பொழுதுபோக்குகளின் பட்டியல்

பொழுதுபோக்குகளின் பட்டியல். பொழுதுபோக்கு என்பது ஓய்வு நேரத்தில் செய்யும் விருப்பமான அல்லது ஆசுவாசப்படுத்தக்கூடிய செயல்பாடாகும்.

 பொதுவான ஈடுபாடுகள்

 விளையாட்டுக்கள்

 கல்வி சார்ந்த ஈடுபாடுகள்

 சேகரிப்பு சார்ந்த ஈடுபாடுகள்

 உள்புறம்

 வெளிப்புறம்

 போட்டி சார்ந்த ஈடுபாடுகள்

 உள்புறம்

 வெளிப்புறம்

 கவனிப்பு சார்ந்த ஈடுபாடுகள்

 உள்புறம்

 வெளிப்புறம்

 மேற்கோள்கள்

 வெளியிணைப்புகள்

பகுப்பு:பொழுதுபோக்கு
பகுப்பு:ஈடுபாடுகள்

Therefore, it is important to note that there is no priority.

This week, 3D printing company Stratasys purchased another 3D printing company, MakerBot, for at least $403 million worth of Stratasys shares. The move makes the newly combined company the undisputed leader in all things 3D printed, and provides a moment to reflect on how far the technology has come.
On the one hand, 3D printing is remarkably exciting. Unlike traditional manufacturing, you don't need economies of scale. The unit cost of producing one thing is (roughly) the same as the unit cost of producing 10,000 things. On a pure capability level, you can download a design of an object from the Internet and turn it into a real object in your house (or local hackerspace). It's whoa-quotient is high and as Quartz's Christopher Mims put it, "The parallels between the personal computing revolution and the one in 3D printing are irresistible." These machines are finicky, difficult to operate, and expensive now, but just you wait! The price will come down and someone will create the Apple II of 3D printers, and away we all go into the 3D-printed future.
Here was Chris Anderson making the case in 2012 (in an article about MakerBot):
By all evidence, 3-D printing has reached its inflection point, when it moves from the sophisticated early adopters to people who just want to print something cool. Soon, probably in the next few years, the market will be ready for a mainstream 3-D printer sold by the millions at Walmart and Costco. At that point, the incredible economies of scale that an HP or Epson can bring to bear will kick in. A 3-D printer will cost $99, and everyone will be able to buy one.
Sounds exciting!
But there's another perspective. 3D printing began in big industry both as a way to prototype designs and (more recently) to manufacture parts. And viewed over the two-decade arc of the technology, the more recent hobbyist fascination with the technology hardly stands out.
Wohlers Associates put out its 18th annual report on 3D printing in May, and two pairs of numbers from its analysis really stand out. First, over the past 25 years, the compound annual growth rate of the 3D printing industry was 25.4 percent. Over the past three years -- during the ascent of 3D printing excitement -- the growth rate was 27.4 percent. All that talk, all those magazine profiles, all those segments on television, and you get.... (drumroll please)... a slightly faster growing 3D printing market than from when few people had ever heard of 3D printing.
For comparison, at least according to my calculation from this research, the PC industry had a compound annual growth rate of 40 percent from 1980 to 1989. And by the end of that period, companies were shipping 21 million units per annum. MakerBot's sales are probably still best counted in the thousands.
Second, while the hobbyist category exploded, growing an average of 346 percent per year from 2008 to 2011. In 2012, the growth slowed to an estimated 46 percent.
None of these stats show that 3D printing is not a going concern, but they do show that there isn't a clear relationship between the amount of people *talking about* 3D printing and the growth of the 3D market. They also show that the PC industry analogy is still aspirational.
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Question: what is the priority of the president of the united states

Question: why is it important to note that there is no priority

Question: there is no what in the world that is not priority

Question: is there a priority in the priority of education

Question: what is the priority of the president

Question: why is there no priority in prioritization of education

Therefore , it is important to note that there is no priority .

பொதுவான ஈடுபாடுகள் முப்பரிமாண அச்சாக்கம்

The painting artist.

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நடிப்பு இயங்குபடம் அனிமே கலை சோதிடம் வானியல் கொல்லர் வலைப்பதிவு பலகை விளையாட்டு பௌலிங் வெதுப்பி கட்டிடம் வனப்பெழுத்து தானுந்து சீட்டாட்டம் சுட்டாங்கல் (பீங்கான்) இணைய உரையாடல் சதுரங்கம் தூய்மைப் பணி உடை சேகரித்தல் வண்ணம் தீட்டுதல் தொடர்பாடல் குமுக செயல்பாடு கணினி நிரலாக்கம் Confectionery வடிவமைக்கப்பட்ட மொழிகள் கட்டுமானம் சமையல் கூப்பன் குரோசே குறுக்கெழுத்துப் புதிர் குறியாக்கவியல் நடனம் அலங்காரக் கலை உணவகம் லினக்சு வழங்கல்கள் நீரில் பாய்தல் டிஜெம்பே தானே செய்தல் நாடகம் வரைதல் செம்மையாக்கல் மின்னணு விளையாட்டு மின்னணுவியல் சித்திரத்தையல் மகிழ்கலை பரிசோதனை ஒய்யாரம் பெங் சுயி திரைப்படத் தயாரிப்பு மீன் பண்ணை மலர் அலங்காரம் தளபாடம் ஆட்டம் (கணினி/கைப்பெசி விளையாட்டு) தோட்டக்கலை வரைபட வடிவமைப்பு கணினி வன்பொருள் நீரியல் வளர்ப்பு உறைபனிச்சறுக்கு கண்டுபிடிப்பு நகை தயாரித்தல் திருகு வெட்டுப் புதிர்s நாட்குறிப்பு யுடோ கராத்தே முடிச்சு சீன சண்டைக் கலைகள் இறேந்தை லெகோ இசை வலையொலி பொறிவினை மாய வித்தை ஒப்பனைப் பொருட்கள் மங்கா உடற்பிடிப்பு புதிர்வழி விசையியல் தியானம் எளிய வாழ்முறை இசை நகக் கலை ஓரிகாமி ஓவியக் கலை அஞ்சற்றலையியல் ஒளிப்படவியல் திட்டமிடல் இசை கவிதை கம்பம் ஆட்டம் மட்பாண்டம் பழமொழி பொம்மலாட்டம் சொல்லிசை வாசித்தல் ரெய்கி சிறுகருவி ரூபிக்கின் கனசதுரம் இசுகூபா மூழ்கல் சிற்பம் பாடுதல் சவர்க்காரம் சமூக ஊடகம் விரிதாள் அஞ்சல்தலை சேகரிப்பு மேடைச் சிரிப்புரை கதைகூறல் துகிலுரி நடனம் சுடோக்கு டைக்குவாண்டோ பச்சை குத்துதல் பாடம் செய்தல் காணொளி விளையாட்டுக்கள் நிகழ்பட ஆட்டம் காணொளி தயாரித்தல் தோற்ற மெய்ம்மை ஆவணத் திரைப்படம் திரைப்படம் தொலைக்காட்சி நிகழ்ச்சி நெசவுத் தொழில்நுட்பம் பற்றவைத்தல் மது தயாரித்தல் மாந்திரீகம் சொல் தேடல் எழுத்து யோகக் கலை ஜூம்பா }}

ஓரிகாமி ஓவியக் கலை

Characteristics Characteristics Characteristics Characteristics Characteristics Characteristics Characteristics Characteristics Characteristics Characteristics Characteristics Characteristics Characteristics Characteristics Characteristics Characteristics Characteristics Characteristics Characteristics Characteristics Characteristics Characteristics Characteristics Characteristics Characteristics Characteristics Characteristics Characteristics Characteristics Characteristics Finish China Sunset Artists Dead Lego Music Sunset Sunset Sunset Sunset Sunset Sunset Sunset Sunset Sunset Sunset Sunset Sunset Sunset Sunset The painting artist. Characteristics of Characteristics of Characteristics of Characteristics of Characteristics of Characteristics of Characteristics of Characteristics of Characteristics of Characteristics of Characteristics of Characteristics of Characteristics of Characteristics of Characteristics of Characteristics of Characteristics of Characteristics of Characteristics of Characteristics of Characteristics of Characteristics

The painting artist.

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ஓரிகாமி ஓவியக் கலை

The painting artist.

About the ACA :: History
The American Cryptogram Association was organized originally to place the "cryptogram" on an equivalent basis with chess, thus contributing to the happiness of mankind. It has grown to encompass many phases of cryptography, using both pencils and paper and computers.
During the 1920s, Detective Fiction Weekly had a feature on cryptography by M. E. Ohaver. Dr. C. B. Warner and some friends were attracted by the technical aspects of this as a hobby and joined to form the American Cryptogram Association on September 1, 1929. The ACA was at first concerned only with what we now call mono-alphabetic substitution ciphers, termed by them "The Aristocrat of Puzzles".
Meanwhile, in Burton, Ohio, George Lamb ran the "Secret Corner" in the local newspaper. He read Ohaver's column and was also a member of the National Puzzler's League (NPL). The ACA inherited the idea of using noms-de-plume, noms, as a means of bringing equality – or at least anonymity – to their cipher-solving from the NPL. Lamb chose DAMONOMAD as his nom and became known as DAMON. He too was concentrating on Aristocrats. With the demand for his column increasing, he and Warner agreed to publish a magazine which would be the official journal of the ACA. It was to be named The Cryptogram. The first issue appeared in February, 1932. The ACA now has members all over the world, and The Cryptogram has grown to a 32-page bimonthly journal with six major departments.
In 1933, "The Master Puzzler" was published and contained the name of Helen Fouché Gaines under the nom of PICCOLA. Her major interests were in ciphers – various systems of disguising text aside from the Simple Substitution. Her first article appeared in The Cryptogram in December 1933, and was followed by the opening of the "Cipher Exchange" in that issue. In August 1933 the “Foreign Cryptogram Department”, now known as “Xenocrypts”, appeared in The Cryptogram.
In 1936, interest having grown in ciphers and methods of breaking them, it was suggested that the ACA publish a textbook. The contents would be taken from the "Round Robin" lessons that had been a major method of spreading information and practice among members with additional material from foreign sources and hard-to-find books. With help from many volunteers, Elementary Cryptanalysis (Elcy) appeared for the first time in 1939, under the editorship of Helen Fouché Gaines. The book was also dedicated to George Lamb, who died before it appeared in print. PICCOLA died soon after. Elcy was the first book of its kind to appear in English and was reprinted by Dover in 1956 under the title Cryptanalysis. It remains a standard text to this day. The ACA has since published many other booklets on specialized subjects. Each was produced by volunteers among our members.
In 1982 a regular "Computer Column" was started. In deference to those who do not possess computers, only hints and suggestions for enciphering and deciphering but not fully developed programs are published in this column. In 1986, a Computer Supplement was published; it contained more information on computer activities. Lack of involvement from interested members led to the dissolution of this publication. At the present time, archived copies of the computer supplement can be found at Computer Supplements.
Cryptography has been more than merely an entertainment for the enjoyment of ingenuity. It engages the mind fully and can provide a healthy period of work for those unable to do much else. George Lamb was confined to a wheelchair, and the world of cryptography opened its content as well as its friendships to him. So captivating are the efforts required in grappling with a problem, it can become a harmless addiction – a passion.
A member reminded us once that it's a nice hobby in that it can be enjoyed with no more equipment than a pencil, an eraser, paper, and little expense beyond postage and a membership in the ACA which includes a subscription to The Cryptogram.
The ACA is a non-profit organization devoted to the dissemination of cryptographic knowledge. There are few limits on membership. Officers receive no reward for service other than the joy of promoting cryptography.
Cryptographers are diversified in every way. Hardly a trade or profession has missed representation among us. Age is not a factor; we have had members under 10 and over 90. Formal education seems totally unrelated to the curious talent. The use of noms brings a degree of anonymity to the members; only cryptography counts. We are banded together in an organization which represents everyone with these aims: to gain the most from a study of cryptograms, to form worthwhile friendships, and to pass on the knowledge we have been able to add to the Art.
Once a year members and friends, experts and novices, gather at the ACA Convention. Many meet for the first time, although they may be old friends by mail or email. New enthusiasm is generated for the hobby as mutual help is given and experience is shared.

ஓரிகாமி ஓவியக் கலை

The painting artist.

About Us
Contact Us
History
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Staff
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In Memorium
Who are we?
NODA is the national body that represents amateur theatre. Any amateur theatre society can become a member of NODA. NODA was founded in 1899, “to protect and advance the interests of operatic and dramatic art, and of societies engaged therein”. Our membership continues with over 2,000 society members and over 1,000 individual enthusiasts staging musicals, operas, plays, concerts and pantomimes in venues ranging from the country’s leading professional theatres to village halls.
What do we do?
We support and inspire amateur theatre. Our vision is that amateur theatre is successful and sustainable,providing a range of opportunities for people to develop their skills, and enjoy taking part, at all levels.
Mission
NODA’s mission is to support the education and information needs of individuals and organisations with high quality services and products that contribute to the success of amateur theatre as well as encouraging appreciation of the sector by participants and audiences alike.
We aim to:
- Give a shared voice to the amateur theatre sector.
- Help amateur societies and individuals achieve the highest standards of best practice and performance.
- Provide leadership and advice to enable the amateur theatre sector to tackle the challenges and opportunities of the 21st century.
How are we run?
NODA has an elected council, comprising 11 councillors, the Chairman, Vice Chairman and the President. Each councillor represents a region, and each region has a committee which works to sustain and promote amateur theatre in their part of the country. There are four staff members at HO based in Peterborough.
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ஓரிகாமி ஓவியக் கலை

The painting artist.

Our remit, expressed formally through our 'charitable aims', is to build awareness of stitch and textile art. We educate, encourage, inspire, and promote the achievement of excellence. This is a continuing journey. You may enter at any point.
The Guild welcomes people who are just getting started. You are the next generation of stitchers and textile artists. You may be forgiven for thinking that if it is called a 'Guild' it is stuffy, exclusive and you would not qualify. Nothing could be further from the truth. A warm welcome awaits.
We welcome those who are already stitching and are keen to do more or expand their horizons. Our courses and workshops are run primarily by 'EG Distance Learning' and our network of regional committees and branches. City and Guilds Levels 1 or 2 in hand and machine embroidery are always popular but available less and less in colleges and night-schools.
You could be a textile student or a professional artist. You may have your own business or are happy to act as a tutor or speaker from time to time. The 'Guild' welcomes you.
You could benefit from any of these activities. You could be a contributor and have the satisfaction of passing on your knowledge and skills to benefit others. You could be 5 to 95 (or more), male or female, with time to spare or time-poor... there is something here for you.
Please explore the site and return as often as you wish. You could of course Become a Member today.

ஓரிகாமி ஓவியக் கலை

The painting artist.

Organising a flower club
Organising a new Flower Club is a responsible undertaking. It is essential to make sure that there is local need for a Club and that there are enough potential members to guarantee that it will be financially viable.
It is recommended that a representative of the relevant Area of NAFAS be contacted at this stage who will be able to provide informed advice which will prove invaluable.
For information contact:
NAFAS Headquarters on 020 7247 5567 or via email at flowers@nafas.org.uk
Advantages of Affiliation
It is strongly advised that the new Club should affiliate to the Area Association and thereby to NAFAS, the advantages of which are many.
- Access to essential publications:
- The National List of Judges, Demonstrators, Speakers and Teachers
- The Area List of Judges, Demonstrators, Speakers and Teachers
- The Flower Arranger (the quarterly journal of NAFAS)
- Competitions Manual
- A wide range of instruction leaflets
- Several books on specialist subjects including the NAFAS Course
- Application forms for booking demonstrators, judges and speakers
- Access to NAFAS Enterprises Ltd, the trading subsidiary of NAFAS, which sells high quality stationary and gift items specially produced for the Association
- A mail order book service.
- The Area Association organises day schools, demonstrators', judges' and speakers' courses and tests, exhibitions and competitions, social events and regular meetings of Club representatives which encourage an inter-change of ideas.
- The Councils of all Area Associations are composed of representatives from their affiliated Clubs, where views on policies which affect them can be discussed.
- NAFAS organises annually a National Show open to the public and a residential Assembly for its affiliates. Study courses, social occasions and a Travel Club are open to members. Good communications are of prime concern and the National Office keeps the Areas in touch by circulating notices and information. NAFAS is a member of the World Association of Flower Arrangers and participates in international events.
- NAFAS recommends that all Clubs are insured through a reputable insurance company. Full details are available from Area Treasurers.
THE CONSTITUTION
At the first full Committee meeting after the formation of the Club one of the main duties should be to draw up a constitution. This is necessary to regulate the conduct of the Club and to provide for all eventualities. The following points should be considered for inclusion in the rules:
- Name of Club
- Objectives
- Procedure for membership
- Management and Policies:
- Size of the Committee
- Election of officers
- Terms and period of service for Chairman, other officers and Committee members
- Other appointments and sub Committees
- Financial year
- General meeting (i.e. when they will be held each year and the period of notice)
- Appointment of President, Vice President and/or Honorary Members (if this is agreed)
- Committee responsibilities: Powers to co-opt Right to act on behalf of the Club Right to approve financial commitments
- 5 Finance:
- Subscription and visitors fees
- Treasurer's responsibilities
- Bank account and signing of cheques
- Auditing of accounts
- Disposal of assets in the event of the Club ceasing to function
Notes: Other clauses may be considered for inclusion as local circumstances dictate.
A copy of the Constitution should be given to each member on joining.
The National Association of Flower Arrangement Societies does not undertake to issue a standard form of constitution.
THE INAUGURAL MEETING
Before the Meeting
1 Book a hall and ascertain whether there are any regulations governing its hire in particular Health & Safety.
2 Ask an experienced person to take the chair at this meeting. An Area representative is usually willing to do this if invited and would also speak on NAFAS.
3 Invite all the people known to be interested.
4 Arrange for a short flower arranging demonstration by a NAFAS qualified demonstrator. This is always a great attraction.
5 Draw up a careful agenda; this is most important.
6 Give some preliminary thought to dates, times, venue, membership subscriptions and the title of the Club.
7 Arrange for a temporary secretary to record the proceedings and for a temporary treasurer to take subscriptions.
8 Make provisional arrangements at a bank for an account to be opened.
At the Meeting
The main purpose of the meeting is to form the Club and appoint a caretaker committee to run it until the first general meeting.
Appoint a Committee
It is important that Committee members should be prepared to work hard, although at this stage they have only caretaker status.
Appoint the Chairman of the Club and other Officers
A Chairman may be elected at the Inaugural Meeting, or if so agreed, at the first Committee meeting, when Committee members may elect one of their number to the Chair. It is also preferable that the Secretary and Treasurer be elected then, rather than at the Inaugural Meeting.
THE FIRST COMMITTEE MEETING
The first Committee meeting of the Club should take place as soon as possible after the Inaugural Meeting. An agenda of the business of the meeting should be drawn up in advance and sent to all members of the Committee. The agenda should cover the following:
- Any items shown on the suggested agenda for the inaugural meeting and not dealt with at that meeting
- Constitution (The regulations governing the conduct of the Club)
- Election of Chairman
- Election of Vice Chairman
- Election of Secretary
- Election of Treasurer
- Programme (A Programme Secretary may be appointed for this purpose)
- Appointment of Auditor
- Correspondence
- Any other business
- Date, time and place of the next meeting
THE ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING
This meeting must be held every year in the life of a Club. Many Clubs arrange a social attraction along with their General Meeting and find this guarantees a good attendance.
Suggestions for a notice and an agenda are set out below:
A Suggested Notice (Heading and date of issue)
1 Notice is hereby given that the Annual General Meeting of the …. Flower Club be held at ….. (venue) on …(date) at …. (time) to elect the Officers and Committee and to pass the accounts.
2 Elections – insert here the details conforming with the Club's Constitution. Nominations for …… giving names and addresses, should be in writing and sent to the Secretary not later than……
The consent of the nominees must be obtained before submitting their names
3 Any Committee member wishing to resign, or not seeking re-election, should inform the Secretary in writing.
4 If a Club member wishes to raise any matter, other than the business of the meeting, due notice must be given in writing to the Secretary.
Note: The notice and agenda for this meeting should go out at least one month before the actual date of the meeting or at a period of notice laid down in the constitution.
Suggested Agenda Name of Club, date, time and venue to be given
- Apologies for absence
- Confirmation of the minutes of the Annual General Meeting held on…
This item will not, of course, appear on the first AGM agenda
- Matters arising
- Chairman's report
- Secretary's report
- Treasurer's report and presentation and adoption of audited accounts
- Appointment of Auditor
- Programme Secretary's report
- Resignations
- Election of:
- Officers
- Main committee
- Show committee
- Constitution - ratification of anyamendment
- Any other business
COMPILING A PROGRAMME
Having set up the administration of the Club at their first meeting the Committee must consider a programme usually delegating bookings to a Programme Secretary. It is advisable to keep meetings to a fixed day of the month.
It is important that the Club programme is drawn up one or two years in advance as many Demonstrators and Speakers are fully booked well ahead.
Demonstrations and Talks
The NAFAS Blue Form (obtainable from the Area Association) should always be used when bookings are made but most Programme Secretaries save time and unnecessary formalities by making an initial enquiry.
The cost of flowers cannot be forecast a year or more in advance, so the maximum allowance is often finally agreed just before the meeting. The other terms are binding and should be regarded as such by both parties. If the person being booked is VAT registered this should be made clear on the Blue Form. Two or three weeks before a meeting a reminder should be sent with a map showing the location of the hall and a telephone number for emergency use. All correspondence should be filed for reference.
Classes, Competitions and Exhibitions
Occasional practice classes at which members create exhibits, usually to a theme, can be introduced.
Having gained experience many members will enjoy entering a monthly competition, with a simple schedule and staging. Eventually, advanced and novice classes may become necessary. Most Demonstrators will judge and make helpful comments, but should be asked in advance. Small prizes may be awarded at the time or there could be a points system totalled at year end. A Committee member should supervise and keep records.
A Workshop covering a particular aspect of flower Arrangement may be organised with a suitably qualified tutor.
Consideration may be given to staging a competitive show or exhibition during the Club's first year. Such events even on a modest scale will create public interest and attract new members. The Area Association will be pleased to give helpful advice.
If appropriate any dates of classes, competitions and exhibitions should be included in the Club programme.
Printed Programme
When the programme has been finalised the details must be carefully checked before being collated for printing, and the names and telephone numbers of Club Officers added. The year's main National and Area events should also appear. A printed programme is given to each member on joining for the coming season and it can also serve as a membership card.
RUNNING THE MONTHLY MEETING
The business of the Club is conducted at Committee or general meetings and should be confined to those occasions, the main purpose of the regular members monthly meetings being the demonstration, talk or workshop.
Looking after the Demonstrator / Speaker / Teacher
The general custom is to appoint a Committee member to assist the Demonstrator / Speaker / Teacher.
The duties include:
- Setting the stage
- Providing suitable tabling to display the finished exhibits
- Reserving a car space near the entrance for ease of unloading and loading
- Helping to carry flower boxes and equipment into the hall
- Serving light refreshments on arrival and any further hospitality previously agreed on the Blue Form
- Checking cloakroom facilities and showing their location
- Organising help to re-load the car after the demonstration
- Confirming that the Treasurer has settled the Demonstrators / Speakers / Teachers account.
Where an adjustable spot light or microphone are being used they must be checked before the meeting.
Structure of Meeting
After an appropriate welcome the Chairman should give out any necessary notices so that members are kept informed on Club, Area and National activities and will gain full benefit from their affiliation fee.
In introducing the Demonstrator, Speaker or Teacher it is courteous for the Chairman to include relevant facts and qualifications.
By prior Arrangement a member is usually called upon to give the vote of thanks at the conclusion.
Publications/Trading
The appointed Committee member should have a display table at each meeting with essential publications, in particular The Flower Arranger (the quarterly journal of NAFAS), the order and distribution of which is their responsibility. Usually the same person sells the high quality gift items available from NAFAS Enterprises Ltd the trading subsidiary to NAFAS.
Library
This useful amenity can be launched by asking members to donate books and videos no longer needed. Further acquisitions could be made in due course.
Sales Table
A Club sales table is a popular and profitable feature, benefiting members and augmenting funds. Main reade is through specialist firms supplying a wide variety of flower Arrangement sundries. Prices should be kept reasonable and fair.
Web Site by LoyaltyMATTERS

ஓரிகாமி ஓவியக் கலை

The painting artist.

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SKATING A BRIEF HISTORY OF ICE
AND
The NATIONAL ICE SKATING ASSOCIATION of Great Britain
by Denis L. Bird (Deceased)
NISA Archivist and Historian
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The origins of skating are unknown. The beginning may have been some 4000 years ago , when men from Northern Europe took to sliding about on pieces of wood or bone, in order to cross the frozen wastes hunting food or seeking habitation.
Circa 1190
William Fitzstephen(sub-deacon to Archbishop Thomas-a- Becket) wrote -in Latin-of " When the great fen or moor which watereth the walls of the city(LONDON) on the Northside is frozen, many young men play upon the ice.. Some tie bones to their feet,..and shoving themselves by a little picked staff, do slide as swiftly as a bird flyeth."
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Circa 1395
Iron skates, which could be given "edges" to grip the ice,had become a useful means of travel in Scandanavia and Holland. A young Dutch girl, Lidwina or Liedwi of Schiedam, gave skating a symbolic figure. She lived from 1380 - 1433. When she was 15 she was knocked down whilst skating and fractured a rib. It never healed. She was bedridden for the rest of her life. Because of her saintly character she is known now as St. Litwina.
Circa 1650
At the time of the Cromwell revolution, the British Royal family fled to Holland. There they learned to skate- particularly the Duke of Monmouth, Princess Mary( later Queen Mary II) and her father the Duke of York(later King James ll and Vll). They returned to England when the monarchy was restored and the diarists, Samuel Pepys and John Evelyn, both recorded a skating display in London by the Duke of York.
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Circa 1660
Dutch engineers were employed to drain the Cambridgeshire fens, and they brought their skates with them. Thus began the popularity of outdoor speed skating in that area.
1683
The River Thames froze over for several weeks. "The Great Frost Fair" was held on the ice and Samuel Pepys skated with King Charle's ll mistress, Nell Gwynn.
1742
The world's first skating club was formed - the Edinburgh Skating Club. To join applicants had to pass a test : skate a complete circle on each foot, and then jump over first one hat, then two hats, then three hats each on top of the other.
1772
Second Lieutenant Robert Jones of the Royal Artillery published the world's first book on the sport::-"A Treatise on Skating. Founded on certain principles deduced from Many Year's experience."
Up to then skating had been for men only,but he wrote: " I can see no reason why the ladies are to be excluded..."
He described various edges and figures such as the basic circle "eight"
1830
The first English club was formed in London - The Skating Club. It became the Royal Skating Club in 1932.
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1841
Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg was a keen skater. In 1840 he had married Queen Victoria. On February 9th, 1841 he was skating on the lake at Buckingham Palace. The Queen's diary recorded that:
....." The ice cracked , and Albert was in the water up to his head, even for a moment below. In my agony of fright and despair I screamed and stretched out my arm... My Dearest Albert managed to catch my arm and reached the ground in safety."
At that time no male heir had been born and had Albert drowned the whole monarchial succession would have been different and there would have been no Queen Elizabeth ll !!
1860-61
Henry Eugene Vandervell(1824-1908) invented the Counter turn and Thomas Maxwell Witham invented the Bracket turn.
1864
The American skater, Jackson Haines(1840-1875) GAVE EXHIBITIONS IN London. He then moved on to Vienna, where he invented the Sitspin and gave demonstartions of free skating to music by classical composers. He inspired the Viennese to develop the art of Figure Skating.
One result was a book "Spuren auf dem Eise" (Tracings on the ice) which laid out the schedule of geometrical figures based on two and three circles. These became the basis of Compulsory Figures, in use in World Championships until 1990. One Foot Eights, Threes to a Centre, Rockers, Brackets, Loop change Loops, Bracket change Brackets all formed part of this basic discipline of figure skating.
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1876
The London Glaciarium, London's first artificial ice rink, was opened in Chelsea. It was followed by four other, larger Glaciariums. The longest lived was in Southport in Lancashire (1879-1889)
1879
A Cambridge Journalist, James Drake Digby, thought that the Fen speed skaters were worthy of national recognition. He was also concerned at the undesirable betting that was involved, leading to cheating and other malpractice's. He thought that skating needed a national organisation to control it, like the Jockey Club in horse racing.
He organise the setting up of the NATIONAL SKATING ASSOCIATION in Cambridge.
1880
The new NSA broadened its scope to include Figure Skating as well as Speed Skating.
H.E Vandervell ( he of the counter turns) set up proficiency tests at Bronze, Silver and Gold level.
1891
Germany organised the first European figure skating championships in Hamburg. It was in the International style developed from the demonstrations of Jackson Haines and the Viennese. Britain did not compete, for at that time our skating was in the "English" style- groups of 4 skating around an orange on the ice and responding to the orders of a rinkside "caller".
1892
In July at Scheveningen in Holland, international skaters, including the NSA of Great Britain, set up a body to control the sport world-wide, both speed and figure. This was, and still is,The International Skating Union ( The ISU).
1893
The NSA of Great Britain assumed responsibility for Roller Skating. This was relinquished in 1990 when a separate Roller authority was set up.
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1895
The NSA Headquarters, hitherto Cambridge, moved to Hengler's Circus ( National Skating Palace) in London. The building is now better known as the London Palladium, home to many comedians and Variety shows.
1896
The Swedish skater, Henning Grenander(1874-1958) gave a demonstration of the International style of skating at the National Skating Palace in London. This awakened interest in the new style. In the same year, Prince's Skating Club opened in Knightsbridge and until it finally closed in 1917 was very popular with London's aristocratic society.
1898
The ISU allocated the World Championships to London. It was held at the National Skating Palace and was won by Henning Grenander.
1899
The NSA held its first International style competition at the Hippodrome in Brighton. Edgar Syers(1863-1946) was 3rd in the World Championships in Davos. The ISU held its lVth Congress in London.
James Drake Digby, founder of the NSA died age 62.
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1901
The ISU again allotted the World Championships to London. However, the death of Queen Victoria and the consequent national mourning in Great Britain caused the event to be transferred to Stockholm in Sweden.
1902
A week of celebrations commemorated the NSA's 21st Year. This included the World Championships held at the circular Niagara rink in York St, Petty France, London. Hitherto the competitors had always been men but there was no specific rule barring women from entering. Mrs Madge Syers the 20 year old wife of Edgar Syers entered. The defending champion Ulrich Salchow (1877- 1949) won again but Mrs Syers came second beating two other men.
The President of the ISU, Colonel Viktor Black presented a cup to the NSA which is now the Trophy for the British Men's Championship. Colonel Balck being Swedish, it is now known as the Swedish Cup.
1903
The first British Championship was held for the Swedish Cup. Mrs Madge Syers won it and again the following year.
1905
King Edward Vll presented a cup for the amateur speed skating championship of Great Britain, always to take place outdoors in the Eastern Counties of Great Britain. It was awarded first to Albert Tebbit.
It can only be contested when the weather produces sufficient ice. Latest winner of the King Edward cup is Olympic Bronze medal winner, Nicky Gooch, who won the Cup in 1997.
1906
The ISU , as a result of Mrs Syers performances in 1902, instituted a separate event(later recognised as a World Championship) for women. Mrs Syers won the first contest at Davos in 1906 and retained her title the following year in Vienna.
1907
The first Scottish rink opened at Crossmyloof near Glasgow. It had a bandstand high up on legs in the middle of the ice!
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1908
The Olympic Games were held in London and the NSA organised the first ever skating events at Prince's Skating Club. Ulrich Salchow (Sweden) won the men's Gold medal . Mrs Syers won the women's title and with her husband, Edgar, took the Bronze in Pair skating. Other British skaters were second in the Pairs and also second and third in the Special Pattern Skating Competition for drawing complicated designs on the ice.
1909
James Johnson and his wife, Phyliss won the World Pair skating Championship in Stockholm.
1910
The Manchester Ice Palace opened. In the 1920's, it was for several years the only rink in England. It closed some 50 years later
1912
The NSA organised the World Pair skating championships in Manchester. It was again won by Mr and Mrs Johnson.The men's title at the same rink went to Fritz Kachler of Austria.
1914
Mr and Mrs J.H. Johnson presented a cup for the new British Pair Skating Championship and won it themselves at the Haymarket rink in Edinburgh, which opned in 1912. Until 2000, it was the only senior national championship ever to be held in Scotland.
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Madge Sayers Britain's First OLYMPIC CHAMPION
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1920
At the Olympic Games in Antwerp, Belgium, Basil Williams and Mrs Phyliss Johnson were awarded the Bronze medal in Pair skating.
1921
The British Championships were revived following the 1st World War. They were held at Manchester Ice Palace and Mrs. Phyliss Johnson won the singles title.
1924
The first separate Winter Olympic Games were held in Chamonix, France. Ethel Muckelt took the Bronze medal in the Women's event.
1927
The Ice Club, Westminster, opened. Like Prince's SC earlier in the century ,it became the favourite rink of London's high society until it closed in 1939 at the outbreak of War. It was the venue for the British Championship in 1927, including the first Women's Championship for the Martineau Cup. This had been presented by Major Hubert Martineau, a skating judge. Kathleen Shaw was the first winner.
1928
The World Championship's for Women and Pairs were held at the Ice Club, Westminster. Sonja Henie of Norway won for the second time, and among the spectators was a 7 year old English Girl who said " I should like to skate like her". Her name was Cecilia Colledge.
Later in 1928 the NSA appointed its first paid official as Assistant Secretary. He was Eric Coggins, who became General secretary from 1933 until his death aged 63 in 1966.
At the end of the year one of Britain's most famous Rinks opened. It was the Sportsdrome at Richmond in Surrey. It closed in 1991.
1929
The World Men's Championship was held at the Ice Club, Westminster. The winner was the legendary Swedish architect, poet and painter, Gillis Grafstrom(1893-1938) Three time Olympic Gold medallist and runner up in 1932, he seldom bothered to enter the World Championships, but when he did , he won.
In April the NSA's 50th Anniversary was celebrated with a gala at Richmond Ice Rink.
1930
Severe unemployment led to the British Government to enquire whether it was necessary to employ foreign Coaches at British Rinks. The NSA replied that it was, but decided to improve the quality of tuition by setting up Instructors tests at Bronze, Silver and Gold levels.
Several new rinks opened in 1930 - Queen's Ice Club, in Bayswater, London, Grimsby, Oxford, and the Westover Ice Rink in Bournemouth. In the years up to 1940 a further 23 rinks followed. Amongst them were Streatham, Southampton, Birmingham, Wembley, Brighton, Liverpool, Blackpool, Dundee, Nottingham, Murrayfield and Durham.
1932
The Skating Club, founded in 1830 to promote the English style of figure skating, became the Royal Skating Club by permission of King George V. The 3rd Winter Olympic Games were held in Lake Placid, New York. The British team consisted of four competitors in the Women's Singles. Two of them were the youngest ever Competitors in any Olympic sport. This is a record that will never be beaten. Cecilia Colledge was 11 years and 75 days old and Megan Taylor was 11 years and 108 days old when their event began.
Megan Taylor finished 7th and Cecilia Colledge 8th. Mollie Phillips, who was 9th, became the first woman to carry the British flag at the Opening Ceremony..
Ice Dancing began to develop extensively in Britain. Paul Kreckow and Trudy Harris demonstrated their new Tango at Hammersmith rink and the first British Inter Rink Ice Dance competition was held at Bournemouth. It was won by Graham Sharp and Violet (Vita) Supple.
Having organised a competition for male instructors in 1931, the NSA now set up an Open Professional Championship for Men, Women and Pairs (and from 1939 in Ice Dancing). These events continued until1956, and competitors included Howard Nicholson( Sonja Henie's Coach), the Swiss brothers, Jacob (Jacques) and Arnold Gerschwiler . ( Jacques lived to be over 100 from 1898 to 2000 and his brother Arnold is still going strong.). Also Herbert Aylward, Cecilia Colledge, Marilyn Hoskins, Jenny Nicks, Ronald Baker, Gladys Hogg, Len Liggett and Pamela Murray and many others.
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1933
The European Championships were held at the Ice Club, Westminster. The winners were Sonja Henie(Norway) with 12 year old Cecilia Colledge 2nd. Karl Schafer (Austria) won the Mens event and Karl Zwack and Idi Papez (Austria) won the Pairs Championship. The Inte-Rink Dance competition saw the first demonstration of the Foxtrot, invented by Eric Van der Wyeden and his wife Eva Keats.
1934
An NSA competition open to both amateurs and professionals was held at Streatham to evaluate 9 new dances. These included the van Der Weyden's Viennese Waltz and Rocker Foxtrot and Robert Dench's Blues. The first ice dance test, Bronze was instituted and Silver and Gold followed a year or so later.
1936
The IVth Winter Olympic Games were held at Garmisch-Partinkirchen, Germany. Cecelia Colledge took the Silver medal behind Norway's Sonja Heinie.
The Games were staged as a propaganda exercise for Germany's Nazi Government and teenage British skater, Freddie Tomlins caused a stir when he forced his way through the SS Guards to the autograph of the Fuhrer, Adolf Hitler.
1937
At the European Championships held in Prague, Czechoslovakia, Cecilia Colledge became Ladies Champion with Megan Taylor in 2nd place. In the World Championships, held at the Empress Hall, Earls Court, London, Cecilia Colledge became the first British Ladies World Champion since Madge Syers in 1907, with Megan Taylor in 2nd place. The Pairs title was retained by the holders, Ernst Baier and Maxi Herber of Germany.
The NSA held the first British Ice Dance Competition ( which later became the Ice Dance Championship) . It was won by Reginald Wilkie (1907-1962) and Daphne Wallis. They had by then designed three new dance - The Argentine Tango, Paso Doble and the Quickstep.
The first NSA Junior Women's Competition was held and later became the Junior Championship for Ladies.
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1938
Cecilia Colledge retained her European title in St Moritz, Switzerland, but was unexpectedly beaten in her defence of the World Championship, by Megan Taylor.
The NSA revised its figure skating tests, introducing a new Preliminary test and an Inter-silver test. The first Junior Men's competition was held , the forerunner of the Junior Men's Championship.
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1939
The European Championship for Ladies was held at the Empress Hall in London and in the Ladies Championship , Britain took all three medals. Cecilia Colledge, Megan Taylor and 14 year old, Daphne Walker taking Gold, Silver and Bronze. Graham Sharp became the first Englishman to win the European Men's title with Freddie Tomlins in Silver medal position.
In the World Championships in Prague, Megan Taylor and Daphne Walker were 1st and 3rd respectively and Graham Sharp and Freddie Tomlins took Gold and Silver in the Men's Championship.
The first NSA Professional Dance Championship was won by Walter Gregory and Muriel Roberts. Walter Gregory is the inventor of the Rhumba.
1940-1943
Early casualties of the Second World War were Bristol and Southampton Ice Rinks, both destroyed by enemy bombing.
Skaters went to War and some lost their lives amongst them, Walter Gregory, Freddie Tomlins and Tony Austin. Others fought with distinction. Graham Sharp became a Captain in the Army. Geoffrey Yates ( 1936 Olympics) a Major in the Royal Marines, Cecilia Colledge a driver in the Mechanised Transport Corps, Denis Silverthorne ( 1939 Junior Champion and Leslie Cliff ( Pair Champion) became officers in the RAF.
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Graham Sharp World Champion 1939
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1944
Valda Osborn, age 9 years 263 days became the youngest ever to pass her Gold medal NSA figure test on D-Day 6th June 1944. Her record still stands in the 21st century .
1946
Rinks began to re-open after the war. The British Championships were revived in May at Wembley. Championship winners were Cecilia Colledge, Graham Sharp and Denis and Winifred Silverthorne.
Herbert James Clarke( Olympic skater in 1924) was elected the first , and to date the only, British President of the ISU. He held office until ill health forced him to retire in 1953.
1948
Vth Winter Olympic Games were held in St Moritz, Switzerland. Jeanette Altwegg gained bronze for Britain in the Ladies event. The NSA instituted tests in pair skating at bronze, silver and gold level. Also the Junior Pair Skating Championship was introduced.
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1950
The NSA organised the World Championships at Wembley. Jeanette Altwegg took the Silver medal in the Ladies event, John and Jenny Nicks took Silver in the Pairs event. The first International Ice Dance event ( a forerunner to the World Championships in 1952) Robert Hudson and Sybil Cooke were second.
1951
Jeanette Altwegg became European Champion in Zurich, with Barbara Wyatt in 3rd place. Jeanette won the World Championship in Milan, Italy and Britain were 1st, 2nd and 3rd in the ISU Ice Dance Competition.
John Dennis Cronshey achieved Britain's best ever result in the World Speed Championship ( Long Track, there was no short track at that time). He was 2nd to Hjalmar Anderson of Norway in Davos, Switzerland.
The sons of Henry Vandervell (inventor of the counter turn in the 1860's) presented the NSA with the Vandervell Trophy to awarded annually the British skater who gives the best performance of the year. The first winner was Jeanette Altwegg.
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1952
Jeanette Altwegg and Barbara Wyatt were again 1st and 3rd in the European Championships in Vienna. At the Vl th Winter Olympic Games in Oslo, Jeanette Altwegg became the first British gold medal winner since Madge Syers in 1908.
At the first World Ice Dance Championships in Paris, Laurence Demmy and Jean Westwood were the winners and John Slater and Joan Dewhirst came second.
1953
Valda Osborn became European Champion in Dortmund, Germany with Scotland's, Erica Batchelor in 3rd place. John and Jenny Nicks won the European Pairs title.
At the World Championships in Davos, Switzerland, John and Jenny Nicks became World Pair Champions, Valda Osborn took Bronze in the Ladies Championship. In the Dance Championship, Laurence Demmy and Jean Westwood , John Slater and Joan Dewhirst, took Gold and Silver.
Mollie Phillips became the first woman to referee any ISU Championship when she officiated in the Ice Dance Championships.
(British victories and medallists were so numerous in the years between 1952 and 1984 that they are not listed here but on a separate page on the website. As at 2001 , Britain has won 16 European, 18 World and One Olympic Gold and many silver and bronze medals.)
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In the Coronation Honours list, Queen Elizabeth ll appointed Jeanette Altwegg a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE), the highest award given for services to skating.
1952-1978
As in the 1930's there was a massive expansion of ice rinks in this period. It was partly due to John Tree (1920-1964) former floor manager at the Brighton Sports Stadium. He wanted to improve the spartan facilities in British Rinks to make them more comfortable places of entertainment. He formed the Silver Blades Company later taken over by Mecca Ltd. The firm opened new rinks in Leeds, Sheffield, Bradford and Bristol, also taking over existing rinks at Streatham, Manchester, Liverpool and Birmingham. The Rank Organisation took over rinks in Southampton, Brighton and Aviemore. Also opened were rinks in Whitley Bay, Altrincham, Kelso, Solihull, Lockerbie, Billingham, Islington (The Sobell Centre), Irvine and Sunderland.
1960
Vlllth Winter Olympic Games were held in Squaw Valley, California. Terence Monaghan achieved Britain's best placing in the 10000 metre's, placing 5th.
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1963
Courtney Jones, many time World, European and British Ice Dance Champion created two new dances with Peri Horne, The Starlight Waltz and Silver Samba.
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1966
Ice Dancers seldom fell over in the 20th Century - but Bernard Ford did at the World Championships in Davos, Switzerland. " I crossed my feet instead of my fingers" he said afterwards. But with his partner Diane Towler he went on to win the first of 4 World titles.
Eric Coggins OBE,NSA General Secretary since 1933, died suddenly. He was succeeded by his deputy Roger Drake, who served until his retirement in 1980.
1967
The NSA organised the World Roller Championships in Birmingham.
1969
The NSA organised the 33rd Congress of the International Skating Union at Maidenhead in Berkshire.
1971
The NSA published a pamphlet " Notes for Guidance in planning and provision for ice and roller skating rinks". It was prepared in consultation with the NSA's architects, Peter Jordan , H.George Marsh and Ernest Matthews, themselves former skaters .
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1976
John Curry, an artistic genius on ice, had been gradually working his way up in Championship results. In this year he became, Olympic , World and European Champion. He also became the first ice skater to be voted BBC Sports Personality of the year.
1979
To mark the centenary of the formation of the NSA, a celebratory lunch was held at the Guildhall in Cambridge, birthplace of the NSA. Later a Gala was organised at the Empire Pool in Wembley. This was attended by the patron of the NSA, HRH Queen Elizabeth ll and the Duke of Edinburgh.
A centenary history of the NSA had been written ( "Our Skating Heritage by Denis L.Bird) and a leather bound copy was presented to Her Majesty. The gala was preceded by a parade of past British Champions.
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John Curry Olympic Champion 1976
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At the XIII th Winter Olympic Games held in Lake Placid,Canada, Robin Cousins won the Gold medal in the Men's event. He also took the European Championship's in Goteborg, Sweden and finished 2nd in the World Championships in Dortmund, Germany.
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Robin Cousins OLYMPIC CHAMPION 1980
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1984
Christopher Dean and Jayne Torvill, already several times European and World Ice Dance Champions, achieved a clean sweep of medals. They won Olympic Gold in Sarajevo, Yugoslavia, World Gold in Ottawa, Canada and European Gold in Budapest, Hungary.
1988
In the XVth Winter Olympic Games held in Calgary, Canada, Wild O'Reilly, won 2 Gold medals in the demonstration event of Short Track Speed Skating
1989
The NSA organised the European Championships at the National Exhibition Centre Solihull, Birmingham.
1990
A major re-organisation of the sport took place. The Roller skaters broke away and formed their own Governing body and the NSA became the National Ice Skating Association of Great Britain (NISA) , the governing body responsible for Figure Skating and Short Track Speed in the United Kingdom.
Compulsory or "School" figures (the tracing of turns or loops in figure eights or 3 circle patterns) were discontinued after the World Championships in Halifax, Nova Scotia.
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1994
Christopher Dean and Jayne Torvill made an amazing comeback to win the European Ice Dance title, 10 years after their last win. The International Olympic Committee, as a one off gesture, allowed professionals to compete in the XVIIIth Winter Olympic Games at Hamar in Norway. Chris and Jayne, in somewhat controversial circumstances, earned a Bronze medal to add to their 1984 Gold.
1994
Also at the Hamar, Olympics, Short track Speed skater, Nicky Gooch, took the Bronze medal in the 500metres .
1995
NISA organised the World Championships at the National Exhibition Centre , Solihull, Birmingham. The first World Figure Skating Championship to be held in Britain since 1950.
1999
The British Championships were held in Northern Ireland for the first time at Dundonald.
2000
The National Ice Centre in Nottingham was opened. The British Championships were held at the Centrum Arena in Ayr, Scotland for the first time since the Pairs Championship of 1914, in Edinburgh.
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|2001
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NISA moves to new headquarters at the Nottingham National Ice Centre after 106 years in London.
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PRESIDENTS OF THE NSA AND NISA
1875 - 2001
1879 Charles Watson Townley, Lord Lieutenant of Cambridgeshire ( active President)
William Cavendish, 7th Earl of Devonshire ( non active President)
Thomas William Coke, 2nd Earl of Leicester (non active President.
1891 Dr. George Cunningham MA. LDS.
1894 Rt Hon William Hayes Fisher MP. ( later 1st Baron Downham)
1920 Edward St. Leger, 6th Viscount Doneraile
1941 vacant
1945 Rt Hon Sir Samuel Gurney Hoare, 1st Viscount Templewood of Chelsea .
1948 vacant
1956 Major Kenneth Macdonald Beaumont, CBE. DSO.
1966 Alfred Ronald Dashwood Gilbey CBE.
1976 Leonard Charles Seagrave OBE.
1985 Courtney John Lyndhurst Jones OBE.
1995 Sally Anne Martine Stapleford OBE.

ஓரிகாமி ஓவியக் கலை

The painting artist.

In its lace making heyday in the late eighteenth century, Ipswich, Massachusetts boasted 600 lace makers in a town of only 601 households. George Washington himself, a lace afficionado, paid a visit to Ipswich in 1789 to support its extraordinary domestic textile industry. While most research on lace making concentrates on its cottage origins in the seventeenth century, Marta Cotterell Raffel places the Ipswich industry squarely within the wider context of eighteenth-century manufacture, economics, and culture. Identifying what differentiates Ipswich lace from other American or European lace, she explores how lace makers learned their skills, and how they combined a traditional lace making education with attention to market-driven changes in style. Showing how the shawls, bonnets, and capes created by the lace makers often designated the social position or political affiliation of the wearer, she offers a unique and fascinating guide to our material past. With extensive research based on hundreds of previously unseen artifacts and documents, Raffel shows how this preindustrial labor and craft-absolutely central to the economic health of Ipswich-created and sustained forms of early American culture and shaped an entire community for several generations. Useful appendixes include a glossary of terms; a list of contemporary sources for supplies, lace organizations, and textile museums with lace collections; and two sample patterns with pricking and instructions. -- Publisher description
Includes bibliographical references (pages 155-156)
The making of an American industry -- Tools of the trade -- From the most humble of tools is wrought a thing of exceptional beauty -- Ipswich lace -- The lace makers of Ipswich -- A matter of class and pride -- A tribute to those who wore Ipswich lace -- Epilogue -- To never be forgotten

ஓரிகாமி ஓவியக் கலை

The painting artist.

Machining enables a hobbyist or do-it-yourselfer to create a wide variety of products, and many enthusiasts use it to complement an existing pursuit. Car restorers, inventors, astronomers, artists, model builders, vintage tool fabricators, entrepreneurs, and many others often incorporate machining into their existing interests.
The Hobbyist's Machine Shop
Many machining hobbyists transform their garage or a similar storage area into a base of operations for their new activity. A functioning home machine shop usually requires one or more home machining devices and various machine shop supplies. These tools are typically smaller versions of the industrial equipment used for commercial purposes. Some of the more common types of home machining tools include mini-lathes, mini-mills, bandsaws, and grinding machines.
Mini-Lathes
Mini-lathes are used to machine small precision parts that are symmetrical about their axes of rotation. Like industrial lathes, mini-lathes rotate the workpiece on a table at high speeds while a cutting device is applied to shape the material. Most mini-lathes come in dimensions of approximately 7x10 inches or 7x12 inches, but are also available in other sizes. Some specialized varieties include woodworking lathes, metalworking lathes, glass-working lathes, watch-making lathes, and jewelry-making lathes.
Mini-Mills
Milling machines are used for slot cutting, drilling, planing, routing, and other shaping techniques. The miniature version employs a rotating cutter that is similar to a drill and can move along the X, Y, and Z axes to cut complex designs. In home machine shops, mini-mills are often used in conjunction with a mini-lathe to create non-cylindrical components. There are two types of mini-mills available to do-it-yourselfers: vertical and horizontal mills. Vertical mills have a spindle with a vertical axis of rotation while horizontal mills rotate longitudinally.
Bandsaws
Many applications involve sawing a workpiece to a certain length. Although a hacksaw may be used to accomplish this, a bandsaw is a better alternative for handling larger or thicker materials. Consumer bandsaws come in horizontal or vertical configurations, and employ a clamping mechanism to steady the workpiece. Some models also feature automatic shut-off after the cut has been completed. The 4x6 group is the most common type of hobbyist bandsaw, though some machinists opt for a smaller, portable version..
Grinders
Grinding machines are traditionally used for finishing treatments. Hobby grinders usually feature an abrasive wheel that is applied to the workpiece to improve surface finish or make fine cuts. Specialized varieties include belt, bench, and surface grinders. Home grinding machines tend to be relatively inexpensive, though more powerful models can cost significantly more.
Welding Devices
Welding typically uses heat, and sometimes pressure, to attach two or more pieces of material together. Welding torches can also be used to cut a work piece into a desired size and shape. Arc welders and gas welders are the two most common types of hobbyist welding devices. Arc welding requires a power supply to create an electric arc between the machine and the work piece, while gas welding uses a flammable gas medium, such as acetylene, to create the intense heat needed for cutting.
Hobby CNC Machining
Computer Numerical Control, or CNC, machining employs computer applications to guide a device according to predetermined parameters. CNC versions of hobbyist tools, such as computer guided lathes and mills, are widely available. CNC machines are usually more expensive than traditional machining tools, but are well-suited for fabricating complex geometries and designs. The benefits of CNC machining include improved precision, design uniformity, and faster production time. In some cases, a basic knowledge of G-code may be helpful for home CNC machining.
Things to Consider When Buying Hobby Machining Tools
Buying equipment that will match your needs is an important step in pursuing this hobby. Here are some things to keep in mind when selecting machinery and tools for your home machine shop:
Other Custom Manufacturing & Fabricating Guides

ஓரிகாமி ஓவியக் கலை

The painting artist.

Let's be honest: This is the number one reason you should start playing music.
Being an adult is hard. And in our vast techno-digital landscape, there are millions of screaming voices, but too few voices to tell us what we need to know to be proper, respectable grown-ups. To help weed through the noise, Motherboard has partnered with the smart minds at the Stuff You Should Know blog to bring you a weekly column about real life.
Here at Stuff You Should Know, our job is to impart wisdom to the masses. Most of the time it’s not so much advice as it is interesting facts that will make you a richer person. We believe that knowledge is power and the more you know, the better equipped you are to deal with life as a grown up adult.
Sometimes we also get to pass along little nuggets that we’ve learned over our combined 80 or so years. Call it advice, call it gentle suggestions—these are just things we’ve learned that we want to pass along to the listeners of our podcast. Many times they come in the form of passing comments, but when we write we can really get down and dirty and tell people, “You should do this.”
This week we want to pass along one such simple message. Learn how to play a musical instrument. Just do it. You don’t have to be a master or make it your life’s work, but trust me, you’ll be glad you did.
Playing a musical instrument benefits you in almost innumerable ways. For one, it’ll make you smarter. Yeah, you heard me. Learning to play a musical instrument is tough, and it’s been proven to actually increase your memory’s capacity as well as your ability to concentrate. And it’s not just a temporary thing either; studies suggest that it has a lasting effect, long after the instrument is back in the case.
Parsing a new visual language is great for your brain. Via christjtse/Flickr
It’s also great for developing your motor skills, it’s literally good for your ears, and it can improve your cognitive abilities. It’s also been shown to improve your math skills, even if you never learn to read music. And if you do learn to read and write music, it’s will help you in the reading and writing department as well. And this isn’t just me talking—there are countless studies and a lot of research that back up these truisms. Basically, it’s an all-around great workout for your noodle, like a brainteaser puzzle you have to use your hands (and sometimes feet) to solve.
Learning to play an instrument will also pay off at work, by helping to improve your organizational skills and time management. It takes a while to learn to play an instrument, so figuring out how to fit it into your schedule as well as the payoffs of completing a goal are both valuable. Persistence is a great life quality and you’ll get it in spades if you pick up a guitar with even modest goals in terms of how accomplished you want to be. And if you join a band (also something everyone should try) you’ll get some very real lessons in teamwork, social skills, personality management, and again, tenacity and perseverance. All of these things will help you at your job and in your personal life.
If you’re a parent, giving your kid a musical instrument will make them a more responsible future adult human. Caring for a drum set or a clarinet takes time and careful attention to detail. If you let your kid pick out an instrument, they’ll have even more incentive to learn how to care for it properly. It’ll probably make your kid more social as well, whether they join a school band or form one of their own in your garage.
Of course, there are always the guitar weirdos who hole up in their bedroom studying Rush tablature for hours on end, but let this play out and you may surprised when your reclusive Geddy Lee Jr. eventually forms his own Rush tribute band. (“The Temples of Syrinx” would be a great name for said band). But trust me on this one—encouraging your child to learn a musical instrument will definitely benefit them socially at some point, if not right away. I’ve seen it happen time and again—there’s a social bond among players, “gearheads,” and collectors that’s pretty special. The sense of accomplishment and achieving a goal is also great for kids, especially those who have trouble with confidence.
How cool are these dudes? That could be you.
There are many other things playing an instrument can help, like improving your respiratory system, helping you conquer stage fright, relieve stress, and blah, blah, blah. We could literally write ten pages of such benefits if we had the time. But let’s get down to brass tacks: Whether you’re a dude or a dudette, playing a musical instrument will help you get other dudes and dudettes to like you in that special way. It’s a proven fact.
There’s never been a single professional or aspiring musician who has had a harder time getting dates after they’ve killed it onstage. There’s just something inherently attractive about strapping on a guitar or bass, or sitting behind a drum kit, and playing your heart out. And here’s the really cool part: what you play doesn’t even matter. If a musical instrument exists, there is someone out there that is a groupie for that instrument. If this is your motivation, I’d say any mainstream rock band instrument might work better than say, the oboe, but I bet you dollars to donuts that the first chair oboist for the New York Philharmonic doesn’t have a tough time getting dates.
It’s not too late, folks. This advice is not just for the young. In fact, learning a musical instrument at a later age can be even more beneficial, as it could help you regain some of the aforementioned skills you may have lost over the years.
I myself formed my first band at the ago of 38. We’re all old, married dudes who get together once a month to drink some beer and play cover songs in my basement. We play out in bars and neighborhood festivals about three times a year. And you know what? It’s the absolute best thing I’ve ever done and one of the highlights of my grownup adult life. So put that in your pipe and smoke it. And wield a sweet axe while you do so.

ஓரிகாமி ஓவியக் கலை

The painting artist.

7:21am Saturday 21st June 2014
EVER looked at a well-crafted bowl or vase and thought, 'I could make that'? People across Gwent are doing just that by throwing themselves into the messy but creative world of pottery, as EMMA MACKINTOSH explains.
IT IS a hobby like any other but one which produces some beautiful - and often thoroughly practical - works of art.
Unlike painting or drawing, pottery is a more physical skill which needs not only "an eye" for design but also sturdy arms and hands to "throw" pots and bowls on a wheel.
Just like paintings and drawings, the results can be admired from near or far - but can be used to drink or eat out of, too.
The South Wales Potters are a bunch of around 150 pottery enthusiasts, hailing from near the Severn Bridge in the east over to west and mid Wales, whose work is currently on show at Llantarnam Grange.
Many of them took up the hobby as a result of being lucky enough to be taught ceramics at school, explained former South Wales Argus editor and keen potter, Steve Hoselitz.
"I learned at school, as did the majority of people who are now hobby potters," said Mr Hoselitz, 66, who has an at-home studio in Usk.
Mr Hoselitz, who also sells his work via his website wainfield.com, said that during his working life as a busy journalist and newspaper editor he "went to the odd evening class", and upon retirement finally had the time to set up his own pottery.
Apart from clay, what exactly do you need to set up your own studio, the Argus asked.
"I bought a kiln and a wheel, and needed a work space either in my house or shed," he explained. "It's a messy hobby, but there are a lot of potters who convert a space and manage to do it perfectly well at home without wrecking the rest of the house."
An apprentice potter would take a grapefruit-sized lump of clay and pummel it to expel any lurking air pockets.
You then throw it onto your wheel (which is almost as it says on the tin - a flat circle which rotates) and using plenty of water try to keep it in the centre of the wheel, keeping your hands steady despite the wheel's constant rotation which is changed using a foot pedal.
The idea is to slowly raise the height of the pot with your hands, then create a recess in the middle with your thumbs.
Once the former ball of clay begins to take on a more pot-like shape, you steady the clay between the flat of your right thumb and left middle finger to thin out the walls, maintaining an even width.
Done correctly, this leads to a pot with sides of even thickness which you can then scrape and refine using rubber tools.
For those who haven't the space or the inclination to use clay at home, there are evening or afternoon classes, but the majority of the members of the South Wales Potters are hobby or professional potters working from their homes, said Mr Hoselitz.
"Most people want an electric wheel, which you can quite often buy second hand for a couple of hundred pounds," he said.
"But you might not start off wanting to throw on a wheel. A lot of people hand-build.
"A kiln you do have to have. Those cost a few hundred rather than thousands of pounds."
To quash any potential ideas, no, you cannot use an oven. There are air drying clays available but usually the pottery isn't waterproof afterwards, said Mr Hoselitz.
"You could make decorative pottery but not domestic ware," he said.
Most potters fire their clay. The lowest temperature for firing clay is about three times as hot as a domestic oven, so between 600 and 700 degrees C. This produces raku-style clay and requires inexpensive kilns.
For earthenware, stoneware or porcelain clay, a kiln of up to about 1,300 degrees C is required.
These are widely available and run on a domestic supply of electricity, so you do not need industrial equipment or a chimney. Only kilns using gas need a chimney.
"You wouldn't stand it on the lounge carpet, but if you have a concrete floor or just the ground that's fine, I know quite a few potters who have them in sheds," said Mr Hoselitz.
It takes often more than a couple of hours to fire pots. Once fired, leave them to cool.
"It takes me from 7am to 7pm to get my kiln up to temperature and a day and a half to cool down," said Mr Hoselitz.
"That's a big professional kiln, but even a small domestic kiln would take a day and a half for firing. An electric kiln, you can leave, they all have timers and even the most basic have automated features."
Most potters fire twice - the first to look like earthenware, known as biscuit firing or raw glazing, then they paint on the glaze and fire again. At that stage the clay no longer dissolves in water. The second firing is at a higher temperature and gives the pot its colour.
Very delicate figures would need firing twice, the first time at 1,000 degrees C and the second time around 1,200 degrees C.
South east Wales is a particularly rich area for pottery, with some of the best professional potters in Britain based here. The president of the South Wales Potters, Walter Keeler, is world famous and a number of its members are well known in the art world, while nationwide artists like Grayson Perry are bringing ceramic art into the spotlight.
There are roughly three to four times as many people who sell an occasional pot as there are semi-professionals who get a real income, and even fewer who would live on their pottery work alone, said Mr Hoselitz.
"It used to be that you would be a pottery teacher or do some lecturing," he said. "I make domestic ware and I do sell pieces, not so much to make money, but to move the pots on.
"My family have told me they've got enough of my pieces, and it's about being valid as a craftsperson. If you can't sell your work you don't feel valid as an artist, that you've reached the right standard."
A lot of well-known potters don't just make works of art, they make jugs and mugs too, and there are several categories of pottery: figurative work, ornaments, even 3D abstract work - from a mug to something quite off-the-wall.
But where do amateur potters buy all their tools from?
"I suspect most people source their tools and supplies online now," said Mr Hoselitz. "There are also various websites and forums where you can ask questions or post problems such as 'I'm getting a strange blue cast on my red clay, how can I get rid of it?'
"We've done taster sessions all over South Wales where a couple of people will take their wheels and school children can come along and have a go at pottery," he said. "The idea is that they might get the bug. If you wanted to regularly make pottery but couldn't do it at home, you'd start by finding an evening class."
The Potters are trying to get the next generation interested in pottery.
"That's a major concern - where is the next generation of potters coming from in Britain?" said Mr Hoselitz. "It's a real issue."
So if you think you've got what it takes, why not give it a go? Your work could be the next big thing - or just a nice tea mug to sip from while you're at work.
Back
© Copyright 2001-2014 Newsquest Media Group
http://www.southwalesargus.co.uk
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ஓரிகாமி ஓவியக் கலை

The painting artist.

Essentially Soap
Krause Publications, 2000 - Crafts & Hobbies - 125 pages
No longer satisfied with mass-produced soaps? The author shows how to create special soaps with the right scent, emollients and appearance. He demonstrates how to work with fragrances, skin treatments, colours and shapes, and discusses the aromatherapy benefits associated with many essential oils.
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I've had this book for a long, dog eared and well used. Lots of great info on different oils, SAP values, essential oil blending and of course soap recipes. They are all cold process but can be made as hot process too. I love the avocado oil soap. Well worth the money.

ஓரிகாமி ஓவியக் கலை

The painting artist.

Shapna Pai, 43, leans against the wooden bar at Vendetta and stares straight ahead, deer-in-headlights style. Ten feet to her left, the shaved head of Gabe Rojo, 43, is getting shinier by the second. These two anxious strangers are about to do the same, terrifying thing: Stand up in front of a crowd of strangers and try to make them laugh.
Pai, a federal worker who has been hitting open mics on and off for about three years, sheds her anxiety the moment she steps onstage.
“My name is Shapna. I’m an Indian girl, not yet married, I don’t yet have kids,” she says. She picks up an Indian accent and gets increasingly shrill: “So I am not married, no kids, no husband, no clean, no cook … just put her old ass on a mountaintop to die! At least, that’s what my parents put on their Christmas cards this year.”
A fire truck screams down H Street, and Pai expertly works the siren into the joke, making her parents’ mounting hysteria seem even funnier. The audience — surprisingly large for a weekday night — eats it up.
For a city considered humorless, D.C. is teeming with regular folks like Pai who want to give comedy a try, according to Philadelphia-based comedian Chris Coccia, who teaches a stand-up class at the DC Improv with a monthslong waiting list.
“D.C. is such a politically correct town,” Coccia says. “Comedy gives you a nice opportunity to step outside of diplomacy. There’s no other job or hobby that allows you to say, ‘No no, I’m supposed to talk about offensive things in an offensive way.’ ”
Sean Joyce, a local comic by night and World Bank worker by day, agrees.
“People work really hard here, they are very career-focused, and I think everyone is trying to find an outlet for levity, whether that’s doing comedy or just watching it,” he says.
Two years ago, Joyce started an open-mic comedy night at The Big Hunt. Now, he runs local open mics six nights a week and is deluged with emails from people looking for five minutes of stage time.
After Pai’s set at Vendetta, it’s Rojo’s turn. He steps onstage, and his voice wavers. “Does anyone know what manscaping is?” he asks. The crowd ignores him, so he soldiers on. “Sometime in the ’90s, it became not OK for men to be hairy … and at the same time, I was turning into a Latino Chia Pet.”
He sounds so authentically dismayed, a woman in the front row guffaws, sending a fine spray of beer onto her dining companion. A spit-take, the gold medal of stand-up.
It was a nice moment, but not quite enough to quell Rojo’s nerves.
“To tell you the truth, I’m not really having fun yet,” Rojo says afterward. “Standup is scarier than anything I have ever done, and that includes being in a combat zone.”
An Army vet, Rojo spent part of the Gulf War stationed in Israel. He now works as a social worker, and he’s found that his ability to decipher nonverbal communication serves him well in the office and onstage.
“I like to look at what’s unspoken between people and say what’s really going on,” he says.
Joyce, on the other hand, makes sure his onstage candor doesn’t seep into the office. “I’m much more tactful at work,” he says.
That’s probably for the best. It’s OK for D.C.’s bureaucrats, staffers and consultants to tell the truth at night. But if we did it during the day, the government might come to a grinding halt, Coccia says.
“What if people went in [to work] and said, ‘Look, who are we fooling? We haven’t done anything in a year? We’ve been pushing papers from one side of the desk to the other for the last 12 months,’ ” he says. “It’d be total chaos.”
For a comprehensive guide to Washington-area open mic nights, click here.
So You Think You’re Funny?
Stand-up comedy is a low-overhead hobby. All you have to do is:
1. Think up five minutes of material. Pro tip: Don’t know where to start? Sign up for a class at dcimprov.com.
2. Try it out on your family or pets.
3. Go to an open mic and inflict your comedy on supportive friends and innocent strangers. Pro tip: Visit event websites for sign-up info.
4. Pay attention during other people’s sets or the host will make fun of you.
5. Repeat steps 1-4 for years on end.
Eventually, you may become funny enough to land a paying gig. More likely, you’ll just make some weird friends.

ஓரிகாமி ஓவியக் கலை

The painting artist.

Taxidermy - this hobby is dead cool
Once dismissed as a Victorian throwback, taxidermy is now hot stuff. Enjoli Liston speaks to the artists who are bringing it back – and tries it out for herself
Artist Charlie Tuesday Gates is smiling as she stands poised, scalpel in hand, over the lifeless body of a lamb. This is “DIY Taxidermy”, the increasingly popular evening class that is not for the faint-hearted. Within the hour, Gates will teach an eager audience of around 80 students the basics of skinning a lamb and stuffing it with household objects, while they sip wine and make polite conversation.
Over the past five years, British taxidermy has enjoyed a popularity revival that has seen the craft move from the stuffy world of macabre Victorian curios to the cutting edge of Brit art.
And now, oversubscribed classes such as this one (more than 200 people applied for tickets to this session) are popping up in London and New York, offering crash-courses that take centuries- old rural traditions of taxidermy and move them into urban galleries for an extreme version of do-it-yourself crafting. “I’m cutting from the head to the tail along the spine, because that’s what the YouTube video I watched told me to do,” Gates jokes, as she carefully makes her first incision down the lamb’s back. She uses a £4 knife bought in an art shop (it must have a curved blade, she stresses, or it will butcher the lamb’s delicate skin).
It’s not exactly the authoritative instruction one might expect from an expert teacher, but Gates does not profess to be a professional. She is an artist and self-taught “DIY taxidermist” who learnt the basics through a dead fox that her brother found for her last year. The interactive demonstrations started as performance-art pieces soon after her first encounter with the fox, and now they encourage complete beginners to stop watching and start taking part.
She is keen to differentiate her work from that of a professional taxidermist. “Real taxidermy is a painstaking scientific art which preserves the illusion of life in a natural habitat, but I’m more interested in the reality of death,” she says. Whatever the term for Gates’s form of taxidermy, both the professional and amateur processes involve skinning and stuffing a dead creature.
It may sound morbid, yet, surprisingly, this class is not. There are probably as many rubberneckers in the room as genuine enthusiasts, but there is a palpable air of respect for the process. And no, the body doesn’t smell, because it’s fresh. Instead, there is a metallic taste in the air. Sometimes it sets the teeth on edge, as if you’re chewing tin foil.
Gates stresses that the lamb died of natural causes and was donated to her by a friend. She emphasises the importance of sourcing animals ethically, but says taxidermy still carries a stigma despite audience if any animal-rights activists are present and planning to throw paint at her. “
Some people still think of taxidermists as murderers who kill their specimens and hunt endangered species,” says Martin Dunne, who is the chairman of the British Historical Taxidermy Society. “But this perception is changing as taxidermy becomes more popular.
“There are stringent laws about the animals taxidermists can use [they cannot be endangered, must be found dead and must not have died in suspicious circumstances]. The “new age” taxidermy practiced by artists helps increase the public’s awareness of that.”
The star of this “new age” is Polly Morgan, whose work is collected by everyone from Banksy to Damien Hirst. Her pieces, which remove animals from their natural habitats (therefore also putting them at odds with traditional taxidermy), can fetch up to £100,000.
Morgan says renewed interest in taxidermy isn’t about fashion. She says there is nothing morbid about a fascination with taxidermy, and that it is becoming increasingly popular because people are naturally curious about it – especially those who live in urban areas.
“It’s one of the most natural things in the world to want to study living forms,” she says. “Taxidermy is very closely related to the study of biology, and no one would say an interest in that is morbid. “As fewer schools teach dissection now, childhood curiosities about the way that bodies work aren’t satisfied. Taxidermy is about a kind of physical interaction that people who live in urban environments don’t tend to get anymore.”
Morgan and Gates had rural upbringings and childhood fascinations with animals. (“I was always picking dead stuff up from the side of the road as a child,” says Gates.) But unlike Gates, Morgan started by attending a £150 lesson with a professional taxidermist and has carefully honed her craft since. She says she would have loved to attend a free group lesson likeGates’s when she was learning but they simply didn’t exist.
She is modest about the impact of her work on the renewed public interest in taxidermy, but Morgan does admit that it has been an inspiration to young artists – like Amanda Coban, a final-year undergraduate studying fine art and illustration at the University of Coventry. She made a three-hour round trip to attend Gates’s class because her course doesn’t cover taxidermy and she “wanted to learn the tricks of the trade”.
After watching Gates skin the lamb, rub a bag of kitchen salt into the skin, drape it around a “body” structure made from wire, and stuff it with cotton wool, Coban helped her sew up the original incision along the spine. Key point to remember: don’t pierce the guts while you’re at it – it’s not pretty.
“I have used animal body parts in my art, but I’ve never had the confidence to preserve a whole form,” Coban says. “It’s a lot easier, cheaper and more accessible than I thought it would be. I feel like I can pick up that dead fox I saw on the side of the A45 the other day, and actually treat it myself.”
This confidence, Gates says, is what she enjoys instilling in the people who attend her classes. “I like showing people that taxidermy doesn’t have to be a mysterious or dark art. It’s easy and accessible. Anyone can give it a stab.”
charlietuesdaygates.blogspot.com
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ஓரிகாமி ஓவியக் கலை

The painting artist.

The oldest Amateur Press group in the world
The National Amateur Press Association
Rooted in the “Black Art” of Letterpress Printing
All of the associated arts of writing, editing, publishing, and illustration are equally important to NAPA members. Each month’s bundle of papers, mailed to all members, will contain the work of printers, some who do not write, and writers and poets, and some who also print. Some edit and publish the work of others, leaving the craft of printing to yet others.
The best work of each year is awarded a laureate award to recognize the members’ achievements. Laureates, and honorable mentions, are awarded in these categories: Poetry, Fiction, History of Amateur Journalism, Editorial Comment, Miscellaneous Prose, Art, Editing, and Printing.
Printing History
Printing was historically done using letterpress, but offset, photocopy, mimeograph, and spirit duplicator have all been used. Today’s bundles often contain journals produced by computer and laser printer. In each case, the words and their presentation are the focus, not the technology.
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ஓரிகாமி ஓவியக் கலை

The painting artist.

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ஓரிகாமி ஓவியக் கலை

The painting artist.

ஓரிகாமி ஓவியக் கலை

The painting artist.

ஓரிகாமி ஓவியக் கலை

The painting artist.

ஓரிகாமி ஓவியக் கலை

The painting artist.

ஓரிகாமி ஓவியக் கலை

The painting artist.

ஓரிகாமி ஓவியக் கலை

The painting artist.

ஓரிகாமி ஓவியக் கலை

The painting artist.

ஓரிகாமி ஓவியக் கலை

The painting artist.

ஓரிகாமி ஓவியக் கலை

The painting artist.

ஓரிகாமி ஓவியக் கலை


கிமு 10ஆம் ஆயிரமாண்டு

கிமு 10-ஆம் ஆயிரமாண்டு (10th millennium BC) என்பது கிமு 10000 ஆம் ஆண்டு முதல் 9001 ஆம் ஆண்டு வரையான காலப்பகுதியைக் குறிக்கும். இவ்வாயிரமாண்டு ஒலோசீன் ஊழியின் முதற் பகுதியாகக் கருதப்படும் இடைக் கற்காலம் மற்றும் எப்பிபெலியோலிதிக்கு (Epipaleolithic) காலங்களின் ஆரம்பக் கட்டமாகும். தென்மேற்கு ஆசியாவில் நெல் மற்றும் சிறுதானியங்களின் அடிப்படை வேளாண்மை தொடங்கிய காலகட்டம்.Roberts (1994) இக்காலகட்டத்தில் வளமான நிலங்களில் வேளாண்மை மேற்கொள்ளப்பட்டிருந்தாலும், அடுத்த 2,000 ஆண்டுகளுக்கு வேளாண்மை சார்ந்த நடவடிக்கைகள் பெரும்போக்காக கடைப்பிடிக்கப்படவில்லை.

உலக மக்கள் தொகை ஒன்று தொடக்கம் பத்து மில்லியன் ஆகக் காணப்பட்டது,Data from History Database of the Global Environment.  Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency (MNP), Bilthoven, The Netherlands. இதில் பெரும்பாலானவர்கள் அண்டார்டிக்கா மற்றும் சிலாந்தியா கண்டங்களைத் தவிர மற்றைய கண்டங்களில் உணவுதேடி வேட்டையாடும் சமூகத்தை சார்ந்த குழுக்களாகவே பல இடங்களில் சிதறிக் காணப்பட்டனர். பனிப்பாறையாக்கத்தின் பல பகுதிகள் முடிவுக்கு வந்ததனால், உலகின் வடக்குப் பகுதிகளில் மீள்குடியேற்றம் நிகழத்தொடங்கியது.

thumb|துருக்கியின் பெருவயிறு மலை தொல்லியல் களம்
 நிகழ்வுகள்

 கிமு 10,000:மெசொப்பொத்தேமியாவில் மட்பாண்டத்திற்கு முந்தைய புதிய கற்காலம் துவங்கியது. லெவண்ட் பகுதியில் நூத்துபியப் பண்பாடு விளங்கியது.
 கிமு 10,000: மீசோலிதிக் காலப்பகுதியின் முதலாவது குகைச் சித்திரங்கள் சண்டை மற்றும் சமைய நிகழ்வுகளை சித்தரிக்கும் வண்ணம் வரையப்பட்டது.
 கிமு 10,000: சுரைக்காய் பயிரிடப்பட்டு திரவம் கொண்டுசெல்லும் போத்தல்களாக பயன்பட்டது.
 கிமு 10,000: இறுதிப் பனிப்பாறையாக்கம் முடிவுக்கு வந்தது.
 கிமு 9,700: பெலிஸ்டோசின் சகாப்த்தம் முடிவுக்கு வந்து கோலோசின் சகாப்தம் தொடங்கியது.
 கிமு 9,700: அறுவடை செய்ததற்கான சான்றுகள் கிடைக்கப்பெற்றுள்ளன. விவசாய அறுவடை என்று கருதவேண்டியதில்லை. காட்டுப்புற்கள் ஆசியா மைனர் என்கிற பிரதேசத்தில் அறுவடை செய்யப்பட்டிருக்கலாம்.
 கிமு 9,500: கொபெக்லி தேபே என்கிற ஆலையத்தொகுதி கட்டுமானம் செய்யப்பட்டது.
 கிமு 9,300: அத்திமரப் பழங்கள் ஜோர்டான் ஆற்றுப் பிரதேசத்தில் அறுவடை செய்யப்பட்டன.
 கிமு 9,100: நாமறிந்த மிகப்பழைய பெரும்கற்கள் கொபெக்லி தேபே ஆலையத் தொகுதியில் நிர்மாணிக்கப்பட்டன. சில பெரும்கற்களின் எடை 20 தொன்.
 கிமு 9,000: புதிய கற்கால கலாச்சாரம் பழைய அண்மைய கிழக்கில் உதயமாகியது.

 மேற்கோள்கள்

 துணை நூல்கள்
  (2006a): "Early Domesticated Fig in the Jordan Valley". Science 312(5778): 1372.   (HTML abstract) Supporting Online Material
  (2006b): "Response to Comment on 'Early Domesticated Fig in the Jordan Valley. Science 314(5806): 1683b.  PDF fulltext
  (2006): "Comment on 'Early Domesticated Fig in the Jordan Valley. Science 314(5806): 1683a.  PDF fulltext
  (1994): History of the World. Penguin.

பகுப்பு:ஆயிரமாண்டுகள்

The number of people in the world is one million.

Question: how many people are there in the world

பத்து மில்லியன்

Question: what is the number of people in the world

Question: what is one million

Question: where is one million people in the world

Question: how many million people are there in the world

Question: what is one million in the world

The number of people in the world is one million .