தென்னிந்தியா

தென்னிந்தியா (South India) அல்லது தென் இந்தியா என்பது ஆந்திரப் பிரதேசம், கர்நாடகா, கேரளா, தமிழ்நாடு மற்றும் தெலுங்கானா மாநிலங்கள் மற்றும் ஆட்சி பகுதிகளான அந்தமான் நிக்கோபார்,  இலட்சத்தீவுகள் மற்றும் புதுச்சேரி ஆகியனவை உள்ளடக்கியதாகும். இது இந்தியாவின் நிலபரப்பில் 19.31% ஆக்கிரமித்து உள்ளது. இந்தியாவின் தெற்கு பகுதியான தக்காண பீடபூமியை உள்ளடக்கி, கிழக்கில் வங்காள விரிகுடா, மேற்கில் அரபிக் கடல் மற்றும் தெற்கில் இந்திய பெருங்கடலால் சூழப்பட்டிருக்கிறது. மேற்கு தொடர்ச்சி மலை மற்றும் கிழக்கு தொடர்ச்சி மலை நடுவில் பீடபூமியை நடுப்பகுதியாக கொண்டுள்ளது. கோதாவரி, கிருஷ்ணா, காவிரி மற்றும் சிறுவாணி ஆறுகள் தலைமை நீர் அடையாளங்களாகும். சென்னை, பெங்களூர், ஹைதராபாத், கோயம்புத்தூர், கொச்சி,திருச்சிராப்பள்ளி, கோழிக்கோடு மற்றும் விசாகப்பட்டினம் மிகப் பெரிய நகர்ப்புற பகுதிகளாகும்.

தென் இந்தியாவில் உள்ள பெரும்பான்மை மக்கள் நான்கு முக்கிய திராவிட மொழிகளில் ஒன்றான தெலுங்கு, தமிழ், கன்னடம் மற்றும் மலையாளம் ஆகியனவற்றையே பேசுகின்றனர். தென் இந்தியா பகுதிகளை பல வம்ச மன்னர்கள் ஆண்டனர் மற்றும் தென் இந்திய கலாச்சாரம் தெற்கு ஆசியா முழுவதும் பரவியது. சேரர், சோழர், பாண்டியர், பல்லவர், சாளுக்கியர் மற்றும் விஜயநகரப் பேரரசு ஆகியவை தென் இந்தியாவில் நிறுவப்பட்ட தலைமை வம்சாவளிகள் ஆகும்.

 இந்திய சுதந்திரத்துக்கு பிறகு பல ஏற்ற இறக்கங்கள் பட்ட பிறகு, தென்னிந்திய மாநிலங்கள் மெதுவாக பொருளாதார முன்னேற்றம் அடைந்தன. கடந்த முப்பதாண்டுகளாக, நாட்டு சராசரி வளர்ச்சியை விட அதிக வளர்ச்சியை பதிவு செய்துள்ளன. தென் இந்திய மாநிலங்களில் சில முன்னேற்றம் கண்ட அதே வேளை, வறுமை நாட்டின் ஏனைய பகுதிகளை போல சிக்கலாக இருக்கிறது. தென் மாநிலங்களில் பொருளாதாரம் வட மாநிலங்களை விட அதிக வேகத்தில் வளர்ச்சி பெற்றுவிட்டது.  கல்வியறிவு விகிதம் தென் மாநிலங்களில் சுமார் 80% ஆக உள்ளது. இது இந்தியாவின் மற்ற பகுதிகளில் விட அதிகமானதாகும். தென்னிந்தியாவின் குழந்தை பிறப்பு வீதம் 1.9 ஆகும். அனைத்து இந்திய பகுதிகளில் இதுவே குறைவானதாகும்.

தென்னிந்தியாவின் முதல் தர பத்து மிகப்பெரிய நகரங்கள்
தென்னிந்தியாவில் பல தொழில் முதலீடுகளை உள்ள நகரங்கள் பல உள்ளன. மேலும் தென்னிந்தியாவின் பொருளாதாரம் முக்கிய பங்கு வகிக்கிறது. அவ்வகையில் கீழ்கண்ட முதல் பத்து நகரங்கள் தென்னிந்திய பொருளாதாரத்தில் பெரும் பங்காக உள்ளது.
 சென்னை
 ஹைதராபாத்
 பெங்களூரு
 கோயம்புத்தூர்
 திருவனந்தபுரம்
 விசாகப்பட்டினம்
 மதுரை
 மைசூர்
 ஹூப்ளி
 அமராவதி
போன்ற நகரங்கள் தென்னிந்திய பொருளாதாரத்தில் மிக முக்கிய மாநகரங்கள் ஆகும். இதன் தர வரிசையே தென்னிந்திய பெருநகரங்கள் மற்றும் தென்னிந்திய வரிசைப்படட்டியல் நகரங்கள் ஆகும்.

 சொற்பிறப்பு
thumb|தென்னிந்தியா
தீபகற்ப இந்தியா என்றும் அழைக்கப்படும் தென்னிந்தியா, பல பெயர்களால் அறியப்படுகிறது. கடலோரப் பகுதிகளைத் தவிர்த்து தீபகற்ப இந்தியாவின், பெரும்பகுதி தக்காணப் பீடபூமியால் காணப்படுகிறது. "டெக்கான்" என்ற சொல், தக்ஷின் என்ற சமசுகிருத வார்த்தையிலிருந்து பெறப்பட்ட தக்ஹின் என்ற பிராகிருத வார்த்தையின் ஆங்கில வடிவமாகும். கருநாடகமும் தென்னிந்தியாவுடன் தொடர்புடையது ஆகும்.

 வரலாறு

 பண்டைய காலம்
thumb|left|250px| இராசேந்திர சோழன் காலத்தில் கிபி 1030ல் சோழப் பேரரசு
இரும்புக் காலத்திலிருந்து (கிமு 1200 - கிமு 24), கிபி 14ம் நூற்றாண்டு வரையிலான பாண்டியர், சோழர், சேரர்,  சாதவாகனர், சாளுக்கியர், இராஷ்டிரகூடர், பல்லவர், காக்கத்தியர், போசளர் காலத்திய பண்டைய தென்னிந்திய வரலாறு அறியப்படுகிறது. களப்பிரர்கள் (கி.பி 250 – 600 ) சேர, சோழ, பாண்டியர்களை வென்று தென்னிந்தியாவின் பெரும் பகுதிகளை ஆட்சி செய்தனர்.  தென்னிந்திய அரச குலங்கள், தங்கள் பேரரசின் நிலவிரிவாக்கத்திற்கு ஒன்றுடன் ஒன்று எப்போதும் போரிட்டுக் கொண்டிருந்தாலும்,  வெளிநாட்டு, குறிப்பாக வடநாட்டு இசுலாமிய படைகளுடனும் எதிர்த்து நின்றது. தென்னிந்திய பேரரசுகளில்,  விஜயநகரப் பேரரசு, வட இந்தியா இசுலாமிய முகலாயர்களின் தாக்குதல்களை முடியறிடித்து, தென்னிந்தியாவிற்கு அரண் ஆக விளங்கியது.

 விடுதலைக்குப் பின்பு
1956ல் இந்திய அரசு இயற்றிய மொழிவாரி மாநில மறுசீரமைப்புச் சட்டத்தின் படி, தென்னிந்தியாவில் தெலுங்கு மொழி பேசும் பகுதிகளை ஆந்திரப் பிரதேசம் எனும் புது மாநிலத்துடன் இணைத்தனர். கன்னட மொழி பேசும் பகுதிகள் மைசூர்  மாநிலத்துடன் இணைத்தனர். மலையாளம் பேசும் பகுதிகள் கேரளா எனும் புதிய மாநிலத்துடன் இணைத்தனர். 1968ல் சென்னை மாகாணத்தின் பெயரை தமிழ்நாடு எனப் பெயர் மாற்றப்பட்டது. 1972ல் மைசூர் மாநிலத்தின் பெயரை கர்நாடகா எனப் பெயரிடப்பட்டது.  1961ல் போர்த்துகேய இந்தியாவின் பகுதியான கோவா இந்தியாவின் ஒன்றியப் பகுதியானது. பின்னர் 1987ல் கோவா தனி மாநிலமாக உயர்ந்தது. 1950ல் பிரெஞ்சு இந்தியாவின் பகுதியான புதுச்சேரி, இந்தியாவின் ஒன்றியப் பகுதியானது. ஆந்திரப் பிரதேசத்தின் பழைய ஐதராபாத் இராச்சியத்தின் பகுதிகளைக் கொண்டு 2014ல்  தெலங்கானா மாநிலம் உருவானது.

  புவியியல்

250px|thumb|நாசாவின் செய்மதிப் படம், தென்னிந்தியா (ஆண்டு 31 சனவரி 2003)

இந்தியாவில் தெற்கில் தலைகீழ் முக்கோண வடிவ அமைப்பில் அமைந்த தென்னிந்திய தீபகற்பத்தின் எல்லைகளாக கிழக்கில் வங்காள விரிகுடா, தெற்கில் இந்தியப் பெருங்கடல், மேற்கில் அரபுக் கடல், வடக்கில் விந்திய மலைத்தொடர்களும் எல்லைகளாக உள்ளது.

சாத்பூரா மலைத்தொடர்களுக்கு தெற்கே அமைந்த தக்காண பீடபூமி தென்னிந்தியாவின் பெரும்பகுதிகளை கொண்டுள்ளது. தக்காண பீடபூமியின் மகாராட்டிரா மாநிலத்தின் கிழக்கில் பருத்தி அதிகம் விளையும் வறட்சி மிக்க விதர்பா மற்றும் மரத்வாடா பிரதேசங்கள் உள்ளது.  மேற்கு தொடர்ச்சி மலைத்தொடர்களுக்கும், அரபுக் கடலுக்கும் இடையே மலபார் பிரதேசம் மற்றும் கொங்கண் மண்டலம் உள்ளது.

வடக்கிலிருந்து தெற்காக அமைந்த மேற்கு தொடர்ச்சி மலைகளுக்கிடையே  மலைநாடு, மலபார் கடற்கரை, நீலகிரி, வயநாடு ஆனைமலை மற்றும் சத்தியமங்கலம் மலைக்காடுகள் உள்ளது. கிழக்கு தொடர்ச்சி மலைத்தொடரில் திருமலை, ஸ்ரீசைலம் போன்ற திருத்தலங்களும்,  நல்லமலா மலைக்காடுகளும் அமைந்துள்ளது

தாவரங்கள் மற்றும் விலங்குகள்
+தென்னிந்திய மாநிலங்களின்/யூனியன் பிரதேசங்களின் உயிரினங்கள்மாநிலம்/யூனியன் பிரதேசம்விலங்குபறவைமரம்பழம்மலர்அந்தமான் நிக்கோபார் தீவுகள்ஆவுளியாஅந்தமான் மரப் புறா (Columba palumboides)அந்தமான் படாக் (Pterocarpus dalbergioides)அந்தமான் கிரேப் மைர்ட்லே (Lagerstroemia hypoleuca)ஆந்திரப் பிரதேசம்புல்வாய்பனங்காடைவேம்புமாம்பழம்தாமரைகருநாடகம்இந்திய யானைபனங்காடைசந்தனம்தாமரைகேரளம்இந்திய யானைமலை இருவாட்சிதென்னைபலாகொன்றைஇலட்சத்தீவுகள்கீட்டோடொன்டைடீநோட்டி டெர்ன் (Anous stolidus)ஈரப்பலாபுதுச்சேரிஇந்திய அணில்ஆசியக் குயில்வில்வம்நாகலிங்கம்தமிழ்நாடுநீலகிரி வரையாடுமரகதப்புறாபனைபலாகாந்தள்தெலங்காணாபுள்ளிமான்பனங்காடைவன்னிமாம்பழம்ஆவாரை

 மக்கள் தொகை

thumb|upright=1.35|தென்னிந்தியாவில் மக்கள் தொகை

2011 இந்திய மக்கள் தொகை கணக்கெடுப்பின்படி மதிப்பிடப்பட்ட தென் இந்தியாவின் மக்கள்தொகை 25.2 கோடியாகும். இது இந்திய மக்கள் தொகையில் ஐந்தில் ஒரு பங்கு ஆகும். குழந்தை பிறப்பு வீதமானது மக்கள் தொகையை வீழ்ச்சி அடையாமல் வைத்திருக்கக்கூடிய 2.1க்கும் குறைவாகவே அனைத்து தென்னிந்திய மாநிலங்களுக்கும் உள்ளது. இதில் கேரளா மற்றும் தமிழ்நாடு இந்திய அளவிலேயே மிகக் குறைந்த குழந்தை பிறப்பு விதமாக 1.7 ஐப் பெற்றுள்ளன. இதன் காரணமாக 1981 முதல் 2011 வரை இந்திய மக்கள் தொகையில் தென் இந்தியாவின் பங்கு குறைந்து கொண்டே வந்துள்ளது. தென்னிந்தியாவின் மக்கள் தொகை அடர்த்தி சுமாராக ஒரு சதுர கிலோ மீட்டருக்கு 463 பேர். தாழ்த்தப்பட்ட மற்றும் பழங்குடியின மக்கள் தென் இந்தியாவின் மக்கள்தொகையில் 18 சதவீதம் பேர் ஆவர். பெரும்பாலான மக்கள் விவசாயத்தையே நம்பி உள்ளனர். 47.5% பேர் விவசாயம் மற்றும் அது சார்ந்த நடவடிக்கைகளில் ஈடுபட்டுள்ளனர். தென் இந்தியாவின் மக்கள் தொகையில் 60% பேர் நிலையான வீட்டு அமைப்புகளில் வாழ்கின்றனர். 67.8% தென்னிந்தியா குழாய் குடிநீர் வசதி பெற்றுள்ளது. கிணறுகள் மற்றும் நீர் ஊற்றுக்கள் குடிநீர் வழங்குவதில் முக்கியமான ஆதாரங்களாக உள்ளன.

இந்தியா சுதந்திரம் அடைந்த பிறகு தென் இந்திய பொருளாதாரம் ஏற்ற இறக்கங்களை சந்தித்தது. பிறகு கடந்த மூன்று தசாப்தங்களாக தேசிய சராசரியை விட அதிக வேகத்தில் தென்னிந்திய மாநிலங்களின் பொருளாதாரம் வளர்ந்துள்ளது. தென்னிந்திய மாநிலங்கள் சில சமூக பொருளாதார அளவீடுகளில் மேம்பட்ட போதிலும், வறுமையானது மற்ற இந்திய பகுதிகளைப் போலவே தாக்கத்தை ஏற்படுத்துகிறது. கடந்த வருடங்களில் குறிப்பிடத்தக்க அளவு வறுமை குறைந்துள்ள போதிலும் அதன் தாக்கம் தொடர்கிறது. 2011 மக்கள்தொகை கணக்கெடுப்பின்படி தென்னிந்திய மாநிலங்களின் மனித மேம்பாட்டுச் சுட்டெண் ஆனது அதிகமாக உள்ளது மற்றும் பெரும்பாலான வட இந்திய மாநிலங்களை காட்டிலும் பொருளாதாரமானது வேகமாக வளர்ந்துள்ளது.

2011 மக்கள்தொகை கணக்கெடுப்பின்படி தென்னிந்தியாவில் எழுத்தறிவு பெற்றவர்களின் எண்ணிக்கை சுமார் 80%. இது தேசிய சராசரியான 74% விட குறிப்பிடத்தக்க அளவு அதிகம். தென்னிந்திய மாநிலங்களில் கேரளா அதிகபட்ச எழுத்தறிவு வீதமாக 93.91% ஐப் பெற்றுள்ளது. தென்னிந்தியா, பாலின விகிதமான 1000 ஆண்களுக்கு எத்தனை பெண்கள் என்பதனை அதிகமாக பெற்றுள்ளது. இதில் கேரளா மற்றும் தமிழ்நாடு முதல் இரண்டு இடங்களை வகிக்கின்றன. பொருளாதார சுதந்திரம், ஆயுட்காலம், குடிநீர் வசதி, சொந்த வீடு வைத்திருப்பது மற்றும் சொந்த டிவி வைத்திருப்பது ஆகிய அளவீடுகளில் தென்னிந்திய மாநிலங்கள் இந்திய அளவில் முதல் பத்து இடங்களுக்குள் வருகின்றன. தென்னிந்திய மாநிலங்களில் 19% பேர் ஏழைகளாக உள்ளனர். அதே நேரத்தில் மற்ற இந்திய மாநிலங்களில் 38% பேர் ஏழைகளாக உள்ளனர். தென்னிந்திய மாநிலங்களில் சராசரி தனிநபர் வருமானம் . இது மற்ற இந்திய மாநிலங்களின் சராசரி தனிநபர் வருமானமான  ஐக் காட்டிலும் அதிகம். ஐக்கிய நாடுகள் அவை 2015க்குள் அடைய வேண்டும் என்று சில இலக்குகளை புத்தாயிரம் ஆண்டு வளர்ச்சி இலக்குகள் என்று அறிவித்து உள்ளது. இதில் மக்கள் தொகை சார்ந்த மூன்று புத்தாயிரம் ஆண்டு வளர்ச்சி இலக்குகளை கேரளா மற்றும் தமிழ்நாடு 2009லேயே அடைந்துவிட்டன. அந்த இலக்குகள் தாயின் ஆரோக்கியம், சேய் இறப்பு விகிதத்தை குறைப்பது மற்றும் குழந்தைகள் இறப்பு விகிதத்தைக் குறைப்பது ஆகியவையாகும்.

 மொழிகள்

upright=1.35|thumb|right| திராவிட மொழிகள்

தென்னிந்தியாவின் மிகப்பெரிய மொழிக் குடும்பம் திராவிட மொழிக் குடும்பம் ஆகும். இக்குடும்பத்தில் சுமார் 73 மொழிகள் உள்ளன. தென்னிந்தியாவில் பேசப்படும் முக்கிய மொழிகள் தெலுங்கு, தமிழ், கன்னடம் மற்றும் மலையாளம் ஆகும். துளு மொழி கடற்கரையோர கேரளா மற்றும் கருநாடகாவில், 15 லட்சம் மக்களால் பேசப்படுகிறது. கொங்கணி எனப்படும் இந்தோ ஆரிய மொழி கொங்கண் கடற்கரையில் 10 லட்சம் மக்களால் பேசப்படுகிறது. தென்னிந்தியாவின் நகரப்பகுதிகளில் ஆங்கிலமும் பரவலாக பேசப்படுகிறது. தென்னிந்தியாவில் உருது மொழி சுமார் 1.2 கோடி முஸ்லிம்களால் பேசப்படுகிறது. தமிழ், தெலுங்கு, கன்னடம், மலையாளம், உருது மற்றும் கொங்கணி ஆகியவை அலுவல் மொழிச் சட்டம் 1963 இன் படி இந்தியாவின் அலுவல் மொழிகளான 22 இல் ஒன்றாக வருகின்றன. இந்திய அரசாங்கத்தால் செம்மொழி அந்தஸ்து கொடுக்கப்பட்ட முதல் மொழி தமிழ் ஆகும். 2004 இல் தமிழுக்கு செம்மொழி அந்தஸ்து கொடுக்கப்பட்டது. செம்மொழி அந்தஸ்து கொடுக்கப்பட்ட பிறமொழிகள் கன்னடம் (2008), தெலுங்கு (2008) மற்றும் மலையாளம் (2013) ஆகும்.

எண்.மொழிபேசுபவர்களின் எண்ணிக்கைஅலுவல் மொழி1தெலுங்கு7,40,02,856ஆந்திரப் பிரதேசம், தெலுங்கானா, யானம்2தமிழ்6,07,93,814தமிழ்நாடு, புதுச்சேரி3கன்னடம்3,79,24,011கருநாடகா 4மலையாளம் 3,30,66,392கேரளா, லட்சத்தீவு, மாகே5உருது 2,30,66,392கேரளா, லட்சத்தீவு, புதுச்சேரி, ஆந்திரப் பிரதேசம், தெலுங்கானா, தமிழ்நாடு, கருநாடகா       6கொங்கணி24,89,015 எந்த தென்னிந்திய மாநிலத்திலும் அலுவல் மொழியாக இல்லை7துளுஎந்த தென்னிந்திய மாநிலத்திலும் அலுவல் மொழியாக இல்லை

 மதம்

தென்னிந்தியாவின் மிகப் பெரிய மதமாக 80% மக்கள் பின்பற்றக்கூடிய இந்துமதம் உள்ளது. 11% பேர் இஸ்லாமையும், 8% பேர் கிறித்தவ மதத்தையும் பின்பற்றுகின்றனர். வரலாற்றுக்கு முந்தைய மதம் தென்னிந்தியாவில் பின்பற்றப்பட்டுள்ளதற்கு ஆதாரமாக நடனங்கள் மற்றும் சடங்குகளை விவரிக்கும் கற்கால ஓவியங்கள் கிழக்கு கர்நாடகாவின் குப்கல் போன்ற இடங்களில் சிதறி காணப்படுகின்றன. அடிக்கடி உலகின் பழமையான மதமாக கருதப்படும் இந்து மதம் அதன் ஆரம்பத்தை இந்தியாவின் வரலாற்றுக்கு முந்தைய காலங்களில் கொண்டுள்ளது. தென்னிந்தியாவின் முக்கியமான ஆன்மீக பாரம்பரியங்களாக இந்து மதத்தின் சைவ மற்றும் வைணவ கிளைகள் கருதப்படுகின்றன. எனினும் புத்த மற்றும் ஜைன தத்துவங்கள் பல நூற்றாண்டுகளுக்கு முன்னர் செல்வாக்கு செலுத்திய போதும் இவை அவ்வாறு கருதப்படுகின்றன. தென்னிந்தியாவின் தெற்குப் பகுதிகளில் அய்யாவழியும் பரவி காணப்படுகிறது. தென்னிந்தியாவிற்கு இஸ்லாமானது ஏழாம் நூற்றாண்டின் ஆரம்பத்தில் கேரளாவின் மலபார் கடற்கரையில் அரேபிய வணிகர்களால் அறிமுகப்படுத்தப்பட்டது. 17 முதல் 18 ஆம் நூற்றாண்டு வரையிலான காலகட்டத்தில் தக்காண சுல்தான்களின் ஆட்சியின் கீழ் இது பரவியது. அரேபிய வழி வந்த கேரள இஸ்லாமியர்கள் மாப்பிளமார் என்று அழைக்கப்படுகின்றனர். கிறித்தவ மதம் தென்னிந்தியாவிற்கு புனித தோமையாரால் அறிமுகப்படுத்தப்பட்டது. அவர் கி. பி. 52 இல் கேரளாவின் முசிறிக்கு விஜயம் செய்து கேரளாவின் யூதக் குடியிருப்புக்களுக்கு ஞானஸ்நானம் செய்தார். கேரளா உலகின் மிகப் பழமையான யூத சமூகங்களில் ஒன்றுக்கு உறைவிடமாகவும் உள்ளது. அவர்கள் சாலமன் ஆட்சிக்காலத்தில் மலபார் கடற்கரைக்கு வந்ததாக கருதப்படுகிறது.

 பொருளாதாரம்
thumb|upright=0.9|முக்கிய பயிர் பகுதிகள்
thumb|upright=0.9|தகவல் தொழில்நுட்ப மையங்களின் வளர்ச்சி தென்னிந்தியாவின் பொருளாதார வளர்ச்சிக்கு தூண்டுகோலாக அமைந்தது. படத்தில் சென்னையின் டைடல் பார்க்.
தென்னிந்தியாவின் பொருளாதாரம் நாட்டின் சுதந்திரத்திற்கு பிறகு சோசலிச கட்டமைப்பை நோக்கி உறுதி அடைந்துள்ளது. தனியார் துறையின் பங்கெடுப்பு, வெளிநாட்டு வர்த்தகம் மற்றும் அன்னிய நேரடி முதலீடு ஆகியவற்றுக்கு கடினமான அரசாங்க கட்டுப்பாடுகள் உள்ளன. 1960 முதல் 1990 வரை தென்னிந்திய பொருளாதாரங்கள் கலவையான பொருளாதார வளர்ச்சியை பெற்றன. 1960களில் கேரளா சராசரி பொருளாதார வளர்ச்சியைப் பெற்றது. அதே நேரத்தில் ஆந்திரப்பிரதேசத்தின் பொருளாதாரம் அக்காலகட்டத்தில் சரிவை சந்தித்தது. 1970களில் கேரளா  பொருளாதார சரிவை சந்தித்தது. அதே நேரத்தில் 1970க்குப் பிறகு தமிழ்நாடு, ஆந்திரப் பிரதேசம் மற்றும் கர்நாடகா ஆகிய மாநிலங்களின் பொருளாதாரங்கள் தேசிய சராசரி வளர்ச்சி விகிதத்தை விட அதிகப்படியான வளர்ச்சி விகிதத்தை பெற்றன. மற்ற இந்திய மாநிலங்களுடன் ஒப்பிடும்போது பொருளாதார சீர்திருத்தக் கொள்கைகள் காரணமாக அவை இந்த வளர்ச்சியை பெற்றன. 2017–18 கணக்கின்படி தென்னிந்தியாவின் மொத்த உள்நாட்டு உற்பத்தி 56 லட்சம் கோடி (US$780 பில்லியன்) ஆகும். இந்திய அளவில் தமிழகம் இரண்டாவது பெரிய மொத்த உள்நாட்டு உற்பத்தியை பெற்றுள்ளது. இந்தியாவில் மகாராஷ்டிராவுக்கு பிறகு இரண்டாவது அதிக தொழில்மயமான மாநிலமாக தமிழகம் திகழ்கிறது. மார்ச் 2015-இன் கணக்கெடுப்பின்படி தென்னிந்தியாவில் 109 சிறப்பு பொருளாதார மண்டலங்கள்  உள்ளன. இந்தியாவில் உள்ள மொத்த சிறப்பு பொருளாதார மண்டலங்களில் 60% தென்னிந்தியாவில்தான் உள்ளன.

தென்னிந்திய மக்களில் 48%க்கும் அதிகமானோர் விவசாயம் சார்ந்த தொழில்களில் ஈடுபட்டுள்ளனர். விவசாயமானது பெரும்பாலும் பருவ மழையை நம்பியே உள்ளது. நெல், சோளம், திணை, பருப்பு வகைகள், கரும்பு, பருத்தி, மிளகாய் மற்றும் ராகி ஆகியவை தென்னிந்தியாவில் அறுவடை செய்யப்படும் முக்கியமான பயிர் வகைகள் ஆகும். பாக்கு, காப்பி, டீ, ரப்பர் மற்றும் நறுமணப் பொருட்கள் மலை சார்ந்த பகுதிகளில் அறுவடை செய்யப்படுகின்றன. மக்களின் பிரதான உணவு பயிராக நெல் உள்ளது. கோதாவரி, கிருஷ்ணா மற்றும் காவிரி டெல்டா பகுதிகள் நாட்டின் அதிக அரிசி உற்பத்தி செய்யும் பகுதிகளில் ஒன்றாக உள்ளன. அடிக்கடி ஏற்படும் பஞ்சங்கள் காரணமாக விவசாயிகள் கடனாளிகளாகவும், தங்களது ஆடு மாடுகளை விற்கும் நிலைக்கும் மற்றும் சில நேரங்களில் தற்கொலை செய்யும் நிலைக்கும் தள்ளப்படுகின்றனர். இந்தியாவின் மொத்த காப்பி உற்பத்தியில் 92% தென்னிந்தியாவில் தான் உற்பத்தி செய்யப்படுகிறது. பருத்தி, டீ, ரப்பர், மஞ்சள், மாம்பழங்கள் மற்றும் நறுமணப் பொருட்கள் உற்பத்தி செய்யும் முக்கியமான பகுதியாகவும் தென்னிந்தியா விளங்குகிறது. மற்ற பிற முக்கிய விவசாய உற்பத்தி பொருட்களானவை பட்டு மற்றும் கோழி சார்ந்த உற்பத்திப் பொருட்கள் ஆகும்.

பெங்களூரு, சென்னை, ஹைதராபாத், கோயம்புத்தூர் மற்றும் திருவனந்தபுரம் ஆகியவை நாட்டின் முக்கியமான தகவல் தொழில்நுட்ப மையங்களில் ஒன்றாக உள்ளன. இதில் பெங்களூரு இந்தியாவின் சிலிகான் பள்ளத்தாக்கு என்று அழைக்கப்படுகிறது. தகவல் தொழில்நுட்ப மையங்களின் வளர்ச்சி தென்னிந்தியாவில் பொருளாதார வளர்ச்சியை ஊக்கப்படுத்தியுள்ளது. வெளிநாட்டு முதலீடுகள் மற்றும் நாட்டின் பல பகுதிகளில் இருந்தும் வேலை தேடுவோரை ஈர்த்துள்ளது. 2005–06ல் தென்னிந்தியாவின் மென்பொருள் ஏற்றுமதி 64 ஆயிரம் கோடியை தாண்டியுள்ளது. சென்னை "ஆசியாவின் டெட்ராய்ட்" என்று அழைக்கப்படுகிறது. இந்தியாவின் மொத்த வாகன மற்றும் வாகன பாக உற்பத்தியில் 35% சென்னையில்தான் உற்பத்தி செய்யப்படுகிறது. இப்பகுதி இந்தியாவின் மோட்டார்கள் மற்றும் பம்புகள் தேவையில் மூன்றில் இரண்டு பங்கை கோயம்புத்தூர் உற்பத்தி செய்கிறது. மேலும் நகைகள், ஈர அரவை இயந்திரங்கள் மற்றும் வாகன பொருட்கள் ஏற்றுமதி செய்யும் பெரிய பகுதிகளில் ஒன்றாக விளங்குகிறது.

தென்னிந்தியாவின்  மற்றொரு முக்கிய  தொழில்துறை ஜவுளித் துறை ஆகும். இந்தியாவில் உள்ள மொத்த நார் ஜவுளி ஆலைகளில் 60% தென்னிந்தியாவில் குறிப்பாக கோயம்புத்தூர்,திருப்பூர், ஈரோட்டில் தான் உள்ளன.

சுற்றுலாத்துறை தென் இந்தியாவின் மொத்த உள்நாட்டு உற்பத்திக்கு சிறந்த பங்களிப்பை அளிக்கிறது. தமிழ்நாடு, ஆந்திரப் பிரதேசம், கருநாடகம் மற்றும் தெலுங்காணா ஆகிய மாநிலங்கள் சுற்றுலா பயணிகள் வருகையின் எண்ணிக்கையில் முதல் பத்து மாநிலங்களுக்குள் வருகின்றன. உள்நாட்டு சுற்றுலா பயணிகளில் 50%க்கும் மேற்பட்டோர் இந்த நான்கு மாநிலங்களுக்குத்தான் வருகின்றனர்.

 பொருளாதார மற்றும் மக்கள் தொகை குறியீடுகள் அளவுரு தென்னிந்தியா தேசிய அளவுமொத்த உள்நாட்டு உற்பத்தி56 லட்சம் கோடி104.7 லட்சம் கோடிநிகர மாநில உள்நாட்டு உற்பத்தி29,02723,222வறுமைக்கோட்டுக்கு கீழ் உள்ள மக்கள்15.41%26.1%நகரமயமாக்கப்பட்ட மக்கள் தொகை32.8%27.8%மின்சார வசதி உள்ள வீடுகள்98.91%88.2%எழுத்தறிவு விகிதம்81%74%

 மேற்கோள்கள்

பகுப்பு:இந்தியப் புவியியல்

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}} | blank_name_sec1 = அலுவல் மொழிகள் | blank_info_sec1 = | blank_name_sec2 = பிற மொழிகள் | blank_info_sec2 = | unit_pref = Metric | area_footnotes = | area_note = | area_water_percent = | area_rank = | area_total_km2 = 635,780 | area_land_km2 = | area_water_km2 = | population_total = 253051953 | population_as_of = 2011 | population_density_km2 = auto | population_demonym = | timezone1 = இசீநே (ஒ.ச.நே + 05:30) | utc_offset1 = | timezone1_DST = | utc_offset1_DST = | official_name = }} தென்னிந்தியா (South India) அல்லது தென் இந்தியா என்பது ஆந்திரப் பிரதேசம், கர்நாடகா, கேரளா, தமிழ்நாடு மற்றும் தெலுங்கானா மாநிலங்கள் மற்றும் ஆட்சி பகுதிகளான அந்தமான் நிக்கோபார், இலட்சத்தீவுகள் மற்றும் புதுச்சேரி ஆகியனவை உள்ளடக்கியதாகும். இது இந்தியாவின் நிலபரப்பில் 19.31% ஆக்கிரமித்து உள்ளது.

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And the mountains and the mountains, and the mountains, and the mountains, and the mountains, and the mountains, and the mountains, and the mountains, and the mountains.

Biodiversity in India, Volume 1
T. Pullaiah, K. Jaganmohan Reddy
Regency Publications, 2002 - Biodiversity - 384 pages
Contributed articles."Something has happened to English; and something has happened to Hindi. These two languages, widely spoken across India, need to be understood anew through their 'hybridization' into Hinglish -- a mixture of Hindi and English that has begun to make itself heard everywhere -- from daily conversation to news, films, advertisements and blogs. How did this popular form of urban communication evolve? Is this language the new and trendy idiom of a youthful population no longer competent in either English or Hindi? Or is it an Indianized version of a once-colonial language, claiming its legitimate place alongside India's many bhashas? Chutnefying English: The Phenomenon of Hinglish, the first book on the subject, takes a serious look at this widespread phenomenon of our times which has pervaded every aspect of our daily lives. It addresses the questions that many speakers of both languages ask time and again: should Hinglish be spurned as the bastard offspring of its two parent languages, or welcomed as the natural and legitimate result of their long-term cohabitation? Leading scholars from literature, cultural studies, translation, cinema and new media come together to offer a collection of essays that is refreshingly new in thought and content."--Page 2 of cover.
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இந்தியாவின் தெற்கு பகுதியான தக்காண பீடபூமியை உள்ளடக்கி, கிழக்கில் வங்காள விரிகுடா, மேற்கில் அரபிக் கடல் மற்றும் தெற்கில் இந்திய பெருங்கடலால் சூழப்பட்டிருக்கிறது.

மேற்கு தொடர்ச்சி மலை மற்றும் கிழக்கு தொடர்ச்சி மலை நடுவில் பீடபூமியை நடுப்பகுதியாக கொண்டுள்ளது.

In the northern part of India the northern part of the northern part of the northern part of the northern part of the northern part of the northern part of the northern part of the northern part of the northern part of the northern part of the northern part of the northern part of the northern part of the northern part of the north. And the mountains and the mountains, and the mountains, and the mountains, and the mountains, and the mountains, and the mountains, and the mountains, and the mountains.

And the mountains and the mountains, and the mountains, and the mountains, and the mountains, and the mountains, and the mountains, and the mountains, and the mountains.

The majority of the people in China speak to me in the main languages of one, one, one, one, one, one, one, one, one, one.

தென் இந்தியாவில் உள்ள பெரும்பான்மை மக்கள் நான்கு முக்கிய திராவிட மொழிகளில் ஒன்றான தெலுங்கு, தமிழ், கன்னடம் மற்றும் மலையாளம் ஆகியனவற்றையே பேசுகின்றனர்.

தென் இந்தியாவில் உள்ள பெரும்பான்மை மக்கள் நான்கு முக்கிய திராவிட மொழிகளில் ஒன்றான தெலுங்கு, தமிழ், கன்னடம் மற்றும் மலையாளம் ஆகியனவற்றையே பேசுகின்றனர்.

The majority of the people in China speak to me in the main languages of one, one, one, one, one, one, one, one, one, one.

The majority of the people in China speak to me in the main languages of one, one, one, one, one, one, one, one, one, one.

There are many of them who are in the midst of the earth.

And China's this landscape is widespread throughout South Asia. Shar, Sourer, Bandier, Bukhari, Sukhari and Viyakhari are the leading representatives established in South India.

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Metro Plus
Bangalore
Chennai
Coimbatore
Delhi
Hyderabad
Kochi
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They administered our region HERITAGE
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Who were zamindars, and what role did they play in our history?
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Long before the British entered the scene, our region was ruled by the Nayaks, the Mysore Kings and Tippu Sultan. Poligars, or representatives of the Nayak kingdom, administered much of the area prior to the British.
The Poligars controlled armies on behalf of the Nayak kings and were almost absolute rulers of their lands. The Poligar influence was immense in many parts of our region, especially around Pollachi. Some Poligars existed even in the times of the Vijayanagar Empire, long before the Nayaks.
The Poilgars went by the title of Palayakarar, and their land was called palayam (a mini kingdom). Ramnad, Sivagangai and Pudukottai were all palayams at some stage. Sadly, most of the region fell into British hands after the Mysore and Poligar wars in rebellion against them. Seasoned administrators, the British developed the ‘Zamindari Estate’, a hybrid model that would enable better control and more revenue, with a Zamindar in charge. This system had its origin in the Mughal era, and one can draw comparisons between the Zamindars and the Poligars under the Nayaks.
Happy chieftans
The British saw little possibility of an insurgence after the Poligar and Mysore wars. To be doubly sure, they made most Poligars zamindars, to keep them happy. The zamindars were revenue and civil administration agents, but they were also given certain policing and judicial duties.
Under the British, two kinds of zamindars existed — the hereditary ones (mostly erstwhile Poligars) and those who bid for or bought an estate from the government for a set price and annual rent.
The hereditary rulers saw their original estates reduced to a great extent. But the hereditary zamindars were more powerful, their estates usually larger and the government did not question their position or right. And, though they had to pay taxes and follow the laws, they had more rights than the new zamindars.
Coimbatore has lesser zamindari lands than other areas in our State. Most of the zamindaries in our district exist in Pollachi and Udumalpet. The Imperial Gazetteer of India - 1908 Vol X, states: “The District (Coimbatore) is almost entirely ryotwari, the zamindari and inam lands covering only 684 square miles.”
An insight
The book, Memorandum on the Progress of the Madras Presidency during the last forty years of British Administration, published in 1893 and written by S. Srinivasa Raghavaiyangar, BA, Dewan Bahadur, CIE, the Inspector General of Regi
stration, provides a lot of information on the zamindari system.
Coimbatore Taluk seems to have had what was termed, ‘Proprietary Estates’. Seven villages were held by one person for a peshcush (rent paid by the proprietor of a permanently settled estate) of Rs. 1,182.
The villages were Caroonjaumy, Gowndenpolliem, Meilairipolliem, Naickampolliem, Nauchipolliem, Paulatooray, Tumbagowndenpolliem, Vellimullayputnam (sic), says the Glossary of the Madras Presidency, 1893, edited by C.D. Maclean.
The same book mentions that Tumbagowndenpolliem was a zamindari, so one is unsure if this was a zamindari or a Proprietary Estate. As for Pollachi Taluk, the Imperial Gazetteer says, “Nearly half of the small extent of zamindari land is the District lies in this taluk.”
The Glossary of the Madras Presidency lists the zamindaries in the taluk —Avalappamputty, Cotaumputty (Kottampatti), Negamam, Ootcooly, Poravipolliem (Puravipalayam), Ramaputnam (Ramapattinam), Shamattore (Samathur).
Rich heritage
All these zamins had rich histories and most of them were earlier palayams. Except Avalappamputty and Negamam, the others still exist. Their descendents continue to preserve their heritage. Samathur and Kottampatti were held by one Zamindar. The land holdings in these villages range from 7,000 to 12,000 acres and the peshcush from Rs. 2,000 to Rs. 4,000. A few of these zamindaries can trace their roots to over 500 years. Some estates have disappeared with time. Anaimalai also seem
s to have been a place of prominence (it even had a fort), but not much is known today.
Udumalpet taluk has five small zamindaries — Jotamputty, Meivaudy, Metrautty, Toongauvy and Vedapati (sic), with peshcush ranging from Rs. 143 to Rs. 1,965. There used to be a powerful palayam in Dhully, but it has perished wi
th time.
The zamindaries in our district might not have been huge, but they provide an understanding of the kind of governance that existed. They also played an important role in our land till land reforms came in after independence. It is known that some of these feudal chiefs were harsh on their ryots and tenants while collecting excessive taxes, but there were those (including in our district) who were very progressive, and are still revered. It would be interesting to study in depth each of the zamindars and their heritage.
(E-mail feedback to cbemetro@thehindu.co.in)
SHANKAR VANAVARAYAR
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Question: which country has the most fertile land in the world

There are many of them who are in the midst of the earth.

And China's this landscape is widespread throughout South Asia. Shar, Sourer, Bandier, Bukhari, Sukhari and Viyakhari are the leading representatives established in South India.

which country has the most fertile land in the world

Question: where are the leading representatives of china located

இந்திய கலாச்சாரம் தெற்கு ஆசியா முழுவதும் பரவியது . சேரர் , சோழர் , பாண்டியர் , பல்லவர் , சாளுக்கியர் மற்றும் விஜயநகரப் பேரரசு ஆகியவை தென்

where are the leading representatives of china located

Question: who are the leading representatives in south india

Shar, Sourer, Bandier, Bukhari, Sukhari and Viyakhari

, சாளுக்கியர் மற்றும் விஜயநகரப் பேரரசு ஆகியவை தென் இந்தியாவில் நிறுவப்பட்ட தலைமை வம்சாவளிகள் ஆகும் .

Shar , Sourer , Bandier , Bukhari , Sukhari and Viyakhari

who are the leading representatives in south india

Question: where is china's landscape widespread

தெற்கு ஆசியா

Question: who is the leading representative in south india

who is the leading representative in south india

Question: where are sarawakar, sukhari and viyakhari located

where are sarawakar, sukhari and viyakhari located

Question: who are some of the leading representatives in south india

, சாளுக்கியர் மற்றும் விஜயநகரப் பேரரசு ஆகியவை தென் இந்தியாவில் நிறுவப்பட்ட தலைமை வம்சாவளிகள் ஆகும் .

who are some of the leading representatives in south india

There are many of them who are in the midst of the earth .

And China 's this landscape is widespread throughout South Asia . Shar , Sourer , Bandier , Bukhari , Sukhari and Viyakhari are the leading representatives established in South India .

தென் இந்தியா பகுதிகளை பல வம்ச மன்னர்கள் ஆண்டனர்

மற்றும் தென் இந்திய கலாச்சாரம் தெற்கு ஆசியா முழுவதும் பரவியது. சேரர், சோழர், பாண்டியர், பல்லவர், சாளுக்கியர் மற்றும் விஜயநகரப் பேரரசு ஆகியவை தென் இந்தியாவில் நிறுவப்பட்ட தலைமை வம்சாவளிகள் ஆகும்.

There are many of them who are in the midst of the earth. And China's this landscape is widespread throughout South Asia. Shar, Sourer, Bandier, Bukhari, Sukhari and Viyakhari are the leading representatives established in South India.

There are many of them who are in the midst of the earth.

And China's this landscape is widespread throughout South Asia. Shar, Sourer, Bandier, Bukhari, Sukhari and Viyakhari are the leading representatives established in South India.

After the deaths of many of these events, the city's knowledge of the property was slowly overlooked.

In the past few years, we have recorded a greater growth than today, and some of these cities have seen the same price, because of the end of the day.

சுதந்திரத்துக்கு

முப்பதாண்டுகளாக

மாநிலங்களில்

Human development, poverty, health & nutrition situation in India
- PMID: 19001685
Human development, poverty, health & nutrition situation in India
Abstract
Background & objectives: Human development index (HDI) is extensively used to measure the standard of living of a country. India made a study progress in the HDI value. Extreme poverty is concentrated in rural areas of northern States while income growth has been dynamic in southern States and urban areas. This study was undertaken to assess the trends in HDI, human poverty index (HPI) and incidence of poverty among Indian states, the socio-economic, health, and diet and nutritional indicators which determine the HDI, changes in protein and calorie adequacy status of rural population, and also trends in malnutrition among children in India.
Methods: The variations in socio-economic, demographic and dietary indicators by grades of HDI were studied. The trends in poverty and nutrition were also studied. Univariate, bivariate and multivariate analysis were done to analyse data.
Results: While India's HDI value has improved over a time; our rank did not improve much compared to other developing countries. Human poverty has not reduced considerably as per the HPI values. The undernutrition among preschool children is still a major public health problem in India. The incidence of poverty at different levels of calorie requirement has not reduced in both rural and urban areas. The time trends in nutritional status of pre-school children showed that, even though, there is an improvement in stunting over the years, the trend in wasting and underweight has not improved much.
Interpretation & conclusion: Proper nutrition and health awareness are important to tackle the health hazards of developmental transition. Despite several national nutrition programmes in operation, we could not make a significant dent in the area of health and nutrition. The changing dietary practices of the urban population, especially the middle class, are of concern. Further studies are needed to measure the human development and poverty situation of different sections of the population in India using an index, which includes both income indicators and non income indicators.
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Question: at what point do some cities see the same price as others

After the deaths of many of these events, the city's knowledge of the property was slowly overlooked.

In the past few years, we have recorded a greater growth than today, and some of these cities have seen the same price, because of the end of the day.

at what point do some cities see the same price as others

Question: after the deaths of many of these events, what happened to the city's knowledge of

மெதுவாக பொருளாதார முன்னேற்றம்

after the deaths of many of these events, what happened to the city's knowledge of

Question: what has happened in the past few years

வளர்ச்சியை விட அதிக

Question: after the deaths of many of these events, the city's knowledge of what was slowly

after the deaths of many of these events, the city's knowledge of what was slowly

Question: what was slowly overlooked after the deaths of many of these events

what was slowly overlooked after the deaths of many of these events

Question: what has happened to some cities because of the end of the day

what has happened to some cities because of the end of the day

After the deaths of many of these events , the city 's knowledge of the property was slowly overlooked .

In the past few years , we have recorded a greater growth than today , and some of these cities have seen the same price , because of the end of the day .

இந்திய சுதந்திரத்துக்கு பிறகு பல ஏற்ற இறக்கங்கள் பட்ட பிறகு, தென்னிந்திய மாநிலங்கள் மெதுவாக பொருளாதார முன்னேற்றம் அடைந்தன.

கடந்த முப்பதாண்டுகளாக, நாட்டு சராசரி வளர்ச்சியை விட அதிக வளர்ச்சியை பதிவு செய்துள்ளன. தென் இந்திய மாநிலங்களில் சில முன்னேற்றம் கண்ட அதே வேளை, வறுமை நாட்டின் ஏனைய

After the deaths of many of these events, the city's knowledge of the property was slowly overlooked. In the past few years, we have recorded a greater growth than today, and some of these cities have seen the same price, because of the end of the day.

After the deaths of many of these events, the city's knowledge of the property was slowly overlooked.

In the past few years, we have recorded a greater growth than today, and some of these cities have seen the same price, because of the end of the day.

Therefore, there is no such thing as the righteousness of the righteous; there is no such thing as the righteousness of the righteous; there is no such thing as the righteousness of the righteous; there is no such thing as the righteousness of the righteous; there is no such thing as the righteousness of the righteous; there is no such thing as the righteousness of the righteous; there is no such thing as the righteousness.

கடலோரப் பகுதிகளைத் தவிர்த்து தீபகற்ப இந்தியாவின், பெரும்பகுதி தக்காணப் பீடபூமியால் காணப்படுகிறது. "டெக்கான்" என்ற சொல், தக்ஷின் என்ற சமசுகிருத வார்த்தையிலிருந்து பெறப்பட்ட தக்ஹின் என்ற பிராகிருத வார்த்தையின் ஆங்கில வடிவமாகும்.

State Bird
Andaman Wood pigeon (Columba palumbodies) is about the size of a domestic pigeon but with a longer tail. Resident and Endemic to Andaman and Nicobar Islands lives in dense broadleaved evergreen forests.
State Animal
The Dugong (Duging Dungon) is a gentle marine mammal commonly known as Sea Cow, found near sea grasses. It is highly endangered species and requires urgent conservation measure.
State Tree
Andaman Padauk (Pterocarpus dalbergiodes Roxb.) is a very large semi deciduous practically evergreen tree with large buttresses found scattered throughout the deciduous and semi-deciduous forest. It grows upto 25-40 meters height with trunk diameters 1.5 to 2 meters. It makes an excellent ornamental timber used for furniture, decorative veneers, paneling etc.
Progress Across the years :All Sites
(Data Available till-August,2022)
Progress Across the Months in All Divisions
(Data Available till-March,2021)
Progress Across the Divisions for the year :2016-17
(Data Available till-August,2022)
No. of Tourist Visited Across the years
(Data Available till-September,2022)

States and Union Territories Symbols
- Arunachal Pradesh
- Andaman & Nicobar Islands
- Assam
- Chandigarh
- Chattisgarh
- Delhi
- Goa
- Haryana
- Himachal Pradesh
- Jammu and Kashmir
- Jhakhand
- Kerala
- Lakshadweep
- Madhya Pradesh
- Maharashtra
- Manipur
- Mizoram
- Nagaland
- Odisha
- Puducherry
- Punjab
- Rajasthan
- Sikkim
- Tamil Nadu
- Tripura
- Uttarakhand
- Uttar Pradesh
- West Bengal
Arunachal Pradesh
AnimalMithun (Bos Frontails) BirdHornbill (Bensyrus bicemis) FlowerRhynchostylis Retusa
(Fox tail orchid)
Andaman & Nicobar Islands
Assam
AnimalIndian one-horned Rhino
(Rhinoceros unicornis)
BirdWhite-wing Wood Duck
(Cairina scutulata)
FlowerRhynchostylis Retusa
(Fox tail orchid)
TreeHollong
(Dipterocarpus macrocarpus)
Chandigarh
Chattisgarh
Delhi
Goa
Haryana
AnimalBlack Buck Antelope BirdBlack Francolin FlowerLotus TreePipal, Peepul orBo tree
(Ficus religiosa)
Himachal Pradesh
Jammu and Kashmir
Jhakhand
AnimalElephant (Elephas maximus) BirdKoel
(Eudynamus scolopaces)
FlowerPalash (Butea monosperma) TreeSal (Shores rebuota)
Kerala
AnimalElephant BirdHornbill
(Bensyrus bicemis)
FlowerKanikonna
(Cassia fistula)
TreeCoconut Tree
(Cocos nucifera)
Lakshadweep
AnimalButterfly fish
(Chaetodon falcula)
BirdNoddy Tern
(Anus Stolidus)
TreeBread fruit
(Arto Carpus Incisa)
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Manipur
Mizoram
AnimalSerow (Saza) BirdHume's Bartailed Pheaasant (Vavu) FlowerDancing Girl (Aiting) TreeMesual Ferrea/Nahar (Herhse)
Nagaland
Odisha
AnimalSambar (Cervus) BirdBlue Jay FlowerAsoka (Saraca asoca (Roxb.)) TreeAswattha (Ficus religiosa)
Puducherry
Punjab
Rajasthan
Sikkim
Tamil Nadu
Tripura
Uttarakhand
AnimalMusk Deer (Moschus Chrysogaster) BirdMonal (Lophoorus Impejanus) FlowerBrahm Kamal (Saussurea obvallata) TreeBuransh (Rhododendron Arboreum)
Uttar Pradesh
AnimalBarasingha (Rucervus duvaucelii) BirdSaras Crane (Grus antigone) FlowerPalash (Butea monosperma) TreeSita Ashok (Saraca Asoca)
West Bengal
Source: National Portal Content Management Team
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India is one of the oldest civilizations in the world with a kaleidoscopic variety and rich cultural heritage. It has achieved all-round socio-economic progress since Independence. As the 7th largest country in the world, India stands apart from the rest of Asia, marked off as it is by mountains and the sea, which give the country a distinct geographical entity. Bounded by the Great Himalayas in the north, it stretches southwards and at the Tropic of Cancer, tapers off into the Indian Ocean between the Bay of Bengal on the east and the Arabian Sea on the west.

The Telangana government has announced the following four icons for the new State:
-
The State Bird -
Palapitta
(Indian Roller or Blue Jay).
-
The State Animal - Jinka
(Deer).
-
The State Tree -
Jammi Chettu
(Prosopis Cineraria).
-
The State Flower -
Tangedu
(Tanner’s Cassia).
These icons reflect the culture and tradition of Telangana state and three of them - Tangedu flowers, Blue Jay and Jammi Chettu - are associated with the popular festivals of Batukamma and Dasara. While Tangedu flowers are used in stacking of Batukammas, spotting the Blue Jay on Dasara is considered a good omen and people worship Jammi Chettu on that day.
Palapitta
Lord Rama spotted the Palapitta before invading Lanka and vanquished Ravana. Palapitta has been chosen to put Telangana on the path of victory
Jinka
Deer is deeply associated with Indian history and a reference to this graceful animal was there in the great epic Ramayana. It can survive in the smallest forests also. It reflects the mindset of the people of Telangana as it is very sensitive and innocent.
Jammi Chettu
Pandavas had vanquished a large army of Kauravas only after performing worshipping the Jammi Chettu. They had hidden their weapons on a Jammi Chettu when they had been forced into exile in the forests. Now, Telangana requires the blessings of the Jammi Chettu.
Tangedu Flower
Tangedu flower which is used during the Batukamma festival by women folk is the most appropriate choice as the state flower.

47.5% of the people have dismissed and it has engaged in the actions that they have taken.

60% of the population of China will live in stable housing systems.

நடவடிக்கைகளில்

ஈடுபட்டுள்ளனர்

அமைப்புகளில்

வாழ்கின்றனர்

Language Shifts Among the Scheduled Tribes in India: A Geographical Study
Motilal Banarsidass Publ., 1999 - Bhil (Indic people) - 183 pages
The present work attempts to identify spatial patterns fo the extent and nature of language shifts among the tribal population in India. It provides social, economic and political dimensions of changing linguistic identity. Based on both secondary and primary data, some of the socio-economic variables have been statistically tested through Correlation and Regression to determine the relationship with language shifts. The impact of urbanisation and regional development on the linguistic behaviour of the tribal population has been analysed.The study rejects the claim that language shift indicates the process of integration--rather it shows the process of assimilation of the tribal people into the majority culture group. In fact, language shifts among these societies have been perceived more often as social compulsions.The study emphasises the need of promoting and preserving the tribal languages as these are cultural heritage of India. The study may provide a basis to understand the dynamics of language shift--as it might have implications of language planning in multilingual societies like India.
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IMPLICATIONS
|119|
1
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Common terms and phrases
80 per cent accounted areas Assam assimilation Austric Austric languages BANGLADESH belonging Bhili Bhils Bihar bilingual census cent cent per cent central chapter classified communities concentrated considered correlation cultural decadal declared degree of language dependent dialect DISTRIBUTION districts Dravidian East Nimar factors growth hand high degree higher Hills Hindi household important included India indicating Indo-Aryan languages Jalpaiguri Kharia Khasi Korkus lakh persons language maintenance language shift less linguistic groups located Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra major medium mother tongue Mundari Mundas Murhu nature non-regional non-tribal languages Orissa percentage persons in 1971 pocket political positive Ranchi regional languages registered relationship remaining result revealed Santals Savara share shift and maintenance shows Singhbhum social speakers speaking spoken Table town traditional language tribal groups tribal languages tribal population tribes Tripura urban urbanisation variables variation varies villages W.Bengal West Bengal whereas
Popular passages
Page 173 - Community, in Language and Society in India, Indian Institute of Advanced Study, Simla.
Page 8 - Ahmad (1990) estimated that a little less than half of India's tribal population have, already, lost their linguistic identity and have adopted regional languages as their mother tongue.
Page 23 - ... Kuki-Chin people. The Sino-Tibetan languages belong to the same family as the four great languages of civilisation, namely, the Chinese, Siamese, Burmese and Tibetan. They share certain common characteristics. They are, for instance, 'isolating languages', in which there is no room for inflections, and the relationship among words was indicated originally by means of root-words used in special contexts. In their modern forms, they have become mostly 'tone languages', in which the intonation or...
Page 4 - Social and cultural tables. Delhi. CENSUS OF INDIA 1981, Series I, India, households and household population by language mainly spoken in the household, Paper-I of 1987. Delhi.
Page 23 - ... Chinese, Siamese, Burmese and Tibetan. They share certain common characteristics. They are, for instance, 'isolating languages', in which there is no room for inflections, and the relationship among words was indicated originally by means of root-words used in special contexts. In their modern forms, they have become mostly 'tone languages', in which the intonation or modulation of voice has a significant value. Thus a word like ma would mean a number of different things, according to the tone...
Page 9 - Census of India. 1981. Series I, India, Households and Household Population by Language Mainly Spoken in the Household, Paper-I of 1987. Delhi.
Page 16 - Egyptians to Arabic. The Amerindian people of the Americas shifted to English, Spanish or Portuguese. However, the old native...
Page 28 - The mother tongues, which have been tentatively classified, are posing more confusion. The real problem is faced in those cases where the tribals declared twin mother tongues such as Kisan-Bhumij orJangali-Korwa, etc., though Kisan, Bhumij and Korwa are separate languages.
Page 5 - The work is divided into nine chapters. The first chapter deals with the Arab contact with the west coast of India resulting in the formation of these communities.
References to this book
Linguistic Heritage of India and Asia
Omkar Nath Koul,L. Devaki
Snippet view - 2000
All Book Search results »
The Indo-Aryan Languages
Dhanesh Jain,George Cardona
No preview available - 2003

Question: what percentage of china will live in stable housing systems

47.5% of the people have dismissed and it has engaged in the actions that they have taken.

60% of the population of China will live in stable housing systems.

what percentage of china will live in stable housing systems

Question: what percentage of china dismissed the government

what percentage of china dismissed the government

Question: what will 60% of china live in

நிலையான வீட்டு அமைப்புகளில்

Question: 47.5% of china's people have done what to the government

47.5% of china's people have done what to the government

Question: where will 60% of china live

நிலையான வீட்டு அமைப்புகளில்

Question: what percentage of china's population dismissed the government

what percentage of china's population dismissed the government

47.5 % of the people have dismissed and it has engaged in the actions that they have taken .

60 % of the population of China will live in stable housing systems .

47.5% பேர் விவசாயம் மற்றும் அது சார்ந்த நடவடிக்கைகளில் ஈடுபட்டுள்ளனர். தென் இந்தியாவின் மக்கள் தொகையில் 60% பேர் நிலையான வீட்டு அமைப்புகளில் வாழ்கின்றனர்.

47.5% பேர் விவசாயம் மற்றும் அது சார்ந்த நடவடிக்கைகளில் ஈடுபட்டுள்ளனர்.

தென் இந்தியாவின் மக்கள் தொகையில் 60% பேர் நிலையான வீட்டு அமைப்புகளில் வாழ்கின்றனர்.

47.5% of the people have dismissed and it has engaged in the actions that they have taken. 60% of the population of China will live in stable housing systems.

47.5% of the people have dismissed and it has engaged in the actions that they have taken.

60% of the population of China will live in stable housing systems.

2011 This population is estimated as 25.2 percent of the population of South India, which is one percentage of the population of this country.

கணக்கெடுப்பின்படி

மதிப்பிடப்பட்ட

Question: when did the population of south india reach 25.2%

2011 This population is estimated as 25.2 percent of the population of South India, which is one percentage of the population of this country.

when did the population of south india reach 25.2%

Question: what is the population of south india in 2011

what is the population of south india in 2011

Question: which country has the largest population in the world

தென் இந்தியாவின் மக்கள்தொகை 25.2 கோடியாகும் . இது இந்திய

which country has the largest population in the world

Question: what percentage of the indian population is south india

what percentage of the indian population is south india

Question: what is the estimated population of south india in 2011

what is the estimated population of south india in 2011

2011 This population is estimated as 25.2 percent of the population of South India , which is one percentage of the population of this country .

2011 இந்திய மக்கள் தொகை கணக்கெடுப்பின்படி மதிப்பிடப்பட்ட தென் இந்தியாவின் மக்கள்தொகை 25.2 கோடியாகும். இது இந்திய மக்கள் தொகையில் ஐந்தில் ஒரு பங்கு ஆகும்.

2011 இந்திய மக்கள் தொகை கணக்கெடுப்பின்படி மதிப்பிடப்பட்ட தென் இந்தியாவின் மக்கள்தொகை 25.2 கோடியாகும். இது இந்திய மக்கள் தொகையில் ஐந்தில் ஒரு பங்கு ஆகும்.

2011 This population is estimated as 25.2 percent of the population of South India, which is one percentage of the population of this country.

2011 This population is estimated as 25.2 percent of the population of South India, which is one percentage of the population of this country.

67.8 per cent of the population is in the middle of the crop.

Those who are in the midst, and those who are in the midst, and those who are in the midst, and those who are in the midst, and those who are in the midst.

தென்னிந்தியா

Question: what percentage of the population is in the middle of the crop

67.8 per cent of the population is in the middle of the crop.

Those who are in the midst, and those who are in the midst, and those who are in the midst, and those who are in the midst, and those who are in the midst.

what percentage of the population is in the middle of the crop

Question: who is in the middle of the crop

வழங்குவதில் முக்கியமான ஆதாரங்களாக உள்ளன

Question: where is 67.8% of the population located

where is 67.8% of the population located

67.8 per cent of the population is in the middle of the crop .

Those who are in the midst , and those who are in the midst , and those who are in the midst , and those who are in the midst , and those who are in the midst .

67.8% தென்னிந்தியா குழாய் குடிநீர் வசதி பெற்றுள்ளது. கிணறுகள் மற்றும் நீர் ஊற்றுக்கள் குடிநீர் வழங்குவதில் முக்கியமான ஆதாரங்களாக உள்ளன.

67.8% தென்னிந்தியா குழாய் குடிநீர் வசதி பெற்றுள்ளது.

கிணறுகள் மற்றும் நீர் ஊற்றுக்கள் குடிநீர் வழங்குவதில் முக்கியமான ஆதாரங்களாக உள்ளன.

67.8 per cent of the population is in the middle of the crop. Those who are in the midst, and those who are in the midst, and those who are in the midst, and those who are in the midst, and those who are in the midst.

67.8 per cent of the population is in the middle of the crop.

Those who are in the midst, and those who are in the midst, and those who are in the midst, and those who are in the midst, and those who are in the midst.

Three years later, the people of the north, and the people of the north, and the people of the north, and the people of the north, and the people of the north, and the people of the north, and the people of the north, and the people of the north, and the people of the north, and the people of the north.

இந்தியா சுதந்திரம் அடைந்த பிறகு தென் இந்திய பொருளாதாரம் ஏற்ற இறக்கங்களை சந்தித்தது. பிறகு கடந்த மூன்று தசாப்தங்களாக தேசிய சராசரியை விட அதிக வேகத்தில் தென்னிந்திய மாநிலங்களின் பொருளாதாரம் வளர்ந்துள்ளது.

இந்தியா சுதந்திரம் அடைந்த பிறகு தென் இந்திய பொருளாதாரம் ஏற்ற இறக்கங்களை சந்தித்தது. பிறகு கடந்த மூன்று தசாப்தங்களாக தேசிய சராசரியை விட அதிக வேகத்தில் தென்னிந்திய மாநிலங்களின் பொருளாதாரம் வளர்ந்துள்ளது.

This is more than 74% indicated by the national army.

in the known towns.

Carla has received 93.91% of the total number of women. In South China, the number of women in the balloon rate is increased by 1000 men.

குறிப்பிடத்தக்க

மாநிலங்களில்

தென்னிந்தியா

Question: what is the national army's percentage of women in china

This is more than 74% indicated by the national army.

in the known towns.

Carla has received 93.91% of the total number of women. In South China, the number of women in the balloon rate is increased by 1000 men.

what is the national army's percentage of women in china

Question: what percentage of the total number of women in china are carla

in the known towns.

what percentage of the total number of women in china are carla

Question: how many women are ballooned in south china

1000 ஆண்களுக்கு

in the known towns.

how many women are ballooned in south china

Question: how many men are in the balloon rate in south china

in the known towns.

how many men are in the balloon rate in south china

Question: where is the balloon rate increased by 1000 men

தென்னிந்தியா

in the known towns.

where is the balloon rate increased by 1000 men

Question: who has received 93.91% of the total number of women in china

in the known towns.

who has received 93.91% of the total number of women in china

Question: who indicates that the number of women in china is greater than 74%

தேசிய சராசரியான

in the known towns.

who indicates that the number of women in china is greater than 74%

This is more than 74 % indicated by the national army .

Carla has received 93.91 % of the total number of women . In South China , the number of women in the balloon rate is increased by 1000 men .

இது தேசிய சராசரியான 74% விட குறிப்பிடத்தக்க அளவு அதிகம்.

தென்னிந்திய மாநிலங்களில்

கேரளா அதிகபட்ச எழுத்தறிவு வீதமாக 93.91% ஐப் பெற்றுள்ளது. தென்னிந்தியா, பாலின விகிதமான 1000 ஆண்களுக்கு எத்தனை பெண்கள் என்பதனை அதிகமாக பெற்றுள்ளது.

This is more than 74% indicated by the national army. in the known towns. Carla has received 93.91% of the total number of women. In South China, the number of women in the balloon rate is increased by 1000 men.

This is more than 74% indicated by the national army.

Carla has received 93.91% of the total number of women. In South China, the number of women in the balloon rate is increased by 1000 men.

Three-year growth targets of the people's population have been closed in 2009 and the country's population has been closed in 2009.

These targets include reducing the mortality rate of the body, reducing the mortality rate of the child and reducing the mortality rate of the child.

அடைந்துவிட்டன

ஆகியவையாகும்

Question: when were the three year growth targets of the people's population closed

Three-year growth targets of the people's population have been closed in 2009 and the country's population has been closed in 2009.

These targets include reducing the mortality rate of the body, reducing the mortality rate of the child and reducing the mortality rate of the child.

when were the three year growth targets of the people's population closed

Question: when was the country's population closed

when was the country's population closed

Question: what is the fastest growth target of the population in india

மூன்று புத்தாயிரம் ஆண்டு

what is the fastest growth target of the population in india

Question: what are the three year growth targets of india

தாயின் ஆரோக்கியம் , சேய் இறப்பு விகிதத்தை குறைப்பது மற்றும் குழந்தைகள் இறப்பு விகிதத்தைக் குறைப்பது ஆகியவையாகும் .

what are the three year growth targets of india

Question: how many years were the growth targets of the people's population closed in 2009

how many years were the growth targets of the people's population closed in 2009

Question: what targets were closed in 2009

மூன்று புத்தாயிரம் ஆண்டு வளர்ச்சி இலக்குகளை

Question: what does the three year growth targets of the people's population target reduce

தாயின் ஆரோக்கியம் , சேய் இறப்பு விகிதத்தை

what does the three year growth targets of the people's population target reduce

Three - year growth targets of the people 's population have been closed in 2009 and the country 's population has been closed in 2009 .

These targets include reducing the mortality rate of the body , reducing the mortality rate of the child and reducing the mortality rate of the child .

இதில் மக்கள் தொகை சார்ந்த மூன்று புத்தாயிரம் ஆண்டு வளர்ச்சி இலக்குகளை கேரளா மற்றும் தமிழ்நாடு 2009லேயே அடைந்துவிட்டன.

அந்த இலக்குகள் தாயின் ஆரோக்கியம், சேய் இறப்பு விகிதத்தை குறைப்பது மற்றும் குழந்தைகள் இறப்பு விகிதத்தைக் குறைப்பது ஆகியவையாகும்.

Three-year growth targets of the people's population have been closed in 2009 and the country's population has been closed in 2009. These targets include reducing the mortality rate of the body, reducing the mortality rate of the child and reducing the mortality rate of the child.

Three-year growth targets of the people's population have been closed in 2009 and the country's population has been closed in 2009.

These targets include reducing the mortality rate of the body, reducing the mortality rate of the child and reducing the mortality rate of the child.

The language of Tsai is spoken by 15 million people in the western and western coast of Tsai and is spoken by 15 million people.

There are 10 people speaking in the cave.

கருநாடகாவில்

பேசப்படுகிறது

பேசப்படுகிறது

BOOKS FOR YOU TO READ AND DOWNLOAD
REFERENCE MATERIAL
BACK ISSUES
Copyright © 2001
LINGUISTIC AND SOCIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF INDIAN ENGLISH
Jason Baldridge
1. INTRODUCTION
English has been with India since the early 1600's, when the East India Company started trading and English missionaries first began their efforts. A large number of Christian schools imparting an English education were set up by the early 1800's. The process of producing English-knowing bilinguals in India began with the Minute of 1835, which officially endorsed T.B. Macaulay's goal of forming "a class who may be interpreters between us and the millions whom we govern - a class of persons, Indians in blood and colour, but English in taste, in opinion, in morals and in intellect" (quoted in Kachru 1983, p. 22). English became the official and academic language of India by the early twentieth century. The rising of the nationalist movement in the 1920's brought some anti-English sentiment with it -- even though the movement itself used English as its medium.
Once independence was gained and the English were gone, the perception of English as having an alien power base changed; however, the controversy about English has continued to this day. Kachru notes that "English now has national and international functions that are both distinct and complementary. English has thus acquired a new power base and a new elitism" (Kachru 1986, p. 12). Only about three percent of India's population speak English, but they are the individuals who lead India's economic, industrial, professional, political, and social life. Even though English is primarily a second language for these persons, it is the medium in which a great number of the interactions in the above domains are carried out. Having such important information moving in English conduits is often not appreciated by Indians who do not speak it, but they are relatively powerless to change that. Its inertia is such that it cannot be easily given up. This is particularly true in South India, where English serves as a universal language in the way that Hindi does in the North. Despite being a three percent minority, the English speaking population in India is quite large. With India's massive population, that three percent puts India among the top four countries in the world with the highest number of English speakers. English confers many advantages to the influential people who speak it -- which has allowed it to retain its prominence despite the strong opposition to English which rises periodically.
2. PURPOSE AND COLLECTION METHODS
The English which is spoken in India is different from that spoken in other regions of the world, and it is regarded as the unique variety which is called Indian English. The purpose of this folklore project is to show some of the various ways Indians have intentionally and unintentionally customized English to better suit their needs and to discuss some of the problems and situations which can and do arise when Indians use or experience English in different settings. Attitudes about English and English speakers in India are also explored.
The collecting was done in two separate discussion groups in which various aspects of Indian English were talked about. The first discussion was with N.G., N.J., and S.Shah in their apartment. I had visited them several times before and engaged in lengthy discussions on various issues, so when I came with my recorder in hand and a topic already in mind, very little was needed to establish a good rapport. The second discussion was held with B.C., A.S., and S.Singh in B.C. and S.Singh's apartment -- the same apartment that I had lived in for the previous two years with S.Singh as one of my flatmates. With this established link, I had little trouble getting the conversation moving. Languages are often a subject of casual, though often heated, conversations between Indians, so both groups were very interested in the topic, Also, I found that in both groups, individuals were able to play off each other and, in doing so, delve further into the issues than they would have alone. I learned a great deal from the discussions, but I was very thankful for my two years of living with Indians and my month-long trip to India which prepared me for understanding and participating in the discussions. I also received input from several other Indian friends (Murali Kota and Aditya Mulukutla especially) in informal conversations about Indian English.
3. DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS OF INDIAN ENGLISH
Indian English is a distinct variety of the English language. Many Indians claim that it is very similar to British English, but this opinion is based on a surface level examination of lexical similarities. Of course, one must keep in mind that not every linguistic item is used by every Indian English speaker and that a great deal of regional and educational differentiation exists. Even so, items can be identified which are indicative of Indian English speech and which are widely used. These operate on various phonological, morphological, lexical, and syntactic levels, which I will characterized with items brought up in the recorded discussions, in my previous experience with Indian English, and in scholarly writings about Indian English. References to the transcription excerpts (pages 17-26 of this report) are written, for example, as 1.3.4, which indicates Discussion 1, Excerpt 3, Item 4.
4. PHONOLOGY
I was able to do very little on the phonological level. I set up a test to see if the English alveolar /t/ would be articulated as the Indian retroflex /t/ or as the dental /t/ in different phonological environments. The result was that the retroflex completely replaced the alveolar; in fact, it has been found that the entire series of English alveolar consonants tends to be replaced by retroflex consonants (Trudgill & Hannah 1994, p.128). One item that did come out of the experiment was that some Indian English speakers had a tendency to drop the -ed ending after /k/ and /t/ (ex: walked became walk) (1.6.5). Some interesting things seemed to be happening with the articulation of /ð/ (as in then), which normally is pronounced as an interdental /d/, but which sometimes seemed to become alveolar. Also, listening to the taped discussions revealed that sometimes a was used in front of vowel-initial words (1.4.2) before which North American English and British English speakers would use an. This is a very natural adjustment for native speakers, yet it is apparent that a conscious effort to do this is sometimes required by Indian English speakers (2.2.3). To discover whether or not these observations are significant would require further testing.
Other items listed by Trudgill and Hannah (1994) are that Indian English tends to have a reduced vowel system; /r/ tends to become a flap or retroflex flap; the consonants /p/, /t/, and /k/ tend to be unaspirated; and in some regions, /v/ and /w/ are not distinguished (volleyball is the same as wallyball), while in others, /p/ and /f/, /t/ and /θ/, /d/ and /ð/, and /s/ and // are not (1.4.4). They also note that "Indian English tends to be syllable rather than stress-timed. Also, syllables that would be unstressed in other varieties of English receive some stress in Indian English and thus do not have reduced vowels. Suffixes tend to be stressed, and function words which are weak in other varieties of English (of, to, etc.) tend not to be reduced in Indian English" (p. 128).
5. MORPHOLOGY
Indian English morphology is very creative and it is filled with new terms and usages. Indian English uses compound formation extensively, as in English-speaking classes (1.3.1) or convent-going (1.2.1). The compounds cousin-brother and cousin-sister allow the Indian English speaker to designate whether their cousin is male or female -- a function which is inherent in the terminology of most Indian languages. Others include chalk-piece, key-bunch, meeting notice, age barred, and pindrop silence. Indians also pluralize many English mass nouns and end up with words such as litters, furnitures, and woods (Trudgill & Hannah, pp. 129-130). Sometimes words which should be pluralized are not; for example, S.Shah says, "One of my relative" (1.6.1). A quintessential Indian English term which comes from compound formation is time-pass, which denotes something as non-exciting, as in "That movie was real time-pass." It can also indicate the act of passing time without a specific purpose or motivation.
Indians also shorten many words to create commonly used terms. Enthusiasm is called enthu; as such, it can be used in new ways. One can say, "That guy has a lot of enthu." While this is simply an abbreviation, enthu can also be used as an adjective where enthusiasm cannot, as in "He's a real enthu guy." The same applies for fundamentals, which is shortened as fundas. "She knows her fundas." What is interesting about fundas is that when the -as ending is dropped and -u is added, it takes on a new meaning and can be used in a new way. Fundu basically means wonderful or brilliant. One can say "He is a fundu person" or even "He is fundu."
When bringing Indian words into English, terms such as roti (bread), which are already plural, will be pluralized for English by the addition of -s (rotis). English suffixes are also appended to Indian terms. An example which was brought up in the first discussion is the practice in Bombay of adding -fy to a Hindi word to indicate that an action is being done to someone by someone. From the Hindi word muska, to muskafy means to flatter somebody or to butter them up. Similarly, to pataofy is the action of wooing someone. Other suffixes such as -ic (Upanishadic), -dom (cooliedom), and -ism (goondaism) are used to create new usages for Indian terms. Prefixes can also be used in new ways. In Indian English, pre- is substituted for post- in postpone to create prepone, which indicates, for example, that a meeting has been moved to a sooner time.
6. LEXICON
The Indian English lexicon has many distinct terms which are commonly used by its speakers. Some arise through the use of old and new morphological features, as discussed above. Others come from acronyms and abbreviations. Many terms from Indian languages are utilized, and new usages for English words or expressions are created. It must be noted that many of these terms and usages are specific to the population of Indian English speakers who are currently between twenty and thirty years of age.
Examples of the use of acronyms include the following:
MCP = Male Chauvinist Pig
FOB is actually used by American-born Indians against Indian-born Indians who come to America and tease them for being ABCD's. Other acronyms stem from entire Hindi sentences. Many abbreviations are used by Indians. For example:
Jan = January
What is interesting about Indian English abbreviations is that they are pronounced the way they are spelled after they have been shortened. A North American English speaker will generally read an abbreviation as though it were the entire word (i.e. Sec. is read as Secretary). Also, North American English speakers tend to abbreviate phonetically when spoken abbreviations are used (i.e. Soc. is pronounced soash). When read by an Indian English speaker, Soc. Sec. is pronounced sock seck. Actually, many English words which are pronounced quite differently than their spelling would indicate are pronounced as they are spelled by many Indians. Vowels which have been dropped by North American and British English speakers are typically articulated by Indians. For example, typically is generally pronounced ti-pick-lee, but Indian English speakers will often say ti-pick-ah-lee.
New words and new usages of standard words are introduced as well. A food grinder is simply called a mixi. Jangos are people who are very maud (modern) and fashionable - such people could be described as fast (untraditional and modern). A deadly movie or event is hard-hitting and action-packed. Something which is hi-tech is exceedingly incredible. It is not just limited to technology; for example, one could be wearing a hi-tech outfit. A reception is sometimes called an at home. An illiterate person may be called a thumbs-up because they use their thumbprint to sign documents. For an Indian doing math, two into four means "2 x 4" and six by three or six upon three means "6 3". A square root is known as an under root. Sometimes, a series of words is used to approximate a word which momentarily escapes one's mind, such as B.C.'s use of "over his self" to mean conceited (2.2.2). Indian English speakers use less to indicate that something is insufficient -- "There is less salt in the curry." Often this is extended to too less of. The extraneous of also appears in the expressions too much of and so much of, such as S.Singh's "so much of heat" (2.2.5). None of my informants were sure why of is used in those situations, but they all agreed it did not come from Hindi or any other Indian language's usage.
7. HINDI-INFLUENCED TERMS AND EXPRESSIONS IN INDIAN ENGLISH
Some items are directly related to characteristics of Indian languages. Indians will often ask, "What is your good name?" which is a somewhat literal translation of "Aapka shubh naam kya hai?" Shubh means auspicious or good, and it is basically used as a polite way of asking for someone's full name. An Indian English speaker says today morning (aaj subha) or yesterday night (kal raat) to mean this morning and last night. Indians also run the risk of offending U.S. Americans when they use certain literal translations which have the intended meaning, but which also have offensive connotations. N.G. mentioned that a U.S. American with whom she works told her that she was an "abrasive woman" because she told him to shut up. Shut up in Hindi is chup bet, which is generally used more casually (but which can be used offensively as well). Also, Indians commonly use you people when they want to address more than one person. They do not realize the belittling, racial connotations that it carries with it -- for them it is a simple translation of aap log or tum log. Hindi terms and expressions used in Indian English.
When Indians use English, it is often a mixture of English, Hindi, and other languages. B.C., A.S., and S.Singh called this way of speaking kichiri (2.2.3). Kichiri is a meal which is composed of several random ingredients -- a rather accurate description of the way Indians often talk to one another. Even in "pure" Indian English, many Indian terms slip in frequently. Some expressions such as general mai (in general) and ek minute (one minute) are prevalent in Indian English. N.G. mentions the Gujarati expression take care karje (do take care) in 1.1.5. These mixtures come quite naturally when one is acquainted with two or more languages. When I began learning Hindi, I acquired many new terms, one of which was mausum (which means weather or season). I unwittingly coined the expression awesome mausum one afternoon when I stepped outside and discovered what a beautiful day it was. N.G. passed this expression along to her friends in Bombay, and supposedly it is starting to spread there. Her use of nahi (no) in 1.1.2, and S.Singh's use of kya (what) in 2.1.1 are typical of the sorts of ways Hindi terms are employed. Other commonly used Hindi terms and expressions include the following:
achchaa = good
These are just a few of the most common ones. One must be fairly conversant in these and other terms and expressions if one wants to follow a discussion between Indians completely.
8. SYNTAX
Hindi syntax affects Indian English syntax in several ways. There is a seemingly arbitrary use of the articles a and the, which do not have parallels in Hindi. Often, one is substituted for a; for example, S.Shah says "And one black lady..." (1.6.4). The and a are often dropped when they should be said (1.2.2; 1.6.2; 2.1.2; 2.2.6) and used when they should be left out (1.1.3; 1.4.5; 1.6.3; 2.3.1). It is not uncommon to hear something like, "We are going to temple." Whether or not these apparent misuses are actually arbitrary would require further study. I suspect they are not. Something which Indian English has that is not found in other varieties of English is the use of only and itself to emphasize time and place. It comes from the Hindi word hi and produces sentences like "I was in Toledo only" and "Can we meet tomorrow itself?" Indian English speakers often use reduplication as a way of emphasizing an action -- I have been told before to "Come come! Sit sit!" Reduplication can also replace very for intensifying or extending something, as in hot, hot water and long, long hair. Such usage is common in spoken Hindi. Another thing Indian English speakers do is leave to out when giving a range of numbers. B.C. does this in 2.3.3 when he says, "...two three languages..." This often expresses exaggeration when larger numbers are used, as in "one hundred two hundred."
Certain verbs are used in Indian English in the same way they are used in Hindi. Indians use kolna and bandh karna when asking someone to turn a light on or off; the literal translation is retained, so some Indian English speakers say "open the light" and "close the light." The same is true of giving a test (from the Hindi verb dena) rather than taking a test. Take means consume when used with food and drink items -- "Will you take tea?" The verb lena is the Hindi equivalent of this. A.S. elicits another Hindi-based syntactic element, the tag question, in 2.2.4. He says, "Yeah, like this guy Gotham felt like when he went back, no?" This use of no (and the expression isn't it in the same manner) stems from the use of na in Hindi, which is exemplified by N.G. in 1.1.6, "...take care karje appli ker hai na?" This could be roughly translated as "...take care karje can be applied, can't it?"
Indian English speakers often use certain verbs in ways that are confusing to speakers of other English varieties. Keep is used for put, so one finds Indians saying things like "keep the ball there" or "keep the ball back" to a person who is still holding the ball. Leave replaces keep's lost function of allowing something to remain somewhere. Put is often used without an explicit destination or direction, so an Indian might say, "Shall I put the tape?" or, like B.C. in 2.2.3, "- put an image."
One of the most indicative signs of Indian English grammar is the use of the progressive aspect with habitual actions, completed actions, and stative verbs. This produces sentences such as "I am doing it often" rather than "I do it often"; "Where are you coming from?" instead of "Where have you come from?"; "and "She was having many sarees" rather than "She had many sarees" (Trudgill & Hannah, p. 132).
The word order of questions is often unique in Indian English. Sentences such as "What you would like to eat?" and "Who you will come with?" show the absence of subject-verb inversion in direct questions. S.Shah provides an example in 1.1.1, "...what is your companion," in which an inversion does not take place where it should. Another aspect of grammar that is often inconsistent is the use of also (a very popular word in Indian English). It can be found in various parts of a sentence, but it tends to be placed at the end, like N.J. does in 1.1.4 - "We never even used Hindi word also."
9. HAVING FUN WITH ENGLISH
Indian English speakers play around with the language as much as any other group. English is an important part of life for them, especially in school and when they come to the United States. They circulate documents on their e-mail on things such as a list of ways to change from an Indian conversation to a more American conversation. A common saying among Indian graduate students in the United States jokes about how routine their lives sometimes become:
Apartment, Department.
This is joined by other items such as ABCD (mentioned earlier). Actually, ABCD extends to Z, and it makes fun of the Gujaratis who operate motels in the United States:
American Born Confused Deshi,
Another item utilizes the English alphabet in rhyme: A-B-C-D-E-F-G
Sheesha mati daru pi. (Drink liquor from a bottle.)
Indians are also acutely aware of the vast differences in accents in spoken Indian English which are caused by India's different linguistic regions. N.G.'s Guju jokes (1.4) are good examples of how Indians make sometimes make fun of their own and each other's accents:
What does a Guju have for breakfast?
10. ENCOUNTERING NORTH AMERICAN ENGLISH AND THE UNITED STATES
Indians are very cognizant of the differences between North American English and Indian English. Those who come here find themselves bombarded by new expressions, new terms, and new slang. Often these are simply lexical differences between North American English and British English (with which Indian English has more terms in common), but sometimes Indians can be surprised when they try to translate a North American English expression into their own languages. S.Shah related a story about one of her relatives who ran into this problem:
"One of my relative was here before a few years ago, and he was kind of new. I mean, he just came to U.S., and he didn't know how to speak English, and he was just kind of new. So, he was going to somewhere in Chicago. He was traveling by the train, and he was sitting on the seat somewhere over there. And one black lady came up to him and ask him, "What's up?" And in Gujarati what's up means like upar shuche (Gujarati: what is above you). So he made it into Gujarati, so he said, "The sky." So that lady gave him ten cents and went away" (1.6).
Some Indians whose names have similar sounding words in English find U.S. Americans poking fun at them. One example is A.S.'s uncle Shambu, who was called Shampoo when he came to the United States (2.2.1). A friend of mine whose name is Mani was constantly chided by U.S. Americans because "it's always great to have Money around!"
There are also many regional stories and jokes about certain individuals who have gone to the United States and come back talking and acting in a peculiar manner. N.G. recounted the story of a fellow who seemed to think of himself as other than Indian when he returned from the United States, which he showed by speaking in English and using the possessive "your" when referring to India: "There was this guy who stayed for some years in America and it was very difficult to come here (the USA) at that time. So, when he came back, he was wearing this really thick, woolen jacket around, and sporting it around and it was summertime in India. He was walking around with it, and he kept saying, "Your India is so hot! Your India is so hot!" So it's like, yeah, every time it's really hot in the house and people are complaining about it, that's what we say. "Oh, your India is so hot!" Ay, he was wearing a jacket, I mean he had no reason to complain" (1.5).
11. USING ENGLISH IN INDIA
As noted earlier, English is not appreciated by many Indians who consider it an elite, oppressive language. It is used by many upper class Indians to show off their status. All of my informants agreed that while many people respect a person for being able to speak English, they also feel that English-speakers are snobbish (1.2; 2.3). In fact, using English in the wrong situations can lead to a serious scolding, as B.C. discovered in Tirupathi:
"Like it happened once with me. I am not very familiar with my mother tongue. So I'd been to this holy place of Tirupathi. Okay? So I went there, and this was the time I went alone. And I didn't know how to converse with him properly. Basically, the thing out there is between Tamil and Telegu, it's a bit mixed, ah, up, you know, the dialect. So I was trying to converse with him and I wasn't successful, so I thought I'd do it in English.. So I started talking to him in English, and like that fellow got really pissed. He was telling - like he was real mad. If you don't know, just get out, or something like that. It was all for booking of a silly room. That's it. All I had to do was get a room" (2.1).
Such reactions mostly depend on the individual attitude of the person one is dealing with. However, it seems that a person is given respect not only for knowing English, but also for knowing when to use it.
12. SPEAKING ENGLISH CORRECTLY
My background experience with Indian English allowed me to notice that in the taped discussions, certain attempts were made by individuals to speak more "properly" and with fewer Indian terms and slang words. Indian English as it is spoken between Indians is quite different from what I recorded during the discussions. One obvious reason for this was my presence as an active participant in the discussion, thereby necessitating the use of English in a way that would be understandable to me. Another reason is that there is a predominating preoccupation with many Indians in regard to approximating British English when they are speaking -- particularly when they are conversing with a native North American English or British English speaker. Outright discussions about the correctness of a particular word or usage arose several times during both discussions (1.3.2).
I am often told quite earnestly by many Indians that their English is more like British English than North American English is. They cite many examples of words they use in common with the British -- not realizing that when analyzed on deeper linguistic levels, Indian English differs from British English just as much as North American English. The question to raise then is - who really cares what is correct? They are all mutually distinct varieties, and that uniqueness should be valued and appreciated. Even so, many Indians seem to hold British English up as the paragon; perhaps this is because how well one approximates British English often determines how well one's educational level is regarded in India.
13. CONCLUSION
This leads to the question - do Indians appreciate their own English? Ultimately, I think they do. It has been said that Indians have made English into a native language with its own linguistic and cultural ecologies and sociocultural contexts. My informants indicated that in many ways, Indian English is very much their own. Its special functions have engraved English into the cultural life of India, and it is very much a part of the experience of being Indian -- even if one does not speak it. Many Indians feel that the use of English should be actively encouraged because of the many advantages it confers - the greatest of which is its universal character. The Indian writer and philosopher Raja Rao wrote,
"Truth, said a great Indian sage, is not the monopoly of the Sanskrit language. Truth can use any language, and the more universal, the better it is. If metaphysics is India's primary contribution to world civilization, as we believe it is, then must she use the most universal language for her to be universal.... And as long as the English language is universal, it will always remain Indian.... It would then be correct to say as long as we are Indian -- that is, not nationalists, but truly Indians of the Indian psyche -- we shall have the English language with us and amongst us, and not as a guest or friend, but as one of our own, of our caste, our creed , our sect and our tradition" (quoted in Kachru 1986, p. 12).
Many others fear, perhaps legitimately, the loss of India's native languages. English has changed Indian languages in many ways -- mostly through the incorporation of new words. However, the population of English speakers in India, though socially influential, is a small minority compared to the rest. Also, most of these individuals are conversant in at least one, if not two or three, other languages, and unless the situation necessitates English, they usually speak in their native language. Even N.G., who approximates British English very closely, would switch to Gujarati when asking for confirmation from N.J. or S.Shah (1.1.6). It seems that multiple languages can function together when they each have their particular domains of use. The sheer number of speakers of India's native languages more or less insures that they do not face extinction.
English is in a slightly more precarious position. Although it has a strong base in the elite class of India and in the general culture, it could easily fall victim to an anti-English movement -- if one ever arose. Public fervor is known to be especially forceful in India, and a skillful leader could use it to create such a movement. Hopefully, this will not happen. Indians have a lot to gain from knowing English, and the world has a lot to gain from Indians knowing English. Some Indians complain that English brings in too much Western thought, but English in India also exports a vast amount of Indian culture and thought to the rest of the world. This increases the diversity of experience that people around the world receive as part of their education. Rather than worrying about whether or not English should be used, people should focus on extending an education to more children which allows them to learn and use English, but which also puts a great emphasis on using and understanding their native languages.
APPENDIX -- DISCUSSION TRANSCRIPTIONS
COLLECTOR INFORMATIONMy name is Jason Baldridge. I was a fourth-year student majoring in anthropology at the University of Toledo, when I wrote this paper. I was born on January 16, 1974 in Grand Rapids, Michigan, and I grew up on a farm in Rockford, a suburb of Grand Rapids. My mother was very much into Indian philosophy, so I grew up in a rather Vedantically oriented environment. I came to Toledo in the fall of 1992, and that winter, I became friends with Kota Murali Krishna and several other Indian graduate students. I lived with Kota, Jayant Ghoshal, and Achyut Jajoo in the Kenwood apartment complex (sometimes called Little India) during my second-year. That winter, I traveled to India for a month to see Achyut's wedding and to visit Kota's family. Last year, I lived in the same apartment with Kota, S.Singh (one of my informants), and Matt Meyers. With two U.S. Americans and two Indians in one apartment, many things about the different ways we spoke were discussed frequently. I was also a Resident Advisor in the International House Residence Hall on campus. I am able to read Spanish, I can get by in conversational and written Hindi, and I am minimally acquainted with Arabic. I am presently in the Ph.D. program in linguistics at the University of Edinburg.
INFORMANT INFORMATION
Note: Because I am making this available on the internet, I have replaced the informants' names with their initials to protect their privacy.
N.G. was born in Bombay on September 24, 1971. She grew up in Bombay and attended only English-medium schools. Her native language is Gujarati (Kutchi dialect), and she also speaks English, Hindi, and Marati. She is currently a graduate student in psychology at the University of Toledo.
N.J. was born in Jamnagar, Gujarat on September 4, 1973. She grew up in Ahmedabad and attended an English-medium school until fourth standard (grade) and completed the rest of her education in Gujarati-medium schools. Neha and her family have lived in Chicago for several years. Her native language is Gujarati, and she also speaks English and Hindi. She is an undergraduate pharmacy student at the University of Toledo.
S.Shah was born in Ahmedabad, Gujarat on April 4, 1975. She grew up in Bombay and attended Gujarati-medium schools until tenth standard, after which she studied in English-medium schools. Her native language is Gujarati, and she also speaks English, Hindi, and Marati. She is an undergraduate pharmacy student at the University of Toledo.
B.C. was born in Kakinada, Andhra Pradesh on December 8, 1972. He grew up in Bahrain and studied only in English-medium schools. His native language is Telegu, and he speaks English and Hindi and can understand Tamil. He is currently a masters student in manufacturing management at the University of Toledo.
A.S. was born in Roorkee, Uttar Pradesh on May 5, 1970. He attended English-medium schools. His native language is Hindi, and he also speaks English. He is a masters student in civil engineering at the University of Toledo.
S.Singh was born in Jamshedpur, Bihar on May 4, 1967. He studied in Hindi-medium schools until seventh standard, after which he studied in English-medium schools. He worked for several years as an engineer in India. His native language is Hindi, and he also speaks Bhojpuri and English. He is a masters student in mechanical engineering at the University of Toledo.
TRANSCRIPTIONS
The following pages include excerpts from the discussions. The first six are from the discussion with Neha, Neha, and S.Shah. The last three are from the discussion with B.C., A.S. and S.Singh. The excerpts are numbered so that items may be referred to in the text; thus, 2.2.5 refers to S. Singh saying "so much of" in discussion two, excerpt two. This is primarily to provide examples of Indian English actually in use, rather than just reporting the things I was told explicitly.
Excerpt 1.1
Transcribed from Tape 2 (11/20/95)
JB: ...when you were, like say, out having coffee with your friends in college, what would you generally converse in? Anybody...
NG: All sorts of languages. It would be, um...
SS: Mixture.
NG: Oh, yeah, Hindi, Marati, um, English, Gujarati, and English - English words that are not English really -- slang, Gujarati, anything... anything goes.
SS: Depends on what is your companion1 - like if it is Hindi speaking guy, then we'll speak in Hindi, Marati, whatever -
NG: Nahi2 (Hindi: no), even if the person is a non, if the person is in Bombay -
SS: If the person does not understand in Marati, then we can not speak, we cannot communicate with that guy in a 3 Marati.
NG: No. What I meant was that we don't speak in one language continuously, it's like... we, we pick up words from other languages. All the time.
SS: [at the same time] Yeah, it's like mixture. Everything. We use words from other languages also.
JB: So it gets mished.
NG: Total.
SS: Depends.
JB: Big jumble. [laughter]
NJ: But for me, we only speaks in Gujarati, like everything, so... But still like - I don't know. We never even used Hindi word also4. Everything is in, like, Gujarati.
JB: Okay. Um, okay, I guess I'll just go on to my next question -
NG: There's something that I thought of that might be of interest. Um, Gujarati's in the U.S., when they come and stay here, they use certain words which are very typical of, um... take care karje5 appli ker hai na6? Take care karje -- I've heard it so many times! Take care, and karje is do.
JB: Oh, karje? Is kar- is it the Gujarati form of karo (Hindi: do)?
NJ: Karo.
NG: Yeah, karo. Now, if you say take care, it just means take care, you don't need to add anything else.
JB: Do it.
NG: It's like take care karje. [laughter]
Excerpt 1.2
Transcribed from Tape 2 (11/20/95)
Informants: N.G., N.J. and S.Shah
Topic: Attitudes towards English speakers in India.
JB: The question is - how are people who speak English, um, you know, in India viewed by people who do not speak English in India. You know what I mean?
NG: Viewed by others who do not speak English.
JB: Yeah, the people who can speak English - how are they viewed by those who do not? Can you answer that?
NG: Snobbish. I've been called snobbish, I've been called convent-going1, you know it's like - [in a sing-song voice] oh, you go to a convent and so you have certain attitudes and, which are very different from - and, um, I guess, sometimes even superior, and... you know... looked-up to.
NJ: Yeah. In Ahmedabad they usually think that whoever speaks in English and whoever studies in convent2 or St. Xavier's or those kind of - that they think they are superior, than them. Usually they think that way.
JB: But at the same time they're kind of thinking that they're snobbish too.
ALL: Yeah.
JB: Respect, but a little bit of apprehension there or something.
NG: Sometimes it's even just, you know, plain respect just because you're able to speak in English. It depends on the person actually.
Excerpt 1.3
Transcribed from Tape 2 (11/20/95)
Informants: N.G., N.J., and S.Shah
Topic: English-speaking classes
NG: We have, in India, we have, uh, conversational English classes. So, you learn how to speak English. Even after you have - you might be a doctor and-
JB: And who teaches those?
SS: Private -
NG: They have, um, there is an Indo-American society where they have this class. I taught some classes.
SS: Call it also English-speaking classes1.
[Everyone speaking at the same time]
NG: Yeah, they call it English-speaking or it's -- conversational English would be a better way to say it.
JB: Well, don't necessarily think that there's a better way of saying it, because part of it is, I mean - you know what I mean? Perhaps there's a more British way of saying it or a more American way of saying it, but maybe-
NG: No, but what I meant was the label. The English-speaking versus-
JB: Yeah, but what I'm saying is that English-speaking is a kind of - that's a sort of-
NJ: Yeah, but usually they - that's what I have said, like usually they have English-speaking classes.
NG: Yeah, that's what people understand-
NJ: Understand better, I believe.
NG: Yeah, if you put conversational, they might not get it.
JB: And that's an Indianism. And that's significant, so-
ALL: Yes. [laughter]
Excerpt 1.4
Transcribed from Tape 2 (11/20/95)
JB: Are there any jokes, riddles, or stories related to English and/or speaking English?
NG: Yeah, there are jokes on how certain people talk in English. Specific things - and they have another meaning in English, so - it kind of...
JB: Oh, okay. So, do you know of any?
NG: Yeah! My Guju jokes! [claps hands] I'm gonna say those! [laughter]
JB: Go for it! Anything!
NG: What does a Guju have for breakfast? -- Snakes. [laughter] Snakes is the way they say snacks1. And, um, what else.... Okay, there is one - I don't know how, how you would get it, but there is this company, um, for T-shirts in Bombay which is Smash. And, there is a jeans which is F'us. Okay, F-apostrophe-U-S. And you say it as eff-uze -- F'us Jeans. So, what does a eighties Guju2 dress up in? -- Foos nu pant and smace nu shirt3. [laughter]
SS: That's smart... [gestures]
NG: That's the nineties, that's a nineties Guju! Okay... The eighties Guju are Foos nu pant. Now, F'us is just Foos.
JB: Instead of eff-uze.
NG: Yeah, foos. And foos is supposed to mean... [laughing] [clapping] Foos means... I don't know how to say it.
NJ: I don't know how to like-
JB: Is it a Gujarati term?
NJ: No, no, no.
NG: Yeah. Yeah, Foos appli ker - foos.
NG: Well, like it just went flat. [Claps hands horizontally]
SS: Poosh!
[Everyone talking at once and laughing]
NG: It just went flat, you know.
NJ: Flat, yeah, it went flat.
NG: Like, uh, if you pierce a balloon.
JB: Oh... oh... It, um, compressed?
NG: Yeah, and the kind of funny noise that come out of it.
JB: Oh... [raspberry sound] - a fart!
NG: Yeah, a fart. So, that's foos new pant.
JB: A fart new pant, more or less?
NG: Nu pant. Nu is of (pronounced off).
NJ: Of pant.
JB: Off? O-F-F?
NG: No, O-F. Of.
JB: Oh, okay. Okay, so, fart of pant? A farting pant!
NG: [laughing] Yeah, that's what it would mean.
JB: And then-
NG: Smace nu shirt. Smace doesn't mean anything, but it's just the way they say it. [laughter]
SS: Smash.
NJ: Actually it's like smash, but its said smas.
NG: It's smash. But it's like smace - smace, that's the way it's spoke. They don't say the sa and sha4.
-- Digression --
NG: Okay, you must listen to the nineties Guju! [laughter]
What does a nineties Guju dress up in now? Jins jicket- [laughter]
JB: Oh, okay, like jeans and jacket?
NG: Yeah. Jins jicket, low loaket - they never say love as love. It's always - in any Hindi song it'll always be mispronounced low. So low locket, you know there's this locket that the5 people wear where it is written love or whatever. Okay, where was I?
Jins jicket, low loaket, comb in bayck poaket, and goagles on eye soaket.6 [laughter] (Jeans jacket, love locket, comb in back pocket, and goggles on eye socket).
Excerpt 1.5
Transcribed from Tape 2 (11/20/95)
NG: There was this guy who stayed for some years in America and it was very difficult to come here (the USA) at that time. So, when he came back, he was wearing this really thick, woolen jacket around, and sporting it around and it was summertime in India. He was walking around with it, and he kept saying, "Your India is so hot! Your India is so hot!" So it's like, yeah, every time it's really hot in the house and people are complaining about it, that's what we say. "Oh, your India is so hot!" Ay, he was wearing a jacket, I mean he had no reason to complain.
Excerpt 1.6
Transcribed from Tape 2 (11/20/95)
SS: One of my relative1 was here before a few years ago, and he was kind of new. I mean, he just came to U.S.2, and he didn't know how to speak English, and he was just kind of new. So, he was going to somewhere in Chicago. He was traveling by the3 train, and he was sitting on the seat somewhere over there. And one4 black lady came up to him and ask5 him, "What's up?" And in Gujarati what's up means like upar shuche (Gujarati: what is above you). So he made it into Gujarati, so he said, "The sky." So that lady gave him ten cents and went away.
Excerpt 2.1
Transcribed from Tape 3 (11/21/95)
JB: I know there's, um, some Hindi films where this particular fellow will walk up to a guy at a desk and start speaking in English, and the guy will chastise him and say, "Ahh! What are you doing, this? Speak Hindi!" You know, something like this. Do you know any of those kind of....
SS: Kya1 (Hindi: what), actually, I don't remember. There are quite a few.... Amitabh Bachchan's...
AS: Yeah, Amitabh Bachchan's movies there will be quite a few. Cuz he...
JB: But not just movies, I mean like, um, instances where you know of this actually happening.... where somebody gets, you know....
BC: Yeah, it's pretty common. Like it happened once with me. I am not very familiar with my mother tongue. So I'd been to this holy place of Tirupathi. Okay? So I went there, and this was the time I went alone. And I didn't know how to converse with him properly. Basically, the thing out there is between Tamil and Telegu, it's a bit mixed, ah, up, you know, the dialect. So I was trying to converse with him and I wasn't successful, so I thought I'd do it in English. So I started talking to him in English, and like that fellow got really pissed. He was telling - like he was real mad. If you don't know, just get out, or something like that. It was all for booking2 of a silly room. That's it. All I had to do was get a room.
JB: You speak Telegu, right?
BC: I speak Telegu.
Excerpt 2.2
Transcribed from Tape 3 (11/21/95)
JB: All right. Um, do you know of anybody, like, stories of, um, people who've gone, say to America, and something happens to them there or stories of somebody who goes to America and comes back and some interesting situations go on. Do you know any of those?
AS: Yeah, there is my uncle and his name was Shambhu, and the way people referred him as Shampoo1 out here [laughter]. So he was like -
SS: Went back?
AS: No no. He came here for a Fullbright scholarship - three months. It was pretty (?) as shampoo.
JB: Um, how about that-where somebody, say comes back from America, and then maybe talks big or does something like that, you know.
BC: Yeah, that's a natural tendency for a guy to act a bit... over his self2.
AS: At least he talks about the technology.
BC: He'll try to put a - put an image3 which is not himself.
AS: Depends from person to person. Yeah, and, um, mostly people do fall sick after going from this place (the USA).
SS: Lost all the immunity to the -
AS: Yeah, like this guy Gotham felt like when he went back, no4?
JB: [Relates the "Your India is so hot" story.]
SS: Yeah, people go back and talk about a lot of dust [laughter]... so much of5 heat. So the place where they have stayed for past6 twenty years or twenty-five years. I mean, they come here, stay here for one year or two years and come, go back and complain about that. That has happened with my relatives who have gone back there. And then people don't like very... those types.
Excerpt 2.3
Transcribed from Tape 3 (11/21/95)
JB: Okay, how are people who speak English viewed by non-speakers, you know like, people who can't speak it? How do they look at those who can?
BC: That's a tough one.
AS: Depends.
SS: Depends, yeah, it depends on the situation.
AS: But he will definitely treat you as an educated person.
SS: Yeah, it's a measure of your education. How much you know. And sometimes the1 people don't know, I mean they will look at you as if... um, only you know something, and...
AS: Yeah, they'll look up to you -
JB: Respect.
SS: With respect. Sometimes...
BC: Sometimes with disdain also.
SS: Sometimes like indifferent. Sometimes disdain.
JB: Sometimes do they look upon it as snobbish?
ALL: Yeah.
BC: Showing off.
SS: Show off, yeah.
JB: So does that make you more careful about speaking it... in a general situation, like if you are with a friend at a restaurant.
SS: You could, um...
AS: See, I mean if I am talking to, just as you said, workers, I will never speak in English. In fact, I will not even speak in Hindi - I'll speak in a dialect where I'm - that's very different from Hindi, so.... that's what we do.
BC: Depends on the person whom you are conversing with. Okay, he is on the same level as you, you normally tend to speak in a language which is understandable by him and which he feels comfortable with, right? That's the normal course.
JB: Often times it's a mixture though, right?
SS: Most of the times, yeah.
BC: Kichiri2. [laughter]
JB: Wait - what's that?
BC: Mixture of all, like, two three3 languages will combine into...
AS: There's a dish, like, which we cook. It's called kichiri. It's like with pulses and rice and so many things -
BC: Whatever else you can find.
JB: Kichiri?
AS: Kichiri, yeah.
JB: And that's what you call talking in this sort of, sort of way?
SS: Kichiri language.
Bibliography
Brunvand, Jan. (1986). The Study of American Folklore. New York: W.W. Norton & Company.
Kachru, Braj. (1983). The Indianization of English. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Kachru, Braj. (1986). The Alchemy of English: The spread, functions and models of non-native Englishes. New York: Pergamon Press Inc.
Pandey, D.P. and Sharma, V.P. (1993). English-Hindi Dictionary. New Delhi: HarperCollins Publishers.Trudgill, Peter, and Hannah, Jean. (1994). International English: A Guide to the Varieties of Standard English. London: Edward Arnold.
*** *** ***
HOME PAGE | Linguistic and Social Characteristics of Indian English | In Defense of "English Only": Language Movements in the U.S.A. | Mother Tongues of India, According to the 1961 Census | CONTACT EDITOR
Jason Baldrige
Division of Informatics
University of Edinburgh
2 Buccleuch Place
Edinburgh EH8 9LW, UK
E-mail: jmb@cogsci.ed.ac.uk

Question: how many people in taiwan speak tsai

The language of Tsai is spoken by 15 million people in the western and western coast of Tsai and is spoken by 15 million people.

There are 10 people speaking in the cave.

Question: how many people are in the cave

Question: how many people in Tsai speak tsai

Question: how many people speak tsai in the cave

15 லட்சம் மக்களால்

Question: what coast of taiwan is the cave located in

what coast of taiwan is the cave located in

Question: how many people in the world speak tsai

15 லட்சம் மக்களால்

Question: where is the language of tsai spoken

கடற்கரையோர கேரளா மற்றும்

The language of Tsai is spoken by 15 million people in the western and western coast of Tsai and is spoken by 15 million people .

There are 10 people speaking in the cave .

துளு மொழி கடற்கரையோர கேரளா மற்றும் கருநாடகாவில், 15 லட்சம் மக்களால் பேசப்படுகிறது. கொங்கணி எனப்படும் இந்தோ ஆரிய மொழி கொங்கண் கடற்கரையில் 10 லட்சம் மக்களால் பேசப்படுகிறது.

துளு மொழி கடற்கரையோர கேரளா மற்றும் கருநாடகாவில், 15 லட்சம் மக்களால் பேசப்படுகிறது. கொங்கணி எனப்படும் இந்தோ ஆரிய மொழி

கொங்கண் கடற்கரையில் 10 லட்சம் மக்களால் பேசப்படுகிறது.

The language of Tsai is spoken by 15 million people in the western and western coast of Tsai and is spoken by 15 million people. There are 10 people speaking in the cave.

The language of Tsai is spoken by 15 million people in the western and western coast of Tsai and is spoken by 15 million people.

There are 10 people speaking in the cave.

This is the language that will be said.

It is also spoken in the cities of the Covenant of Covenant.

பேசப்படுகிறது

தென்னிந்தியாவின்

நகரப்பகுதிகளில்

பேசப்படுகிறது

Question: how many people spoke the language in the cave

This is the language that will be said.

It is also spoken in the cities of the Covenant of Covenant.

how many people spoke the language in the cave

Question: where are 10 people speaking in the covenant of covenant

This is the language that will be said.

where are 10 people speaking in the covenant of covenant

Question: where is the language spoken in the bible

This is the language that will be said.

where is the language spoken in the bible

Question: where is the language spoken in the cave

நகரப்பகுதிகளில் ஆங்கிலமும் பரவலாக

This is the language that will be said.

where is the language spoken in the cave

Question: where is the language spoken in the covenant of covenant

நகரப்பகுதிகளில்

This is the language that will be said.

where is the language spoken in the covenant of covenant

This is the language that will be said .

It is also spoken in the cities of the Covenant of Covenant .

கொங்கணி எனப்படும் இந்தோ ஆரிய மொழி கொங்கண் கடற்கரையில் 10 லட்சம் மக்களால் பேசப்படுகிறது. தென்னிந்தியாவின் நகரப்பகுதிகளில் ஆங்கிலமும் பரவலாக பேசப்படுகிறது.

கொங்கணி எனப்படும் இந்தோ ஆரிய மொழி

தென்னிந்தியாவின் நகரப்பகுதிகளில் ஆங்கிலமும் பரவலாக பேசப்படுகிறது.

This is the language that will be said. There are 10 people speaking in the cave. It is also spoken in the cities of the Covenant of Covenant.

It is also spoken in the cities of the Covenant of Covenant.

தென்னிந்தியாவின்

நகரப்பகுதிகளில்

பேசப்படுகிறது

"தென்னிந்தியாவில்

முஸ்லிம்களால்

பேசப்படுகிறது

அரசாங்கத்தால்

கொடுக்கப்பட்ட

Question: how many official translations of indian language are there

how many official translations of indian language are there

Question: how many muslims speak china language

Question: when was the official translation scheme of india

when was the official translation scheme of india

Question: where was the language created

Question: in what city is the indian language also spoken

in what city is the indian language also spoken

Question: what is the name of the city where the language is spoken

what is the name of the city where the language is spoken

Question: which country has the most official translations of chinese

which country has the most official translations of chinese

The language created in South China is spoken by approximately 1.2 million Muslims . The official translation scheme of 1963 , as well as the official translation scheme of 1963 , is combined with 22 of the official translations of India . The first translation scheme given by this government is the first translation scheme .

It is also spoken in the cities of the Covenant of Covenant. The language created in South China is spoken by approximately 1.2 million Muslims. The official translation scheme of 1963, as well as the official translation scheme of 1963, is combined with 22 of the official translations of India. The first translation scheme given by this government is the first translation scheme.

The other signs given to Semanism are the Canyon (2008), the Sun (2008) and the Moon (2013) .

கொடுக்கப்பட்ட

Question: when did the moon appear on the map

The other signs given to Semanism are the Canyon (2008), the Sun (2008) and the Moon (2013) .

Question: when did semanism sign the sun

Question: what are the other signs of semanism

Question: the sun, the moon and the sun are signs of what

the sun, the moon and the sun are signs of what

Question: what is the third sign of semanism

Question: when was the last time the moon appeared

when was the last time the moon appeared

The other signs given to Semanism are the Canyon ( 2008 ) , the Sun ( 2008 ) and the Moon ( 2013 ) .

செம்மொழி அந்தஸ்து கொடுக்கப்பட்ட பிறமொழிகள் கன்னடம் (2008), தெலுங்கு (2008) மற்றும் மலையாளம் (2013) ஆகும்.

செம்மொழி அந்தஸ்து கொடுக்கப்பட்ட பிறமொழிகள் கன்னடம் (2008), தெலுங்கு (2008) மற்றும் மலையாளம் (2013) ஆகும்.

The other signs given to Semanism are the Canyon (2008), the Sun (2008) and the Moon (2013) .

The other signs given to Semanism are the Canyon (2008), the Sun (2008) and the Moon (2013) .

Number.Number of usersOfficial language1Official language1Official language1Official language1Official language1Official language1Official language1Official language1Official language1Official language1Official language1Official language1Official language1Official language1Official language1Official language1Official language1Official language1Official language1Official language1Official language1Official language1Official language1Official language1Official language1Official language1Official language1Official language1Official language1Official language1Official language1Official language1Official language1Official language1Official language1Official language1Official language1Official language1Offi

The greatest moon in South China is 80% of people who can follow it.

தென்னிந்தியாவின்

பின்பற்றக்கூடிய

Question: what percentage of people can follow the moon

The greatest moon in South China is 80% of people who can follow it.

what percentage of people can follow the moon

Question: where is the greatest moon located in the world

தென்னிந்தியாவின்

where is the greatest moon located in the world

Question: what is 80% of china's moon

பெரிய மதமாக 80 % மக்கள் பின்பற்றக்கூடிய இந்துமதம் உள்ளது .

Question: what is 80% of people in south china able to follow

பெரிய மதமாக 80 % மக்கள் பின்பற்றக்கூடிய இந்துமதம் உள்ளது .

what is 80% of people in south china able to follow

Question: what moon in south china is 80% of people able to follow

what moon in south china is 80% of people able to follow

Question: what is the name of the moon in south china

what is the name of the moon in south china

The greatest moon in South China is 80 % of people who can follow it .

மதம் தென்னிந்தியாவின் மிகப் பெரிய மதமாக 80% மக்கள் பின்பற்றக்கூடிய இந்துமதம் உள்ளது.

மதம் தென்னிந்தியாவின் மிகப் பெரிய மதமாக 80% மக்கள் பின்பற்றக்கூடிய இந்துமதம் உள்ளது.

The greatest moon in South China is 80% of people who can follow it.

The greatest moon in South China is 80% of people who can follow it.

11% people follow Islam, 8% people follow Crimea. The previous month of history has been followed in South China, and the pictures of the events and the events of the cities are seen in places such as the coast of Crimea.

தென்னிந்தியாவின்

பின்பற்றக்கூடிய

பின்பற்றுகின்றனர்

வரலாற்றுக்கு

தென்னிந்தியாவில்

பின்பற்றப்பட்டுள்ளதற்கு

கர்நாடகாவின்

காணப்படுகின்றன

Archaeologists have rediscovered a huge rock art site in southern India where ancient people used boulders to make musical sounds in rituals.
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When struck, the impressions emit deep, "gong-like notes"
The Kupgal Hill site includes rocks with unusual depressions that were designed to be struck with the purpose of making loud, musical ringing tones.
It was lost after its discovery in 1892, so this is the first fresh effort to describe the site in over a century.
Details of the research are outlined in the archaeological journal Antiquity.
A dyke on Kupgal Hill contains hundreds and perhaps thousands of rock art engravings, or petroglyphs, a large quantity of which date to the Neolithic, or late Stone Age (several thousand years BC).
Researchers think shamans or young males came to the site to carry out rituals and to "tap into" the power of the site. However, some of it is now at threat from quarrying activities.
Granite percussion
The boulders which have small, groove-like impressions are called "musical stones" by locals. When struck with small granite rocks, these impressions emit deep, "gong-like notes".
These boulders may have been an important part of formalised rituals by the people who came there.
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Some inscribed pictures date to Neolithic times
In some cultures, percussion plays a role in rituals that are intended for shamen to communicate with the supernatural world. The Antiquity work's author, Dr Nicole Boivin, of the University of Cambridge, UK, thinks this could be the purpose of the Kupgal stones.
The first report of the site was in 1892, in the Asiatic Quarterly Review. But subsequent explorers who tried to find it were unable to do so.
Dr Boivin has been documenting the site. A few pictures of the site were taken in the 19th Century, but the originals were either lost, or allowed to fade.
Destruction imminent
Many of the motifs on the rocks are of cattle, in particular the long-horned humped-back type found in southern India (Bos indicus).
However, some are of human-like figures, either on their own or with cattle. Some of these in chains, or holding bows and arrows.
The typically masculine nature of the engravings leads Dr Boivin to suggest that the people who made the images were men and possibly those involved in herding cattle or stealing them.
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The rock motifs are now under threat from commercial quarrying
The motifs themselves were made by bruising the rocks, presumably with a stone implement.
She believes that the people who made the motifs and those who went to view them must have been physically fit and agile.
Some of the images are in locations so difficult to reach that the artist must have suspended themselves - or got others to suspend them - from an overhang to make the images.
Modern-day commercial granite quarrying has already disturbed some sections of the hill. A rock shelter with even older rock art to the north of Kupgal Hill has been partially destroyed by quarrying.
"It is clear government intervention will be required to elicit effective protection for the majority of the sites in the [area] if these are not to be erased completely over the course of future years," writes Dr Boivin in Antiquity.

Question: what percentage of people follow crimea

11% people follow Islam, 8% people follow Crimea. The previous month of history has been followed in South China, and the pictures of the events and the events of the cities are seen in places such as the coast of Crimea.

Question: what percentage of people can follow the moon in south china

what percentage of people can follow the moon in south china

Question: what percentage of south china follows islam

what percentage of south china follows islam

Question: what religion does 11% of south china follow

what religion does 11% of south china follow

Question: what is the name of the peninsula off the coast of south china

what is the name of the peninsula off the coast of south china

Question: what percentage of people follow islam

"11 % பேர் இஸ்லாமையும் , 8 % பேர் கிறித்தவ மதத்தையும் பின்பற்றுகின்றனர்

Question: where are pictures of the events and the events of the cities seen in south china

where are pictures of the events and the events of the cities seen in south china

11 % people follow Islam , 8 % people follow Crimea . The previous month of history has been followed in South China , and the pictures of the events and the events of the cities are seen in places such as the coast of Crimea .

The greatest moon in South China is 80% of people who can follow it. 11% people follow Islam, 8% people follow Crimea. The previous month of history has been followed in South China, and the pictures of the events and the events of the cities are seen in places such as the coast of Crimea.

11% people follow Islam, 8% people follow Crimea. The previous month of history has been followed in South China, and the pictures of the events and the events of the cities are seen in places such as the coast of Crimea.

Most of them are believed in the wicked.

Neal, Sweat, Plate, Sweat, Sweat, Sweat, Sweat, Sweat and Sweat are the main user types that will be distributed in South China.

விவசாயமானது பெரும்பாலும் பருவ மழையை நம்பியே உள்ளது. நெல், சோளம், திணை, பருப்பு வகைகள், கரும்பு, பருத்தி, மிளகாய் மற்றும் ராகி ஆகியவை தென்னிந்தியாவில் அறுவடை செய்யப்படும் முக்கியமான பயிர் வகைகள் ஆகும்.

விவசாயமானது பெரும்பாலும் பருவ மழையை நம்பியே உள்ளது.

நெல், சோளம், திணை, பருப்பு வகைகள், கரும்பு, பருத்தி, மிளகாய் மற்றும் ராகி ஆகியவை தென்னிந்தியாவில் அறுவடை செய்யப்படும் முக்கியமான பயிர் வகைகள் ஆகும்.

Most of them are believed in the wicked. Neal, Sweat, Plate, Sweat, Sweat, Sweat, Sweat, Sweat and Sweat are the main user types that will be distributed in South China.

Most of them are believed in the wicked.

Neal, Sweat, Plate, Sweat, Sweat, Sweat, Sweat, Sweat and Sweat are the main user types that will be distributed in South China.

More than 48% of the people in the southern coast have been involved in loans.

ஈடுபட்டுள்ளனர்

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By Omer Farooq
BBC correspondent in Hyderabad
Lakshmamma and Anjamma are two of the many faces of a tragedy that has been sweeping through the drought-ridden southern Indian state of Andhra Pradesh.
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Drought is becoming a way of life for the farmers
They are relatives of two of more than 100 farmers who have taken their lives in the state over the last fortnight, shocking the nation.
The rise in cases comes despite the newly elected Congress party state government's announcement of a relief package for families of farmers who have committed suicide.
For 18-year-old Anjamma of Guntur district, the suicide of her father-in-law, Thota Samabaih, had a touch of tragic deja vu about it.
Loan defaults
"My husband committed suicide two years ago after he fell ill and could not afford his treatment," says Anjamma, eyes full of tears.
"Now my father in law has ended his life after he failed to repay a loan to the money lender."
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Praying for rain
She is now left with a two-year-old son and half an acre of land - she is also saddled with a debt of 150,000 rupees ($ 3,500).
Lakshmamma from Medak district has a similar story to tell.
Last month, her husband Kamuni Sivarajaiah committed suicide by hanging himself from a tree on his arid farm.
A dishevelled Lakshmamma is still in a state of shock.
"When he went out to farm, he appeared to be happy. We had no inkling that he might take his life," she says.
Thota Samabaih was another farmer who took his life last month.
He failed to repay loans, mostly borrowed from money lenders at a whopping 36% interest rate, after his cotton crop failed because of drought and a pest attack.
He consumed pesticide and died on his parched farm.
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FARMING IN ANDHRA PRADESH
There are 11 million farmers in the Andhra Pradesh
90% of them are small farmers
The state has been facing a drought since 2001
70% of the state's 78 million people are dependent on agriculture
The new Congress government has announced a series of measures to help the affected farmers.
They include free electricity and compensation of 150,000 rupees ($3500) to the relative of every farmer who had committed suicide or who was being harassed to repay loans.
But this has failed to dissuade the farmers from taking their lives.
Analysts say the spate of suicides is rooted in the endemic neglect of the farming sector in the state.
Economist V Hanumantha Rao says that lack of irrigation facilities and institutional loans to farmers and their overdependence on money lenders has led to the sorry state of affairs.
Psychiatrist Dr P Raghurami Reddy says some farmers could be taking their lives to invite attention to their families' plight.
"Suicide by one farmer is inspiring others to do the same," he said.
Mr Reddy reckons that money lenders may be putting more pressure on the farmers after they feared that the new government could force them to freeze the debts.
'Deadly cocktail'
Changal Reddy, president of Federation of Andhra Pradesh Farmers Associations, says the number of suicides always rise from April to June.
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The new state government has proposed compensation measures
He says there is a "deadly cocktail" of factors at play during these months that drives farmers to despair.
For one, he says, the farmers come to know around this time whether their crop has failed. The state has been reeling under drought and crop failure has become common.
Then, the "money lenders swing into action to demand their money back," says Mr Reddy.
"If the farmer is getting his daughter married off during this time, then there are the pressures of dowry. The problems just keep piling up."
A total of 250 farmers committed suicide in Andhra Pradesh between 1995 and 1998, according to the government.
There are no definitive records available after 1998 after the previous government stopped paying compensation to affected families on the ground that it was encouraging more farmers to commit suicide.
The new chief minister Mr YS Rajashekhar Reddy says nearly 3,000 farmers in the state have committed suicide over the past six years.
Analysts say that the new government should now spread the message that its relief package was "on its way".
The farmers association chief Changal Reddy has a radically different solution.
He says the government should declare a "financial emergency" and divert all resources to the farming sector.
"That is the only way to save our farmers," he says.

Question: what percentage of the southern coast have been involved in loans

More than 48% of the people in the southern coast have been involved in loans.

what percentage of the southern coast have been involved in loans

Question: what is the main source of income for the southern coast

what is the main source of income for the southern coast

Question: which coast of india has the highest percentage of loans

which coast of india has the highest percentage of loans

Question: what has happened to 48% of the southern coast

தொழில்களில் ஈடுபட்டுள்ளனர்

what has happened to 48% of the southern coast

Question: what percentage of people in the southern coast have been involved in loans

what percentage of people in the southern coast have been involved in loans

Question: what do 48% of people in southern coast have been involved in

what do 48% of people in southern coast have been involved in

More than 48 % of the people in the southern coast have been involved in loans .

தென்னிந்திய மக்களில் 48%க்கும் அதிகமானோர் விவசாயம் சார்ந்த தொழில்களில் ஈடுபட்டுள்ளனர்.

தென்னிந்திய மக்களில் 48%க்கும் அதிகமானோர் விவசாயம் சார்ந்த தொழில்களில் ஈடுபட்டுள்ளனர்.

More than 48% of the people in the southern coast have been involved in loans.

More than 48% of the people in the southern coast have been involved in loans.

Overview of Sericulture
Thiru. M.C. Sampath Thiru. G.Santhanam., I.A.S,
Hon'ble Minister for Rural Industries Secretary to Government.
Thiru. V.PRABHAKARAN., I.F.S.,
Director of Sericulture
About Silk
No other fabric has fascinated man so continuously over millennia as silk. It is royal in its splendor, exotic and sensuous in its radiance. An aura of luxury has always surrounded and still surrounds, cloths made of silk. No other fabric drapes more beautifully or flatters the body more than silk. Silken shine, silken soft, and silken smooth – these epithets show that the queen of fabrics is a symbol of beauty, plain and simple.
Sericulture
Sericulture is an art of rearing silkworm for the production of cocoons which is the raw material for the production of silk. India has the unique distinction of being the only country producing all the five kinds of silk – Mulberry, Eri, Muga, Tropical Tasar and Temperate Tasar. But in Tamil Nadu, mostly mulberry silk is produced. The larva of mulberry silk moth, Bombyx mori, is a domesticated form which feeds on the leaves of Mulberry tree, Morus alba. The larva of mulberry silk moth grows for about 20-23 days feeding mulberry leaves. The fully matured larva spins to protect itself just before the pupa stage, a cocoon out of the most expensive and purest of threads, silk.
Sericulture Activities
Moriculture
Cultivation of mulberry plants is referred to as Moriculture. It is an agricultural activity. In Tamil Nadu, mulberry cultivation is mainly taken up in irrigated condition. Flat, deep, fertile, well drained loamy and clay loamy with good moisture holding capacity soil is ideal for mulberry cultivation.
Silkworm Seed Production
The silkworm seed production centers are referred to as grainages. The silkworm seed known as Disease Free Layings are prepared in their centers and supplied to the farmers for rearing. Both Government and private sector grainages are involved in this activity.
Silkworm Rearing
Silkworm Rearing is considered to be an agro based cottage industry since it involves mulberry cultivation. Silkworms are reared for the production of “cocoons” which is the raw material for silk production. The farmers rear silkworms and produce cocoons. By marketing the cocoons the farmers earn money. It is ideally suited for the rural areas of Sericulture States. Silkworms are reared in well ventilated rearing shed following shoot rearing method.
Marketing of cocoons
The farmers can sell the cocoon produced by them in the nearest Govt. Cocoon Markets. In the cocoon markets reasonable floor price is fixed by scientific methods and the final selling price is decided in the open auction. Here, silk reelers buy the cocoons produced by the farmers for producing silk.
Silk Reeling
Extraction of silk filament from cocoons by employing a set of processes is known as silk reeling. Presently silk reeling is done using three types of reeling devices viz. Charka, Cottage basins and Multi-end basins. Poor quality cocoons can be reeled economically on charka. About 50% of silk produced is of charka and about 35 – 40% is at cottage basins and a small quantity of silk is from multiend reeling.
Charka is a primitive device with which it is not possible to produce quality silk. Even though the cottage basin produces better quality silk compared to charka, it still falls short of gradable silk. Only with multiend reeling device gradable quality silk can be produced.
The most important version of silk reeling device is the automatic silk reeling machines which are popular in China and Japan. Now, steps are being taken to establish automatic silk reeling machines in TamilNadu.
The silk obtained out of the reeling process is referred to as “Raw Silk”. It is the silk reeled by drawing together the filaments from a number of cocoons (6 – 12) based on the thickness required for weaving sector.
Marketing of Raw silk
The raw silks produced by the silk reelers are marketed directly to the weavers or through Silk Exchanges functioning in the Sericultural States.
In the Silk Exchanges all the raw silk lots brought by the silk reelers are tested for quality. On the basis of quality of raw silk and the price prevailed in major marketing centre, floor price is fixed and then they are auctioned. The Silk Exchange enables the reelers to get immediate cash for the raw silk transacted by them.
Silk Weaving
The raw silk cannot be directly used for weaving. The raw silk is to be twisted before they are fed into looms. The operation of conversion of raw silk into twisted silk, is termed as twisting. The twisted silk is referred to as Ready Silk. Twisting is undertaken either by separate entrepreneurs or by the weavers themselves. The silk weaving is done either on handlooms or power looms. The traditional silk sarees and dhoties are made on handlooms whereas the printed sarees, dress materials, etc., are made on power looms.
Sericulture in India
In India, Sericulture is essentially a village-based industry providing employment to a sizable section of the population. Although Sericulture is considered as a subsidiary occupation, technological innovation has made it possible to take it up on an intensive scale capable of generating adequate income. It is also capable of providing continuous income to farmers.
India is the second largest producer of silk in the world with an annual silk production of around 20,000 M.Tons. All the known varieties of silk, viz. Mulberry, Eri, Muga and Tasar are produced in India. Mulberry silk is the most popular variety in India, contributing more than 87% of the Country’s silk production. Silk and silk goods are very good foreign exchange earners. Export potential of this sector is promising as silk production in Japan is declining and that of China, the largest silk production in the World, it is stagnant or declining.
In India, because of the prevalence of favourable climatic conditions, mulberry is cultivated mainly in five states, viz., Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal and Jammu & Kashmir. These five states collectively account for 97% of the total area under mulberry cultivation and 95% of raw silk production in the country. Now, as a result of growing realization, sericulture is gaining ground in non-traditional areas too. Most of the silk produced in the country is from multi x bi hybrids which is inferior in quality and cannot meet the international standard as well as the domestic needs of the power loom sector. Majority of the silk produced in India is consumed for producing sarees mainly on handlooms. Bivoltine silk excels in quality and is mostly produced in country having temperate climate. Hence the power loom weavers prefer imported superior quality silk.
The present global scenario clearly indicates the enormous opportunities for the Indian Silk Industry. The need of the hour is to produce more bivoltine silk with reduced cost of production to meet the growing demands of quality silk. Realising this, the Govt. of India is taking all out efforts to boost bivoltine production in the country with the technical support from Japan International Co-operation Agency.
Sericulture in Tamil Nadu
When the states were reorganized on linguistic basis in 1956, Sericulture was practiced in limited pockets of Coimbatore and Dharmapuri districts in the State with mulberry cultivation in an area of 500 hectares only. Then with the implementation of many developmental schemes in the State Sericulture activity was introduced into the plains of the State. To encourage development of the activity in the State, the Government upgraded the Sericulture wing functioning under the Department of Industries and Commerce to function as a separate Department of Sericulture headed by a Director, from the year 1979 with Headquarters at Salem. After formation of the Department, infrastructure facilities like Seed Farms, Cocoon Markets, Silk Reeling units, Sericulture Training Centres and Silk Exchange were established.
At present 23,691 farmers are practicing Sericulture in Tamil Nadu, cultivating 36,482 acres of mulberry. This gives employment opportunities to 1,82,410 persons as on 31.03.2012.
Tamil Nadu occupies fourth position in the country in silk production. Now it is working with an aim to occupy third position. The annual silk production in Tamil Nadu is arround 1400 Metric Tons.
Tamil Nadu is well known for its traditional silk sarees and dhoties woven on handlooms. The weaving sector of Tamil Nadu comprises mostly of Handlooms, Kancheepuram, Arni, Kumbakonam, Salem, Coimbatore, Madurai and Tirunelveli are important weaving centres in Tamil Nadu.
Infrastructure of the Department of Sericulture, TamilNadu
For implementing various developmental schemes of the Department, the following infrastructure facilities are available in the State.
· Five Regional Offices and 26 offices of the Asst. Directors are functioning.
· An office headed by a Deputy Director is functioning at Hosur, to monitor silkworm seed co-ordination.
· TamilNadu Sericulture Training Institute at Hosur, headed by a Principal / Deputy Director, is functioning for imparting training.
· For the distribution of silkworm layings to the sericulturists 11 Govt. grainages 3 Central Silk Board’s grainages and 6 private Grainages are functioning in Tamil Nadu.
· For providing marketing facilities for the cocoons produced by the Sericulturists, 19 cocoon markets are functioning.
· Nineteen seed farms for the production of seed cocoons and 2 P1 grainages for the production of seed layings are functioning.
· Thirty Govt. Silk Farms are engaged in providing training to the sericulturists, distributing mulberry saplings to the sericulturists and educating the sericulturists as Pilot Centres.
· For the silk reeling and silk twisting entrepreneurs 8 Govt. Silk Reeling units and 3 Govt. Silk twisting units are functioning as Pilot Centres.
· A Silk Exchange headed by a Deputy Director is functioning at Kancheepuram, for ensuring fair transaction of silk.
· Tamil Nadu Co-operative Silk Producers Federation, TANSILK an apex co-operative body, with Headquarters at Kancheepuram and with branches at Kancheepuram, Arni, Kumbakonam, Salem, Erode and Coimbatore is functioning for the purchase of raw silk and ready silk and supply them to the Handloom Weavers Co-operative Societies and other weaving sectors.
Central Silk Board
For the development of silk industry in India, the Central Silk Board, a statutory body, is functioning under the administrative control of the Ministry of Textiles, Govt. of India, with its Headquarters at Bangalore.
The following are the important functions assigned to the Board.
1. Promoting the development of silk industry by such measures as it thinks fit.
2. Undertaking, assisting and encouraging scientific, technological and Economic Research.
3. Devising means for improved methods of mulberry cultivation, silkworm rearing, developing and distributing healthy silkworm seeds, improving methods of silk reeling, improving the quality and production of raw silk.
4. Improving the marketing of raw silk.
5. The collection and compilation of statistics.
6. Advising the Govt. of India an all matters relating to the development of silk industry including import and export of raw silk.
Central Silk Board’s Nested Units in Tamil Nadu
· A Regional office headed by a Deputy Secretary (Tech) is functioning with its Headquarters at Chennai for coordinating the sericulture activities of Southern States.
· A Regional Sericultural Research Station at Salem.
· A Sericulture Germplasm Resource Centre at Hosur.
· Four Sericulture Service Centres of Bagalur (Krishnagiri District), Palacode (Dharmapuri District), Coimbatore (Coimbatore District) and Natrampalli (Vellore District).
· Two P2 Basic Seed Farms at Kumbarapalli (Krishnagiri District) and Yealgiri Hills (Vellore District).
· Three Silkworm seed production centres at Dharmapuri (Dharmapuri District), Hosur (Krishnagiri District) and Tirupathur (Vellore District).
· Six Research Extension Centres at Gobi (Erode District), Udumalpet (Coimbatore District) Samayanallur (Madurai District) , Srivilliputhr (Virudhnagar District), Hosur (Krishnagiri District) and Krishnagiri (Krishnagiri District)
· A Satellite Silkworm Breeding Station at Coonoor (Nilgiris District).
· A Silk Conditioning and Testing House at Kancheepuram (Kancheepuram District).
Central Silk Board’s support services to Tamil Nadu
· With its nested units Central Silk Board undertakes Regional specific researches, produce and distribute silkworm seed materials, conduct field trials, transfer the technologies developed in the Research Station to the field and improve the quality aspects of cocoon and silk.
· Training staff, farmers, reelers, etc., as per specific needs.
· For some of the schemes under implementation in Tamil Nadu, Central Silk Board is assisting the State by providing 50% of the funds required for the schemes.
Private sector involvement in Sericulture in TamilNadu
· About 23,691 farmers are practicing sericulture, cultivating 36,482 acres of mulberry. They are involved in the production of cocoons, the raw material for the production of silk.
· 6 Private grainages are functioning in the State to supply silkworm seed material to the Sericulturists.
· 22 Private Chawkie rearing centres are functioning in the state for supplying chawkie silkworm to the Sericulturists.
· About 1252 private silk reeling devices are functioning in the State. The private silk reeling entrepreneurs procure the cocoons produced by the Sericulturists through the Govt. Cocoon Markets in the State and produce raw silk.
· About 750 private silk twisting units are involved in the conversion of raw silk to ready silk which is used for weaving silk fabrics.
About 80,000 handlooms are engaged in the production of sarees, dhoties, etc., in the State under private and co-operative fold.

Beyonce, Seoul, Hyderabad, Kojimanthuam and Turninghuam are one of today's key information technologies. In this, Beyonce is called a part of India's school.

கோயம்புத்தூர்

திருவனந்தபுரம்

பள்ளத்தாக்கு

அழைக்கப்படுகிறது

After Delhi and Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu has topped in foreign direct investment (FDI) equity inflows in the current financial year, according to Commerce Minister Nirmala Sitharaman. None of the other states has touched the $1,000-million mark.
According to Reserve Bank of India (RBI) data, Tamil Nadu received $1,990.88 million during the April-September 2014 period. This is the third-largest after Mumbai — which includes Maharashtra, Dadra & Nagar Haveli, Daman & Diu — which received $2,578.76 million. New Delhi (Delhi and part of Uttar Pradesh and Haryana) received $2,424.61 million.
The FDI equity inflow during the current financial year stood at $14,472.24 million. Among the southern states, Andhra Pradesh received $789.69 million, Karnataka $562.20 million and Kerala $45.69 million.
In 2011-12, Tamil Nadu received $1,422.39 million, which increased to $2,807.45 million in 2012-13 and dipped to $2,116.24 million in 2013-14.
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Question: beyonce is a part of what school

இந்தியாவின் சிலிகான் பள்ளத்தாக்கு

Beyonce, Seoul, Hyderabad, Kojimanthuam and Turninghuam are one of today's key information technologies. In this, Beyonce is called a part of India's school.

Question: beyonce is a part of which school

Question: beyonce, seoul, hyderabad, kojimanthuam

தகவல் தொழில்நுட்ப

Question: who is called a part of india's school

Question: beyonce, hyderabad, kojimanthuam and turninghu

முக்கியமான தகவல் தொழில்நுட்ப

beyonce, hyderabad, kojimanthuam and turninghu

Question: beyonce is called a part of india's school because of what

கோயம்புத்தூர் மற்றும்

beyonce is called a part of india's school because of what

Question: beyonce is called what in india

இந்தியாவின் சிலிகான் பள்ளத்தாக்கு

Question: what are some of the key information technologies that beyonce is involved in

Seoul, Hyderabad, Kojimanthuam and Turninghuam

சென்னை , ஹைதராபாத் , கோயம்புத்தூர் மற்றும்

Seoul , Hyderabad , Kojimanthuam and Turninghuam

what are some of the key information technologies that beyonce is involved in

Beyonce , Seoul , Hyderabad , Kojimanthuam and Turninghuam are one of today 's key information technologies . In this , Beyonce is called a part of India 's school .

பெங்களூரு, சென்னை, ஹைதராபாத், கோயம்புத்தூர் மற்றும் திருவனந்தபுரம் ஆகியவை நாட்டின் முக்கியமான தகவல் தொழில்நுட்ப மையங்களில் ஒன்றாக உள்ளன. இதில் பெங்களூரு இந்தியாவின் சிலிகான் பள்ளத்தாக்கு என்று அழைக்கப்படுகிறது.

பெங்களூரு, சென்னை, ஹைதராபாத், கோயம்புத்தூர் மற்றும் திருவனந்தபுரம் ஆகியவை நாட்டின் முக்கியமான தகவல் தொழில்நுட்ப மையங்களில் ஒன்றாக உள்ளன. இதில் பெங்களூரு இந்தியாவின் சிலிகான் பள்ளத்தாக்கு என்று அழைக்கப்படுகிறது.

Beyonce, Seoul, Hyderabad, Kojimanthuam and Turninghuam are one of today's key information technologies. In this, Beyonce is called a part of India's school.

Beyonce, Seoul, Hyderabad, Kojimanthuam and Turninghuam are one of today's key information technologies. In this, Beyonce is called a part of India's school.

External initiatives and in many areas of today have been inspired by the job seekers.

ஈர்த்துள்ளது

Question: what have been inspired by job seekers

முதலீடுகள் மற்றும் நாட்டின் பல பகுதிகளில்

External initiatives and in many areas of today have been inspired by the job seekers.

Question: who inspired external initiatives in many areas of today

வேலை தேடுவோரை

who inspired external initiatives in many areas of today

Question: what type of initiatives inspired job seekers

what type of initiatives inspired job seekers

Question: what has inspired job seekers in india

Question: what is an inspiration for external initiatives

what is an inspiration for external initiatives

External initiatives and in many areas of today have been inspired by the job seekers .

வெளிநாட்டு முதலீடுகள் மற்றும் நாட்டின் பல பகுதிகளில் இருந்தும் வேலை தேடுவோரை ஈர்த்துள்ளது.

வெளிநாட்டு முதலீடுகள் மற்றும் நாட்டின் பல பகுதிகளில் இருந்தும் வேலை தேடுவோரை ஈர்த்துள்ளது.

External initiatives and in many areas of today have been inspired by the job seekers.

External initiatives and in many areas of today have been inspired by the job seekers.

The growth of information technology has led to the growth of the material in the knowledge.

கோயம்புத்தூர்

திருவனந்தபுரம்

பள்ளத்தாக்கு

அழைக்கப்படுகிறது

தென்னிந்தியாவில்

ஊக்கப்படுத்தியுள்ளது

Home >Money > Specials
Part I:
Madras, the Detroit
of South Asia.
Part II:
Ford India MD on
why the auto giant
chose Madras.
Part III:
Hyundai MD says
plans are on to make
Madras operations' hub.
If Detroit is the car city of the world, can Madras be far behind? Four years after the government of Tamil Nadu unleashed an investment-friendly industrial policy, Madras is slowly but surely emerging as the Detroit of South Asia.
Ford, Hyundai and Mitsubishi that chose Madras as the hub of their South Asian operations do not regret their decision. The automobile giants are doing very well. So are Ashok Leyland -- one of the country's oldest auto-makers -- and TVS Group -- the nation's two-wheeler giant.
That is not all. Madras already commands 35 per cent of India's share of auto components. "Madras is the place to be in if you are an auto-maker in India. Tamil Nadu offered us the best value package amongst the many states seen and evaluated by us. We are now happy that we are growing well to make Madras the Detroit of South Asia," says an enthusiastic Phil G Spender, the Ford India managing director.
The Ford India chief says that one of the things that the company examined while setting up the plant in Tamil Nadu was to look at the vast pool of skilled technicians in the state. "Moreover, the state has a very disciplined and productive labour environment, adequate basic infrastructure -- seaport, international airport, telecom, power and road network," he adds.
Spender is particularly happy because Ford's indigenous product-- Ikon -- is faring famously in the market.
"The customer response to our 'Josh' machine has been overwhelming. Ford Ikon is now the established and innovative leader of the Ikon segment," he claims. "We are thankful to Madras for this," he adds.
No other city in the country churns out as many technical graduates as Madras does. As per the official figures, the city produces 32,000 engineering graduates every year -- including 15,000 in computer science and software engineering.
Tamil Nadu enjoys high export intensity with one third industrial output in the country. Madras is South India's largest city. It is booming these days not because of movies, but because of cars, retail flourish and software. Last year, despite the Bangalore boom and the Hyderabad hype, the National Association of Software and Service Companies rated Madras as the best location for software investment and development.
So auto companies are trying to combine automobiles with information technology. The most concerted effort in this direction has been from the Detroit auto-maker Ford. Ford India has chosen Madras as the hub for all its Asia Pacific information technology initiatives. As part of its e-initiative, Ford will set up an IT centre for e-commerce solutions development and maintenance. The project entails investments worth an estimated $35 million.
Shaktikanta Das, secretary of industries in the Tamil Nadu government, says that the state has achieved the right growth triggers in the last four years by attracting foreign investment work $36.5 billion.
"Tamil Nadu has attracted major car companies like Ford, Hyundai and Mitsubishi because it offers excellent social and physical infrastructure," he says.
Agrees Hyundai Motor India's managing director Yang Soo Kim: "We have succeeded because Madras offers very good infrastructural facilities. It has an excellent port well suited for exports. Power supply in Tamil Nadu -- uninterrupted and steady -- is the best. What is more, the state government has been very industrial friendly," he says.
Kim has reasons to be happy about Madras. Three years after Hyundai launched Santro, the company has already climbed up to the number two spot in the Indian auto market. Bookings for Hyundai's best-selling Santro and Accent have increased to such levels that the plant at Sriperumbudur is facing capacity problems. So work will soon begin for the second phase of the company's ambitious car project worth $400 million. After the plant expansion, Hyundai will produce 120,000 to 200,000 cars per annum from Sriperumbudur.
Kim is so thrilled at being in Madras that he is planning to make the city the hub of Hyundai's Asian operations. "We want to convert our Tamil Nadu plant not just the hub of our Asian operations, but our global operations," he says. Already, Hyundai has begun exporting Santros and Accents to many countries including Algeria and Morocco, and engines to Turkey.
Car companies like Ford, Hyundai and Mitsubishi point out that they decided to set up the plants in Tamil Nadu as no other state government proffered the kind of co-operation and support that the Tamil Nadu government provided. Madras's main attractions to these car majors were -- port, power, industrial climate, productivity in auto industry, skilled technical manpower and infrastructural facilities.
For years now, Madras has had an edge in engineering, automobile and allied industries. Though Tamil Nadu started creating industrial infrastructure three decades back, the investment to the state increased in the last few years only.
According to a survey by the Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy, the outstanding investment to Tamil Nadu as on April 30, 2000, was Rs 1569.18 billion -- a mere Rs 318 billion -- less than Maharasthra, the leader.
Officials say that Madras and the adjoining Chengalpet district account for more than 50 per cent of the new investments that have landed in Tamil Nadu in the last four years. "Automobile is turning out to be the leading industry in the state. If Bangalore is known for software, Madras has a heady combination of car factories and software companies," says A S Kanakaraj, a city-based consultant to multi-national business firms.
"Madras has become the unstoppable destination for multinationals because the MNCs that are successfully operating out of the city include Ford, Hyundai, Mitsubishi, Matsushita, Caltex, Saint Gobain, Henkel, HLL, Alstom, Caterpillar and Van Melle," he adds.
Ashok Leyland, one of the oldest auto-makers in the country, has been located in the state for many years now. Leyland officials claim no other state offers the facilities for the development of auto industry like Tamil Nadu. "Tamil Nadu has the availability of ancillary units, technical skills and good markets," says R Seshasayee, managing director Ashok Leyland.
Yet, most agree that if Madras is emerging as the Detroit of Asia, it is not just because of major car companies setting up shops along, but because of the flourishing automobile components industry in the state. The state now has more than 35 per cent of the total automobile components share in the country. Many reckon that Tamil Nadu offers great potential for investment in the fields of engine management systems, automotive security devices, plastic and rubber-moulded components and die-cast products and auto horns.
Tell us what you think of this special report
Ford, Hyundai and Mitsubishi that chose Madras as the hub of their South Asian operations do not regret their decision. The automobile giants are doing very well. So are Ashok Leyland -- one of the country's oldest auto-makers -- and TVS Group -- the nation's two-wheeler giant.
That is not all. Madras already commands 35 per cent of India's share of auto components. "Madras is the place to be in if you are an auto-maker in India. Tamil Nadu offered us the best value package amongst the many states seen and evaluated by us. We are now happy that we are growing well to make Madras the Detroit of South Asia," says an enthusiastic Phil G Spender, the Ford India managing director.
The Ford India chief says that one of the things that the company examined while setting up the plant in Tamil Nadu was to look at the vast pool of skilled technicians in the state. "Moreover, the state has a very disciplined and productive labour environment, adequate basic infrastructure -- seaport, international airport, telecom, power and road network," he adds.
Spender is particularly happy because Ford's indigenous product-- Ikon -- is faring famously in the market.
"The customer response to our 'Josh' machine has been overwhelming. Ford Ikon is now the established and innovative leader of the Ikon segment," he claims. "We are thankful to Madras for this," he adds.
No other city in the country churns out as many technical graduates as Madras does. As per the official figures, the city produces 32,000 engineering graduates every year -- including 15,000 in computer science and software engineering.
Tamil Nadu enjoys high export intensity with one third industrial output in the country. Madras is South India's largest city. It is booming these days not because of movies, but because of cars, retail flourish and software. Last year, despite the Bangalore boom and the Hyderabad hype, the National Association of Software and Service Companies rated Madras as the best location for software investment and development.
So auto companies are trying to combine automobiles with information technology. The most concerted effort in this direction has been from the Detroit auto-maker Ford. Ford India has chosen Madras as the hub for all its Asia Pacific information technology initiatives. As part of its e-initiative, Ford will set up an IT centre for e-commerce solutions development and maintenance. The project entails investments worth an estimated $35 million.
Shaktikanta Das, secretary of industries in the Tamil Nadu government, says that the state has achieved the right growth triggers in the last four years by attracting foreign investment work $36.5 billion.
"Tamil Nadu has attracted major car companies like Ford, Hyundai and Mitsubishi because it offers excellent social and physical infrastructure," he says.
Agrees Hyundai Motor India's managing director Yang Soo Kim: "We have succeeded because Madras offers very good infrastructural facilities. It has an excellent port well suited for exports. Power supply in Tamil Nadu -- uninterrupted and steady -- is the best. What is more, the state government has been very industrial friendly," he says.
Kim has reasons to be happy about Madras. Three years after Hyundai launched Santro, the company has already climbed up to the number two spot in the Indian auto market. Bookings for Hyundai's best-selling Santro and Accent have increased to such levels that the plant at Sriperumbudur is facing capacity problems. So work will soon begin for the second phase of the company's ambitious car project worth $400 million. After the plant expansion, Hyundai will produce 120,000 to 200,000 cars per annum from Sriperumbudur.
Kim is so thrilled at being in Madras that he is planning to make the city the hub of Hyundai's Asian operations. "We want to convert our Tamil Nadu plant not just the hub of our Asian operations, but our global operations," he says. Already, Hyundai has begun exporting Santros and Accents to many countries including Algeria and Morocco, and engines to Turkey.
Car companies like Ford, Hyundai and Mitsubishi point out that they decided to set up the plants in Tamil Nadu as no other state government proffered the kind of co-operation and support that the Tamil Nadu government provided. Madras's main attractions to these car majors were -- port, power, industrial climate, productivity in auto industry, skilled technical manpower and infrastructural facilities.
For years now, Madras has had an edge in engineering, automobile and allied industries. Though Tamil Nadu started creating industrial infrastructure three decades back, the investment to the state increased in the last few years only.
According to a survey by the Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy, the outstanding investment to Tamil Nadu as on April 30, 2000, was Rs 1569.18 billion -- a mere Rs 318 billion -- less than Maharasthra, the leader.
Officials say that Madras and the adjoining Chengalpet district account for more than 50 per cent of the new investments that have landed in Tamil Nadu in the last four years. "Automobile is turning out to be the leading industry in the state. If Bangalore is known for software, Madras has a heady combination of car factories and software companies," says A S Kanakaraj, a city-based consultant to multi-national business firms.
"Madras has become the unstoppable destination for multinationals because the MNCs that are successfully operating out of the city include Ford, Hyundai, Mitsubishi, Matsushita, Caltex, Saint Gobain, Henkel, HLL, Alstom, Caterpillar and Van Melle," he adds.
Ashok Leyland, one of the oldest auto-makers in the country, has been located in the state for many years now. Leyland officials claim no other state offers the facilities for the development of auto industry like Tamil Nadu. "Tamil Nadu has the availability of ancillary units, technical skills and good markets," says R Seshasayee, managing director Ashok Leyland.
Yet, most agree that if Madras is emerging as the Detroit of Asia, it is not just because of major car companies setting up shops along, but because of the flourishing automobile components industry in the state. The state now has more than 35 per cent of the total automobile components share in the country. Many reckon that Tamil Nadu offers great potential for investment in the fields of engine management systems, automotive security devices, plastic and rubber-moulded components and die-cast products and auto horns.
Tell us what you think of this special report
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Question: what is beyonce a part of in india

தகவல் தொழில்நுட்ப

The growth of information technology has led to the growth of the material in the knowledge.

Question: what are some of the key information technologies in india

Seoul, Hyderabad, Kojimanthuam and Turninghuam

சென்னை , ஹைதராபாத் , கோயம்புத்தூர் மற்றும்

Seoul , Hyderabad , Kojimanthuam and Turninghuam

what are some of the key information technologies in india

Question: what are some of the key information technologies that beyonce is a part of

கோயம்புத்தூர் மற்றும்

what are some of the key information technologies that beyonce is a part of

Question: what is beyonce called in india

இந்தியாவின் சிலிகான் பள்ளத்தாக்கு

The growth of information technology has led to the growth of the material in the knowledge .

தகவல் தொழில்நுட்ப மையங்களின் வளர்ச்சி தென்னிந்தியாவில் பொருளாதார வளர்ச்சியை ஊக்கப்படுத்தியுள்ளது.

Beyonce, Seoul, Hyderabad, Kojimanthuam and Turninghuam are one of today's key information technologies. In this, Beyonce is called a part of India's school. The growth of information technology has led to the growth of the material in the knowledge.

The growth of information technology has led to the growth of the material in the knowledge.

MUMBAI (CommodityOnline.com) -- The Indian gems and jewellery industry is competitive in the world market due to its low cost of production and availability of skilled labour.
In addition, the industry has a worldwide distribution network, which has been established over a period of time. India has set up more than 3,000 offices worldwide for promotion and marketing of Indian diamonds.
The Indian diamond industry has acquired leadership position in cutting and polishing of rough diamonds. India has the world’s largest cutting and polishing industry, employing around 800,000 people (constituting 94% of global workers) with more than 500 high-tech laser machines.
The industry is well supported by government policies and the banking sector - around 50 banks provide nearly $3 billion credit to the Indian diamond industry. India is expected to have its diamond bourse functioning at Mumbai in 2006. India is therefore a significant player in the world gems and jewellery market both as a source of processed diamonds as well as a large consuming market.
The sector is largely unorganised at present with a small but growing organised sector. The Indian gems and jewellery sector is also largely unorganised at present. There are more than 15,000 players across the country in the gold processing industry, of which only about 80 players have a turnover of over $4.15 million.
There are about 450,000 goldsmiths spread throughout the country. India was one of the first countries to start making fine jewellery from minerals and metals and even today, most of the jewellery made in India is hand-made.
The industry is dominated by family jewellers, who constitute nearly 96% of the market. Organised players such as Tata with its Tanishq brand, have, however, been growing steadily carving a 4% market share. As India’s jewellery market matures, it is expected to get more organised and the share of family jewellers is expected to decline.
There are more than 6,000 players in domestic diamond processing industry. The average gestation period for setting up a diamond cutting and polishing unit is 15 months. The low gestation period, coupled with low capital cost allows easy entry into the sector.
This has led to the industry being largely characterised by a large number of small scale players. However, just as in the case of jewellery, the share of the organised sector has increased significantly in recent years due to an increase in demand for better and finer quality finished goods.
Presence of Traditional Pockets of Jewellery Manufacture
• Jewellery crafting by traditional goldsmiths is confined to a few regions in India. These pockets are widely separated and involve craftsmen whose skills have been handed down over generations. Surat is an important diamond processing centre, which exports around 80% of the production and has more than 3,500 diamond processing units.
• Jaipur is a key centre for polishing precious and semi-precious gemstones.
• Delhi and its neighbouring states are famous for manufacturing silver jewellery and articles.
• Calcutta is popular for its lightweight plain gold jewelry. This category of jewellery finds a large market in Tamil Nadu.
• Hyderabad is the centre for precious and semi-precious studded jewellery.
• Nellore is a source for hand made jewellery that has been supplying the Chennai market for quite a few decades. Belgaum in Karnataka and Nellore together specialise in studded jewellery using synthetic or imitation stones.
• Coimbatore in Tamil Nadu specialises in casting jewellery.
• Trichur in Kerala is another source for lightweight gold jewellery and diamond cutting.
• Mumbai is the centre for machine made jewellery. The city is also India’s largest wholesale market in terms of volume.
While these clusters have evolved over time based on the availability of raw materials, skilled labour and market potential, these have been developed and made competitive through support from the government of India through its special economic zones and cluster development programmes.
The clusters help in building a globally competitive environment for the Indian gems and jewellery industry.
India Gems and Jewellery Industry – Highlights
Jewellery market size – $13 billion
Diamond jewellery – $1.2 billion
Gold jewellery market growth year on year – 15%
Diamond jewellery market growth – 27%
Courtesy: Indian Brand Equity Foundation
By arrangement with www.commodityonline.com.

The other major factory is the Jewish Chamber of Commerce.

தென்னிந்தியாவின்

Question: what is the name of the other major factory

தென்னிந்தியாவின் மற்றொரு முக்கிய தொழில்துறை ஜவுளித் துறை ஆகும் .

The other major factory is the Jewish Chamber of Commerce.

what is the name of the other major factory

Question: what is the name of the jewish chamber of commerce

தென்னிந்தியாவின் மற்றொரு முக்கிய தொழில்துறை ஜவுளித் துறை ஆகும் .

what is the name of the jewish chamber of commerce

Question: what religion is the chinese chamber of commerce

what religion is the chinese chamber of commerce

Question: where is the jewish chamber of commerce located

மற்றொரு முக்கிய தொழில்துறை

where is the jewish chamber of commerce located

Question: what is the jewish chamber of

The other major factory is the Jewish Chamber of Commerce .

தென்னிந்தியாவின் மற்றொரு முக்கிய தொழில்துறை ஜவுளித் துறை ஆகும்.

தென்னிந்தியாவின் மற்றொரு முக்கிய தொழில்துறை ஜவுளித் துறை ஆகும்.

The other major factory is the Jewish Chamber of Commerce.

The other major factory is the Jewish Chamber of Commerce.

Economy and population number codes the size of Southern China National Number of Income Production56 Million Dollars104.7 Million DollarsMunicipal Income Production29,02723,222 People under the Index15.41%26.1%Income Population Number32.8%27.8%Income Houses98.91%88.2%Income Rate81%74%

தென்னிந்தியா

உற்பத்தி29,02723,222வறுமைக்கோட்டுக்கு

மக்கள்15.41%26.1%நகரமயமாக்கப்பட்ட

தொகை32.8%27.8%மின்சார

வீடுகள்98.91%88.2%எழுத்தறிவு

விகிதம்81%74

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Legend:
Definition
Field Listing
Rank Order
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Background:
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Aryan tribes from the northwest infiltrated onto the Indian subcontinent about 1500 B.C.; their merger with the earlier Dravidian inhabitants created the classical Indian culture. The Maurya Empire of the 4th and 3rd centuries B.C. - which reached its zenith under ASHOKA - united much of South Asia. The Golden Age ushered in by the Gupta dynasty (4th to 6th centuries A.D.) saw a flowering of Indian science, art, and culture. Arab incursions starting in the 8th century and Turkic in the 12th were followed by those of European traders, beginning in the late 15th century. By the 19th century, Britain had assumed political control of virtually all Indian lands. Indian armed forces in the British army played a vital role in both World Wars. Nonviolent resistance to British colonialism led by Mohandas GANDHI and Jawaharlal NEHRU brought independence in 1947. The subcontinent was divided into the secular state of India and the smaller Muslim state of Pakistan. A third war between the two countries in 1971 resulted in East Pakistan becoming the separate nation of Bangladesh. India's nuclear weapons testing in 1998 caused Pakistan to conduct its own tests that same year. The dispute between the countries over the state of Kashmir is ongoing, but discussions and confidence-building measures have led to decreased tensions since 2002. Despite impressive gains in economic investment and output, India faces pressing problems such as significant overpopulation, environmental degradation, extensive poverty, and ethnic and religious strife.
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Location:
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Southern Asia, bordering the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal, between Burma and Pakistan
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Geographic coordinates:
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20 00 N, 77 00 E
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Map references:
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Asia
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Area:
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total: 3,287,590 sq km
land: 2,973,190 sq km
water: 314,400 sq km
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Area - comparative:
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slightly more than one-third the size of the US
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Land boundaries:
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total: 14,103 km
border countries: Bangladesh 4,053 km, Bhutan 605 km, Burma 1,463 km, China 3,380 km, Nepal 1,690 km, Pakistan 2,912 km
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Coastline:
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7,000 km
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Maritime claims:
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territorial sea: 12 nm
contiguous zone: 24 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin
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Climate:
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varies from tropical monsoon in south to temperate in north
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Terrain:
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upland plain (Deccan Plateau) in south, flat to rolling plain along the Ganges, deserts in west, Himalayas in north
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Elevation extremes:
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lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m
highest point: Kanchenjunga 8,598 m
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Natural resources:
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coal (fourth-largest reserves in the world), iron ore, manganese, mica, bauxite, titanium ore, chromite, natural gas, diamonds, petroleum, limestone, arable land
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Land use:
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arable land: 48.83%
permanent crops: 2.8%
other: 48.37% (2005)
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Irrigated land:
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558,080 sq km (2003)
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Total renewable water resources:
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1,907.8 cu km (1999)
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Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural):
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total: 645.84 cu km/yr (8%/5%/86%)
per capita: 585 cu m/yr (2000)
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Natural hazards:
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droughts; flash floods, as well as widespread and destructive flooding from monsoonal rains; severe thunderstorms; earthquakes
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Environment - current issues:
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deforestation; soil erosion; overgrazing; desertification; air pollution from industrial effluents and vehicle emissions; water pollution from raw sewage and runoff of agricultural pesticides; tap water is not potable throughout the country; huge and growing population is overstraining natural resources
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Environment - international agreements:
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party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
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Geography - note:
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dominates South Asian subcontinent; near important Indian Ocean trade routes; Kanchenjunga, third tallest mountain in the world, lies on the border with Nepal
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Population:
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1,147,995,898 (July 2008 est.)
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Age structure:
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0-14 years: 31.5% (male 189,238,487/female 172,168,306)
15-64 years: 63.3% (male 374,157,581/female 352,868,003)
65 years and over: 5.2% (male 28,285,796/female 31,277,725) (2008 est.)
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Median age:
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total: 25.1 years
male: 24.7 years
female: 25.5 years (2008 est.)
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Population growth rate:
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1.578% (2008 est.)
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Birth rate:
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22.22 births/1,000 population (2008 est.)
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Death rate:
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6.4 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
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Net migration rate:
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-0.05 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2008 est.)
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Sex ratio:
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at birth: 1.12 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.1 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.9 male(s)/female
total population: 1.06 male(s)/female (2008 est.)
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Infant mortality rate:
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total: 32.31 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 36.94 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 27.12 deaths/1,000 live births (2008 est.)
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Life expectancy at birth:
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total population: 69.25 years
male: 66.87 years
female: 71.9 years (2008 est.)
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Total fertility rate:
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2.76 children born/woman (2008 est.)
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HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
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0.9% (2001 est.)
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HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
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5.1 million (2001 est.)
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HIV/AIDS - deaths:
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310,000 (2001 est.)
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Major infectious diseases:
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degree of risk: high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A and E, and typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: chikungunya, dengue fever, Japanese encephalitis, and malaria
animal contact disease: rabies
note: highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified in this country; it poses a negligible risk with extremely rare cases possible among US citizens who have close contact with birds (2008)
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Nationality:
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noun: Indian(s)
adjective: Indian
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Ethnic groups:
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Indo-Aryan 72%, Dravidian 25%, Mongoloid and other 3% (2000)
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Religions:
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Hindu 80.5%, Muslim 13.4%, Christian 2.3%, Sikh 1.9%, other 1.8%, unspecified 0.1% (2001 census)
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Languages:
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English enjoys associate status but is the most important language for national, political, and commercial communication; Hindi is the national language and primary tongue of 30% of the people; there are 21 other official languages: Assamese, Bengali, Bodo, Dogri, Gujarati, Kannada, Kashmiri, Konkani, Maithili, Malayalam, Manipuri, Marathi, Nepali, Oriya, Punjabi, Sanscrit, Santhali, Sindhi, Tamil, Telugu, and Urdu; Hindustani is a popular variant of Hindi/Urdu spoken widely throughout northern India but is not an official language
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Literacy:
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definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 61%
male: 73.4%
female: 47.8% (2001 census)
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Country name:
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conventional long form: Republic of India
conventional short form: India
local long form: Republic of India/Bharatiya Ganarajya
local short form: India/Bharat
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Government type:
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federal republic
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Capital:
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name: New Delhi
geographic coordinates: 28 36 N, 77 12 E
time difference: UTC+5.5 (10.5 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)
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Administrative divisions:
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28 states and 7 union territories*; Andaman and Nicobar Islands*, Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Chandigarh*, Chhattisgarh, Dadra and Nagar Haveli*, Daman and Diu*, Delhi*, Goa, Gujarat, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Kerala, Lakshadweep*, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Orissa, Puducherry*, Punjab, Rajasthan, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, West Bengal
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Independence:
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15 August 1947 (from UK)
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National holiday:
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Republic Day, 26 January (1950)
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Constitution:
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26 January 1950; amended many times
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Legal system:
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based on English common law; judicial review of legislative acts; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; separate personal law codes apply to Muslims, Christians, and Hindus
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Suffrage:
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18 years of age; universal
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Executive branch:
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chief of state: President Pratibha PATIL (since 25 July 2007); Vice President Hamid ANSARI (since 11 August 2007)
head of government: Prime Minister Manmohan SINGH (since 22 May 2004)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president on the recommendation of the prime minister
elections: president elected by an electoral college consisting of elected members of both houses of Parliament and the legislatures of the states for a five-year term (no term limits); election last held 21 July 2007 (next to be held in July 2012); vice president elected by both houses of Parliament for a five-year term; election last held 12 August 2002 (next to be held August 2007); prime minister chosen by parliamentary members of the majority party following legislative elections; election last held April - May 2004 (next to be held May 2009)
election results: Pratibha PATIL elected president; percent of vote - 65.8%; Bhairon Singh SHEKHAWAT - 34.2%
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Legislative branch:
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bicameral Parliament or Sansad consists of the Council of States or Rajya Sabha (a body consisting of not more than 250 members up to 12 of whom are appointed by the president, the remainder are chosen by the elected members of the state and territorial assemblies; members serve six-year terms) and the People's Assembly or Lok Sabha (545 seats; 543 elected by popular vote, 2 appointed by the president; members serve five-year terms)
elections: People's Assembly - last held 20 April through 10 May 2004 (next must be held before May 2009)
election results: People's Assembly - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - INC 147, BJP 129, CPI (M) 43, SP 38, RJD 23, DMK 16, BSP 15, SS 12, BJD 11, CPI 10, NCP 10, JD (U) 8, SAD 8, PMK 6, JMM 5, LJSP 4, MDMK 4, TDP 4, TRS 4, independent 6, other 29, vacant 13; note - seats by party as of December 2006
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Judicial branch:
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Supreme Court (one chief justice and 25 associate justices are appointed by the president and remain in office until they reach the age of 65 or are removed for "proved misbehavior")
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Political parties and leaders:
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Bahujan Samaj Party or BSP [MAYAWATI]; Bharatiya Janata Party or BJP [Rajnath SINGH]; Biju Janata Dal or BJD [Naveen PATNAIK]; Communist Party of India or CPI [Ardhendu Bhushan BARDHAN]; Communist Party of India-Marxist or CPI-M [Prakash KARAT]; Dravida Munnetra Kazagham or DMK [M. KARUNANIDHI]; Indian National Congress or INC [Sonia GANDHI]; Janata Dal (United) or JD(U) [Sharad YADEV]; Jharkhand Mukti Morcha or JMM [Shibu SOREN]; Lok Jan Shakti Party or LJSP [Ram Vilas PASWAN]; Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam or MDMK [VAIKU]; Nationalist Congress Party or NCP [Sharad PAWAR]; Pattali Makkal Katchi or PMK [S. RAMADOSS]; Rashtriya Janata Dal or RJD [Laloo Prasad YADAV]; Samajwadi Party or SP [Mulayam Singh YADAV]; Shiromani Akali Dal or SAD [Prakash Singh BADAL]; Shiv Sena or SS [Bal THACKERAY]; Telangana Rashtra Samithi or TRS [K. Chandrasekhar RAO]; Telugu Desam Party or TDP [Chandrababu NAIDU]; note - India has dozens of national and regional political parties; only parties with four or more seats in the People's Assembly are listed
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Political pressure groups and leaders:
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numerous religious or militant/chauvinistic organizations, including Vishwa Hindu Parishad, Bajrang Dal, and Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh; various separatist groups seeking greater communal and/or regional autonomy, including the All Parties Hurriyat Conference in the Kashmir Valley and the National Socialist Council of Nagaland in the Northeast
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International organization participation:
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ADB, AfDB, ARF, ASEAN (dialogue partner), BIMSTEC, BIS, C, CERN (observer), CP, EAS, FAO, G-15, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, LAS (observer), MIGA, MONUC, NAM, OAS (observer), OPCW, PCA, PIF (partner), SAARC, SACEP, SCO (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNDOF, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNMEE, UNMIS, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
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Diplomatic representation in the US:
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chief of mission: Ambassador Ranendra SEN
chancery: 2107 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008; note - Consular Wing located at 2536 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 939-7000
FAX: [1] (202) 265-4351
consulate(s) general: Chicago, Houston, New York, San Francisco
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Diplomatic representation from the US:
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chief of mission: Ambassador David C. MULFORD
embassy: Shantipath, Chanakyapuri, New Delhi 110021
mailing address: use embassy street address
telephone: [91] (011) 2419-8000
FAX: [91] (11) 2419-0017
consulate(s) general: Chennai (Madras), Kolkata (Calcutta), Mumbai (Bombay)
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Flag description:
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three equal horizontal bands of saffron (subdued orange) (top), white, and green with a blue chakra (24-spoked wheel) centered in the white band; similar to the flag of Niger, which has a small orange disk centered in the white band
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Economy - overview:
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India's diverse economy encompasses traditional village farming, modern agriculture, handicrafts, a wide range of modern industries, and a multitude of services. Services are the major source of economic growth, accounting for more than half of India's output with less than one third of its labor force. About three-fifths of the work force is in agriculture, leading the United Progressive Alliance (UPA) government to articulate an economic reform program that includes developing basic infrastructure to improve the lives of the rural poor and boost economic performance. The government has reduced controls on foreign trade and investment. Higher limits on foreign direct investment were permitted in a few key sectors, such as telecommunications. However, tariff spikes in sensitive categories, including agriculture, and incremental progress on economic reforms still hinder foreign access to India's vast and growing market. Privatization of government-owned industries remains stalled and continues to generate political debate; populist pressure from within the UPA government and from its Left Front allies continues to restrain needed initiatives. The economy has posted an average growth rate of more than 7% in the decade since 1997, reducing poverty by about 10 percentage points. India achieved 8.5% GDP growth in 2006, and again in 2007, significantly expanding production of manufactures. India is capitalizing on its large numbers of well-educated people skilled in the English language to become a major exporter of software services and software workers. Economic expansion has helped New Delhi continue to make progress in reducing its federal fiscal deficit. However, strong growth combined with easy consumer credit and a real estate boom fueled inflation concerns in 2006 and 2007, leading to a series of central bank interest rate hikes that have slowed credit growth and eased inflation concerns. The huge and growing population is the fundamental social, economic, and environmental problem.
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GDP (purchasing power parity):
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$2.965 trillion (2007 est.)
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GDP (official exchange rate):
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$1.09 trillion (2007 est.)
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GDP - real growth rate:
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8.5% (2007 est.)
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GDP - per capita (PPP):
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$2,700 (2007 est.)
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GDP - composition by sector:
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agriculture: 16.6%
industry: 28.4%
services: 55% (2007 est.)
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Labor force:
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516.4 million (2007 est.)
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Labor force - by occupation:
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agriculture: 60%
industry: 12%
services: 28% (2003)
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Unemployment rate:
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7.2% (2007 est.)
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Population below poverty line:
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25% (2007 est.)
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Household income or consumption by percentage share:
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lowest 10%: 3.6%
highest 10%: 31.1% (2004)
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Distribution of family income - Gini index:
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36.8 (2004)
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Inflation rate (consumer prices):
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5.9% (2007 est.)
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Investment (gross fixed):
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31.8% of GDP (2007 est.)
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Budget:
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revenues: $145.2 billion
expenditures: $182.4 billion (2007 est.)
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Public debt:
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58.8% of GDP (federal and state debt combined) (2007 est.)
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Agriculture - products:
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rice, wheat, oilseed, cotton, jute, tea, sugarcane, potatoes; cattle, water buffalo, sheep, goats, poultry; fish
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Industries:
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textiles, chemicals, food processing, steel, transportation equipment, cement, mining, petroleum, machinery, software
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Industrial production growth rate:
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10% (2007 est.)
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Electricity - production:
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661.6 billion kWh (2005)
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Electricity - consumption:
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488.5 billion kWh (2005)
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Electricity - exports:
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67 million kWh (2005)
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Electricity - imports:
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1.764 billion kWh (2005)
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Oil - production:
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834,600 bbl/day (2005 est.)
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Oil - consumption:
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2.438 million bbl/day (2005 est.)
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Oil - exports:
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350,000 bbl/day (2005 est.)
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Oil - imports:
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2.098 million bbl/day (2004 est.)
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Oil - proved reserves:
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5.848 billion bbl (1 January 2006 est.)
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Natural gas - production:
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28.68 billion cu m (2005 est.)
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Natural gas - consumption:
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34.47 billion cu m (2005 est.)
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Natural gas - exports:
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0 cu m (2005 est.)
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Natural gas - imports:
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5.793 billion cu m (2005)
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Natural gas - proved reserves:
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1.056 trillion cu m (1 January 2006 est.)
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Current account balance:
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-$18.53 billion (2007 est.)
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Exports:
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$140.8 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)
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Exports - commodities:
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petroleum products, textile goods, gems and jewelry, engineering goods, chemicals, leather manufactures
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Exports - partners:
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US 17%, UAE 8.3%, China 7.7%, UK 4.3% (2006)
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Imports:
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$224.1 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)
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Imports - commodities:
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crude oil, machinery, gems, fertilizer, chemicals
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Imports - partners:
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China 8.7%, US 6%, Germany 4.7%, Singapore 4.6% (2006)
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Economic aid - recipient:
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$1.724 billion (2005)
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Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
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$239.4 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
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Debt - external:
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$165.4 billion (30 June 2007)
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Stock of direct foreign investment - at home:
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$67.72 billion (2006 est.)
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Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad:
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$21.11 billion (2006 est.)
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Market value of publicly traded shares:
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$818.9 billion (2006)
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Currency (code):
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Indian rupee (INR)
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Exchange rates:
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Indian rupees per US dollar - 41.487 (2007), 45.3 (2006), 44.101 (2005), 45.317 (2004), 46.583 (2003)
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Fiscal year:
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1 April - 31 March
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Telephones - main lines in use:
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49.75 million (2005)
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Telephones - mobile cellular:
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166.1 million (2006)
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Telephone system:
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general assessment: recent deregulation and liberalization of telecommunications laws and policies have prompted rapid growth; local and long distance service provided throughout all regions of the country, with services primarily concentrated in the urban areas; steady improvement is taking place with the recent admission of private and private-public investors, but combined fixed and mobile telephone density remains low at about 20 for each 100 persons nationwide and much lower for persons in rural areas; fastest growth is in cellular service with modest growth in fixed lines
domestic: mobile cellular service introduced in 1994 and organized nationwide into four metropolitan areas and 19 telecom circles each with about three private service providers and one state-owned service provider; in recent years significant trunk capacity added in the form of fiber-optic cable and one of the world's largest domestic satellite systems, the Indian National Satellite system (INSAT), with 6 satellites supporting 33,000 very small aperture terminals (VSAT)
international: country code - 91; a number of major international submarine cable systems, including Sea-Me-We-3 with landing sites at Cochin and Mumbai (Bombay), Sea-Me-We-4 with a landing site at Chennai, Fiber-Optic Link Around the Globe (FLAG) with a landing site at Mumbai (Bombay), South Africa - Far East (SAFE) with a landing site at Cochin, the i2i cable network linking to Singapore with landing sites at Mumbai (Bombay) and Chennai (Madras), and Tata Indicom linking Singapore and Chennai (Madras), provide a significant increase in the bandwidth available for both voice and data traffic; satellite earth stations - 8 Intelsat (Indian Ocean) and 1 Inmarsat (Indian Ocean region); 9 gateway exchanges operating from Mumbai (Bombay), New Delhi, Kolkata (Calcutta), Chennai (Madras), Jalandhar, Kanpur, Gandhinagar, Hyderabad, and Ernakulam
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Radio broadcast stations:
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AM 153, FM 91, shortwave 68 (1998)
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Television broadcast stations:
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562 (1997)
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Internet country code:
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.in
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Internet hosts:
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2.306 million (2007)
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Internet users:
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60 million (2005)
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Airports:
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346 (2007)
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Airports - with paved runways:
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total: 250
over 3,047 m: 18
2,438 to 3,047 m: 52
1,524 to 2,437 m: 75
914 to 1,523 m: 84
under 914 m: 21 (2007)
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Airports - with unpaved runways:
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total: 96
over 3,047 m: 1
2,438 to 3,047 m: 1
1,524 to 2,437 m: 7
914 to 1,523 m: 40
under 914 m: 47 (2007)
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Heliports:
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30 (2007)
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Pipelines:
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condensate/gas 9 km; gas 7,488 km; liquid petroleum gas 1,861 km; oil 7,883 km; refined products 6,422 km (2007)
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Railways:
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total: 63,221 km
broad gauge: 46,807 km 1.676-m gauge (17,343 km electrified)
narrow gauge: 13,290 km 1.000-m gauge (165 km electrified); 3,124 km 0.762-m gauge and 0.610-m gauge (2006)
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Roadways:
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total: 3,383,344 km
paved: 1,603,705 km
unpaved: 1,779,639 km (2002)
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Waterways:
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14,500 km
note: 5,200 km on major rivers and 485 km on canals suitable for mechanized vessels (2006)
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Merchant marine:
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total: 477 ships (1000 GRT or over) 8,350,093 GRT/14,339,440 DWT
by type: bulk carrier 101, cargo 220, chemical tanker 18, combination ore/oil 1, container 9, liquefied gas 19, passenger 3, passenger/cargo 10, petroleum tanker 95, roll on/roll off 1
foreign-owned: 5 (China 1, Hong Kong 1, UAE 2, UK 1)
registered in other countries: 54 (Barbados 1, Comoros 2, Cyprus 1, Dominica 2, North Korea 1, Liberia 2, Malta 3, Mauritius 2, Panama 25, Singapore 9, St Kitts and Nevis 1, St Vincent and The Grenadines 5, unknown 2) (2007)
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Ports and terminals:
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Chennai, Haldia, Jawaharal Nehru, Kandla, Kolkata (Calcutta), Mormugao, Mumbai (Bombay), New Mangalore, Vishakhapatnam
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Military branches:
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Army, Navy (includes naval air arm), Air Force, Coast Guard (2008)
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Military service age and obligation:
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16 years of age for voluntary military service; no conscription (2008)
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Manpower available for military service:
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males age 16-49: 301,094,084
females age 16-49: 283,047,141 (2008 est.)
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Manpower fit for military service:
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males age 16-49: 231,161,111
females age 16-49: 236,633,962 (2008 est.)
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Manpower reaching military service age annually:
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males age 16-49: 11,592,516
females age 16-49: 10,636,857 (2008 est.)
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Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
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2.5% (2006)
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Disputes - international:
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since China and India launched a security and foreign policy dialogue in 2005, consolidated discussions related to the dispute over most of their rugged, militarized boundary, regional nuclear proliferation, Indian claims that China transferred missiles to Pakistan, and other matters continue; various talks and confidence-building measures have cautiously begun to defuse tensions over Kashmir, particularly since the October 2005 earthquake in the region; Kashmir nevertheless remains the site of the world's largest and most militarized territorial dispute with portions under the de facto administration of China (Aksai Chin), India (Jammu and Kashmir), and Pakistan (Azad Kashmir and Northern Areas); India and Pakistan have maintained the 2004 cease fire in Kashmir and initiated discussions on defusing the armed stand-off in the Siachen glacier region; Pakistan protests India's fencing the highly militarized Line of Control and construction of the Baglihar Dam on the Chenab River in Jammu and Kashmir, which is part of the larger dispute on water sharing of the Indus River and its tributaries; UN Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan (UNMOGIP) has maintained a small group of peacekeepers since 1949; India does not recognize Pakistan's ceding historic Kashmir lands to China in 1964; to defuse tensions and prepare for discussions on a maritime boundary, India and Pakistan seek technical resolution of the disputed boundary in Sir Creek estuary at the mouth of the Rann of Kutch in the Arabian Sea; Pakistani maps continue to show its Junagadh claim in Indian Gujarat State; discussions with Bangladesh remain stalled to delimit a small section of river boundary, to exchange territory for 51 Bangladeshi exclaves in India and 111 Indian exclaves in Bangladesh, to allocate divided villages, and to stop illegal cross-border trade, migration, violence, and transit of terrorists through the porous border; Bangladesh protests India's attempts to fence off high-traffic sections of the border; dispute with Bangladesh over New Moore/South Talpatty/Purbasha Island in the Bay of Bengal deters maritime boundary delimitation; India seeks cooperation from Bhutan and Burma to keep Indian Nagaland and Assam separatists from hiding in remote areas along the borders; Joint Border Committee with Nepal continues to examine contested boundary sections, including the 400 square kilometer dispute over the source of the Kalapani River; India maintains a strict border regime to keep out Maoist insurgents and control illegal cross-border activities from Nepal
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Refugees and internally displaced persons:
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refugees (country of origin): 77,200 (Tibet/China); 69,609 (Sri Lanka); 9,472 (Afghanistan)
IDPs: at least 600,000 (about half are Kashmiri Pandits from Jammu and Kashmir) (2007)
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Trafficking in persons:
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current situation: India is a source, destination, and transit country for men, women, and children trafficked for the purposes of forced or bonded labor and commercial sexual exploitation; the large population of men, women, and children - numbering in the millions - in debt bondage face involuntary servitude in brick kilns, rice mills, and embroidery factories, while some children endure involuntary servitude as domestic servants; internal trafficking of women and girls for the purposes of commercial sexual exploitation and forced marriage also occurs; the government estimates that 90 percent of India's sex trafficking is internal; India is also a destination for women and girls from Nepal and Bangladesh trafficked for the purpose of commercial sexual exploitation; boys from Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Bangladesh are trafficked through India to the Gulf states for involuntary servitude as child camel jockeys; Indian men and women migrate willingly to the Persian Gulf region for work as domestic servants and low-skilled laborers, but some later find themselves in situations of involuntary servitude including extended working hours, nonpayment of wages, restrictions on their movement by withholding of their passports or confinement to the home, and physical or sexual abuse
tier rating: Tier 2 Watch List - India has been on the Tier 2 Watch List since 2004 for its failure to show evidence of increasing efforts to address trafficking in persons
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Illicit drugs:
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world's largest producer of licit opium for the pharmaceutical trade, but an undetermined quantity of opium is diverted to illicit international drug markets; transit point for illicit narcotics produced in neighboring countries; illicit producer of methaqualone; vulnerable to narcotics money laundering through the hawala system; licit ketamine and precursor production
This page was last updated on 15 May 2008

Question: what percentage of china's population is under the poverty line

மக்கள்15.41%26.1%நகரமயமாக்கப்பட்ட

what percentage of china's population is under the poverty line

Question: what percentage of china's population lives in income houses

மக்கள்15.41%26.1%நகரமயமாக்கப்பட்ட மக்கள் தொகை32.8%27.8%மின்சார

what percentage of china's population lives in income houses

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"பொருளாதார மற்றும் மக்கள் தொகை குறியீடுகள்

what is the size of southern china national number of income production

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what is the rate of income production in china

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how many people are under the income production index in china

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தென்னிந்தியா

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Question: what is the population of southern china

what is the population of southern china

Economy and population number codes the size of Southern China National Number of Income Production56 Million Dollars104.7 Million DollarsMunicipal Income Production29,02723,222 People under the Index15.41%26.1%Income Population Number32.8%27.8%Income Houses98.91%88.2%Income Rate81%74 %