driving may have to proceed from outside to inside so that the soil is
restrained from flowing out during operations.
12.7 Jetting -Jetting of casing by means of water shall be carried out
if required in such a manner as not to impair the bearing capacity of
piles already in place, the stability of the soil or the safety of any
adjoining buildings.
12.8 Defective Pile - In case defective piles, they shall be removed or
left in place, whichever is convenient, without affecting performance of
the adjacent piles or the cap as a whole. Additional piles shall be
provided to replace them as necessary.
12.9 Amount of Driving - Care shall be taken not to damage the piles
by over-driving. Any sudden change in the rate of penetration which
cannot be ascribed to the nature of the ground shall be noted and its cause
ascertained, if possible, before driving is continued.
13. RECORDING OF DATA
13.1 A competent inspector shall be maintained at site to record
necessary information during installation of piles and the data to be
recorded shall include the following:
a) Sequence of installation of piles in a group;
b) Dimensions of the pile, including the reinforcement, details and
mark of the pile;
c) Depth driven;
d) Time taken for driving and for concreting;
e) Cut-off level/working level; and
f) Any other important observation.
13IS : 2911 ( Part II ) - 1980
14. STORING AND HANDLING
14.1 For storing purpose, provisions of IS : 883-1970* may be referred to.
14.2 Handling
14.2.1 Care shall be taken that the piles are supported at a sufficient
number of points, properly located to prevent damage due to excessive
bending.
14.2.2 Treated piles shall be handled with hemp or manila rope
slings or other means of support that will not damage the surface of the
wood.
14.2.3 Dropping, bruising, hreaking of fibres and penetrating the
surface shall be avoided.
14.2.4 Sharp pointed tools shall not be used for handling or turning,
them in leads.
14.2.5 Minor abrasions of the surface of treated piles below cut-off level
in the portions which are to remain permanently under water shall he
permitted.
14.2.6 Surface of the treated piles helo\;\ cut-off shall not he disturbed
by boring holes or driving nails to support temporary material or
stagging.
~&de of practice fordesign of structural timber In building ( fhird mtiiofl j,
14IS : 2911 ( Part II ) - 1980
( Continuedfrom pn,ye 2 )
Pile Foundations Sulxommittee, BDC 43 : 5
Convener Representing
SHRI M.D. TA~IHEICAR Bomha~ Port Trust, Bombay
Members
SHRI R.P. CKOunHURY Metallurgical & Engineering Consultants ( Steel
Authority of India ), Bhilai
SHRI A.P. MUKHERJEE (Alternate)
SHRI K. N. DADINA In personal capacity ( P-820, Block P, .New A&ore.
_ Calcutta ) _ .
DEPUTY DIRECTOR RESEARCH Ministry of Railways
(SMII)
DE~JIJTYDIRECTOR STANDARDS
( B & SICB II I ( Alternate 1
SRRl i$.GHodm~. Braithwaite Burn & Jessop Construction Co Ltd,
Calcutta
SHRI M.IYENGAR Engineers India Ltd, New Delhi
SHRI .J. K. BAGCHI ( Alternate )
SHRI S. R‘: KULKARNI M. N. Dastur & Co Pvt Ltd, Calcutta
SKRI M.R.PuNJA Cementatioq C-0 Ltd, Bombay
SHRID.SHARMA Centr$or~eklmg Research Institute ( CSIR ),
DR S. P. SRRIVASTAVA United Technical Consultants Pvt Ltd, New
Delhi
DR R. KAPUR (Alternate)
SUPERINTENDING ENGINEER Central Public Works Department, New Delhi
( DESIQN)
EXECUTIVE ENGINEER
( DESIGN V ) ( Alternate )
15BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
Headquarters.
Manak Bhavan, 9 Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg, NEW DELHI 110002
Telephones: 323 0131,323 3375,323 9402
Fax : 91 11 3234062, 91 11 3239399, 91 11 3239382
Telegrams : Manaksanstha
(Common to all Offices)
Central Laboratory : Telephone
Plot No. 20/9, Site IV, Sahibabad Industrial Area, Sahibabad 201010 8-77 00 32
Regional Oflices:
Central : Manak Bhavan, 9 Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg, NEW DELHI 110002 32376 17
*Eastern : 1 I1 4 CIT Scheme VII M, V.I.P. Road, Maniktola, CALCUTTA 700054 337 86 62
Northern : SC0 335-336, Sector 34-A, CHANDIGARH 160022 60 38 43
Southern : C.I.T. Campus, IV Cross Road, CHENNAI 600113 23523 15
tWestern : Manakalaya, E9, Behind Marol Telephone Exchange, Andheri (East), 832 92 95
MUMBAI 400093
Branch Offices::
‘Pushpak’, Nurmohamed Shaikh Marg, Khanpur, AHMEDABAD 380001 5501348
SPeenya Industrial Area, 1 st Stage, Bangalore-Tumkur Road, 839 49 55
BANGALORE 560058
Gangotri Complex, 5th Floor, Bhadbhada Road, T.T. Nagar, BHOPAL 462003 55 40 21
Plot No. 62-63, Unit VI, Ganga Nagar, BHUBANESHWAR 751001 40 36 27
Kalaikathir Buildings, 670 Avinashi Road, COIMBATORE 641037 21 01 41
Plot No. 43, Sector 16 A, Mathura Road, FARIDABAD 121001 8-28 88 01
Savitri Complex, 116 G.T. Road, GHAZIABAD 201001 8-71 1996
5315 Ward No.29, R.G. Barua Road, 5th By-lane, GUWAHATI 781003 541137
5-8-56C, L.N. Gupta Marg, Nampally Station Road, HYDERABAD 500001 20 1083
E-52, Chitaranjan Marg, C- Scheme, JAIPUR 302001 37 29 25
117/418 B, Sarvodaya Nagar, KANPUR 208005 21 68 76
Seth Bhawan, 2nd Floor, Behind Leela Cinema, Naval ffishore Road, 23 89 23
LUCKNOW 226001
NIT Building, Second Floor, Gokulpat Market, NAGPUR 440010 52 51 71
Patliputra Industrial Estate, PATNA 800013 26 23 05
Institution of Engineers (India) Building 1332 Shivaji Nagar, PUNE 411005 32 36 35
T.C. No. 14/l 421, University P. 0. Pafayam, THIRUVANANTHAPURAM 695034 621 17
*Sales Dffice is at 5 Chowringhee Approach, P.O. Princep Street, 271085
CALCUll-A 700072
tSales office is at Novelty Chambers, Grant Road, MUMBAI 400007 309 65 28
SSates Dffice is at ‘F’ Block, Unity Building, Narashimaraja Square, 222 39 71
BANGALORE 560002
Reprography Unit, BIS, New Delhi, IndiaAMENDMENT NO. I JULY 1989
TO
IS : 2911( Part 2 )- 1980 CODE OF PRACTICE FOR
DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF PILE
FOUNDATIONS
PART 2 TIMBER PILES
( First Revision )
. .
( Page 6, clause 2.19, fine 1 ) - Substitute the word ‘ Elastic ‘fir
6 Electric ‘.
( Page 9, clause 5.4 ) - Substitute ‘ IS : 2911 ( Paxt 4 ) - 1985* ’
for c IS : 2911 ( Part IV ) - 1979* ‘.
( Page 9, j&t-note ) - Insert ‘ (/irrl midn 1 ’ in the end.
( Page 10, clause 8.1 and page 11, clause 11.1 ) - Substitute
IS : 401-1982 ‘for ‘ IS : 401-1967 ‘.
l
( Pages 10 nnd 11, foot-notes ) - Substitute ’ third ‘for ’ second ‘.
[ Page 13, clause 13.1(b) ] - Delete the words ‘ including the
reinforcement, details ‘.
[ Page 13, clause 13.1(d) ] - Delete the words ‘ and for concreting ’
( UDC 43 )
Reprography Unit, BIS, New Delhi, India
|
11263.pdf
|
IS : 11263- 1985
lndiun Standard
SPECIFICATION FOR
CYLINDER MEASURES FOR
DETERMINATION OF AIR CONTENT OF
HYDRAULIC CEMENT MORTAR
Cement and Concrete Sectional Committee, BDC 2
Chairman Refmsenting
DB H. C. VISVESVARAYA Cement Research Institute of India, New Delhi
Man hers
ADDITIONAL DIRECTOR Research,. Designs & Standards Organization
STANDARDS ( B & S ) ( Mmtstry of Railwa) s ), Lucknow
DEPUTY DIRECTOR STANDARDS
( B & S ) ( AltCfn&? )
SHRI K. P. BANERJEE Larsen and Toubro Limited, Bombay _
SHRI HARISH N. MALANI ( Alternate )
SERI S. K. BANERJEE National Test House, Calcutta
CHIEF ENQ~NEER( BD ) Bhakra Beas Management Board, Nangal Township
SHRI J. C. BASUR ( Aft8VUZt)8
CHIEF ENGINEER( DESIQNS ) Central Public Works Department, New Delhi
EXECUTIVE ENQINEER ( D ) III ( Alternate )
CHIEF ENQINEER ( RESEARCH- Irrigation and Power Research Institute, Government
CUIII-DIRECTO)R of Punjab, Amritsar
RESEARCH 0 F F I c E R
( CONCRETET ECHNOLOQY) ( &CffUZtC)
DIRECTOR A. P. Engineering Research Laboratories, Hyderabad
JOINT DIRECTOR ( Afternate )
DIRECTOR Cen;trih:oil and Materials Research Station, New
CHIEF RESEARCH OFFICER ( Alternate )
DIBECTOR ( C & MDD-I ) Central Water Commission, New Delhi
DEPUTY DIRECTOR ( C & MDD-I ) ( Alternate)
SHRI V. K. GHANEKAR Struc~o~~k~engineering Research Centre ( CSIR ),
SERI A. V. GOKAK Cem~fhiController ( Ministry of Industry ), New
SEEI S. S. MIQLANI ( &9~~t8 )
SERI A. K. GIJPTA Hyderabad Asbestos Cement Products Limited,
Ballabgarh
( Continued on #age 2
@ CopyrigAt 1985
INDIAN STANDARDS INSTITUTION
This publication is protected under the In&n Copyright Act ( XIV of 1957 ) and
reproduction in whole or in part by any means except with written permission of the
publisher shall be deemed to be an infringement of copyright under the said Act.IS : 11263- 1985
(Continued frmn page 1 )
Members Representing
SHRI P. J. JAGUS Associated Cement Companies Ltd, Bombay
DR A. K. CHATTERJKE ( A1tcrnatc )
SBRI N. G. .JOSRI Indian Hume Pipes Co Limited, Bombay
Sam R. L. KAPOOR Ministry of Shipping and Transport ( Roads Wing )
SHRI N. Srv~aunn ( Alternatc )
SERI S. K. LARA Institution of Engineers ( India ), Calcutta
SHRI B. T. UNWALLA ( Alternate )
DR A. K. MULLICK Cement Research Institute of India. New Delhi
SRRI K. K. NAMBIAR In personal capacity ( ‘Ramanalaya“ II, First f&sent
Park Road, Gandhinagar, Adyar, Madras )
SHRI S. N. PAL M. N. Dastur and Company Private Limited,
Calcutta
SHRI BI~XAND ASQUPTA ( Afternate )
SHRI H. S. PASRICHA Hindustan Prefab Limited, New Delhi
SERI Y. R. PHT?LL Indian Roads Congress, New Delhi; and Central
Road Research Institute ( CSIR ), New Delhi
SHRI M. R. CHATTERJEE Central Road Research Institute ( CSIR ), New Delhi
( Alternate )
DR MOHANRAI Central Building Research Institute ( CSIR ),
Roorkee
DR S. S. RE~ISI ( Altarmate )
SERI A. V. RAMANA Dalmia Cement ( Bharat ) Limited, New Delhi
DR K. C. NAXANQ ( Alternate )
SHRI P. S. RAMACHANDRAN India Cements Limited, Madras
SH~,I G. RAMDAS Directorate General of Supplies and Disposals, New
Delhi
DR A. V. R. Rae National Buildings Organization, New Delhi
SHRI J. SEN GUPTA ( Alternate )
SHRI R. V. CRAL~PATHI RAO Geological Survey of India, Calcutta
Snrrr S. ROY I Alternate 1
SHRI TI N. STJBB; RAO ’ Gammon India Limited, Bombay
SHRI S. A. RXDDI ( Alternate )
DR M. RAMAIAH Stru~a~~asEngineering Research Centre ( CSIR ),
DR A. G. MADHAVA RAO ( Alternate )
SHRI ARJUN RIJHSIN~~ANI Cement Corporation of India, New Delhi
SRRI C. S. SHARMA ( Alternate )
SHRI H. S. SATYANARAYANA Engineer-in-Chief’s Branch, Army Headquarters,
New Delhi
SRRI V. R. KOTXIS ( Afternate )
SBCRETARY Central Board of Irrigation and Power, New Delhi
SARI K. R. S%XENA ( Alternate )
SUPERTNTENDINQE NUINEER Public Works Department, Government of Tamil
( DESIGNS ) Nadu, Madras
EXECUTIVI;:E NGINEER ( SMD
D~vrsron 1 ( Allernate j
SHRITASWAROO~? Orissa Cement Limited, New Delhi
SRRI H. BHATTACRARYYA ( Alternate )
SHR~ G. RAMAX, Director General, IS1 ( Ex-$j’icio Member )
Director ( Civ Engg )
Secretary
SRRI N. C. BANDYOPADHYAY
Deputy Director ( Civ Engg ), IS1
( Continued on page 6 )
2IS : 11263- 1985
Indian Standard
SPECIFICATION FOR
CYLINDER MEASURES FOR
DETERMINATION OF AIR CONTENT OF
HYDRAULIC CEMENT MORTAR
0. FOREWORD
0.1 This Indian Standard was adopted by the Indian Standards
Institution on 12 March 1985, after the draft finalized by the Cement and
Concrete Sectional Committee had been approved by the Civil Engineer-
ing Division Council.
0.2 A number of standards on methods of testing of cement and concrete
has already been published. Having recognized that reliable and
reproducible test results could be obtained only with use of standard
testing equipment capable of giving desired level of accuracy, the
Cement and Concrete Sectional Committee had taken up formulation of
Indian Standards on instruments for testing cement and concrete and, as
a result, a number of Indian Standards on instruments for testing cement
and concrete have already been published. These standards are
expected to promote development and manufacture of standard testing
equipment in the country.
0.3 Accordingly, this standard has been prepared to cover the require-
ments of cylinder measures used in tests for determination of air content
of hydraulic cement mortar. The method for determination of air
content of hydraulic cement mortar is covered in IS : 4031-1968*.
0.4 In the formulation of this standard, due weightage has been given to
international coordination among the standards and practices prevailing
in different countries in addition to relating it to the practices in the field
in this country.
0.5 For the purpose of decidin; whether a particular requirement of this
standard is complied with, the final value, observed or calculated,
expressing the result of a test or anaiy<is, shall be rounded OR in accord-
ance with IS : 2-1960t. The number of significant places retained in the
rounded off value should be the same as that of the specified value in this
standard.
‘Methods of physical tests for hydraulic cement.
TRuIes for rounding off numerical values ( rev& ).
3IS : 11263- 1985
1. SCOPE
1.1 This standard covers the requirements of cylinder measures used in
tests for determination of air content of hydraulic cement mortar.
2. MATERIALS
2.1 The material of construction of cylinder measure shall be brass,
stainless steel or any other material not attacked by cement mortar.
3. CONSTRUCTION
3.1 A cylindrical measure having an inside diameter of 75 * 1.5 mm
and a depth ( approximately 90 mm ) adjusted by standardization with
water to contain 400 f 1 ml at 27 f 2°C ( see Note ). For the purpose
of this test, the capacity of the measure in millilitres is the mass of the
water content of the measure, in grams, divided by O-997, no correction
in weight being made for the buoyant effect of air. The measure shall
have a uniform wall thickness. The thickness of the wall and bottom
shall be not less than 3 &m. The total mass of the empty measure shall not
be more than 900 g. The top surface of the rim shall be faced smooth.
NOTE - The 400-1111 measure may be calibrated readily by filling with distilled
water at 27 f 2°C to a point where the meniscus extends appreciably above the top of
the measure placing a clean piece of plate glass on the top of the measure, and
allowing the excess water to be squeezed out. The absence of air bubbles as seen
through the glass ensures that the measure is completely full. Care shall be taken
that the excess water is wiped from the sides of the container before weighing.
4. ACCESSORIES
4.1 Straight Edge - Steel straight edge shall not be less than 100 mm
long and not less than 1.5 mm nor more than 3 mm in thickness.
4.2 Spatula - A spatula with a steel blade 150 mm in length and
10 mm in width, with straight edges and a wooden handle.
4.3 Tapping Stick - Tapping stick shall be made of teak wood or
other suitable timber, having a square cross-section of 16 mm side and a
length of 150 mm.
5. MARKING
5.1 The following information shall be clearly and indelibly marked on
each of the cylinder measures:
a) Name of the manufacturer or his registered trade-mark or both,
and
b) Date of manufacture.
4IS : 11263- 1985
5.1.1 Cylinder measures may also be marked with the IS1 Certification
Mark.
NOTE - The use of the ISI Certification Mark is governed by the provisions of
the Indian Standards Institution ( Certification Marks) Act and the Rules and
Regulations made thereunder. The ISI Mark on products covered by an Indian
Standard ccnveys the assurance that they have been produced to comply with the
requirements of that standard under a well-defined system of inspection, testing and
quality control which is devised and supervised by JSI and operated by the producer.
IS1 marked products are also continuously checked by IS1 for conformity to that
standard as a further safeguard. Details of conditions under which a licence for the
use of the ISI Certification Mark may be granted to manufacturers or processors,
may be obtained from the Indian Standards Institution.
5IS : 11263- 1985
( Contiwed from pap 2 )
Instruments ‘for Cement and Concrete Testing Subcommittee,
BDC 2 : 10
Convener
DR IQBAL ALI
14-l-359, New Aghapura, Hyderabad
Me?h?TS Representing
&RIP. D. A~ARWAL Public Works Department, Government of Uttar
Pradesh, Lucknow
DR T. N. CIIOJER ( Alte~naf)e
SHRI S. K. BANERJEE National Test House, Calcutta
DR R. K. DATTA Central Building Research Institute ( CSIR ),
R nmkrw
SHRI J. P. KAUS~IISH ( Alfernate )
DIRECTOR A. P. Engineering Research Laboratories, Hyderahad
JOINT DIRECTOR ( Alternate )
EXECUTIVE ENGINEER( D ) V Central Public Works Department, New Delhi
SH:~I H. K. GUHA All India Instrument Manufacturers and Dealers
Association, Bombay
DEPUTY SRCRETARY ( Alternate )
SHRI TATINDER SINGH Hydraulic Enzineerine Instruments. New Delhi
S&I GURBAC~AN SINGE ( Alter&e ) ” -
SHRI M. R. JOSHI Research & Development Organization ( Ministry
of Defence ), New Delhi
SHRI Y. P. PATHA~ ( Alternate )
Pno~ S. KRISHNAXCJRTBY Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi
S~nr P. S. PARAWESWARAN Associated Cement Companies Ltd, Bombay
SHRI B. V. B. PA1 ( Alternate )
PROP C. K. R~MESH Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay
Dn R. S. AYYAR ( Alternate )
DR P.RoY CHAUDHURI Central Road Research Institute, New Delhi
SHRI S. S. S~EHRA ( Alternate I )
Snm HARJ~T SINGS (Alternate II )
DR V. V. SUBBA RAO Cement Research Institute of India, New Delhi
SHRI N. K. JAIN ( Alternate I )
SHRI K. H. BABU ( Alternate II )
SHRI C. SANRARAN Highways Research Station, Madras
SHRI A. V. S. R. SASTRI Associated Instrument Manufacturers ( India ) Pvt
Ltd, New Delhi; and Advisory Committee for
Standardization of Instruments ( ACSI ), New
Delhi
SRRI PALVINDER SINGH ( Alternate )
|
BS EN ISO 14713 -1_2009_,_Zinc_Coatings.pdf
|
BRITISH STANDARD BS EN ISO
14713-1:2009
Zinc coatings —
Guidelines and
recommendations for
the protection against
corrosion of iron and
steel in structures
Part 1: General principles of design
and corrosion resistance (ISO
14713-1:2009)
ICS 25.220.40; 91.080.10
NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAWBS EN ISO 14713-1:2009
National foreword
This British Standard is the UK implementation of EN ISO
14713-1:2009. Together with BS EN ISO 14713-2:2009 and BS EN ISO
14713-3:2009, it supersedes BS EN ISO 14713:1999 which is
withdrawn.
The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical
Committee STI/34, Hot dip galvanized coatings.
A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on
request to its secretary.
This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions
of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application.
Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity
from legal obligations.
This British Standard Amendments/corrigenda issued since publication
was published under the
authority of the Standards
Policy and Strategy Date Comments
Committee on 28 February
2010
© BSI 2010
ISBN 978 0 580 62786 6EUROPEAN STANDARD EN ISO 14713-1
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
December 2009
ICS 25.220.40; 91.080.10 Supersedes EN ISO 14713:1999
English Version
Zinc coatings - Guidelines and recommendations for the
protection against corrosion of iron and steel in structures - Part
1: General principles of design and corrosion resistance (ISO
14713-1:2009)
Revêtements de zinc - Lignes directrices et Zinküberzüge - Leitfäden und Empfehlungen zum Schutz
recommandations pour la protection contre la corrosion du von Eisen- und Stahlkonstruktionen vor Korrosion - Teil 1:
fer et de l'acier dans les constructions - Partie 1: Principes Allgemeine Konstruktionsgrundsätze und
généraux de conception et résistance à la corrosion (ISO Korrosionsbeständigkeit (ISO 14713-1:2009)
14713-1:2009)
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 18 November 2009.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European
Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national
standards may be obtained on application to the CEN Management Centre or to any CEN member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation
under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN Management Centre has the same status as the
official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland,
France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal,
Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels
© 2009 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN ISO 14713-1:2009: E
worldwide for CEN national Members.BS EN ISO 14713-1:2009
EN ISO 14713-1:2009 (E)
Foreword
This document (EN ISO 14713-1:2009) has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 107 "Metallic and
other inorganic coatings" in collaboration with Technical Committee CEN/TC 262 “Metallic and other inorganic
coatings” the secretariat of which is held by BSI.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical
text or by endorsement, at the latest by June 2010, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at
the latest by June 2010.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
This document supersedes EN ISO 14713:1999.
According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following
countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech
Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia,
Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain,
Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.
Endorsement notice
The text of ISO 14713-1:2009 has been approved by CEN as a EN ISO 14713-1:2009 without any
modification.
3BS EN ISO 14713-1:2009
ISO 14713-1:2009(E)
Contents
Page
Foreword............................................................................................................................................................iv
1 Scope......................................................................................................................................................1
2 Normative references............................................................................................................................1
3 Terms and definitions...........................................................................................................................2
4 Materials.................................................................................................................................................3
4.1 Iron and steel substrates......................................................................................................................3
4.2 Zinc coatings.........................................................................................................................................3
5 Selection of zinc coating......................................................................................................................3
6 Design requirements.............................................................................................................................4
6.1 General principles of design to avoid corrosion...............................................................................4
6.2 Design for application of different zinc coating processes..............................................................5
6.3 Tubes and hollow sections...................................................................................................................5
6.4 Connections...........................................................................................................................................5
6.5 Duplex systems.....................................................................................................................................6
6.6 Maintenance...........................................................................................................................................7
7 Corrosion in different environments...................................................................................................7
7.1 Atmospheric exposure..........................................................................................................................7
7.2 Exposure to soils.................................................................................................................................10
7.3 Exposure to water...............................................................................................................................12
7.4 Abrasion...............................................................................................................................................12
7.5 Exposure to chemicals.......................................................................................................................12
7.6 Elevated temperatures........................................................................................................................13
7.7 Contact with concrete.........................................................................................................................13
7.8 Contact with wood...............................................................................................................................14
7.9 Bimetallic contact................................................................................................................................14
8 Accelerated test methods applied to zinc coatings.........................................................................16
Bibliography......................................................................................................................................................17
© ISO 2009 – All rights reserved iiiBS EN ISO 14713-1:2009
ISO 14713-1:2009(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 14713-1 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 107, Metallic and other inorganic coatings,
Subcommittee SC 4, Hot dip coatings (galvanized, etc.).
This first edition, together with ISO 14713-2 and ISO 14713-3, cancels and replaces ISO 14713:1999, which
has been technically revised.
ISO 14713 consists of the following parts, under the general title Zinc coatings — Guidelines and
recommendations for the protection against corrosion of iron and steel in structures:
⎯ Part 1: General principles of design and corrosion resistance
⎯ Part 2: Hot dip galvanizing
⎯ Part 3: Sherardizing
iv © ISO 2009 – All rights reservedBS EN ISO 14713-1:2009
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 14713-1:2009(E)
Zinc coatings — Guidelines and recommendations for the
protection against corrosion of iron and steel in structures —
Part 1:
General principles of design and corrosion resistance
1 Scope
This part of ISO 14713 provides guidelines and recommendations regarding the general principles of design
which are appropriate for articles to be zinc coated for corrosion protection and the level of corrosion
resistance provided by zinc coatings applied to iron or steel articles, exposed to a variety of environments.
Initial protection is covered in relation to
⎯ available standard processes,
⎯ design considerations, and
⎯ environments for use.
This part of ISO 14713 applies to zinc coatings applied by the following processes:
a) hot dip galvanized coatings (applied after fabrication);
b) hot dip galvanized coatings (applied onto continuous sheet);
c) sherardized coatings;
d) thermal sprayed coatings;
e) mechanically plated coatings;
f) electrodeposited coatings.
These guidelines and recommendations do not deal with the maintenance of corrosion protection in service
for steel with zinc coatings. Guidance on this subject can be found in ISO 12944-5 and ISO 12944-8.
NOTE There are a variety of product-related standards (e.g. for nails, fasteners, ductile iron pipes, etc.) which
provide specific requirements for the applied zinc coating systems which go beyond any general guidance presented in
this part of ISO 14713. These specific product-related requirements will take precedence over these general
recommendations.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 1461, Hot dip galvanized coatings on fabricated iron and steel articles — Specifications and test methods
© ISO 2009 – All rights reserved 1BS EN ISO 14713-1:2009
ISO 14713-1:2009(E)
ISO 2063, Thermal spraying — Metallic and other inorganic coatings — Zinc, aluminium and their alloys
ISO 2064, Metallic and other inorganic coatings — Definitions and conventions concerning the measurement
of thickness
ISO 2081, Metallic and other inorganic coatings — Electroplated coatings of zinc with supplementary
treatments on iron or steel
ISO 8044:1999, Corrosion of metals and alloys — Basic terms and definitions
ISO 9223, Corrosion of metals and alloys — Corrosivity of atmospheres — Classification
ISO 9224, Corrosion of metals and alloys — Corrosivity of atmospheres — Guiding values for the corrosivity
categories
ISO 9226, Corrosion of metals and alloys — Corrosivity of atmospheres — Determination of corrosion rate of
standard specimens for the evaluation of corrosivity
ISO 11844-1, Corrosion of metals and alloys — Classification of low corrosivity of indoor atmospheres —
Determination and estimation of indoor corrosivity
ISO 12683, Mechanically deposited coatings of zinc — Specification and test methods
ISO 12944-5, Paints and varnishes — Corrosion protection of steel structures by protective paint systems —
Part 5: Protective paint systems
ISO 12944-8, Paints and varnishes — Corrosion protection of steel structures by protective paint systems —
Part 8: Development of specifications for new work and maintenance
ISO 14713-2, Zinc coatings — Guidelines and recommendations for the protection against corrosion of iron
and steel in structures — Part 2: Hot dip galvanizing
ISO 14713-3, Zinc coatings — Guidelines and recommendations for the protection against corrosion of iron
and steel in structures — Part 3: Sherardizing
EN 10240, Internal and/or external protective coatings for steel tubes — Specification for hot dip galvanized
coatings applied in automatic plants
EN 10346, Continuously hot-dip coated steel flat products — Technical delivery conditions
EN 13438, Paints and varnishes — Powder organic coatings for galvanized or sherardized steel products for
construction purposes
EN 13811, Sherardizing — Zinc diffusion coatings on ferrous products — Specification
EN 15520, Thermal spraying — Recommendations for constructional design of components with thermally
sprayed coatings
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 1461, ISO 2063, ISO 2064,
ISO 8044, ISO 12683, EN 13811 and the following apply.
3.1
atmospheric corrosion
corrosion with the earth’s atmosphere at ambient temperature as the corrosive environment
(see ISO 8044:1999, 3.04)
2 © ISO 2009 – All rights reservedBS EN ISO 14713-1:2009
ISO 14713-1:2009(E)
3.2
elevated temperatures
temperatures between + 60 °C and + 200 °C
3.3
exceptional exposure
special cases, such as exposure that substantially intensifies the corrosive exposure and/or places increased
demands on the corrosion protection system
3.4
life to first maintenance
the time interval that can elapse after initial coating before coating deterioration reaches the point when
maintenance is necessary to restore protection of the basis metal
4 Materials
4.1 Iron and steel substrates
In hot dip galvanizing, the reactivity of the steel is modified by its chemical composition, particularly by the
silicon plus phosphorus contents (see ISO 14713-2). The metallurgical and chemical nature of the steel is
irrelevant to protection by thermally sprayed or sherardized coatings.
The broad range of steels likely to be subject to zinc coating will commonly fall into the following categories:
⎯ carbon steel, composed simply of iron and carbon, accounts for 90 % of steel production [e.g.
EN 10025-2 and EN 10080 (steel reinforcement)];
⎯ high strength, low-alloy (HSLA) steels have small additions (usually < 2 % by weight) of other elements,
typically 1,5 % manganese, to provide additional strength for a modest price increase (e.g. EN 10025-6);
⎯ low-alloy steel is alloyed with other elements, usually molybdenum, manganese, chromium, or nickel, in
amounts of up to 10 % by weight to improve the hardenability of thick sections (e.g. EN 10083-1).
Steel can be hot rolled or cold formed. Hot rolling is used to produce angle, “I”, “H” and other structural
sections. Some structural sections, e.g. safety barriers, cladding rails, and cladding panels, are cold formed.
Cast and wrought irons are of various metallurgical and chemical compositions. This is irrelevant to protection
by thermally sprayed or sherardized coatings but special consideration is needed regarding the cast irons
most suitable for hot dip galvanizing (see ISO 14713-2).
4.2 Zinc coatings
The application of zinc coatings provides an effective method of retarding or preventing corrosion of ferrous
materials (see Clause 1 for the range of zinc coatings/processes covered by this part of ISO 14713). Zinc
coatings are used in this regard because they protect iron and steel both by barrier action and by galvanic
action.
5 Selection of zinc coating
The zinc coating system to be used should be selected by taking the following items into account:
a) the general environment (macro-climate) in which it is to be applied;
b) local variations in the environment (micro-climate), including anticipated future changes and any
exceptional exposure;
© ISO 2009 – All rights reserved 3BS EN ISO 14713-1:2009
ISO 14713-1:2009(E)
c) the required life to first maintenance of the zinc coating system;
d) the need for ancillary components;
e) the need for post-treatment for temporary protection;
f) the need for painting, either initially (duplex system) or when the zinc coating is approaching the end of its
life to first maintenance to achieve minimal maintenance cost;
g) the availability and cost;
h) if the life to first maintenance of the system is less than that required for the structure, its ease of
maintenance.
NOTE The life for a zinc coating in any particular atmospheric exposure condition is approximately proportional to the
thickness of the coating.
The operational sequence for applying the selected system should be determined in consultation with the
steel fabricator and the applier of the zinc coating system.
6 Design requirements
6.1 General principles of design to avoid corrosion
Design of structures and products should influence the choice of protective system. It may be appropriate and
economic to modify the design to suit the preferred protective system.
The items in a) to j) should be considered.
a) Safe and easy access for cleaning and maintenance should be provided.
b) Pockets and recesses in which water and dirt can collect should be avoided; a design with smooth
contours facilitates application of a protective coating and helps to improve corrosion resistance.
Corrosive chemicals should be directed away from structural components, e.g. drainage tubes should be
used to control de-icing salts.
c) Areas which are inaccessible after erection should be given a coating system designed to last the
required life of the structure.
d) If bimetallic corrosion (corrosion due to contact between dissimilar materials: metals and/or alloys) is
possible, additional protective measures should be considered (see ISO 14713-2).
e) Where the coated iron and steel are likely to be in contact with other building materials, special
consideration should be given to the contact area; e.g. the use of paint, tapes or plastic foils should be
considered.
f) Hot dip galvanizing, sherardizing, mechanical coating, zinc flake coating or electroplating can be provided
only in works; thermal spraying can be applied in works or on site. When paint is to be applied to a zinc
coating, the application is more readily controlled in works but, where there is a likelihood of substantial
damage occurring during transportation and erection, specifiers may prefer to apply the final paint coat on
site. The application of a powder coating on metal coated steel can only be done in works.
Where the total system is applied offsite, the specification has to cover the need for care at all stages to
prevent damage to the finished iron and steel and set out repair procedures to the coating once the
steelwork is erected.
4 © ISO 2009 – All rights reservedBS EN ISO 14713-1:2009
ISO 14713-1:2009(E)
g) Hot dip galvanizing (in accordance with ISO 1461), sherardizing (in accordance with EN 13811) or
thermal spraying (in accordance with ISO 2063) should take place after bending and other forms of
fabrication.
h) Methods of marking parts shall not have an influence on the quality of the pre-treatment operations prior
to coating.
i) Precautions may be required to minimize the likelihood of deformation during processing or subsequently.
j) The conditions experienced by the articles during coating application may also need to be considered.
6.2 Design for application of different zinc coating processes
The design practice for hot dip coating differs from that for other zinc coating systems. ISO 14713-2 provides
guidance on the design for hot dip coatings. This supplements the general principles of good design for steel
structures.
The design practice for sherardized coatings can be found in ISO 14713-3.
The design for zinc thermal spraying should be discussed with the thermal sprayer at an early stage so that
adequate provision is made for access to all areas of the article (see EN 15520).
The design for electroplating with zinc follows the general design principles for electroplating and these are
not given here. The design for mechanical coating is best discussed with specialist applicators; in general,
these processes are most suitable for small parts which can be tumbled in a barrel but specialist plants may
be available for other shapes.
6.3 Tubes and hollow sections
6.3.1 General
If they are dry and hermetically sealed, the internal surfaces of tubes and hollow sections will not need
protection. Where hollow sections are fully exposed to the weather, or interior environments that might give
rise to condensation, and are not hermetically sealed, consideration should be given to the need for both
internal and external protection.
6.3.2 Corrosion protection of internal and external surfaces
Hot dip galvanizing gives equal thickness internally and externally. There are some special products where
the thickness of the coating is different on internal and external surfaces, e.g. tubes for water distribution
systems (see EN 10240). When tubes and hollow sections are hot dip galvanized after assembly into
structures, drainage/venting holes should be provided for processing purposes (see ISO 14713-2).
Sherardizing gives equal thickness internally and externally. No precautions are needed for hollow sections.
When tubes are sherardized, the zinc dust and sand mixture should be loaded into the tubes before starting
the thermal diffusion process (see ISO 14713-3)
6.4 Connections
6.4.1 Fastenings to be used with hot dip galvanized, sherardized or thermal sprayed coatings
The protective treatment of bolts, nuts and other parts of the structural connections should be given careful
consideration. Ideally, their protective treatment should provide a similar performance to that specified for the
general surfaces. Specific requirements are given in the appropriate product International Standards (e.g.
ISO 10684) and in a series of International Standards for coatings on fasteners which are in the course of
preparation/publication.
© ISO 2009 – All rights reserved 5BS EN ISO 14713-1:2009
ISO 14713-1:2009(E)
Hot dip galvanized (see, for example, ISO 1461 which covers specified minimum coating thicknesses up to
55 µm), sherardized, or other coatings on steel fasteners should be considered. Alternatively, stainless steel
fasteners can be used; for precautions to take in order to minimize the potential for bimetallic corrosion,
see 7.9.
The mating surfaces of connections made with high-strength friction-grip bolts should be given special
treatment. It is not necessary to remove thermally sprayed, sheradized or hot dip coatings from such areas to
obtain an adequate coefficient of friction. However, consideration has to be given to any long-term slip or
creep-avoidance requirements and to any necessary adjustments to the assembly dimensions.
6.4.2 Welding considerations related to coatings
It is recommended to weld prior to hot dip galvanizing, sherardizing or thermal spraying. The use of welding
anti-spatter sprays that cannot be removed in the pretreatment process at the galvanizers' works should be
avoided. For this reason, where welding sprays are used, low silicone, water-soluble sprays are
recommended. After welding, the surface should be prepared to the standard specified for preparing the
steelwork overall before applying the protective coating process. Welding should be balanced (i.e. equal
amounts on each side of the main axis) to avoid introducing unbalanced stresses in a structure. Welding
residues have to be removed before coating. The normal pretreatments for thermal spraying are usually
sufficient for this purpose but extra pretreatment may be needed for hot dip galvanizing; in particular, weld
slag should be removed separately. Some forms of welding leave alkaline deposits behind. These have to be
removed by blast-cleaning followed by washing with clean water before applying thermally-sprayed coatings.
(This does not apply to hot dip galvanizing and sherardizing where the pretreatment process removes alkaline
deposits.)
It is desirable that fabrication takes place without the use of a blast primer, as this has to be removed before
hot dipping, sherardizing or thermal spraying.
Where welding takes place after hot dip galvanizing, sherardizing or thermal spraying, it is preferable, before
welding, to remove the coating locally in the area of the weld to ensure the highest quality weld. After welding,
protection should be appropriately restored locally by thermal spraying, “solder sticks” and/or zinc dust paints.
It is not recommended to weld sherardized articles, but spot-welding may be possible in certain applications.
After welding of coated steels, the surface should be prepared to the standard specified for preparing the
steelwork overall before applying paint or fusion-bonded powder coatings.
Assemblies comprising different metals needing different pretreatments should be discussed with the
processor.
Welding of zinc coated parts must be done with appropriate local air ventilation in accordance with health and
safety regulations.
6.4.3 Brazing or soldering
Soft soldered assemblies cannot be hot dip galvanized or sherardized and brazing should be avoided if
possible — many types of brazing are unsuitable for hot dip galvanizing or sherardizing. The galvanizer or
sherardizer should be consulted if brazing is being considered.
Since corrosive fluxes may be used in these processes, removal of flux residues after the coating process is
essential to avoid corrosion of the coated parts; the design of these parts should facilitate this.
6.5 Duplex systems
ISO 12944-5 and EN 13438 give information on organic coatings which are applied to hot dip galvanized or
sherardized coatings. When such an organic coating has been applied, the term “duplex system” is used to
describe the combination of coatings — historically, this term was most commonly used to describe organic
coatings on hot dip galvanized articles.
6 © ISO 2009 – All rights reservedBS EN ISO 14713-1:2009
ISO 14713-1:2009(E)
NOTE EN 15773 deals with quality and communications requirements in the supply chain when specifying the supply
of duplex systems.
The life of a zinc coated steel structure is longer than the life of the zinc coating system that is initially applied
to it, as some steel can be lost by corrosion before a structure becomes unserviceable. If it is necessary to
prolong the life of the zinc coating, maintenance has to take place before any steel rusting occurs and
preferably while at least 20 µm to 30 µm of zinc coating remains. This gives a maintained zinc coating plus
organic coating system a longer total life than a simple organic coating.
The total life of a zinc coating plus organic coating system is usually significantly greater than the sum of the
lives of the zinc coating and protective organic coating. There is a synergistic effect, i.e. the presence of zinc
coatings reduces under-rusting of the paint film; the paint preserves the zinc coating from early corrosion.
Where it is desired to retain a reasonably intact layer of paint as a basis for maintenance, the initially applied
paint system should have extra thickness.
Maintenance usually takes place when the zinc coating loses its appearance or becomes degraded. Zinc
coatings usually take longer to degrade than paint. Hence a zinc coating may be recommended for 20 years
or more up to first maintenance, whereas the same coating when covered by paint is, for reasons of
appearance of the paint, recommended for only 10 years up to first maintenance. It should also be noted that
an area of degraded paint can retain moisture and hence hasten the corrosion of metal, particularly on a
surface not washed by rain.
If maintenance is delayed until the zinc coating has been consumed and rusting has started, the iron and steel
have to be maintained in the same way as rusted painted steel.
6.6 Maintenance
Zinc coatings may be left unmaintained if the corrosion rate of the coating is insufficient to affect the
performance of the structure in its designed period of use. If a longer life span is required, maintenance of the
coating should be carried out by stripping and re-galvanizing (part of) the structure or by painting while some
original coating remains.
7 Corrosion in different environments
7.1 Atmospheric exposure
The corrosion rate of a zinc coating is affected by the time for which it is exposed to wetness, air pollution and
contamination of the surface, but the corrosion rates are much slower than for steel and often decrease with
time. General information on the atmospheric corrosion rate for zinc is given in ISO 9224.
Table 1 gives basic groups of environments (related to ISO 9223). Where the relative humidity is below
60 %, the corrosion rate of iron and steel is negligible and they may not require zinc coating, e.g. inside
many buildings. Zinc coating with or without painting may, however, be required for appearance or for
reasons of hygiene, e.g. in a food factory. When the relative humidity is higher than 60 % or where they
are exposed to wet or immersed conditions or prolonged condensation then, like most metals, iron and
steel are subject to more serious corrosion. Contaminants deposited on the surface, notably chlorides
and sulfates, accelerate attack. Substances that deposit on the surface of the iron and steel increase
corrosion if they absorb moisture or go into solution on the surface of the iron and steel. The temperature
also influences the corrosion rate of unprotected iron and steel and temperature fluctuations have a
stronger effect than the average temperature value.
The micro-environment, i.e. the conditions prevailing around the structure, is also important because it allows
a more precise assessment of the likely conditions than study of the basic climate alone. It is not always
known at the planning stage of a project. Every effort should be made to identify it accurately, however,
because it is an important factor in the total environment against which corrosion protection is required. An
example of a micro-climate is the underside of a bridge (particularly over water).
© ISO 2009 – All rights reserved 7BS EN ISO 14713-1:2009
ISO 14713-1:2009(E)
The corrosion of steelwork inside buildings is dependent upon the internal environment but in “normal”
atmospheres, e.g. dry and heated, it is insignificant. Steelwork in the perimeter walls of buildings is influenced
by the configuration within the perimeter wall, e.g. steelwork without direct contact with the outer leaf of a wall
comprising two parts separated by an air space is at less risk of corrosion than steelwork in contact with or
embedded in the outer leaf. Buildings containing industrial processes, chemical environments, wet or
contaminated environments should be given special consideration. Steelwork which is partially sheltered, e.g.
farm barns and aircraft hangars, should be considered as being subject to the exterior environment.
Table 1 also sets out an indication of the likely range of corrosion rates which are applicable to zinc coatings
exposed to the different types of corrosivity category dealt with in ISO 9223.
8 © ISO 2009 – All rights reservedBS EN ISO 14713-1:2009
ISO 14713-1:2009(E)
Table 1 — Description of typical atmospheric environments
related to the estimation of corrosivity categories
Corrosivity category C Typical environments (examples)
Corrosion rate for zinc
(based upon one year
exposures), rcorr (µm⋅a−1) Indoor Outdoor
and corrosion level
C1 Heated spaces with low relative humidity Dry or cold zone, atmospheric environment with very low
and insignificant pollution, e.g. offices, pollution and time of wetness, e.g. certain deserts, central
r corr u 0,1 schools, museums Arctic/Antarctica
Very low
C2 Unheated spaces with varying Temperate zone, atmospheric environment with low
0,1 < r corr u 0,7 t fe rem qp ue er na ct yu r oe f a cn od n dre el na sti av te io h nu am ni dd i lt oy w. L ow p Do ryll u oti ro cn o l( dS zO o2 n < e ,5 a tµ mg o/m sp3) h, e e ri. cg . e: nr vu ir ra ol n mar ee na ts w, is thm sa hll o t ro t w timns e.
Low pollution, e.g. storage, sport halls of wetness, e.g. deserts, sub-arctic areas
Spaces with moderate frequency of Temperate zone, atmospheric environment with medium
C3 condensation and moderate pollution from pollution (SO : 5 µg/m3 to 30 µg/m3) or some effect of
2
0,7 < r corr u 2 production process, e.g. food-processing chlorides, e.g. urban areas, coastal areas with low
Medium plants, laundries, breweries, dairies deposition of chlorides, subtropical and tropical zones with
atmosphere with low pollution
Spaces with high frequency of Temperate zone, atmospheric environment with high
C4 condensation and high pollution from pollution (SO 2: 30 µg/m3 to 90 µg/m3) or substantial effect
2 < r corr u 4 p pr ro od ceu sc sti io nn g p pr lo ac ne tss ,s s, we i. mg. m in ind gu s pt ori oa ll s o cof ac sh talo l rid ae res a, se . wg. it hp oo ull tu t se pd r au yr b oa fn sa ar le t a ws a, ti en rd , u es xtr pia ol s ua rr ee a ts o,
High strong effect of de-icing salts, subtropical and tropical
zones with atmosphere with medium pollution
Spaces with very high frequency of Temperate and subtropical zones, atmospheric
C5 condensation and/or with high pollution environment with very high pollution (SO 2: 90 µg/m3 to
4 < r corr u 8 f cr ao vm e rp nr so d fou rc it nio dn u sp tr ro iac le ps us r, p e o. sg e. sm , ines, 2 in5 d0 u sµ tg ri/ am l 3) a rea an sd ,/ o cr oaim stp ao l rt aa rn et a se , ff se hc et lteo rf edc h plo or sid ite ios n, s e o.g n.
Very high unventilated sheds in subtropical and coastline
tropical zones
Spaces with almost permanent Subtropical and tropical zones (very high time of wetness),
condensation or extensive periods of atmospheric environment with very high pollution (SO
2
CX exposure to extreme humidity effects higher than 250 µg/m3), including accompanying and
8 < r corr u 25 a pn rod c/o er s sw , it eh . gh .i g uh n vp eo nll tu ilt aio ten d f r so hm ed p sr o ind u hc ut mio in d p er xo trd eu mct eio in n dp uo sll tu rit aio l n a ra en ad s/ ,o cr os atr so tan lg ae nf dfe c ot f fso hf oc rh el o ari rd ee as s, we. itg h.
Extreme tropical zones with penetration of outdoor occasional contact with salt spray
pollution including airborne chlorides and
corrosion-stimulating particulate matter
NOTE 1 Deposition of chlorides in coastal areas is strongly dependent on the variables influencing the transport inland of sea-salt, such as wind
direction, wind velocity, local topography, wind sheltering islands beyond the coast, distance of the site from the sea, etc.
NOTE 2 Extreme influence of chlorides, which is typical of marine splashing or heavy salt spray, is beyond the scope of ISO 9223.
NOTE 3 Corrosivity classification of specific service atmospheres, e.g. in chemical industries, is beyond the scope of ISO 9223.
NOTE 4 Sheltered and not rain-washed surfaces, in a marine atmospheric environment where chlorides are deposited, can experience a higher
corrosivity category due to the presence of hygroscopic salts.
NOTE 5 In environments with an expected “CX category”, it is recommended to determine the atmospheric corrosivity classification from one year
corrosion losses. ISO 9223 is currently under revision; category “CX” will be included in the revised document.
NOTE 6 The concentration of sulfur dioxide (SO) should be determined during at least 1 year and is expressed as the annual average.
2
NOTE 7 Detailed descriptions of types of indoor environments within corrosivity categories C1 and C2 is given in ISO 11844-1. Indoor corrosivity
categories IC1 to IC5 are defined and classified.
NOTE 8 The classification criterion is based on the methods of determination of corrosion rates of standard specimens for the evaluation of corrosivity
(see ISO 9226).
NOTE 9 The thickness-loss values are identical to those given in ISO 9223, except that, for rates of 2 µm (per year) or more, the figures are rounded to
whole numbers.
NOTE 10 The zinc reference material is characterized in ISO 9226.
NOTE 11 Corrosion rates exceeding the upper limits in category C5 are considered as extreme. Corrosivity category CX refers to specific marine and
marine/industrial environments.
NOTE 12 To a first approximation, the corrosion of all metallic zinc surfaces is at the same rate in a particular environment. Iron and steel will normally
corrode 10 to 40 times faster than zinc, the higher ratios usually being in high-chloride environments. The data is related to data on flat sheet given in
ISO 9223 and ISO 9224.
NOTE 13 Change in atmospheric environments occurs with time. For many regions, the concentrations of pollutants (particularly SO ) in the atmosphere
2
have reduced with time. This has lead to a lowering of the corrosivity category for these regions. This has, in turn, lead to the zinc coatings experiencing
lower corrosion rates compared to historical corrosion performance data. Other regions have experienced increasing pollution and industrial activity and
therefore would be expected to develop environments more accurately described by higher corrosivity categories.
NOTE 14 The corrosion rate for zinc and for zinc-iron alloy layers are approximately the same.
© ISO 2009 – All rights reserved 9BS EN ISO 14713-1:2009
ISO 14713-1:2009(E)
Table 2 indicates the life to first maintenance for a selection of zinc coatings exposed to the range of these
corrosivity categories. The minimum and maximum life expectancies are indicated for each chosen system
and durability class indicated. Durability is classified into the following classes:
a) Very low (VL): 0 to < 2 years
b) Low (L): 2 to < 5 years
c) Medium (M): 5 to < 10 years
d) High (H): 10 to < 20 years
e) Very high (VH): W 20 years
7.2 Exposure to soils
The wide range in physical and chemical properties of soils (e.g. the pH variation from 2,6 to 12 and resistivity
from tens of ohms to approximately 100 kΩ) and the gross inhomogeniety of soils means that corrosion of zinc
coatings in soils is rarely uniform in nature. Corrosion in soil is dependent on the mineral content, on the
nature of these minerals and on the organic components, water content and oxygen content (aerobic and
anaerobic corrosion). Corrosion rates in disturbed soil conditions are usually higher than in undisturbed soil.
General guidance on the corrosion likelihood in soil can also be found in EN 12501-1.
Lime-containing soils and sandy soils (provided that they are chloride-free) are, in general, least corrosive,
whilst clay soils and clay marl soils are corrosive to a limited extent. In bog and peat soils, the corrosiveness
depends on the total acid content.
Where major iron and steel structures such as pipelines, tunnels, and tank installations, pass through different
types of soil, increased corrosion (localized) can occur at isolated points (anodic areas) by the formation of
differential aeration cells. For some uses, e.g. earth reinforcement, a controlled backfill is used in conjunction
with a zinc coating.
Corrosion cells can also form at the soil/air and soil/ground-water level interfaces, leading possibly to
increased corrosion, and these areas should be given special consideration. Conversely, the application of
cathodic protection for structures in soil (or in water) can both modify the protective coating requirements and
lengthen their life. Specialist advice should be sought for full guidance on all conditions involved.
While the average annual corrosion rates for zinc coatings in most soils are less than 10 µm per annum, the
factors influencing corrosion in specific soil environments are complex and detailed expert advice should be
sought regarding individual exposure conditions.
10 © ISO 2009 – All rights reservedBS EN ISO 14713-1:2009
ISO 14713-1:2009(E)
Table 2 — Life to first maintenance for a selection of zinc
coating systems in a range of corrosivity categories
Selected corrosivity category (ISO 9223)
Reference Minimum life min./max. (years)
System standard thickness and durability class (VL, L, M, H, VH)
µm
C3 C4 C5 CX
Hot dip galvanizing ISO 1461 85 40/>100 VH 20/40 VH 10/20 H 3/10 M
140 67/>100 VH 33/67 VH 17/33 VH 6/17 H
200 95/>100 VH 48/95 VH 24/48 VH 8/24 H
Hot dip galvanized sheet EN 10346 20 10/29 H 5/10 M 2/5 L 1/2 VL
42 20/60 VH 10/20 H 5/10 M 2/5 L
Hot dip galvanized tube EN 10240 55 26/79 VH 13/26 H 7/13 H 2/7 L
Sheradizing EN 13811 15 7/21 H 4/7 M 2/4 L 1/2 VL
30 14/43 VH 7/14 H 4/7 M 2/4 VL
45 21/65 VH 11/25 H 6/11 M 3/6 L
Electrodeposited sheet ISO 2081 5 2/7 L 1/2 VL 1/1 VL 0/1 VL
25 12/36 H 6/12 M 3/6 M 1/3 VL
Mechanical plating ISO 12683 8 4/11 M 2/4 L 1/2 VL 0/1 VL
25 12/36 H 6/12 M 3/6 L 1/3 VL
NOTE 1 The figures for life have been rounded to whole numbers. The allocation of the durability designation is based upon the average of the
minimum and maximum of the calculated life to first maintenance, e.g. 85 µm zinc coating in corrosivity category C4 (corrosion rate for zinc between 2,1 µm
per annum and 4,2 µm per annum), gives expected durability of 85/2,1 = 40,746 years (rounded to 40 years) and 85/4,2 = 20,238 years (rounded to
20 years). Average durability of (20 + 40)/2 = 30 years – designated “VH”.
NOTE 2 Life to first maintenance of protective coating systems: The list of systems given in this table, classified by environment and typical time to first
maintenance, indicates the options open to the specifier. The recommended treatments listed for longer lives will always protect for shorter periods and are
often also economical for these shorter periods.
NOTE 3 This table can be applied to any zinc coating to determine the life to first maintenance. The corrosion rate for any given environment is
indicated by the corrosivity classification category, C3 to CX. The minimum and maximum life to first maintenance for the selected system is set out in the
body of this table.
NOTE 4 It is impossible to achieve an exactly uniform thickness of any type of coating. The third column of this table indicates the minimum average
coating thickness for each system. In practice, the overall mean is likely to be substantially in excess of this minimum, which is important as the zinc
coatings are able to provide protection to adjacent areas which can lose their coating prematurely.
NOTE 5 It should be noted that thickness requirements in EN 10240 are minimum local thickness requirements. Furthermore, the thickness quoted for
coatings in these tables may not match specified coating thicknesses in some standards.
NOTE 6 In this table, guidance is given for coatings applied to structural and cold-forming grades of hot dip galvanized sheet and cold-rolled sections,
on zinc electroplated sheet, on coatings thermally sprayed with zinc, on mechanically plated coatings, on sherardized coatings and for articles hot dip
galvanized after manufacture. Hot dip galvanized fabricated and semi-fabricated products made from thin material and fasteners and other centrifuged work
usually have intermediate thicknesses of coating (see also relevant product standards). As the life of all zinc coatings is approximately proportional to the
thickness or mass of zinc coating present, the relative performance of such intermediate thicknesses can readily be assessed.
NOTE 7 Zinc/aluminium alloy coatings (with 5 % to 55 % aluminium) usually last longer than pure zinc; pending wider use, they are not included in this
table. There is widespread technical literature available on these classes of materials.
NOTE 8 Thickness of hot dip galvanizing on products: ISO 1461 specifies the standard hot dip galvanized coating at the equivalent of 85 µm minimum
for steel > 6 mm thick. Thinner steel, automatically hot dip galvanized tubes and centrifugal work (usually threaded work and fittings) have thinner coatings,
but these are usually greater than 45 µm. Where it is desired to use coatings of different thicknesses to those stated, their lives can be ascertained by
calculation; the life of a zinc coating is (to a first approximation) proportional to its thickness. For tubes, EN 10240 includes an option for the purchaser to
specify a thicker coating requirement which will give an extended service life. Hot dip galvanized coatings thicker than 85 µm are not specified in ISO 1461
but the general provisions of that International Standard apply and, together with specific thickness figures, may form a specification capable of third-party
verification. It is essential to know the composition of the steel to be used and the galvanizer should be consulted before specifying, as these thicker
coatings may not be available for all types of steel. Where the steel is suitable, thick coatings may be specified.
NOTE 9 Thickness of sherardizing on products: EN 13811 specifies coating thickness of 3 classes up to 45 µm, but for special applications a higher
thickness may be appropriate. Thicker coatings up to 75 µm can be considered. The sherardizer should be consulted where thicker coatings are required,
as a thicker coating may not be available for all types of steel.
NOTE 10 Thermal spray coatings. These coatings are normally used as part of a corrosion protection system after receiving a sealing coat. The
performance of the coating system is highly dependent upon this being carried out effectively. No data is provided for performance in this part of
ISO 14713. Further guidance can be found in EN 15520.
© ISO 2009 – All rights reserved 11BS EN ISO 14713-1:2009
ISO 14713-1:2009(E)
7.3 Exposure to water
The type of water — soft or hard fresh water/brackish water/salt water — has a major influence on the
corrosion of iron and steel in water and the selection of protective zinc coatings. With zinc coatings, corrosion
is affected primarily by the chemical composition of the water but temperature, pressure, flow rate, agitation
and oxygen availability are all important. For example, zinc should not be used in hot non-scale-forming
waters; heavy corrosion of zinc can also occur in condensate, especially between about 55 °C and 80 °C (e.g.
in saunas). Otherwise, barrier protection can occur at all temperatures; below about 60 °C, zinc can also
provide cathodic protection. The duration of life of zinc surfaces in cold scale-forming waters is usually higher
than in non-scale-forming waters (Ryznar's or Langelier’s index should be used to calculate whether the water
is scale-forming). Since the composition of non-saline waters can vary greatly, previous experience or expert
advice should be sought.
For hot water, specialist advice should always be sought (see also for example EN 12502-3). Coatings used
for all structures (including pipes, fittings, tanks and tank covers) in contact with potable water should be
non-toxic and should not impart any taste or odour, colour or turbidity to the water, nor foster microbial attack.
With tanks, if additional protection to hot dip galvanizing is necessary, sufficient coats of high-build bitumen
paint should be applied.
Zones of fluctuating water level (i.e., the area in which the water level changes as a result of natural
fluctuations — e.g. tidal movements, or artificial alteration of the water level in lock chambers or reservoirs) or
splash zones should be given special consideration as, in addition to water attack, there can also be
atmospheric attack and abrasion.
The many factors affecting corrosion in fresh water make it impracticable to present simple guidance. Some
guidelines for seawater are set out below but it is emphasized that, for all water exposures, specialist advice
should be sought for full guidance on all conditions involved.
In temperate sea water, the average zinc corrosion rate will usually lie between 10 µm per annum and 20 µm
per annum. Hot dip galvanized tube, hot dip galvanized/Zn electrodeposited sheet and fittings with galvanized,
sherardized, electrodeposited or mechanically plated coatings normally have additional protection when used
in sea water (see ISO 12944-5 and ISO 12944-8 and EN 13438). Brackish water may be more or less
corrosive than sea water and no general estimates of durability can be given.
Guidance on the corrosion likelihood for hot dip galvanized coatings used in water storage and distribution
systems can be found in EN 12502-3.
7.4 Abrasion
Natural mechanical exposure can occur in waters by shifting of boulders, abrasion by sand, wave splashing,
etc. Particles entrained by the wind (for example sand) can also cause increased attack. Zinc coatings have
much higher abrasion resistance (a factor of 10 or more) than most conventional paint coatings. The zinc-iron
alloys are particularly hard. Areas walked on or driven on, or which rub together, can be subject to severe
abrasion. Areas under coarse gravel are subjected to severe erosion by impact and abrasion. The good bond
between zinc coatings and steel (particularly in hot dip galvanizing and sherardizing where there is an alloying
reaction) helps to limit such effects.
7.5 Exposure to chemicals
A primary factor governing corrosion behaviour of zinc coatings in liquid chemical environments is the pH of
the chemical solution. Zinc coatings, such as galvanizing, perform well in solutions of pH above 5,5 and below
12,5. Factors such as agitation, aeration, temperature, polarization, and the presence of inhibitors may affect
the specific rate of corrosion experienced by the coating.
Within the pH range of 5,5 to 12,5, a protective film forms on the zinc surface and the corrosion rate is very
slow. The precise chemical composition of the protective film is somewhat dependent upon the specific
chemical environment. Since many liquids fall within the pH range of 5,5 to 12,5, galvanized steel containers
are widely used in storing and transporting many chemical solutions. Prolonged or frequent direct contact with
acids or strong alkalis is not recommended.
12 © ISO 2009 – All rights reservedBS EN ISO 14713-1:2009
ISO 14713-1:2009(E)
Many organic solvents have little effect on non-ferrous metals but specific advice should be sought for each
chemical.
7.6 Elevated temperatures
All the zinc coatings described are usually suitable for elevated temperatures. Separate advice has to be
sought regarding any organic materials/coatings.
Temperatures above 200 °C are not considered in this part of ISO 14713.
Temperatures between + 200 °C and + 500 °C occur only under special conditions of construction and
operation, e.g. in steel chimneys, flue gas ducts and gas take-off mains in coking plants. Specialist advice
should be sought for the coating of surfaces so exposed.
Sherardized coatings have a temperature resistance up to 600 °C.
7.7 Contact with concrete
Unprotected steel articles in contact with concrete can corrode as moisture penetrates into the concrete
through cracks and pores. The oxidation products from the reaction between the steel and the
oxygen/moisture present can create sufficient pressure to cause damage to the concrete (spalling). Zinc
coatings (usually applied in the form of a hot dip galvanized coating to reinforcement — see ISO 14657), can
be used to prevent this type of deterioration for long periods of time, dependent upon the specific exposure
environment.
The corrosion protection afforded by galvanized rebar in concrete is due to a combination of beneficial effects.
Of primary importance is the substantially higher chloride threshold (2 to 4 times) for zinc coatings to start
corroding compared to uncoated steel. In addition, zinc has a much greater pH passivation range than steel,
making galvanized rebar resistant to the pH lowering effects of carbonation as the concrete ages. Even when
the zinc coating does start to corrode, its corrosion rate is considerably less than that of uncoated steel.
Zinc remains passive at significantly lower pH levels than for black steel (9,5 versus 11,5) making galvanized
rebar far less susceptible to corrosion due to carbonation of the concrete.
Zinc reacts with wet concrete to form calcium hydroxyzincate accompanied by the evolution of hydrogen. This
corrosion product is insoluble and protects the underlying zinc (provided that the surrounding concrete mixture
is below a pH of about 13,3).
Research has shown that during this initial reaction period until coating passivation and concrete hardening
occurs, some of the pure zinc layer of the coating is dissolved. However, this initial reaction ceases once the
concrete hardens and the hydroxyzincate coating has formed. Studies of galvanized rebar recovered from
field structures indicate that the coating remains in this passive state for extended periods of time, even when
exposed to high chloride levels in the surrounding concrete.
For concretes of high pH, or where some background chlorides are expected, the zinc surface can be
passivated, using a range of proprietary post-treatments, as a safeguard against excessive hydrogen
evolution that may, in serious cases, reduce the pullout strength of the bar. For normal concrete conditions,
research has shown no statistical difference in bond strength between galvanized rebar that was passivated
or not passivated.
Sherardized coatings in accordance with EN 13811 are passivated and therefore will be prepared for either
low or high levels of chloride added to concrete. In all other respects sherardizing will act in the same way as
hot dip galvanizing in contact with concrete.
© ISO 2009 – All rights reserved 13BS EN ISO 14713-1:2009
ISO 14713-1:2009(E)
7.8 Contact with wood
Zinc coated products are used very successfully in many applications which bring them into contact with a
variety of woods. Care should be taken, however, to avoid direct contact between zinc coatings and timbers
which have been freshly treated with acidic preservatives. Once the wood has dried and the preservatives
have been fixed, contact is acceptable, even when the wood once more becomes wet. Very acidic woods,
such as oak, sweet chestnut, western red cedar and Douglas fir can be used in conjunction with zinc coated
articles, although some initial corrosion would be expected. In these cases, isolation techniques may be
considered, e.g. application of an organic coating over the area of contact.
Sherardizing coatings consist of zinc-iron alloys, which, because of the thermal diffusion technique, produce a
surface which has a high coefficient of friction similar to all-alloy layer coatings developed on many hot dip
galvanized articles. These coatings would tend to require high withdrawal loads to break the bond with the
wood where used on nails, for instance.
7.9 Bimetallic contact
When two dissimilar metals come into direct contact and an electrolyte such as moisture is present there is a
potential for bimetallic corrosion to take place with the more electronegative or anodic metal, as determined
from the electro-chemical series, corroding preferentially to prevent corrosion of the other metal (see Table 3).
Table 3 — Galvanic series (based upon electrode potentials)
showing relative position of zinc to other metals
Anodic — more prone to corrosion
Magnesium
Zinc
Aluminium
Carbon and low-alloy steels
Cast iron
Lead
Tin
Copper, brass, bronze
Nickel (passive)
Titanium
Stainless steel
Cathodic — less prone to corrosion
The bimetallic effect is the basis for the sacrificial protection that a zinc coating (e.g. hot dip galvanizing) offers
to small areas of exposed steel if the coating becomes damaged. Zinc coatings will corrode preferentially to
protect any metal below it in the electro-chemical series.
The level of bimetallic corrosion that will take place will depend upon a number of factors, including: the
specific metals in contact, the ratio of the surface area of the two metals and the exposure conditions.
Generally the level of bimetallic corrosion will increase with a greater difference in electrode potential between
the two metals, e.g. the further apart the two metals are in the electro-chemical series. However, the electrode
potential may vary due to oxide layer formation and cannot be used alone to determine if and at what level of
severity bimetallic corrosion will take place, as other factors such as those described below are also important.
14 © ISO 2009 – All rights reservedBS EN ISO 14713-1:2009
ISO 14713-1:2009(E)
The ratio of the surface area of the two metals is essential and ideally the ratio of anodic-to-cathodic metals
should be high. Where the ratio is reduced problems may occur due to the greater level of oxygen reduction
which may take place, leading to increased corrosion of the anodic metal.
The exposure conditions are critical, as for bimetallic corrosion to take place an electrolyte must bridge the
two metals present. As a result, in dry internal environments the potential for bimetallic corrosion is very low,
while in external atmospheric environments the potential increases due to the presence of water in the form of
rain and condensation. The worst exposure conditions, however, are those of immersion in a solution where
an electrolyte is permanently bridging the two metals.
Normally any potential for bimetallic corrosion may be alleviated by electrically insulating the two metals from
one another. For bolted connections, this might be done by using neoprene or plastic washers, while for
overlapping surfaces, it might be achieved by using plastic spacers or painting one of the surfaces with a
suitable paint system.
Generally hot dip galvanized steel performs well in contact with most common engineering metals when in an
atmospheric environment as illustrated in the Table 4, provided the ratio of hot dip galvanized steel to other
metal is high. Conversely in immersed conditions, the effect of bimetallic corrosion is significantly increased
and some form of isolation will normally be required.
Table 4 — Indication of additional corrosion expected due to direct
contact between zinc and other metallic materials
Atmospheric exposure Immersed
Metal
Rural Industrial/urban Marine Fresh water Sea water
Aluminium a a – b a – b b b – c
Brass b b a – c b – c c – d
Bronze b b b – c b – c c – d
Cast iron b b b – c b – c c – d
Copper b b – c b – c b – c c – d
Lead a a – b a – b a – c a – c
Stainless steel a – b a – b a – b b b – c
“a” The zinc coating will suffer either no additional corrosion or, at worst, only very slight additional corrosion which is usually tolerable
in service.
“b” The zinc coating will suffer slight or moderate additional corrosion which may be tolerable in some circumstances.
“c” The zinc coating may suffer fairly severe additional corrosion and protective measures will usually be necessary.
“d” The zinc coating may suffer severe additional corrosion and contact should be avoided.
The following guidance relates to specific applications concerning zinc coated steelwork in contact with the
designated metal or alloy.
a) Aluminium – The severity of increase in bimetallic corrosion due to atmospheric contact with aluminium is
relatively low. However, it should be remembered that one application where galvanized steel and
aluminium are used in conjunction with one another is aluminium cladding. In this instance, isolation is
advised due to the large surface area of the aluminium panels.
b) Copper – Due to the large potential set up by contact between zinc coated steel and copper and
copper-containing alloys, electrical isolation is always advised, even in an atmospheric environment.
Where possible, design should also avoid run-off of water from copper onto zinc coated articles, as small
amounts of copper dissolved in the water may be deposited, leading to bimetallic corrosion.
© ISO 2009 – All rights reserved 15BS EN ISO 14713-1:2009
ISO 14713-1:2009(E)
c) Lead – Potential for bimetallic corrosion with lead is low in an atmospheric environment and no problems
have been reported concerning, for example, the use of lead flashing with zinc or zinc coated products
and the use of lead in fixing galvanized posts.
d) Stainless steel – The most common use of stainless steel with zinc coated steel is in the form of nuts and
bolts in an atmospheric environment. Given the low potential for bimetallic corrosion and the small
surface area of stainless steel fasteners, bimetallic corrosion would not normally be an issue although, as
always, best practice remains isolation using insulating washers.
Practical experience suggests that, where the surface area ratio of zinc to other metal is high and a rating of
“a” or “a – b” is indicated, little or no additional corrosion will take place as a result of the contact. However,
where the ratio of surface areas is reduced or the rating is higher, some form of insulation may be required.
8 Accelerated test methods applied to zinc coatings
Salt spray tests cannot be used to accurately test zinc-coated steel because they accelerate the wrong failure
mechanism. Without a proper wet/dry cycle, the zinc coating cannot form patina layers. The absence of a
patina layer allows constant attack of the zinc metal and gives a very low prediction of the zinc coating lifetime.
NOTE Efforts have been made in many zinc coated steel applications to develop the correct test method to
determine a proper “accelerated” lifetime. One test for corrosion prevention systems in the United States is ASTM B117.
ASTM Committee G-1 on Corrosion of Metals has jurisdiction over the salt spray standards ASTM B117 and ASTM G85.
The Committee passed the following resolution regarding the use of ASTM B117: “ASTM Committee G-1 on the Corrosion
of Metals confirms that results of salt spray (fog) tests, run according to ASTM standard designation B117, seldom
correlate with performance in natural environments. Therefore, the Committee recommends that the test not be used or
referenced in other standards for that purpose, unless appropriate corroborating long-term atmospheric exposures have
been conducted”. Guidance on the use of accelerated tests as applied to metallic coated systems is under preparation in
ISO/TC 107 SC 7.
16 © ISO 2009 – All rights reservedBS EN ISO 14713-1:2009
ISO 14713-1:2009(E)
Bibliography
[1] ISO 9227, Corrosion tests in artificial atmospheres — Salt spray tests
[2] ISO 10684, Fasteners — Hot dip galvanized coatings
[3] ISO 11303, Corrosion of metals and alloys — Guidelines for selection of protection methods against
atmospheric corrosion
[4] ISO 14657, Zinc coated steel for the reinforcement of concrete
[5] EN 10025-2, Hot rolled products of structural steels — Part 2: Technical delivery conditions for non-
alloy structural steels
[6] EN 10025-6, Hot rolled products of structural steels — Part 6: Technical delivery conditions for flat
products of high yield strength structural steels in the quenched and tempered condition
[7] EN 10080, Steel for the reinforcement of concrete — Weldable reinforcing steel — General
[8] EN 10083–1, Steels for quenching and tempering — Part 1: General technical delivery conditions
[9] EN 12501-1, Protection of metallic materials against corrosion — Corrosion likelihood in soil — Part 1:
General
[10] EN 12502-1, Protection of metallic materials against corrosion — Guidance on the assessment of
corrosion likelihood in water distribution and storage systems — Part 1: General
[11] EN 12502-3, Protection of metallic materials against corrosion — Guidance on the assessment of
corrosion likelihood in water distribution and storage systems — Part 3: Influencing factors for hot dip
galvanised ferrous materials
[12] EN 15773, Industrial application of powder organic coatings to hot dip galvanized or sherardized steel
articles [duplex systems] — Specifications, recommendations and guidelines
[13] ASTM B117, Standard Practice for Operating Salt Spray (Fog) Apparatus
[14] ASTM G85-02e1, Standard Practice for Modified Salt Spray (Fog) Testing
© ISO 2009 – All rights reserved 17BS EN ISO
14713-1:2009
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1367_13.pdf
|
UDC 621”W’082:[669’t4 ] :6W4665 :36f’71? ( F~~rth Reprint JUNE 1~ ) IS :1 se? ( part X111) -1983
lndjan ~landard (Reaffirmed 1996)
FOR
TECHNICAL SUPPLY CONDITIONS
THREADEO STEELFASTENERS
PART X111 HOT-DIP GALVANIZED COATINGS ON
THREADED FASTENERS
( Secottd Revision )
1, scope—Covers the requirements for zinc coating applied byhot-dip galvanizing on bolts, screws
and nuts having ISO metric coarse threads, in the nominal size range fkllz to M36.
!#oto — ISO metric coarse thraads beiow M12 and all 1S(2 metric fine pitch theads, generally cannot be
hot-dip galvanized without dii%cuityofassembly ofboltend nut,
2. Goneeal Requirements —The quality of zinc, bath temperature and the process of galvanizing in
general,shallconformto IS: !2629-t966 ‘Recommendedpracticeforhot-dip galvanizing of ironand steel’.
2.1 Galvanizingshallbecarriedout by hot.dip process.
2.2 For bolts and screws of property class 109 and higher or nuts of property class 10 and higher,
particular car+ shall baexercised in acid pickling or cathodic cleaning prior to galvanizing to Iavoid risk
of hydrogen ambrittlement.
2,3 The galvanizing process shall provide for substantial diffusion of hydrogen. Bolts of property class
t09 m higher -and nuts of property ctass 10 dnd higher shall be baked at a temperature of 200°C for a
period of 30 minutes, Appendix A gives information on embrittlement pharromenon and the possibility
of embrittlernent occurring in fasteners dlra to severe cold working, ovar-pickling, etc.
2.4 The fasteners after galvanizing, shall meet the physical properties of the relevant standards,
3. Dimensions
3.1 Fasteners with Internal Threads — Prior to galvanizing and subsequent tapping the dimensions of
fastenerswith internalthreadsshallconform tothe relevant standards, Internal threads shallbetapped
over-sizeafter galvanizing andthey shallbeoilad forcorrosion protection.
3.1.1 The oversize tapping allowance shall be asgivan in Tabla 1. These allowances are applicable to
major, pitch and mirror diameters, the amended diameters being subject to the same manufacturing
tolerances of the appropriate grade of threads stated in “the relevant fastener standard.
TABLE 1 ALLOWANCES FOR INTERNAL THREADS +0 ACCOMMODATE
GALVANIZED EXTERNAL THREADS
t40minal Sizo D18metral Allowance
Internal Threads mm
Below Ml& 4040
Mt6to M22 +050
Over M29 ar,d +0s5
upta and inciuding !436
[ 1
3,2 Fasteners with External Threads – Prior to galvanizing, the dimensions of fasteners with external
threads -shalt conform to the relevant standwds including thread sizes,
3.2.1 The thickness of galvanized coating on external thraads shall be so controlled in the galvanizing
process that galvanized fasteners with external threads can ba assembled by hand with internally
threaded fasteners complying with 3.1.
3.2.2 Galvanized external threads shall not be recut.
4. Coating Requiramenfs
4.1 Ivfass of Coating — Tha mass of coating per squara metre of the surface shall comply with the
minimum average end min’mum individual sample coating given in ‘Table 2, The mass of coating shal
Adopted6January1903 @Auguel1983,BIS a 2
I I
BLJREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
MA NAKBHAVAN,9e AH AOUR SHAH ZAFARMARQ
NEW OELHI 110002IS : 13$7 ( Part XIII) - 1983
br determined by one of the following methods:
a) Ttie stripping test described in Appendix 6; or
b) Magnetic or electronic thickness measuring devi,ces as covered in 1s : 3203-1965 ’ Methods of
testing local thickness of electroplated coatings . The mass of coating in g/m* is found by
multiplying the thickness in micrometers by 7’0.
4.1.1 In case of dispute, the stripping test shall be the referee test.
TABLE 2 MASS AND EQUIVALENT THICKNESS OF COATING
Miniumum Average Mlnfmum Individual
~____L_____-_~ p------ h---__-_~
Mass Thichness Mess Thickness
elm’ pm e/m’ pm
375 54 300 43
4.2 Uniformiiy of Coating - The uniformity of zinc coating shall be such that the coating shall
withstand the copper sulphate test as given in IS : 2633-1972 ’ Methods of testing uniformity of coating
on zinc coated articles (first revkion) ’ without showing any adherent red deposit of metallic copper
upon the base metal with the following exceptions:
a) A fin? line of copper on the crest of the screw thread; or on sharp edges of bolt,‘nut or at
or adjacent to any cut or abrasion present in the original fastaner shall not be considered a
defect to cause rejection, and
b) Any deposit of metallic copper with threads of fasteners which have been re-thread rolled
after galvanizing, is allowable.
4.3 Adhesion of Coating -The coating shall withstand the knife test as covered in IS : 2629-1966.
5. Appoaranco and Defects -The galvanized coating shall be continuous and free from defects, such
as blisters, flux stains, dross, excessive projections or other imperfections which would impair service-
ability. The causes for these defects, remedial measures-and grounds for rejection are given ‘in
Appendix A to IS: 2629.1966 (for terminology a/so see IS : 2629-1966).
6. S8mpHng
6.1 Selection of Specimens for Testing - For testing the requirements at 4 and 5, the number of
specimens to be tested shall be selected at random in accordance with Table 3.
TABLE 3 NUMBER OF TEST SAMPLES
Total Num,yrgD1:castenors Number of Test
Samples
Upto and including 500 3
501 up to and including 5
35000
Over 35000 8
6.2 Retests -Should any one of the samples selected fail to meet the requirements et 4 and 5, twice
the number of samples first taken shall be so tested. and if any one of these fails the batch represented
by the samples shall be rejected or the batch may be re-galvanized and re-submitted for testing.
APPENDIX A
(Clause 2.3 )
EMBRITTLEMENT
A-O. General -For steel fasteners to be in the embrittled condition after hot-dip galvanizing is rare,
and its occurrence depends on a combination of factors. Under certain conditions. some steels may lose
their ductile properties and become embrittled. The following information is given as a guidance in
critical applications.
2IS : 1367.( Pad XIII ) - 1883
A-l. Strain-Age Embrittlement - Strain-age embrittlement occurs when steels of certain
compositions are aged following cold working. Steels made by the Bessemer process are generally more
susceptible to strain age embrittlement than those made by the open hearth, electric or oxygen process;
aluminium killed steels are ‘the least susceptible. Embrittlement can occur very elowly even at ambient
temperatures; the galvanizing process, involving immersion in a bath of molten zinc for up to 5 minutes
at a temperature of about 450% can greatly accelerate the process.
Manufacture of fasteners commonly involve cold working in the form of upsetting, thread rolling,
etc. Where it is known that a steel susceptible to strain-age embrittlement has been used, the fasteners
should be stress relieved before galvanizing.
A-2. Hydrogen Embrittlement - Hydrogen embrittlemcnt can occur in steels of high tensile strength
( greater than 1 COOM Pe ) or high surface hardness due to case hardening or cold working. It results
from the absorption of atomic hydrogen generated at the steel surface by processes, such as acid
pickling or cathodic cleaning.
The galvanizing process should itself serve to provide substantial diffusion of hydrogen. Where
additional safeguard is sought ( as for bolts of Grade 10.9 or higher, cleaned bv acid pickling ), fasteners
should be baked at a temperature of 200 & 10°C. for a time found on the basis of experience to be
adequate. (For guidance, a time of 30 minutes before galvanizing, or 4 hours immediately after
galvanizing, might prove satisfactory. )
APPENDIX B
( C/u& 4.1 )
STRIPPING TEST FOR MASS OF COATlNG
B-1. Solution Required -The following reagents are required?
Antimony chloride solution-20 g of antimony trioxide ( Sb*O, ) or 32g of antimony trichloride
(SbC&) dissolved in 1 000 ml of concentrated hydrochloric acid.
Hydrochloric acid-concentrated ( sp gr 1'14 to 1 13 ).
B-2. Preparation of Samples for Test - The test samples shall preferably be full size or for larger’
fasteners may be a section cut from the shank unless otherwise agreed between the manufacturer and the
purchaser.
The test sample in case of nuts shall be one complete nut and the calculation of the surface area
of the nut shall exclude threaded hole.
The samples shall be cleaned by dipping them in benzene (C,H,) or other suitsable organic solvent
which will not attack the zinc, coating, wiping dry with a clean soft cloth, and then dipping into a two
percent solution of sulphuric acid at l5.6-21,lOC for 15 seconds and thoroughly rinsing in clear water.
The samples shall be finally dried by wiping with a clean soft cloth.
B-3. Procedure--The samples shall be weighed to the ndarest 0 Cl g. The zinc coating shall then be
stripped from each sample by completely immersing the sample in any convenient volume of solution,
made by adding 5 ml of antimony chloride solution to each 100 ml of concentrated hydrochloric acid.
The temperature of the stripping solution shall not exceed 38°C.
The same solution may be repeatedly used without further addition of antimony chloride solution
until the time for stripping become inconveniently long.
When the evo;lution of hydrogen has ceased or when only a few bubbles are being evolved,
the sample shall be removed from the solution, scrubed under running water, and then dried by wiping
with a clean soft cloth and heating to about 100°C and cooling.
The stripped sample shall then be weighed, the surface area rr easured and the average mass of
the zinc coating per unit area of the surface calculated.
3IS : 1367( Part XIII ) - 1983
EXPLANATORY NOTE
Therequirements for hot-dip galvanized coatings on threaded fasteners were earlier covered in
IS : 5358-1969 * Hot-dip galvanized coatings on fasteners ‘. Consequent to the decision to revise
IS : 1367.1967 ‘Technical supply conditicns for threaded steel fastener (first revision ) ’ splitting it
into many parts, it was felt appropriate to publish ’ hot-dip galvanized coatings on threaded fasteners ’
as one of its parts.
In the preparation of this standard considerable assistance has been derived from AS : 1214-1973
‘Hot-dip .galvanized coatings on threaded fasteners ’ issued by Standards Association of Australia.
4
Reprography Unit, BIS, Nc:w Delhi, India
|
12971.pdf
|
IS 12971 : 1990
IS0 7799 : 1995 3
fndian Standard
0
ROAD VEHICLES -COMMERCIAL VEHICLES-
;
CLEARANCE ENVELOPE FOR POWER
TAKE-OFFS ( PTO )
I
UDC 629*11*013 : 629.114*4- 494 : 006.78
0
0
,
0
Q 8IS 1990
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG
NEW DELHI 110002 *
December 1990 Price Group 3IS 12971 : 1890
IS0 7706 : 1985
Indian Standard
ROAD VEHICLES -COMMERCIAL VEHICLES-
CLEARANCE ENVELOPE FOR POWER
TAKE-OFFS ( PTO )
NATIONAL FOREWORD
,
This Indian Standard which is identical with IS0 7706 : 1985 ‘Road vehicles - Commercial
vehicles - Clearance envelope for power take-offs ( PTO )’ was adopted by the Bureau of Indian
Standards on 17 March 1990, after the draft finalized by the Automotive Transmission Systems
Sectional Committee ( TED 3 ) had been approved by the Transport Engineering Division Council.
The text of IS0 standard has been approved as suitable for publication as Indian Standard without
deviations. Certain conventions are, however, not identical to those used in Indian Standards.
Attention is particularly drawn to the following :
a) Wherever the words ‘International Standard’ appear, referring to this standard, they should
be read as ‘Indian Standard’.
b) Comma ( , ) has been used as a decimal marker while in Indian Standards, the current
practice is to use point ( . ) as the decimal marker.
CRdSS REFERENCES
In this Indian Standard, the following International Standard is referred to. Read in its place the
following :
InternationalStandard Indian Standard Degree of
Correspondence
IS0 7804 : 1985 Commercial road IS 12973 : 1990 Commercial road Identical
vehicles - Side openings for vehicles - Side openings for truck
truck power take-offs ( PTO ) power take-offs ( PTO )As in the Original Standard, this Page is Intentionally Left BlankIS 12971 : 1990
IS0 7706: 1985
0 Introduction 2 Reference
It should be appeciated that the requirements of this Inter- IS0 78w, Road vehicles - Commercial vehicles - Side open-
national Standard did not necessarily reflect current practice at ings for truck power take-offs. ‘)
the time of its preparation, but it is recommended that, in the
interest of interchangeability for the future, its provisions
3 General
should be adopted for new designs.
3.1 Two clearance envelopes are specified:
The clearance envelope which is specified shouid meet most re-
quirements, but if, for any reason, they are not suitable, the - Type S: clearance envelopes for side-mounted PTO
vehicle manufacturer and the PTO manufacturer will have to
find an alternative solution which is acceptable to both. - Type Z: clearance envelopes for rear-mounted PTO
3.2 A clearance envelope is shown in figure 1 for a hydraulic
pump mounted directly on the PTO. The installation enveiope
shown as a dotted outline includes the additional clearance re-
1 Scope and field of application quired to mount the pump.
This International Standard lays down the dimensions of clear- 3.3 Adequate clearance for a driveshaft for remote-mounted
ance envelopes for regular and heavy duty type truck transmis- ancillary equipment shall be provided.
sion power take-offs. It is applicable to clearance envelopes
required immediately adjacent to the PTO openings or drives on 3.4 Additional space may be required for suction and
truck transmissions. pressure line connections at the pump.
1) At presenta t the stage of draft.IS 12971: 1999
IS0 7709 : 1995
4 Side-mounted PTO
The clearance enveiopes for side-mounted PTO are shown in figure 1.
Lateral clearance required for slipping the PTO over the mounting studs and the extended gear during the instailation shall be provided
in accordance with the depth x of the PTO drive gear as specified in IS0 7804.
Dimensions in millimetres
t
-Vehicle front I Basic PTO envelope
-
-r
\
0
I$ t
+ i +
I
1
_J
_-----_--
L
260
--
r Alternative pump mount
IF
Direct mount pump envelope
___-_-_ ////////4 ----I
\ \
r-I--
I / -l----Pump installation envelope
i-l _____----. --
LI __------J ’
\
\
L
PTO installation envelope
t
This value may be 400 mm for pumps with end-mounted suction and pressure lines.
l * For heavy duty application (Type H, 8 boit fixing) more space may be required (for example 225 mm).
Figure 1 - Clearance envelope for side-mounted PTO (Type SI
4IS 12971 : 199
I90 7709 : 19b:,
5 Rear-mounted PTO
The clearance envelopes for rear-mounted PTO are shown in figure 2.
Dimensionsi n millimetres
PTO and direct mount pump envelops
Figure 2 Clearance envelope for rear-mounted PTO (Type 21
6 Designation
Example for the designation of a clearance envelope for side-mounted PTO (Type S) :
PTO envelope IS0 77M - S
5Bureau of Indian Standards
BIS is a statutory institution established under the Bureau of Indian Standard Act, 2986 to promote
harmonious development of the activities of standardization, marking and quality certification of goods
and attending to connected matters in the country.
Copyright
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designations. Enquiries relating to copyright be addressed to the Directcr (Publications), BIS.
Revision of Indian Standards
Indian Standards are reviewed pericdically and revised, when necessary and amendments, if any, are
issued from time to time. Users of Indian Standards shculd ascertain that they are in possession of
the latest amendments or edition. Comments on this Indian Standard may be sent in BIS giving the
following reference :
Dot : No. TED 3 ( 5241)
AmendmentNssued Since Publication
Amend No. Date of Issue Text &.ffected
i
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Printed at the Central Electric Pre& Delhi, India
|
802_1_1.pdf
|
IS802( Partl/Sec 1 ) :1995
vRT%mmF
Indian Standard
USE OF STRUCTURAL STEEL IN OVERHEAD
TRANSMISSION LINE TOWERS -
CODE OF PRACTICE
IPJSRT 1 MATERIALS, LOADS AND PERMISSIBLE STRESSES
Section 1 Materials and Loads
(Third Revision)
First Reprint MAY 1997
UDC 669.14.018.29 : 621.315.668.2 : 624.042 : 006.76
8 BIS 1995
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG
NEW DELHI 110002
September 1995
Price Group 8,
Structural Engineering Sectional Committee, CED 7
FOREWORD
This Indian Standard ( Third Revision ) was adopted by the Bureau of Indian Standards, after
the draft finalized by the Structural Engineering Sectional Committee had been approved by the
Civil Engineering Division Council.
The standards under IS 802 series have been prepared with a view to establish uniform practices
for design, fabrication, inspection and testing of overhead transmission line towers. Part 1 of the
standard covers requirements in regard to material, loads and permissible stresses apart from
other relevant design provisions. Provisions for fabrication, galvanizing, inspection and packing
have been covered in Part 2 whereas provisions for testing of these towers have been covered
in Part 3.
This standard was first published in 1967 and subsequently revised in 1973 and in 1977. In this
revision, the standard has been split in two sections, namely Section 1 Materials and loads, and
Section 2 Permissible stresses.
Some of the major modifications made in this Section are as under:
a) Concept of maximum working load multiplied by the factors of safety as per IE Rules has
been replaced by the ultimate load concept.
b) For assessing the loads on tower, concept of reliability, security and safety have been
introduced on the basis of IEC 826 : 1991 ‘Technical report on loading and strength of
overhead transmission lines’.
Basic wind speed based *on peak gust velocity, averaged over 3 seconds duration, as per’
cl
the wind map of India grven in IS 875 ( Part 3 ) : 1987 ‘Code of practice for design loads
( other than earthquake ) for buildings and structures : Part 3 Wind loads ( second revision )’
has been kept as the basis of calculating reference wind speed. Terrain and topography
characteristics of the ground have been taken into consideration in working out the design
wind speeds.
d) Wind loads on towers and conductors have been revised. These are based on the modified
wind map of the country. Reference wind speed averaged over 10 minutes duration has
been used for the determination of wind loads.
Provisions for the ‘Temperature Effects’ have been modified. In order to permit additional
current carrying capacity in the conductor the maximum temperature in the ACSR
conductor has now been permitted to be 75°C in any part of the country. For aluminium
alloy ( AAAC ) conductor, the corresponding maximum temperature has been permitted
to be 85°C.
Provisions for anti cascading checks have been included for angle towers.
Provisions for multi circuit towers have been included.
h) Consequent to the merger of IS 226 : 1975 ‘Structural steel ( Standard quality )’ in
IS 2062 : 1992 ‘Specification for weldable structural steel ( third revision )’ steels conforming
to IS 2062 : 1992 and IS 8500 : 1992 ‘Specification for weldable structural steel ( medium
and high strength qualities )’ have been included.
j) With the publication of IS 12427 : 1988 ‘Transmission tower bolts’ these bolts ( property
class 5.6 ) and bolts of property class 8.5 conforming to IS 3757 : 1985 ‘High strength
structural bolts ( second revision )’ have been included in addition to bolts, of property class
4.6 conforming to IS 6539 : 1972 ‘H:xagon bJlts for steel structures’.
As transmission line towers are comparatively light structures and also that the maximum
wind pressure is the chief criterion for the design, the Sectional Committee felt that concurrence
of earthquake and maximum wind pressure is unlikely to take place. However in earthquake
prone areas the design of towers/foundations shall bs checked for earthquake forces correspond-
ing to nil wind and minimum temperature in accordance with IS 1893 : 1984 ‘Criteria for
earthquake resistant design of structures (fourth revision )‘.
( Continued on third cover )IS 802 ( Part l/Set 1 ) : 1995
Indian Standard
USE QF STRUCTURAL STEEL IN OVERHEAD
TRANSMISSION LINE TOWERS -
I? PRACTICE
PART 1 MATERIALS, LOADS AND PERMISSIBLE STRESSES
Section 1 Materials and Loads
( Third Revision )
I SCOPE 4.2 Reliability
I.1 This stiindard ( Part I/SW 1 ) stipulates Reliability of a transmission system is the
materials and !oads to be adopted in the design probabi!ty that thr cystem would perform its
of I;c!f-<ul)porting steel lattice towers for function/task under the desigl7ed load condi-
ov::hzad t ran ;mission lines. tions for a speci:i:: parioli in simple terms,
the reliability mdy be defined as the probability
1.1.1 Permissible stresses and other design
that a giver? item will indzcd survive a give:l
parrmftrrs are covered in IS 802 ( Part I/
Set 2 ) : i992 of this standard. service t?nVirr~!llllCil t anf1 loxling for a prescri-
bed period of time.
1.1.2’ Provisions on fabrication including galva-
nizing, inspection and packing, etc, and testing 4.3 Security
of transmission line towers have been covered
The abi!ity of d system to be protected from
in IS 8{)2 ( Part 2 ) : 1978 and IS 802 ( Part 3 ) :
any major collapse such a:, c:r\cading clfc.ct, if
1978 respectively.
a faiiure i5 triggered in a give:1 comp<>?ent.
I.2 This standard does not cover river crossing Security is a deterii!initic cb)jlcept as opposed
towers a:id g~tyed towers. These will be c,)vered to rclinbilily which is a probabilistic.
in separ:i!c standards.
4.4 Safety
2 REFERENCL;S
The ability of a svstem not to cause human
‘The Indian StanLlards listed in Annex A are
injur!ec. or loss of iife. I: relates, in this code,
necessary adjuncts to this standard
mainly to protection of Tw0l.kl’l.s during construc-
tion and maintennnLr: operations.
3 STATUTORY REQIJIRENENTS
5 MATERIALS
3.1 Statutory requirements as laid down in the
‘Indian Electricity Rules, 1956’ or by any other
5.1 Structural Steel
statutory body applicable to such structures ;IS
covered in this standard shall be satisfied. The tower member; incluJing cross; arm3 shall
be of stiuctural steel conforming to any of the
3.2 Compliance with this standard does not
grade, ah ap;>ropriate, of iS 2062 : 1992. Steel
relieve any user from the responsibility of
conforming to any of the appropriat<.: grade of
observing local and provincial building byelaws,
IS 8500 : 1992 may also be used.
iire and safety laws and other civil aviation
requirements appi.lcable to such structures. 5.1.1 Meclium and high strength structural steels
3 with known prdpertics conforming to other
4 TFRJ MINOL&
national and intrrnativnal standards may also
4.1 Return Period be used subject to the approval of the purchaser.
Return period is the mean interval between 5.2 Bolts
recurrences of a climatic event of defined
magnitude. The inverse of the return period 5.2.1 Bolts for- lower connections shall conform
gives the probability of exceeding the event in to TS 12427 : 1988 or of property class 4.6 con-
one year. forming to IS 6639 : 1972,IS 802 ( Part l/Set 1 ) : 1995
5.2.2 High strength bolts, if used ( only with 5.5 Galvanization
structural steels of IS 8500 : 1992) shall conform
5.5.1 Structural members of the towers, plain
to property class 8.8 of IS 3757 : 1985.
and heavy washers shall be gaIvanizcd in accor-
5.2.3 Foundation bolts shall conform to IS 5624 : dance with the provisions of IS 4759 : 1984.
1970.
5.5.2 Threaded fasteners shall be galvanized to
5.2.4 Step bolts shall conform to IS 10238 : 1982. conform to the requirements of IS 1367
(Part 13 ) : 1983.
5.3 Nuts
5.5.3 Spring washers shall be hot dip galvanized
5.3.1 Nuts shall conform to IS 1363 ( Part 3 ) : as per service grade 4 of IS 4759 : 1984 or
1992. The mechanical properties shall conform electro galvanized as per service grade 3 of
to property class 4 or 5 as the case may be as IS 1573 : 1986 as specified by the purchaser.
specified in IS 1367 ( Part 6 ) : 1980 except that
the proof stress for nuts of property class 5 shall
5.6 Other Materials
be as given in IS 12427 : 1988.
Other materials used in the constraction of the
5.3.2 Nuts to be used with high strength bolts tower shall conform to appropriate Indian
shall conform to IS 6623 : 1985. Standards wherever available.
5.4 Washers 6 TYPES OF TOWERS
5.4.1 Washers shall conform to IS 2016 : 1967.
6.1 The selection of the most suitable types of
Heavy washers shall conform to IS 6610 : 1972.
tower for transmission lines depends on the
Spring washers shall conform to type B of
actual terrain through which the line traverses.
1s 3063 : 1972.
Experience has, however, shown that any com-
5.4.2 Washers to be used with high strength bination of the following types of towers are
bolts and nuts shall conform to IS 6649 : 1985. generally suitable for most of the lines :
i) Suspension towers ( with I or V suspension insulator strings )
a) Tangent towers ( 0” ) with To be used on straight runs only.
suspension string
b) Intermediate towers ( 0” to 2” ) To be used on straight runs and upto 2” line
with suspension string deviation.
c) Light angle towers ( 0” to 5” ) To be used on straight runs and upto 5” line
with suspension string deviation.
NOTE - In the selection of suspension tower either (b) above or a combination of (a) and (c) may be
followed.
ii) Tension towers
a) Small angle towers ( 0” to 15’ ) To be used for line deviation from 0” to 15”.
with tension string
b) Medium angle towers ( 0” to 30” ) To be used for line deviation 0” to 30”.
with tension string
cl Large angle towers ( 30” to 60” ) To be used for line deviation from 30” to 60”.
with tension string
d) Dead-end towers with tension To be used as dead-end ( terminal ) tower or
string anchor tower.
e) Large angle and dead-end towers To be used for line deviation from 30” to 60” or
with tension string for dead-ends.
NOTE- In the selection of tension towers either (e) above or a combination of (c) and (d) may be
followed.
2IS 802 ( Part l/Set 1 ) : 1995
6.2 The angles of line deviation specified in 6.1 Wind Zotie Basic Wind Speed, m/s
vb
are for the design span. The span may, however,
1 33
be increased upto an optimum limit with
reducing angle of line deviation, if adequate 2 39
ground and phase clearances are available. 3 44
4 47
7 RELIABILITY CONSIDERATIONS
5 50
7.1 Transmission lines shall be designed for the
6 55
reliability levels given in Table 1. These levels
arc expressed in terms of return periods in years NOTE - In case the line traverses on the border of
of climatic ( wind ) loads. The minimum yearly different wind zones, the higher wind speed may be
reliability l’s, corresponding to the return considered.
period, T, is expressed as Ps = 1 - -& 8.2 Meteorological Reference Wind Speed, VR
( )
It is extreme value of wind speed over an aver-
Table 1 Reliability Levels of aging period of 10 minutes duration and is to
Transmission Lines be calculated from basic wind speed ‘vb’ by the
( Clause 7.1 ) following relationship :
VR = vb/&
SI Description Reliability Levels
No ~---_-A-_-_, where
1 2 3
K0 is a factor to convert 3 seconds peak
(1) (2) (3) (4) gust speed into average speed of wind
during 10 minutes period at a level of
i) Return period of design 50 150 500
10 metres above ground. K,, may be taken
loads, in years, T
as 1.375.
ii) Yearly reliability, PB 1-10-s A-lo-8.5 l-lo-’
____-- _- .-. 8.3 Design Wind Speed, v,
7.2 Reliability level 1 shall be adopted for EHV
Reference wind speed obtained in 8.2 shall be
transmission lines upto 400 kV class.
modified to include the following effects to get
the design wind speed:
7.3 Reliability level 2 shall be adopted for EHV
transmission lines above 400 kV class.
a ) Risk coefficient, K,; and
7.4 Triple and quadruple circuit towers upto b ) Terrain roughness coefficient, K,.
400 kV lines shall be designed corresponding to
the reliability level 2. It may be expressed as follows:
vd = VR X K, X K,.
7.5 Reliability level 3 shall be adopted for tall
river crossing towers and special towers, 8.3.1 Risk Coefjcient, Kl
although these towers are not covered in this
standard. Table 2 gives the values of risk coefficients Kl
for different wind zones for the three reliability
8 WIND EFFECTS
levels.
8.1 Basic Wind Speed, Vb
Table 2 Risk Coefficient Kl for Different
Figure 1 shows basic wind speed map of India Reliability Levels and Wind Zones
as applicable at 10 m height above mean ground
level for the six wind zones of the country. Easic ( Clause 8.3.1 )
wind speed ‘vb’ is based on peak gust velocity
averaged over a short time interval of about 3 Reliability Coeftlcient K, for Wind Zones
seconds, corresponds to mean heights above Level & -----
-1 2 3 4 5 6
ground level iu an open terrain ( Category 2 )
and have been worked out for a 50 years return (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)
period [ Refer IS 875 ( Part 3 ) : 1987 for further
1 1.00 I*00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
details 3.
2 1.08 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 I.14
Basic wind speeds for the six wind zones ( see
3 1.17 1.22 1.25 1.27 1.28 1.30
Fig. 1 ) are :
3IS 802 ( Part l,/Sec 1 ) : 1995
8.3.2 Terrain Roughness Coefjcient, K, c) Catcgcly 3 - Terrain with numerous
closely spaced obstructions.
Table 3 gives the values of coefiicient K, fvr the
NOTE - This category includes buili up areas
three categories of terrain roughness (see
and forest areas.
8.3.2.1 ) corresponding to 10 minutes averaged
wind speed.
8.4 Design Wind Pressure, Pd
Table 3 Terrain Roughness Coefficient, K, The design win<! pressure on towers. conductors
and il;sulators shall be obtained by the following
( CIause 3.3.2 )
relationship :
Terrain Category 1 2 3
---
Coefficient, K, 1.08 1.00 0.85 where
Pd = design wind pressure in N/m*, and
NOTE - For lines encountering hills/ridges, the Vd = design wind speed in m/s.
value of K, for a given terrain shall be changed to
next higher value of 4.
8.4.1 Design wind pressures Pd for the three
rrliability 1~v cls and pertaining to six wind zones
8.3.2.1 Terrain categories
and the three terrain categories have been
a) Category 1 - Exposed open terrain with worked out and given in Table 4.
few or no obstruction and in which the
average height of any object surrounding 9 WIND LOADS
the structure is less than 1.5 m.
9.1 Wind Load on Tower
NOTE - This category includes open seacoasts,
C$;xsssstretch of water, deserts and flat treeless
111 order to determine the wind load on tower,
the tower is divided into different panels having
b) Category 2 - Open terrain with well a height ‘h’. These panels should normally be
scattered obstructions having height taken between the intersections of the legs and
generally between 1.5 m to 10 m. bracings. For a lattice tower of square cross-
section, the resultant wind load Fwt in Newtons,
NOTE - This category includes normal country
lines with very few obstacles. for wind normal to the longitudinal face of tower,
Table 4 Design Wind Pressure P,J, in N/m”
( Clause 8.4.1 )
Reliability Terrain Design Wind Pressure Pd for Wind Zones
Level Category r_____ __-._----h--_--_-----~
1 2 3 4 5 6
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8)
-__.- .~__---
1 1 403 563 717 818 925 1 120
2 346 483 614 701 793 960
3 250 349 444 506 573 694
2 1 410 681 883 1 030 1 180 1 460
2 403 584 757 879 1 010 1 250
3 291 422 547 635 732 901
3 1 552 838 1 120 1 320 1 520 1890
2 413 718 960 1 130 1 300 1 620
3 342 519 694 x17 939 1 170
4As in the Original Standard, this Page is Intentionally Left BlankIS 802 ( Part l/Set 1 ) : 1995
on a panel height ‘h’ applied at the centre of considered separately for the purposes of
gravity of this panel is: calculating wind load on the tower, as shown
in Fig. 2.
Fwt = Pcj x Cat x Ae x GT
Table 6 Gust Response Factor for Towers ( GT )
where and for Insulators ( Gi )
Pd = design wind pressure, in N/m”:
( Clauses 9.1 and 9.3 )
Cdt = drag coefficient for panel under con-
sider” ation against which the wind is Height Above Values of Gr and G, for Trerain
Ground Categories
blowing. Values of Cdt for different r----- h---_$
solidity ratios are given in Table 5.
m 1 2 3
Solidity ratio is equal to the effective (1) (2) (3) (4)
area ( projected area of all the indivi-
up to 10 1.70 1.92 2.55
dual elements ) of a frame normal to
the wind direction divided by the area 20 1.85 2.20 2.82
enclosed by the boundry of the frame 30 1.96 2.30 2.98
normal to the wind direction; 40 2.07 2.40 3.12
A@ = total net surface area of the legs, 50 2.13 2.48 3.24
bracings, cross arms and secondary 60 2.20 2.55 3.34
members of the panel projected normal IO 2.26 2.63 3.46
to the face in m’. (The projections 80 2.31 2.69 3.58
of the bracing elements of the adjacent
NOTE - lntermediatc values may be linearly
faces and of the plan-and-hip bracing
interpolated.
bars may be neglected while determ-
ianjig the projected surface of a face );
9.2 Wind Load on Conductor and Groundwire
The load due to wind on each conductor and
GT = gust response factor, peculiar to the
groundwire, F,, in Newtons applied at suppor-
ground roughness and depends on the
ting point normal to the line shall be determined
height above ground. Values of GT for
by the following expression:
the three terrain categories are given
in Table 6. Fw, = Pd x Ca, x L x d x G,
where
Table 5 Drag CoeiBcient, Cat for Tower
Pd = design wind pressure, in N/m’;
( CIuuse 9.1 ) CdC = drag coefficient, taken as 1.0 for
conductor and 1.2 for groundwire;
Solidity Drag Coefficient L = wind span, being sum of half the span
Ratio
Cdt on either side of supporting point, in
(1) (2) metres;
up to 0.05 3.6 d = diameter of cable, in metres; and
0.1 34
G, = gust response factor, takes into
0.2 2.9
account the turbulance of the wind
0.3 2.5 and the dynamic response of the
0.4 2.2 conductor. Values of G, are given in
0.5 and above 2.0 Table 7 for the three terrain catego-
ries and the average height of the
NOTES
1 Intermediate values may be linearly interpolated. conductor/groundwire above the
ground.
2 Drag coefficient takes into account the shielding
effect of wind on the leeward face of the tower. NOTE - Tho average height of conductor/ground-
However, in case the bracing on the leeward face is wire shall be taken up to clamping point of top
not shielded from the windward face, then the conductor/groundwi re on tower less two-third the
projected area of the leeward face of the bracing sag at minimum temperature and no wind.
should also be taken into consideration.
9.2.1 The total effect of wind on bundle conduc-
tors shall be taken equal to the sum of the wind
9.1.1 In case of horizontal configuration towers, load on sub-conductors without accounting for
outer and inner faces countering the wind a possible masking effect of one of the subcon-
between the waist and beam level should be ductors on another.
7IS 802 ( Part l/Set 1 ) : 1995
FIG. 2 HORIZONTALC ONFIGURATIONTo wmIS 802 ( Part l/Set 1 ) : 1995
Table 7 Values of Gust Response Factor C;, for Conductor and Groundwire
( Clausl? 9.2 )
-”
Terrain Height Above Values of G, for Ruling Span of, in ru
Category Ground, m r -_ ----- .----_-.- -_--_n. - _---__-___-________
UP to 300 400 500 600 700 8W au?
200 above
(11 (2) (3) (-1! (5) (6) (7) (8) (9)
.-_____ __~__._.__ .- ..-_-- ----. _-
1 up to 10 1.70 1.65 1.60 1.56 I.53 I.50 1.47
20 1.90 1.87 1.83 I .79 1.75 1.70 1.66
40 2.10 2.04 2.00 1.95 1.90 1.85 1.80
60 2.24 2.18 2.12 2.07 2.02 1.96 1.90
80 2.35 2.25 2.18 2.13 2.10 2.06 2.03
2 up to 10 1.83 1.78 1.73 1.69 1.65 1.60 1.55
20 2.12 2.04 I .9.5 I.88 1 54 1.80 1.80
40 2.34 2.27 2.20 2.13 2.08 2.05 2.02
60 2.55 2.46 2.37 2.28 2.23 2.20 2.17
80 2.119 2.56 2.48 2.41 2.36 2.32 2.28
3 up to 10 2.05 1.98 1-93 I.88 i-83 1.77 1.73
20 2,44 2.35 2.25 2. I5 2.10 2.06 2.03
40 2.76 2.67 2.58 2-49 2.42 2.38 2.34
60 2.97 2.87 2.77 2.67 1’60 2.54 2.52
80 3.19 3.04 2.93 2.85 2.38 2.73 2.69
NOTE - Intermediate values may be linearly interpolated.
-
9.3 Wind Load on Insnlator Strings 10 TEMPERATPJRE EFFECTS
10.1 General
Wind load on insulator strings ‘J’*{ shall be
determined from the attachment point to the The temperature range varies for different loca-
centre line of the conductor in case of suspen- lities under different diurnal and seasonal
SIOII tower and up to the end of clamp in case conditions. The absolute maximum and mini-
of tension tower, in the direction of the wind mum temperature which may be expected in
as follows: different localities in the country are indicated
on the map of India in Fig. 3 and Fig. 4 respec-
Fwi = Ck x PHI x Ai x Gi tively. The temperature indicated in these
maps are the air temperatures in shade. These
where
may be used for assessing the temperature
cdi = drag coefficient, to be taken as 1.2; effects.
pd zz design wind pressure in N/ma; 10.2 Temperature Variations
Ai = 50 percent of the area of insulator 10.2.1 The absolute maximum temperature may
string projected on a plane which is be assumed as the higher adjacent isopleth
parallel to the longitudinal axis of the temperature shown in Fig. 3.
string; and
10.2.2 The absolute minimum temperature may
Gt :- gust response factor, peculiar to the be assumed as the lower adjacent isopleth
ground rougilncss and depends on the temperature shown in Fig. 4.
height of insulator attachment point
10.2.3 The average everyday temperature shali
above ground. Values of Gi for the
be 32°C anywhere in the country, except in
three terrain categories are given
regions experiencing minimum temperature of
in Table 6.
-5°C or lower ( see Fig. 4 ), where everyday
9.3.1 In case of multiple strings including V temperature may be taken as 15°C or as
strings, no masking effect shall be considered. specified by the power utilities.IS 802 ( Part l/Set 1 ) : 1995
10.2.4 The maximum conductor temperature 11.3 Failure Containment Loads
may be obtained after allowing increase in
These loads comprise of:
temperature due to radiation and heating effect
due to current etc over the absolute maximum i) Anti cascading loads, and
temperature given in Fig. 3. The tower may be
designed to suit the conductor temperature of ii) Torsional and longitudinal loads.
75°C ( Max ) for ACSR and 85°C ( Max ) for
aluminium alloy col!ductor. The maximum
11.3.1 Anti Cascading Loads
temperature of groundwire exposed to sun may
be taken as 53°C.
Cascade failure may be caused by failure of
items such as insulators, hardware, joints,
10.3 Sag Tension failures of major components such as towers,
foundations, conductor due to defective mate-
Sag tension calculation for conductor and rial or workmanship or from climatic overloads
groundwire shall be made in accordance with or sometimes from casual events such as misdi-
the relevant orovisions of 1s 56 13 ( Part 2/ rected aircraft, avalanches, sabotage etc. The
Set 1 ) : 1985 ibr the following combinations: security measures adopted for containing
cascade failures in the line is to provide angle
a) 100 percent design wind pressure after towers at specific intervals which shall be
accounting for drag coefficient and gust checked for anti-cascading loads ( see 14 )_
response factor at everyday temperature,
and
11.3.2 Torsional and Longitudinal Loads
b) 36 percent design wind pressure after
accounting for drag coefficient and gust These loads are caused by breakage of conduc-
response factor at minimum temperature. tor(s) and/or groundwire. All the towers
shall be designed for these loads for the number
of conductor (s) and/or groundwire considered
11 LOADS ON TOWER
broken according to 16.
11.1 Classification of Loads
11.3.2.1 The mechanical tension of conductor/
groundwire is the tension corresponding to
Transmission lines are subjected to various loads
100 percent design wind pressure at every day
during their lifetime. These loads are classified
temperature or 36 percent design wind pressure
into three distinct categories, namely,
at minimum temperature after accounting for
drag coeficient and gust response factor.
a) Climatic loads -- related to the reliability
requirements.
11.4 Construction and Maintenance Loads
b) Failure containment loads - related to
security requirements. These are loads imposed on towers during
construction and maintenance of transmission :
c) Construction and maintenance loads - rela-
lines.
ted to safety requirements.
11.2 Climatic Loads 12 COMPUTATION OF LOADS
12.1 Transverse Loads
These are random loads imposed on tower,
insulator string, conductor and groundwire due
Transvelse loads shall be computed for relia-
to action of wind on transmission line and do
bility, security and safety requirements.
not act continuously. Climatic loads shall be
determined under either of the following 12.1.1 Reliability Requirements
climatic conditions, whichever is more strin-
gent: These loads shall be calculated as follows:
i) Wind action on tower structures, conduc-
i) 100 percent design wind pressure at
tors, groundwires and insulator strings
everyday temperature, or
computed according to 9.1, 9.2 and 9.3
ii) 36 percent design wind pressure at mini- respectively for both the climatic condi-
mum temperature. tions specified in 11.2.
ii) Component of mechanical tension &a
NOTE-Condition (ii) above is normally not crucial
for tangent tower but shall be checked for angle or of conductor and groundwire due to
dead-end towers, particularly for short spans. wind computed as per 11.3.2.1.
10IS 802 ( Part l/Set 1 ) : 1995
7@ w a# 1/ d lw-
I I I I I 1
MAP OF INDIA
./ .0-*-l a.,
‘L ‘=a ,.- “) SHOWING HIGHEST MAXIMUM
2 TEMPERATURE ISOPLETHS’C
1
.i
SRi+x’AGAA BASED ON DATA UP TO 1958 SUPPLIED BY
_\. I
11IS 802 ( Part l/Set 1 ) : 1995
,NDIA METEOROLOGlCAL DEPARTMENT
PROJECT,ON:LAMBERTCON1CAL
. 3,. -3.”
/--.I&=_
AGRA
-2.53 JODHPUR AJMER l l
! i EOMBAYJ\\W/ NE
AKHAPATNAM
12IS 802 ( Part l/Set 1 ) : 1995
Thus, total transverse load = (i) + (ii) weight of insulator strings and accesso-
= Fwt + Fw, + Fwi + Fwa ries, and
where
ii) Self weight of tower structure up to
‘FWC’, ‘FWi’ and (Fad’ are to be applied on point/level ut:der consideration.
all conductors/groundwire points and ‘Fwt’
The rffective weight of the conductor/ground-
to bc applied on tower at groundwire peak
wire should be corresponding to the weight span
and cross arm levels and at any one convc-
on the tower. The weight span is the horizontal
nient level between bottom cross arm and
distance between the lowest points of the
ground level for normal tower. In case of
conductor/groundwire on the two spans adjacent
tower with extensions, one more application
to the tower under consideration. The lowest
level shall be taken at top end of extension.
point is defined as the point at which the
12.1.2 Security Requirements tangent to the sag curve or to the sag curve
These lcads shall be taken as under: produced, is horizontal.
i) Suspension towers 12.2.2 Security Requirements
a) Transverse loads due to wind action These shall be taken as:
on tower structures, conductors, i) Same as in 12.2.1 (i) except for broken
groundwires ant1 insulators shall be wire condition where the load due to
taken as nil. weight of conductor/groundwire shall be
b) Transverse loads due to line deviation considered as 60 oercent of weight span,
shall be based on component of and
mechanical tension of conductors ii) Same as in 12.2.1 (ii).
and groundwires corresponding to
12.2.3 Safety Requirements
everyday temperature and nil wind
condition. For broken wire spans the These loads comprise of:
component shall be corresponding to i) Loads as computed in 12.2.2,
50 percent mechanical tension of
ii) Load of 1 500 N considered acting at
conductor and 100 percent mechanical
each cross arm, as a provision of weight
tension of groundwire at everyday
of lineman with tools,
temperature and nil wind.
iii) Load of 3 500 N considered acting at
ii) Tension and dead end towers
the tip of cross arms up to 220 kV and
a) Transverse loads due to wind action
5 000 N for 400 kV and higher voltage
on tower structure, conductors,
for design of cross arms, and
groundwires and insulators shall be
iv) Following erection loads at lifting points,
computed as per 12.1.1 (i). 60 percent
for 400 kV and higher voltage, assumed
wind span shall be considered for
as acting at locations specified below:
broken wire condition and 100 percent
~~ ___.____
wind span for intact span condition.
Tension Vertical Distance,
b) Transverse loads due to line deviation
Tower with Load, N from the
shall be the component of 100 percent
Tip of
mechanical tension of conductor and
Cross Arm,
groundwire as defined in 11.3.2.1.
mm
12.1.3 Safety Requirements Twin bundle conductor 10 000 600
Transverse loads on account of wind on tower Multi bundle conductor 20 000 I 000
-__ __- ____-.
structures, conductors, groundwires, and insula-
All bracing and redundant members of the
tors shall be taken as nil for normal and
tewers which are horizontal or inclined up to
brokenwire conditions. Transverse loads due to
15” from horizontal shall be designed to with
mechanical tension of conditions and groundwire
stand an ultimate vertical loads of 1 500 N
at everyday temperature and nil wind condition
conside{ed acting at centre independent of all
on account of line deviation shall be taken for
other loads.
both normal and broken wire conditions.
12.2 Vertical Loads 12.3 Longitudinal Loads
Longitudinal loads shall be computed for relia-
Vertical loads shall be computed for reliability,
security and safety requirements. bility, security and safety requirements.
12.2.1 Reliability Requirements 12.3.1 Reliability Requirements
These loads comprise of: These loads shall be taken as under:
i) Loads due to weight of conductors/ i) Longitudinal load for dead-end towers
groundwire based on design weight span, to be considered corresponding to
13IS 802 ( Part l/See 1) : 1995
mechanical tension of conductors and 13 LOADING COMBINATIONS
groundwire as defined in 11.3.2.1. 13.1 Reliability Conditions
ii) Longitudinal loads which might be caused
i) Transverse loads - as Per 12.1.1.
on tension towers by adjacent spans of
unequal lengths can be neglected in most ii) Vertical loads - as per 12.2.1.
cases, as the strength of the supports for iii) Longitudinal loads - as per 12.3.1.
longitudinal loads is checked for security
13.2 Security Conditions
requirements and for construction and
i) Transverse loads - as per 12.1.2.
maintenance requirements.
ii) Vertical lauds -- as per 12.2.2.
iii) NO longitudinal load for suspension and
tension towers. iii) Longitudinal loads - as per 12.3.2.
13.3 Safety Conditions
12.3.2 Security Requirements
i) Transverse loads - as per 12.1.3.
These loads shall be taken as under: ii) VerticaZ loads - shall be the sum of:
i) For suspension towers, the longitudinal a) Vertical loads as per 12.2.2 (i) multi-
load corresponding to 50 percent of the plied by the overload Factor of 2.
mechanical tension of conductor and
b) Vertical loads calculated as per
100 percent of mechanical tension of
12.2.2 (ii), 12.2.3 (ii), 12.2.3 (iii) and
groundwire shall be considered under
12.2.3 (iv).
every day temperature and no wind
iii) Longitudinal loads - as per 12.3.3.
pressure.
ii) Horizontal loads in longitudinal direc- 14 ANTI CASCADING CHECKS
tion due to mechanical tension of All angle towers shall be checked for the
conductors and groundwire shall be following anti-cascading conditions with all
taken as specified in 11.3.2.1 for broken conductors and groundwire intact only on one
wires and nil for intact wires for design side of the tower
of tension towers. a>
Transverse loads - These loads shall be
iii) For dead end towers, horizontal loads in taken under no wind condition.
longitudinal directon due to mechanical
b) Vertical loads - These loads shall be the
tension of conductor and groundwire
sum of weight of conductor/groundwire
shall be taken as specified in 11.3.2 for
as per weight span of intact conductor/
intact wires. However for broken wires,
ground wire, weight of insulator strings
these shall be taken as nil.
and accessories.
12.3.3 Safety Requirements c) Longitudinal loads - These loads shall be
the pull of conductor/groundwire at
These loads shall be taken as under:
everyday temperature and no wind
i) For normal conditions - These loads for applied simultaneously at all points on
dead end towers shall be considered as one side with zero degree line deviation.
corresponding to mechanical tension of
15 TENSION LIMITS
conductor/groundwire at every day
temperature and no wind. Longitudinal Conductor/groundwire tension at everyday
loads due to unequal spans may be temperature and without external load, should
neglected_ not exceed the following percentage of the
ultimate tensile strength of the conductor:
ii) For brokenwire conditions
Initial unloaded tension 35 percent
a) Suspension towers - Longitudinal load
Final unloaded tension 25 percent
Per sub-conductor and groundwire
shall be considered as 10 000 N and provided that the ultimate tension under
5 000 N respectively. everyday temperature and 100 percent design
b) Tension towers - Longitudinal load wind pressure, or minimum temperature and
36 percent design wind pressure does not exceed
equal to twice the sagging tension
70 percent of the ultimate tensile strength of
( sagging tension shall be taken as
50 percent of tension at everyday the conductor/ground wire.
temperature and no wind ) for wires NOTE-For ~-~40 0 kV and 800 kV lines, the tinal
under stringing arid I.5 trmes the UIibZtCd ftnslon of conductors at everyday tempe-
raturc shall not exceed 22 perrent of the ultimate
sagging tension for all intact wires
tensile strength of conductors and 20 percent of the
( stringing completed ). ultimate tensile strength of groundwire
14IS 802 ( Part l/See 1 ) : 19%
16 BROKEN WIRE CONDITION
The following broken wire conditions shall be assumed in the design of towers:
-- ____________.~
a) Single circuit towers Any one phase or groundwire broken; bvhichever is
more stringent for a particular member.
b) Double, triple circuit and quad-
ruple circuit towers:
i) Suspension towers Any one phase or groundwire broken: whichever is
more stringent for a particular member.
ii) Small and medium angle Any two phases broken on the same side and same
towers span or any one phase and one groundwire broken OR
the same side and same span whichever combina-
tion is more stringent for a particular member.
iii) Large angle tcniiion towers/ Any three phases broken on the same side and same
dead end towers span or any two of the phases and one groundi>ire
broken on the same side and same span; whichever
combination constitutes the most stringent condition
for a particular member.
NOTE - Phase shall mean all the sub-conductors in the case of bundle conductors.
__~--w
17 STRENGTH FACTORS RELATED TO i) If steel with minimum guaranteed yield
QUALITY strength is used for fabrication of tower,
the estimated loads shall be increased by
The design of tower shall be carried out in
a factor of 1.02.
accordance with the provisions covered in
IS 802 ( Part l/Set 2 ) : 1992. However, to ii) If steel of minimum guaranteed yield
account for the reduction in strength due to strength is not used for fabrication of
dimensional tolerance of the structural sections tower, the estimated loads shall be
and yield strength of steel used, the following increased by a factor of 1.05, in addition
strength factors shall be considered: to the provision (i) above.
ANNEX A
( Clause 2 )
LIST OF REFERRED INDIAN STANDARDS
IS No. Title IS No. Title
802 ( Part 1/ Code of practice for use of 1367 Technical supply conditions
Set 2 ) : 1992 structural steel in overhead for threaded steel fasteners:
transmission line towers:
( Part G ) : 1980 Part 6 Mechanical properties
Part 1 Material, loads and
and test methods for nuts with
permissible stress, Section 2
specified proof loads ( second
Permissible stresses ( third
revision )
revision )
( Part 13 ) : 1985 Part 13 Hot-dip galvanized
87f9\;art 3 ) : Code of practice for design
coatings on threaded fasteners
loads ( other than earthquake )
( second revision )
for buildings and structures:
Part 3 Wind loads ( second 1573 : 1986 Electroplated coatings of zinc
revision ) on iron and steel ( second
13;;J2Part 3 ) : Hexagon head bolts, screws revision )
and nuts of product Grade C :
2016 : 1967 Plain washers ( first revision )
Part 3 Hexagon nuts ( size
range M 5 to M 64 ) ( third 2062 : 1992 Steel for general structural
revision ) purposes (fourth revision )
15IS 802 ( Part l/Set 1) : 1995
IS No. Title IS No. Title
3063 : 1972 Single coil rectangular section 6610 : 1972 Heavy washers for steel
spring washers for bolts, nuts structures
and screws ( jirst revision ) 6623 : 1985 High strength structural nuts
3757 : 1985 High strength structural bolts ( jirst revision )
( second revision )
6639 : 1972 Hexagon bolts for steel
structures
4759 : 1984 Hot-dip zinc coatings on
structural steel and other 6649 : 1985 Hardened and tempered
allied products ( third revision ) washers tar high strength
structural bolts and nuts (first
5613 ( Part 2/ Code of practme for design,
revision )
Set 1 ) : 1985 installation and maintenance
of overhead lines: Part 2 Lines 8500 : 1992 Structural steel--Microalloyed
above 11 kV and up to and ( medium and high strength
including 220 kV, Section 1 qualities ) (first revision )
jrsr
Design ( revision ) 10238 : 1982 Step bolts for steel structures
5624 : 1970 Foundation bolts 12427 : 1988 Transmission tower boltsIS 802 ( Part l/Set 1 ) : 1995
ANNEX B
( ForeWord )
Composition of Structural Engineering Sectional Committee, CED 7
Chairman Representing
SHRI M. L. MIHIA Metallurgical and I?ngineering Consultant ( India ) I.td, Ran&i
SHKI S. K. DATTA ( Alternate to
Shri M. I,. MeWa )
SHRI R. N. BISWAS Intlian Oil Corpwation, New Delhi
SHRI YOGENDRA SINGH ( Alternate )
SHRI RAMFSH CWAKRABORTY Joint PIalit Committee, Calcutta
SHRI S. K. SUMAN ( Akv-nafe )
CHIEF MANAGER ( ENOIN~ERING ) RITES, New Delhi
GENERAL MANAGER ( STRUCTURAL )
( ,ghernate )
DR P. DAYARATNAM IIT, Kanpur
DIRFCTOR ( TRANSMISSION ) Central Electricity Authority, New Delhi
DEPUTY DIRECTOR ( TRANSMISSION)
SHRI S. C. DUGGAL Richardson & Cruddas ( 1972 ) Ltd, Bombay
SHRI V. (3. MANGRULKAR ( Alttwmte )
SHRI D. K. DATTA Jessop & Co Limited. Calcutta
SHRI A. K. SEN ( Alterrrole )
SHRI S. K. GANGOP~ADHYAY Braithwaite & Co Ltd, Calcutta
SIIKI P. BIMAL ( Ahcrnate )
SHRI S. GANGULI Projects & Development India Ltd. Dhanbad
SrfRl S,. P. C;ARARI ( Altcrrlnre )
DR JANARDAN JifA Institution of Engineers ( India ), Calcutta
SHRI S. P. JAMDAR Road & Building Department, Gandhinagar
SFrRl S. S. RATHORE ( Alternate )
JUINT DIRECTOR STAUDARDS ( B & S )-Se-1 Ministry of Railways, Lucknow
DL-PIJTYD IRECTOR STANDARDS ( B & S )-SB
DR V. KALYANARAMAN IIT, Madras
DR J. N. KAR Bengal Engineering College, Civil Engineering Department.
Governmcnt of West Bengal, Calcutta
PROF SAIBAL GHOSH ( Alternate )
SHKI N. K. MAJUMUAR Hindustan Steel Works Construction Ltd, Calcutta
SHRI D. M. SRIVASTAVA ( Alternate )
SHRI S. M. MUNJAL DGS &D, Inspection Wing, New Delhi
SHRI A. K. VERMA ( Alfernale )
SHRt M. K. MUKHERIEE Indian Roads Congress, New Delhi
SHRI S. K. SINHA ( Alfernate )
SHRI B. B. NAO EngineenIndia Limited, New Delhi
SHRI G. P. LAHIRI ( Alternate )
SHRI V. NARAYANAN Central Water Commission, New Delhi
SHRI A. K. BAJAJ ( Alternate )
SHRI P. N. NARKHADE Bombay Port Trust, Bombay
SHRI M. V. BEDEKAR ( Alternate )
DR S. M. PATFL Birla Vishvakarma Mahavidyala, Vallabh Vidyasagar, Gujarat
S&t D. P. PAL M. N. Dastur & Co Pvt Ltd, Calcutta
SHRI B. P. DE ( Abernate )
SHRI D. PAUL Industrial Fasteners Association of India, Calcutta
SHRI N. RADHAKRISHNAN Binny Ltd, Madras
SHRI P. APPA RAO @[ternate )
SHRI M. B. RANGARAO Tata Consulting Engineers, Bombay
SHRI M. S. C. NAYAR ( Alternate )
SHRI C. S. S. RAO Engineer-in-Chief’s Branch, Ministry of Dsfence, New Delhi
SHRI P. S. RAY ( Alternate )
DR T. V. S. R. APPA RAO Structural Engineering Research. Madras
SHRI P. R. NATARAJAN( Alternafe )
( Continued on page 18 )
17IS 802 ( Part l/Set 1 ) : 1995
( Continued from page 17 )
Members Representing
snur A. G. ROY Bridge & Roof Co ( India ) Ltd, Howrah
SHRI K. B . CHAKRABORTY( Afternate )
SENIOR SHIPPINQ ENGINEER Indian Register of Shipping, Bombay
ASSETANT NAVAL ARCHITECT ( A lrernare )
SHRI A. K. SEN Jessop & Co Limited, Calcutta
Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd, Hyderabad
SHRI G. SRLIENIVASAN
SHRI P. SIJRYA( Altcrnare )
DR C. N. SRINIVA~AN C. R. Narayana Rao, Madras
!&RI C. R. ARVIND ( ANernure )
University of Roorkee, Roorkee
DR D. N. TRIKHA
DR P. N. GODBELE( Alternare )
Kothari Associates Private Ltd, New Delhi
SHRI U. H. VARYANI
SHR~ J. R. MEHTA Director General, BIS ( Ex-officio Member )
Director ( Civ Engg )
Member Secretary
SHR~ S. S. SETHI
Director ( Civ Engg, BIS )
Subcommittee for Use of Steel in Over-Head Line Towers and Switchyard Structures, CED 7 : 1
Convener
SHRI M. L. SACHDEVA Central Electricity Authority, New Delhi
Members
SHRI RAW-WDDIN ( AfIernale to
Shri M. L. Sachdeva )
ADVISOR ( POWER ) Central Board of Irrigation and Power, New Delhi
SHRI D. K. NARSIMHAN (A lrermre )
SHRI MUSTAG AHMED Karnataka Blectricity Board, Bangalore
SHRI Y. R. NAGARAIA ( .tlrernate )
SHRI D. K. BHATTACHAKJEE Damodar Valley Corporation, Calcutta
SHRI S. K. SINHA (Ahrnare )
DR P. BOSE Electrical Manufacturing Ltd ( Projects Construction Division ),
Calcutta
!&RI L. N. BAN~RJEC( Ahernare )
SHRI UMESH CHANDRA Power Grid Corporation of India Ltd, New Delhi
SHRI D. CHOWDHURY ( Alternate I )
SHRI E. V. RAO ( Alternate II )
CHIEF ADMINISTRATOR-CUM-ENGINEER-IN- Bihar State Electricity Board, Patna
CHIEF
CHIEF ENGINEER Andbra Pradesh Electricity Board, Hj’derabad
SUPERINTENDINGE NQINEER( TRANSMISSION)
( Alrernare )
SHRI S. DATTA GUPTA Larsen and Toubro Ltd, Madras
SHRI S. Z. HUSSAIN Madhya Pradesh Electricity Board, Jabalpur
SHRI A~HOK BAJPAI ( Abernare )
JOINT DIRECTOR ( BRIDGE AND STRUCTURE) Ministry of Railways, New Delhi
ASSISTANTD IRECTOR( TI ) ( AIrernare )
SHRI H. C. KAUSHIK Haryana Electricity Board, Hissar
SHRI LAL KHUBCHANDANI KEC International Ltd. Bombay
SHRI B. N. PAI ( Aflernure )
SHRI D. L. KOTHARI Bhakara Beas Management Board, Patiala
SHRI P. S. Tu~sr ( Alternate )
DR D. M. LAKHAPATI SAE ( India ) Ltd, Calcutta
SHRI P. BHATTACHARYA( Alterme )
( Conlinued on page 19)
18IS $02 ( Part l/Set 1 ) : 1995
( Conrinued from page 18 )
Members Representing
DR S. N. MANDAL National Thermal Power Corporation Ltd, New Delhi
SHRI K. MOHANDAS ( Ahmate )
&RI P. R. NATARAJAN Structural Engineering Research Ccntre, Madras
&RI K. MIJRALIDHARAN ( Alternate )
SHRI R. V. NEDKARNI Maharashtra State Electricity Board, Bombay
SHRI K. N. AWATE ( Alternate)
SHRI G. D. RATHOD Transpower Engineering Ltd, Bombay
SHRI A. D. TKIVEDI ( Alternate )
SHRI V. B. SINGH UP State Electricity Board, Lucknow
SHRI SURENDRA NARAIN ( Alternate )
SHRI B. SRINIVASAN Tamil Nadu Electricity Board, Madras
SHIU M. A. MAJEETH ( Alfernafe )
SUPERINTENDING ENGINEER Punjab State Eleciricity Board, Patiala
SHKI R. SUSENDKAN Central Power Research Institute, Bangalore
SHRI N. V. RAMESH ( Alternute )
SHRI S. M. TAWLKAR Gujarat Electricity Board, Baroda
SHRI 0. C. MEHTA ( Alternafe )
19( Continuedfrom second cover )
Ice loadings on towers and conductors/ground wires for lines located in the mountaineous
regions of the country subjected to snow fall, may be taken into account on the basis of available
meteorological data both for ice with wind and without wind. A separate Indian Standard on ice
loadings to be considered in the design of transmission line towers has been proposed to be
brought out.
Formulae and the values have been given in SI Units only.
While formulating the provisions of this code it has been assumed that structural connections
are through bolts only.
While preparing this code, practices prevailing in the country in this field have been kept in
view. Assistance has been derived from the following publications:
i) IEC 826 : 1991 ‘Technical report on loading and strength of overhead transmission lines’,
issued by the International Electrotechnical Commission.
ii) Project report NO. EL-643 ‘Longitudinal unbalanced loads on transmission line struc-
tures’ issued by the Electric Power Research Institute USA.
iii) CIGRE Report No. 22-13 of 1978 ‘Failure containment of overhead lines design’ by H. B.
White.
iv) Loading and strength of transmission line system, Part 1 to Part 6 issued by ‘IEEE
Transmission and Distribution Committee Sub-Group on Line loading and strength of
transmission line structures’, IEEE, PESj Summer 1977 Conference Papers.
‘Guide for design of steel transmission line towers’ issued by American Society of Civil
v)
Engineers, New York, 1988.
vi) ‘Guide for new code for design of transmission line towers in India; Publication No. 239,
issued by the Central Board of Irrigation and Power, New Delhi.
The composition of the technical committee responsible far the formulation of this standard is
given in Annex B.
For the purpose of deciding whether a particular requirement of this standard is complied with,
the final value, observed or calculated, expressing the result of a test or analysis, shall he rounded
off in accordance with IS 2 : 1960 ‘Rules for rounding off numerical values ( revised )‘. The
number of significant places retained in the rounded off value should be the same as that of the
specified value in this standard.
|
13468.pdf
|
IS 13468 : 1992
Indian Standard
APPARATUS FOR DETERMINATION OF
DRY DENSITY OF SOIL BY CORE CUTTER
METHOD - SPECIFICATION
UDC 624.131-431.5
@ BIS 1992
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG
NEW DELHI 110002
July 1992 Price Group 2Soils and Soil Engineering Sectional Committee, CED 23
POREWORD
This Indian Standard was adopted by the Bureau of Indian Standards, after the draft finalized by
the Soils and Soil Engineering Sectional Committee had been approved by the Civil Engineering
Division Council.
The equipment covered in this standard is meant to be used for the determination of dry deilsity
of soils in place by core cutter method covered in IS 2720 ( Part 29 ) : 1975.IS 13468 : 1992
Indian Standurd
APPARATUS FOR DETERMINATION OF
DRY DENSITY OF SOIL BY CORE CUTTER
METHOD - SPECIFICATION
1 SCOPE IS No. Title
4432 : 1988 Specification for cast-harden.
1.1 This standard covers the details of the
ing steels (first revision )
cylindrical core cutter, steel dolly and steel
rammer used for the determination of inplace
dry density of fine gtained natural or compac- 3 MATERIALS
ted soils free from aggregates, using a core
cutter. 3.1 The material of construction of the various
equipment parts shall be as given in Table I.
2 REFERENCES
4 DIMENSIONS AND TOLERANCES
2.1 The following Indian Standards are necess-
4.1 Dimensions with tolerances of diff’ercnl
ary adjuncts to this standard.
component parts of the equipment shall bc as
given in Fig. 1 to Fig. 3. Except where speci-
IS No. Title
ally mentioned, all dimensions shall be taken as
1239 Specification for mild steel nominal and tolerances as given in IS 2102
( Part 1 ) : 1990 tubes, tubulars and other ( Part 1 ) : 1980 of medium class shall apply.
wrought steel fittings : Part 1
Mild steel tubes ( jfth 5 MARKING
revision )
1875 : 1978 Specification for carbon steel 5.1 The following information shall be clearly
billets, blooms, slabs and bars and indehbly marked on each equipment:
for forgings (fourth revision ) a) Name of the manufacturer or his regis-
2102 General tolerances for dimen- tered trade-mark or both ; and
( Part 1 ) 1980 sions and form and position : b) Serial number of the product.
Part 1 General tolerances for
linear and angular dimen- 5.1.1 The equipment may also be marked with
sions ( second revision ) the Standard Mark.
Table 1 Materials of Construction of Different Component Parts
-~ ~
SI No. Equipment Parts Material Case Special Relevant
Requirement, Indian
if any Standard
9 Cutter-seamless steel tube bcvcllcd Case hardening Tip cast hardcncd IS 4432 : 1988
one end ( see Fig. 1 ) steel to 40 HRC, Min
ii) Dolly-steel with a lip to enable to IS 4432 : 1988
bc fitted on top of cutter
( see Fig. 2)
III) Rammer ( see Fig. 3 ) Steel IS 1875 : 1978
iv) Htiandlc for rammer-push fitted or Mild steel tube IS 1239
concentrically screwed (Par1 I): 1990IS 13468: 1992
CUTTING EDGE
All dimensions in millimetres.
FIG. 1 CUTTER
+ 108 -+ Oe25
ROUNDED OFF
All dimensions in millimetres.
Fro. 2 DOLLEY
2IS 13468: 1992
I
L
.#lLO
-__c
All dimensions in millimetres.
Fro. 3 RAMMER
3.
Standard Mark
The use of the Standard Mark is governed by the provisions of the Bureau oflndlun
Standards Act, 1986 and the Rules and Regulations made thereunder. The Standard Mark
on products covered by an Indian Standard conveys the assurance that they have been
produced to comply with the requirements of that standard under a well defined system
of inspection, testing and quality control which is devised and supervised by BIS and
operated by the producer. Standard marked products are also continuously_ checked by
BIS for conformity to that standard as a further safeguard. Details of conditions under
which a lictnce for the use of the Standard Mark may be granted to manufacturers or
producers may be obtained from the Bureau of Indian Qandards.Bureau of Indian Standard
BIS is a statutory institution established under the Bureau of Indian Standards Act, 1986 to
promote harmonious development of the activities of standardization, marking and quality
certification of goods and attending to connected matters in the country.
Copyright
BIS has the copyright of all its publications. No part of these publications may be reproduced
in any form without the prior permission in writing of BIS. This does not preclude the free use,
in the course of implementing the standard, of necessary details, such as symbols and sizes, type
or grade designation. Enquiries relating to copyright be addressed to the Director
( Publications ), BIS.
Revision of Indian Standards
Indian Standards are reviewed periodically and revised, when necessary and amendments, if
any, are issued from time to time. Users of Indian Standards should ascertain that they are in
possession of the Iatest amendments or edition. Comments on this Indian Standard may be
sent to BIS giving the following reference:
Doe : No. CED 23 ( 4903 )
Amendments Issued Since Publication
Amend No. Date of Issue Text Affected
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
Headquarters:
Manak Bhavan, 9 Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg, New Delhi 110002
Telephones : 331 01 31, 331 13 75 Telegrams : Manaksanstha
( Common to all Offices )
Regional Offices : Telephone
Central : Manak Bhavan, 9 Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg 331 01 31
NEW DELHI I 10002 c 331 13 75
Eastern : l/14 C. T. T. Scheme VII M, V. I. P. Road, Maniktola 37 84 99, 37 85 61,
CALCUTTA 700054 I 37 86 26, 37 86 62
53 38 43, 53 16 40,
Northern : SC0 445-446, Sector 35-C. CHANDIGARH 160036
I 53 23 84
235 02 16, 235 04 42,
Southern : C. I. T. Campus, TV Cross Road, MADRAS 600113
I 235 15 19, 235 23 15
Western : Manakalaya, E9 MIDC, Marol, Andheri ( East ) 632 92 95, 63 27 80,
BOMBAY 400093 I 632 78 91, 632 78 92
Branches : AHMADABAD, BANGALORE, BHOPAL, BHUBANESHWAR, COIMBATORE,
PARIDABAD, GHAZIABAD, GIJWAIIATT. HYDERABAD, JALPUR, KANPUR,
LUCKNOW, PATNA, THIRUVANANTHAPURAM.
!Jrinted at Printwcll Printers, Aliparh, India
|
1200_3.pdf
|
IS :1200 ( Partlll) -1976
( Reaffirmed 1992 )
Indian Standard
METHOD OF
MEASUREMENT OF BUILDING AND
CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
PART III BRICKWORK
( Third Revision)
Third Reprint AUGUST 1993
UDC 69’003’12 : 693’2
‘_ ,,.
I
_---
0 Copyrfgghl1 976.
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG
NEW DELHI 110002
Gr 3 September 1976
-
_sIS r 1200 ( Part III ) - 1976
Indian Standard
METHOD OF
MEASUREMENT OF BUILDING AND
CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
PART III BRICKWORK
( Third Revision)
1
Civil Works Measurement Secticd CommitteeJBDC 44
Chairman Representing
SHRI 1’. R. VAISE Central Public Works Department
Members
Snm N. P. ACEARYYA The Commissioner for the Port of Calcutta, Calcutta
SHRI K. D. ARCOT Engineers India Limited, New Delhi
SHHI T. V. SITARAM ( Alternate )
SHRI B. G. B.4LJEEAR Hindustan Steel Works Construction Ltd, Calcutta
&RI J. DUR.AI RAJ ( Alternate )
SERI P.L.hhSlN Institution of Surveyors, New Delhi
CHIEF ENGINEER ( R&B ) Public Works Department, Government of Andhra
Pradesh, Hyderabad
SUPERINTENDINQ ENQINEER
( P&D ) ( Alternate )
SHRI R. K. CHOUDHRY Bhakra Management Board, Nangal Township
Sxar I. P. PuRI ( Altermate )
SHRI w. J. DAGAMA Bombay Port Trust, Bombay
Sam ‘I. B. DESAI Hindustan Construction Co Ltd, Bombay
DIRECTOR, IRI Irrigation Department, Government of Uttar Pradesh,
Roorkee
DIRECTOR ( RATES & CYSTS ) Central Water Commission, New Delhi
Dxncrr~ D~ECTOR ( RATES
& %TS ) ‘( Alternate )
EXECUTIVE E~poruxx~ ( PLA~NINQ Ministry of Railways
& Dxs~a~s), NORTHERN
RAII~WAY
SBRI P. N. GADI Institution of Engineers ( India ), Calcutta
SHRI G. V. HINQORANI Gammon India Ltd, Bombay
SHRI6.K.C.IYENGAR Heavy Engineering Corporation Ltd, Ranchi
SHRI M. L. JAIN The National Industrial Development Corporatior
Ltd, New Delhi
SHRI S. L. KATHU~A Ministry of Shipping & Transport ( Roads Wing )
Sasr V. S~vaamru ( Altcrnafc )
( Continucdan page 2 )
.@ Copyright 1976
BURFAU OF INl@N STANDARDS
This publication is protected under ‘the In&y cdplrigt Ati ( XIV of. 1657 ) ana
reproduction in whole or in part by any means except with written permission of
the publisher shall be deemed to be. an infringement of copyright under the said Act.
IIS : 1200( Part III ) - 1976
# Confinucdfrom puge i )
Members Rejresenting
SHRI H. K. KHOSLA Irrigation Department, Government of Haryana,
Chandigarh
SHRI S. K. KOQEKAR National Buildings Organization, New Delhi
ASSISTANT DIRECTOR ( SR 1 ( AItem& )
SERI V. D. LONDHE . . . Concrete Association of India, Bombay
SERI N. C. DUIXAL ( Alternate )
SHRI K. K. MADHOK Builders’ Association of India, Bombay
SIIRI DATTA S. MALIK Indian Institute of Architects, Bombay
PROP M. K. GODBOLE ( Alternate )
Smu R. S. MURTHY Engineer-in-Chief’s Branch, Ministry of Defence
SHRI V. G. PATWARDHAN ( Allernate )
SHRI C. B. PATEL M. N. Dastur & Co Private Ltd, Calcutta
SHnI B. c. PATEL ( Altrmafe )
Srtm K. G. SALVI Hindustan Housing Factory Ltd, New Delhi
SERI S. K. CEATTERJI ( A&smote )
SHRI P. V. SATHE Public Works Department, Government of
Maharashtra, Bombay
DR R. B. SINQH Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi
SERI S. SRINIV_~~AN Hindustan Steel Ltd. Ranchi
SUPERINTENDINO SURVEYOR or Central Public Worhs Department, New Delhi
WORKS ( AVIATION )
SURVEYOR OF WORKS ( I )
ATTACHED TO SSW
( AVLATION) ( Alternate)
SUPERINTENDINQ SURVEYOR OF Central Public Works Department, New Delhi
WORKS ( I )
SURVEYOR OF WORKS ( I )
ATTACHED TO SSW ( I ) ( Alfcrnate )
SHSI D. AJITEA SIMHA, Director General, BI&,( &-o&o Mumba )
Director ( Civ Engg )
SHRI K. M. MATEUR
Deputy Director ( Civ Engg ), BISIS : 1200 ( Part III ) - 1976
Indian Standard
METHOD 0F
MEASUREMENT OF BUILDING AND
CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
PART III BRICKWORK
( Third Revision)
0. FOREWORD
0.1 This Indian Standard ( Part III) (Third Revision ) was adopted by
the Indian Standards Institution on 19 July 1976, after the draft
finalized by the Civil Works Measurement Sectional Committeehad
been approved by theCivil Engineering Division Council.
0.2 Measurement occupies a very important place in planning and
execution of any civil engineering work from the time of first-estimates
to final completion and settlement of payments for the project.
Methods followed for measurement are not uniform and considerable
differences exist between practices followed by one construction agency
and another and also between various Central and State Government
departments; While it is recognized that each system of measurement
h,as to be specifically related to the administrative and financial organi-
zations within the department responsible for work, a unification of the
various systems at technical level has been accepted as very desirable,
specially as it permits a wider circle of operation for civil engineering
contractors and eliminates ambiguities and misunderstandings arising out
of inadequate understanding of various systems followed.
0.3 Among the various civil engineering items, measurement of buildings
was the first to be taken up for standardization and this standard
having provisions relating to all building works, was first published in
1958 and then revised in 1964.
0.4 In the course of usage of this standard by various construction
agencies in the country, several clarifications and suggestions for
modifications were received and as a result of study, the Sectional
Committee decided that its scope, besides being applicable to buildings,
should be expanded so as to cover civil engineering works like industrial
and river valley project works.
3/
1._- _.. _^_.._^ -_
pw_--.
is : 1296 ( Part III ) - 1976
0.5 Since various trades are not related to one another, the Committee
decided that method of measurement for each trade as given in IS : 1200-
1964* be issued separately as a different part, which will be helpful to
specific users in various trades. This part covering method of measure-
ment of brickwork applicable to building as well as civil engineering
works was, therefore, issued as a second revision in 1970.
0.6 In the course of use of this standard in the past five years based on
suggestions received, certain amendments were issued to this standard.
This third revision has been prepared to incorporate these amendments.
0.7 For the purpose of deciding whether a particular requirement of this
standard is complied with, the final value, observed or calculated,
expressing the result of a measurement, shall be rounded off in accordance
with IS :2-1960t. The number of significant places retained in the
rounded off value should be the same as that of the specified value in
this standard.
1.. SCOPE
1.1 This standard ( Part III ) covers the method of measurement of
brickwork in buildings and civil engineering works.
NOTE- The method of measurement of refractory brickwork is covered in IS : 12@)
( Part VI )-1974$
2. GENERAL
2.1 Clubbing of Items- Items may be clubbed together provided that
break up of clubbed items is on the basis of detailed descriptions of items
as stated in this standard.
2.2 Booking of Dimensions -In booking dimensions, the order shall
be consistent and generally in the sequence of length, breadth or width
and height or depth or thickness.
2.3 Measurement-All work shall be measured net in the decimal
system, as fixed in place, as given below:
a) Dimensions shall be measured to the nearest 0.01 m,
b) Areas shall be worked out to the nearest 0.01 m*, and
c) Cubic contents shall be worked out to the nearest O-01 rns.
*Method of measurement of building works ( revised ) .
tRules for rounding off numerical values ( rmiscd ).
IMethod of measurement of building and civil engineering works : Part VI Refrac.
tory works ( second revision ) .
4IS : 1200 ( Part III ) - 1976
2.4 Description of Item - Description of each item shall, unless
otherwise stated, be held to include, where necessary, conveyance,
delivery, handling, unloading, storing, waste, return of packings, necep
sary scaffoiding, tools and tackle.
2.5 Waste- All measurements of cuttings shall, unless otherwise stited,
be deemed to include consequent waste.
2.6 Dednctioa- Where minimum area is defined for deduction of an
opening, void or both, such area shall refer only to opening or void with-
in the space measured.
2.7 Work to be Measured Separately- Work executed in the follow-
ing conditions shall be measured separately:
a) Work in or under water,
b) Work h liquid mud,
c) Work in or under foul positions,
d) Work interrupted by tides, and
e) Work in snow
2.7.1 Levels of high and low water tides, where these occur, shall be
stated.
2.7.2 Where springs requiring pumping are encountered, dewatering
shall be measured against a separate specific provision made for the
purpose [see 2.7 of IS: 1200 ( Part I )-1974*].
2.8 Bills df Quantities - Items of work shall fully describe materials
and workmanship, and accurately represent the wqrk to be executed.
2.9 Measurement in Stages -Work shall be measured in the following
categories in convenient stages stating height or depth:
a) Below ground/datum line, and
b) Above ground/datum line.
NOTE- Ground/datum line may be specified in each case.
3. BRICKWORK GENERAL
3.1 Bricks and,mortar to be used for brickwork shall be fully described.
Where it is proposed to specify a bond other than English bond, it shall
be so stated.
*Method of measurement of building and civil engineering works: Part I Earthwol
I_third revision ) .
5(S 8 1200 ( Part XII) - 1976
3.1.1 The item of general brickwork shall be deeined to include the
following:
4 Raking out joints for plastering or for pointing done as a
separate process or finishing joints flush as work proceeds;
b) Preparing tops of existing walls and the like for raising;
cl Rough cutting and waste for forming gables, cores of arches,
splays at eaves and .the like and all rough cutting in the body
of brickwork, unless otherwise stated;
4 Plumbing to angles;
4 Forming reveals to jambs where fair cutting on exposed faces is
not involved;
f-1 Leaving holes for pipes, etc;
d Building in holdfasts, air bricks, fixing bricks, etc;
h) Building in .ends of beams, joists, slabs, lintels, sills, trusses, etc;
j> Forming openings and flues for which no deduction is made
( see 4.1.9 );
k) Bedding wall plates, lintels, sills, roof tiles, corrugated sheets,
etc, in or on walls if not covered in respective trade ; and
m) Leaving chases of section not exceeding 50 cm in girth.
3.1.2 The following categories of brickwork shall be included with
general brickwork:
4 Footings;
b) Battered (measured net). Battered surfaces shall, however, be
measured, separately in square metres as an extra-over;
4 Eaves or beam fillings, no deduction being made for joists, rafters,
etc;
4 Brickwork ( excluding refractory brickwork ) in chimney breasts,
chimney stacks, smoke or air flues (except independent chimney
shaft as in factories for steam boilers ); and
e) Pilasters, plain copings and sills.
NOTE - In the case of receding courses of panels, recess shall not be deducted.
4. MEASUREMENT
4.1 Brickwork shall generally be measured in cubic metres, unless
otherwise stated.
4.1.1 Walls one brick thick and less shall each be measured separately
in square metres stating thickness.
6Lh---.---. _I. .. .
I_~.._ _.....
IS : 1200 f Part III ) - 1976
4.1.2 Walls exceeding one brick thick but not exceeding three bricks in
thickness shall be measured in multiples of ha&brick which shall be
deemed to be inclusive of mortar joints. Where fractions of half-brick
occur due to architectural or other reasons, measurement shall be taken
as follows:
a) Up to t brick - actual measurement, and
b) Exceeding i brick- full half-brick.
Cl.3 For walling which is more than three bricks in thickness actual
thickness of wall shall be measured.
Cl.4 No deductions or additions shall be made on any account for the
following:
n a>
Ends of dissimilar materials ( that. is, joists, beams, lintels, posts,
girders, r&&s, purlins, trusses, corbels, steps, etc); up to 0’1 m”
in section;
b) Opening up to El ms-.i~ area ( see Note );
4 Wall plates, bed plaros, and bearing of slabs, CHAJJAS and the
like, where thickness does not exceed 10 cm and bearing does
not extend over the full thickness of wall;
4 Cement concrete blocks as fcr hold fasts and holding down
bolts;
4 Iron fixtures, such as wall ties, pipes up to 300 mm diameter and
hold fasts for doors and windows; and
f) Chases of section not exceeding 50 cm in girth.
NOTE - In calculating area of an opening, any separate linte! or sills shall be inclu-
ded with the size of the opening but end portions of lintel shall be excluded
[ see 4.1.4(a) ] and extra width of rebated revea&;if any, shall also be excluded.
4.1.5 Fireplaces, Chimnc;v, etc - Brickwork ( excluding refractory brick-
work) in chimney breasts, chimney stacks, smoke or air flues not
exceeding 0.2 ms in sectional area shall be measured as solid, and no
extra measurement shall be made for pargetting and coring such flues.
Where flues exceed 0.2 ma in sectional area, deduction shall be made for
the same, and pargetting and coring flues measured in running metres,
stating size of flue. Apertures for fireplaces, shall not be deducted and
no extra labour shall he measured for splaying of jambs and throating.
4.1.6 Pillars / Columns -Pillars shall be fully described and measured
in cubic metres. Where pillars of different sections and shapes are
involved their numbers shall be stated in addition in each case. Pillars
shall be measured and kept separate as under:
a Rectangular or polygonal on plan,
b‘ , Curved on plan to any radius, and
c) Any other type.
,&VTE -Rectangular pillar/column shall mean a detached masonry portion such
thPt,{ts breadth does not exceed 3 times ifs thickness and thickness itself does not
exce’ed S-brick lengths. zh ,-
7IS : 1200 ( Part III) - 1976
9. CIRCULAR BRICKWORK
5.1 Brickwork circular on plan to a mean radius not exceeding 6 m &all
be measured separately and shall include all cutting and’ waste and
‘templates.
5.1.1 Brickwork circular on plan to a mean radius exceeding 6 m shall
he measured separately and included with general brickwork.
6. BACKING TO MASONRY
6.1 Brickwork in backing to masonry shall be measured separately stating
average thickness; description shall include. all cutting and waste for
bonding.
7. HONEYCOMB BRI’CKWORK
7.1 Honeycomb brick walling shall be measured in square metres stating
thickness and pattern of honeycombing. Honeycomb opening shall not
be deducted.
8. INDEPENDENT CHIMNEY SHAFTS
8.1 Brickwork in independent chimney shafts (as for large steam boilers)
sh’all be measured net inclusive of all cutting, waste and templates and
kept under the following categories:
a) Rectangular on plan,
b) Polygonal on plan, and
c) Curved on plan to any radius.
8.1.1 Height of chimney from ground/datum line shall be stated
( see 2.9 >.
9. CAVITY WALLS
9.1 Forming of cavity shall be measured in square metres stating width
of cavity and shall include ties and their ,number per square metre.
Material, size and shape of ties shall be described.
9.2 Measurement of cavity shall be taken along a plane at centre of
cavity, deduction being made for all openings and solid portions of
walls.
9.3 Labour‘and material for closing cavities at jambs, sills and heads of
openings shall be described and measured separately in running metros.
9?4 Use of cores for keeping cavity clear and forming requisite weep and
vent holes shall be described.
8IS: 1200 (Part III ) - 1976
10. REINkORCED BRICKWORK
10.1 Reidforced brickwork shall be measured and kept separate from
general brickwork and unless otherwise stated reinforcement shall be
measured separately [see IS : 1200 (Part VIII )-1975* 1.
11. BRICK NOGGING
11.1 Brickwork above one brick in thickness shall be included with
general brickwork; brickwork one brick and less in thickness shall be
measured as described in 4.1.1. Dimensions shall be measured overall.
11.1.1 Timber work shall be measured separately [see IS: 1200 ( Part
xxI)-1973t].
12. BRICKWORK WITH FAIR FACE OR ARCHITECTURAL
APPEARANCE
12.1 Brickwork with fair face or architectural appearance shall be
measured separately.
13. BRICKWORK IN ARCHES, VAULTS OR STAIRCASES
13.1 Brickwork in arches, vaults cr staircases shall be measured separately;
work in selected uncut bricks and in purpose made or fair cut and
rubbed bricks shall be so described and measured separately and shall
include centering for spans up to 2 m. For spans exceeding 2 m,
centering shall be measured separately [see IS : 1200 ( Part V )-1972: 1.
Cutting to skews shall be included in the description.
14. UNDERPINNING
14.1 Brickwork .in underpinning shall be measured separately and an
item for extra labour and material in wedging up on top of underpinning
shall be measured in square metres as length multiplied by width of top
course.
15. FAIR CUTTING OF BRICKWORK
15.1 Fair cutting exceeding 10 cm in width or’in girth in splayed angles,
weatherings, cornices, quoins, etc ( where purpose-made bricks are not
used ), shall be measured separately in squa‘re metres.
*Method of measurement of building and civil engineering works : Part VIII Steel
work and iron work ( third revision ).
tMethod of measurement of building and civil engineering works : Part XXI Wood-
work and joinery ( second reuision ).
$Method of measurement of building and civil engineering works : Part V Form wotk
( second r&s&2 ).
9rS : 1200 ( Part III ) - 1976
15.2 Fair cutting not exceeding 10 cm in width or girth, such as in spF&
and chamfers, shall be measured in running metres, stating width/girth.
15.3 Circular fair cutting shall be measured sensrately in square metres.
16. BRICK EDGINGS
16.1 Brick edgings, as to roads and the like, shall be described and
measured in running metres.
17. FILLETING
17.1 Filleting in mortar, as in flashings on roofs, shall be described and
measured in running metres stating shape and sectional area of fillets.
18. BROKEN GLASS COPING
lS.1 Broken glass coping laid along with brickwork shall be measured in
square metres and described stating thickness of mortar and weight of
broken glass per square metre of coping.
19. DAMP-PROOF COURSES
19.1 Damp-proof course shall be described and measured in square
metres stating thickness. Description shall include levelling up and/or
preparing brickwork to receive the treatment and use and waste of form
work, if required.
19.1.1 Vertical and horizontal damp-proof courses shall be measured
separately.
20. BRICKWORK AROUND STEEL JOISTS (ENCASING )
26.1 Encasing brickwork to steel joists or beams, steel stanchions, etc,
shall be measured in cubic metres.
29.9 Volume occupied by joists shall not be deducted except in case of
boxed stanchions or girders in which case box portion only shall be
deducted.
20.3 Extra labour in cutting and fitting brickwork around steel joists,
stanchions, girders, etc, shall be measured separately in square metres
of finished surfaces-
$1. SILLS, CORNICES, ETC.
21.1 Plain corbels, string courses, aprons, friezes, sills, cornices, drip
courses, oversailing courses, and other projections, etc, of splayed,
bullnosed or any other type of purpose-made or cut bricks shall be fully
described and measured in running metres stating depth and width
of projection. No deduction shall be made from masonry of -tiall
for the bearing portion of drip course, bearing of moulding and
cornice.
10IS : 1200 ( Part III ) - 1976
22. BRICK TILE WORK
22.1 Brick tile work shall be measured separately and the rules for
measuring ordinary brickwork shall be followed.
23. CHASES, REBATES, ETC
23.1 Cutting chases, rebates, throatings, grooves, etc, in birckwork shall
be measured in running metres stating girth and classified as follows:
a) Not exceeding 10 cm in girth, and
b) Exceeding 10 cm but not exceeding 20 cm in girth.
23.1.1 Chases, rebates, etc, exceeding 20 cm in girth shall be measured
in square metres ( girth X length ).
24. CUTTING HOLES
24.1 Cutting holes through brickwork including making good shall be
measured per centimetre of depth of cutting and shall be classified as
follows :
a) Holes not exceeding 400 ems in area, and
b) Holes exceeding 400 ems and not exceeding 0.1 ma in area.
25. CUTTING OPENINGS
25.1 Cutting openings exceeding 0.1 ma in area in walls one brick thick
and less shall be measured in square metres and in walls exceeding one
brick thick shall be measured in cubic metres.
26. TOOTHING AND BONDING
26.1 Where new walls are bonded to existing walls, an item of labour
and material in cutting, toothing and bonding shall be measured in
square metres of vertical face in contact with new work only.
11BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
Headquarters;
Manak Bhavan, 9 Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg. NEW DELHI 110002
Talephones : 331 01 31, 331 13 75 Telegrams : Manaksanatha
( Common to all offices)
Regional Oflees: Telephones
Central : Manak Bhavan, 9 Behsdur Shah Zafar Marg, 331 01 31
NEW DELHI-110002 [ 3311376
#Eastern : 1 /14 C.I.T. Scheme VII M, V. 1. P. Road, 362499
Maniktola, CALCUTTA 700054
Northorn : SC0 445-446, Sector 35-C, 21843
CHANDIGARH 160036 13 1641
41 2442
Southern : C. I. 1. Campus, MADRAS 600113 412519
{ 41 2916
tWestern : Manakalaya, E9 MIDC, Marol, Andheri (East), 6329296
BOMBAY 400093
Branch Oflces:
‘Pushpak’ Nurmohamed Shaikh Marg, Khanpur, 26348
AHMEDABAD 380001 [2 6349
*Peonya Industrial Area, 1st Stage, Bangalore Tumkur Road 384966
BANGALORE 560058 I 384966
Gangotri Complex, 5th Floor, Bhadbhada Road, 1. T. Nagar, 66719
BHOPAL 462003
Plot No. 82/83, Lewis Road, BHUBANESHWAR 751002 63827
6316, Ward No. 29, R. G. Barua Road, 6th Byeiane, 33177
GUWAHATI 781003
6-8-66C L. N. Gupta Marg ( Nampally Station Road), 231083
HYDERABAD 600001
63471
R14 Yudhlster Marg, C Scheme, JAIPUR 302006
16 9832
21 6876
117/418 B Sarvodaya Nagar, KANPUR 208006 [2 18292
Patliputra Industrial Estate, PATNA 800013 62306
T.C. No. 14/1421, University P.O., Palayam 62104
TRIVANDRUM 695035 [6 2117
lnspecflon Oflce (With Sale Point) :
Pushpanjali, 1st Floor, 205-A West High Court Road 26171
Shankar Nagar Square, NAGPUR 440010
Institution of Engineers ( India ) Building, 1332 Shivaji Nagar. 62436
PUN E 411005
*Sales Office in Calcutta I8 at 5 Chowrlngheo Approach, P.O. Prlnorp 27 68 00
Street, Calcutta 700072
tsales Offka In Bombay Ir at Novelty Chamber& Grant Road, 89 66 28
Bombay 400007
SSalre Ofnce In Bangalore Is at Unity Bullding, Narrrimharaja Squrro 22 38 71
Bangalarr 560002
Prlntd lt Simso Prlntlng Prow. Dolhl. Inale
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7834_4.pdf
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UDC 621’643~413*063’2 [ 678’743’22-46~: 623’1 IS : 7834 ( Part4) - 1987
Indian Standard
SPECIFICATION FOR
INJECTION MOULDED PVC SOCKET FITTINGS WITH SOLVENT
CEMENT JOINTS FOR WATER SUPPLIES
PART 4 SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS FOR 90” TEES
( First Revision )
I. Scope - This standard ( Part 4) lays down the requirements for manufacture, dimension, tolerance!
xrd marking for 90” tee made of injection moulded PVC for water supplies.
C. Requirements
!.l General -The general requirements for material, manufacture, methods of test, sampling ant
njection shall conform to IS : 7834 ( Part 1 )-1987 ‘Specification for injection moulded PVC socke
‘ittings with solvent cement joints for water supplies: Part 1 General requirements (first revision )‘.
!.2 Manufacture
2.2.1 A typical illustration of tee is shown in Fig. 1.
r--‘czj
i
FIG. 1 90 TEE
2.2.2 Laying length -The laying length Z and the tolerance thereon shall comply with those given
1 Table 1.
2.2.3 This inside diameter of the socket and the socket length shall comply with those given in
j : 7834 ( Part 1 )-1987.
, Marking - Each tee fitting shall be marked with the following information:
a) Manufacturer’s name or identification mark, and
b) Size of the fitting and the appropriate class (working pressure ) to which the pressure rating
of the fitting corresponds.
1.1 Standard Mark - Details available with the Bureau of Indian Standard,
Adopted 25 November 1937 0 June 1966, BIS Gr 1
I I
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHAOUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG
NEW DELHI 119990IS :‘7834 ( Part 4 ) -‘1987
TABLE 1 DIMENSIONS FOR LAYING LENGTH OF 90” TEES
( Clause 2.2.2, and Fig. 1 )
Size 90” Tee Laying
Length, Z
mm mm
16 9*1
20 11 f 1
25 13.5 + 1’2
-1
32 17 + 1’6
-1
40 21 + 2
-1
50 26 + 2.5
-1
63 32’5 + 3’2
-1
75 38’6 + 4
-1
90 46 + 5
-1
110 56 + 6
-1
125 63.5 + 6
-1
140
71 2 :
160 81 + 8
-1
180 91 + 9
-1
200 101 + 9
-1
225 114 + IO
-1
250 126 + 11
-1
280 141 + 12
-1
315 158'5 + 13
-1
EXPLANATORY NOTE
The requirements of injection moulded PVC socket fittings are covered in eight parts. The
other parts are as follows:
Part 1 General requirements
Part 2 Specific requirements for 459 elbows
.
Part 3 Specific requirements for 90” elbows
Part 5 Spec.ific requirements for 45” tees
Part 6 Specific requirements for sockets
Part 7 Specific requirements for unions
.
Part 8 Specific requirements for caps
This standard was first published in 1975 and covered sizes of fittings up to 160 mm The
present revision has been taken up to cover additional sizes of fittings up to 315 mm.
, A
2
Printed at Arcee Presq, New Delhi, India
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