இலண்டன் (London), ஐக்கிய இராச்சியத்தினதும், இங்கிலாந்தினதும் தலைநகரமாகும். ஏழு மில்லியனுக்கு மேற்பட்ட குடித்தொகையைக் கொண்ட பெருநகர் இலண்டன், மாஸ்கோவுக்கு அடுத்ததாக ஐரோப்பாவின் இரண்டாவது பெரிய குடித்தொகை கொண்ட நகர்ப்புறம் ஆகும். உரோம மாகாணமான பிரித்தானியாவின் தலைநகரமான லண்டனியம் ஆக இருந்து, பிரித்தானியப் பேரரசின் மையமாகத் திகழ்ந்த இலண்டன், இன்று ஐக்கிய இராச்சியத்தின் மொத்த உள்நாட்டு உற்பத்தியின் (GDP) 17% ஐப் பங்களிக்கின்றது. இது உலகின் நான்காவது பெரியதாகும். பல நூற்றாண்டுகளாக, இலண்டன், உலகின் முக்கியமான வணிக மற்றும் அரசியல் மையமாகத் திகழ்கின்றது.

இலண்டன் ஒரு முக்கியமான உலக நகரமாக இருப்பதுடன், ஐரோப்பாவில் ஆகக்கூடுதலான நகரத்துக்குரிய மொத்த உள்ளுர் உற்பத்தியுடன் உலகின் மிகப் பெரிய நிதி மையமும் திகழ்கின்றது. மைய இலண்டன் ஐக்கிய இராச்சியத்தின் மிகப் பெரிய 100 நிறுவனங்களில் பெரும்பாலானவற்றின் தலைமையகங்களைக் கொண்டிருப்பதுடன், ஐரோப்பாவின் மிகப்பெரிய 500 நிறுவனங்களில் 100 நிறுவனங்களின் தலைமையகங்களின் தலைமையகங்களையும் கொண்டுள்ளது. அரசியல், நிதி, கல்வி, பொழுதுபோக்கு, ஊடகம், கலைகள், பண்பாடு போன்ற துறைகளில் இலண்டனின் செல்வாக்கு அதனை உலகில் முக்கியமான ஒரு நிலையில் வைத்துள்ளது. இந்நகரம், உள்நாட்டினரதும், வெளிநாட்டினரதும் சுற்றுலாப் பயணத்துக்குரிய இடமாகவும் விளங்குகின்றது. 1948 ஆம் ஆண்டின் கோடைகால ஒலிம்பிய விளையாட்டுக்கள் இலண்டனில் நிகழ்ந்தன. மீண்டு இது 2012 ஆம் ஆண்டில் இலண்டனில் நடைபெறவுள்ளது. இலண்டனில் நான்கு உலகப் பாரம்பரியக் களங்கள் அமைந்துள்ளன. இவை, இலண்டன் கோபுரம்; பழங்கால கிரீனிச் குடியிருப்புக்கள்; ராயல் தாவரவியல் பூங்கா; வெசுட்மின்சுட்டர் அரண்மனை, வெசுட்மின்சுட்டர் மடாலயம், புனித மார்கிரட் தேவாலயம் ஆகியவற்றை உள்ளடக்கிய பகுதி என்பனவாகும்.

இலண்டனில் பல வகையான மக்களுடன், பல பண்பாடுகளும், சமயங்களும் நிலவுகின்றன. இந்நகரத்தின் எல்லைக்குள் 300க்கும் மேற்பட்ட மொழிகள் பேசப்படுவதாகச் சொல்லப்படுகின்றது. யூலை 2007 ஆம் ஆண்டில் பெரிய இலண்டனின் எல்லைக்குட்பட்ட பகுதிகளில் 7,556,900 மக்கள் வாழ்ந்தனர். இதலால் இது ஐரோப்பிய ஒன்றியத்தின் மிகக் கூடிய மக்கள்தொகை கொண்ட மாநகரப் பகுதியாக விளங்குகிறது. பெரிய இலண்டன் நகர்ப்புறப் பகுதி 8,278,251 என்னும் மக்கள் தொகையுடன் ஐரோப்பிய ஒன்றியத்தில் இரண்டாவது பெரிய நகர்ப்புறப் பகுதியாக உள்ளது. அதே நேரம் இலண்டன் நகர்ப்பெருமப் பகுதி 12 மில்லியனுக்கும் 14 மில்லியனுக்கும் இடைப்பட்ட மக்கள் தொகையைக் கொண்டுள்ளதாக மதிப்பிடப்பட்டுள்ளது. இலண்டன் பாதாளத் தொடர்வண்டி வலையமைப்பே உலகின் மிகப்பெரியதும் பழமையானதுமான பாதாளத் தொடர்வண்டி வலையமைப்பு ஆகும்.

 அமைவிடம்

"லண்டன்" என்னும் சொல் பல நூறு ஆண்டுகளாகவே வரலாற்றுப் புகழ் பெற்ற மிடில்செக்ஸ், இங்கிலாந்து கவுண்டியிலிருந்த சிறிய நகரமான இலண்டனை மையமாகக் கொண்டிருந்த இணைந்திருந்த தனிநகர்களை (conurbation) ஐக் குறிக்கப் பயன்பட்டு வந்தது. இன்று பொதுவாக இது பெரிய இலண்டன் (Greater London) என் அறியப்படுகின்ற நிர்வாகப் பிரதேசத்தையே குறித்தாலும், சிலவேளைகளில் இலண்டன் தபால் மாவட்டம், 020 என்னும் தொலைபேசிக் குறியீட்டு எண்ணால் குறிக்கப்படும் பகுதிகள், இலண்டனுக்கான முழு-வலயப் போக்குவரத்து அட்டைகள் பயன்படும் பகுதி, எம்25 மோட்டார்வாகனச் சாலைக்குள் அடங்கும் பகுதி போன்றவற்றையும் குறிக்கப் பயன்படுவதுண்டு.

இலண்டனின் மையத்தின் அமைவிடம், ((ட்)ரபல்கர் சதுக்கத்துக்கு அண்மையிலுள்ள செயாரிங் சந்தி (Charing Cross)எனக்கூறப்படுகின்றது) அண்ணளவாக 51°30' N, 0°8' W ஆகும்.

 வரலாறு
தலைமைக் கட்டுரை: இலண்டனின் வரலாறு
 சொற்பிறப்பு
thumb|250px|left|"இலண்டன் என்னும் பெயர் தேம்சு ஆற்றைத் தழுவி உருவாகி இருக்கலாம்.
இலண்டன் என்னும் சொல் எப்படி உருவானது என்பது குறித்துத் தெளிவு இல்லை. இது மிகவும் பழைய பெயர். இரண்டாம் நூற்றாண்டிலிருந்தே இப்பெயர் வழங்கி வந்ததைச் சில மூலங்களிலிருந்து அறிந்துகொள்ள முடிகிறது. கிபி 121 ஆம் ஆண்டில் இது இலண்டனியம் என அழைக்கப்பட்டது. இச்சொல் உரோம-பிரித்தானிய மூலத்தைக் காட்டுகிறது. மான்மவுத் என்னும் இடத்தைச் சேர்ந்த செஃப்ரி (Geoffrey of Monmouth) என்பவர் தனது இசுட்டோரியா ரீகம் பிரிட்டனி (Historia Regum Britanniae) என்னும் நூலில் இச் சொல்லுக்கு விளக்கம் கொடுக்க முயன்றார். இச் சொல்லின் தோற்றம் பற்றிய மிகவும் பழைய விளக்கங்களுள் ஒன்றான இதைத் தற்கால அறிஞர்கள் ஏற்றுக்கொள்வதில்லை. இப்பகுதியை லுட் என்னும் அரசர் கைப்பற்றி ஆண்டதாகவும், அவரது பெயரைத் தழுவியே இந்நகரத்துக்குப் பெயர் ஏற்பட்டதாகவும் அவர் விளக்கினார் 1899 ஆம் ஆண்டிலிருந்து லாண்டினசு என்பவருக்குச் சொந்தமான இடம் என்னும் பொருள் கொண்ட செல்ட்டிய மொழிச் சொல்லிலிருந்து தோன்றியதாகக் கருதப்பட்டது. இந்த விளக்கமும் பின்னர் கைவிடப்பட்டது. 1998 ஆம் ஆண்டில் ரிச்சார்டு கோட்சு (Richard Coates) என்பவர், செல்டியத்துக்கு முந்திய பழைய ஐரோப்பிய மொழிச் சொல்லான "லோவொண்டியா" ((p)lowonida) என்பதிலிருந்தே இலண்டன் என்னும் சொல் தோன்றியதாக விளக்கினார். "லோவொண்டியா" என்னும் சொல் கடக்க முடியாதபடி அகலமான ஆறு என்னும் பொருள் தரும் ஒரு சொல். இச்சொல் தொடக்கத்தில் இலண்டனூடாகச் செல்லும் தேம்சு ஆற்றின் பகுதியைக் குறித்ததாகவும், இதிலிருந்தே இப் பகுதியில் இருந்த குடியேற்றத்துக்கு செல்ட்டிய மொழி வடிவமான லோவொனிடன்யன் என்னும் பெயர் ஏற்பட்டதாகவும் "கோட்சு" விளக்கினார்.

 வரலாற்றுக்கு முந்திய காலமும் பழமையும்
thumb|250px|left|1300 ஆம் ஆண்டளவிலும் இலண்டன் நகரம் சுவர்களால் சூழப்பட்டே இருந்தது|alt=
மிகப் பழைய காலத்திலேயே இப்பகுதியில் குடியேற்றங்கள் இடையிடையே இருந்ததற்கான சான்றுகள் இருப்பினும், முதல் குறிப்பிடத்தக்க குடியேற்றம் உரோமர்களால் கிபி 43 ஆம் ஆண்டிலேயே நிறுவப்பட்டது. இது 17 ஆண்டுகள் மட்டுமே நிலைத்திருந்தது. கிபி 61ல், போடிக்கா என்னும் அரசியின் தலைமையிலான ஐசெனி என்னும் பழங்குடியினர் இக் குடியேற்றத்தைத் தாக்கி எரித்து அழித்துவிட்டனர். பின்னர், கிபி 100 ஆம் ஆண்டளவில் பெரிய அளவில் திட்டமிடப்பட்ட குடியேற்றம் இப்பகுதியில் நிறுவப்பட்டதுடன், அதுவரை உரோமப் பேரரசின் பிரித்தானிக்கா மாகாணத்தின் தலைநகரமாக இருந்த கால்செசுட்டருக்குப் பதிலாக இது தலைநகரமும் ஆனது. இரண்டாம் நூற்றாண்டில் இதன் உச்ச நிலையில் இதன் மக்கள்தொகை ஏறத்தாழ 60,000 வரை இருந்திருக்கக் கூடும் என மதிப்பிட்டுள்ளனர்.

உரோமப் பேரரசின் வீழ்ச்சிக்குப் பின்னர், இந்த நகரம் கைவிடப்பட்டு, லுண்டென்விக் என்னும் சக்சன் (Saxon) நகரமொன்று மேற்குத் திசையில், ஓரிரு மைல்களுக்கு அப்பால் அல்ட்விச் (Aldwych) பகுதியில் 7 ஆம் நூற்றாண்டில் நிறுவப்பட்டது. இப் பகுதியில் பிளீட் ஆற்றின் கழிமுகப் பகுதியில் மீன் பிடிப்பதற்கும், வணிகத்துக்குமான ஒரு சிறு துறைமுகம் இருந்திருக்கலாம் எனவும் கருதப்படுகின்றது. நகரத்தை வைக்கிங்குகள் கைப்பற்றும்வரை இவ் வணிக நடவடிக்கைகள் வளர்ந்து வந்தன. ஆனால் வைக்கிங்குகளின் தாக்குதல்களிலிருந்து பாதுகாத்துக் கொள்வதற்காக இந் நடவடிக்கைகள் மீண்டும் முன்னர் "லண்டனியம்" இருந்த இடத்துக்கு மாற்றப்பட வேண்டியதாயிற்று. வைக்கிங்குகளின் தாக்குதல்கள் கிபி 886 ஆம் ஆண்டுவரை தொடர்ந்ததாயினும், அவ்வாண்டில் பேரரசர் அல்பிரட் இலண்டனைக் கைப்பற்றியதுடன் டேனியத் தலைவர் குத்ரம் என்பவருடன் அமைதி ஒழுங்கும் செய்துகொண்டார். தொடக்ககால "லுண்டன்விக்" நகரத்தின் பெயர் "பழைய நகரம்" என்னும் பொருள்படும் "ஈல்விக்" ஆனது. இதுவே தற்கால நகரமான வெஸ்ட்மின்ஸ்ட்டரில் உள்ள "அல்ட்விக்" (Aldwych) ஆகும்.

 நடுக் காலம்
thumb|left|வெஸ்ட்மின்ஸ்டர் மடாலயம் இலண்டனின் மிகப் பழைமையானதும், முக்கயத்துவம் கொண்டதுமான கட்டிடம் என்பதுடன் இது ஒரு உலக பாரம்பரியக் களமும் ஆகும்.|alt=
1016 ஆம் ஆண்டில் "கனூட்" இங்கிலாந்தின் அரசராகி, 1035 ஆம் ஆண்டு அவர் இறக்கும் வரை இலண்டன் நகரத்தையும் தனது கட்டுப்பாட்டுக்குள் வைத்திருந்தார். இவரது இறப்புக்குப் பின்னர் இவரது மனைவிக்கு முந்திய கணவர் மூலம் பிறந்த மகனான எட்வார்ட் தலைமையில் நாடு மீண்டும் சக்சன்களின் கட்டுப்பாட்டுக்குள் வந்தது. எட்வார்ட் வெஸ்ட்மின்ஸ்டர் மடாலயத்தை மீண்டும் கட்டியதுடன், வெஸ்ட்மின்ஸ்டர் அரண்மனையையும் கட்டினார். இக் காலத்தில் இங்கிலாந்து அரசின் தலைமையிடமாக வின்செசுட்டர் இருந்தபோதும், இலண்டன் இங்கிலாந்தின் மிகப் பெரியதும், வளம் மிக்கதுமான நகரமானது. நோர்மண்டியின் டியூக் ஆக இருந்த வில்லியம் என்பவர் ஆஸ்டிங்ஸ் போரில் வெற்றி பெற்று இங்கிலாந்தின் அரசரானார். புதிதாகக் கட்டி முடிக்கப்பட்டிருந்த வெஸ்ட்மின்ஸ்டர் மடாலயத்தில் 1066 ஆம் ஆண்டு நத்தார் நாளன்று அவர் முடிசூட்டிக்கொண்டார். அவர், இலண்டன் நகர மக்களைத் தனது கட்டுப்பாட்டில் வைத்திருப்பதற்காக அவர்களுக்குச் சிறப்புச் சலுகைகளை வழங்கியதுடன், நகரத்தின் தென்கிழக்கு மூலையில் இலண்டன் கோபுரம் எனப்படும் கட்டிடத்தையும் கட்டினார்.

1097 ஆம் ஆண்டில், இரண்டாம் வில்லியம் வெஸ்ட்மின்ஸ்டர் மடாலயத்துக்கு அருகில், வெஸ்ட்மின்ஸ்டர் மண்டபத்தைக் கட்டினார். இம் மண்டபமே நடுக்காலம் முழுதும் அரசர்களின் வதிவிடமாக அமைந்த புதிய வெஸ்ட்மின்ஸ்டர் அரண்மனையின் அடிப்படையாக அமைந்தது. வெஸ்ட்மின்ஸ்டர் அரச அவையினதும், அரசினதும் இடமாக அமைந்தபோதும் அதன் அண்மையில் அமைந்திருந்த இலண்டன் நகரம், வணிக நடவடிக்கைகளின் மையமாகத் திகழ்ந்தது. இது இலண்டன் கார்ப்பரேசன் எனப்படும் தனியான நிருவாகத்தின் கீழ் இருந்தது. 1100 ஆம் ஆண்டில் 18,000 ஆக இருந்த இதன் மக்கள்தொகை 1300 ஆம் ஆண்டில் ஏறத்தாழ 100,000 ஆகியது. இக் காலத்தில் யூதர்களின் மக்கள்தொகை கூடியிருந்தது, முதலாம் எட்வார்டு அரசர் 1260 ஆம் ஆண்டில் வெளியிட்ட ஒரு ஆணையின் மூலம் அவர்களை இங்கிலாந்தில் இருந்து வெளியேற்றினார். "கறுப்புச் சாவு" எனப்பட்ட ஒரு தொற்றுநோய் ஏற்பட்டு 14 ஆம் நூற்றாண்டின் நடுப் பகுதியில், இலண்டனின் மக்கள் தொகையில் மூன்றில் ஒரு பகுதியினர் இறந்து போனார்கள். 1381 ஆம் ஆண்டில் "குடியானவர்களின் புரட்சி"யின்போது இடம்பெற்ற ஆக்கிரமிப்பு ஒன்றைத் தவிர, அக்காலங்களில் இடம்பெற்ற உள்நாட்டுக் குழப்பங்களால் இலண்டன் அதிகம் பாதிப்பு அடையவில்லை.

 புதுக் காலத் தொடக்கம்
thumb|250px|1666 ஆம் ஆண்டின் இலண்டனின் பெரும் தீ விபத்து நகரின் பல பகுதிகளில் பேரழிவை ஏற்படுத்தியது|alt=
டியூடர் காலத்தில் சீர்திருத்த இயக்கத்தினால் நகர மக்கள் படிப்படியாகப் புரொட்டஸ்தாந்தத்தின் பக்கம் சென்றனர். இலண்டன் நகரம் திருச்சபையிலிருந்து தனியார் சொத்துடைமை முறைக்கு மாறியது. வணிகவியம் வளர்ச்சியடைந்ததுடன், பிரித்தானியக் கிழக்கிந்தியக் கம்பனி போன்ற தனியுரிமைக் கம்பனிகள் உருவானதுடன், வணிகம் புது உலகப் பக்கமும் விரிவடைந்தது. இங்கிலாந்திலிருந்தும், வெளிநாடுகளில் இருந்தும் குடியேறிகள் இலண்டனுக்கு வந்தனர். இலண்டன் வட கடல் பகுதியின் முதன்மைத் துறைமுகம் ஆனது. 1530 ஆம் ஆண்டில் 50,000 ஆக இருந்த மக்கள்தொகை 1605 ஆம் ஆண்டில் 225,000 ஆக வளர்ச்சியடைந்தது. 16 ஆம் நூற்றாண்டில் அரங்கக் கலைக்கு எதிர்ப்பு இருந்த காலத்தில் வில்லியம் சேக்சுப்பியரும், அவர் போன்ற பிறரும் இலண்டனில் வாழ்ந்தனர். 1603 ஆம் ஆண்டில் டியூடர் கால முடிவில், இலண்டன் நகரம் இறுக்கமாகச் சிறிய அளவாகவே இருந்தது. 1605 ஆம் ஆண்டி நவம்பர் 5 ஆம் தேதி வெஸ்ட்மின்ஸ்டரில், முதலாம் சேம்சைக் கொல்ல முயற்சி மேற்கொள்ளப்பட்டது. 17 ஆம் நூற்றாண்டின் முற்பகுதியில் இலண்டன் நகரம் தொற்று நோயினால் பாதிக்கப்பட்டது. 1665–1666 காலப்பகுதியில் இது தீவிரமாகியது. இதனால் 100,000 பேர் வரை கொல்லப்பட்டனர். இது மொத்த மக்கள் தொகையின் ஐந்தில் ஒரு பகுதியாகும். 1666 ஆம் ஆண்டு செப்டெம்பர் 5 ஆம் தேதி இடம்பெற்ற இலண்டனின் பெரும் தீ விபத்தில் ஏராளமான மரக் கட்டிடங்கள் எரிந்து சாம்பராயின. இதனைத் தொடர்ந்த மீள் கட்டுமானப் பணிகள் முடிவதற்குப் 10 ஆண்டுகள் பிடித்தன. இப் பணிகள் ராபர்ட் ஊக் (Robert Hooke) என்பவரின் மேற்பார்வையின் கீழ் நடைபெற்றன.

 போக்குவரத்து
இலண்டன் மிகவும் வளர்ச்சியடைந்த பொதுப் போக்குவரத்து வலையமைப்பைக் கொண்டுள்ளது. நகரின் பெரும்பாலான தரைவழி போக்குவரத்து லண்டனுக்கான போக்குவரத்து நிறுவனம் [Transport for London – TfL] பொறுப்பாகும். அனேகரது அன்றாடப் பயணங்கள் பாதாளத் தொடர்வண்டி,புகையிரதம், பேருந்து, டீராம் வண்டி போன்ற பொதுப் போக்குவரத்திலேயே நடைபெறுகின்றன. இப் பயணங்களுக்கு ஒய்ஸ்டர் அட்டை எனப்படும் மின்னணுப் பணம் செலுத்தும் அட்டை முறையை, எல்லாப் பாதாள தொடர்வண்டிகள், பேருந்துகள் போன்றவற்றுக்கும் பயன்படுத்தமுடியும்

 பாதாளத் தொடர்வண்டி சேவை
இலண்டன் பாதாளத் தொடர்வண்டி வலையமைப்பே உலகின் மிகப்பெரியதும் பழமையானதுமான பாதாளத் தொடர்வண்டி வலையமைப்பு ஆகும். 270 தரிப்பிடங்களை இலண்டன் முழுவதும் கொண்டுள்ள இவ் பாதாளத் தொடர்வண்டி சேவையை தினமும் 3 மில்லியன் இலண்டன் வாசிகள் பயன்படுத்துவதாக அறியப்படுகின்றது.

 பேருந்து சேவை
இலண்டனின் பேருந்து சேவை வலையமைப்பானது உலகில் மிகப்பெரிய பேருந்து சேவை வலையமைப்பாகும். 8000க்கும் மேற்பட்ட 24மணி நேர சேவையை வழங்கக்கூடிய பேருந்துகளையும் 700க்கும் மேற்பட்ட தரிப்பிடங்களையும் கொண்டுள்ள இவ்வலையமைப்பை தினமும் 6 மில்லியன் பயணிகள் பயன்படுத்துகின்றனர்.

 காலநிலை

 இலண்டனின் சுற்றுலா மையங்கள்
thumb|250px|டிரபல்கர் சதுக்கம்முழு அகன்றப்பரப்பு நிழற்படம்

கழிவுநீர் சுத்திகரிப்பு|thumb|right|250px

 இங்கிலாந்து வங்கி
 பக்கிங்ஹாம் மாளிகை
 பிரித்தானிய அருங்காட்சியகம்
 சைனாடவுன்
 கிளியோபாட்ராவின் ஊசி (Cleopatra's Needle)
 கொவெண்ட் தோட்டம்
 டவுனிங் சாலை
 ஹம்ப்டன் கோட் மாளிகை
 குதிரை காவலர்(Horse Guards)
 இம்பீரியல் போர் அருங்காட்சியகம்
 கென்சிங்டன் கூரைத் தோட்டங்கள்
 லீசெஸ்டர் சதுக்கம்
 இலண்டன் அருங்காட்சியகம்
 தேசிய காட்சிக்கூடம் (National Gallery)
 இயற்கை வரலாற்று அருங்காட்சியகம்
 பழைய சத்திர சிகிச்சைக்கூட அருங்காட்சியகம்
 லண்டனின் கண்
 வெஸ்ட்மின்ஸ்டர் அரண்மனை (நாடாளுமன்ற அவைகள் மற்றும் பிக்பென் மணிக்கூண்டு)
thumb|150px| பிக்பென் உள்ளிட்ட வெஸ்ட்மினிஸ்டர் மாளிகையின் மணிக்கூண்டு

 குறிப்புக்கள்

 வெளியிணைப்புகள் - ஆங்கிலத்தில்
 The Open Guide to London - லண்டன் குறித்த அனைத்து தகவல்களையும் விக்கியில் தொகுப்பதற்கான முனைவு
 London Guide  London Guide on Englandguide.co.uk
 First chapter of the book "London: The Biography" by Peter Ackroyd
 Mayor of London, the London Assembly and the Greater London Authority official web site for the Mayor of London and the London Assembly. www.london.gov.uk
 London  at தேசிய வானூர்தியியல் மற்றும் விண்வெளி நிர்வாகம் (ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்கா)'s Earth Observatory
  "லண்டன்" பெயரின் விரிவுரை - ஆங்கிலத்தில் (PostScript file)
 லண்டன் உணவகங்களின் விமரிசனங்கள்.
 London from Evening Standard
 லண்டன் உணவகங்களின் வழிகாட்டி.
 London Bars and Pubs Guide.
 London Directory
 more London Directories
 Transport for London Site
 London Underground  The Tube
 லண்டனின் தங்கும் விடுதிகள்
 லண்டனின் தங்கும் விடுதிகள்  2PL Network
 விக்கிடிராவல் லண்டன் பயண வழிகாட்டி
 The Londinium directory of London

பகுப்பு:ஐரோப்பியத் தலைநகரங்கள்
பகுப்பு:இங்கிலாந்தின் நகரங்கள்

In 1998, Richard Coates explained what the goal was to say in the ancient European translation "Lewandia" (p)lowonida, which was preceded by Celebrity.

1998 ஆம் ஆண்டில் ரிச்சார்டு கோட்சு (Richard Coates) என்பவர், செல்டியத்துக்கு முந்திய பழைய ஐரோப்பிய மொழிச் சொல்லான "லோவொண்டியா" ((p)lowonida) என்பதிலிருந்தே இலண்டன் என்னும் சொல் தோன்றியதாக விளக்கினார்.

In the century he was able to give an explanation. One of the very old explanations about the appearance of the explanation was not to be understood by the scientists. The explanation of the explanation of the explanation of the explanation of the explanation of the explanation of the explanation of the explanation of the explanation of the explanation of the explanation of the explanation of the explanation of the explanation of the explanation of the explanation of the explanation of the explanation of the explanation of the explanation. In 1998, Richard Coates explained what the goal was to say in the ancient European translation "Lewandia" (p)lowonida, which was preceded by Celebrity.

In 1998, Richard Coates explained what the goal was to say in the ancient European translation "Lewandia" (p)lowonida, which was preceded by Celebrity.

In 1998, Richard Coates explained what the goal was to say in the ancient European translation "Lewandia" (p)lowonida, which was preceded by Silesia.

The name of the wicked, the name of the wicked, the name of the wicked, the name of the wicked, the name of the wicked.

முடியாதபடி அகலமான ஆறு என்னும் பொருள் தரும் ஒரு சொல். இச்சொல் தொடக்கத்தில் இலண்டனூடாகச் செல்லும் தேம்சு ஆற்றின் பகுதியைக் குறித்ததாகவும், இதிலிருந்தே இப் பகுதியில் இருந்த

குடியேற்றத்துக்கு செல்ட்டிய மொழி வடிவமான லோவொனிடன்யன் என்னும் பெயர் ஏற்பட்டதாகவும் "கோட்சு" விளக்கினார்.

In 1998, Richard Coates explained what the goal was to say in the ancient European translation "Lewandia" (p)lowonida, which was preceded by Silesia. There is no such thing as to say that there is no such thing as to say that there is no such thing as to say that there is no such thing as to say that there is no such thing as to say that there is no such thing as to say that there is no such thing as to say that there is no such thing as to say that there is no such thing as to say that there is no such thing as to say that there is no such thing as to say that there is no such thing. The name of the wicked, the name of the wicked, the name of the wicked, the name of the wicked, the name of the wicked.

In 1998, Richard Coates explained what the goal was to say in the ancient European translation "Lewandia" (p)lowonida, which was preceded by Silesia.

The name of the wicked, the name of the wicked, the name of the wicked, the name of the wicked, the name of the wicked.

It only lasted for 17 years.

61, and the kingdom of the kingdom of the kingdom of the kingdom of the kingdom of the kingdom of the kingdom of the kingdom of the kingdom of the kingdom of the kingdom of the kingdom of the kingdom of the kingdom.

இது 17 ஆண்டுகள் மட்டுமே நிலைத்திருந்தது. கிபி 61ல், போடிக்கா என்னும் அரசியின் தலைமையிலான ஐசெனி என்னும் பழங்குடியினர் இக் குடியேற்றத்தைத் தாக்கி எரித்து அழித்துவிட்டனர்.

இது 17 ஆண்டுகள் மட்டுமே நிலைத்திருந்தது.

கிபி 61ல், போடிக்கா என்னும் அரசியின் தலைமையிலான ஐசெனி என்னும் பழங்குடியினர் இக் குடியேற்றத்தைத் தாக்கி எரித்து அழித்துவிட்டனர்.

It only lasted for 17 years. 61, and the kingdom of the kingdom of the kingdom of the kingdom of the kingdom of the kingdom of the kingdom of the kingdom of the kingdom of the kingdom of the kingdom of the kingdom of the kingdom of the kingdom.

61, and the kingdom of the kingdom of the kingdom of the kingdom of the kingdom of the kingdom of the kingdom of the kingdom of the kingdom of the kingdom of the kingdom of the kingdom of the kingdom of the kingdom.

After the destruction of the European Parliament, this city was abandoned, and was established in the 7th century in the area of Oldwich (Aldwych) in the southern part of the city of Saxon (Saxon) and the southern part of the city of Saxon.

வீழ்ச்சிக்குப்

கைவிடப்பட்டு

லுண்டென்விக்

நூற்றாண்டில்

நிறுவப்பட்டது

Museum of London
Discover the greatest stories from the greatest city. Now open 7 days a week.
London's Fashion Stories
Every month we bring to you a thematic selection of some amazing stories from our collection. This month's theme is Fashionable London
All you need to know about the Great Fire of London
Discover how the Great Fire started, how it got so bad and how it changed London.
Women's History Collection
Celebrate women's histories past and present with this collection of articles, videos and much more.
Be the first to hear about new exhibitions and events
Support the Museum of London
We can't say how long these uncertain times will continue, but your support is vital in preserving the history of London for many more generations to come. Join our community of supporters today.Become a member Donate now

Question: in what century was oldwich established

7 ஆம் நூற்றாண்டில்

Question: what was the name of the city established in the 7th century

what was the name of the city established in the 7th century

Question: what was destroyed in the 7th century

Question: what caused the city of oldwich to be abandoned

பேரரசின் வீழ்ச்சிக்குப்

what caused the city of oldwich to be abandoned

Question: when was oldwich abandoned

After the destruction of the European Parliament

பேரரசின் வீழ்ச்சிக்குப் பின்னர்

After the destruction of the European Parliament

After the destruction of the European Parliament , this city was abandoned , and was established in the 7th century in the area of Oldwich ( Aldwych ) in the southern part of the city of Saxon ( Saxon ) and the southern part of the city of Saxon .

உரோமப் பேரரசின் வீழ்ச்சிக்குப் பின்னர், இந்த நகரம் கைவிடப்பட்டு, லுண்டென்விக் என்னும் சக்சன் (Saxon) நகரமொன்று மேற்குத் திசையில், ஓரிரு மைல்களுக்கு அப்பால் அல்ட்விச் (Aldwych) பகுதியில் 7 ஆம் நூற்றாண்டில் நிறுவப்பட்டது.

உரோமப் பேரரசின் வீழ்ச்சிக்குப் பின்னர், இந்த நகரம் கைவிடப்பட்டு, லுண்டென்விக் என்னும் சக்சன் (Saxon) நகரமொன்று மேற்குத் திசையில், ஓரிரு மைல்களுக்கு அப்பால் அல்ட்விச் (Aldwych) பகுதியில் 7 ஆம் நூற்றாண்டில் நிறுவப்பட்டது.

It is also possible that there is a small scale in the shape of the shape of the shape of the shape of the shape of the shape of the shape.

The city has been shut down until these business actions have grown, but these actions have come back to protect them from the shutdown of the shutdown.

“London” should not be changed to the place.

இப் பகுதியில் பிளீட் ஆற்றின் கழிமுகப் பகுதியில் மீன் பிடிப்பதற்கும், வணிகத்துக்குமான ஒரு சிறு துறைமுகம் இருந்திருக்கலாம் எனவும் கருதப்படுகின்றது.

நகரத்தை வைக்கிங்குகள் கைப்பற்றும்வரை இவ் வணிக நடவடிக்கைகள் வளர்ந்து வந்தன. ஆனால் வைக்கிங்குகளின் தாக்குதல்களிலிருந்து பாதுகாத்துக் கொள்வதற்காக இந் நடவடிக்கைகள் மீண்டும் முன்னர்

"லண்டனியம்" இருந்த இடத்துக்கு மாற்றப்பட வேண்டியதாயிற்று. வைக்கிங்குகளின் தாக்குதல்கள்

It is also possible that there is a small scale in the shape of the shape of the shape of the shape of the shape of the shape of the shape. The city has been shut down until these business actions have grown, but these actions have come back to protect them from the shutdown of the shutdown. “London” should not be changed to the place.

It is also possible that there is a small scale in the shape of the shape of the shape of the shape of the shape of the shape of the shape.

The city has been shut down until these business actions have grown, but these actions have come back to protect them from the shutdown of the shutdown.

“London” should not be changed to the place.

The Kb begins until the year 886, and the Danish leader with the discretion of the Republican Albrecht's goal.

He has made it peaceful with everyone.

வைக்கிங்குகள்

கைப்பற்றும்வரை

நடவடிக்கைகள்

வைக்கிங்குகளின்

தாக்குதல்களிலிருந்து

பாதுகாத்துக்

நடவடிக்கைகள்

வேண்டியதாயிற்று

வைக்கிங்குகளின்

தாக்குதல்கள்

தொடர்ந்ததாயினும்

கைப்பற்றியதுடன்

செய்துகொண்டார்

Question: what year does the kb begin

The city has been shut down until these business actions have grown, but these actions have come back to protect them from the shutdown of the shutdown.

“London” should not be changed to the place.

The Kb begins until the year 886, and the Danish leader with the discretion of the Republican Albrecht's goal.

He has made it peaceful with everyone.

Question: what nationality is albrecht

He has made it peaceful with everyone.

Question: how long has the city been shut down

"நகரத்தை வைக்கிங்குகள் கைப்பற்றும்வரை இவ் வணிக நடவடிக்கைகள் வளர்ந்து வந்தன . ஆனால் வைக்கிங்குகளின் தாக்குதல்களிலிருந்து பாதுகாத்துக் கொள்வதற்காக

He has made it peaceful with everyone.

Question: who has made it peaceful with everyone

இலண்டனைக் கைப்பற்றியதுடன் டேனியத் தலைவர்

He has made it peaceful with everyone.

Question: when does the kb begin

886 ஆம் ஆண்டுவரை

He has made it peaceful with everyone.

Question: who is the danish leader

He has made it peaceful with everyone.

Question: why has the city been shut down

கைப்பற்றும்வரை இவ் வணிக நடவடிக்கைகள் வளர்ந்து வந்தன . ஆனால் வைக்கிங்குகளின் தாக்குதல்களிலிருந்து பாதுகாத்துக் கொள்வதற்காக

He has made it peaceful with everyone.

Question: what should not be changed to the place

He has made it peaceful with everyone.

The city has been shut down until these business actions have grown , but these actions have come back to protect them from the shutdown of the shutdown .

“ London ” should not be changed to the place .

The Kb begins until the year 886 , and the Danish leader with the discretion of the Republican Albrecht 's goal .

கிபி 886 ஆம் ஆண்டுவரை தொடர்ந்ததாயினும், அவ்வாண்டில் பேரரசர் அல்பிரட் இலண்டனைக் கைப்பற்றியதுடன் டேனியத் தலைவர் குத்ரம்

என்பவருடன் அமைதி ஒழுங்கும் செய்துகொண்டார்.

The city has been shut down until these business actions have grown, but these actions have come back to protect them from the shutdown of the shutdown. “London” should not be changed to the place. The Kb begins until the year 886, and the Danish leader with the discretion of the Republican Albrecht's goal. He has made it peaceful with everyone.

The Kb begins until the year 886, and the Danish leader with the discretion of the Republican Albrecht's goal.

In the Westminster Monastery, which was completed in the year 1066, he ended the day.

He gave them special gifts to keep the people of the city in his control, and he set a building that was called the Covenant of the Covenant in the southern part of the city.

முடிக்கப்பட்டிருந்த

வெஸ்ட்மின்ஸ்டர்

முடிசூட்டிக்கொண்டார்

கட்டுப்பாட்டில்

வைத்திருப்பதற்காக

அவர்களுக்குச்

வழங்கியதுடன்

கட்டிடத்தையும்

British Broadcasting CorporationHome
Edward, the penultimate Anglo-Saxon king of England, was known as 'the Confessor' because of his deep piety.Edward, the penultimate Anglo-Saxon king of England, was known as 'the Confessor' because of his deep piety.
Edward was the son of Ethelred II 'the Unready' and Emma, the daughter of Richard I of Normandy. The family was exiled in Normandy after the Danish invasion of 1013, but returned the following year and negotiated Ethelred's reinstatement. After Ethelred's death in 1016 the Danes again took control of England. Edward lived in exile until 1041, when he returned to the London court of his half brother, Hardecanute. He became king in 1042.
Much of his reign was peaceful and prosperous. Skirmishes with the Scots and Welsh were only occasional and internal administration was maintained. The financial and judicial systems were efficient and trade was good. However, Edward's introduction to court of some Norman friends prompted resentment, particularly in the houses of Mercia and Wessex, which both held considerable power.
For the first 11 years of Edward's reign the real ruler of England was Godwine, Earl of Wessex. Edward married Godwine's daughter Edith in 1045, but this could not prevent a breach between the two men in 1049. Two years later, with the support of Leofric of Mercia, Edward outlawed Godwine and his family. However, Edward's continued favouritism caused problems with his nobles and in 1052 Godwine and his sons returned. The magnates were not prepared to engage them in civil war and forced the king to make terms. Godwine's lands were returned to him and many of Edward's Norman favourites were exiled.
When Godwine died in 1053, his son Harold took over. It was he, rather than Edward, who subjugated Wales in 1063 and negotiated with the rebellious Northumbrians in 1065. Consequently, shortly before his death, Edward named Harold as his successor even though he may already have promised the crown to a distant cousin, William, Duke of Normandy. He died on 4 January 1066 and was buried in the abbey he had constructed at Westminster.
BBC © 2014 The BBC is not responsible for the content of external sites. Read more.
This page is best viewed in an up-to-date web browser with style sheets (CSS) enabled. While you will be able to view the content of this page in your current browser, you will not be able to get the full visual experience. Please consider upgrading your browser software or enabling style sheets (CSS) if you are able to do so.

Question: when was the westminster monastery completed

In the Westminster Monastery, which was completed in the year 1066, he ended the day.

He gave them special gifts to keep the people of the city in his control, and he set a building that was called the Covenant of the Covenant in the southern part of the city.

when was the westminster monastery completed

Question: where was the covenant of the covenant located

வெஸ்ட்மின்ஸ்டர் மடாலயத்தில்

where was the covenant of the covenant located

Question: what was the name of the building in the southern part of the city

what was the name of the building in the southern part of the city

Question: in what part of the city was the covenant of the covenant located

in what part of the city was the covenant of the covenant located

In the Westminster Monastery , which was completed in the year 1066 , he ended the day .

He gave them special gifts to keep the people of the city in his control , and he set a building that was called the Covenant of the Covenant in the southern part of the city .

புதிதாகக் கட்டி முடிக்கப்பட்டிருந்த வெஸ்ட்மின்ஸ்டர் மடாலயத்தில் 1066 ஆம் ஆண்டு நத்தார் நாளன்று அவர் முடிசூட்டிக்கொண்டார்.

அவர், இலண்டன் நகர மக்களைத் தனது கட்டுப்பாட்டில் வைத்திருப்பதற்காக அவர்களுக்குச் சிறப்புச் சலுகைகளை வழங்கியதுடன், நகரத்தின் தென்கிழக்கு மூலையில் இலண்டன் கோபுரம் எனப்படும் கட்டிடத்தையும் கட்டினார்.

In the Westminster Monastery, which was completed in the year 1066, he ended the day. He gave them special gifts to keep the people of the city in his control, and he set a building that was called the Covenant of the Covenant in the southern part of the city.

In the Westminster Monastery, which was completed in the year 1066, he ended the day.

He gave them special gifts to keep the people of the city in his control, and he set a building that was called the Covenant of the Covenant in the southern part of the city.

The king of England is the winner of Sting's battle.

இங்கிலாந்தின்

முடிக்கப்பட்டிருந்த

வெஸ்ட்மின்ஸ்டர்

முடிசூட்டிக்கொண்டார்

The year 1066 began with the death of a king, and ended with a shout and a trembling new monarch. The political scheming and hotly fought battles of the months in between made it a year that has never been forgotten - Mike Ibeji tells the tale.
British Broadcasting CorporationHome
By Dr Mike Ibeji
Last updated 2011-02-17
The year 1066 began with the death of a king, and ended with a shout and a trembling new monarch. The political scheming and hotly fought battles of the months in between made it a year that has never been forgotten - Mike Ibeji tells the tale.
It all began with the death of Edward the Confessor, in January 1066. The Bayeux tapestry depicts Edward on his deathbed, offering the English crown to Harold, and this event is reflected in most of the chronicles of the time.
Edward's corpse was eventually borne in state to his own new cathedral church at Westminster, and the tapestry shows Harold there, being offered the crown by the magnates of England, among whom must have been Edwin and Morcar.
Harold was crowned at Westminster Abbey by Archbishop Stigand of Canterbury and Archbishop Ealdred of York. It is significant that only the former is depicted (and actually named) on the Bayeux tapestry, as his appointment had never been recognised by the Pope, allowing the Norman propaganda machine to portray Harold's coronation as illegal.
On the tapestry, the members of the congregation shown as witnessing the event are facing Harold, but their eyes are turned towards Halley's Comet, which is depicted in the sky as a portent of the doom to come. Harold is seen receiving news of the Comet with fear in his eyes.
William decided on invasion...
These bad omens for Harold were important to William of Normandy, who was set on claiming the English crown for himself - omens as important as the 'promise' of 1051 and the 'oath' of 1064. This was because, despite his pre-eminent position, he required the active co-operation of his nobles for the great venture he was planning - the venture to invade England and become the English king.
William could not just demand support from his nobles, he had to convince them of his case. He needed to show his followers that his claim was a lawful one, and that he had God on his side. So when he decided on invasion, he took elaborate measures to ensure he had strong support, and even sent an envoy to the Pope asking for his blessing.
William did not move immediately. He only began plans for an invasion after Tostig arrived in neighbouring Flanders, looking for support against Harold in a projected invasion of Northumbria. This was the lever that William needed: with Harold occupied in the north, William could invade in the south. Whether or not he thought God was on his side, William's preparations were very down to earth.
On top of anything else, William must have been painfully aware that his claim to England's throne was actually the least legitimate of all the putative contenders. It rested entirely on a spurious promise, made over 15 years previously, and on the fact that William's great-grandfather was Edward's maternal grandfather.On top of anything else, William must have been painfully aware that his claim to England's throne was actually the least legitimate of all the putative contenders. It rested entirely on a spurious promise, made over 15 years previously, and on the fact that William's great-grandfather was Edward's maternal grandfather.
Harold had an equally weak blood claim, through the brother-in-law of King Cnut, although it was he who was Edward's last nominated heir. There were others with much stronger blood claims, among them Swegn Estrithson, King of Denmark, who was the nephew of King Cnut; and Edgar the Aetheling, grandson of Edmund Ironside, from whom Cnut had wrested the kingdom in 1016.
Aetheling actually means 'throneworthy' and was the title given to the most legitimate heir; but a legitimate blood claim was only part of the issue. The crown would go to the claimant who could muster most support amongst the 'great and the good' of England. In January 1066, Edgar Aetheling was a minor, and with the wolves breathing at the door, the English magnates could not afford to risk the kingdom in such inexperienced hands. So they turned to Harold, the obvious power behind the throne, who, as we have seen, had prepared his ground well.
Instead, William watched, and he waited...
Immediately after Edward's death, the cards were flying and everyone was gambling madly. Tostig enlisted the help of a powerful Joker in the pack, the Norwegian king Harald Hardrada, an adventurer who had fought for the Byzantines in the Varangian Guard and was now trying to recreate the Viking kingdom of Northumbria.
William had the other Joker, the Pope, in his pocket, and was drawing his Aces around him. He toured Normandy, visiting each of his most powerful barons in person, and also made deals with neighbouring magnates like Eustace of Boulogne and the exiled Count Alan of Brittany. He promised them land and positions within his new kingdom, which they in turn could grant to their followers in return for loyal service.
In May 1066, Tostig made his first, abortive, attempt to invade England. Harold called out the English levy (the fyrd), which was an army of English peasant farmers obliged to fight for their king when required to do so, and kept it out. He wanted to be ready to face the invasion fleet that William had built and mustered at Rennes on the Norman coast. But William did not come.
Instead, William watched, and he waited, and he made his meticulous preparations. These included the gathering of all the great magnates of Normandy, called to attend the dedication of his wife Matilda's new abbey at St Etienne, in Caen, on 18 June 1066. There William asked for the blessing of God on his invasion plan, and ensured that he also had the backing of man.
In July, William's invasion fleet moved north to Dives, but still it did not cross the Channel. The sources say that the leader was waiting for fair weather, but he may equally have been awaiting news that Tostig had made his move. Either way, it was a perfect strategy. The English fyrd was a levy of peasant farmers, who by August were clamouring to be released so that they could take in their harvest. Harold had no option but to let them go.In July, William's invasion fleet moved north to Dives, but still it did not cross the Channel. The sources say that the leader was waiting for fair weather, but he may equally have been awaiting news that Tostig had made his move. Either way, it was a perfect strategy. The English fyrd was a levy of peasant farmers, who by August were clamouring to be released so that they could take in their harvest. Harold had no option but to let them go.
...Tostig fell beneath the Raven Banner...
On 20 September 1066, Harald Hardrada and Tostig sailed up the Ouse, with more than 10,000 men in 200 longships, to launch their long-awaited invasion of Northumbria. Earls Edwin and Morcar came out to meet them with a hastily assembled levy that consisted mainly of their own personal retainers. They were defeated at Fulford outside York, and their forces were so decimated that they were unable to play any further part in the campaigns of that year.
Harold reacted by scraping together a scratch force of his own, made up largely of his own housecarls and his 'thegns'. He raced north, calling up all the shire levies he could muster on the way. In four days he marched 180 miles - to surprise Hardrada and Tostig, east of York, at Stamford Bridge, on 25 September.
Before the battle began, Harold offered Tostig his earldom back if he would change sides, but Tostig threw the offer back in the king's face. The Norwegians held a strong position, defending the bridge on the north-eastern shore of the River Derwent. Legend has it that a lone axeman held the bridge against all-comers for hours, until a sneaky Englishman paddled under the bridge in a barrel and thrust a spear up through the wooden slats.
Once the bridge fell, the battle was a foregone conclusion. Both Hardrada and Tostig fell beneath the Raven Banner in a last, desperate stand. Harold had won the day, but at a price. His army was tired and badly mauled, and he had lost the forces of both the Earl of Northumbria and the Earl of Mercia.
This was the point at which William acted. Having sailed his fleet to St Valéry sur Somme, he waited for the wind to be in the right direction, and two days after Stamford Bridge, he sailed. His fleet consisted of almost 700 ships of classic Norse design, headed by the Mora, which is depicted on the Bayeux tapestry with a carved dragon figurehead on its prow, and a trumpeter sounding signals at its stern.This was the point at which William acted. Having sailed his fleet to St Valéry sur Somme, he waited for the wind to be in the right direction, and two days after Stamford Bridge, he sailed. His fleet consisted of almost 700 ships of classic Norse design, headed by the Mora, which is depicted on the Bayeux tapestry with a carved dragon figurehead on its prow, and a trumpeter sounding signals at its stern.
...the Normans pillaged and burned the surrounding area...
Most sources claim that William's forces made landfall at Pevensey, but this may just be because Pevensey was the best-known port on the southern English shore. Recent work by amateur archaeologist Nick Austin suggests he may have found the actual site of William's landing, and first encampments, at Wilting Manor, outside Hastings. Once ashore, William ordered that some of his boats be symbolically burnt, while the rest were dismantled and pulled ashore.
An earth embankment was built across the harbour mouth to protect the ships from the weather, and a castle was constructed at the top of the hill. The remnants of these may still be seen today. Then the Normans pillaged and burned the surrounding area, in order to force Harold to come south and defend his people.
Harold did not hesitate. Having heard of William's landing while at York, he raced his army down the old Roman road of Ermine Street, stopping on the way at his foundation of Waltham Abbey, to pray for victory. By 12 October, he was back in London and gathering what forces he could to face William. By the 14th, he was on the way to Hastings.
William received news of Harold's approach from Vitalis - a prominent vassal of Odo of Bayeux, who is depicted on the Bayeux tapestry bringing the message - and marched out to face the English king.
The Battle of Hastings took place at a site now known as Battle on 14 October 1066. Harold drew up his army in three wedges on Senlac Ridge, overlooking the battlefield. With him he had little more than 5,000 footsore and weary men, ranged against a Norman force of up to 15,000 infantry, archers and cavalry.The Battle of Hastings took place at a site now known as Battle on 14 October 1066. Harold drew up his army in three wedges on Senlac Ridge, overlooking the battlefield. With him he had little more than 5,000 footsore and weary men, ranged against a Norman force of up to 15,000 infantry, archers and cavalry.
Facing such odds, Harold had no choice but to fight a defensive battle. He was forced to rely on the much-vaunted English shield-wall, behind which his men could stand and let the Norman attacks break themselves.
The ferocious resolution of the English struck terror into the foot-soldiers...
The tactic was a great success. Again and again, the Norman knights hurled themselves against the English shields, but as the Bayeux tapestry shows, they were unable to make any headway. Then, on the Norman left, the Bretons under Count Alan began to give way. Orderic Vitalis takes up the story:
'The ferocious resolution of the English struck terror into the foot-soldiers and knights of the Bretons and other auxiliaries on the left wing; they turned to flee and almost the whole of the Duke's battle line fell back, for the rumour spread that he had been killed. But the Duke, seeing a great part of the opposing army springing forwards to pursue his men, met them as they fled, threatening and striking them with his spear.
'Baring his head and lifting his helmet he cried: "Look at me, I'm alive and with the aid of God I will gain the victory!" No sooner had the Duke spoken these brave words than their failing courage was restored, and surrounding several thousand of their pursuers, they mowed them down almost at once.'
It was the turning point of the battle.
The whole incident is portrayed on the Bayeux tapestry. It was the turning point of the battle. Now the English wall had broken, and the Normans were able to lever open the cracks. Exhaustion and weight of numbers also took their toll. Gyrth and Leofwine, the two remaining brothers of Harold are depicted being cut down on the tapestry, and Harold was soon to follow.
We see him on the Bayeux tapestry taking an arrow in the eye and then being ridden down by a Norman cavalryman, one of four who managed to break through the English line and trample Harold into the ground. Though the English still fought on bravely after their king had fallen, their cause was lost, and eventually they fled into the night.
The body of Harold was eventually recovered...
Tradition has it that William gave thanks to God for his victory and ordered that all in his army should do penance for the souls that they had killed that day. He himself paid for the foundation of Battle Abbey on the spot where Harold fell.
The body of Harold was eventually recovered after a long search, but its face was so badly disfigured that they had to bring it to his concubine, Edith Swan-neck, to identify by the intimate marks upon his body. Initially, William had the body buried next to the battlefield, with a headstone reading, 'Here lies Harold, King of the English', but after Harold's name was blackened by later Norman propaganda, the headstone was removed, and the body was disinterred and taken to Harold's abbey at Waltham.
The contest for England was not yet over, however. William kept his army in Hastings for about a week, then he marched through south-eastern England, via Dover and Canterbury, to London Bridge.The contest for England was not yet over, however. William kept his army in Hastings for about a week, then he marched through south-eastern England, via Dover and Canterbury, to London Bridge.
Finding this too heavily defended, he continued along the southern bank of the Thames to Wallingford, sending a detachment to take Winchester on the way. Wallingford was the easternmost ford of the Thames, and was defended by an ancient Anglo-Saxon burh (a fortified town) under the command of the king's thegn Wigot of Wallingford.
By now it was December, and the long campaign had sapped the English will to resist. Dover and Southwark had been razed to the ground, and William now had control of Canterbury, the religious centre of England, and Winchester, the ceremonial seat of the English kings.
At Wallingford, the first English submissions occurred. Archbishop Stigand of Canterbury led a delegation of important English bishops and thegns, who surrendered to William, and Wigot opened the gates of Wallingford to him. By Christmas, the earls Edwin, Morcar and Waltheof, along with Archbishop Ealdred of York, had also surrendered, having ensured that their positions would be secure under the new régime.
...with the new king trembling from head to foot.
William was crowned by Archbishop Ealdred on Christmas Day, in Edward's new abbey cathedral at Westminster. This is significant, because the new king chose to be crowned in the same location as King Harold, deliberately stressing the continuity between himself and Edward's old régime. He also ensured that he was not crowned by Stigand, whose legitimacy was questioned by the Pope.
During the ceremony, the assembled magnates (both Norman and English) shouted their acclamation of the new king; but their shouts startled the guards outside the cathedral who, fearing an English uprising, promptly set fire to the neighbouring city of London. Orderic Vitalis paints a vivid picture of the terrified congregation fleeing from the smoke-filled church whilst the remaining Bishops hastily completed the ceremony, with the new king trembling from head to foot. It was an interesting start to a completely new era.
BBC © 2014 The BBC is not responsible for the content of external sites. Read more.
This page is best viewed in an up-to-date web browser with style sheets (CSS) enabled. While you will be able to view the content of this page in your current browser, you will not be able to get the full visual experience. Please consider upgrading your browser software or enabling style sheets (CSS) if you are able to do so.

Question: who wins sting's battle

போரில் வெற்றி பெற்று இங்கிலாந்தின் அரசரானார்

The king of England is the winner of Sting's battle.

Question: what is the name of the battle between the king of england and sting

what is the name of the battle between the king of england and sting

Question: where did sting end his day

வெஸ்ட்மின்ஸ்டர் மடாலயத்தில்

Question: who was the king of england's first battle

who was the king of england's first battle

Question: sting is the king of which country

இங்கிலாந்தின்

The king of England is the winner of Sting 's battle .

ஆஸ்டிங்ஸ் போரில் வெற்றி பெற்று இங்கிலாந்தின் அரசரானார். புதிதாகக் கட்டி முடிக்கப்பட்டிருந்த வெஸ்ட்மின்ஸ்டர் மடாலயத்தில் 1066 ஆம் ஆண்டு நத்தார் நாளன்று அவர் முடிசூட்டிக்கொண்டார்.

ஆஸ்டிங்ஸ் போரில் வெற்றி பெற்று இங்கிலாந்தின் அரசரானார்.

The king of England is the winner of Sting's battle. In the Westminster Monastery, which was completed in the year 1066, he ended the day.

The king of England is the winner of Sting's battle.

From the Middle Ages to the 20th century, what are the influences and movements that have shaped the changing face of British architecture?
British Broadcasting CorporationHome
By Adrian Tinniswood
Last updated 2011-03-29
From the Middle Ages to the 20th century, what are the influences and movements that have shaped the changing face of British architecture?
Architecture is about evolution, not revolution. It used to be thought that once the Romans pulled out of Britain in the fifth century, their elegant villas, carefully-planned towns and engineering marvels like Hadrian's Wall simply fell into decay as British culture was plunged into the Dark Ages. It took the Norman Conquest of 1066 to bring back the light, and the Gothic cathedral-builders of the Middle Ages played an important part in the revival of British culture.
The great cathedrals and parish churches that lifted up their towers to heaven were acts of devotion in stone...
However, the truth is not as simple as that. Romano-British culture - and that included architecture along with language, religion, political organisation and the arts - survived long after the Roman withdrawal. And although the Anglo-Saxons had a sophisticated building style of their own, little survives to bear witness to their achievements as the vast majority of Anglo-Saxon buildings were made of wood.
Even so, the period between the Norman landing at Pevensey in 1066 and the day in 1485 when Richard III lost his horse and his head at Bosworth, ushering in the Tudors and the Early Modern period, marks a rare flowering of British building. And it is all the more remarkable because the underlying ethos of medieval architecture was 'fitness for purpose'. The great cathedrals and parish churches that lifted up their towers to heaven were not only acts of devotion in stone; they were also fiercely functional buildings. Castles served their particular purpose and their battlements and turrets were for use rather than ornament. The rambling manor houses of the later Middle Ages, however, were primarily homes, their owners achieving respect and maintaining status by their hospitality and good lordship rather than the grandeur of their buildings.
Fitness for purpose also characterised the homes of the poorer classes. Such people didn't matter very much to the ruling elite and so neither did their houses. These were dark, primitive structures of one or two rooms, usually with crude timber frames, low walls and thatched roofs. They weren't built to last. And they didn't.
White Tower, at the heart of the Tower of London, was begun by Bishop Gundulf in 1078 on the orders of William the Conqueror. The structure was completed in 1097, providing a colonial stronghold and a powerful symbol of Norman domination.White Tower, at the heart of the Tower of London, was begun by Bishop Gundulf in 1078 on the orders of William the Conqueror. The structure was completed in 1097, providing a colonial stronghold and a powerful symbol of Norman domination.
Durham Cathedral was begun by Bishop William de St Carilef in 1093 and completed about 1175. The choir was extended in the Gothic style between 1242 and 1280. Muscular pillars and round-headed arches make Durham one of the most imposing Norman buildings in England.Durham Cathedral was begun by Bishop William de St Carilef in 1093 and completed about 1175. The choir was extended in the Gothic style between 1242 and 1280. Muscular pillars and round-headed arches make Durham one of the most imposing Norman buildings in England.
Haddon Hall, Derbyshire, was probably begun in the 12th century, but was remodelled and adapted at various times right through to the 16th century. It was then carefully restored in the early 20th century. Haddon shows the quality which characterises the great medieval house, in which function dictates form.Haddon Hall, Derbyshire, was probably begun in the 12th century, but was remodelled and adapted at various times right through to the 16th century. It was then carefully restored in the early 20th century. Haddon shows the quality which characterises the great medieval house, in which function dictates form.
King's College Chapel, Cambridge, spans the period of transition between the Middle Ages and the Tudors. Its foundation stone was laid in 1446 by Henry VI and the structure, with its lacy perpendicular fan-vaulting, was completed by 1515 during the reign of Henry VIII. The windows were installed in 1546-7.King's College Chapel, Cambridge, spans the period of transition between the Middle Ages and the Tudors. Its foundation stone was laid in 1446 by Henry VI and the structure, with its lacy perpendicular fan-vaulting, was completed by 1515 during the reign of Henry VIII. The windows were installed in 1546-7.
In a sense, the buildings of the 16th century were also governed by fitness for purpose - only now, the purpose was very different. In domestic architecture, in particular, buildings were used to display status and wealth, as William Harrison noted in his Description of England (1577):
Each one desireth to set his house aloft on the hill, to be seen afar off, and cast forth his beams of stately and curious workmanship into every quarter of the country.
This stately and curious workmanship showed itself in various ways. A greater sense of security led to more outward-looking buildings, as opposed to the medieval arrangement where the need for defence created houses that faced inward onto a courtyard or series of courtyards. This allowed for much more in the way of exterior ornament. The rooms themselves tended to be bigger and lighter - as an expensive commodity, the use of great expanses of glass was in itself a statement of wealth. There was also a general move towards balanced and symmetrical exteriors with central entrances.
In spite of this building boom the Renaissance was generally slow to arrive in England...
In addition there was progress towards more stable and sophisticated houses for those lower down the social scale. Stone, and later brick, began to replace timber as the standard building material for the homes of farmers, tradespeople and artisans. To quote Harrison again:
Every man almost is a builder, and he that hath bought any small parcel of ground, be it never so little, will not be quiet till he have pulled down the old house (if any were there standing) and set up a new after his own device.
In spite of this building boom the Renaissance was generally slow to arrive in England, largely because Elizabeth's troublesome relations with Catholic Europe made the free exchange of ideas difficult. Craftsmen and pattern-books did come over from the Protestant Low Countries, but by and large our relative isolation from the European cultural mainstream led to a national style which was a bizarre though attractive mixture of Gothic and classical styles.
Hampton Court Palace (1515 onwards). The great house that Cardinal Wolsey began and then gave to Henry VIII in 1525, in a desperate attempt to stay in the King's favour, has undergone many changes since the 16th century. Christopher Wren rebuilt the south and east ranges for William and Mary between 1689 and 1694, and the Palace contains some remarkable Tudor work, notably Henry VIII's hammer-beamed Great Hall.Hampton Court Palace (1515 onwards). The great house that Cardinal Wolsey began and then gave to Henry VIII in 1525, in a desperate attempt to stay in the King's favour, has undergone many changes since the 16th century. Christopher Wren rebuilt the south and east ranges for William and Mary between 1689 and 1694, and the Palace contains some remarkable Tudor work, notably Henry VIII's hammer-beamed Great Hall.
Longleat House, Wiltshire, which was completed in 1580, exemplifies the confidence of Tudor craftsmen in a society that was more stable than that of their medieval ancestors. It looks outwards rather than in on itself, whilst classical detailing such as the pilasters that flank the expanses of glass, and the roundels carved with busts of Roman emperors, show that Renaissance ideas were creeping slowly into Britain during the mid 16th century.Longleat House, Wiltshire, which was completed in 1580, exemplifies the confidence of Tudor craftsmen in a society that was more stable than that of their medieval ancestors. It looks outwards rather than in on itself, whilst classical detailing such as the pilasters that flank the expanses of glass, and the roundels carved with busts of Roman emperors, show that Renaissance ideas were creeping slowly into Britain during the mid 16th century.
Hardwick Hall, Derbyshire (1591-97). This is the archetypal late-Elizabethan house: tall, compact and beautiful. It was designed, probably by Robert Smythson, for Elizabeth, Countess of Shrewsbury who was better known as Bess of Hardwick. Her descendants, the Dukes of Devonshire, made Chatsworth their principal seat, and left Hardwick more or less unscathed. A remarkable survival.Hardwick Hall, Derbyshire (1591-97). This is the archetypal late-Elizabethan house: tall, compact and beautiful. It was designed, probably by Robert Smythson, for Elizabeth, Countess of Shrewsbury who was better known as Bess of Hardwick. Her descendants, the Dukes of Devonshire, made Chatsworth their principal seat, and left Hardwick more or less unscathed. A remarkable survival.
Whilst Elizabethan houses in England concentrated on the conspicuous display of wealth, Scotland saw the building of castles and fortified houses continue well into the seventeenth century. In fact, fortification became a style in its own right, and the turrets and strongly vertical emphases of Scottish Baronial houses mark one of Scotland's most distinctive contributions to British architecture.Whilst Elizabethan houses in England concentrated on the conspicuous display of wealth, Scotland saw the building of castles and fortified houses continue well into the seventeenth century. In fact, fortification became a style in its own right, and the turrets and strongly vertical emphases of Scottish Baronial houses mark one of Scotland's most distinctive contributions to British architecture.
With the exception of Inigo Jones (1573-1652), whose confident handling of classical detail and proportion set him apart from all other architects of the period, most early 17th century buildings tended to take the innocent exuberance of late Tudor work one step further. Traditional planning was cloaked in the splendidly overblown ornament - the sort of details described at the time as 'a heap of craziness of decorations... very disgusting to see'.
But during the 1640s and 50s the Civil War and its aftermath sent many gentlemen and nobles to the Continent either to escape the fighting or, when the war was lost, to follow Charles II into exile. There they came into contact with French, Dutch and Italian architecture and, with Charles's restoration in 1660, there was a flurry of building activity as royalists reclaimed their property and built themselves houses reflecting the latest European trends.
The style is heavy and rich, sometimes overblown and melodramatic.
As the century wore on, this resolved itself into a passion for the Baroque grandeur which Louis XIV had turned into an instrument of statecraft at Versailles. Formal, geometrical and symmetrical planning meant that a great lord could sit in his dining chamber, at the physical as well as the metaphorical centre of his world, with suites of rooms radiating out in straight lines to either side. His gardens would reflect those lines in long, straight walks and avenues.
The British Baroque was a reassertion of authority, an expression of absolutist ideology by men who remembered a world turned upside down during the Civil War. The style is heavy and rich, sometimes overblown and melodramatic. The politics which underpin it are questionable, but its products are breathtaking.
The Queens House, Greenwich, was begun for Queen Anne between 1616 and 1619 and completed for Henrietta Maria between 1630 and 1635. Greenwich Hospital was built from 1696 onwards. The Queens House is by Inigo Jones and the Hospital is largely Christopher Wren's.The Queens House, Greenwich, was begun for Queen Anne between 1616 and 1619 and completed for Henrietta Maria between 1630 and 1635. Greenwich Hospital was built from 1696 onwards. The Queens House is by Inigo Jones and the Hospital is largely Christopher Wren's.
St Paul's Cathedral, London, (1675-1710) is not only one of the most perfect expressions of the English Baroque, but also one of the greatest buildings anywhere in England. It was designed by Wren to replace the old cathedral which had been devastated during the Fire of London in 1666.St Paul's Cathedral, London, (1675-1710) is not only one of the most perfect expressions of the English Baroque, but also one of the greatest buildings anywhere in England. It was designed by Wren to replace the old cathedral which had been devastated during the Fire of London in 1666.
Although built in the 18th century, the ideology behind Blenheim Palace in Oxfordshire lies firmly in the 17th century. Conceived as a monumental homage to the Duke of Marlborough, whose victory over Louis XIV's army at Blenheim in Bavaria gives the palace its name, it was designed by John Vanbrugh and is the nearest thing Britain has to a VersaillesAlthough built in the 18th century, the ideology behind Blenheim Palace in Oxfordshire lies firmly in the 17th century. Conceived as a monumental homage to the Duke of Marlborough, whose victory over Louis XIV's army at Blenheim in Bavaria gives the palace its name, it was designed by John Vanbrugh and is the nearest thing Britain has to a Versailles
To the Whigs who came to power on the accession of George I in 1714, the Baroque was inextricably linked with the authoritarian rule of the Stuarts. A new style was needed for a new age, and the new ruling class, which aspired to build a civilisation that would rival that of ancient Rome, looked for a solution in antiquity.
Or so it thought. Actually, the solution was found in an antiquity which had been heavily re-interpreted by the 16th century Italian architect Andrea Palladio (1508-80). Palladio's Four Books of Architecture methodically explored and reconstructed the buildings of ancient Rome. They also provided illustrations, in the form of its author's own designs for villas, palaces and churches, of a way in which the early Georgians might adapt those rules to create an architecture of the classical tradition - the yardstick by which all civilised activity was measured.
By the end of the 18th century, the idea of a single national style of architecture had had its day.
But architects soon found the Palladian search for an ideal architecture pointlessly limiting. Whilst the buildings of the ancients should 'serve as models which we should imitate, and as standards by which we ought to judge', a more eclectic approach was called for. In the words of the later 18th century's greatest architect, Robert Adam, 'Rules often cramp the genius and circumscribe the idea of the master'.
By the end of the 18th century, the idea of a single national style of architecture had had its day. Austere neo-classical masterpieces were still being produced; but so too were huge mock-abbeys, battlemented castles, picturesque sixteen-bedroomed cottages and even, as the 19th century dawned, oriental palaces such as John Nash's Royal Pavilion at Brighton. The Cult of Styles had arrived.
Loosely modelled on Palladio's Villa Capra, Lord Burlington's Chiswick House was one of the first shots fired in the war waged by the Georgians against the Baroque. In case anyone was slow to appreciate where Burlington's architectural allegiances lay, he had Michael Rysbrack design two statues to flank the entrance stair with Palladio on the left, and his earliest English disciple Inigo Jones on the right.Loosely modelled on Palladio's Villa Capra, Lord Burlington's Chiswick House was one of the first shots fired in the war waged by the Georgians against the Baroque. In case anyone was slow to appreciate where Burlington's architectural allegiances lay, he had Michael Rysbrack design two statues to flank the entrance stair with Palladio on the left, and his earliest English disciple Inigo Jones on the right.
Kedleston Hall, Derbyshire (1758-77), is a high point of British neo-classicism. The Palladian layout had already been established when the up-and-coming Scottish architect Robert Adam was asked to take over the project in 1760 by the owner, Sir Nathaniel Curzon. The austere, delicate interiors, with their remarkably unified decoration, show Adam at the height of his powers. Kedleston, the Glory of Derbyshire, was one of the most consistently praised of all Georgian houses.Kedleston Hall, Derbyshire (1758-77), is a high point of British neo-classicism. The Palladian layout had already been established when the up-and-coming Scottish architect Robert Adam was asked to take over the project in 1760 by the owner, Sir Nathaniel Curzon. The austere, delicate interiors, with their remarkably unified decoration, show Adam at the height of his powers. Kedleston, the Glory of Derbyshire, was one of the most consistently praised of all Georgian houses.
'I am going to build a little Gothic castle at Strawberry Hill', announced Horace Walpole in 1750. Over the next three decades Walpole transformed the uninteresting villa he had bought by the Thames at Twickenham into one of the landmarks of the Gothic Revival in Britain. Strawberry Hill aroused enormous interest - Walpole had to issue tickets to restrict the number of visitors coming to see it - and demonstrated that native medieval architecture could be every bit as valid as classicism.'I am going to build a little Gothic castle at Strawberry Hill', announced Horace Walpole in 1750. Over the next three decades Walpole transformed the uninteresting villa he had bought by the Thames at Twickenham into one of the landmarks of the Gothic Revival in Britain. Strawberry Hill aroused enormous interest - Walpole had to issue tickets to restrict the number of visitors coming to see it - and demonstrated that native medieval architecture could be every bit as valid as classicism.
In the early 19th century, the French Revolution was recent enough to provide an awful example of what might happen if the upper classes lost control, whilst Peterloo and demonstrations against the Six Acts in 1819 were a reminder that it could happen here. The building classes took refuge in a fictitious past, such as the Middle Ages of Walter Scott's Ivanhoe (1819) or the romantic Elizabethan style of Kenilworth (1821). The myth of Merry England, with its strictly ordered society and its chivalric code of values, had a strong appeal for a ruling elite which felt under threat from social and political unrest at home and abroad.
...reformers like John Ruskin and William Morris made a concerted effort to return to hand-crafted, pre-industrial manufacturing techniques.
The huge glass-and-iron Crystal Palace, designed by Joseph Paxton to house the Great Exhibition of 1851, shows another strand to 19th century architecture - one which embraced new industrial processes. But it wasn't long before even this confidence in progress came to be regarded with suspicion. Mass production resulted in buildings and furnishings that were too perfect, as the individual craftsman no longer had a major role in their creation.
Railing against the dehumanising effects of industrialisation, reformers like John Ruskin and William Morris made a concerted effort to return to hand-crafted, pre-industrial manufacturing techniques. Morris's influence grew from the production of furniture and textiles, until by the 1880s a generation of principled young architects was following his call for good, honest construction.
The Houses of Parliament (Charles Barry and A.W.N. Pugin, 1840-60) replaced the building destroyed by fire in 1834. A good example of the period's confused love affair with the past, it was summed up earlier this century as classic in inspiration, Gothic in detailing, and carried out with scrupulous adherence to the architectural detail of the Tudor period.The Houses of Parliament (Charles Barry and A.W.N. Pugin, 1840-60) replaced the building destroyed by fire in 1834. A good example of the period's confused love affair with the past, it was summed up earlier this century as classic in inspiration, Gothic in detailing, and carried out with scrupulous adherence to the architectural detail of the Tudor period.
With its quiet, unassuming love for the vernacular of Kent and Sussex, and its rejection of Victorian pomposity, Philip Webb's Red House at Bexleyheath (1859-60) is the building which started the Arts and Crafts movement. It was originally designed for newly-weds William and Janey Morris.With its quiet, unassuming love for the vernacular of Kent and Sussex, and its rejection of Victorian pomposity, Philip Webb's Red House at Bexleyheath (1859-60) is the building which started the Arts and Crafts movement. It was originally designed for newly-weds William and Janey Morris.
Castell Coch, near Cardiff (1872-79), is a piece of inspired lunacy by William Burges, best known for his restoration of Cardiff Castle, an opium habit and the fact that he used to relax at home with a pet parrot perched on the shoulder of his hooded medieval robe. This reconstruction of a 13th century chieftain's stronghold - right down to the working portcullis - is scholarly, at least as far as the exterior is concerned. The interior is downright weird, combining High Victorian romanticism with Burges' own eclectic drawings from ancient British history, Moorish design and classical mythology.Castell Coch, near Cardiff (1872-79), is a piece of inspired lunacy by William Burges, best known for his restoration of Cardiff Castle, an opium habit and the fact that he used to relax at home with a pet parrot perched on the shoulder of his hooded medieval robe. This reconstruction of a 13th century chieftain's stronghold - right down to the working portcullis - is scholarly, at least as far as the exterior is concerned. The interior is downright weird, combining High Victorian romanticism with Burges' own eclectic drawings from ancient British history, Moorish design and classical mythology.
Charles Rennie Mackintosh's Glasgow School of Art (1896-99, 1907-9) proves that there were a few dissenting voices raised against the Victorian trend to return to the past. Mackintosh was uncompromising in his rejection of historicism, and his buildings have more in common with the vertical geometry and sinuous curves of Art Nouveau work in France, Belgium and Austria. But his decadent approach to design met with hostility in Britain and, a few years after the School of Art was completed in 1909, he gave up architecture.Charles Rennie Mackintosh's Glasgow School of Art (1896-99, 1907-9) proves that there were a few dissenting voices raised against the Victorian trend to return to the past. Mackintosh was uncompromising in his rejection of historicism, and his buildings have more in common with the vertical geometry and sinuous curves of Art Nouveau work in France, Belgium and Austria. But his decadent approach to design met with hostility in Britain and, a few years after the School of Art was completed in 1909, he gave up architecture.
The most important trends in early 20th century architecture simply passed Britain by. Whilst Gropius was working on cold, hard expanses of glass, and Le Corbusier was experimenting with the use of reinforced concrete frames, we had staid establishment architects like Edwin Lutyens producing Neo-Georgian and Renaissance country houses for an outmoded landed class. In addition there were slightly batty architect-craftsmen, the heirs of William Morris, still trying to turn the clock back to before the Industrial Revolution by making chairs and spurning new technology. Only a handful of Modern Movement buildings of any real merit were produced here during the 1920s and 1930s, and most of these were the work of foreign architects such as Serge Chermayeff, Berthold Lubetkin and Erno Goldfinger who had settled in this country.
Local authorities, charged with the task of rebuilding city centres, became important patrons of architecture.
After the Second World War the situation began to change. The Modern Movement's belief in progress and the future struck a chord with the mood of post-war Britain and, as reconstruction began under Attlee's Labour government in 1945, there was a desperate need for cheap housing which could be produced quickly. The use of prefabricated elements, metal frames, concrete cladding and the absence of decoration - all of which had been embraced by Modernists abroad and viewed with suspicion by the British - were adopted to varying degrees for housing developments and schools. Local authorities, charged with the task of rebuilding city centres, became important patrons of architecture. This represented a shift away from the private individuals who had dominated the architectural scene for centuries.
Since the War it has been corporate bodies like these local authorities, together with national and multinational companies, and large educational institutions, which have dominated British architecture. By the late 1980s the Modern Movement, unfairly blamed for the social experiments implicit in high-rise housing, had lost out to irony and spectacle in the shape of post-modernism, with its cheerful borrowings from anywhere and any period. But now, in the new Millennium, even post-modernism is showing signs of age. What comes next? Post-post-modernism?
Cardiff's imposing Civic Centre is a vast complex including a City Hall and Law Courts by Lanchester & Richards, and the University College by W D Caroë. It was hailed as one of the most magnificent examples of civic planning in Britain but, in retrospect, its deeply conservative architecture also seems both arrogant and strangely out of touch with contemporary building in the rest of Europe.Cardiff's imposing Civic Centre is a vast complex including a City Hall and Law Courts by Lanchester & Richards, and the University College by W D Caroë. It was hailed as one of the most magnificent examples of civic planning in Britain but, in retrospect, its deeply conservative architecture also seems both arrogant and strangely out of touch with contemporary building in the rest of Europe.
The De le Warr Pavilion at Bexhill-on-Sea, Sussex, is a superb expression of all that is best about the Modern Movement. Commissioned by Lord De La Warr, mayor of Bexhill, and built by Eric Mendelsohn and Serge Chermayeff between 1933 and 1936, it was an attempt to make Bexhill as attractive as exotic French and Italian resorts. It goes without saying that it failed, but the recent restoration of the Pavilion's clean, sweeping lines is a cause for national celebration.The De le Warr Pavilion at Bexhill-on-Sea, Sussex, is a superb expression of all that is best about the Modern Movement. Commissioned by Lord De La Warr, mayor of Bexhill, and built by Eric Mendelsohn and Serge Chermayeff between 1933 and 1936, it was an attempt to make Bexhill as attractive as exotic French and Italian resorts. It goes without saying that it failed, but the recent restoration of the Pavilion's clean, sweeping lines is a cause for national celebration.
The Royal Festival Hall (Sir Leslie Martin and the Architecture Department of the London County Council, 1951) is all that survives of the complex laid out on London's South Bank for the 1951 Festival of Britain. The festival buildings were important for the opportunity they afforded of presenting a showcase for good modern architecture and Martin's concert hall, while not exactly earth-shattering, is a timely reminder of what good festival architecture looks like.The Royal Festival Hall (Sir Leslie Martin and the Architecture Department of the London County Council, 1951) is all that survives of the complex laid out on London's South Bank for the 1951 Festival of Britain. The festival buildings were important for the opportunity they afforded of presenting a showcase for good modern architecture and Martin's concert hall, while not exactly earth-shattering, is a timely reminder of what good festival architecture looks like.
BBC © 2014 The BBC is not responsible for the content of external sites. Read more.
This page is best viewed in an up-to-date web browser with style sheets (CSS) enabled. While you will be able to view the content of this page in your current browser, you will not be able to get the full visual experience. Please consider upgrading your browser software or enabling style sheets (CSS) if you are able to do so.

In the year 1097, the Second Village of the Westminster established the Westminster Monastery near the Middle East. This Monastery was fully established on the basis of the new Westminster Monastery, which was established under the control of the governments.

வெஸ்ட்மின்ஸ்டர்

மடாலயத்துக்கு

வெஸ்ட்மின்ஸ்டர்

வெஸ்ட்மின்ஸ்டர்

Question: when was the westminster monastery established

when was the westminster monastery established

Question: what was the westminster monastery established on the basis of

புதிய வெஸ்ட்மின்ஸ்டர் அரண்மனையின்

what was the westminster monastery established on the basis of

Question: the westminster monastery was founded on the basis of what

புதிய வெஸ்ட்மின்ஸ்டர் அரண்மனையின்

the westminster monastery was founded on the basis of what

Question: where was the westminster monastery located

where was the westminster monastery located

Question: what monastery was established in 1097

வெஸ்ட்மின்ஸ்டர் மண்டபத்தைக் கட்டினார் . இம் மண்டபமே நடுக்காலம் முழுதும் அரசர்களின் வதிவிடமாக அமைந்த புதிய வெஸ்ட்மின்ஸ்டர் அரண்மனையின்

Question: who controlled the westminster monastery

who controlled the westminster monastery

In the year 1097 , the Second Village of the Westminster established the Westminster Monastery near the Middle East . This Monastery was fully established on the basis of the new Westminster Monastery , which was established under the control of the governments .

1097 ஆம் ஆண்டில், இரண்டாம் வில்லியம் வெஸ்ட்மின்ஸ்டர் மடாலயத்துக்கு அருகில், வெஸ்ட்மின்ஸ்டர் மண்டபத்தைக் கட்டினார். இம் மண்டபமே நடுக்காலம் முழுதும் அரசர்களின் வதிவிடமாக அமைந்த புதிய வெஸ்ட்மின்ஸ்டர் அரண்மனையின் அடிப்படையாக அமைந்தது.

1097 ஆம் ஆண்டில், இரண்டாம் வில்லியம் வெஸ்ட்மின்ஸ்டர் மடாலயத்துக்கு அருகில், வெஸ்ட்மின்ஸ்டர் மண்டபத்தைக் கட்டினார். இம் மண்டபமே நடுக்காலம் முழுதும் அரசர்களின் வதிவிடமாக அமைந்த புதிய வெஸ்ட்மின்ஸ்டர் அரண்மனையின் அடிப்படையாக அமைந்தது.

In the year 1097, the Second Village of the Westminster established the Westminster Monastery near the Middle East. This Monastery was fully established on the basis of the new Westminster Monastery, which was governed by the governors. The Westminster Monastery was also the center of business activities, the destination city, which was established in its office, while the government was established in place.

வெஸ்ட்மின்ஸ்டர்

மடாலயத்துக்கு

வெஸ்ட்மின்ஸ்டர்

வெஸ்ட்மின்ஸ்டர்

வெஸ்ட்மின்ஸ்டர்

அமைந்தபோதும்

அமைந்திருந்த

நடவடிக்கைகளின்

Question: who governed the westminster monastery

Question: what type of city was the westminster monastery

what type of city was the westminster monastery

Question: what monastery was the center of business activities

வெஸ்ட்மின்ஸ்டர் மண்டபத்தைக் கட்டினார் . இம் மண்டபமே நடுக்காலம் முழுதும் அரசர்களின் வதிவிடமாக அமைந்த புதிய வெஸ்ட்மின்ஸ்டர் அரண்மனையின்

what monastery was the center of business activities

Question: the westminster monastery was also known as what

the westminster monastery was also known as what

Question: what monastery was established near the middle east in 1097

வெஸ்ட்மின்ஸ்டர் மண்டபத்தைக் கட்டினார் . இம் மண்டபமே நடுக்காலம் முழுதும் அரசர்களின் வதிவிடமாக அமைந்த புதிய வெஸ்ட்மின்ஸ்டர் அரண்மனையின்

what monastery was established near the middle east in 1097

In the year 1097 , the Second Village of the Westminster established the Westminster Monastery near the Middle East . This Monastery was fully established on the basis of the new Westminster Monastery , which was governed by the governors . The Westminster Monastery was also the center of business activities , the destination city , which was established in its office , while the government was established in place .

This population was 18,000 in the 1100s and is about 100,000 in the 1300s. The population of the Jews was estimated at this time, initially the Emperor of Edwards expelled them from England through an edition published in the 1260.

கூடியிருந்தது

இங்கிலாந்தில்

வெளியேற்றினார்

Question: how many jews lived in england in the 1100s

This population was 18,000 in the 1100s and is about 100,000 in the 1300s. The population of the Jews was estimated at this time, initially the Emperor of Edwards expelled them from England through an edition published in the 1260.

how many jews lived in england in the 1100s

Question: who expelled the jews from england

Question: how many jews lived in england in the 1300s

how many jews lived in england in the 1300s

Question: who initially expelled the jews from england

who initially expelled the jews from england

Question: when was the first edition of the holy book published

when was the first edition of the holy book published

Question: what group was expelled from england in 1260

what group was expelled from england in 1260

Question: what was the name of the emperor who expelled jews from england

what was the name of the emperor who expelled jews from england

This population was 18,000 in the 1100s and is about 100,000 in the 1300s . The population of the Jews was estimated at this time , initially the Emperor of Edwards expelled them from England through an edition published in the 1260 .

This population was 18,000 in the 1100s and is about 100,000 in the 1300s. The population of the Jews was estimated at this time, initially the Emperor of Edwards expelled them from England through an edition published in the 1260.

This population was 18,000 in the 1100s and is about 100,000 in the 1300s. The population of the Jews was estimated at this time, initially the Emperor of Edwards expelled them from England through an edition published in the 1260.

The population of the Jews was<unk> to be expelled from England through an archive issued by the Emperor of Edwards in 1260.

In the middle of the 14th century, in the suburbs of a massacre called the "sacre" one-third of the people of Destiny were killed.

கூடியிருந்தது

இங்கிலாந்தில்

வெளியேற்றினார்

நூற்றாண்டின்

The Black Death was 'a squalid disease that killed within a week' and a national trauma that utterly transformed Britain. Dr Mike Ibeji follows its deadly path.
British Broadcasting CorporationHome
By Dr Mike Ibeji
Last updated 2011-03-10
The Black Death was 'a squalid disease that killed within a week' and a national trauma that utterly transformed Britain. Dr Mike Ibeji follows its deadly path.
The first outbreak of plague swept across England in 1348-49. It seems to have travelled across the south in bubonic form during the summer months of 1348, before mutating into the even more frightening pneumonic form with the onset of winter. It hit London in September 1348, and spread into East Anglia all along the coast early during the new year. By spring 1349, it was ravaging Wales and the Midlands, and by late summer, it had made the leap across the Irish Sea and had penetrated the north. The Scots were quick to take advantage of their English neighbours' discomfort, raiding Durham in 1349. Whether they caught the plague by this action, or whether it found its way north via other means, it was taking its revenge on Scotland by 1350.
It would be fair to say that the onset of the plague created panic the length and breadth of Britain. One graphic testimony can be found at St Mary's, Ashwell, Hertfordshire, where an anonymous hand has carved a harrowing inscription for the year 1349:
'Wretched, terrible, destructive year, the remnants of the people alone remain.'
The plague's journey across the length and breadth of Britain:
'Sometimes it came by road, passing from village to village, sometimes by river, as in the East Midlands, or by ship, from the Low Countries or from other infected areas. On the vills of the bishop of Worcester's estates in the West Midlands, they (the death rates) ranged between 19 per cent of manorial tenants at Hartlebury and Hanbury to no less than 80 per cent at Aston.... It is very difficult for us to imagine the impact of plague on these small rural communities, where a village might have no more than 400 or 500 inhabitants. Few settlements were totally depopulated, but in most others whole families must have been wiped out, and few can have been spared some loss, since the plague killed indiscriminately, striking at rich and poor alike.'
'The World Upside Down', Black Death in England by J. Bolton, ed.Ormrod and Lindley 1996
The Black Death entered south-western England in Summer 1348 and by all accounts struck Bristol with shocking force.
'In this year, 1348, in Melcombe in the county of Dorset, a little before the feast of St John the Baptist, two ships, one of them from Bristol, came alongside. One of the sailors had brought with him from Gascony the seeds of the terrible pestilence, and through him the men of that town of Melcombe were the first in England to be infected.' - Grey Friar's Chronicle, Lynn
Rumours of a terrible plague sweeping like wildfire across Europe had been rumbling for some time, and it is not surprising that the vibrant trading port of Bristol was the first major town in Britain to be affected, for it had close connections with the continent.
'Then the dreadful pestilence made its way along the coast by Southampton and reached Bristol, where almost the whole strength of the town perished, as it was surprised by sudden death; for few kept their beds more than two or three days, or even half a day.' - Henry Knighton, Chronicon
Bristol was the second largest city in Britain and was the principal port of entry for the West Country. Within it lived upwards of 10,000 souls, tightly packed together in conditions that were not altogether sanitary.
'Filth running in open ditches in the streets, fly-blown meat and stinking fish, contaminated and adulterated ale, polluted well water, unspeakable privies, epidemic disease, - were experienced indiscriminately by all social classes.' (Holt and Rosser, The English Medieval Town, (1990))
The foul conditions was as true of Bristol as it was of any other medieval town, if not more so because of its size and importance. People had a tendency to empty their chamberpots out of their windows into the street. Many houses owned their own pigs, which were supposed to be grazed outside the city walls, but were often allowed to roam the streets in search of food. Most townsfolk drew their water from the river, which was also used for industrial purposes by the local brewers, who were heavily regulated to prevent their fouling the water.The foul conditions was as true of Bristol as it was of any other medieval town, if not more so because of its size and importance. People had a tendency to empty their chamberpots out of their windows into the street. Many houses owned their own pigs, which were supposed to be grazed outside the city walls, but were often allowed to roam the streets in search of food. Most townsfolk drew their water from the river, which was also used for industrial purposes by the local brewers, who were heavily regulated to prevent their fouling the water.
The Black Death was to flourish in these conditions. Contemporary writers give an apocalyptic account of its effects. Knighton claims that: 'Almost the whole strength of the town perished.' A contemporary calendar said that: 'The plague raged to such a degree that the living were scarce able to bury the dead..' and
'...At this period the grass grew several inches high in the High St and in Broad St; it raged at first chiefly in the centre of the city.' (Geoffrey the Baker, Chronicon Angliae)
The Fourteenth Century Little Red Book of Bristol lists the names of the town councillors for 1349: of 52 names, 15 have been struck through to show that they are dead.
Another chronicler, Geoffrey the Baker, described the plague's arrival:
'The seventh year after it began, it came to England and first began in the towns and ports joining on the seacoasts, in Dorsetshire, where, as in other counties, it made the country quite void of inhabitants so that there were almost none left alive. From there it passed into Devonshire and Somersetshire, even unto Bristol, and raged in such sort that the Gloucestershire men would not suffer the Bristol men to have access to them by any means. But at length it came to Gloucester, yea even to Oxford and to London, and finally it spread over all England and so wasted the people that scarce the tenth person of any sort was left alive.' (Geoffrey the Baker, Chronicon Angliae)
A mass grave has been uncovered at Spitalfields containing the remains of victims of the Black Death
'The pestilence arrived in London at about the feast of All Saints [1st Nov] and daily deprived many of life. It grew so powerful that between Candlemass and Easter [2nd Feb-12th April] more than 200 corpses were buried almost every day in the new burial ground made next to Smithfield, and this was in addition to the bodies buried in other graveyards in the city.'
The new Smithfield cemetery was hurriedly opened by the Bishop of London, but became so swamped that a local landowner, Sir Walter Manny, donated land nearby at Spittle Croft for a second cemetery. Excavation of the East Smithfield cemeteries, revealed that the dead were neatly stacked five deep in the mass graves (cf. D. Hawkins, The Black Death and the new London Cemeteries of 1348).
London, as the country's largest city, had all the concomitant problems of overcrowding and poor sanitation. The Thames was a polluted mess and cesspits within the city were a constant source of contamination.
Attempts to alleviate the sanitation problem were not helped by the Black Death itself. In 1349, the King remonstrated with the town council about the state of the streets. The council replied that it could do nothing on account of the fact that all of its street cleaners had died of the plague.
What made things worse was the fact that London was almost certainly hit by a combined attack of pneumonic and bubonic plague. Robert of Avesbury says that:
'Those marked for death were scarce permitted to live longer than three or four days. It showed favour to no-one, except a very few of the wealthy. On the same day, 20, 40 or 60 bodies, and on many occasions many more, might be committed for burial together in the same pit.'
In January 1349, Parliament was prorogued on the grounds that: 'the plague and deadly pestilence had suddenly broken out in the said place and the neighbourhood, and daily increased in severity so that grave fears were entertained for the safety of those coming here at the time.'
Two ex-Chancellors and three Archbishops of Canterbury all died in quick succession. A large black slab in the southern cloister of Westminster Abbey probably covers the remains of the Abbot of Westminster and 27 of his monks who were also taken by the plague.
It raged in London until spring 1350, and is generally assumed to have killed between one third and one half of the populace.
In Durham, the Bishop's rolls records that:
'No tenant came from West Thickley because they are all dead.'
The combination of plague and fear of a Scottish invasion caused such unrest within Durham itself that there were riots on the streets. These fears seem well founded, for the Scots were quick to take advantage of their English neighbours' distress, though they paid a terrible price for their opportunism:
'The Scots, hearing of the cruel plague of the English, declared that it had befallen them through the revenging hand of God, and they took to swearing by 'the foul death of England' - or so the common report resounded in the ears of the English. And thus the Scots, believing that the English were overwhelmed by the terrible vengeance of God, gathered in the forest of Selkirk with the intention of invading the whole realm of England. The fierce mortality came upon them, and the sudden cruelty of a monstrous death winnowed the Scots. Within a short space of time, around 5000 of them had died, and the rest, weak and strong alike, decided to retreat to their own country.' (Henry Knighton)
The retreating army and its baggage carried the plague home with them in autumn 1349. It seems to have been checked by the Scottish winter, but broke out with renewed virulence in the spring of 1350:
'In 1350, there was a great pestilence and mortality of men in the kingdom of Scotland, and this pestilence also raged for many years before and after in various parts of the world. So great a plague has never been heard of from the beginning of the world to the present day, or been recorded in books. For this plague vented its spite so thoroughly that fully a third of the human race was killed. At God's command, moreover, the damage was done by an extraordinary and novel form of death. Those who fell sick of a kind of gross swelling of the flesh lasted for barely two days. This sickness befell people everywhere, but especially the middling and lower classes, rarely the great. It generated such horror that children did not dare to visit their dying parents, nor parents their children, but fled for fear of contagion as if from leprosy or a serpent.' John of Fordun (d.1384), Scotichronicon
Another chronicle, the Book of Pluscarden says that the victims were: 'attacked with inflammation and lingered barely four and twenty hours.' Given the virulence of the plague and the symptoms described, it seems likely that the cold Scottish weather provoked an outbreak of pneumonic plague, with the complication of septicaemia.
'In the following year, it laid waste the Welsh as well as the English; and then it took ship to Ireland, where the English residents were cut down in great numbers, but the native Irish, living in the mountains and uplands, were scarcely touched until 1357 when it took them unawares and annihilated them everywhere.' (Geoffrey the Baker)'In the following year, it laid waste the Welsh as well as the English; and then it took ship to Ireland, where the English residents were cut down in great numbers, but the native Irish, living in the mountains and uplands, were scarcely touched until 1357 when it took them unawares and annihilated them everywhere.' (Geoffrey the Baker)
The plague in Wales and the Marches were as pitiless as elsewhere. At Whitchurch, an inquest into the death of one John le Strange revealed that John had died on 20th August 1349. His oldest son, Fulk, died 2 days before the inquest could be held on 30th August. Before an inquest could be held on Fulk's estate, his brother Humphrey was dead too. John, the third brother, survived to inherit a shattered estate, in which the 3 water mills which belonged to him were assessed at only half their value 'by reason of the want of those grinding, on account of the pestilence.' His land was deemed worthless because all its tenants were dead 'and no-one is willing to hire the land.' The Welsh poet, Jeuan Gethin, paints a vivid picture of the fear the plague engendered in its victims:
'We see death coming into our midst like black smoke, a plague which cuts off the young, a rootless phantom which has no mercy or fair countenance. Woe is me of the shilling in the arm-pit; it is seething, terrible, wherever it may come, a head that gives pain and causes a loud cry, a burden carried under the arms, a painful angry knob, a white lump. It is of the form of an apple, like the head of an onion, a small boil that spares no-one. Great is its seething, like a burning cinder, a grievous thing of an ashy colour. It is an ugly eruption that comes with unseemly haste. It is a grievous ornament that breaks out in a rash. The early ornaments of black death.'
Jeuan Gethin died in March or April 1349.
It is difficult to assess the affect of the plague in Ireland, because of the scarcity of manorial records and other sources. However, it is from Ireland that we get perhaps the most poignant testimony to the effect of the plague:
Plague stripped villages, cities, castles and towns of their inhabitants so thoroughly that there was scarcely anyone left alive in them. The pestilence was so contagious that those who touched the dead or the sick were immediately affected themselves and died, so that the penitent and confessor were carried together to the grave. Because of their fear and horror, men could hardly bring themselves to perform the pious and charitable acts of visiting the sick and burying the dead. Many died of boils, abscesses and pustules which erupted on the legs and in the armpits. Others died in frenzy, brought on by an affliction of the head, or vomiting blood. This amazing year was outside the usual order of things, exceptional in quite contradictory ways - abundantly fertile and yet at the same time sickly and deadly... It was very rare for just one person to die in a house, usually, husband, wife, children and servants all went the same way, the way of death.
And I, Brother John Clyn of the Friars Minor in Kilkenny, have written in this book the notable events which befell in my time, which I saw myself or have learned from men worthy of belief. So that notable deeds should not perish with time, and be lost from the memory of future generations, I, seeing these many ills, and that the whole world encompassed by evil, waiting among the dead for death to come, have committed to writing what I have truly heard and examined; and so that the writing does not perish with the writer, or the work fail with the workman, I leave parchment for continuing the work, in case anyone should still be alive in the future and any son of Adam can escape this pestilence and continue the work thus begun.
Here the narrative breaks off and is followed by a note in another hand:
'Here, it seems, the author died.'
On average, between 30-45% of the general populace died in the Black Death of 1348-50. But in some villages, 80% or 90% of the population died (and in Kilkenny at least, it seems likely that the death-rate was 100%!). A death-rate of 30% is higher than the total British losses in World War I.On average, between 30-45% of the general populace died in the Black Death of 1348-50. But in some villages, 80% or 90% of the population died (and in Kilkenny at least, it seems likely that the death-rate was 100%!). A death-rate of 30% is higher than the total British losses in World War I.
Nor was 1350 the end of it. Plague recurred! It came back in 1361-64, 1368, 1371, 1373-75, 1390, 1405 and continued into the fifteenth century. Death rates in the later epidemics may have been lower than the Black Death, but the sources reveal a new horror:
In 1361 a general mortality oppressed the people. It was called the second pestilence and both rich and poor died, but especially young people and children. (Henry Knighton)
In AD 1361 there was a mortality of men, especially adolescents and boys, and as a result it was commonly called the pestilence of boys. (Chronicle of Louth Park Abbey)
In 1361 there was a second pestilence within England, which was called the mortality of children. Several people of high birth and a great number of children died.
In 1369 there was a third pestilence in England and in several other countries. It was great beyond measure, lasted a long time and was particularly fatal to children.
In 1374 the fourth pestilence began in England... In the following year, a large number of Londoners from among the wealthier and more eminent citizens died in the pestilence.
In 1378 the fourth pestilence reached York and was particularly fatal to children. (Anonimalle Chronicle)
In 1390 a great plague ravaged the country. It especially attacked adolescents and boys, who died in incredible numbers in towns and villages everywhere. (Thomas Walsingham)
The message is clear: the plague was hitting the population of England where it hurt most, in its young. Modern research shows that it was entirely possible for the plague to have become both age and gender specific by the 1360s, with profound consequences for the reproductive cycle of the population. By the 1370s, the population of England had been halved and it was not recovering.
Most historians are willing to agree that the Black Death killed between 30-45% of the population between 1348-50.
The plague returned in a series of periodic local and national epidemics. The plague only finally stopped at the end of the Seventeenth century.
BBC © 2014 The BBC is not responsible for the content of external sites. Read more.
This page is best viewed in an up-to-date web browser with style sheets (CSS) enabled. While you will be able to view the content of this page in your current browser, you will not be able to get the full visual experience. Please consider upgrading your browser software or enabling style sheets (CSS) if you are able to do so.

Question: what fraction of the people of destiny were killed in the massacre called the sacre

மூன்றில் ஒரு

The population of the Jews was<unk> to be expelled from England through an archive issued by the Emperor of Edwards in 1260.

In the middle of the 14th century, in the suburbs of a massacre called the "sacre" one-third of the people of Destiny were killed.

what fraction of the people of destiny were killed in the massacre called the sacre

Question: in what year were the jews expelled from england

in what year were the jews expelled from england

Question: who issued the archive that caused the jewish population to be expelled from england

, முதலாம் எட்வார்டு அரசர்

who issued the archive that caused the jewish population to be expelled from england

Question: what was the name of the massacre where one-third of the people of destiny were

what was the name of the massacre where one-third of the people of destiny were

Question: the population of the jews was ordered to be expelled from where

இங்கிலாந்தில்

the population of the jews was ordered to be expelled from where

Question: in what century was a massacre called the "sacre"

14 ஆம் நூற்றாண்டின்

in what century was a massacre called the "sacre"

The population of the Jews was < unk > to be expelled from England through an archive issued by the Emperor of Edwards in 1260 .

In the middle of the 14th century , in the suburbs of a massacre called the " sacre " one - third of the people of Destiny were killed .

யூதர்களின் மக்கள்தொகை கூடியிருந்தது, முதலாம் எட்வார்டு அரசர் 1260 ஆம் ஆண்டில் வெளியிட்ட ஒரு ஆணையின் மூலம் அவர்களை இங்கிலாந்தில் இருந்து வெளியேற்றினார்.

"கறுப்புச் சாவு" எனப்பட்ட ஒரு தொற்றுநோய் ஏற்பட்டு 14 ஆம் நூற்றாண்டின் நடுப் பகுதியில், இலண்டனின் மக்கள் தொகையில் மூன்றில் ஒரு பகுதியினர் இறந்து போனார்கள்.

The population of the Jews was<unk> to be expelled from England through an archive issued by the Emperor of Edwards in 1260. In the middle of the 14th century, in the suburbs of a massacre called the "sacre" one-third of the people of Destiny were killed.

The population of the Jews was<unk> to be expelled from England through an archive issued by the Emperor of Edwards in 1260.

In the middle of the 14th century, in the suburbs of a massacre called the "sacre" one-third of the people of Destiny were killed.

In the year 1381 the "revolution of the victims" of the time of the one of the warnings placed, the internal crimes placed in the cities did not affect the target.

நூற்றாண்டின்

குடியானவர்களின்

புரட்சி""யின்போது

ஆக்கிரமிப்பு

அக்காலங்களில்

குழப்பங்களால்

Question: in what year did the "revolution of the victims" happen

In the year 1381 the "revolution of the victims" of the time of the one of the warnings placed, the internal crimes placed in the cities did not affect the target.

in what year did the "revolution of the victims" happen

Question: in the middle of the 14th century, what fraction of the people of destiny were

மூன்றில் ஒரு

in the middle of the 14th century, what fraction of the people of destiny were

Question: in what century were one-third of the people of destiny killed

14 ஆம் நூற்றாண்டின்

in what century were one-third of the people of destiny killed

Question: when were one-third of the people of destiny killed

14 ஆம் நூற்றாண்டின் நடுப்

when were one-third of the people of destiny killed

Question: what was the name of the massacre in the suburbs of destiny

what was the name of the massacre in the suburbs of destiny

In the year 1381 the " revolution of the victims " of the time of the one of the warnings placed , the internal crimes placed in the cities did not affect the target .

1381 ஆம் ஆண்டில் "குடியானவர்களின் புரட்சி"யின்போது இடம்பெற்ற ஆக்கிரமிப்பு ஒன்றைத் தவிர, அக்காலங்களில் இடம்பெற்ற உள்நாட்டுக் குழப்பங்களால் இலண்டன் அதிகம் பாதிப்பு அடையவில்லை.

In the middle of the 14th century, in the suburbs of a massacre called the "sacre" one-third of the people of Destiny were killed. In the year 1381 the "revolution of the victims" of the time of the one of the warnings placed, the internal crimes placed in the cities did not affect the target.

In the year 1381 the "revolution of the victims" of the time of the one of the warnings placed, the internal crimes placed in the cities did not affect the target.

www.london.gov.uk London at the National Aerospace and Aerospace Directorate (United States)'s Earth Observatory's "London" name - in the (PostScript file) London food parameters.

London from Evening Standard London food guidelines.

வானூர்தியியல்

ஆங்கிலத்தில்

விமரிசனங்கள்

home
Search
Accommodation
General
Attractions
A-Z
Golf
Football
Theatres
Cinemas
National Parks
Castles
Hotels
Restaurants
Popular Places
A-Z
Bath
Birmingham
Brighton
Cambridge
Chester
Leeds
Liverpool
London
Manchester
Newcastle
Oxford
York
London
With so much to see and do, we have included the most popular requests into categories. If you are looking for something specific in 'London' then just type it into the search box below.
Let me search for hotels / guest houses
Find me a 4 star accommodation in London
Find me a cottage near
London
Find me Caravaning & Camping Sites
Find me Bed and Breakfast
Find me somewhere that serves...
English
Indian
French
Italian
Thai
Chinese
Japanese
Find me short breaks in London
Find me a theatre in London
Find me a Cinema in London
Find me...
Find me a football club near London
Find me a Golf Club in London
Find me a cricket club in London
Find me a health/fitness club in London
Related Links for London
Pure Fitness UK
Pure Fitness UK in London provides the complete body fitness program for everbody including fitness evaluation, personal training, boxercise, yoga, nutrition, sports therapy and a sports injury clinic
http://www.purefitnessuk.com
Rob Dian - London UK
Information for travellers to London. Book your flights, accommodation and tours directly from this site!
http://www.robdian.co.uk
Washing Machine Repairs London- Domex UK
Specialized in on-site repairs of all makes of washing machines, dryers and dishwashers. Great deals on new and recondition appliances
http://www.domex-uk.co.uk
Free UK Dialup
Free UK dialup ISP for Apple Mac, Linux and Windows.
http://www.free-internet-uk.net
My Singles Bar
UK Online Dating Service. Whether your looking for fun, friends or maybe something more, My Singles Bar is the perfect place to break the ice.
http://www.mysinglesbar.com
Love2Dine - UK Restaurant Guide
A fully comprehensive guide of the top UK Restaurants, for all dining out enthusiasts. Complete with reviews, shopping channels and all related gastronomical delights
http://www.love2dine.co.uk
mallardswood.com
Children's daycare nursery - Places for available for children 6months to 5years, open 7.30am to 7pm - SureStart?NNI places -Woodford Green, essex
http://www.mallardswood.com
The UCL Bloomsbury theatre
The UCl Bloomsbury - your local theatre in Central London
http://www.thebloomsbury.com
Sandlady Arts and Crafts
Sand Art Sand bottles for Arts and Crafts and Fundraising Events
http://www.sandlady.co.uk
Search for
help
Accommodation
,
Agencies
,
Artists and Galleries
,
Auctions
,
Banking
,
Bars
,
Careers
,
Classifieds
,
Commercial property
,
Cricket
,
Education
,
England
,
Estate agents
,
Events and Festivals
,
Film
,
Football
,
Games
,
Golf
,
Guides
,
Health
,
Insurance
,
Ireland
,
Job Search
,
Mortgages
,
Museums
,
Music
,
Residential
,
Restaurants
,
Rugby
,
Scotland
,
Shopping
,
Stores
,
Tennis
,
Theatre
,
Tourism
,
Travel
,
Wales
,

Question: where does london get its name from

www.london.gov.uk London at the National Aerospace and Aerospace Directorate (United States)'s Earth Observatory's "London" name - in the (PostScript file) London food parameters.

London from Evening Standard London food guidelines.

Question: what file does the earth observatory use

what file does the earth observatory use

Question: where does london get its food from

Standard லண்டன் உணவகங்களின் வழிகாட்டி

Question: what is the name of london's daily newspaper

Standard லண்டன் உணவகங்களின் வழிகாட்டி

what is the name of london's daily newspaper

Question: what country is the national aerospace and aerospace directorate

ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்கா

what country is the national aerospace and aerospace directorate

Question: where does the earth observatory's name come from

National Aerospace and Aerospace Directorate

தேசிய வானூர்தியியல் மற்றும் விண்வெளி நிர்வாகம்

National Aerospace and Aerospace Directorate

where does the earth observatory's name come from

Question: what type of food is london

www.london.gov.uk London at the National Aerospace and Aerospace Directorate ( United States ) 's Earth Observatory 's " London " name - in the ( PostScript file ) London food parameters .

London from Evening Standard London food guidelines .

www.london.gov.uk London at தேசிய வானூர்தியியல் மற்றும் விண்வெளி நிர்வாகம் (ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்கா)'s Earth Observatory "லண்டன்" பெயரின் விரிவுரை - ஆங்கிலத்தில் (PostScript file) லண்டன் உணவகங்களின் விமரிசனங்கள்.

London from Evening Standard லண்டன் உணவகங்களின் வழிகாட்டி.

www.london.gov.uk London at the National Aerospace and Aerospace Directorate (United States)'s Earth Observatory's "London" name - in the (PostScript file) London food parameters. London from Evening Standard London food guidelines.

www.london.gov.uk London at the National Aerospace and Aerospace Directorate (United States)'s Earth Observatory's "London" name - in the (PostScript file) London food parameters.

London from Evening Standard London food guidelines.

"வெளியிணைப்புகள்

ஆங்கிலத்தில்

தகவல்களையும்

தொகுப்பதற்கான

London, England
For almost 2,000 years, the River Thames has served as the life force of London, capital of the United Kingdom and one of the world’s most famous cities. In AD 43 the Romans established the trading settlement of Londinium at a favorable crossing point on the river. The Romans remained until the 5th century, when the city came under Saxon control. The early 17th century saw enormous growth, but the deadly plague of 1664 and 1665 ravaged the population, and in the following year the Great Fire, which burned for four days, destroyed most of the city. A public transportation system and other city services in the early 19th century eased many of the increasing urban problems of the burgeoning capital of the wealthy British empire. After coping with the devastating effects of bombing during World War II and the gradual dismantling of the empire, London today thrives as a vital modern metropolis. London is one of 100 cities being studied using Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) data to map and monitor urban use patterns and growth.
This image was acquired on October 12, 2001 by the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) on NASA’s Terra satellite. With its 14 spectral bands from the visible to the thermal infrared wavelength region, and its high spatial resolution of 15 to 90 meters (about 50 to 300 feet), ASTER images Earth to map and monitor the changing surface of our planet.
Size (full image): 39.5 x 55.3 km (24.5 x 34.3 miles)
Image courtesy NASA/GSFC/MITI/ERSDAC/JAROS, and U.S./Japan ASTER Science Team
View Images Index
|
Subscribe to the Earth Observatory
|
About the Earth Observatory
Please send comments or questions to: eobmail@eodomo.gsfc.nasa.gov
Responsible NASA official: Yoram Kaufman
NASA/GSFC Security and Privacy Statement

Question: what is the title of the first chapter of peter ackroyd's book

what is the title of the first chapter of peter ackroyd's book

Question: who is the mayor of london

Question: what is the name of the london guide

Question: who does peter ackroyd serve as mayor of london

the Mayor of London and the London Assembly

the Mayor of London and the London Assembly

the Mayor of London and the London Assembly

who does peter ackroyd serve as mayor of london

Question: what is the first chapter of peter ackroyd's book

what is the first chapter of peter ackroyd's book

Question: who is peter ackroyd

Mayor of London, the London Assembly and the Greater London Authority

Mayor of London , the London Assembly and the Greater London Authority official web site for the Mayor of London

Mayor of London , the London Assembly and the Greater London Authority

Question: where can i find the mayor of london and the greater london authority

where can i find the mayor of london and the greater london authority

Publications - The Open Guide to London - The London Guide London Guide on Englandguide.co.uk First chapter of the book " London : The Biography " by Peter Ackroyd Mayor of London , the London Assembly and the Greater London Authority official website for the Mayor of London and the London Assembly .

"வெளியிணைப்புகள்

ஆங்கிலத்தில்

தகவல்களையும்

தொகுப்பதற்கான

வானூர்தியியல்

ஆங்கிலத்தில்

விமரிசனங்கள்

Tony Blair vowed today that Britain will defeat the terrorists who inflicted the "murderous carnage" of last Thursday's bomb attacks on London. The death toll following the attacks now stands at 52. Another 56 remain severely injured... read
| discuss
Hotel of the Week: It's hard not to have your breath taken away by the Waldorf-Astoria in New York. Taking up an entire block in Mid-town Manhattan, Anna Melville-James puts one of the Big Apple's most famous hotels through its paces... read
Dinner and show: Book now for The Producers at the Theatre Royal Drury Lane and dinner at Porters for only £19.95 per person. Plus plenty of offers to see other great West End shows with tickets available from only £10... read
Singles Reviews: There's new releases this week from the gift from the pop gods Clor, the hippest Danes since Metallica's Lars Ulrich, the Ravonettes, and Border-town ex-gang runners and afro-wagglers, The Mars Volta... read
| discuss
| rate
| shop
Andrew Lloyd Webber is to spend £ 10 million on refurbishing the Palladium, the Theatre Royal Drury Lane and six other major West End theatres. He will use the proceeds from selling four other playhouses to upgrade his remaining Really Useful Theatres portfolio - his larger, musical venues... read
| discuss
Theatre Review: Avant-garde director William Gaskill has made a triumphant come-back to the Royal Court theatre at the age of 75 and his dramatisation and direction of five short stories makes an oddly fascinating and unusual night out, says Nicholas de Jongh... read
| discuss
| rate
Gig Preview: It may seem perverse to suggest erratic soul diva Lauryn Hill as gig of the week. But if, contrary to indications, she pulls off this closing night of the ENO Voice season, it really will be a night to remember, says Siobhan Murphy... read
| discuss
| rate
| shop
Big Brother: The Big Brother housemates were warned to be on their guard today after a message was delivered saying Big Brother would be telling lies this week. The note said Big Brother would lie to the housemates twice before Friday's eviction.
.. read

Question: what is the name of the london food system

what is the name of the london food system

Question: who is the author of the book london: the biography

Peter Ackroyd Mayor of London, the London Assembly and the Greater London Authority

Peter Ackroyd Mayor of London , the London Assembly and the Greater London Authority official web site for the Mayor of London

Peter Ackroyd Mayor of London , the London Assembly and the Greater London Authority

who is the author of the book london: the biography

Question: what does the acronym london stand for

Question: what is the first chapter of the london guide

what is the first chapter of the london guide

Question: who does peter ackroyd work for

the Mayor of London and the London Assembly

the Mayor of London and the London Assembly

the Mayor of London and the London Assembly

Publications - The Open Guide to London - The London Guide London Guide on Englandguide.co.uk First chapter of the book "London: The Biography" by Peter Ackroyd Mayor of London, the London Assembly and the Greater London Authority official website for the Mayor of London and the London Assembly. www.london.gov.uk London at the National Aerospace and Aerospace Directorate (United States)'s Earth Observatory's "London" name - in the (PostScript file) London food parameters.

London Bars and Pubs Guide.

|
|
|Arts and
Crafts
|
Artists, shops...
Art
Galleries
Artists, galleries, The Tate...
Business
Categories
Finance, industrial, retail...
London for
Children
Legoland, theme parks, zoos...
Community
Boroughs, charities, police...
Dining in
London
Cafes, guides, restaurants...
Education in
London
Colleges, universities...
Embassies in
London
United States embassy...
Employment
in London
Recruitment, temping...
Ethnic
London
Culture, events...
Events in
London
Carnivals, exhibitions...
London
Fashion
Designers, shows...
Gay
London
Clubs, hotels...
Government
in London
Downing Street, Whitehall...
Health
Hospitals, organizations...
Hotels
The
Ritz, B&B...
Leaving
London
Tourist offices, European sites...
Leisure
Activities, hobbies...
Newspapers and
Media
BBC, The Times, radio, TV...
Museums in
London
Maritime, Natural History...
Music in
London
Bands, Ronnie Scotts, venues...
London
Nightlife
Clubs, pubs, wine bars...
People
Celebrities, Royal Family...
Performing
Arts
Ballet, Opera...
Places in
London
Castles, palaces, parks...
London
Politics
New Labour, Conservative...
London
Property
Real Estate, lets, freeholds...
Reference
British Library...
London
Religion
Church of England, Baptists...
Shopping in
London
Fortnum and Mason, Selfridges...
Sport in
London
Lords, Wembley, Wimbledon...
Theatre in
London
The Globe, reviews...
London
Tours
Guided tours......
Transport in
London
Trains, planes, automobiles...
|
||
|
|
|
OK, So you like to write!
You love London - so why not write about it, and blog your thoughts
for the rest of us, or just your friends and family back home?
It might be the theatre, or maybe it's the Arsenal,
it could be shopping or just your day to day observations of living in the
capital.
If you feel mascohistic you could even write about the public transport!
MindtheGap.co.uk Blogs - CLICK
|
|
|
||
||It's a beautiful day (or maybe
not), we have ideas for indoor and outdoor excursions that will
entertain, amuse, and enlighten. Read
more
|
|
|
|NetLondon's
Oxford graduate Victoria takes us on a tour around the Dreaming
Spires of Oxford.
|
Read
more.
|
||
||
||
|

Question: what is the name of the guide to london restaurants and bars

London Bars and Pubs Guide.

what is the name of the guide to london restaurants and bars

Question: what does london bars and pubs guide contain

உணவகங்களின் வழிகாட்டி

London Bars and Pubs Guide.

what does london bars and pubs guide contain

Question: where is the evening standard food guidelines located

London Bars and Pubs Guide.

where is the evening standard food guidelines located

Question: from what publication does the london food guide come

Standard லண்டன் உணவகங்களின் வழிகாட்டி

London Bars and Pubs Guide.

from what publication does the london food guide come

Question: what is the name of the london food guide

London Bars and Pubs Guide.

what is the name of the london food guide

London from Evening Standard லண்டன் உணவகங்களின் வழிகாட்டி. London Bars and Pubs Guide.

London from Evening Standard London food guidelines. London Bars and Pubs Guide.

London Bars and Pubs Guide.

Search
Go >
Most Popular
1.
Ramada Heathrow
2.
Drury Lane
3.
Kensington Hotel
4.
Hotel Airport CNG
5.
St George Dublin
Contact Us
res@hotels.iib.co.uk
Worldwide Hotels
Hotels Heidelberg
Hotels Paris
Hotels Alicante
Hotels Parma
Hotels Naples
Hotels Cologne
Hotels Manchester
Hotels Berlin
Hotels Rome
Hotels Milan
© 2004
IIB
Hotels
Car Hire
from IIB Autos
Search for Hotels in London
Destination
Check In
Abbots Salford
Aberdeen
Albert Docks
Aldridge
Alfriston
Altrincham
Ambleside
Amish Country
Appleby In Westmorland
Aspley Guise
Avon Valley
Ayrshire
Ballygally
Banbury
Banchory
Banffshire
Bardsley
Barry
Barton
Bath
Bayswater
Belfast
Belfast Airport
Bicester Village
Birmingham
Blackpool
Blandford Forum
Bloomsbury
Bond Street
Bournemouth
Bowness-on-windermere
Bradford
Bradford On Avon
Brecon
Bridge Of Allan
Bridgend
Bridgnorth
Brighton
Bristol
Bromley
Buxton
Cairngorm Mountains
Calne
Cambridge
Canterbury
Cardiff
Cardiganshire
Carnalough
Carrutherstown
Castleton
Chelmsford
Cheltenham
Chepstow
Cheshire
Chester
Chorley
Cleator
Clevedon
Clitheroe
Clydebank
Coleford
Contin
Cornwall
Cotswolds
Covent Garden
Coventry
Crawley
Crewe
Crieff
Croydon
Crudwell
Cumbria
Darlington
Deddington
Denbighshire
Derby
Derry
Docklands
Donegal
Dorset
Dover
Dumfermline
Dumfries
Dundee
Dunfermline
Durham
Earl Court
Earls Court
East Midlands
East Midlands Airport
East Sussx
Eastbourne
Ecclesfield
Edinburgh
Edinburgh Airport
Ellel
Essex
Eton
Evesham
Falkirk
Falmouth
Faringdon
Farnham
Felinfoel
Forest Of Dean
Fort William
Four Oaks
Gatwick
Gatwick Airport
Gilpin Valley
Glamorgan
Glasgow
Glasgow Prestwick
Gloucester
Gloucestershire
Golden Mile
Goldthorn Park
Grasmere
Gravesend
Gwent
Hammersmith
Hampshire
Harrogate
Harrow
Hayes
Haywards Heath
Heathrow
Heathrow Airport
Helmsley
Herefordshire
Hexham
High Wycombe
Hinckley
Horncastle
Hounslow
Hove
Huddersfield
Hull
Hyde Park
Ilkley
Ilminster
Inveraray
Inverness
Inverness-shire
Ipswich
Isle Of Wight
Islington
Jersey
John Lennnon Airport
Kegworth
Kendal
Kenmore
Kensington
Kensington Gardens
Kent
Kilmarnock
Kilwinning
Kings Cross
Kings Lynn
Lake District
Lampeter
Lamphey
Lancashire
Lancaster
Lancaster Gate
Langollen
Lea Marston
Leamington Spa
Leeds
Leeds Bradford
Leeds Bradford Airport
Leicester
Leicestershire
Leominster
Lichfield
Lincoln
Lincolnshire
Liverpool
Liverpool Airport
Llanberis
Llandrindod Wells
Llandudno
Llanelli
Llangollen
Loch Lomond
London
London City
London City Airport
Londonderry
Lyndhurst
Lytham
Maidstone
Malmesbury
Manchester
Manchester Airport
Marble Arch
Marchwiel
Market Harborough
Melrose
Middelsex
Mildenhall
Milton Keynes
Monkbar
Montrose
Nairn
Nantwich
Narrowcliff
Newcastle
Newmarket
Newport
Newquay
Norfolk
North Petherton
North Wales
North York Moors
North Yorkshire
Northumberland
Norwich
Nottingham
Nottinghamshire
Notts
Nuneaton
Oakham
Old Trafford
Oldham
Orton Longueville
Oswestry
Oxford
Oxfordshire
Paddington
Pangbourne
Peckfield
Pembroke
Perth
Perthshire
Peterborough
Piccadilly
Pickering
Plymouth
Port Talbot
Portsmouth
Powys
Preston
Prestwick
Princes Street
Pulborough
Queensway
Reading
Ripon
Ross On Wye
Rotherham
Roxburghshire
Royal Mile
Rumwell
Ruthin
Rye
Saint Helier
Scarborough
Scottish Highlands
Sevenoaks
Shaftesbury
Sheffield
Shropshire
Singlewell
Sloane Square
Snowdon
Somerset
South Shield
South Wootton
South Yorkshire
Southampton
Southport
Spennymoor
St. Annes
St. Helier
St. Saviour
Stafford
Staffordshire
Standsted Airport
Stanstead
Stanstead Airport
Stansted
Stansted Airport
Stirling
Stockton On Tees
Stockton Tees Odh
Stoke On Trent
Stokenchurch
Stow-on-the-wold
Stratford-upon-avon
Strathpeffer
Suffolk
Surrey
Sussex
Sutton Coldfield
Swansea
Swansea Bay
Swiss Cottage
Taunton
Teesside
Teesside Airport
Tenterden
Tetbury
Thirsk
Thornhill
Tintern
Tomintoul
Torquay
Trinity
Ventnor
Wakefield
Warrington
Waterside
Welshpool
West Chiltington
West Drayton
West End
West Glamorgan
West Lothian
West Sussex
West Yorkshire
Westhill
Westmorland
Westonbirt Gloucestershire
Whitburn
Wigan
Wigston Fields
Willerby
Wiltshire
Windermere
Windsor
Wirral
Wolverhampton
Woodbridge
Worksop
Worthing
Wrexham
Wymondham
York
Yorkshire Dales
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sept
Oct
Nov
Dec
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
2004
2005
Occupancy
No of Rooms
Check Out
1
2
3
4
5
6
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sept
Oct
Nov
Dec
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
2004
2005
Popular Locations
Abbots Salford
Aberdeen
Albert Docks
Aldridge
Alfriston
Altrincham
Ambleside
Amish Country
Appleby In Westmorland
Aspley Guise
Avon Valley
Ayrshire
Ballygally
Banbury
Banchory
Banffshire
Bardsley
Barry
Barton
Bath
Bayswater
Belfast
Belfast Airport
Bicester Village
Birmingham
Blackpool
Blandford Forum
Bloomsbury
Bond Street
Bournemouth
Bowness-on-windermere
Bradford
Bradford On Avon
Brecon
Bridge Of Allan
Bridgend
Bridgnorth
Brighton
Bristol
Bromley
Buxton
Cairngorm Mountains
Calne
Cambridge
Canterbury
Cardiff
Cardiganshire
Carnalough
Carrutherstown
Castleton
Chelmsford
Cheltenham
Chepstow
Cheshire
Chester
Chorley
Cleator
Clevedon
Clitheroe
Clydebank
Coleford
Contin
Cornwall
Cotswolds
Covent Garden
Coventry
Crawley
Crewe
Crieff
Croydon
Crudwell
Cumbria
Darlington
Deddington
Denbighshire
Derby
Derry
Docklands
Donegal
Dorset
Dover
Dumfermline
Dumfries
Dundee
Dunfermline
Durham
Earl Court
Earls Court
East Midlands
East Midlands Airport
East Sussx
Eastbourne
Ecclesfield
Edinburgh
Edinburgh Airport
Ellel
Essex
Eton
Evesham
Falkirk
Falmouth
Faringdon
Farnham
Felinfoel
Forest Of Dean
Fort William
Four Oaks
Gatwick
Gatwick Airport
Gilpin Valley
Glamorgan
Glasgow
Glasgow Prestwick
Gloucester
Gloucestershire
Golden Mile
Goldthorn Park
Grasmere
Gravesend
Gwent
Hammersmith
Hampshire
Harrogate
Harrow
Hayes
Haywards Heath
Heathrow
Heathrow Airport
Helmsley
Herefordshire
Hexham
High Wycombe
Hinckley
Horncastle
Hounslow
Hove
Huddersfield
Hull
Hyde Park
Ilkley
Ilminster
Inveraray
Inverness
Inverness-shire
Ipswich
Isle Of Wight
Islington
Jersey
John Lennnon Airport
Kegworth
Kendal
Kenmore
Kensington
Kensington Gardens
Kent
Kilmarnock
Kilwinning
Kings Cross
Kings Lynn
Lake District
Lampeter
Lamphey
Lancashire
Lancaster
Lancaster Gate
Langollen
Lea Marston
Leamington Spa
Leeds
Leeds Bradford
Leeds Bradford Airport
Leicester
Leicestershire
Leominster
Lichfield
Lincoln
Lincolnshire
Liverpool
Liverpool Airport
Llanberis
Llandrindod Wells
Llandudno
Llanelli
Llangollen
Loch Lomond
London
London City
London City Airport
Londonderry
Lyndhurst
Lytham
Maidstone
Malmesbury
Manchester
Manchester Airport
Marble Arch
Marchwiel
Market Harborough
Melrose
Middelsex
Mildenhall
Milton Keynes
Monkbar
Montrose
Nairn
Nantwich
Narrowcliff
Newcastle
Newmarket
Newport
Newquay
Norfolk
North Petherton
North Wales
North York Moors
North Yorkshire
Northumberland
Norwich
Nottingham
Nottinghamshire
Notts
Nuneaton
Oakham
Old Trafford
Oldham
Orton Longueville
Oswestry
Oxford
Oxfordshire
Paddington
Pangbourne
Peckfield
Pembroke
Perth
Perthshire
Peterborough
Piccadilly
Pickering
Plymouth
Port Talbot
Portsmouth
Powys
Preston
Prestwick
Princes Street
Pulborough
Queensway
Reading
Ripon
Ross On Wye
Rotherham
Roxburghshire
Royal Mile
Rumwell
Ruthin
Rye
Saint Helier
Scarborough
Scottish Highlands
Sevenoaks
Shaftesbury
Sheffield
Shropshire
Singlewell
Sloane Square
Snowdon
Somerset
South Shield
South Wootton
South Yorkshire
Southampton
Southport
Spennymoor
St. Annes
St. Helier
St. Saviour
Stafford
Staffordshire
Standsted Airport
Stanstead
Stanstead Airport
Stansted
Stansted Airport
Stirling
Stockton On Tees
Stockton Tees Odh
Stoke On Trent
Stokenchurch
Stow-on-the-wold
Stratford-upon-avon
Strathpeffer
Suffolk
Surrey
Sussex
Sutton Coldfield
Swansea
Swansea Bay
Swiss Cottage
Taunton
Teesside
Teesside Airport
Tenterden
Tetbury
Thirsk
Thornhill
Tintern
Tomintoul
Torquay
Trinity
Ventnor
Wakefield
Warrington
Waterside
Welshpool
West Chiltington
West Drayton
West End
West Glamorgan
West Lothian
West Sussex
West Yorkshire
Westhill
Westmorland
Westonbirt Gloucestershire
Whitburn
Wigan
Wigston Fields
Willerby
Wiltshire
Windermere
Windsor
Wirral
Wolverhampton
Woodbridge
Worksop
Worthing
Wrexham
Wymondham
York
Yorkshire Dales
Hotels in Stockholm
from �47.46 p/n
Hotels in Nice
from �46.06 p/n
Hotels in Brussels
from �43.35 p/n
Hotels in Dublin
from �44.25 p/n
Hotels in Zurich
from �57.29 p/n
Hotels in Rotterdam
from �55.55 p/n

London Bars and Pubs Guide.

London Hotels, Sightseeing Attractions
World
Europe
United Kingdom
England
Accommodations
Information
Leisure Time Offerings:
Culture and Recreation
Description London
- London is the capital of the United Kingdom and of England, and with over seven million inhabitants in the Greater London area, is the second-most populous conurbation in Europe (after Moscow). From being Londinium, the capital of the Roman province of Britannia, it rose to become the centre of the British Empire and today contributes 17% of the GDP of the UK's economy, the world's fourth largest. London has been one of the world's most important centres of commerce and politics for several centuries.
By Wikipedia
Reservation at
Language
2PL-Netzwerk

London Bars and Pubs Guide.

London Bars and Pubs Guide.