ஸ்டீவன் ஹாக்கிங்

ஸ்டீவன் வில்லியம் ஹாக்கிங் (Stephen William Hawking, ஜனவரி 8 , 1942 -14 மார்ச்சு 2018) ஒன் இந்தியா தமிழ். பார்த்த நாள் (மார்ச்சு 14, 2018) ஆங்கிலேய கோட்பாட்டு அறிவியலாளரும், அண்டவியலாளரும், நூலாசிரியரும் ஆவார். இவர் கேம்பிரிச்சுப் பல்கலைக்கழகத்தின் கோட்பாட்டு அண்டவியல் மையத்தின் இயக்குநராகப் பணியாற்றினார். இவர் உரோசர் பென்ரோசுடன் இணைந்து பொதுச் சார்புக் கோட்பாட்டில் புவியீர்ப்பு அருநிலைத் தேற்றங்களை நிறுவியமை, ஆக்கிங்கு கதிரியக்கம் என அழைக்கப்படும் கருந்துளைகளின் கதிர்வீச்சு உமிழ்தலை எதிர்வுகூறியமை போன்ற அறிவியல் ஆய்வுகளுக்காகப் பெரிதும் அறியப்படுகிறார். இவரே முதன் முதலில் அண்டவியலுக்கான கோட்பாட்டை உருவாக்கி, பொதுச் சார்புக் கோட்பாடு, குவாண்டம் இயங்கியல் ஆகியவற்றின் மூலம் விளங்கப்படுத்தினார். குவாண்டம் இயங்கியலின் பல-உலகங்களுக்கான விளக்கத்திற்குத் தீவிர ஆதரவாளராக விளங்கினார்.Gardner, Martin (September/October 2001). "Multiverses and Blackberries". "Notes of a Fringe-Watcher". Skeptical Inquirer. Volume 25, No. 5.Price, Michael Clive (February 1995). "THE EVERETT FAQ" . Department of Physics, Washington University in St. Louis. Retrieved 17 December 2014.

ஆக்கிங்கு ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்காவின் உயர்ந்த குடிமகனுக்கான விருதைப் பெற்றார். 2002 ஆம் ஆண்டில், பிபிசி நடத்திய பிரித்தானியாவின் 100 பெரும் புள்ளிகள் கணிப்பில் 25வதாக தேர்ந்தெடுக்கப்பட்டார். 1979 முதல் 2009 வரை கேம்பிரிச்சுப் பல்கலைக்கழகத்தில் கணிதவியல் பேராசிரியராகப் பணியாற்றினார்.  இவர் தான் உருவாக்கிய கோட்பாடுகளைப் பற்றியும், அண்டவியல் தொடர்பிலும் பிரபலமான அறிவியல் கட்டுரைகளை எழுதிப் புகழ் பெற்றார். இவரது காலத்தின் ஒரு வரலாற்றுச் சுருக்கம் என்ற புகழ்பெற்ற கட்டுரைத் தொடர் இங்கிலாந்தில் இருந்து வெளிவரும் சண்டே டைம்சு இதழில் 237 வாரங்களாக வெளிவந்து சாதனை புரிந்தது. சாதாரண மக்களும் வாசித்துப் பயனடையும் வகையில் இலகுவான மொழியில், அறிவியற் சமன்பாடுகளைத் தவிர்த்து எழுதப்பட்ட இவரது அறிவியல் நூல்கள் பலரையும் கவர்ந்தன.

21 வயதிலேயே, முதலாவது திருமணத்துக்குச் சற்றுமுன்னர் தசையூட்டமற்ற பக்க மரப்பு நோய் எனவும் அழைக்கப்படும் இயக்கு நரம்பணு நோயால் தாக்குண்டார். இக் குணப்படுத்த முடியாத நோயினால் கடுமையாகப் பாதிக்கப்பட்டு, படிப்படியாகக் கை, கால் முதலிய உடலியக்கங்களும் பாதிக்கப்பட்டு, பேச்சையும் இழந்த நிலையில், கணினியூடாகப் பேச்சுத் தொகுப்பி மூலம் மற்றவர்களுடன் தொடர்பு வைத்துக்கொள்ளும் கட்டாயத்துக்குள்ளான இவர், இயற்பியல் ஆராய்ச்சிகளிலும், எழுத்துத்துறையிலும், பொதுவாழ்விலும் மிகவும் ஈடுபாடு உள்ளவராகவே இருந்தார். இவர் 2018 மார்ச் 14 இல் தனது 76-வது அகவையில் காலமானார்.

அமெரிக்காவில் உள்ள அனென்பெர்க் அறக்கட்டளை இயற்பியல் கணிதத்தை மாணவர்களுக்கு எளிய நடையில் புதிய கோணத்தில் வடிவமைப்பவர்களுக்கு 6 மில்லியன் டாலர் பரிசு என 1986-ல் அறிவித்தது. இந்தச் சவாலை ஏற்று, இயற்பியல் அறிவியலாளர் ஸ்டீபன் ஹாக்கிங் அரை மணி நேரத்திற்கு ஒரு காட்சி விளக்கம் வீதம் 26 மணி நேரம் ஓடக் கூடிய ‘காலம் ஒரு வரலாற்றுச் சுருக்கம்’ என்ற பாடத் திட்டத்தை உருவாக்கிக் கொடுத்துப் பரிசு பெற்றார். இந்தச் சிறந்த படைப்பு உலகத் தமிழ் மொழி அறக்கட்டளையால் 2000 ஆண்டு ஒரு கோடி ரூபாய் செலவில் தமிழில் மொழியாக்கம் செய்யப்பட்டது.

 ஆரம்ப வாழ்வும் கல்வியும்
 குடும்பம்
ஆக்கிங்கு 1942 சனவரி 8 இல்  இங்கிலாந்து, ஆக்சுபோர்டு நகரில் பிராங்கு (1905–1986), இசபெல் ஆக்கிங்கு (1915–2013) ஆகியோருக்கு, கலீலியோ கலிலியின் 300வது நினைவு நாளில் பிறந்தார். ஆக்கிங்கின் தாயார் இசுக்கொட்லாந்தைச் சேர்ந்தவர்.

இவரது தந்தைவழிப் பேரனார் ஒரு வேளாண்மை நிலத்தை வாங்கிப் பின்னர், பிரித்தானியாவில் ஏற்பட்ட வேளாண்மை தளர்வு காரணமாக, கடன் நொடிப்பு நிலைக்கு ஆளானார். ஆனால் தந்தை வழிப் பாட்டியார், வீட்டிலேயே ஒரு பாடசாலையை ஆரம்பித்து, பொருளாதார நிலையை ஓரளவுக்குக் கட்டுப்பாட்டில் வைத்திருந்து குடும்பத்தைக் காப்பாற்றினார். குடும்ப நிதி நெருக்கடியிலும், ஆக்கிங்கின் பெற்றோர் இருவரும் ஆக்சுபோர்டு பல்கலைக்கழகத்தில் படித்தவர்கள். தந்தை மருத்துவத்துறையிலும், தாயார் மெய்யியல், [[அரசியல் பொருளாதாரத்திலும் பட்டம் பெற்றார்கள். இருவரும் இரண்டாம் உலகப் போர்க் காலத்தில் மருத்துவ ஆய்வுக் கழகத்தில் சந்தித்துத் திருமணம் செய்து கொண்டனர். ஆக்கிங்கிற்கு பிலிப்பா, மேரி என இரண்டு தங்கையரும், எட்வர்டு எனும் ஒரு வளர்ப்புத் தம்பியும் உள்ளனர்.

ஆரம்பக் கல்வி
1950 இல், அவரது தகப்பனார், தேசிய மருத்துவ ஆய்வு நிலையத்தில், ஒட்டுண்ணியியல் பிரிவின் தலைவராகப் பொறுப்பேற்றதனால், அவரது குடும்பத்தினர் அனைவரும் செயிண்ட் அல்பான்சு என்ற இடத்திற்குச் சென்று வாழ்ந்தனர். அவரது குடும்பத்தினர் படிப்பிற்கு அதிக முக்கியத்துவம் கொடுத்து வந்தனர். அவரது தகப்பனார், ஆக்கிங்கை பிரபலமான Westminster School இல் சேர்ப்பதற்கு ஆசைப்பட்டார். ஆனால் புலமைப் பரிசிலுக்கான பரீட்சைக்குப் போக முடியாமல் ஆக்கிங் நோயுற்றிருந்தமையாலும், அந்தப் பாடசாலைக்கான செலவை உதவித்தொகையின்றி குடும்பத்தினரால் சமாளிக்க முடியாதென்பதனாலும், ஆக்கிங் செயிண்ட் அல்பான்சு பள்ளியிலேயே தனது கல்வியைத் தொடர்ந்தார். ஆனாலும் அவருக்கு அதில் நேர்மறையான விளைவும் கிடைத்தது. அவருடன் சேர்ந்து அவருக்குப் பிடித்தமான விளையாட்டுகளில் பங்கெடுக்கக் கூடிய, வான்வெடிகள் / விமான மற்றும் படகு ஒப்புருக்கள் உற்பத்தியில் சேர்ந்து பங்களிக்கக் கூடிய, கிறிஸ்தவம் மற்றும் புலன் புறத்தெரிவு போன்றவை பற்றி நீண்ட உரையாடல்களை நிகழ்த்தக்கூடிய நெருங்கிய நண்பர்கள் அவருக்குக் கிடைத்தார்கள். 1958 இல், அவர்களது கணித ஆசிரியரின் உதவியுடன், கடிகாரத்தின் பகுதிகள், பழைய தொலைபேசி ஒன்றின் மின்தொடர்பு இணைப்புப் பலகை, மற்றும் மீளுருவாக்கப் பாகங்களைக் கொண்டு ஒரு கணினியை உருவாக்கினார்கள்.

பட்டப்படிப்பு
பாடசாலையில் அவர் ஐன்ஸ்டைன் என்று மற்றவர்களால் அழைக்கப்பட்டிருந்தாலும், ஆரம்பத்தில் அவர் வெற்றி பெற்றவராக இருக்கவில்லை. ஆனால் பின்னர் நாட் செல்லச் செல்ல, அறிவியல் பாடங்களில் குறிப்பிடத்தக்க முன்னேற்றமடைந்து, அவரது கணித ஆசிரியரால் உந்தப்பட்டு, பல்கலைக்கழகத்தில் கணிதத்தைத் தெரிவு செய்தார். அவரது தந்தையார், கணித்துறையில் மிகக் குறைந்தளவே வாய்ப்புக்கள் இருப்பதனால், ஆக்கிங் மருத்துவத் துறையைத் தெரிவு செய்ய வேண்டும் என்றும், ஆக்சுபோர்டு பல்கலைக்கழகத்தில் கற்க வேண்டும் என்றும் விரும்பினார். அந்த நேரத்தில் கணிதவியல் ஆக்சுபோர்டு பல்கலைக்கழகத்தில் இல்லாதபடியால், அவர் இயற்பியலையும், வேதியியலையும் தெரிவு செய்தார். மார்ச் 1959 இல், புலமைப் பரிசிலில் சித்தியடைந்து, தனது 17 ஆவது வயதில், அக்டோபர் 1959 இல், ஆக்சுபோர்டு பல்கலைக்கழகத்தில் தனது பட்டப் படிப்பை ஆரம்பித்தார்.

முதல் 18 மாதங்கள் அவருக்குப் படிப்பு மிகவும் இலகுவானதாக இருந்தமையால், அது சலிப்பூட்டுவதாகவும், தனிமைப்படுத்துவதாகவும் அமைந்தது. அவரது இயற்பியல் ஆசிரியரின் கூற்றுப்படி, இரண்டாம், மூன்றாம் ஆண்டுகளில், அவர் ஏனையோருடன் இணைந்து கொண்டார். பழம்பெரும் இசை, அறிவியல் புனைவு போன்றவற்றில் ஈடுபாட்டைக் காட்டி, கல்லூரியின் உற்சாகமூட்டும், பிரபலமான ஒரு உறுப்பினராக மாறினார். அவரது ஒரு மகுதி மாற்றத்துக்குக் காரணமாக அவர் கல்லூரியின் படகுக் குழு, படகு வலித்தல் குழுமம் போன்றவற்றில் தன்னை இணைத்துக் கொண்டமை அமைந்தது.

அவர் ஆக்சுபோர்டு பல்கலைகழகத்தில் படித்த 3 ஆண்டுகளில், தான் 1000 மணித்தியாலங்கள் படித்திருப்பதாகக் கணித்ததுடன், இதனால் தனக்கு இறுதிப் பரீட்சை, சவாலானதாக அமையும் என்றும் கணித்து, தான் நிகழ்வுசார் அறிவைவிட, கோட்பாட்டு இயற்பியல் பகுதியில் அதிக கவனம் செலுத்த வேண்டும் என்று முடிவு செய்தார். அவர் விரும்பியவாறு, கேம்பிரிச்சுப் பல்கலைக்கழகத்தில், அண்டவியல் துறையில் பட்டப் படிப்பைத் தொடர வேண்டுமெனின், அதற்கு முதலாம் பிரிவில் நன்மதிப்பு பெற்றிருக்க வேண்டும். அந்தக் கவலையினால், அவரால் முதல்நாள் இரவு சரியாகத் தூங்க முடியாமல், அவரது இறுதிப் பரீட்சை முடிவு முதலாம், இரண்டாம் நிலைகளுக்கு இடையில் வந்திருந்ததனால், அவர் ஒரு நேர்முகப் பரீட்சைக்குத் தோற்ற வேண்டியிருந்தது. நேர்முகப் பரீட்சையில், அவரது திட்டத்தைக் கூறும்படி கேட்கப்பட்டபோது, 'முதலாம் பிரிவு கிடைத்தால் தான் கேம்பிரிச்சுப் பல்கலைக்கழகம் போக எண்ணியிருப்பதாகவும், இரண்டாவது நிலையானால், ஆக்சுபோர்ட்டிலேயே தொடர்ந்து படிப்பதாகவும், அதனால் நீங்கள் முதலாவது பிரிவை அளிப்பீர்கள் என நினைக்கிறேன்' என்றும் பதிலளித்தார். நேர்முகப் பரீட்சையில் இருந்தவர்களுக்கு ஆக்கிங் மிகுந்த அறிவாளி என்பதனை உணர முடிந்ததனால், அவருக்கு முதலாம் பிரிவு நன்மதிப்பை அளித்தார்கள். இயற்கை அறிவியலில் தனது முதல்நிலை பட்டப்படிப்பை முடித்த அவர், தனது ஒரு நண்பருடன் ஈரானுக்குப் போய்விட்டு வந்து, ஒக்டோபர் 1962 இல் கேம்பிரிச்சுப் பல்கலைக்கழகத்தில் தனது பட்டப் படிப்பைத் தொடர்ந்தார்.

அங்கு அவருக்கு முதலாவது ஆண்டு சிறிது கடுமையாக அமைந்தது. அவருக்கான மேற்பார்வையாளராக, பரவலாக அனைவராலும் அறியப்பட்ட வானியல் வல்லுநர் பிரெட் ஆயில் என்பவர் அல்லாமல், நவீன அண்டவியல் கண்டுபிடிப்பாளர்களில் ஒருவரான Dennis William Sciama என்பவர் கிடைத்ததில், ஆக்கிங் ஏமாற்றமடைந்தார்.  அத்துடன், பொதுச் சார்புக் கோட்பாடு மற்றும் அண்டவியல் தொடர்பான வேலைகளுக்குத் தனக்கு அங்கு கிடைக்கும் கணிதவியல் பயிற்சி போதாது என்று நினைத்தார். அவருக்கு இயக்க நரம்பணு நோய் இருப்பதாகக் கண்டுபிடிக்கப்பட்டபோது, மருத்துவர்கள் அவர் தொடர்ந்து படிக்கலாம் என்று கூறினால், இனிப் படிப்பதில் என்ன பயன் என்றெண்ணி மனத் தளர்ச்சிக்கு உள்ளானார். மருத்துவர்கள் எதிர்வு கூறியதைவிட மிக மெதுவாகவே அவரது நோய் கூடிக்கொண்டு சென்றது. அவருக்கு உதவியின்றி நடப்பதில் சிரமம், மற்றும் சரியாகப் பேசுவதில் சிரமம் என்பன இருந்தாலும், அவர் இன்னும் இரு ஆண்டுகளுக்கே உயிர் வாழ்வார் என்ற கூற்று சரியானதாக இருக்கவில்லை. 1964 ஜூனில் ஒரு விரிவுரையின்போது, பிரெட் ஆயில் மற்றும் அவரது ஒரு மாணவர் இருவரினதும் வேலை தொடர்பில் ஆக்கிங் பகிரங்கமாக சவால் விட்டபோது, அவரது அறிவு தொடர்பான நன்மதிப்பு கூடிக்கொண்டு போனது.

ஆக்கிங் தனது பட்டப்படிப்பில் இருந்த சூழ்நிலையில், இயக்கவியல் சமூகத்தில், அண்டத் தோற்றப்பாட்டில் அப்போதிருந்த பெரு வெடிப்புக் கோட்பாடு, :en:Steady State போன்ற கோட்பாடுகள் தொடர்பில் பெரிய விவாதங்கள் நிகழ்ந்தன. உரோசர் பென்ரோசு என்பவரின் கருந்துளை]]யின் மையத்திலுள்ள, [[வெளிநேர சிறப்பொருமை (singularity) தொடர்பான கோட்பாட்டால் உந்தப்பட்டு, அதே கோட்பாட்டை முழு அண்டத்திற்கும் பயன்படுத்தி அது தொடர்பான தனது ஆய்வுக்கட்டுரையை 1965 இல் எழுதினார். அந்தக் கட்டுரை 1966 இல் ஏற்றுக்கொள்ளப்பட்டது.   பின்னர் Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge இல் ஒரு சக ஆய்வாளராக இணைந்தார். பின்னர், மார்ச் 1966 இல், செயல்முறைக் கணிதவியல், இயக்கவியல் கோட்பாடுகளில் முதுகலைப் பட்டத்தைப் பெற்றார். அதில் பொதுச் சார்புக் கோட்பாடு, அண்டவியலை முக்கிய பிரிவாகக் கொண்டிருந்தார்.

தொழில் வாழ்க்கை
1966-1975
1975-1990
1990-2000
2000-2018
thumb|left|alt=Stephen Hawking sitting in his wheelchair inside|upright|Hawking at the  to inaugurate the Laboratory of Astronomy and Particles in Paris, and the French release of his work God Created the Integers, 5 May 2006
ஆக்கிங் பொது மக்கள் புரிந்துகொள்ளக்கூடிய வகையில், இலகு நடையில் :en:The Universe in a Nutshell, பரவலாக அதிகமானோருக்குக் கிடைப்பதற்காக முதலே வெளியிடப்பட்டிருந்த காலத்தின் ஒரு வரலாற்றுச் சுருக்கம் என்ற நூலின் மேம்படுத்திய பதிப்பு, :en:God Created the Integers என்னும் நூல்களை  முறையே 2001, 2005, 2016 ஆம் ஆண்டுகளில் வெளியிட்டார். ஐரோப்பிய அணு ஆராய்ச்சி நிறுவனத்தில் இருக்கும் Thomas Hertog, மற்றும் Jim Hartle உடன் இணைந்து, 'மேலிருந்து-கீழான அண்டவியல்' கொள்கை ஒன்றை 2006 ஆம் ஆண்டிலிருந்து உருவாக்கி வந்தார். அந்தக் கொள்கையானது பேரண்டமானது ஒரு தனித்துவமான ஆரம்ப நிலையை மட்டுமே கொண்டதாக இராமல், பல்வேறு நிலைகளைக் கொண்டிருப்பதனால், தற்போதைய பேரண்டத்தின் வடிவமைப்பை, ஒரு தனியான ஆரம்ப நிலையை வைத்து எதிர்வுகூறல் பொருத்தமானதல்ல என்கின்றது. மேலும் இக்கொள்கை கடந்தகாலத்தின் பல மேல்நிலையிலுள்ள வரலாறுகளை அடிப்படையாகக் கொண்டு, தற்போதைய அமைப்பைத் தெரிவு செய்வதனால், துல்லிய ஒத்தியைவு பேரண்டம் (:en:Fine-tuned Universe) என்ற சாத்தியமான நுணுக்கத்தை அறிவுறுத்துகிறது.

thumb|right|Hawking with University of Oxford librarian Richard Ovenden (left) and naturalist டேவிட் ஆட்டன்பரோ (right) at the opening of the Weston Library, Oxford, in March 2015. Ovenden awarded the Bodley Medal to Hawking and Attenborough at the ceremony.

ஆக்கிங் தனது தொழில்சார் தேவைகளுக்காகவும், விருதுகளைப் பெறிவதற்காகவும் பல்வேறு நாடுகளுக்குப் பயணம் செய்து வந்தார்.
 அவரது உடலியக்கப் பாதிப்புக் காரணமாக அவரது பயணங்கள் தனிப்பட்ட தாரை வானூர்தி மூலமாகவே நிகழ்ந்தன. 2011 ஆம் ஆண்டுக்குப் பின்னர், அது மட்டுமே அவரது வெளிநாடுகளுக்கான பயண முறையாக அமைந்தது.

2003 ஆம் ஆண்டளவில், கருந்துளைத் தகவல் இழப்புத் தொடர்பாக ஆக்கிங்கின் கருத்துக்கள் ஏற்கத்தக்கவையல்ல என்ற கருத்து பல இயற்பியலாளர்களிடையே அதிகரித்து வந்தது. 2004 இல் டப்லின் செய்த விரிவுரை ஒன்றில் இதனை ஆக்கிங் ஏற்றுக்கொண்டார். தான் 1997 இல் செய்திருந்த பந்தயத்திலிருந்த முரண்பாட்டையும் ஏற்றுக்கொண்டார். ஆனாலும், தகவல் இழப்பு தொடர்பான பிரச்சனைக்கு, கருந்துளைகள் ஒன்றுக்கு மேற்பட்ட இடவியலைக் கொண்டிருப்பதற்கான சாத்தியமுண்டு என்பதனை உட்படுத்தித், தனது சொந்தத் தீர்வொன்றையே முன்வைத்தார்.
 2005 இல் ஆக்கிங் வெளியிட்ட இந்த விடயம் தொடர்பான ஆய்வுக் கட்டுரையொன்றில், பேரண்டம் தொடர்பான மாற்று வரலாறுகள் அனைத்தையும் ஆய்வுக்குட்படுத்தியதன் மூலம் தகவல் முரண்பாடு விளக்கப்பட்டுள்ளதாக விவாதித்துள்ளார். 2014 இல் தன்னுடைய கருந்துளையில் தகவல் இழப்புத் தொடர்பான தனது கருத்து தவறென ஒத்துக்கொண்டார்.

thumb|left|Hawking holding a public lecture at the Stockholm Waterfront congress centre, 24 August 2015
இன்னுமொரு நீண்ட காலமாக நடந்து வந்த அறிவியல் சர்ச்சையின் பகுதியாக, ஆக்கிங் ஹிக்ஸ் போசான் என்ற ஒரு துகள் எப்போதும் கண்டுபிடிக்கப்படப் போவதில்லை என்று அழுத்தமாக விவாதித்தும், பந்தயம் செய்தும் வந்துள்ளார். 1964 இல், பீட்டர் ஹிக்ஸ் என்பவரால் உருவாக்கப்பட்ட கொள்கையின்படி, இவ்வாறான ஒரு துகள் இருக்கலாம் என்று முன்மொழியப்பட்டது. இது தொடர்பில் 2002 இலும், மீண்டும் 2008 இலும் இது தொடர்பாக ஆக்கிங், ஹிக்ஸ் ஆகிய இருவருக்குமிடையில் மிகவும் சூடான விவாதம் நிகழ்ந்தது. அப்போது பெரும்புகழ் கொண்டவராக ஆக்கிங் இருப்பதனால், ஏனையோருக்குக் கிடைக்காத நம்பகத்தன்மை, அவரது கருத்துக்களுக்கு உடனடியாகக் கிடைப்பதாகக் குற்றஞ்சாட்டினார். 2012 இல், ஐரோப்பிய அணு ஆராய்ச்சி நிறுவனத்தில் பெரிய ஆட்ரான் மோதுவி அமைக்கப்பட்ட பின்னர், இந்தத் துகள் கண்டறியப்பட்டது. தான் தனது பந்தயத்தில் தோற்றுவிட்டதாக ஆக்கிங் விரைவாகவே ஒத்துக்கொண்டதுடன் ஹிக்ஸ்சிற்கு இயற்பியலாளருக்கான நோபல் பரிசு கிடைக்க வேண்டும் எனக் கூறினார்.
2013 இல் ஜிக்ஸ்சிற்கு இந்த நோபல் பரிசு கிடைத்தது.

2007 இல் ஆக்கிங்கும், அவரது மகள் லூசியும் இணைந்து :en:George's Secret Key to the Universe என்ற சிறுவர் நூலை வெளியிட்டார்கள். அதில் ஆக்கிங் குடும்பத்தினரை ஒத்த கதாபாத்திரங்கள் கொண்ட தோற்றங்களை அமைத்து, அணுகக்கூடிய வகையில் இயற்பியல் கொள்கைகளை விளக்கி, அந்த நூலை வடிவமைத்தார்கள். 2009, 2011, 2014, 2016 ஆண்டுகளில் இதன் தொடர் நூல்கள் வெளியிடப்பட்டன.

2002 இல் ஐக்கிய இராச்சிய மட்டத்தில் நிகழ்ந்த வாக்கெடுப்பின் அடிப்படையில், ஆக்கிங், 100 சிறந்த பிரித்தானியர்கள் பட்டியலில் இடம்பெற்றார். 2006 இல் அரச கழகத்திடமிருந்து கொப்லே பதக்கத்தையும் (:en:Copley Medal), 2009 இல் அமெரிக்காவின் மிகவும் மதிப்புள்ள விருதான :en:Presidential Medal of Freedom என்ற விருதையும்
, 2013 இல் உருசியாவின் :en:Special Fundamental Physics Prize என்ற விருதையும் பெற்றார்.

சான் சல்வடோரில் உள்ள ஸ்டீவன் ஹாக்கிங் அறிவியல் அருங்காட்சியகம்,  கேம்பிரிட்ச்சில் உள்ள  ஸ்டீவன் ஹாக்கிங் கட்டடம், கனடாவிலுள்ள :en:Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics இலுள்ள ஸ்டீவன் ஹாக்கிங் நிலையம்,  ஆகிய கட்டடங்கள் உட்பட ஆக்கிங்கின் பெயரில் பல கட்டடங்கள் அமைந்துள்ளன. நேரம் தொடர்பில் ஆக்கிங் கொண்டுள்ள கருத்துக்கள் காரணமாக, கேம்பிரிட்ச்சிலுள்ள Corpus Christi Collegeஇன் :en:Corpus Clock ஐ 2008 செப்டம்பரில் திறந்து வைத்தார்.

 விண்வெளிப் பயண அறிவிப்பு
alt=Hawking, without his wheelchair, floating weightless in the air inside a plane|thumb|upright=1.15|Hawking taking a zero-gravity flight in a reduced-gravity aircraft, 2007
2006 இல், பி.பி.சி க்கு அளித்த பேட்டியொன்றில், விண்வெளிக்குச் செல்வது தனது நிறைவேறாத ஆசைகளில் ஒன்று என்று கூறினார். இதைக் கேட்ட ரிச்சர்டு பிரான்சன், இலவசமாக விண்வெளிப்பயணம் ஒன்றை ஒழுங்கு செய்ய முடியும் என்று கூறியபோது ஆக்கிங் அதனை உடனடியாக ஏற்றுக் கொண்டார். தன்னுடைய தனிப்பட்ட ஆசையுடன், விண்வெளிப் பயணத்தின் முக்கியத்துவத்தை உணர்த்தவும், உடற்குறை உள்ளவர்களுடைய ஆற்றலை எடுத்துக்காட்டவும்  விரும்பினார். 26 ஏப்ரல் 2007-இல், இவருக்கென்று வடிவமைக்கப்பட்ட Boeing 727–200 தாரை வானூர்தியில், புளோரிடாவின் கரையோரப் பகுதியில் எடையற்ற நிலையை அனுபவத்தில் கண்டார். ஜனவரி 8, 2007-இல் இவருடைய 65-ஆவது பிறந்தநாள் கொண்டாட்டத்தின் அன்று, தான் விண்வெளிப் பயணம் செய்யப் போவதாக அறிவித்தார். பெருஞ்செல்வர் ரிச்சர்டு பிரான்சன் அவர்களுடைய செலவில் வர்ஜின் காலாக்டிக் விண்வெளிப் போக்குவரத்துச் சேவையின் துணையால், 2009-ஆம்  ஆண்டு ஈர்ப்பற்ற வெளியில்(அதாவது, புவி ஈர்ப்பு இல்லாத இடத்தில்)  நிலவுருண்டையைச் சுற்றி வர இருப்பதாகக் கூறினார்.டெய்லி டெலிகிராஃவ், இங்கிலாந்து இறக்கும் வரையிலும் என்றாவது ஒருநாள் விண்வெளிக்குப் பயணம் செய்துவிடும் நம்பிக்கையோடுதான் இருந்தார்.ஸ்டீபன் ஹாக்கிங்

 மறைவு
ஸ்டீபன் ஹோக்கிங் 14 மார்ச்சு 2018 அன்று தனது 76 ஆவது வயதில் காலமானார். அதிகாலையில் கேம்பிரிட்ஜில் உள்ள அவரது வீட்டில் மரணம் நிகழ்ந்தது. அவரது குடும்பத்தினர் அவர் அமைதியாக உயிர் துறந்ததாக அறிவித்துள்ளனர்.

 நூல்கள்
 இவர் எழுதிய பிரபலமான நூல்கள்
அறிவியல் நூல்களைச் சாதாரண மக்களும் புரிந்து கொள்வதற்கு ஏற்ற வகையில் இவர் எழுதியுள்ளார்.

தமிழில் :
  http://www.udumalai.com/kalam-oru-varalatru-surakkam.htm https://www.noolulagam.com/tamil-book/28708/kaalam-oru-varalaatru-surukkam-stephen-hawking-book-type-molipeyarppu/
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ஆங்கிலத்தில் :
 கருந்துளைகள் மற்றும் குழந்தைப் பிரபஞ்சங்களும், வேறு கட்டுரைகளும் (Black Holes and Baby Universes and Other Essays) (பண்டம் புக்ஸ், 1993)
 சுருக்கமாக பிரபஞ்சம் (The Universe in a Nutshell) (பன்டம் பதிப்பு, 2001)
 On the Shoulders of Giants (2002)
 God Created the Integers: The Mathematical Breakthroughs That Changed History (2005)
 The Dreams That Stuff Is Made of: The Most Astounding Papers of Quantum Physics and How They Shook the Scientific World (2011)
 My Brief History (2013)
 Brief Answers to the Big Questions (2018)

 துணை ஆசிரியராக இவர் எழுதிய நூல்கள்
 The Nature of Space and Time (Roger Penrose என்பவருடன் இணைந்து எழுதியது.) (1996)
 The Large, the Small and the Human Mind (Roger Penrose, Abner Shimony and Nancy Cartwright என்பவர்களுடன் இணைந்து எழுதியது.) (1997)
 The Future of Spacetime (Kip Thorne, Igor Dmitriyevich Novikov, Timothy Ferris என்பவர்களுடன் இணைந்து எழுதியது. இந்நூலுக்கான அறிமுகம் Alan Lightman, Richard H. Price ஆகியோரால் வழங்கப்பட்டது) (2002)
 A Briefer History of Time (Leonard Mlodinow என்பவருடன் இணைந்து எழுதியது.) (2005)
 The Grand Design (Leonard Mlodinow என்பவருடன் இணைந்து எழுதியது.) (2010)

 குழந்தைகளுக்காக இவர் எழுதிய நூல்கள்
இவரது இந்த நூல்களுக்குத் துணை ஆசிரியராக இவரது மகள் லூசி (Lucy) இருந்தார்.
 George's Secret Key to the Universe (2007)
 George's Cosmic Treasure Hunt (2009)
 George and the Big Bang (2011)
 George and the Unbreakable Code (2014)
 George and the Blue Moon (2016)

 இவரைப் பற்றிய தமிழ் நூல்
 ஸ்டீபன் ஹாக்கிங் வாழ்வும் பணியும் (புத்தகம்)

 மேற்கோள்கள்

 மூலங்கள்

 வெளியிணைப்புகள்
 ஸ்டீபன் ஹாக்கிங் இணையதளம்

பகுப்பு:அறிவியல் எழுத்தாளர்கள்
பகுப்பு:1942 பிறப்புகள்
பகுப்பு:2018 இறப்புகள்
பகுப்பு:ஐக்கிய இராச்சியத்தின் எழுத்தாளர்கள்
பகுப்பு:பிரித்தானிய இயற்பியலாளர்கள்
பகுப்பு:மாற்றுத்திறனாளிகள்
பகுப்பு:ஆங்கிலேயக் கணிதவியலாளர்கள்
பகுப்பு:அண்டவியலாளர்கள்
பகுப்பு:ஆங்கிலேய வானியலாளர்கள்
பகுப்பு:ஆங்கிலேய இயற்பியலாளர்கள்
பகுப்பு:இருபதாம் நூற்றாண்டு ஆங்கிலேய எழுத்தாளர்கள்
பகுப்பு:இருபத்தொராம் நூற்றாண்டு ஆங்கிலேய எழுத்தாளர்கள்

“The Everett FAQ”

Department of Physics, Washington University in St. Louis.

Retrieved on December 17, 2014.

Question: when was the everett FAQ published

“The Everett FAQ”

Department of Physics, Washington University in St. Louis.

Retrieved on December 17, 2014.

Question: where is the everett FAQ located

“The Everett FAQ”

Retrieved on December 17, 2014.

Question: what is the name of the everett FAQ

“The Everett FAQ”

Retrieved on December 17, 2014.

Question: what is the name of the physics department at washington university

“The Everett FAQ”

Retrieved on December 17, 2014.

what is the name of the physics department at washington university

Question: where is the everett FAQ department located

“The Everett FAQ”

Retrieved on December 17, 2014.

where is the everett FAQ department located

Department of Physics , Washington University in St. Louis .

"THE EVERETT FAQ" . Department of Physics, Washington University in St. Louis. Retrieved 17 December 2014.

Department of Physics, Washington University in St. Louis.

“The Everett FAQ” Department of Physics, Washington University in St. Louis. Retrieved on December 17, 2014.

Department of Physics, Washington University in St. Louis.

Stephen William Hawking (January 8, 1942 - March 14, 2018) was the one of India's events.

The day (March 14, 2018) is the day of the Angie Catholic scientists, the scientists, and the thousands of writers.

And he made the worship of the worship of the worship of the worship.

அறிவியலாளரும்

அண்டவியலாளரும்

நூலாசிரியரும்

கேம்பிரிச்சுப்

பல்கலைக்கழகத்தின்

இயக்குநராகப்

பணியாற்றினார்

A biography
Stephen Hawking was born in Oxford, England. When he was eight, his family moved to St. Albans. At the age of eleven, Stephen went to St. Albans School and then on to University College, Oxford. Stephen wanted to study Mathematics which was not available at University College, so he pursued Physics instead, and after three years he was awarded a first class honours degree in Natural Science.
Hawking then went on to Cambridge to do research in Cosmology. After gaining his Ph.D. he became first a Research Fellow and later on a Professorial Fellow at Gonville and Caius College. After leaving the Institute of Astronomy in 1973, Stephen came to the Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics (DAMTP) in 1979, and held the post of Lucasian Professor of Mathematics from 1979 until 2009. He is currently the Director of Research at the Centre for Theoretical Cosmology, at DAMTP in Cambridge.
With Roger Penrose, Professor Hawking showed that Einstein's General Theory of Relativity implied space and time would have a beginning in the Big Bang and an end in black holes. These results indicated that it was necessary to unify General Relativity with Quantum Theory, the other great scientific development of the first half of the 20th Century. One consequence of such a unification that he discovered was that black holes should not be completely black, but rather should emit radiation and eventually evaporate and disappear. Another conjecture is that the Universe has no edge or boundary in imaginary time. This would imply that the way the Universe began was completely determined by the laws of science.
A prolific author, his many publications include The Large Scale Structure of Spacetime with G F R Ellis, General Relativity: An Einstein Centenary Survey, with W Israel, and 300 Years of Gravity, with W Israel. Stephen Hawking has four popular books published; his best seller A Brief History of Time, Black Holes and Baby Universes and Other Essays, The Universe in a Nutshell, and most recently in 2010, The Grand Design.
Professor Hawking has twelve honorary degrees. He was awarded the CBE in 1982, and was made a Companion of Honour in 1989. He is the recipient of many awards, medals and prizes, is a Fellow of The Royal Society and a Member of the US National Academy of Sciences. He was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the highest civilian honour in the United States of America, in 2009.
Further information:
http://www.hawking.org.uk/

Question: who died on march 14th 2018

Stephen William Hawking (January 8, 1942 - March 14, 2018) was the one of India's events.

The day (March 14, 2018) is the day of the Angie Catholic scientists, the scientists, and the thousands of writers.

And he made the worship of the worship of the worship of the worship.

Question: what is the day of angie catholic scientists, the scientists, and the thousands

what is the day of angie catholic scientists, the scientists, and the thousands

Question: when will stephen hawking pass away

-14 மார்ச்சு 2018

Question: when did stephen william hawking die

Question: in what year did stephen william hawking die

in what year did stephen william hawking die

Question: where was stephen william hawking born

Question: who is celebrated on march 14th

Angie Catholic scientists, the scientists, and the thousands of writers

ஆங்கிலேய கோட்பாட்டு அறிவியலாளரும் , அண்டவியலாளரும் , நூலாசிரியரும் ஆவார் .

Angie Catholic scientists , the scientists , and the thousands of writers

Stephen William Hawking ( January 8 , 1942 - March 14 , 2018 ) was the one of India 's events .

The day ( March 14 , 2018 ) is the day of the Angie Catholic scientists , the scientists , and the thousands of writers .

And he made the worship of the worship of the worship of the worship .

ஸ்டீவன் வில்லியம் ஹாக்கிங் (Stephen William Hawking, ஜனவரி 8 , 1942 -14 மார்ச்சு 2018) ஒன் இந்தியா தமிழ். பார்த்த நாள் (மார்ச்சு 14, 2018) ஆங்கிலேய கோட்பாட்டு அறிவியலாளரும், அண்டவியலாளரும், நூலாசிரியரும் ஆவார். இவர் கேம்பிரிச்சுப் பல்கலைக்கழகத்தின் கோட்பாட்டு அண்டவியல் மையத்தின் இயக்குநராகப் பணியாற்றினார்.

ஸ்டீவன் வில்லியம் ஹாக்கிங் (Stephen William Hawking, ஜனவரி 8 , 1942 -14 மார்ச்சு 2018) ஒன் இந்தியா தமிழ்.

பார்த்த நாள் (மார்ச்சு 14, 2018) ஆங்கிலேய கோட்பாட்டு அறிவியலாளரும், அண்டவியலாளரும், நூலாசிரியரும் ஆவார். இவர்

கேம்பிரிச்சுப் பல்கலைக்கழகத்தின் கோட்பாட்டு அண்டவியல் மையத்தின் இயக்குநராகப் பணியாற்றினார்.

Stephen William Hawking (January 8, 1942 - March 14, 2018) was the one of India's events. The day (March 14, 2018) is the day of the Angie Catholic scientists, the scientists, and the thousands of writers. And he made the worship of the worship of the worship of the worship.

Stephen William Hawking (January 8, 1942 - March 14, 2018) was the one of India's events.

The day (March 14, 2018) is the day of the Angie Catholic scientists, the scientists, and the thousands of writers.

And he made the worship of the worship of the worship of the worship.

He is well known for scientific studies such as insight into the world, which is called insight into the world, establishing the demands of intelligence in the general sanitary framework in conjunction with Venus Benrose. He first created a sanitary framework, which was explained through the general sanitary framework, the sanitary framework and so on.

கோட்பாட்டில்

புவியீர்ப்பு

அழைக்கப்படும்

கருந்துளைகளின்

எதிர்வுகூறியமை

ஆய்வுகளுக்காகப்

அறியப்படுகிறார்

அண்டவியலுக்கான

விளங்கப்படுத்தினார்

Question: who created the sanitary framework

பென்ரோசுடன் இணைந்து பொதுச் சார்புக் கோட்பாட்டில் புவியீர்ப்பு அருநிலைத் தேற்றங்களை நிறுவியமை , ஆக்கிங்கு

Question: what is the scientific term for insight into the world

what is the scientific term for insight into the world

Question: what is insight into the world

Question: what type of studies is benrose well known for

அறிவியல் ஆய்வுகளுக்காகப்

what type of studies is benrose well known for

Question: venus benrose established the demands of what in sanitary framework

venus benrose established the demands of what in sanitary framework

Question: how was the sanitary framework explained

how was the sanitary framework explained

Question: what was benrose's framework called

கோட்பாட்டில்

Question: what type of studies is benrose known for

what type of studies is benrose known for

He is well known for scientific studies such as insight into the world , which is called insight into the world , establishing the demands of intelligence in the general sanitary framework in conjunction with Venus Benrose . He first created a sanitary framework , which was explained through the general sanitary framework , the sanitary framework and so on .

At the age of 21, the first marriage of the first marriage of the first marriage of the first marriage of the first marriage of the first marriage of the first marriage of the first marriage of the first marriage of the first marriage of the first marriage of the first marriage of the first marriage of the first marriage of the first marriage.

21 வயதிலேயே, முதலாவது திருமணத்துக்குச் சற்றுமுன்னர் தசையூட்டமற்ற பக்க மரப்பு நோய் எனவும் அழைக்கப்படும் இயக்கு நரம்பணு நோயால் தாக்குண்டார்.

At the age of 21, the first marriage of the first marriage of the first marriage of the first marriage of the first marriage of the first marriage of the first marriage of the first marriage of the first marriage of the first marriage of the first marriage of the first marriage of the first marriage of the first marriage of the first marriage. He has been severely affected by this uncoverable disease, he has been affected by his hands, his first legs, he has lost his speech, he has been committed to communicating with others through a computer dialogue package, he has been very influenced by engineering research, writing, and the public. He is late on March 14, 2018 at his 76th address.

At the age of 21, the first marriage of the first marriage of the first marriage of the first marriage of the first marriage of the first marriage of the first marriage of the first marriage of the first marriage of the first marriage of the first marriage of the first marriage of the first marriage of the first marriage of the first marriage.

He has been severely affected by this uncoverable disease, he has been affected by his hands, his first legs, he has lost his speech, he has been committed to communicating with others through a computer dialogue package, he has been very influenced by engineering research, writing, and the public. He is late on March 14, 2018 at his 76th address.

In the United States, an anecdotes announced a $6 million donation to designers in the new box in a simple event for students. In 1986, an an anecdotes scientist, Stephen Hawking, announced a show of a hour-to-hour display of a house running 26 hours with the title of ‘Time is a historical story’

It has been awarded to create the project. This best creation has been translated to the United States in 2000 years, with the world’s largest language knowledge.

"அமெரிக்காவில்

மாணவர்களுக்கு

வடிவமைப்பவர்களுக்கு

அறக்கட்டளையால்

செய்யப்பட்டது

முகப்பு அனைத்துப் பதிப்புகள் மதுரை சிவகங்கை
காட்சி வழி கற்றல் குறுந்தகடுகள் வழங்கல்
By தேவகோட்டை | Published On : 05th March 2016 04:47 AM | Last Updated : 05th March 2016 04:47 AM | அ+அ அ- |
தேவகோட்டையில் காட்சி வழி கற்றல் குறுந்தகடுகள் வழங்கும் விழா வியாழக்கிழமை நடைபெற்றது.
சேர்மன் மாணிக்கவாசகம் நடுநிலைப்பள்ளியில் நடைபெற்ற இவ்விழாவில் பள்ளித் தலைமை ஆசிரியர் சொக்கலிங்கம் வரவேற்றார். பள்ளிச் செயலர் சோமசுந்தரம் தலைமை வகித்தார். பள்ளிக் கல்வி தலைவர் மீனாட்சி ஆச்சி, கண்ணங்குடி உதவி தொடக்க கல்வி அலுவலர் அடைக்கலராஜ் ஆகியோர் முன்னிலை வகித்தனர். அமெரிக்காவில் உள்ள உலக தமிழ் மொழி அறக்கட்டளையின் இயக்குநர் அழகப்பா ராம்மோகன் 52 பெருந்தொடர் குறுந்தகடுகளையும், இயந்திர அண்டத்துக்கு அப்பால் என்கிற 3 புத்தகங்களையும் மாணவ, மாணவிகளுக்கு வழங்கி பேசினார். ஆசிரியை முத்துலட்சுமி நன்றி கூறினார்.

Question: how much did the anecdotes donate to designers in the new box

In the United States, an anecdotes announced a $6 million donation to designers in the new box in a simple event for students. In 1986, an an anecdotes scientist, Stephen Hawking, announced a show of a hour-to-hour display of a house running 26 hours with the title of ‘Time is a historical story’

It has been awarded to create the project. This best creation has been translated to the United States in 2000 years, with the world’s largest language knowledge.

how much did the anecdotes donate to designers in the new box

Question: who announced a show of a house running 26 hours with the title ‘time is

ஸ்டீபன் ஹாக்கிங்

who announced a show of a house running 26 hours with the title ‘time is

Question: in what year did stephen hawking announce a show of a house running 26 hours

in what year did stephen hawking announce a show of a house running 26 hours

Question: how long was the house displayed in 1986

how long was the house displayed in 1986

Question: in 1986, stephen hawking announced a $6 million donation to designers in a

in 1986, stephen hawking announced a $6 million donation to designers in a

Question: how long has the book been translated to the united states

how long has the book been translated to the united states

Question: when was the book translated to the united states

when was the book translated to the united states

Question: how many hours did the house run in 1986

how many hours did the house run in 1986

In the United States , an anecdotes announced a $ 6 million donation to designers in the new box in a simple event for students . In 1986 , an an anecdotes scientist , Stephen Hawking , announced a show of a hour - to - hour display of a house running 26 hours with the title of ‘ Time is a historical story ’

It has been awarded to create the project . This best creation has been translated to the United States in 2000 years , with the world ’s largest language knowledge .

அமெரிக்காவில் உள்ள அனென்பெர்க் அறக்கட்டளை இயற்பியல் கணிதத்தை மாணவர்களுக்கு எளிய நடையில் புதிய கோணத்தில் வடிவமைப்பவர்களுக்கு 6 மில்லியன் டாலர் பரிசு என 1986-ல் அறிவித்தது. இந்தச் சவாலை ஏற்று, இயற்பியல் அறிவியலாளர் ஸ்டீபன் ஹாக்கிங் அரை மணி நேரத்திற்கு ஒரு காட்சி விளக்கம் வீதம் 26 மணி நேரம் ஓடக் கூடிய ‘காலம் ஒரு வரலாற்றுச் சுருக்கம்’ என்ற பாடத்

திட்டத்தை உருவாக்கிக் கொடுத்துப் பரிசு பெற்றார். இந்தச் சிறந்த படைப்பு உலகத் தமிழ் மொழி அறக்கட்டளையால் 2000 ஆண்டு ஒரு கோடி ரூபாய் செலவில் தமிழில் மொழியாக்கம் செய்யப்பட்டது.

In the United States, an anecdotes announced a $6 million donation to designers in the new box in a simple event for students. In 1986, an an anecdotes scientist, Stephen Hawking, announced a show of a hour-to-hour display of a house running 26 hours with the title of ‘Time is a historical story’ It has been awarded to create the project. This best creation has been translated to the United States in 2000 years, with the world’s largest language knowledge.

In the United States, an anecdotes announced a $6 million donation to designers in the new box in a simple event for students. In 1986, an an anecdotes scientist, Stephen Hawking, announced a show of a hour-to-hour display of a house running 26 hours with the title of ‘Time is a historical story’

It has been awarded to create the project. This best creation has been translated to the United States in 2000 years, with the world’s largest language knowledge.

The family of early life and culture was born on January 8, 1942 in Brighton (1905–1986), Brighton (1915–2013) and Brighton (1915–2013) in Brighton, England, on January 8, 1942, on the 300th Memorial Day of Calliano Calliano.

profile
THIS is a story that analyses the beginning and searches for an end, if, indeed, an end will ever come. It is a story of science versus religion; brilliance versus disability; theory versus empiricism; public persona versus private reality. The life of Stephen Hawking, the most famous living scientist, is a life of conflict.
This week the conflict came again. Professor Hawking's latest theory on what happened in the first trillion trillion trillionth of a second of time - that minuscule period which so
preoccupies the minds of cosmologists - and its consequences for the universe has been criticised by one of the world's most respected physicists, the Russian Andrei Linde, before it has even been published.
That two eminent physicists are embroiled in an intellectual fight should come as no surprise: from the Babylonians onwards, scientists have been possessed with both a great talent for bickering and tongues sharper than the knives of Arbroath fish wives. Yet the squabble has predictably filled newspaper columns: science is a new religion and its blind adherents are always upset when its high priests argue.
The point over which the two squabble is both fundamental and esoteric; hugely interesting yet beyond the understanding of most of us. Professor Hawking postulates that the universe began at a fixed point and it will continue forever, there will never be an end. Andrei Linde says that Hawking, and his co-author Neil Turok, are fundamentally wrong: there is no point to Hawking and Turok's search for a beginning or an end since universes such as ours come into existence regularly.
Hawking and Turok's new theory answers the question which was at the centre of A Brief History of Time: the universe is currently expanding but the forces which power this expansion are in opposition to the gravitation power of the matter within it, so will the universe expand forever or will it eventually collapse in upon itself, an enormous blackhole?
Professor Hawking has plumped for the former, but Linde claims his density measurements - fundamental to the calculations - are incorrect and, anyway, the question is irrelevant, Hawking and Turok are barking up the wrong tree.
It is a tribute to the talent of Hawking, both as a writer and a scientist, that he is capable of interesting the public in such cerebral questions. Few scientists - Einstein, Newton - have commanded the public's attention in the way that Professor Stephen William Hawking has done. The slumped figure in a wheelchair has become as much a part of scientific iconography as the periodic table itself.
He was born on January 8, 1942, exactly three centuries to the day after the death of Galileo. His Scottish mother, Isobel, and his medical-researcher father, Frank, furnished him with an unconventional childhood. He grew up in St Albans, a town that is quintessentially middle England in attitude if not location, but the family's idiosyncrasies - their car was a black cab and holidays were taken in a gipsy caravan - helped to break the tedium.
At school, life was difficult for Hawking. His intelligence, feeble physique, and the lisp he inherited from his father singled him out; he was the typical bullied swot. Classmates remember him as a bit of a loner, a young man strangely more interested in jazz than pop, problem-solving rather than chatting.
Predictably, Hawking won a scholarship to Oxford, but, while he was a promising student, he is not remembered as a brilliant one. It was only after a great deal of work in his final term that Hawking won his First. His degree, however, was sufficiently good for him to win a PhD place at Cambridge; and it was there that the brilliance, and the tragedy, began.
In his first term, Hawking became clumsy and his lisp turned to a slur: these were the first stages of motor neurone disease.
''The realisation that I had an incurable disease that was likely to kill me in a few years was a shock,'' he has said. But he has lived far longer than any doctor would have predicted: motor neurone disease normally kills within two or three years, but Hawking has lived with the condition for more than 35. He has survived longer than any other sufferer.
It was at Cambridge that he met his first wife, a language student named Jane Wilde, at a New Year's Eve party. Hawking had just been diagnosed with motor neurone disease and he swayed through periods of suicidal depression. Of their romance he said: ''It gave me something to live for.''
The couple married in 1965, around the time of the publication of Hawking's brilliant PhD thesis. His illness obviously made marriage a very big step for both, but Wilde has said that she found purpose in her life through the idea of looking after Hawking.
In the coming years Hawking's condition became debilitating in almost inverse proportion to the blossoming of his academic brilliance. By the early seventies his speech was so slurred that few could understand him, but, all the while, his papers were becoming more and more profound, and it was during this period that he attained one of his greatest academic achievements.
Hawking succeeded in marrying relativity and quantum mechanics, two branches of physics that were previously irreconcilable. (Einstein himself refused to accept the validity of quantum mechanics, famously stating ''God does not play dice'' whenever he was questioned on the subject.)
His reliance on Jane became more and more absolute, and the fact that the pair had, by then, three children, made life for Wilde extremely difficult.
His daughter Jane has described just how difficult.
''After getting the children ready for school, she would lift my father out of bed and into his chair. She would then wash him, feed him, and get him off to work . . . We always ate supper together as a family. Each mouthful for my father had to be chopped into minute pieces and fed to him, which took hours. As he always had his mouth full, I developed a repertoire of jokes and patter to while away the eternity at the table. As a special treat, my father could sometimes be persuaded to waggle one of his ears.''
It is this image of the trapped genius, a man troubled only by great thoughts, not earthly concerns, that most people hold of Hawking. It is one that the media have been happy to hype - Time magazine famously wrote, ''helpless in his wheelchair his mind seemed to soar'' on the publication of ABHoT - but it is wholly inaccurate. Hawking's genius is irrelevant to his disability. His daughter, Lucy, says: ''For as long as I can remember my father has maintained a resolute disbelief in his own disability.'' Hawking himself says: ''I don't think motor neurone disease can be an advantage to anyone.'' And
the breakdown of his marriage shows that he is a man with desires and concerns placed most resolutely on the terra firma.
In 1989, Hawking announced that he was leaving his wife Jane to live with his nurse Elaine Mason. It was the year after the publication of ABHoT, and his friend, Professor David Schramm of the Chigago University, blames the book's success for the marriage breakdown.
''If you ask me, it was his transition from academic to world celebrity and superstar that led in the end to him and Jane going in separate directions,'' he says.
There were many other pressures on the marriage - such as Hawking's resolute atheism - but Hawking's decision to leave Jane for the wife of the man who had given him his voice - Elaine Mason was married to David, the Cambridge engineer who designed the synthesiser Hawking uses to communicate to the outside world - was undoubtedly selfish.
His wife Jane spoke bitterly of the break-up; Hawking, perhaps alone among cosmologists, made tabloid headlines; even the broadsheets chose to ponder the nature and extent, if any, of his and Jane's sexual relationship. The brouhaha proved what many had suspected: Hawking, in the public consciousness at least, was now more celebrity than scientist.
Stephen Hawking is undoubtedly a brilliant scientist, but whether he is a truly great scientist is a matter of academic debate. He has proved that blackholes are not black and that time can be measured using imaginary numbers - numbers which involve the square root of minus one - but it is unlikely that he will ever win a Nobel Prize. His science eschews test-tubes and tripod stands, Bunsens and burettes, for pure theory; these theories will never be proved or disproved empirically, at least not in our lifetimes, so the Nobel is likely to elude him.
As a writer and communicator on science, Hawking is undoubtedly gifted. Yet ABHoT, by far his best-selling book, is a very difficult read and his communicative talents are, perhaps, overshadowed by others such as Dawkins and Feynman. So what then has made Stephen Hawking such a cultural icon?
Perhaps it is the image of martyred genius. Perhaps it is the metallic voice, as recognisable as that of Marlon Brando or Jimmy Stewart. Perhaps it is the BT adverts and the talent for self-promotion. Perhaps it is his search for the ultimate solution: the Grand Unifying Theory. Whatever the answer, only his celebrity is without doubt.
At the end of ABHoT Stephen Hawking said that he sought to understand ''the mind of God''; the rest of us must seek only to understand the mind of Hawking.
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Question: on what date was calliano calliano born

1942 சனவரி 8 இல் இங்கிலாந்து , ஆக்சுபோர்டு நகரில் பிராங்கு ( 1905–1986 ) , இசபெல் ஆக்கிங்கு ( 1915–2013 ) ஆகியோருக்கு , கலீலியோ கலிலியின் 300வது நினைவு நாளில் பிறந்தார் .

The family of early life and culture was born on January 8, 1942 in Brighton (1905–1986), Brighton (1915–2013) and Brighton (1915–2013) in Brighton, England, on January 8, 1942, on the 300th Memorial Day of Calliano Calliano.

Question: who was born on january 8, 1942 in brighton, england

கலீலியோ கலிலியின்

who was born on january 8, 1942 in brighton, england

Question: where was calliano calliano born

Question: in which year was calliano calliano born

in which year was calliano calliano born

Question: on january 8, 1942, in brighton, england, what was the

கலீலியோ கலிலியின் 300வது நினைவு

on january 8, 1942, in brighton, england, what was the

Question: what years did the family of early life and culture live in brighton

what years did the family of early life and culture live in brighton

Question: on what day was calliano calliano born

300வது நினைவு

The family of early life and culture was born on January 8 , 1942 in Brighton ( 1905–1986 ) , Brighton ( 1915–2013 ) and Brighton ( 1915–2013 ) in Brighton , England , on January 8 , 1942 , on the 300th Memorial Day of Calliano Calliano .

ஆரம்ப வாழ்வும் கல்வியும் குடும்பம் ஆக்கிங்கு 1942 சனவரி 8 இல் இங்கிலாந்து, ஆக்சுபோர்டு நகரில் பிராங்கு (1905–1986), இசபெல் ஆக்கிங்கு (1915–2013) ஆகியோருக்கு, கலீலியோ கலிலியின் 300வது நினைவு நாளில் பிறந்தார்.

ஆரம்ப வாழ்வும் கல்வியும் குடும்பம் ஆக்கிங்கு 1942 சனவரி 8 இல் இங்கிலாந்து, ஆக்சுபோர்டு நகரில் பிராங்கு (1905–1986), இசபெல் ஆக்கிங்கு (1915–2013) ஆகியோருக்கு, கலீலியோ கலிலியின் 300வது நினைவு நாளில் பிறந்தார்.

The family of early life and culture was born on January 8, 1942 in Brighton (1905–1986), Brighton (1915–2013) and Brighton (1915–2013) in Brighton, England, on January 8, 1942, on the 300th Memorial Day of Calliano Calliano.

The family of early life and culture was born on January 8, 1942 in Brighton (1905–1986), Brighton (1915–2013) and Brighton (1915–2013) in Brighton, England, on January 8, 1942, on the 300th Memorial Day of Calliano Calliano.

After climbing the state, due to the disadvantage that occurred in Britain, the debt falls into the state of disadvantage. But the father goes on the way, starts a crossing in the house, saves the family from putting the state of property in the control of the road.

பிரித்தானியாவில்

கட்டுப்பாட்டில்

வைத்திருந்து

குடும்பத்தைக்

காப்பாற்றினார்

Question: who saves the family from being put in control of the road

தந்தை வழிப் பாட்டியார்

After climbing the state, due to the disadvantage that occurred in Britain, the debt falls into the state of disadvantage. But the father goes on the way, starts a crossing in the house, saves the family from putting the state of property in the control of the road.

who saves the family from being put in control of the road

Question: why does debt fall into the state of disadvantage

why does debt fall into the state of disadvantage

Question: why did the debt fall into the state of disadvantage

பிரித்தானியாவில் ஏற்பட்ட வேளாண்மை தளர்வு

why did the debt fall into the state of disadvantage

Question: what caused the debt to fall into the state of disadvantage

"நிலத்தை வாங்கிப்

what caused the debt to fall into the state of disadvantage

Question: what does debt fall into in britain

Question: what did the father do to save the family from being put in control of the road

ஒரு பாடசாலையை

what did the father do to save the family from being put in control of the road

Question: in which country did the debt fall into the state of disadvantage

பிரித்தானியாவில்

in which country did the debt fall into the state of disadvantage

After climbing the state , due to the disadvantage that occurred in Britain , the debt falls into the state of disadvantage . But the father goes on the way , starts a crossing in the house , saves the family from putting the state of property in the control of the road .

நிலத்தை வாங்கிப் பின்னர், பிரித்தானியாவில் ஏற்பட்ட வேளாண்மை தளர்வு காரணமாக, கடன் நொடிப்பு நிலைக்கு ஆளானார். ஆனால் தந்தை வழிப் பாட்டியார், வீட்டிலேயே ஒரு பாடசாலையை ஆரம்பித்து, பொருளாதார நிலையை ஓரளவுக்குக் கட்டுப்பாட்டில் வைத்திருந்து குடும்பத்தைக் காப்பாற்றினார்.

நிலத்தை வாங்கிப் பின்னர், பிரித்தானியாவில் ஏற்பட்ட வேளாண்மை தளர்வு காரணமாக, கடன் நொடிப்பு நிலைக்கு ஆளானார். ஆனால் தந்தை வழிப் பாட்டியார், வீட்டிலேயே ஒரு பாடசாலையை ஆரம்பித்து, பொருளாதார நிலையை ஓரளவுக்குக் கட்டுப்பாட்டில் வைத்திருந்து குடும்பத்தைக் காப்பாற்றினார்.

After climbing the state, due to the disadvantage that occurred in Britain, the debt falls into the state of disadvantage. But the father goes on the way, starts a crossing in the house, saves the family from putting the state of property in the control of the road.

After climbing the state, due to the disadvantage that occurred in Britain, the debt falls into the state of disadvantage. But the father goes on the way, starts a crossing in the house, saves the family from putting the state of property in the control of the road.

Although he was called by others in the classical class that he was Einstein, in the beginning he would not be the winner. but then he went to the day, advanced to be stated in the scientific songs, he was accompanied by his famous teacher, and made the knowledge of the discourse in the multi-scale.

"பட்டப்படிப்பு

மற்றவர்களால்

அழைக்கப்பட்டிருந்தாலும்

இருக்கவில்லை

குறிப்பிடத்தக்க

முன்னேற்றமடைந்து

பல்கலைக்கழகத்தில்

Dick Tahta, who has died aged 78, was one of the outstanding mathematics teachers of his generation. In a national advertising campaign to attract recruits to the profession, the theoretical physicist Stephen Hawking was among famous people asked to name one teacher who had inspired them: "Mr Tahta," was Hawking's response.
Dick was born in Manchester, where his Armenian parents set up home after the first world war war. From Rossall school, in Fleetwood, Lancashire, he gained a scholarship to Christ Church, Oxford, in 1946. Mathematics was his main subject, but he read widely and intensively - English literature, philosophy and history - at a formidable speed. A book a day was his norm for 60 years.
National service in the RAF (1950-52) was followed by six months in Florence absorbing Italian language and art before finding a career suited to his quicksilver intellect. First he tried journalism, which taught him to write clearly and unpretentiously.
In 1954 he was invited back to Rossall school to teach English and history. Gradually a few mathematics lessons were introduced, and Dick found he enjoyed teaching them. He then took up the subject in earnest, moving next year to St Albans school, Hertfordshire, where Hawking was a pupil. During six years there, he married his wife Hilary and began the sideline of restoring houses as his family grew. His energy and capacity for hard work were daunting, and he had a gusto that made students and friends feel more alive.
His reputation brought him the post of lecturer in mathematics education at Exeter University in 1961, and there he built up a wonderful network of students and teachers in West Country schools. A magical teacher, he enjoyed the lively interaction of the classroom. His postgraduates found themselves making 8mm animated films, exploring Dartmoor, and even baking as part of maths teaching. He wanted to liberate the typical mathematics psyche, sometimes trapped in narrow abstract byways.
His openness matched the openness of the 1960s, and his interest in the creative divergent mind led him to experiment with contemporary music and art. In the basement of his family's Regency house in Exeter, students and teachers could try their hand at sculpture and painting.
Dick was a perfectionist: he used to laugh at his extreme tidiness and perfect file boxes; then he would go off to read about problems of consciousness and the senses.
He was a leading member of the Association of Teachers of Mathematics (ATM), propagating ideas and influence throughout his career with a deep belief in the value of cooperative effort. Thus he was part of the ATM collective which in the 1960s wrote the influential books Some Lessons in Mathematics, Notes on Mathematics in Primary Schools and Mathematical Reflections. He founded and edited the ATM journal Recognitions, and was co-editor of another ATM publication, Mathematics Teaching, from 1983 to 1987.
From 1960 until earlier this year, he wrote articles in mathematics education journals. These and his book contributions reflected his interests - Renaissance painting, church history, poetry and linguistics among them. In 1972, from his work with local teachers, he co-authored Starting Points, which became a seminal book for mathematics teachers. Throughout the 1970s he gave much energy to Leapfrogs, a group of mathematics educators who produced a range of innovative teaching materials and went on to make a ground-breaking educational TV mathematics series - first called Leapfrogs; later Junior Maths - which ran for 12 years. He forcefully promoted visual approaches to mathematics and was instrumental in getting mathematical film more widely used - especially the geometric films of Jean-Louis Nicolet and Caleb Gattegno.
Dick was part of the team that produced the ATM book Geometric Images, and co-authored Images of Infinity for the Leapfrogs group. Geometry was one of his enthusiasms and he eagerly embraced the possibilities that computer software brought to its study. But the visual was always a means to each learner's inner world of mathematics. Dick had pondered deeply the human side of mathematics, and brought to teaching insights into the psychology of learning, whether of the active life of young boys and girls or the emotional needs of adolescents, and his eclectic vision embraced psychoanalytical approaches to child development. In working with adults his awareness of group dynamics, his ability to support others, and a continual questioning of his own role made working with him a journey of discovery. At the end of the 1970s, the school of education at Exeter became a vast new institution, and Dick took early retirement in 1981. He went to teach in America and South Africa, and contributed to courses at Warwick and the Open University.
Fascinated by minor Victorian amateur mathematicians, he delved into the papers of the photography pioneer William Fox Talbot, who had published mathematical results when younger. Dick's last book, published days before his death, was on another Victorian, the clergyman and amateur mathematician Thomas Kirkman, known for the Fifteen Schoolgirls, a problem in combinatorics.
After some years in London, he moved to Bradford-on-Avon in Wiltshire, where he lived, appropriately, in a weaver's house. He was a star in the local Shakespeare society, at Bath, and worked for Relate, the marriage guidance charity, while Hilary practised as a psychotherapist. Theirs was a marriage of true minds. In the last year, he produced a thoughtful book, called Ararat Associations, linking Atom Egoyan's film Ararat (2002) with his own life and the history of Armenia. He was a wise and generous man who inspired love and an increase of intellectual energy in everyone who came within his ambit.
Hilary died in 2000; Dick is survived by three daughters and a son.
· Dikran Tahta, mathematician, teacher and author, born August 7 1928; died December 2 2006

Question: who was called by others in the classical class that he was

Although he was called by others in the classical class that he was Einstein, in the beginning he would not be the winner. but then he went to the day, advanced to be stated in the scientific songs, he was accompanied by his famous teacher, and made the knowledge of the discourse in the multi-scale.

who was called by others in the classical class that ஸ்டீவன் ஹாக்கிங் was

Question: einstein advanced to be stated in what

Question: who accompanied einstein when he advanced to the day

குறிப்பிடத்தக்க முன்னேற்றமடைந்து , அவரது கணித ஆசிரியரால்

who accompanied einstein when ஸ்டீவன் ஹாக்கிங் advanced to the day

Question: einstein made the knowledge of the discourse in what

einstein made the knowledge of the discourse in what

Question: what type of class was einstein in

Question: where did einstein go after he was called einstein

where did einstein go after ஸ்டீவன் ஹாக்கிங் was called einstein

Question: who accompanied einstein to the day

Although he was called by others in the classical class that he was Einstein , in the beginning he would not be the winner . but then he went to the day , advanced to be stated in the scientific songs , he was accompanied by his famous teacher , and made the knowledge of the discourse in the multi - scale .

பட்டப்படிப்பு பாடசாலையில் அவர் ஐன்ஸ்டைன் என்று மற்றவர்களால் அழைக்கப்பட்டிருந்தாலும், ஆரம்பத்தில் அவர் வெற்றி பெற்றவராக இருக்கவில்லை. ஆனால் பின்னர் நாட் செல்லச் செல்ல, அறிவியல் பாடங்களில் குறிப்பிடத்தக்க முன்னேற்றமடைந்து, அவரது கணித ஆசிரியரால் உந்தப்பட்டு, பல்கலைக்கழகத்தில் கணிதத்தைத் தெரிவு செய்தார்.

பட்டப்படிப்பு பாடசாலையில் அவர் ஐன்ஸ்டைன் என்று மற்றவர்களால் அழைக்கப்பட்டிருந்தாலும், ஆரம்பத்தில் அவர் வெற்றி பெற்றவராக இருக்கவில்லை. ஆனால் பின்னர் நாட் செல்லச் செல்ல, அறிவியல் பாடங்களில் குறிப்பிடத்தக்க முன்னேற்றமடைந்து, அவரது கணித ஆசிரியரால் உந்தப்பட்டு, பல்கலைக்கழகத்தில் கணிதத்தைத் தெரிவு செய்தார்.

Although he was called by others in the classical class that he was Einstein, in the beginning he would not be the winner. but then he went to the day, advanced to be stated in the scientific songs, he was accompanied by his famous teacher, and made the knowledge of the discourse in the multi-scale.

Although he was called by others in the classical class that he was Einstein, in the beginning he would not be the winner. but then he went to the day, advanced to be stated in the scientific songs, he was accompanied by his famous teacher, and made the knowledge of the discourse in the multi-scale.

At the end of the day, we will be able to find out what is going on, and what is going on, and what is going on, and what is going on, and what is going on, and what is going on.

Stephen Hawking's PhD thesis, explained simply
Professor Stephen Hawking's PhD thesis also deals with the birth of the universe itself, and is simply titled “Singularities”. Image: REUTERS/Lucas Jackson
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ஆக்கிங் தனது பட்டப்படிப்பில் இருந்த சூழ்நிலையில், இயக்கவியல் சமூகத்தில், அண்டத் தோற்றப்பாட்டில் அப்போதிருந்த பெரு வெடிப்புக் கோட்பாடு, :en:Steady State போன்ற கோட்பாடுகள் தொடர்பில் பெரிய விவாதங்கள் நிகழ்ந்தன.

ஆக்கிங் தனது பட்டப்படிப்பில் இருந்த சூழ்நிலையில், இயக்கவியல் சமூகத்தில், அண்டத் தோற்றப்பாட்டில் அப்போதிருந்த பெரு வெடிப்புக் கோட்பாடு, :en:Steady State போன்ற கோட்பாடுகள் தொடர்பில் பெரிய விவாதங்கள் நிகழ்ந்தன.

At the end of the day, we will be able to find out what is going on, and what is going on, and what is going on, and what is going on, and what is going on, and what is going on.

At the end of the day, we will be able to find out what is going on, and what is going on, and what is going on, and what is going on, and what is going on, and what is going on.

This article was published in 1966.

Properties of expanding universes
Authors
Hawking, SW
Advisors
Sciama, Dennis
Sciama, D
Date1966-03-15
Awarding Institution
University of Cambridge
Author Affiliation
Faculty of Mathematics. Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics
Qualification
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Type
Thesis
MetadataShow full item record
Citation
Hawking, S. (1966). Properties of expanding universes (Doctoral thesis). https://doi.org/10.17863/CAM.11283
Description
This thesis has been made openly available with the kind permission of Professor Stephen Hawking.
Abstract
Some implications and consequences of the expansion of the universe are examined. In Chapter 1 it is shown that this expansion creates grave difficulties for the Hoyle-Narlikar theory of gravitation. Chapter 2 deals with perturbations of an expanding homogeneous and isotropic universe. The conclusion is reached that galaxies cannot be formed as a result of the growth of perturbations that were initially small. The propagation and absorption of gravitational radiation is also investigated in this approximation. In Chapter 3 gravitational radiation in an expanding universe is examined by a method of asymptotic expansions. The 'peeling off' behaviour and the asymptotic group are derived. Chapter 4 deals with the occurrence of singularities in cosmological models. It is shown that a singularity is inevitable provided that certain very general conditions are satisfied.
Keywords
gravity
Relationships
Alternative form(s): https://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/view/MS-PHD-05437
Identifiers
PhD.5437
External DOI: https://doi.org/10.17863/CAM.11283
This record's DOI: https://doi.org/10.17863/CAM.11283
Rights
© Stephen Hawking, All Rights Reserved, All Rights Reserved
Licence URL: https://www.rioxx.net/licenses/all-rights-reserved/

கருந்துளை]]யின் மையத்திலுள்ள, [[வெளிநேர சிறப்பொருமை (singularity) தொடர்பான கோட்பாட்டால் உந்தப்பட்டு, அதே கோட்பாட்டை முழு அண்டத்திற்கும் பயன்படுத்தி அது தொடர்பான தனது ஆய்வுக்கட்டுரையை 1965 இல் எழுதினார். அந்தக் கட்டுரை 1966 இல் ஏற்றுக்கொள்ளப்பட்டது.

கருந்துளை]]யின் மையத்திலுள்ள, [[வெளிநேர சிறப்பொருமை (singularity) தொடர்பான கோட்பாட்டால் உந்தப்பட்டு, அதே கோட்பாட்டை முழு அண்டத்திற்கும் பயன்படுத்தி அது தொடர்பான தனது ஆய்வுக்கட்டுரையை 1965 இல் எழுதினார்.

அந்தக் கட்டுரை 1966 இல் ஏற்றுக்கொள்ளப்பட்டது.

He was the one who was the one who was the one who was the one who was the one who was the one who was the one who was the one who was the one who was the one who was the one who was the one who was the one who was the one who was the one who was the one who was the one who was the one who was the one who was the one who was the one who was the one who was the one who was the one who was the one who was the one who was the one who was the one who was the one who was the one. This article was published in 1966.

Stephen Hawking sitting in his wheelchair Hawking at the to inaugurate the Laboratory of Astronomy and Particles in Paris, and the French release of his work God Created the Integers, 5 May 2006 Arching publicly understood, the goal occurred :en:The Universe in a Nutshell, a century upper edition of a historical survey of the time that was first published to get a wide array, :en:God Created the Integers was also published in the centuries of 2001, 2005, 2016 years.

புரிந்துகொள்ளக்கூடிய

அதிகமானோருக்குக்

கிடைப்பதற்காக

வெளியிடப்பட்டிருந்த

மேம்படுத்திய

வெளியிட்டார்

நிறுவனத்தில்

ஆண்டிலிருந்து

Prof Stephen Hawking has come up with a new idea to explain why the Big Bang of creation led to the vast cosmos that we can see today.
Astronomers can deduce that the early universe expanded at a mind-boggling rate because regions separated by vast distances have similar background temperatures.
They have proposed a process of rapid expansion of neighbouring regions, with similar cosmic properties, to explain this growth spurt which they call inflation.
But that left a deeper mystery: why did inflation occur in the first place?
Now New Scientist reports that an answer has been proposed by Prof Stephen Hawking of Cambridge University, working with Prof Thomas Hertog of the Astroparticle and Cosmology Laboratory in Paris.
Prof Hawking is best known for his attempts to combine theories of the very small, quantum theory, and that of gravity and the very big, general relativity, into a new theory, called quantum gravity.
Quantum mechanics is awash with strange ideas and can shed new light on inflation, which came in the wake of when the universe itself was around the size of an atom.
By quantum lore, when a particle of light travels from A to B, it does not take one path but explores every one simultaneously, with the more direct routes being used more heavily.
This is called a sum over histories and Prof Hawking and Prof Hertog propose the same thing for the cosmos.
In this theory, the early universe can be described by a mathematical object called a wave function and, in a similar way to the light particle, the team proposed two years ago that this means that there was no unique origin to the cosmos: instead the wave function of the universe embraced a multitude of means to develop.
This is very counter intuitive: they argued the universe began in just about every way imaginable (and perhaps even some that are not). Out of this profusion of beginnings, like a blend of a God’s eye view of every conceivable kind of creation, the vast majority of the baby universes withered away to leave the mature cosmos that we can see today.
But, like any new idea, there were problems. The professors found that they could not explain the rapid expansion - inflation - of the universe, evidence of which is left behind all around us in what is called the cosmic microwave background, in effect the echo of the big bang, a relic of creation that can be measured with experiments on balloons and on space probes.
Now, in a paper in Physical Review Letters with Prof James Hartle of the University of California, Santa Barbara, they realised that their earlier estimates of inflation were wrong because they had not fully thought through the connection between, on the one hand, their theoretical predictions and, on the other, our observations of the echo.
At first, they found that the most probable history of the cosmos had only undergone "a little bit of inflation at the beginning, contradicting the observations," said Prof Hertog.Now, after a correction to take account of how the data we have on inflation is based on only a view of a limited volume of the universe, they find that the wave function does indeed predict a long period of inflation.
"This proposal, with volume weighting, can explain why the universe inflated," Prof Hawking tells New Scientist.By taking into account that we have a parochial view of the cosmos, the team has come up with a radical new take on cosmology.
Most models of the universe are bottom-up, that is, you start from well-defined initial conditions of the Big Bang and work forward. However, Prof Hertog and Prof Hawking say that we do not and cannot know the initial conditions present at the beginning of the universe. Instead, we only know the final state - the one we are in now.
Their idea is therefore to start with the conditions we observe today - like the fact that at large scales one does not need to adopt quantum lore to explain how the universe (it behaves classically, as scientists say) - and work backwards in time to determine what the initial conditions might have looked like.
In this way, they argue the universe did not have just one unique beginning and history but a multitude of different ones and that it has experienced them all.
The new theory is also attractive because it fits in with string theory - the most popular candidate for a "theory of everything."
String theory allows the existence of an" unimaginable multitude of different types of universes in addition to our own," but it does not provide a selection criterion among these and hence no explanation for why our universe is, the way it is", says Prof Hertog.
"For this, one needs a theory of the wave function of the universe."
And now the world of cosmology has one. The next step is to find specific predictions that can be put to the test, to validate this new view of how the cosmos came into being.

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what is the name of stephen hawking's book

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Question: in what years was god created the integers published

2001 , 2005 , 2016 ஆம் ஆண்டுகளில் வெளியிட்டார் . ஐரோப்பிய அணு ஆராய்ச்சி நிறுவனத்தில் இருக்கும் Thomas Hertog , மற்றும் Jim Hartle உடன் இணைந்து , ' மேலிருந்து - கீழான அண்டவியல் ' கொள்கை ஒன்றை 2006 ஆம் ஆண்டிலிருந்து உருவாக்கி வந்தார் .

in what years was god created the integers published

Stephen Hawking sitting in his wheelchair Hawking at the to inaugurate the Laboratory of Astronomy and Particles in Paris , and the French release of his work God Created the Integers , 5 May 2006 Arching publicly understood , the goal occurred : en : The Universe in a Nutshell , a century upper edition of a historical survey of the time that was first published to get a wide array , : en : God Created the Integers was also published in the centuries of 2001 , 2005 , 2016 years .

Stephen Hawking sitting in his wheelchair Hawking at the to inaugurate the Laboratory of Astronomy and Particles in Paris, and the French release of his work God Created the Integers, 5 May 2006 ஆக்கிங் பொது மக்கள் புரிந்துகொள்ளக்கூடிய வகையில், இலகு நடையில் :en:The Universe in a Nutshell, பரவலாக அதிகமானோருக்குக் கிடைப்பதற்காக முதலே வெளியிடப்பட்டிருந்த காலத்தின் ஒரு வரலாற்றுச் சுருக்கம் என்ற நூலின் மேம்படுத்திய பதிப்பு, :en:God Created the Integers என்னும் நூல்களை முறையே 2001, 2005, 2016 ஆம் ஆண்டுகளில் வெளியிட்டார். ஐரோப்பிய அணு ஆராய்ச்சி நிறுவனத்தில் இருக்கும் Thomas Hertog, மற்றும் Jim Hartle உடன் இணைந்து, 'மேலிருந்து-கீழான அண்டவியல்' கொள்கை ஒன்றை 2006 ஆம் ஆண்டிலிருந்து உருவாக்கி வந்தார்.

Arching has travelled to various countries for his professional needs, as well as to meet his wishes.

As a result of his illness, his travels occurred in his own self-reliance.

After the year 2011, it was only arranged as a way of travel for its foreigners.

தேவைகளுக்காகவும்

பெறிவதற்காகவும்

நாடுகளுக்குப்

வெளிநாடுகளுக்கான

"For his exceptional mastery in the popularization of complex concepts in Physics at the very edge
of our current understanding of the Universe, combined with the highest scientific excellence, and
for becoming a public reference of science worldwide "
Lucasian Chair of Mathematics
Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics
University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
http://www.damtp.cam.ac.uk/user/gr/about/members/hawking.html
The jury of this round of the Fonseca prize was formed by Senén Barro, Rector of the USC; Xosé Manuel Villanueva, Manager of the Consorcio de Santiago; Carlos Pajares, professor of Theoretical Physics of the USC; Xosé Denis, Director of programmes of the Consorcio de Santiago; Javier Armentia, Director of the Planetarium of Pamplona; Xosé Rodríguez Durán, Director of the program ‘Ciencianosa' of the public Television of Galicia and Jorge Mira, Director of the ConCiencia programme. All of them emphasized the important career of professor Hawking and his great contributions in the communication of science.
Link to the whole conference videos: http://tv.usc.es/serial/index/id/118

Question: in what year did arching die

Arching has travelled to various countries for his professional needs, as well as to meet his wishes.

As a result of his illness, his travels occurred in his own self-reliance.

After the year 2011, it was only arranged as a way of travel for its foreigners.

Question: why did arching travel to various countries for his professional needs

why did arching travel to various countries for his professional needs

Question: what is the name of the person who travels to various countries for his professional needs

what is the name of the person who travels to various countries for his professional needs

Question: why did arching travel to various countries

why did arching travel to various countries

Question: how did arching travel to various countries

தனிப்பட்ட தாரை வானூர்தி மூலமாகவே

how did arching travel to various countries

Question: who did arching travel to in 2011

வெளிநாடுகளுக்கான

Arching has travelled to various countries for his professional needs , as well as to meet his wishes .

As a result of his illness , his travels occurred in his own self - reliance .

After the year 2011 , it was only arranged as a way of travel for its foreigners .

ஆக்கிங் தனது தொழில்சார் தேவைகளுக்காகவும், விருதுகளைப் பெறிவதற்காகவும் பல்வேறு நாடுகளுக்குப் பயணம் செய்து வந்தார். அவரது உடலியக்கப் பாதிப்புக் காரணமாக அவரது பயணங்கள் தனிப்பட்ட தாரை வானூர்தி மூலமாகவே நிகழ்ந்தன. 2011 ஆம் ஆண்டுக்குப் பின்னர், அது மட்டுமே அவரது வெளிநாடுகளுக்கான பயண முறையாக அமைந்தது.

ஆக்கிங் தனது தொழில்சார் தேவைகளுக்காகவும், விருதுகளைப் பெறிவதற்காகவும் பல்வேறு நாடுகளுக்குப் பயணம் செய்து வந்தார்.

அவரது உடலியக்கப் பாதிப்புக் காரணமாக அவரது பயணங்கள் தனிப்பட்ட தாரை வானூர்தி மூலமாகவே நிகழ்ந்தன.

2011 ஆம் ஆண்டுக்குப் பின்னர், அது மட்டுமே அவரது வெளிநாடுகளுக்கான பயண முறையாக அமைந்தது.

Arching has travelled to various countries for his professional needs, as well as to meet his wishes. As a result of his illness, his travels occurred in his own self-reliance. After the year 2011, it was only arranged as a way of travel for its foreigners.

Arching has travelled to various countries for his professional needs, as well as to meet his wishes.

As a result of his illness, his travels occurred in his own self-reliance.

After the year 2011, it was only arranged as a way of travel for its foreigners.

He was the one who was the one who was the one who was the one who was the one who was the one who was the one who was the one who was the one who was the one who was the one who was the one who was the one who was the one who was the one who was the one who was the one who was the one who was the one who was the one who was the one who was the one who was the one who was the one who was the one who was the one.

தான் 1997 இல் செய்திருந்த பந்தயத்திலிருந்த முரண்பாட்டையும் ஏற்றுக்கொண்டார். ஆனாலும், தகவல் இழப்பு தொடர்பான பிரச்சனைக்கு, கருந்துளைகள் ஒன்றுக்கு மேற்பட்ட இடவியலைக் கொண்டிருப்பதற்கான சாத்தியமுண்டு என்பதனை உட்படுத்தித், தனது சொந்தத் தீர்வொன்றையே

தான் 1997 இல் செய்திருந்த பந்தயத்திலிருந்த முரண்பாட்டையும் ஏற்றுக்கொண்டார். ஆனாலும், தகவல் இழப்பு தொடர்பான பிரச்சனைக்கு, கருந்துளைகள் ஒன்றுக்கு மேற்பட்ட இடவியலைக் கொண்டிருப்பதற்கான சாத்தியமுண்டு என்பதனை உட்படுத்தித், தனது சொந்தத் தீர்வொன்றையே

In 2014, his opinion of the lack of information was misconducted.

கருந்துளையில்

ஒத்துக்கொண்டார்

Stephen Hawking's black holes 'blunder' stirs debate
Black holes are 'grey' and event horizons do not exist, new paper theorizes
When Stephen Hawking contradicts his own theory, that's a paradox worth noting.
It’s saying there’s no ‘black’ in black hole- Amanda Peet, University of Toronto physicist
Like the black holes he described 40 years ago, the British cosmologist’s reassessment last week of the concept of "event horizons" is pulling in chatter from astrophysicists around the world.
What is an event horizon?
An event horizon is the invisible surface at which point nothing can escape being drawn into a black hole. Hawking previously stated that nothing could escape this black hole, but he has since revised that theory.
It turns out that the black holes Hawking wrote about in 1974 — those places in the space-time continuum that can devour galaxies and even trap light forever — may not exist in the way that he proposed decades ago.
In a new online paper titled Information Preservation and Weather Forecasting for Black Holes, the 72-year-old Hawking says, "There are no black holes — in the sense from which light can't escape to infinity."
The U-turn from Hawking, one of the pioneers of modern black hole theory, surprised his colleagues, said Amanda Peet, a theoretical physicist and associate professor at the University of Toronto who specializes in black hole paradoxes and string theory.
'Radical departure'
"It’s majorly provocative. It’s saying there’s no ‘black’ in black hole. He’s sort of saying the hole is grey instead, not just absorbing everything," she said. "It’s a very radical departure from past ideas."
In other words, Hawking now admits that light can probably pass through what he once defined as a point-of-no-return void, and that black holes can leak "information" in the form of matter.
This reversal proposes that matter and energy can be temporarily held before being released back into space in a scrambled form.
Peet said that although Hawking’s paper has been described as "cryptic," running just four pages long and lacking any calculations, physicists are rightly paying close attention to what he says.
"This is the mind that originated the whole black hole information paradox in the first place," she said.
Black holes occur when a dead star "literally runs out of gas" for nuclear fusion and begins to collapse on itself under the force of gravity, Peet explained. If there’s enough mass, this creates a "runaway collapse" so powerful that no other force can resist. All nearby matter would get drawn in and crushed.
An event horizon is this hidden thing, a place where if you fall beyond that surface, you can never get out.…You end up getting squished like a bug.— Amanda Peet, University of Toronto physicist
Hawking's new revelation means he has ruled out what Peet called one of the classical "signatures" of black holes, the notion of boundaries in space-time known as event horizons.
"An event horizon is this hidden thing, a place where if you fall beyond that surface, you can never get out," Peet explained. "If you fall into it, you end up getting squished like a bug. These event horizons, as imagined in the classical black hole literature, are what Hawking is now backtracking on."
What is a black hole?
According to NASA, black holes can form when a star is dying. Some stars, which can be up to 20 times more than the mass of our sun, emerge when a large star "collapses" or falls in on itself. This creates a strong gravitational pull that draws in everything, including, light. The term "black hole" was coined by physicist John Wheeler, who died in 2008.
Harald Pfeiffer, an expert on gravitational waves who teaches at U of T's Canadian Institute for Theoretical Astrophysics, said it appears that Hawking changed his mind because event horizons are incompatible with quantum theory.
"The picture before last week was whenever you throw things into a black hole, all the information about the properties of what you have thrown in is completely lost," he said.
But Pfeiffer said that led to problems, because it violates a law of quantum mechanics known as "unitarity," which says information can't simply be eaten up and destroyed like that.
“The conflict is that with quantum mechanics, you’re never destroying information,” he said. “If information gets completely lost and falls into a black hole, there's no way of reversing this. So either Einstein’s theory of relativity is incomplete, or quantum mechanics is incomplete.”
- Black hole birth witnessed
- 'Spewing' black holes can prevent the births of stars
- Black hole caught committing 'stellar homicide'
Hawking now believes physicists should be thinking in terms of "apparent horizons" — boundaries that can contain matter and light for a period of time — rather than the classical event horizon.
In his paper, Hawking writes: "This suggests that black holes should be redefined as metastable bound states of the gravitational field."
Chaos mangles information
Based on the respected physicist’s latest assumptions, Peet said, the reason it’s so hard to recover information out of black holes would be because this apparent horizon behaves pretty much like a true event horizon would, except that "chaos would be driving the scrambling of information rather than some mysterious property of quantum gravity."
So what might have changed Hawking’s view?
Peet noted there has been much modern development in the field, with physicists Andrew Strominger and Cumrun Vafa demonstrating in 1996 it’s even possible to calculate the entropy of some types of black holes from first principles.
Pfeiffer said Hawking has always known that his views clashed with quantum physics, but he seems to have been relenting in recent years.
In 2004, for example, he conceded a bet against physics theorist John Preskill about black holes. Hawking admitted that information is probably not swallowed forever in a black hole, as he had previously thought.
“He’s only recently came around,” Pfeiffer said.
"Stephen writes extremely few papers, so … this might very well be the very few occasions that Stephen actually puts these ideas in writing. As such, it might very well be quite an important event," he added.
At his 70th birthday two years ago, Hawking claimed his theory about black holes was his "biggest blunder."
Peet said scientists will be waiting patiently for a possible followup paper from him.
"The usual style if you’re famous enough to put out a paper like this, is you follow it up with more details,” she said. "That’s what physicists like me will be waiting on, because it matters what he thinks."
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Question: in what year was the lack of information about sexual misconduct first reported

In 2014, his opinion of the lack of information was misconducted.

in what year was the lack of information about sexual misconduct first reported

Question: what was the punishment for the lack of information in 2014

ஒத்துக்கொண்டார்

what was the punishment for the lack of information in 2014

Question: when was the lack of information made public

when was the lack of information made public

Question: what was misconducted in 2014

தகவல் இழப்புத் தொடர்பான தனது கருத்து தவறென ஒத்துக்கொண்டார்

Question: what happened to the professor's opinion of the lack of information

ஒத்துக்கொண்டார்

what happened to the professor's opinion of the lack of information

Question: in 2014, what was the general opinion of the lack of information

the lack of information was misconducted

தகவல் இழப்புத் தொடர்பான தனது கருத்து தவறென ஒத்துக்கொண்டார்

the lack of information was misconducted

in 2014, what was the general opinion of the lack of information

Question: what happened to his opinion of lack of information in 2014

what happened to his opinion of lack of information in 2014

In 2014 , his opinion of the lack of information was misconducted .

2014 இல் தன்னுடைய கருந்துளையில் தகவல் இழப்புத் தொடர்பான தனது கருத்து தவறென ஒத்துக்கொண்டார்.

2014 இல் தன்னுடைய கருந்துளையில் தகவல் இழப்புத் தொடர்பான தனது கருத்து தவறென ஒத்துக்கொண்டார்.

In 2014, his opinion of the lack of information was misconducted.

In 2014, his opinion of the lack of information was misconducted.

Hawking holding a public lecture at the Stockholm Waterfront congress center, 24 August 2015 As part of another long-lasting science conference, an edge called Arching Hicks Boson ever

He said that he did not find it, and that he did not find it.

In 1964, according to a policy created by Peter Hicks, it was predicted that there could be a thunderstorm. In connection with this, the 2002 goal, again the 2008 goal, in connection with this, a very hot event occurred in the middle of the two areas, such as Arching, Hicks.

"கண்டுபிடிக்கப்படப்

விவாதித்தும்

உருவாக்கப்பட்ட

கொள்கையின்படி

முன்மொழியப்பட்டது

இருவருக்குமிடையில்

Why Some Physicists Bet Against the Higgs Boson
After Stephen Hawking conceded that he'd lost his bet about the Higgs boson, I wondered why he had been on the wrong side of the bet. Why had he doubted the existence of a particle widely assumed to be an essential constituent of physical reality?
Hawking wasn't available to answer that question, but I did manage to have a long conversation with an American physicist who had also doubted the existence of the Higgs--Lawrence Krauss, author of The Physics of Star Trek and A Universe From Nothing . Krauss explained the generic reason that a number of physicists had doubted the Higgs: Its posited existence was suspiciously convenient. When you understand what he meant, I think you may conclude that physical reality is cooler than you'd thought. Here, as I understand it, is the deal:
Decades ago, physicists had found a way to unify--that is, fit into a common theoretical framework--two of the four basic physical forces: the electromagnetic force and the weak nuclear force. But there was one hitch: photons, the particles that mediate the electromagnetic force, have no mass, whereas the particles that mediate the weak force--the W and Z bosons--seem to have mass. And this theoretical unification wouldn't make complete sense unless the W and Z bosons were, like photons, massless.
So--here comes the suspiciously convenient part--physicists supposed that maybe the W and Z bosons didn't really have mass; rather, there was something--some feature of the universe--that made them behave as if they had mass. That "something" was dubbed the Higgs boson.
Actually, both the Higgs boson and the Higgs field--the pervasive invisible thing energized, kind of, by the Higgs boson--were posited as part of the process that imparted mass to the intrinsically massless W and Z bosons. But if you want to get off on a tangent about the relationship of the particle to the field, you'll have to watch this excerpt from my conversation with Krauss and this excerpt, because if I tried to explain the relationship now my failure to fully understand it would pose something of an obstacle. So back to the story:
Positing the existence of the Higgs particle/field struck some physicists as a bit kludgy--a kind of deus ex machina wheeled onto the stage to salvage an otherwise incomplete plotline. As Krauss puts it, "It seemed too easy... It seemed to me that introducing an invisible field to explain stuff is more like religion than science... Great, I invented invisible hobgoblins to make things right."
But the hobgoblins seem to actually exist--and the funny thing is that, though positing their existence sounds like a kludgy solution, the recent corroboration of their existence was, in a way, testament not to nature's kludginess but to its elegance. Remember, what was driving the search for the Higgs was an assumption about deep physical unity: these two seemingly different forces, the electromagnetic and the weak, must be two faces of the same thing; that's why they must have this common denominator of massless particles. And this assumption turned out to be true. As has happened so often in the past--in biology with Darwin's theory and in physics with lots of theories--surface-level diversity turned out to mask a deeper unity.
True, nature in this case found an arguably kludgy way to reconcile deep unity with surface diversity--the Higgs boson/field. But maybe that just means that nature, in addition to being deeply elegant, is very clever.
In case you want to watch my interrogation of Lawrence from beginning to end, here it is:

Question: in what year was it predicted that there would be a thunderstorm

Hawking holding a public lecture at the Stockholm Waterfront congress center, 24 August 2015 As part of another long-lasting science conference, an edge called Arching Hicks Boson ever

He said that he did not find it, and that he did not find it.

In 1964, according to a policy created by Peter Hicks, it was predicted that there could be a thunderstorm. In connection with this, the 2002 goal, again the 2008 goal, in connection with this, a very hot event occurred in the middle of the two areas, such as Arching, Hicks.

in what year was it predicted that there would be a thunderstorm

Question: where was hawking's lecture held

Question: in what year did hawking find the edge of a thunderstorm

in what year did hawking find the edge of a thunderstorm

Question: who created the thunderstorm warning policy in 1964

பீட்டர் ஹிக்ஸ்

who created the thunderstorm warning policy in 1964

Question: according to a policy created by peter hicks, what was predicted in 1964

according to a policy created by peter hicks, what was predicted in 1964

Question: when did hawking hold a lecture at the stockholm waterfront congress center

when did hawking hold a lecture at the stockholm waterfront congress center

Hawking holding a public lecture at the Stockholm Waterfront congress center , 24 August 2015 As part of another long - lasting science conference , an edge called Arching Hicks Boson ever

He said that he did not find it , and that he did not find it .

In 1964 , according to a policy created by Peter Hicks , it was predicted that there could be a thunderstorm . In connection with this , the 2002 goal , again the 2008 goal , in connection with this , a very hot event occurred in the middle of the two areas , such as Arching , Hicks .

Hawking holding a public lecture at the Stockholm Waterfront congress centre, 24 August 2015 இன்னுமொரு நீண்ட காலமாக நடந்து வந்த அறிவியல் சர்ச்சையின் பகுதியாக, ஆக்கிங் ஹிக்ஸ் போசான் என்ற ஒரு துகள் எப்போதும்

கண்டுபிடிக்கப்படப் போவதில்லை என்று அழுத்தமாக விவாதித்தும், பந்தயம் செய்தும் வந்துள்ளார்.

1964 இல், பீட்டர் ஹிக்ஸ் என்பவரால் உருவாக்கப்பட்ட கொள்கையின்படி, இவ்வாறான ஒரு துகள் இருக்கலாம் என்று முன்மொழியப்பட்டது. இது தொடர்பில் 2002 இலும், மீண்டும் 2008 இலும் இது தொடர்பாக ஆக்கிங், ஹிக்ஸ் ஆகிய இருவருக்குமிடையில் மிகவும் சூடான விவாதம் நிகழ்ந்தது.

Hawking holding a public lecture at the Stockholm Waterfront congress center, 24 August 2015 As part of another long-lasting science conference, an edge called Arching Hicks Boson ever He said that he did not find it, and that he did not find it. In 1964, according to a policy created by Peter Hicks, it was predicted that there could be a thunderstorm. In connection with this, the 2002 goal, again the 2008 goal, in connection with this, a very hot event occurred in the middle of the two areas, such as Arching, Hicks.

Hawking holding a public lecture at the Stockholm Waterfront congress center, 24 August 2015 As part of another long-lasting science conference, an edge called Arching Hicks Boson ever

He said that he did not find it, and that he did not find it.

In 1964, according to a policy created by Peter Hicks, it was predicted that there could be a thunderstorm. In connection with this, the 2002 goal, again the 2008 goal, in connection with this, a very hot event occurred in the middle of the two areas, such as Arching, Hicks.

And when he was a believer, he was a believer; and when he was a believer, he was a believer, and he was a believer, he was a believer.

In 2012, after the establishment of a large Atlantic mountain in the European Atomic Research Company, these thresholds were detected.

ஏனையோருக்குக்

நம்பகத்தன்மை

கருத்துக்களுக்கு

கிடைப்பதாகக்

குற்றஞ்சாட்டினார்

நிறுவனத்தில்

அமைக்கப்பட்ட

கண்டறியப்பட்டது

Higgs boson breakthrough should earn physicist behind search Nobel Prize: Stephen Hawking
Stephen Hawking hailed the announcement by CERN scientists that they'd discovered a sub-atomic particle that may be the elusive Higgs boson
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Higgs boson breakthrough should earn physicist behind search Nobel Prize: Stephen Hawking Back to video
GENEVA — Stephen Hawking hailed the announcement by European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) scientists that they’d discovered a sub-atomic particle that may be the elusive Higgs boson.
It’s a breakthrough that comes at a cost for the world-renowned physicist, however. Years earlier, he had placed a $100 bet with a fellow scientist that the Higgs would never be discovered.
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“It seems I have just lost $100,” Hawking said in an interview with the BBC.
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“This is an important result and should earn Peter Higgs the Nobel Prize,” Hawking had said. “But it is a pity in a way, because the great advances in physics have come from experiments that gave results we didn’t expect.”
[np-related]
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Scientists at the world’s biggest atom smasher hailed the discovery of “the missing cornerstone of physics” Wednesday, cheering the apparent end of a decades-long quest for the Higgs, or “God particle,” which could help explain why all matter has mass and crack open a new realm of subatomic science.
First proposed as a theory in the 1960s, the maddeningly elusive Higgs had been hunted by at least two generations of physicists who believed it would help shape our understanding of how the universe began and how its most elemental pieces fit together.
Rousing cheers and a standing ovation erupted at CERN after scientists presented astonishing new data in their search for the mysterious particle.
Many hailed it as a moment in history, and white-haired veterans of the quest shed tears of joy.
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The new find is “consistent with (the) long-sought Higgs boson,” CERN declared in a statement.
“We have reached a milestone in our understanding of nature,” said CERN director General Rolf Heuer.
He and others cautioned, though, that further work was needed to identify what exactly had been found.
“As a layman I would say we have it, but as a scientist I have to say, ‘what do we have?’” Heuer told a press conference.
“We have discovered a boson, and now we have to determine what kind of boson it is.”
Finding the Higgs would validate the Standard Model, a theory that identifies the building blocks for matter and the particles that convey fundamental forces.
Peter Higgs, the shy, soft-spoken Briton who in 1964 published the conceptual groundwork for the particle and whose name became associated with it, expressed delight.
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“I never expected this to happen in my lifetime and shall be asking my family to put some champagne in the fridge,” the 83-year-old said in a statement.
Higgs sat next to Belgian physicist Francois Englert, 79, who separately contributed to the theory.
“I just want to say that my thoughts go to Robert Brout,” said Englert, his eyes moist with tears, as he lauded a fellow pioneer who died in 2011.
What does the news tell us? CERN theorist explains: cdsweb.cern.ch/journal/CERNBu… #Higgs #ICHEP2012—
(@CERN) July 04, 2012
The Standard Model is a hugely successful theory but has several gaps, the biggest of which is why some particles have mass but others do not.
Mooted by Higgs and several others, the boson is believed to exist in a treacly, invisible, ubiquitous field created by the Big Bang some 13.7 billion years ago.
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When some particles encounter the Higgs, they slow down and acquire mass, according to the theory. Others, such as particles of light, encounter no obstacle.
CERN uses a giant underground laboratory where protons are smashed together at nearly the speed of light, yielding sub-atomic debris that is then scrutinized for signs of the fleeting Higgs.
The task is arduous because there are trillions of signals, occurring among particles at different ranges of mass.
Over the years, tens of thousands of physicists and billions of dollars have been thrown into the search, gradually narrowing down the mass range where it might exist.
Two CERN laboratories, working independently of each other to avoid bias, found the new particle in the mass region of around 125-126 Gigaelectronvolts (GeV), according to data they presented on Wednesday.
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Both said that the results were “five sigma,” meaning there was just a 0.00006% chance that what the two laboratories found is a mathematical quirk.
“The results are preliminary but the five sigma signal at around 125 GeV we’re seeing is dramatic,” said Joe Incandela, spokesman for one of the two experiments.
“This is indeed a new particle. We know it must be a boson and it’s the heaviest boson ever found. The implications are very significant and it is precisely for this reason that we must be extremely diligent in all of our studies and cross-checks.”
At a particle-physics conference in Melbourne, Australia, a participant said there was a “jaw-dropping” moment when the scientists reacted to the announcement.
History was then feted with beer and champagne.
Scientists began to pore over what the find could mean.
CERN physicist Yves Sirois said the result did seem to back the Standard Model but further surprises could be in store.
“It may be the Higgs boson, but it may also be something far bigger, which opens the door towards a new theory that goes beyond the Standard Model.”
Agence France-Presse, with files from The Associated Press
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Question: in what year was the atlantic mountain detected by the european atomic research

And when he was a believer, he was a believer; and when he was a believer, he was a believer, and he was a believer, he was a believer.

In 2012, after the establishment of a large Atlantic mountain in the European Atomic Research Company, these thresholds were detected.

in what year was the atlantic mountain detected by the european atomic research

Question: where was a large atlantic mountain located in 2012

ஐரோப்பிய அணு ஆராய்ச்சி நிறுவனத்தில்

where was a large atlantic mountain located in 2012

Question: what does the term believer mean when he is a believer

கருத்துக்களுக்கு

what does the term believer mean when ஸ்டீவன் ஹாக்கிங் is a believer

Question: what mountain in the european atomic research company was detected in 2012

what mountain in the european atomic research company was detected in 2012

Question: what is a person called when he is a believer

கருத்துக்களுக்கு

what is a person called when ஸ்டீவன் ஹாக்கிங் is a believer

Question: what was detected in 2012

Atlantic mountain in the European Atomic Research Company

ஐரோப்பிய அணு ஆராய்ச்சி நிறுவனத்தில்

Atlantic mountain in the European Atomic Research Company

Question: when a man was a believer, he was a what

கருத்துக்களுக்கு

when a man was a believer, ஸ்டீவன் ஹாக்கிங் was a what

Question: when was he a believer

"அப்போது பெரும்புகழ் கொண்டவராக ஆக்கிங் இருப்பதனால் , ஏனையோருக்குக் கிடைக்காத நம்பகத்தன்மை , அவரது கருத்துக்களுக்கு

And when he was a believer , he was a believer ; and when he was a believer , he was a believer , and he was a believer , he was a believer .

In 2012 , after the establishment of a large Atlantic mountain in the European Atomic Research Company , these thresholds were detected .

அப்போது பெரும்புகழ் கொண்டவராக ஆக்கிங் இருப்பதனால், ஏனையோருக்குக் கிடைக்காத நம்பகத்தன்மை, அவரது கருத்துக்களுக்கு உடனடியாகக் கிடைப்பதாகக் குற்றஞ்சாட்டினார். 2012 இல், ஐரோப்பிய அணு ஆராய்ச்சி நிறுவனத்தில் பெரிய ஆட்ரான் மோதுவி அமைக்கப்பட்ட பின்னர், இந்தத் துகள் கண்டறியப்பட்டது.

அப்போது பெரும்புகழ் கொண்டவராக ஆக்கிங் இருப்பதனால், ஏனையோருக்குக் கிடைக்காத நம்பகத்தன்மை, அவரது கருத்துக்களுக்கு உடனடியாகக் கிடைப்பதாகக் குற்றஞ்சாட்டினார்.

2012 இல், ஐரோப்பிய அணு ஆராய்ச்சி நிறுவனத்தில் பெரிய ஆட்ரான் மோதுவி அமைக்கப்பட்ட பின்னர், இந்தத் துகள் கண்டறியப்பட்டது.

And when he was a believer, he was a believer; and when he was a believer, he was a believer, and he was a believer, he was a believer. In 2012, after the establishment of a large Atlantic mountain in the European Atomic Research Company, these thresholds were detected.

And when he was a believer, he was a believer; and when he was a believer, he was a believer, and he was a believer, he was a believer.

In 2012, after the establishment of a large Atlantic mountain in the European Atomic Research Company, these thresholds were detected.

Higgs: Five decades of noble endeavour
- Published
Fifty years is a long time to wait for recognition of a brilliant idea. But this is the burden that Peter Higgs and Francois Englert have had to bear since they first proposed a mechanism to describe how matter in the Universe acquires mass.
Englert and fellow Belgian Robert Brout were first to publish their ideas in August 1964. Higgs followed in October.
The view - certainly, the one expressed by the Nobel committee on Tuesday - is that their papers were independent and indistinguishable, and that their work should therefore be jointly honoured.
Of course, it is the standard practice not to award a Nobel posthumously, and so it is only Higgs and Englert who take the limelight, as their peer in this great endeavour, Robert Brout, died in 2011.
Every advance owes something to previous generations - even Newton said he stood on the shoulders of giants; and sometimes it takes the insights of those who follow to truly see the implications.
Prof Tom Kibble from Imperial College London probably falls into this latter category. His work with Americans Gerald Guralnik and Carl Hagen is regarded as being instrumental in the eventual application of the ideas expressed by Higgs, Englert and Brout.
"As you probably know, there were three groups working on this problem back then, but everyone's work in 1964 received essentially no attention at all, apart from the scepticism of various people," he recalls.
"The papers had hardly any citations for two or three years."
If the Nobel committee's rules permitted more than three recipients per gong then the Imperial man could well have been standing in front of Tuesday's TV lights as well. As it is, he's applauding from the wings and proud to do so.
"I'm just really pleased they've recognised this work and this field," he told me.
Particle physics is not the easiest subject to grasp for the lay audience, but a great many of us have come to absorb a vague concept of what the Higgs field and its associated boson entail - however fumbling.
It is this notion that the Universe contains an all-pervasive field that elementary particles - the fundamental building blocks of matter - must traverse; and it is the drag these particles experience as they pass through the field that determines their mass. The boson is the thing that mediates the interactions.
The maths may be beyond most of us, but everyone can appreciate that without an adequate description of mass - the very essence of stuff - then the cosmos can make no sense. There would be no form, no substance.
The key reason it has taken nearly 50 years to prove the Higgs mechanism is that only now do we have an experimental set-up capable of nailing its existence.
Others tried, but it took the scale and energy of the $10bn Large Hadron Collider to find the evidence.
This colossal underground machine accelerates clutches of proton particles to fantastic speeds around a ring, colliding them in full view of sensitive detectors positioned at two widely separated locations.
Only about one collision in every trillion produces a trace of the Higgs boson, and even then it is a process of deduction because all the scientists actually see are the products into which the particle decays.
But the two independent detector sites confirmed each other's observations, and the boson was duly announced to great fanfare in July 2012.
"It is absolutely apt that it is recognised by a Nobel; it is one of the great discoveries of the 21 Century," says Prof Jim Virdee, another Imperial scientist and former spokesperson for one of those LHC detectors, the CMS experiment.
"One has to put it in some perspective. Our Standard Model [to describe how the basic building blocks of matter interact] wasn't built in a day. The first particle, the electron, was discovered by Thompson in 1897, and the Higgs is the last particle of the Standard Model - the 17th. So it was an enormous endeavour."
Not that this is the end of the story. The LHC has barely got going and other discoveries are virtually guaranteed as it crashes together proton particles at ever greater energies.
"The LHC is a tremendous development," says Kibble. "We could never have pictured the experimental work that has burgeoned from those theoretical efforts in the 1960s."
Which does raise the interesting question of why the LHC itself, its host institution Cern, and the thousands of scientists who work there, could not also be recognised in some form.
The Nobel committee's rules for the physics prize do not seem to allow for this, but there is the precedent of another scientific body - the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change - being given the Nobel peace prize in 2007.
Some have speculated that Cern would also be a very worthy recipient of this gong.
"Cern has as one of its objectives to bring nations together through science," says Prof Virdee.
"It's certainly a remarkable human achievement to get so many people from so many different countries, cultures and creeds working together in the pursuit of fundamental knowledge. It's very uplifting."

In 2007, his wife.

George’s Secret Key to the Universe.

In it, the Arching family arranged shapes with uniform shapes, illustrating the practices of manufacturing in accessible fields, designed that century. in 2009, 2011, 2014, 2016 these series centuries were released.

வெளியிட்டார்கள்

குடும்பத்தினரை

கதாபாத்திரங்கள்

வடிவமைத்தார்கள்

வெளியிடப்பட்டன

In Print
Books
Publications
A Smooth Exit from Eternal Inflation.
S.W. Hawking, T. Hertog. 24 Jul 2017. 14pp, arXiv:1707.07702 [hep-th]
The Conformal BMS Group.
S.J. Haco, S.W.Hawking, M.J.Perry, J.L.Bourjaily. 27 Jan 2017. 16pp, arXiv:1701.08110 [hep-th]
Superrotation Charge and Supertranslation Hair on Black Holes.
S.W. Hawking, M.J. Perry, A. Strominger. High Energ. Phys. (2017) 2017: 161. DOI: 10.1007/JHEP05(2017)161.
A Smooth Exit from Eternal Inflation.
S.W. Hawking, T. Hertog. 24 Jul 2017. 14pp, arXiv:1707.07702 [hep-th]
The Conformal BMS Group.
S.J. Haco, S.W.Hawking, M.J.Perry, J.L.Bourjaily. 27 Jan 2017. 16pp, arXiv:1701.08110 [hep-th]
Superrotation Charge and Supertranslation Hair on Black Holes.
S.W. Hawking, M.J. Perry, A. Strominger. High Energ. Phys. (2017) 2017: 161. DOI: 10.1007/JHEP05(2017)161.
Black holes: The Reith Lectures.
S.W. Hawking, May 2016, ISBN-13: 978-0857503572
George and the Blue Moon.
L. Hawking, S.W.Hawking, Mar 2016, ISBN-13: 978-0857533272
Soft Hair on Black Holes.,
S.W. Hawking, M.J. Perry, A. Strominger. Jan 5, 2016. 9pp. Published in Phys.Rev.Lett. 116 (2016) no.23, 231301, arXiv:1601.00921DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.116.231301
Black holes: The Reith Lectures.
S.W. Hawking, May 2016, ISBN-13: 978-0857503572
George and the Blue Moon.
L. Hawking, S.W.Hawking, Mar 2016, ISBN-13: 978-0857533272
Soft Hair on Black Holes.,
S.W. Hawking, M.J. Perry, A. Strominger. Jan 5, 2016. 9pp. Published in Phys.Rev.Lett. 116 (2016) no.23, 231301, arXiv:1601.00921DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.116.231301
The Information Paradox for Black Holes
, S.W. Hawking. Sep 3, 2015. 3 pp. DAMTP-2015-49 e-Print: arXiv:1509.01147 [hep-th]
The Information Paradox for Black Holes
, S.W. Hawking. Sep 3, 2015. 3 pp. DAMTP-2015-49 e-Print: arXiv:1509.01147 [hep-th]
George and the Unbreakable Code.
L. Hawking. S.W.Hawking. Jun 2014. ISBN-13: 978-0857533258
Information Preservation and Weather Forecasting for Black Holes.
S.W. Hawking. Jan 2014. arXiv:1401.5761v1 [hep-th]
George and the Unbreakable Code.
L. Hawking. S.W.Hawking. Jun 2014. ISBN-13: 978-0857533258
Information Preservation and Weather Forecasting for Black Holes.
S.W. Hawking. Jan 2014. arXiv:1401.5761v1 [hep-th]
My Brief History.
S.W. Hawking, Sep 2013. 144 pp ISBN-13: 978-0345535283
Vector Fields in Holographic Cosmology.
James B.Hartle. S.W. Hawking, Thomas Hertog. May 2013. 17 pp. arXiv:1305.7190v1 [hep-th], DOI: 10.1007/JHEP11(2013)201
My Brief History.
S.W. Hawking, Sep 2013. 144 pp ISBN-13: 978-0345535283
Vector Fields in Holographic Cosmology.
James B.Hartle. S.W. Hawking, Thomas Hertog. May 2013. 17 pp. arXiv:1305.7190v1 [hep-th], DOI: 10.1007/JHEP11(2013)201
George and the Big Bang.
L. Hawking. S.W.Hawking. Aug 2012. ISBN-13: 978-1442440050
Quantum Probabilities for Inflation from Holography.
James B.Hartle. S.W. Hawking, Thomas Hertog. Jul 2012. arXiv:1207.6653v3 [hep-th], DOI: 10.1088/1475-7516/2014/01/015
Accelerated Expansion from Negative Lambda.
James B. Hartle (UC, Santa Barbara), S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U., DAMTP), Thomas Hertog (Leuven U. & Intl. Solvay Inst., Brussels). May 2012. 28 pp.arXiv:1205.3807v3 [hep-th]
George and the Big Bang.
L. Hawking. S.W.Hawking. Aug 2012. ISBN-13: 978-1442440050
Quantum Probabilities for Inflation from Holography.
James B.Hartle. S.W. Hawking, Thomas Hertog. Jul 2012. arXiv:1207.6653v3 [hep-th], DOI: 10.1088/1475-7516/2014/01/015
Accelerated Expansion from Negative Lambda.
James B. Hartle (UC, Santa Barbara), S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U., DAMTP), Thomas Hertog (Leuven U. & Intl. Solvay Inst., Brussels). May 2012. 28 pp.arXiv:1205.3807v3 [hep-th]
George's Cosmic Treasure Hunt.
L. Hawking. S.W.Hawking. May 2011. ISBN-13: 978-1442421752
The dreams that stuff is made of: The most astounding papers of quantum physics - and how they shook the scientific world.
Stephen Hawking, (ed.) (Cambridge U., DAMTP). 2011. 1071 pp. Published in Philadelphia, USA: Running Pr. (2011) 1071 p. ISBN-13: 978-0762434343
George's Cosmic Treasure Hunt.
L. Hawking. S.W.Hawking. May 2011. ISBN-13: 978-1442421752
The dreams that stuff is made of: The most astounding papers of quantum physics - and how they shook the scientific world.
Stephen Hawking, (ed.) (Cambridge U., DAMTP). 2011. 1071 pp. Published in Philadelphia, USA: Running Pr. (2011) 1071 p. ISBN-13: 978-0762434343
Local Observation in Eternal inflation.
James Hartle (UC, Santa Barbara), S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U.,DAMTP), Thomas Hertog (APC, Paris & Intl. Solvay Inst., Brussels). Sep 2010. 4 pp. Published in Phys.Rev.Lett. 106 (2011) 141302. arXiv:1009.2525v2 [hep-th], DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.106.141302
The Grand Design.
S.W.Hawking and L. Mlodinov (Sep 2010), ISBN-13: 978-0553805376
The No-Boundary Measure in the Regime of Eternal Inflation.
James Hartle (UC, Santa Barbara), S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U., DAMTP), Thomas Hertog (APC, Paris & Intl. Solvay Inst., Brussels). Jan 2010. 29 pp.Published in Phys.Rev. D82 (2010) 063510. arXiv:1001.0262v1 [hep-th], DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.82.063510
Local Observation in Eternal inflation.
James Hartle (UC, Santa Barbara), S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U.,DAMTP), Thomas Hertog (APC, Paris & Intl. Solvay Inst., Brussels). Sep 2010. 4 pp. Published in Phys.Rev.Lett. 106 (2011) 141302. arXiv:1009.2525v2 [hep-th], DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.106.141302
The Grand Design.
S.W.Hawking and L. Mlodinov (Sep 2010), ISBN-13: 978-0553805376
The No-Boundary Measure in the Regime of Eternal Inflation.
James Hartle (UC, Santa Barbara), S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U., DAMTP), Thomas Hertog (APC, Paris & Intl. Solvay Inst., Brussels). Jan 2010. 29 pp.Published in Phys.Rev. D82 (2010) 063510. arXiv:1001.0262v1 [hep-th], DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.82.063510
George's Secret Key to the Universe.
L. Hawking. S.W.Hawking. May 2009. ISBN-13: 978-1416985846
Why did the Universe Inflate?
S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U., DAMTP). 2009. 7 pp. DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-87499-9_10
George's Secret Key to the Universe.
L. Hawking. S.W.Hawking. May 2009. ISBN-13: 978-1416985846
Why did the Universe Inflate?
S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U., DAMTP). 2009. 7 pp. DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-87499-9_10
The Classical Universes of the No-Boundary Quantum State.
James B. Hartle (UC, Santa Barbara), S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U.,DAMTP), Thomas Hertog (APC, Paris & Intl. Solvay Inst., Brussels). Mar 2008. 46 pp. arXiv:0803.1663 [hep-th], DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.77.123537
The Classical Universes of the No-Boundary Quantum State.
James B. Hartle (UC, Santa Barbara), S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U.,DAMTP), Thomas Hertog (APC, Paris & Intl. Solvay Inst., Brussels). Mar 2008. 46 pp. arXiv:0803.1663 [hep-th], DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.77.123537
No-Boundary Measure of the Universe.
James B. Hartle (UC, Santa Barbara), S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U., DAMTP), Thomas Hertog (APC, Paris & Intl. Solvay Inst., Brussels). Nov 2007. 4 pp. Published in Phys.Rev.Lett. 100 (2008) 201301. arXiv:0711.4630 [hep-th], DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.100.201301
Volume Weighting in the No Boundary Proposal.
S.W. Hawking. Oct 2007. 7 pp. arXiv:0710.2029 [hep-th]
God created the Integers.
S.W.Hawking. Oct 2007. ISBN-13: 978-0762430048
The measure of the universe.
S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U., DAMTP). 2007. 6 pp. Published in AIP Conf.Proc. 957 (2007) 79-84, DOI: 10.1063/1.2823830
No-Boundary Measure of the Universe.
James B. Hartle (UC, Santa Barbara), S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U., DAMTP), Thomas Hertog (APC, Paris & Intl. Solvay Inst., Brussels). Nov 2007. 4 pp. Published in Phys.Rev.Lett. 100 (2008) 201301. arXiv:0711.4630 [hep-th], DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.100.201301
Volume Weighting in the No Boundary Proposal.
S.W. Hawking. Oct 2007. 7 pp. arXiv:0710.2029 [hep-th]
God created the Integers.
S.W.Hawking. Oct 2007. ISBN-13: 978-0762430048
The measure of the universe.
S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U., DAMTP). 2007. 6 pp. Published in AIP Conf.Proc. 957 (2007) 79-84, DOI: 10.1063/1.2823830
Populating the landscape: A Top down approach
. S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U., DAMTP), Thomas Hertog (CERN). CERN-PH-TH-2006-022. Feb 2006. 22 pp. Published in Phys.Rev. D73 (2006) 123527. arXiv:hep-th/0602091, DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.73.123527
Populating the landscape: A Top down approach
. S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U., DAMTP), Thomas Hertog (CERN). CERN-PH-TH-2006-022. Feb 2006. 22 pp. Published in Phys.Rev. D73 (2006) 123527. arXiv:hep-th/0602091, DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.73.123527
Information loss in black holes.
S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U., DAMTP). DAMTP-2005-66. Jul 2005. 5 pp.Published in Phys.Rev. D72 (2005) 084013. arXiv:hep-th/0507171, DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.72.084013
A non singular universe.
S. Hawking (Cambridge U., DAMTP). 2005. 2 pp. Published in Phys.Scripta T117 (2005) 49-50
A briefer history of time.
S. Hawking (Cambridge U., DAMTP), L. Mlodinow. 2005. 189 pp. Published in Reinbek, Germany: Rowohlt (2005) 189 p. ISBN-13: 978-0553385465
Information loss in black holes.
S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U., DAMTP). DAMTP-2005-66. Jul 2005. 5 pp.Published in Phys.Rev. D72 (2005) 084013. arXiv:hep-th/0507171, DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.72.084013
A non singular universe.
S. Hawking (Cambridge U., DAMTP). 2005. 2 pp. Published in Phys.Scripta T117 (2005) 49-50
A briefer history of time.
S. Hawking (Cambridge U., DAMTP), L. Mlodinow. 2005. 189 pp. Published in Reinbek, Germany: Rowohlt (2005) 189 p. ISBN-13: 978-0553385465
Black holes and the information paradox.
S. Hawking (Cambridge U., DAMTP). Jul 2004. 7 pp. Prepared for Conference: C04-07-18, p.56-62 Proceedings
The grand Stephen Hawking reader: Life and work.
H. Mania, (ed.), S. Hawking. 2004. 291 pp. Published in (rororo. 61655)
Black holes and the information paradox.
S. Hawking (Cambridge U., DAMTP). Jul 2004. 7 pp. Prepared for Conference: C04-07-18, p.56-62 Proceedings
The grand Stephen Hawking reader: Life and work.
H. Mania, (ed.), S. Hawking. 2004. 291 pp. Published in (rororo. 61655)
On the Shoulders of Giants.
N. Copernicus, J. Kepler, G. Galalei, I. Newton, A. Einstein (Author), S. Hawking. Dec 2003. ISBN-13: 978-0762416981
Cosmology from the top down.
Stephen W. Hawking (Cambridge U., DAMTP). DAVISINFLATION-2003-PELLY. May 2003. Published in In *Carr, Bernard (ed.): Universe or multiverse?* 91-98. arXiv:astro-ph/0305562
The illustrated theory of everything: The origin and fate of the universe.
S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U., DAMTP). 2003. 119 pp. Published in Beverly Hills, USA: New Millennium Pr. (2003) 119 p
On the Shoulders of Giants.
N. Copernicus, J. Kepler, G. Galalei, I. Newton, A. Einstein (Author), S. Hawking. Dec 2003. ISBN-13: 978-0762416981
Cosmology from the top down.
Stephen W. Hawking (Cambridge U., DAMTP). DAVISINFLATION-2003-PELLY. May 2003. Published in In *Carr, Bernard (ed.): Universe or multiverse?* 91-98. arXiv:astro-ph/0305562
The illustrated theory of everything: The origin and fate of the universe.
S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U., DAMTP). 2003. 119 pp. Published in Beverly Hills, USA: New Millennium Pr. (2003) 119 p
Brane new world.
Stephen Hawking (Cambridge U., DAMTP). Aug 2002. 7 pp. Published in Conf.Proc. C0208124 (2002) 1-7
Why does inflation start at the top of the hill?
S.W Hawking, Thomas Hertog (Cambridge U., DAMTP). Apr 2002. 21 pp. Published in Phys.Rev. D66 (2002) 123509. arXiv:hep-th/0204212, DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.66.123509
Sixty years in a nutshell.
S. Hawking (Newton Inst. Math. Sci., Cambridge). Jan 2002. Prepared for Workshop on Conference on the Future of Conference: C02-01-07.7
Chronology protection: Making the world safe for historians.
S.W. Hawking. 2002. Published in In *Hawking, S.W. et al.: The future of spacetime* 87-108
The Future of space-time.
S.W. Hawking, K.S. Thorne, I. Novikov, T. Ferris, A. Lightman, R. Price. 2002. 220 pp.Published in New York, USA: Norton (2002) 220 p
Brane new world.
Stephen Hawking (Cambridge U., DAMTP). Aug 2002. 7 pp. Published in Conf.Proc. C0208124 (2002) 1-7
Why does inflation start at the top of the hill?
S.W Hawking, Thomas Hertog (Cambridge U., DAMTP). Apr 2002. 21 pp. Published in Phys.Rev. D66 (2002) 123509. arXiv:hep-th/0204212, DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.66.123509
Sixty years in a nutshell.
S. Hawking (Newton Inst. Math. Sci., Cambridge). Jan 2002. Prepared for Workshop on Conference on the Future of Conference: C02-01-07.7
Chronology protection: Making the world safe for historians.
S.W. Hawking. 2002. Published in In *Hawking, S.W. et al.: The future of spacetime* 87-108
The Future of space-time.
S.W. Hawking, K.S. Thorne, I. Novikov, T. Ferris, A. Lightman, R. Price. 2002. 220 pp.Published in New York, USA: Norton (2002) 220 p
Why does inflation start at the top of the hill?
S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U., DAMTP). Nov 2001. Prepared for Conference: C01-11-13.1
Living with ghosts.
S.W. Hawking, Thomas Hertog (Cambridge U., DAMTP). Jul 2001. 13 pp. Published in Phys.Rev. D65 (2002) 103515. arXiv:hep-th/0107088, DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.65.103515
The universe in a nutshell.
S. Hawking (Cambridge U., DAMTP). 2001. 224 pp. ISBN-13: 978-0553802023
Why does inflation start at the top of the hill?
S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U., DAMTP). Nov 2001. Prepared for Conference: C01-11-13.1
Living with ghosts.
S.W. Hawking, Thomas Hertog (Cambridge U., DAMTP). Jul 2001. 13 pp. Published in Phys.Rev. D65 (2002) 103515. arXiv:hep-th/0107088, DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.65.103515
The universe in a nutshell.
S. Hawking (Cambridge U., DAMTP). 2001. 224 pp. ISBN-13: 978-0553802023
Trace anomaly driven inflation.
S.W. Hawking, T. Hertog (Cambridge U., DAMTP), H.S. Reall (Queen Mary, U. of London). DAMTP-2000-92, QMW-PH-00-10. Oct 2000. 40 pp. Published in Phys.Rev. D63 (2001) 083504. arXiv:hep-th/0010232, DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.63.083504
Large N cosmology.
S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U., DAMTP). Sep 2000. Prepared for Conference: C00-09-04.4
Brane new world.
S.W. Hawking, T. Hertog, H.S. Reall (Cambridge U., DAMTP). DAMTP-2000-25. Mar 2000. 28 pp.Published in Phys.Rev. D62 (2000) 043501. arXiv:hep-th/0003052, DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.62.043501
Gravitational waves in open de Sitter space.
S.W. Hawking, Thomas Hertog, Neil Turok (Cambridge U., DAMTP). Mar 2000. 17 pp. Published in Phys.Rev. D62 (2000) 063502. arXiv:hep-th/0003016, DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.62.063502
de Sitter entropy, quantum entanglement and AdS / CFT.
Stephen Hawking (Cambridge U., DAMTP), Juan Martin Maldacena, Andrew Strominger (Harvard U.). Feb 2000. 14 pp. Published in JHEP 0105 (2001) 001. arXiv:hep-th/0002145, DOI: 10.1088/1126-6708/2001/05/001
Stability of AdS and phase transitions.
S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U., DAMTP). 2000. Published in Class.Quant.Grav. 17 (2000) 1093-1099, DOI: 10.1088/0264-9381/17/5/318
Trace anomaly driven inflation.
S.W. Hawking, T. Hertog (Cambridge U., DAMTP), H.S. Reall (Queen Mary, U. of London). DAMTP-2000-92, QMW-PH-00-10. Oct 2000. 40 pp. Published in Phys.Rev. D63 (2001) 083504. arXiv:hep-th/0010232, DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.63.083504
Large N cosmology.
S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U., DAMTP). Sep 2000. Prepared for Conference: C00-09-04.4
Brane new world.
S.W. Hawking, T. Hertog, H.S. Reall (Cambridge U., DAMTP). DAMTP-2000-25. Mar 2000. 28 pp.Published in Phys.Rev. D62 (2000) 043501. arXiv:hep-th/0003052, DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.62.043501
Gravitational waves in open de Sitter space.
S.W. Hawking, Thomas Hertog, Neil Turok (Cambridge U., DAMTP). Mar 2000. 17 pp. Published in Phys.Rev. D62 (2000) 063502. arXiv:hep-th/0003016, DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.62.063502
de Sitter entropy, quantum entanglement and AdS / CFT.
Stephen Hawking (Cambridge U., DAMTP), Juan Martin Maldacena, Andrew Strominger (Harvard U.). Feb 2000. 14 pp. Published in JHEP 0105 (2001) 001. arXiv:hep-th/0002145, DOI: 10.1088/1126-6708/2001/05/001
Stability of AdS and phase transitions.
S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U., DAMTP). 2000. Published in Class.Quant.Grav. 17 (2000) 1093-1099, DOI: 10.1088/0264-9381/17/5/318
rane world black holes.
B A. Chamblin, S.W. Hawking, H.S. Reall (Cambridge U., DAMTP). DAMTP-1999-133. Sep 1999. 9 pp. Published in Phys.Rev. D61 (2000) 065007. arXiv:hep-th/9909205, DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.61.065007
Charged and rotating AdS black holes and their CFT duals.
S.W. Hawking, H.S. Reall (Cambridge U., DAMTP). DAMTP-R-99-108. Aug 1999. 18 pp. Published in Phys.Rev. D61 (2000) 024014. arXiv:hep-th/9908109, DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.61.024014
Primordial black holes: Pair creation, Lorentzian condition, and evaporation.
R. Bousso (Stanford U., Phys. Dept.), S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U.). 1999. Published in Int.J.Theor.Phys. 38 (1999) 1227-, DOI:10.1023/A:1026618832525
rane world black holes.
B A. Chamblin, S.W. Hawking, H.S. Reall (Cambridge U., DAMTP). DAMTP-1999-133. Sep 1999. 9 pp. Published in Phys.Rev. D61 (2000) 065007. arXiv:hep-th/9909205, DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.61.065007
Charged and rotating AdS black holes and their CFT duals.
S.W. Hawking, H.S. Reall (Cambridge U., DAMTP). DAMTP-R-99-108. Aug 1999. 18 pp. Published in Phys.Rev. D61 (2000) 024014. arXiv:hep-th/9908109, DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.61.024014
Primordial black holes: Pair creation, Lorentzian condition, and evaporation.
R. Bousso (Stanford U., Phys. Dept.), S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U.). 1999. Published in Int.J.Theor.Phys. 38 (1999) 1227-, DOI:10.1023/A:1026618832525
A debate on open inflation.
S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U., DAMTP). Nov 1998. Published in AIP Conf.Proc. 478 (1999) 15-22
Rotation and the AdS / CFT correspondence.
S.W. Hawking, C.J. Hunter, Marika Taylor (Cambridge U., DAMTP). Nov 1998. 24 pp. Published in Phys.Rev. D59 (1999) 064005. arXiv:hep-th/9811056, DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.59.064005
Nut charge, anti-de Sitter space and entropy.
S.W. Hawking, C.J. Hunter (Cambridge U.), Don N. Page (Alberta U.). DAMTP-98-122. Sep 1998. 13 pp. Published in Phys.Rev. D59 (1999) 044033. arXiv:hep-th/9809035, DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.59.044033
Gravitational entropy and global structure.
S.W. Hawking, C.J. Hunter (Cambridge U.). DAMTP-98-104. Aug 1998. 19 pp. Published in Phys.Rev. D59 (1999) 044025. arXiv:hep-th/9808085, DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.59.044025
Open inflation.
S.W. Hawking (CAMBRIDGE U.). Aug 1998. Prepared for 2nd Samos Meeting on Cosmology, Geometry and Re Conference: C98-08-31.4
Lorentzian condition in quantum gravity.
Raphael Bousso (Stanford U., Phys. Dept.), Stephen W. Hawking (Cambridge U.). SU-ITP-98-26, DAMTP-98-87. Jul 1998. 14 pp. Published in Phys.Rev. D59 (1999) 103501, Erratum-ibid. D60 (1999) 109903. arXiv:hep-th/9807148, DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.60.109903, 10.1103/PhysRevD.59.103501
Inflation, singular instantons and eleven-dimensional cosmology.
S.W. Hawking, Harvey S. Reall (Cambridge U.). DAMTP-98-85. Jul 1998. 19 pp. Published in Phys.Rev. D59 (1999) 023502. arXiv:hep-th/9807100, DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.59.023502
Open inflation, the four form and the cosmological constant.
Neil Turok, S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U.). Mar 1998. 11 pp. Published in Phys.Lett. B432 (1998) 271-278. arXiv:hep-th/9803156, DOI: 10.1016/S0370-2693(98)00651-0
Open inflation without false vacua.
S.W. Hawking, Neil Turok (Cambridge U.). Feb 1998. 10 pp. Published in Phys.Lett. B425 (1998) 25-32. arXiv:hep-th/9802030, DOI: 10.1016/S0370-2693(98)00234-2
Comment on 'quantum creation of an open universe', by Andrei Linde.
S.W. Hawking, Neil Turok (Cambridge U.). Feb 1998. 4 pp. arXiv:gr-qc/9802062
Is information lost in black holes?.
S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U.). 1998. Published in In *Wald, R.M. (ed.): Black holes and relativistic stars* 221-240
A debate on open inflation.
S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U., DAMTP). Nov 1998. Published in AIP Conf.Proc. 478 (1999) 15-22
Rotation and the AdS / CFT correspondence.
S.W. Hawking, C.J. Hunter, Marika Taylor (Cambridge U., DAMTP). Nov 1998. 24 pp. Published in Phys.Rev. D59 (1999) 064005. arXiv:hep-th/9811056, DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.59.064005
Nut charge, anti-de Sitter space and entropy.
S.W. Hawking, C.J. Hunter (Cambridge U.), Don N. Page (Alberta U.). DAMTP-98-122. Sep 1998. 13 pp. Published in Phys.Rev. D59 (1999) 044033. arXiv:hep-th/9809035, DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.59.044033
Gravitational entropy and global structure.
S.W. Hawking, C.J. Hunter (Cambridge U.). DAMTP-98-104. Aug 1998. 19 pp. Published in Phys.Rev. D59 (1999) 044025. arXiv:hep-th/9808085, DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.59.044025
Open inflation.
S.W. Hawking (CAMBRIDGE U.). Aug 1998. Prepared for 2nd Samos Meeting on Cosmology, Geometry and Re Conference: C98-08-31.4
Lorentzian condition in quantum gravity.
Raphael Bousso (Stanford U., Phys. Dept.), Stephen W. Hawking (Cambridge U.). SU-ITP-98-26, DAMTP-98-87. Jul 1998. 14 pp. Published in Phys.Rev. D59 (1999) 103501, Erratum-ibid. D60 (1999) 109903. arXiv:hep-th/9807148, DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.60.109903, 10.1103/PhysRevD.59.103501
Inflation, singular instantons and eleven-dimensional cosmology.
S.W. Hawking, Harvey S. Reall (Cambridge U.). DAMTP-98-85. Jul 1998. 19 pp. Published in Phys.Rev. D59 (1999) 023502. arXiv:hep-th/9807100, DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.59.023502
Open inflation, the four form and the cosmological constant.
Neil Turok, S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U.). Mar 1998. 11 pp. Published in Phys.Lett. B432 (1998) 271-278. arXiv:hep-th/9803156, DOI: 10.1016/S0370-2693(98)00651-0
Open inflation without false vacua.
S.W. Hawking, Neil Turok (Cambridge U.). Feb 1998. 10 pp. Published in Phys.Lett. B425 (1998) 25-32. arXiv:hep-th/9802030, DOI: 10.1016/S0370-2693(98)00234-2
Comment on 'quantum creation of an open universe', by Andrei Linde.
S.W. Hawking, Neil Turok (Cambridge U.). Feb 1998. 4 pp. arXiv:gr-qc/9802062
Is information lost in black holes?.
S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U.). 1998. Published in In *Wald, R.M. (ed.): Black holes and relativistic stars* 221-240
Bulk charges in eleven-dimensions.
S.W. Hawking, Marika Taylor (Cambridge U.). DAMTP-R-97-52. Nov 1997. 26 pp. Published in Phys.Rev. D58 (1998) 025006. arXiv:hep-th/9711042, DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.58.025006
Evaporation of cosmological black holes.
R. Bousso (Stanford U., Phys. Dept.), S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U., DAMTP). Nov 1997. 14 pp. Prepared for Conference: C97-11-11.1
(Anti)evaporation of Schwarzschild-de Sitter black holes.
Raphael Bousso, Stephen W. Hawking (Cambridge U.). DAMTP-R-97-26. Sep 1997. 16 pp. Published in Phys.Rev. D57 (1998) 2436-2442. arXiv:hep-th/9709224, DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.57.2436
Models for chronology selection.
M.J. Cassidy, S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U.). DAMTP-R-97-47. Sep 1997. 20 pp.Published in Phys.Rev. D57 (1998) 2372-2380. arXiv:hep-th/9709066, DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.57.2372
Evaporation of primordial black holes.
S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U., DAMTP). Aug 1997. Prepared for 6th Conference on Quantum Mechanics of Conference: C97-11-11.1
Trace anomaly of dilaton coupled scalars in two-dimensions.
Raphael Bousso, Stephen W. Hawking (Cambridge U.). DAMTP-R-97-25. May 1997. 11 pp. Published in Phys.Rev. D56 (1997) 7788-7791. arXiv:hep-th/9705236, DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.56.7788
Loss of quantum coherence through scattering off virtual black holes.
S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U.), Simon F. Ross (UC, Santa Barbara). DAMTP-R-97-21, UCSB-TH-97-08. May 1997. 29 pp. Published in Phys.Rev. D56 (1997) 6403-6415. arXiv:hep-th/9705147, DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.56.6403
Evolution of near extremal black holes.
S.W. Hawking, Marika Taylor (Cambridge U.). DAMTP-R-96-56. Feb 1997. 25 pp. Published in Phys.Rev. D55 (1997) 7680-7692. arXiv:hep-th/9702045, DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.55.7680
Evaporation of cosmological black holes.
R. Bousso (Stanford U., Phys. Dept.), S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U., DAMTP). 1997. Published in In *Ambleside 1997, Particle physics and the early universe* 481-494
Bulk charges in eleven-dimensions.
S.W. Hawking, Marika Taylor (Cambridge U.). DAMTP-R-97-52. Nov 1997. 26 pp. Published in Phys.Rev. D58 (1998) 025006. arXiv:hep-th/9711042, DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.58.025006
Evaporation of cosmological black holes.
R. Bousso (Stanford U., Phys. Dept.), S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U., DAMTP). Nov 1997. 14 pp. Prepared for Conference: C97-11-11.1
(Anti)evaporation of Schwarzschild-de Sitter black holes.
Raphael Bousso, Stephen W. Hawking (Cambridge U.). DAMTP-R-97-26. Sep 1997. 16 pp. Published in Phys.Rev. D57 (1998) 2436-2442. arXiv:hep-th/9709224, DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.57.2436
Models for chronology selection.
M.J. Cassidy, S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U.). DAMTP-R-97-47. Sep 1997. 20 pp.Published in Phys.Rev. D57 (1998) 2372-2380. arXiv:hep-th/9709066, DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.57.2372
Evaporation of primordial black holes.
S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U., DAMTP). Aug 1997. Prepared for 6th Conference on Quantum Mechanics of Conference: C97-11-11.1
Trace anomaly of dilaton coupled scalars in two-dimensions.
Raphael Bousso, Stephen W. Hawking (Cambridge U.). DAMTP-R-97-25. May 1997. 11 pp. Published in Phys.Rev. D56 (1997) 7788-7791. arXiv:hep-th/9705236, DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.56.7788
Loss of quantum coherence through scattering off virtual black holes.
S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U.), Simon F. Ross (UC, Santa Barbara). DAMTP-R-97-21, UCSB-TH-97-08. May 1997. 29 pp. Published in Phys.Rev. D56 (1997) 6403-6415. arXiv:hep-th/9705147, DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.56.6403
Evolution of near extremal black holes.
S.W. Hawking, Marika Taylor (Cambridge U.). DAMTP-R-96-56. Feb 1997. 25 pp. Published in Phys.Rev. D55 (1997) 7680-7692. arXiv:hep-th/9702045, DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.55.7680
Evaporation of cosmological black holes.
R. Bousso (Stanford U., Phys. Dept.), S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U., DAMTP). 1997. Published in In *Ambleside 1997, Particle physics and the early universe* 481-494
The Nature of space and time.
S.W. Hawking, R. Penrose. Jul 1996. Published in Sci.Am. 275 (1996) 44-49
Pair creation of black holes during inflation.
Raphael Bousso, Stephen W. Hawking (Cambridge U.). DAMTP-R-96-33. Jun 1996. 29 pp. Published in Phys.Rev. D54 (1996) 6312-6322
Loss of information in black holes.
S. Hawking (Cambridge U., DAMTP). Jun 1996. Prepared for Conference on Geometric Issues in Foundations Conference: C96-06-25.2
Primordial black holes: Tunneling versus no boundary proposal.
Raphael Bousso, Stephen W. Hawking (Cambridge U., DAMTP). DAMTP-R-96-34, C96-05-25. May 1996. 14 pp. Published in Grav.Cosmol.Suppl. 4 (1998) 28-37. arXiv:gr-qc/9608009
Pair creation and evolution of black holes in inflation.
Raphael Bousso, Stephen W. Hawking (Cambridge U.). DAMTP-R-96-35, C96-05-26. May 1996. 8 pp. Published in Helv.Phys.Acta 69 (1996) 261-264. arXiv:gr-qc/9608008, DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.54.6312
The Gravitational Hamiltonian in the presence of nonorthogonal boundaries.
S.W. Hawking, C.J. Hunter (Cambridge U.). DAMTP-R-96-9. Mar 1996. 19 pp. Published in Class.Quant.Grav. 13 (1996) 2735-2752. arXiv:gr-qc/9603050, DOI: 10.1088/0264-9381/13/10/012
Black holes in inflation.
R. Bousso, S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U., DAMTP). 1996. Published in Nucl.Phys.Proc.Suppl. 57 (1997) 201-205, DOI: 10.1016/S0920-5632(97)00377-0
The Nature of space and time.
S. Hawking, R. Penrose. 1996. Published in Princeton, USA: Univ. Pr. (1996) 141 p. (The Isaac Newton Institute series of lectures)
The Nature of space and time.
S.W. Hawking, R. Penrose. Jul 1996. Published in Sci.Am. 275 (1996) 44-49
Pair creation of black holes during inflation.
Raphael Bousso, Stephen W. Hawking (Cambridge U.). DAMTP-R-96-33. Jun 1996. 29 pp. Published in Phys.Rev. D54 (1996) 6312-6322
Loss of information in black holes.
S. Hawking (Cambridge U., DAMTP). Jun 1996. Prepared for Conference on Geometric Issues in Foundations Conference: C96-06-25.2
Primordial black holes: Tunneling versus no boundary proposal.
Raphael Bousso, Stephen W. Hawking (Cambridge U., DAMTP). DAMTP-R-96-34, C96-05-25. May 1996. 14 pp. Published in Grav.Cosmol.Suppl. 4 (1998) 28-37. arXiv:gr-qc/9608009
Pair creation and evolution of black holes in inflation.
Raphael Bousso, Stephen W. Hawking (Cambridge U.). DAMTP-R-96-35, C96-05-26. May 1996. 8 pp. Published in Helv.Phys.Acta 69 (1996) 261-264. arXiv:gr-qc/9608008, DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.54.6312
The Gravitational Hamiltonian in the presence of nonorthogonal boundaries.
S.W. Hawking, C.J. Hunter (Cambridge U.). DAMTP-R-96-9. Mar 1996. 19 pp. Published in Class.Quant.Grav. 13 (1996) 2735-2752. arXiv:gr-qc/9603050, DOI: 10.1088/0264-9381/13/10/012
Black holes in inflation.
R. Bousso, S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U., DAMTP). 1996. Published in Nucl.Phys.Proc.Suppl. 57 (1997) 201-205, DOI: 10.1016/S0920-5632(97)00377-0
The Nature of space and time.
S. Hawking, R. Penrose. 1996. Published in Princeton, USA: Univ. Pr. (1996) 141 p. (The Isaac Newton Institute series of lectures)
Virtual black holes.
S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U.). DAMTP-R-95-50. Oct 1995. 24 pp. Published in Phys.Rev. D53 (1996) 3099-3107. arXiv:hep-th/9510029, DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.53.3099
Black holes and baby universes and other essays.
S. Hawking. 1995. Published in Toronto, Canada: Bantam Books (1994) 172 p, ISBN-13: 978-0553374117
The Probability for primordial black holes.
R. Bousso, S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U.). DAMTP-R-95-33. Jun 1995. 15 pp. Published in Phys.Rev. D52 (1995) 5659-5664. arXiv:gr-qc/9506047, DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.52.5659
Pair production of black holes on cosmic strings.
S.W. Hawking, Simon F. Ross (Cambridge U.). DAMTP-R-95-30. Jun 1995. 9 pp. Published in Phys.Rev.Lett. 75 (1995) 3382-3385. arXiv:gr-qc/9506020, DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.75.3382
Duality between electric and magnetic black holes.
S.W. Hawking, Simon F. Ross (Cambridge U.). DAMTP-R-95-8. Apr 1995. 16 pp. Published in Phys.Rev. D52 (1995) 5865-5876. arXiv:hep-th/9504019, DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.52.5865
The Gravitational Hamiltonian, action, entropy and surface terms.
S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U.), Gary T. Horowitz (UC, Santa Barbara). DAMTP-R-94-52, UCSBTH-94-37. Jan 1995. 13 pp. Published in Class.Quant.Grav. 13 (1996) 1487-1498. arXiv:gr-qc/9501014, DOI: 10.1088/0264-9381/13/6/017
Quantum coherence and closed timelike curves.
S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U.). DAMTP-R-95-04. Jan 1995. 12 pp. Published in Phys.Rev. D52 (1995) 5681-5686. arXiv:gr-qc/9502017, DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.52.5681
Virtual black holes.
S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U.). DAMTP-R-95-50. Oct 1995. 24 pp. Published in Phys.Rev. D53 (1996) 3099-3107. arXiv:hep-th/9510029, DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.53.3099
Black holes and baby universes and other essays.
S. Hawking. 1995. Published in Toronto, Canada: Bantam Books (1994) 172 p, ISBN-13: 978-0553374117
The Probability for primordial black holes.
R. Bousso, S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U.). DAMTP-R-95-33. Jun 1995. 15 pp. Published in Phys.Rev. D52 (1995) 5659-5664. arXiv:gr-qc/9506047, DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.52.5659
Pair production of black holes on cosmic strings.
S.W. Hawking, Simon F. Ross (Cambridge U.). DAMTP-R-95-30. Jun 1995. 9 pp. Published in Phys.Rev.Lett. 75 (1995) 3382-3385. arXiv:gr-qc/9506020, DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.75.3382
Duality between electric and magnetic black holes.
S.W. Hawking, Simon F. Ross (Cambridge U.). DAMTP-R-95-8. Apr 1995. 16 pp. Published in Phys.Rev. D52 (1995) 5865-5876. arXiv:hep-th/9504019, DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.52.5865
The Gravitational Hamiltonian, action, entropy and surface terms.
S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U.), Gary T. Horowitz (UC, Santa Barbara). DAMTP-R-94-52, UCSBTH-94-37. Jan 1995. 13 pp. Published in Class.Quant.Grav. 13 (1996) 1487-1498. arXiv:gr-qc/9501014, DOI: 10.1088/0264-9381/13/6/017
Quantum coherence and closed timelike curves.
S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U.). DAMTP-R-95-04. Jan 1995. 12 pp. Published in Phys.Rev. D52 (1995) 5681-5686. arXiv:gr-qc/9502017, DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.52.5681
Entropy, Area, and black hole pairs.
S.W. Hawking, Gary T. Horowitz (Newton Inst. Math. Sci., Cambridge), Simon F. Ross (Cambridge U.). NI-94-012, DAMTP-R-94-26, UCSBTH-94-25. Sep 1994. 24 pp. Published in Phys.Rev. D51 (1995) 4302-4314. arXiv:gr-qc/9409013, DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.51.4302
Nature of space and time.
S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U.). Sep 1994. 62 pp. arXiv:hep-th/9409195
Euclidean quantum gravity.
G.W. Gibbons, (ed.), S.W. Hawking, (ed.) (Cambridge U.). 1994. Published in Singapore, Singapore: World Scientific (1993) 586 p
Entropy, Area, and black hole pairs.
S.W. Hawking, Gary T. Horowitz (Newton Inst. Math. Sci., Cambridge), Simon F. Ross (Cambridge U.). NI-94-012, DAMTP-R-94-26, UCSBTH-94-25. Sep 1994. 24 pp. Published in Phys.Rev. D51 (1995) 4302-4314. arXiv:gr-qc/9409013, DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.51.4302
Nature of space and time.
S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U.). Sep 1994. 62 pp. arXiv:hep-th/9409195
Euclidean quantum gravity.
G.W. Gibbons, (ed.), S.W. Hawking, (ed.) (Cambridge U.). 1994. Published in Singapore, Singapore: World Scientific (1993) 586 p
The Superscattering matrix for two-dimensional black holes.
S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U. & Caltech). Nov 1993. 12 pp. Published in Phys.Rev. D50 (1994) 3982-3986. arXiv:hep-th/9401109, DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.50.3982
Quantum coherence in two-dimensions.
S.W. Hawking, J.D. Hayward (Cambridge U. & Caltech). CALT-68-1861, DAMTP-R-93-12. Mar 1993. 14 pp. Published in Phys.Rev. D49 (1994) 5252-5256. arXiv:hep-th/9305165, DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.49.5252
Supersymmetric Bianchi models and the square root of the Wheeler-DeWitt equation.
P.D. D'Eath, S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U.), O. Obregon (Guanajuato U., FIMEE). DAMTP-R-92-44. Feb 23, 1993. 11 pp. Published in Phys.Lett. B300 (1993) 44-48, DOI: 10.1016/0370-2693(93)90746-5
The Origin of time asymmetry.
S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U.), R. Laflamme (Cambridge U. & Los Alamos), G.W. Lyons (Cambridge U.). PRINT-93-0178 (DAMTP,CAMBRIDGE). Feb 12, 1993. 41 pp. Published in Phys.Rev. D47 (1993) 5342-5356. arXiv:gr-qc/9301017, DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.47.5342
Einstein's dream: Expeditions to the frontiers of space-time. Black holes and baby universes and other essays. (In German).
S.W. Hawking. 1993. Published in Reinbek, Germany: Rowohlt (1993) 190 p
The Superscattering matrix for two-dimensional black holes.
S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U. & Caltech). Nov 1993. 12 pp. Published in Phys.Rev. D50 (1994) 3982-3986. arXiv:hep-th/9401109, DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.50.3982
Quantum coherence in two-dimensions.
S.W. Hawking, J.D. Hayward (Cambridge U. & Caltech). CALT-68-1861, DAMTP-R-93-12. Mar 1993. 14 pp. Published in Phys.Rev. D49 (1994) 5252-5256. arXiv:hep-th/9305165, DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.49.5252
Supersymmetric Bianchi models and the square root of the Wheeler-DeWitt equation.
P.D. D'Eath, S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U.), O. Obregon (Guanajuato U., FIMEE). DAMTP-R-92-44. Feb 23, 1993. 11 pp. Published in Phys.Lett. B300 (1993) 44-48, DOI: 10.1016/0370-2693(93)90746-5
The Origin of time asymmetry.
S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U.), R. Laflamme (Cambridge U. & Los Alamos), G.W. Lyons (Cambridge U.). PRINT-93-0178 (DAMTP,CAMBRIDGE). Feb 12, 1993. 41 pp. Published in Phys.Rev. D47 (1993) 5342-5356. arXiv:gr-qc/9301017, DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.47.5342
Einstein's dream: Expeditions to the frontiers of space-time. Black holes and baby universes and other essays. (In German).
S.W. Hawking. 1993. Published in Reinbek, Germany: Rowohlt (1993) 190 p
Naked and thunderbolt singularities in black hole evaporation.
S.W. Hawking, J.M. Stewart (Cambridge U.). PRINT-92-0362 (DAMTP,CAMBRIDGE), DAMTP-R-92-37. Jul 1992. 28 pp. Published in Nucl.Phys. B400 (1993) 393-415. arXiv:hep-th/9207105, DOI: 10.1016/0550-3213(93)90410-Q
Evaporation of two-dimensional black holes.
S.W. Hawking (Caltech & Cambridge U.). CALT-68-1774. Mar 20, 1992. 11 pp. Published in Phys.Rev.Lett. 69 (1992) 406-409. arXiv:hep-th/9203052, DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.69.406
Kinks and topology change.
G.W. Gibbons, S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U.). 1992. Published in Phys.Rev.Lett. 69 (1992) 1719-1721, DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.69.1719
Evaporation of two-dimensional black holes.
S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U.). 1992. Published in In *Trieste 1992, Proceedings, The renaissance of general relativity and cosmology* 274-286
Naked and thunderbolt singularities in black hole evaporation.
S.W. Hawking, J.M. Stewart (Cambridge U.). PRINT-92-0362 (DAMTP,CAMBRIDGE), DAMTP-R-92-37. Jul 1992. 28 pp. Published in Nucl.Phys. B400 (1993) 393-415. arXiv:hep-th/9207105, DOI: 10.1016/0550-3213(93)90410-Q
Evaporation of two-dimensional black holes.
S.W. Hawking (Caltech & Cambridge U.). CALT-68-1774. Mar 20, 1992. 11 pp. Published in Phys.Rev.Lett. 69 (1992) 406-409. arXiv:hep-th/9203052, DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.69.406
Kinks and topology change.
G.W. Gibbons, S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U.). 1992. Published in Phys.Rev.Lett. 69 (1992) 1719-1721, DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.69.1719
Evaporation of two-dimensional black holes.
S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U.). 1992. Published in In *Trieste 1992, Proceedings, The renaissance of general relativity and cosmology* 274-286
Selection rules for topology change.
G.W. Gibbons, S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U.). PRINT-91-0452 (DAMTP,CAMBRIDGE). Nov 12, 1991. 14 pp. Published in Commun.Math.Phys. 148 (1992) 345-352, DOI: 10.1007/BF02100864
The no boundary condition and the arrow of time.
S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U., DAMTP). Sep 1991. Prepared for NATO Workshop on the Physical Origin of Conference: C91-09-30.4
The Chronology protection conjecture.
S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U.). DAMTP-R-91-15. Jul 1991. 24 pp.Published in Phys.Rev. D46 (1992) 603-611, DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.46.603
Wormholes in string theory.
Alex Lyons (Alberta U.), S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U.). ALBERTA-THY-5-91. May 1991. 40 pp. Published in Phys.Rev. D44 (1991) 3802-3818, DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.44.3802
The Alpha parameters of wormholes.
S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U.). 1991. Published in Phys.Scripta T36 (1991) 222-227, DOI: 10.1088/0031-8949/1991/T36/023
The chronology protection conjecture.
S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U., DAMTP). 1991. Published in In *Kyoto 1991, Recent developments in theoretical and experimental general relativity, gravitation and relativistic field theories, pt. A* 3-13
Beginning or end? Inaugural lecture. (In German).
S. Hawking, (ed.) (Cambridge U.). 1991. Published in Paderborn, Germany: Junfermann (1991) 43 p
Selection rules for topology change.
G.W. Gibbons, S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U.). PRINT-91-0452 (DAMTP,CAMBRIDGE). Nov 12, 1991. 14 pp. Published in Commun.Math.Phys. 148 (1992) 345-352, DOI: 10.1007/BF02100864
The no boundary condition and the arrow of time.
S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U., DAMTP). Sep 1991. Prepared for NATO Workshop on the Physical Origin of Conference: C91-09-30.4
The Chronology protection conjecture.
S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U.). DAMTP-R-91-15. Jul 1991. 24 pp.Published in Phys.Rev. D46 (1992) 603-611, DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.46.603
Wormholes in string theory.
Alex Lyons (Alberta U.), S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U.). ALBERTA-THY-5-91. May 1991. 40 pp. Published in Phys.Rev. D44 (1991) 3802-3818, DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.44.3802
The Alpha parameters of wormholes.
S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U.). 1991. Published in Phys.Scripta T36 (1991) 222-227, DOI: 10.1088/0031-8949/1991/T36/023
The chronology protection conjecture.
S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U., DAMTP). 1991. Published in In *Kyoto 1991, Recent developments in theoretical and experimental general relativity, gravitation and relativistic field theories, pt. A* 3-13
Beginning or end? Inaugural lecture. (In German).
S. Hawking, (ed.) (Cambridge U.). 1991. Published in Paderborn, Germany: Junfermann (1991) 43 p
The Effective action for wormholes.
S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U.). PRINT-90-0682 (CAMBRIDGE). Nov 23, 1990. 19 pp. Published in Nucl.Phys. B363 (1991) 117-131, DOI: 10.1016/0550-3213(91)90237-R
The beginning of the universe.
S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U., DAMTP). Sep 1990. Prepared for (IUPAP) International Conference on Primordial Conference: C90-09-04.2
The spectrum of wormholes.
S.W. Hawking (Santa Barbara, KITP & Cambridge U.), Don N. Page (Santa Barbara, KITP & Penn State U. & Alberta U.). NSF-ITP-90-76. Jun 17, 1990. 37 pp. Published in Phys.Rev. D42 (1990) 2655-2663, DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.42.2655
Gravitational radiation from collapsing cosmic string loops.
S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U.). DAMTP/R-90-14. Apr 1990. 7 pp. Published in Phys.Lett. B246 (1990) 36-38, DOI: 10.1016/0370-2693(90)91304-T
Wormholes and nonsimply connected manifolds.
S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U.). DAMTP-R-90-13. Jan 1990. 23 pp. Published in In *Jerusalem 1989, Proceedings, Quantum cosmology and baby universes* 245-267 and Cambridge Univ. - DAMTP-R-90-13 (90,rec.Jul.) 23 p
Baby universes. 2.
S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U.). 1990. Published in Mod.Phys.Lett. A5 (1990) 453-466, DOI: 10.1142/S0217732390000524
Wormholes in dimensions 1 - 4.
S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U.). 1990. Published in In *Boston 1990, Proceedings, Particles, strings and cosmology* 623-634. (see HIGH ENERGY PHYSICS INDEX 29 (1991) No.9950)
The Formation and evolution of cosmic strings. Proceedings, Workshop, Cambridge, UK, July 3-7, 1989.
G.W. Gibbons, (ed.), S.W. Hawking, (ed.), T. Vachaspati, (ed.) (Cambridge U. & Tufts U.). 1990. Published in Cambridge, UK: Univ. Pr. (1990) 542 p
The Effective action for wormholes.
S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U.). PRINT-90-0682 (CAMBRIDGE). Nov 23, 1990. 19 pp. Published in Nucl.Phys. B363 (1991) 117-131, DOI: 10.1016/0550-3213(91)90237-R
The beginning of the universe.
S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U., DAMTP). Sep 1990. Prepared for (IUPAP) International Conference on Primordial Conference: C90-09-04.2
The spectrum of wormholes.
S.W. Hawking (Santa Barbara, KITP & Cambridge U.), Don N. Page (Santa Barbara, KITP & Penn State U. & Alberta U.). NSF-ITP-90-76. Jun 17, 1990. 37 pp. Published in Phys.Rev. D42 (1990) 2655-2663, DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.42.2655
Gravitational radiation from collapsing cosmic string loops.
S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U.). DAMTP/R-90-14. Apr 1990. 7 pp. Published in Phys.Lett. B246 (1990) 36-38, DOI: 10.1016/0370-2693(90)91304-T
Wormholes and nonsimply connected manifolds.
S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U.). DAMTP-R-90-13. Jan 1990. 23 pp. Published in In *Jerusalem 1989, Proceedings, Quantum cosmology and baby universes* 245-267 and Cambridge Univ. - DAMTP-R-90-13 (90,rec.Jul.) 23 p
Baby universes. 2.
S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U.). 1990. Published in Mod.Phys.Lett. A5 (1990) 453-466, DOI: 10.1142/S0217732390000524
Wormholes in dimensions 1 - 4.
S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U.). 1990. Published in In *Boston 1990, Proceedings, Particles, strings and cosmology* 623-634. (see HIGH ENERGY PHYSICS INDEX 29 (1991) No.9950)
The Formation and evolution of cosmic strings. Proceedings, Workshop, Cambridge, UK, July 3-7, 1989.
G.W. Gibbons, (ed.), S.W. Hawking, (ed.), T. Vachaspati, (ed.) (Cambridge U. & Tufts U.). 1990. Published in Cambridge, UK: Univ. Pr. (1990) 542 p
Do Wormholes Fix The Constants Of Nature?
S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U.). Print-89-0795 (CAMBRIDGE), DAMTP/R-89/13. May 1989. 12 pp. Published in Nucl.Phys. B335 (1990) 155, DOI: 10.1016/0550-3213(90)90175-D
The Edge Of Space-time.
S. Hawking (Cambridge U.). 1989. Published in IN *DAVIES, P. (ED.): THE NEW PHYSICS* 61-69
Do Wormholes Fix The Constants Of Nature?
S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U.). Print-89-0795 (CAMBRIDGE), DAMTP/R-89/13. May 1989. 12 pp. Published in Nucl.Phys. B335 (1990) 155, DOI: 10.1016/0550-3213(90)90175-D
The Edge Of Space-time.
S. Hawking (Cambridge U.). 1989. Published in IN *DAVIES, P. (ED.): THE NEW PHYSICS* 61-69
Baby Universes And The Nonrenormalizability Of Gravity.
S.W. Hawking, R. Laflamme (Cambridge U.). Print-88-0290(CAMBRIDGE), DAMTP/R-88/3. Mar 1988. 6 pp. Published in Phys.Lett. B209 (1988) 39, DOI: 10.1016/0370-2693(88)91825-4
Wormholes in Space-Time.
S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U.). 1988. Published in Phys.Rev. D37 (1988) 904-910, DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.37.904
Baby universes.
S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U.). 1988. Published in In *Leningrad 1988, Proceedings, A.A. Friedmann:Centenary volume* 81-92.
ABrief History Of Time.
S.W. Hawking. 1988. Published by Bantam (Sep 1988) 212p, ISBN-13: 978-0553380163
Quantum Cosmology.
S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U.). 1988. Published in IN *FANG, LI-ZHI (ED.), RUFFINI, R. (ED.): QUANTUM COSMOLOGY*, 190-235 AND PREPRINT - HAWKING, S.W. (83,REC.DEC.) 64 P.
The Quantum Theory Of The Universe.
S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U.). 1988. Published in IN *JERUSALEM 1983/84, PROCEEDINGS, INTERSECTION BETWEEN ELEMENTARY PARTICLE PHYSICS AND COSMOLOGY*, 71-97.
Baby Universes And The Nonrenormalizability Of Gravity.
S.W. Hawking, R. Laflamme (Cambridge U.). Print-88-0290(CAMBRIDGE), DAMTP/R-88/3. Mar 1988. 6 pp. Published in Phys.Lett. B209 (1988) 39, DOI: 10.1016/0370-2693(88)91825-4
Wormholes in Space-Time.
S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U.). 1988. Published in Phys.Rev. D37 (1988) 904-910, DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.37.904
Baby universes.
S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U.). 1988. Published in In *Leningrad 1988, Proceedings, A.A. Friedmann:Centenary volume* 81-92.
ABrief History Of Time.
S.W. Hawking. 1988. Published by Bantam (Sep 1988) 212p, ISBN-13: 978-0553380163
Quantum Cosmology.
S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U.). 1988. Published in IN *FANG, LI-ZHI (ED.), RUFFINI, R. (ED.): QUANTUM COSMOLOGY*, 190-235 AND PREPRINT - HAWKING, S.W. (83,REC.DEC.) 64 P.
The Quantum Theory Of The Universe.
S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U.). 1988. Published in IN *JERUSALEM 1983/84, PROCEEDINGS, INTERSECTION BETWEEN ELEMENTARY PARTICLE PHYSICS AND COSMOLOGY*, 71-97.
Black Holes From Cosmic Strings.
S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U.). Print-88-0310 (CAMBRIDGE). Dec 1987. 5 pp.Published in Phys.Lett. B231 (1989) 237, DOI: 10.1016/0370-2693(89)90206-2
The Direction Of Time.
S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U.). Print-87-0849 (DAMTP). Nov 10, 1987. 10 pp. Published in New Sci. 115 (1987) 46
How probable is inflation?.
S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U.), Don N. Page (Penn State U.). Print-87-0739 (PENN STATE). Jun 1987. 30 pp. Published in Nucl.Phys. B298 (1988) 789-809, DOI: 10.1016/0550-3213(88)90008-9
The Origin Of The Universe.
S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U.). Print-87-0841 (CAMBRIDGE). Jun 1987. 10 pp.
The Ground State Of The Universe.
S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U.). Print-87-0845 (CAMBRIDGE), C87/05/01.2. May 1987. 3 pp. Closing Remarks given at Conference: C87-05-01.2
Quantum Coherence Down the Wormhole.
S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U.). Print-87-0842 (CAMBRIDGE). Apr 1987. 12 pp. Published in Phys.Lett. B195 (1987) 337, DOI: 10.1016/0370-2693(87)90028-1
The Schrodinger Equation In Quantum Cosmology And String Theory.
S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U.). Print-87-0843 (CAMBRIDGE). Mar 1987. 10 pp.
Three Hundred Years Of Gravitation.
S.W. Hawking, (Ed.), W. Israel, (Ed.). 1987. Published in Cambridge, UK: Univ. Pr. (1987) 684 p
Black Holes From Cosmic Strings.
S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U.). Print-88-0310 (CAMBRIDGE). Dec 1987. 5 pp.Published in Phys.Lett. B231 (1989) 237, DOI: 10.1016/0370-2693(89)90206-2
The Direction Of Time.
S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U.). Print-87-0849 (DAMTP). Nov 10, 1987. 10 pp. Published in New Sci. 115 (1987) 46
How probable is inflation?.
S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U.), Don N. Page (Penn State U.). Print-87-0739 (PENN STATE). Jun 1987. 30 pp. Published in Nucl.Phys. B298 (1988) 789-809, DOI: 10.1016/0550-3213(88)90008-9
The Origin Of The Universe.
S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U.). Print-87-0841 (CAMBRIDGE). Jun 1987. 10 pp.
The Ground State Of The Universe.
S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U.). Print-87-0845 (CAMBRIDGE), C87/05/01.2. May 1987. 3 pp. Closing Remarks given at Conference: C87-05-01.2
Quantum Coherence Down the Wormhole.
S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U.). Print-87-0842 (CAMBRIDGE). Apr 1987. 12 pp. Published in Phys.Lett. B195 (1987) 337, DOI: 10.1016/0370-2693(87)90028-1
The Schrodinger Equation In Quantum Cosmology And String Theory.
S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U.). Print-87-0843 (CAMBRIDGE). Mar 1987. 10 pp.
Three Hundred Years Of Gravitation.
S.W. Hawking, (Ed.), W. Israel, (Ed.). 1987. Published in Cambridge, UK: Univ. Pr. (1987) 684 p
Quantum Cosmology.
S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U.). Print-87-0166 (CAMBRIDGE), C87/06/29. Dec 1986. 31 pp.Published in In *Hawking, S.W. (ed.), Israel, W. (ed.): Three hundred years of gravitation*, 631-651 and Preprint - Hawking, S.W. (86,rec.Jan.87) 31 p
A Natural Measure On The Set Of All Universes.
G.W. Gibbons, S.W. Hawking, J.M. Stewart (Cambridge U.).PRINT-86-1241. Oct 14, 1986. 19 pp. Published in Nucl.Phys. B281 (1987) 736, DOI: 10.1016/0550-3213(87)90425-1
The Density Matrix Of The Universe.
S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U.). PRINT-86-0918 (CAMBRIDGE). Apr 1986. 10 pp. Published in Phys.Scripta T15 (1987) 151, DOI: 10.1088/0031-8949/1987/T15/020
Lectures On Quantum Cosmology.
S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U.). 1986. Published in In *Kyoto 1985, Proceedings, Quantum Gravity and Cosmology*, 170-206
Lectures On Quantum Cosmology
S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U.). 1986. Published in In *De Vega, H.j. ( Ed.), Sanchez, N. ( Ed.): Field Theory, Quantum Gravity and Strings*, 1-45
Quantum Cosmology.
S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U.). Print-87-0166 (CAMBRIDGE), C87/06/29. Dec 1986. 31 pp.Published in In *Hawking, S.W. (ed.), Israel, W. (ed.): Three hundred years of gravitation*, 631-651 and Preprint - Hawking, S.W. (86,rec.Jan.87) 31 p
A Natural Measure On The Set Of All Universes.
G.W. Gibbons, S.W. Hawking, J.M. Stewart (Cambridge U.).PRINT-86-1241. Oct 14, 1986. 19 pp. Published in Nucl.Phys. B281 (1987) 736, DOI: 10.1016/0550-3213(87)90425-1
The Density Matrix Of The Universe.
S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U.). PRINT-86-0918 (CAMBRIDGE). Apr 1986. 10 pp. Published in Phys.Scripta T15 (1987) 151, DOI: 10.1088/0031-8949/1987/T15/020
Lectures On Quantum Cosmology.
S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U.). 1986. Published in In *Kyoto 1985, Proceedings, Quantum Gravity and Cosmology*, 170-206
Lectures On Quantum Cosmology
S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U.). 1986. Published in In *De Vega, H.j. ( Ed.), Sanchez, N. ( Ed.): Field Theory, Quantum Gravity and Strings*, 1-45
Who's Afraid Of (higher Derivative) Ghosts?.
Operator Ordering and the Flatness of the Universe.
S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U.), Don N. Page (Penn State U.). PRINT-85-0503 (PENN-STATE). Apr 1985. 21 pp. Published in Nucl.Phys. B264 (1986) 185-196, DOI: 10.1016/0550-3213(86)90478-5
The Arrow Of Time In Cosmology.
S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U.). Print-85-0492 (CAMBRIDGE). Apr 1985.23 pp.Published in Phys.Rev. D32 (1985) 2489, DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.32.2489
Quantum Cosmology - Beyond Minisuperspace.
J. Halliwell, S. Hawking (Cambridge U.). 1985. Published in In *Rome 1985, Proceedings, General Relativity, Pt. A*, 65-83
The Quantum Mechanics Of The Universe.
S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U.). 1985. Published in In *Geneva 1983, Proceedings, Large-scale Structure Of The Universe, Cosmology and Fundamental Physics*, 415-422
Who's Afraid Of (higher Derivative) Ghosts?.
Operator Ordering and the Flatness of the Universe.
S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U.), Don N. Page (Penn State U.). PRINT-85-0503 (PENN-STATE). Apr 1985. 21 pp. Published in Nucl.Phys. B264 (1986) 185-196, DOI: 10.1016/0550-3213(86)90478-5
The Arrow Of Time In Cosmology.
S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U.). Print-85-0492 (CAMBRIDGE). Apr 1985.23 pp.Published in Phys.Rev. D32 (1985) 2489, DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.32.2489
Quantum Cosmology - Beyond Minisuperspace.
J. Halliwell, S. Hawking (Cambridge U.). 1985. Published in In *Rome 1985, Proceedings, General Relativity, Pt. A*, 65-83
The Quantum Mechanics Of The Universe.
S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U.). 1985. Published in In *Geneva 1983, Proceedings, Large-scale Structure Of The Universe, Cosmology and Fundamental Physics*, 415-422
The Origin of Structure in the Universe.
J.J. Halliwell, S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U. & Munich, Max Planck Inst.). Print-85-0265 (CAMBRIDGE). Oct 1984. 48 pp. Published in Phys.Rev. D31 (1985) 1777, DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.31.1777
Limits On Inflationary Models Of The Universe.
S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U.). Print-85-0067 (CAMBRIDGE). Sep 1984. 8 pp. Published in Phys.Lett. B150 (1985) 339, DOI: 10.1016/0370-2693(85)90989-X
Higher Derivatives In Quantum Cosmology. 1. The Isotropic Case.
S.W. Hawking, J.C. Luttrell (Cambridge U.). Print-84-0711 (CAMBRIDGE). Aug 1984. 16 pp. Published in Nucl.Phys. B247 (1984) 250, DOI: 10.1016/0550-3213(84)90380-8
Nontrivial Topologies In Quantum Gravity.
S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U.). Print-84-0714 (CAMBRIDGE). Aug 1984. 16 pp. Published in Nucl.Phys. B244 (1984) 135, DOI: 10.1016/0550-3213(84)90185-8
NumericalCalculations Of Minisuperspace Cosmological Models.
S.W. Hawking, Z.C. Wu (Cambridge U.). Print-84-0913 (CAMBRIDGE). Jul 1984. 18 pp. Published in Phys.Lett. B151 (1985) 15, DOI: 10.1016/0370-2693(85)90815-9
The Isotropy Of The Universe.
Stephen W. Hawking, Julian C. Luttrell (Cambridge U.). Print-84-0479 (CAMBRIDGE). Jun 1984. 8 pp. Published in Phys.Lett. B143 (1984) 83, DOI: 10.1016/0370-2693(84)90809-8
The Cosmological Constant Is Probably Zero.
S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U.).Print-84-0116 (CAMBRIDGE). Feb 1984. 5 pp. Published in Phys.Lett. B134 (1984) 403, DOI: 10.1016/0370-2693(84)91370-4
Quantum Fluctuations As The Cause Of Inhomogeneity In The Universe.
J. Halliwell, S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U.). 1984. Published in In *Moscow 1984, Proceedings, Quantum Gravity*, 509-565
The Very Early Universe. Proceedings, Nuffield Workshop, Cambridge, Uk, June 21 - July 9, 1982.
G.W. Gibbons, (Ed.), S.W. Hawking, (Ed.), S.T.C. Siklos, (Ed.). 1984. Published in Cambridge, Uk: Univ. Pr. ( 1983) 480p
The Origin of Structure in the Universe.
J.J. Halliwell, S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U. & Munich, Max Planck Inst.). Print-85-0265 (CAMBRIDGE). Oct 1984. 48 pp. Published in Phys.Rev. D31 (1985) 1777, DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.31.1777
Limits On Inflationary Models Of The Universe.
S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U.). Print-85-0067 (CAMBRIDGE). Sep 1984. 8 pp. Published in Phys.Lett. B150 (1985) 339, DOI: 10.1016/0370-2693(85)90989-X
Higher Derivatives In Quantum Cosmology. 1. The Isotropic Case.
S.W. Hawking, J.C. Luttrell (Cambridge U.). Print-84-0711 (CAMBRIDGE). Aug 1984. 16 pp. Published in Nucl.Phys. B247 (1984) 250, DOI: 10.1016/0550-3213(84)90380-8
Nontrivial Topologies In Quantum Gravity.
S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U.). Print-84-0714 (CAMBRIDGE). Aug 1984. 16 pp. Published in Nucl.Phys. B244 (1984) 135, DOI: 10.1016/0550-3213(84)90185-8
NumericalCalculations Of Minisuperspace Cosmological Models.
S.W. Hawking, Z.C. Wu (Cambridge U.). Print-84-0913 (CAMBRIDGE). Jul 1984. 18 pp. Published in Phys.Lett. B151 (1985) 15, DOI: 10.1016/0370-2693(85)90815-9
The Isotropy Of The Universe.
Stephen W. Hawking, Julian C. Luttrell (Cambridge U.). Print-84-0479 (CAMBRIDGE). Jun 1984. 8 pp. Published in Phys.Lett. B143 (1984) 83, DOI: 10.1016/0370-2693(84)90809-8
The Cosmological Constant Is Probably Zero.
S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U.).Print-84-0116 (CAMBRIDGE). Feb 1984. 5 pp. Published in Phys.Lett. B134 (1984) 403, DOI: 10.1016/0370-2693(84)91370-4
Quantum Fluctuations As The Cause Of Inhomogeneity In The Universe.
J. Halliwell, S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U.). 1984. Published in In *Moscow 1984, Proceedings, Quantum Gravity*, 509-565
The Very Early Universe. Proceedings, Nuffield Workshop, Cambridge, Uk, June 21 - July 9, 1982.
G.W. Gibbons, (Ed.), S.W. Hawking, (Ed.), S.T.C. Siklos, (Ed.). 1984. Published in Cambridge, Uk: Univ. Pr. ( 1983) 480p
The Quantum State of the Universe.
S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U.). PRINT-84-0117 (CAMBRIDGE). Nov 1983. 28 pp. Published in Nucl.Phys. B239 (1984) 257, DOI: 10.1016/0550-3213(84)90093-2
The Unification Of Physics.
S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U.). Print-84-0115 (CAMBRIDGE). Aug 1983. 10 pp.
Wave Function of the Universe.
J.B. Hartle (Chicago U., EFI& Santa Barbara, KITP), S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U. & Santa Barbara, KITP). PRINT-83-0937 (CAMBRIDGE). Jul 983. 46 pp. Published in Phys.Rev. D28 (1983) 2960-2975, DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.28.2960
Quantum Cosmology.
S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U.). PRINT-84-0114 (CAMBRIDGE), C83-06-27.1. Jul 1983. 64 pp.Published in In *Les Houches 1983, Proceedings, Relativity, Groups and Topology, Ii*, 333-379 and Preprint - HAWKING, S.W. (83,REC.DEC.) 64p
Euclidean Approach To The Inflationary Universe.
S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U.). Print-83-0318 (CAMBRIDGE). Apr 1983. 10 pp. Published in In *Cambridge 1982, Proceedings, The Very Early Universe*, 287-296 and Preprint -HAWKING, S.W. (REC.APR.83) 12p
The Boundary Conditions For Gauged Supergravity.
S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U.). Print-83-0317 (CAMBRIDGE). Mar 1983. 11 pp. Published in Phys.Lett. B126 (1983) 175, DOI: 10.1016/0370-2693(83)90585-3
The Quantum State of the Universe.
S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U.). PRINT-84-0117 (CAMBRIDGE). Nov 1983. 28 pp. Published in Nucl.Phys. B239 (1984) 257, DOI: 10.1016/0550-3213(84)90093-2
The Unification Of Physics.
S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U.). Print-84-0115 (CAMBRIDGE). Aug 1983. 10 pp.
Wave Function of the Universe.
J.B. Hartle (Chicago U., EFI& Santa Barbara, KITP), S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U. & Santa Barbara, KITP). PRINT-83-0937 (CAMBRIDGE). Jul 983. 46 pp. Published in Phys.Rev. D28 (1983) 2960-2975, DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.28.2960
Quantum Cosmology.
S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U.). PRINT-84-0114 (CAMBRIDGE), C83-06-27.1. Jul 1983. 64 pp.Published in In *Les Houches 1983, Proceedings, Relativity, Groups and Topology, Ii*, 333-379 and Preprint - HAWKING, S.W. (83,REC.DEC.) 64p
Euclidean Approach To The Inflationary Universe.
S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U.). Print-83-0318 (CAMBRIDGE). Apr 1983. 10 pp. Published in In *Cambridge 1982, Proceedings, The Very Early Universe*, 287-296 and Preprint -HAWKING, S.W. (REC.APR.83) 12p
The Boundary Conditions For Gauged Supergravity.
S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U.). Print-83-0317 (CAMBRIDGE). Mar 1983. 11 pp. Published in Phys.Lett. B126 (1983) 175, DOI: 10.1016/0370-2693(83)90585-3
Fluctuations In The Inflationary Universe
. S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U.), I.G. Moss (Newcastle upon Tyne U.). PRINT-83-0316 (CAMBRIDGE). Dec 1982. 20 pp. Published in Nucl.Phys. B224 (1983) 180, DOI: 10.1016/0550-3213(83)90319-X
Thermodynamics of Black Holes in anti-De Sitter Space.
S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U.), Don N. Page (Penn State U.). PRINT-83-0019 (CAMBRIDGE). Jul 1982. 18 pp.Published in Commun.Math.Phys. 87 (1983) 577, DOI: 10.1007/BF01208266
Positive Mass Theorems For Black Holes.
G.W. Gibbons, S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U.), Gary T. Horowitz (Princeton, Inst. Advanced Study), Malcolm J. Perry (Princeton U.). Print-82-0505 (PRINCETON). Jul 1982. 25 pp.Published in Commun.Math.Phys. 88 (1983) 295, DOI: 10.1007/BF01213209
The Development of Irregularities in a Single Bubble Inflationary Universe.
S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U.). Print-83-0015 (CAMBRIDGE). Jun 1982. 8 pp. Published in Phys.Lett. B115 (1982) 295, DOI: 10.1016/0370-2693(82)90373-2
The Unpredictability of Quantum Gravity.
S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U.). Print-83-0017 (CAMBRIDGE). May 1982. 29 pp. Published in Commun.Math.Phys. 87 (1982) 395-415, DOI: 10.1007/BF01206031
Bubble Collisions in the Very Early Universe.
S.W. Hawking, I.G. Moss, J.M. Stewart (Cambridge U.). Print-82-0180 (CAMBRIDGE). Mar 1982. 33 pp. Published in Phys.Rev. D26 (1982) 2681, DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.26.2681
Fluctuations In The Inflationary Universe
. S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U.), I.G. Moss (Newcastle upon Tyne U.). PRINT-83-0316 (CAMBRIDGE). Dec 1982. 20 pp. Published in Nucl.Phys. B224 (1983) 180, DOI: 10.1016/0550-3213(83)90319-X
Thermodynamics of Black Holes in anti-De Sitter Space.
S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U.), Don N. Page (Penn State U.). PRINT-83-0019 (CAMBRIDGE). Jul 1982. 18 pp.Published in Commun.Math.Phys. 87 (1983) 577, DOI: 10.1007/BF01208266
Positive Mass Theorems For Black Holes.
G.W. Gibbons, S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U.), Gary T. Horowitz (Princeton, Inst. Advanced Study), Malcolm J. Perry (Princeton U.). Print-82-0505 (PRINCETON). Jul 1982. 25 pp.Published in Commun.Math.Phys. 88 (1983) 295, DOI: 10.1007/BF01213209
The Development of Irregularities in a Single Bubble Inflationary Universe.
S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U.). Print-83-0015 (CAMBRIDGE). Jun 1982. 8 pp. Published in Phys.Lett. B115 (1982) 295, DOI: 10.1016/0370-2693(82)90373-2
The Unpredictability of Quantum Gravity.
S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U.). Print-83-0017 (CAMBRIDGE). May 1982. 29 pp. Published in Commun.Math.Phys. 87 (1982) 395-415, DOI: 10.1007/BF01206031
Bubble Collisions in the Very Early Universe.
S.W. Hawking, I.G. Moss, J.M. Stewart (Cambridge U.). Print-82-0180 (CAMBRIDGE). Mar 1982. 33 pp. Published in Phys.Rev. D26 (1982) 2681, DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.26.2681
Supercooled Phase Transitions in the Very Early Universe.
S.W. Hawking, I.G. Moss (Cambridge U.). Print-82-0181 (CAMBRIDGE). Dec 1981. 9 pp. Published in Phys.Lett. B110 (1982) 35, DOI: 10.1016/0370-2693(82)90946-7
The Boundary Conditions Of The Universe.
S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U.). PRINT-82-0179 (CAMBRIDGE). Sep 1981. 11 pp. Published in Pontif.Acad.Sci.Scrivaria 48 (1982) 563-574
The Cosmological Constant And The Weak Anthropic Principle.
S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U.). Print-82-0177 (CAMBRIDGE). Aug 1981. 9 pp. Published in In *London 1981, Proceedings, Quantum Structure Of Space and Time*, 423-432
Is The End In Sight For Theoretical Physics?.
S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U.). PRINT-81-0004 (CAMBRIDGE). Jan 1981. 17 pp. Published in Phys.Bull. 32 (1981) 15-17
The Loss Of Quantum Coherence Due To Virtual Black Holes.
S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U.). 1981. Published in In *Moscow 1981, Proceedings, Quantum Gravity*, 19-28
Why Is The Apparent Cosmological Constant Zero? (talk).
S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U.). 1981. Published in In *Muenchen 1981, Proceedings, Unified Theories Of Elementary Particles*, 167-175
Superspace And Supergravity. Proceedings, Nuffield Workshop, Cambridge, Uk, June 16 - July 12, 1980.
S.W. Hawking, (ed.), M. Rocek, (ed.). 1981. Published in Cambridge, Uk: Univ. Pr. (1981) 527p
Supercooled Phase Transitions in the Very Early Universe.
S.W. Hawking, I.G. Moss (Cambridge U.). Print-82-0181 (CAMBRIDGE). Dec 1981. 9 pp. Published in Phys.Lett. B110 (1982) 35, DOI: 10.1016/0370-2693(82)90946-7
The Boundary Conditions Of The Universe.
S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U.). PRINT-82-0179 (CAMBRIDGE). Sep 1981. 11 pp. Published in Pontif.Acad.Sci.Scrivaria 48 (1982) 563-574
The Cosmological Constant And The Weak Anthropic Principle.
S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U.). Print-82-0177 (CAMBRIDGE). Aug 1981. 9 pp. Published in In *London 1981, Proceedings, Quantum Structure Of Space and Time*, 423-432
Is The End In Sight For Theoretical Physics?.
S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U.). PRINT-81-0004 (CAMBRIDGE). Jan 1981. 17 pp. Published in Phys.Bull. 32 (1981) 15-17
The Loss Of Quantum Coherence Due To Virtual Black Holes.
S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U.). 1981. Published in In *Moscow 1981, Proceedings, Quantum Gravity*, 19-28
Why Is The Apparent Cosmological Constant Zero? (talk).
S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U.). 1981. Published in In *Muenchen 1981, Proceedings, Unified Theories Of Elementary Particles*, 167-175
Superspace And Supergravity. Proceedings, Nuffield Workshop, Cambridge, Uk, June 16 - July 12, 1980.
S.W. Hawking, (ed.), M. Rocek, (ed.). 1981. Published in Cambridge, Uk: Univ. Pr. (1981) 527p
Interacting Quantum Fields Around A Black Hole.
S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U.). Print-81-0251 (CAMBRIDGE). Dec 1980. 40 pp. Published in Commun.Math.Phys. 80 (1981) 421, DOI: 10.1007/BF01208279
Acausal Propagation In Quantum Gravity.
S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U.). PRINT-80-0866 (CAMBRIDGE), C80-04-15. Apr 1980. 22 pp. Published in In *Oxford 1980, Proceedings, Quantum Gravity 2*, 393-415
The Path Integral Approach To Quantum Gravity.
S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U.). 1980. Published in In *Hawking, S.W., Israel, W.: General Relativity*, 746-789
Introductory Survey.
S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U.), W. Israel (Alberta U.). 1980. Published in In *Hawking, S.W., Israel, W.: General Relativity*, 1-23
Quantum Gravitational Bubbles.
S.W. Hawking, Don N. Page, C.N. Pope (Cambridge U.). Print-80-0053 (CAMBRIDGE). Oct 1979. 33 pp. Published in Nucl.Phys. B170 (1980) 283-306, DOI: 10.1016/0550-3213(80)90151-0
Interacting Quantum Fields Around A Black Hole.
S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U.). Print-81-0251 (CAMBRIDGE). Dec 1980. 40 pp. Published in Commun.Math.Phys. 80 (1981) 421, DOI: 10.1007/BF01208279
Acausal Propagation In Quantum Gravity.
S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U.). PRINT-80-0866 (CAMBRIDGE), C80-04-15. Apr 1980. 22 pp. Published in In *Oxford 1980, Proceedings, Quantum Gravity 2*, 393-415
The Path Integral Approach To Quantum Gravity.
S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U.). 1980. Published in In *Hawking, S.W., Israel, W.: General Relativity*, 746-789
Introductory Survey.
S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U.), W. Israel (Alberta U.). 1980. Published in In *Hawking, S.W., Israel, W.: General Relativity*, 1-23
Quantum Gravitational Bubbles.
S.W. Hawking, Don N. Page, C.N. Pope (Cambridge U.). Print-80-0053 (CAMBRIDGE). Oct 1979. 33 pp. Published in Nucl.Phys. B170 (1980) 283-306, DOI: 10.1016/0550-3213(80)90151-0
Yang-mills Instantons And The S Matrix.
S.W. Hawking, C.N. Pope (Cambridge U.). Print-79-0654 (CAMBRIDGE). Apr 1979. 32 pp. Published in Nucl.Phys. B161 (1979) 93, DOI: 10.1016/0550-3213(79)90128-7
Space-Time Foam.
S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U.). Print-79-0038 (CAMBRIDGE). Jan 1979. 24 pp. Published in Nucl.Phys. B144 (1978) 349-362, DOI: 10.1016/0550-3213(78)90375-9
Gravitational Multi – Instantons.
G.W. Gibbons, S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U.). Print-79-0042 (CAMBRIDGE). Jan 1979. 6 pp. Published in Phys.Lett. B78 (1978) 430, DOI: 10.1016/0370-2693(78)90478-1
Symmetry Breaking By Instantons In Supergravity.
S.W. Hawking, C.N. Pope (Cambridge U.). Print-79-0043 (CAMBRIDGE). Jan 1979. 22 pp. Published in Nucl.Phys. B146 (1978) 381, DOI: 10.1016/0550-3213(78)90073-1
The Propagation Of Particles In Space-time Foam.
S.W. Hawking, Don N. Page, C.N. Pope (Cambridge U.). 1979. Published in Phys.Lett. B86 (1979) 175-178, DOI: 10.1016/0370-2693(79)90812-8
Classification of Gravitational Instanton Symmetries.
G.W. Gibbons, S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U.). 1979. Published in Commun.Math.Phys. 66 (1979) 291-310, DOI: 10.1007/BF01197189
Relativity Today.
S. Hawking (Cambridge U.), W. Israel (Alberta U.). 1979. Published in New Sci. 81 (1979) 761-763
General Relativity. An Einstein Centenary Survey Pt 1.
S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U.), W. Israel (Alberta U.). 1979. Published in Cambridge, United Kingdom: Univ.Pr.(1979) 919p
Yang-mills Instantons And The S Matrix.
S.W. Hawking, C.N. Pope (Cambridge U.). Print-79-0654 (CAMBRIDGE). Apr 1979. 32 pp. Published in Nucl.Phys. B161 (1979) 93, DOI: 10.1016/0550-3213(79)90128-7
Space-Time Foam.
S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U.). Print-79-0038 (CAMBRIDGE). Jan 1979. 24 pp. Published in Nucl.Phys. B144 (1978) 349-362, DOI: 10.1016/0550-3213(78)90375-9
Gravitational Multi – Instantons.
G.W. Gibbons, S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U.). Print-79-0042 (CAMBRIDGE). Jan 1979. 6 pp. Published in Phys.Lett. B78 (1978) 430, DOI: 10.1016/0370-2693(78)90478-1
Symmetry Breaking By Instantons In Supergravity.
S.W. Hawking, C.N. Pope (Cambridge U.). Print-79-0043 (CAMBRIDGE). Jan 1979. 22 pp. Published in Nucl.Phys. B146 (1978) 381, DOI: 10.1016/0550-3213(78)90073-1
The Propagation Of Particles In Space-time Foam.
S.W. Hawking, Don N. Page, C.N. Pope (Cambridge U.). 1979. Published in Phys.Lett. B86 (1979) 175-178, DOI: 10.1016/0370-2693(79)90812-8
Classification of Gravitational Instanton Symmetries.
G.W. Gibbons, S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U.). 1979. Published in Commun.Math.Phys. 66 (1979) 291-310, DOI: 10.1007/BF01197189
Relativity Today.
S. Hawking (Cambridge U.), W. Israel (Alberta U.). 1979. Published in New Sci. 81 (1979) 761-763
General Relativity. An Einstein Centenary Survey Pt 1.
S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U.), W. Israel (Alberta U.). 1979. Published in Cambridge, United Kingdom: Univ.Pr.(1979) 919p
Theoretical Advances In General Relativity.
S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U.). Print-79-0595 (CAMBRIDGE). Nov 1978. 16 pp.
Euclidean Quantum Gravity.
Stephen W. Hawking (Cambridge U.). PRINT-78-0745 (CAMBRIDGE), C78-07-10.1-2. Jul 1978. 30 pp. Published in NATO Adv.Study Inst.Ser.B Phys. 44 (1979) 145
Path Integrals and the Indefiniteness of the Gravitational Action.
G.W. Gibbons (Munich, Max Planck Inst. & Cambridge U.), S.W. Hawking, M.J. Perry (Cambridge U.). PRINT-78-0375 (CAMBRIDGE). Apr 1978. 14 pp. Published in Nucl.Phys. B138 (1978) 141, DOI: 10.1016/0550-3213(78)90161-X
Quantum Gravity and Path Integrals.
S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U. & Caltech). 1978. Published in Phys.Rev. D18 (1978) 1747-1753, DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.18.1747
Theoretical Advances In General Relativity.
S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U.). Print-79-0595 (CAMBRIDGE). Nov 1978. 16 pp.
Euclidean Quantum Gravity.
Stephen W. Hawking (Cambridge U.). PRINT-78-0745 (CAMBRIDGE), C78-07-10.1-2. Jul 1978. 30 pp. Published in NATO Adv.Study Inst.Ser.B Phys. 44 (1979) 145
Path Integrals and the Indefiniteness of the Gravitational Action.
G.W. Gibbons (Munich, Max Planck Inst. & Cambridge U.), S.W. Hawking, M.J. Perry (Cambridge U.). PRINT-78-0375 (CAMBRIDGE). Apr 1978. 14 pp. Published in Nucl.Phys. B138 (1978) 141, DOI: 10.1016/0550-3213(78)90161-X
Quantum Gravity and Path Integrals.
S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U. & Caltech). 1978. Published in Phys.Rev. D18 (1978) 1747-1753, DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.18.1747
Generalized Spin Structures in Quantum Gravity.
S.W. Hawking, C.N. Pope (Cambridge U.). Print-78-0374 (CAMBRIDGE). Nov 1977. 6 pp. Published in Phys.Lett. B73 (1978) 42-44, DOI: 10.1016/0370-2693(78)90167-3
Cosmological Event Horizons, Thermodynamics, and Particle Creation.
G.W. Gibbons, S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U.). 1977. Published in Phys.Rev. D15 (1977) 2738-2751, DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.15.2738
The Quantum Mechanics of Black Holes.
S.W. Hawking. 1977. Published in Sci.Am. 236 (1977) 34-49, DOI: 10.1038/scientificamerican0177-34
Generalized Spin Structures in Quantum Gravity.
S.W. Hawking, C.N. Pope (Cambridge U.). Print-78-0374 (CAMBRIDGE). Nov 1977. 6 pp. Published in Phys.Lett. B73 (1978) 42-44, DOI: 10.1016/0370-2693(78)90167-3
Cosmological Event Horizons, Thermodynamics, and Particle Creation.
G.W. Gibbons, S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U.). 1977. Published in Phys.Rev. D15 (1977) 2738-2751, DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.15.2738
The Quantum Mechanics of Black Holes.
S.W. Hawking. 1977. Published in Sci.Am. 236 (1977) 34-49, DOI: 10.1038/scientificamerican0177-34
Black Holes and Unpredictability.
S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U.). PRINT-77-0292 (CAMBRIDGE). Dec 1976. 6 pp.Published in Phys.Bull. 29 (1978) 23-24
Gravitational Instantons.
S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U.). Print-77-0294 (CAMBRIDGE). Dec 1976. 8 pp. Published in Phys.Lett. A60 (1977) 81, DOI: 10.1016/0375-9601(77)90386-3
Zeta Function Regularization of Path Integrals in Curved Space-Time.
S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U.). PRINT-77-0293 (CAMBRIDGE). Dec 1976. 29 pp. Published in Commun.Math.Phys. 55 (1977) 133, DOI: 10.1007/BF01626516
Action Integrals and Partition Functions in Quantum Gravity.
G.W. Gibbons, S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U.). PRINT-76-0995 (CAMBRIDGE). Sep 1976. 14 pp. Published in Phys.Rev. D15 (1977) 2752-2756, DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.15.2752
Gamma rays from primordial black holes.
Don N. Page, S.W. Hawking. May 1976. 7 pp. Published in Astrophys.J. 206 (1976) 1-7, DOI: 10.1086/154350
Breakdown of Predictability in Gravitational Collapse.
S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U. & Caltech). 1976. Published in Phys.Rev. D14 (1976) 2460-2473, DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.14.2460
Path Integral Derivation of Black Hole Radiance.
J.B. Hartle, S.W. Hawking (UC, Santa Barbara & Caltech & Cambridge U.). 1976. Published in Phys.Rev. D13 (1976) 2188-2203, DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.13.2188
Black Holes and Thermodynamics.
S.W. Hawking (Caltech & Cambridge U.). 1976. Published in Phys.Rev. D13 (1976) 191-197, DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.13.191
A New Topology for Curved Space-Time Which Incorporates the Causal, Differential, and Conformal Structures.
S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U. & Caltech), A.R. King, P.J. Mccarthy. 1976. Published in J.Math.Phys. 17 (1976) 174-181, DOI: 10.1063/1.522874
Black Holes and Unpredictability.
S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U.). PRINT-77-0292 (CAMBRIDGE). Dec 1976. 6 pp.Published in Phys.Bull. 29 (1978) 23-24
Gravitational Instantons.
S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U.). Print-77-0294 (CAMBRIDGE). Dec 1976. 8 pp. Published in Phys.Lett. A60 (1977) 81, DOI: 10.1016/0375-9601(77)90386-3
Zeta Function Regularization of Path Integrals in Curved Space-Time.
S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U.). PRINT-77-0293 (CAMBRIDGE). Dec 1976. 29 pp. Published in Commun.Math.Phys. 55 (1977) 133, DOI: 10.1007/BF01626516
Action Integrals and Partition Functions in Quantum Gravity.
G.W. Gibbons, S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U.). PRINT-76-0995 (CAMBRIDGE). Sep 1976. 14 pp. Published in Phys.Rev. D15 (1977) 2752-2756, DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.15.2752
Gamma rays from primordial black holes.
Don N. Page, S.W. Hawking. May 1976. 7 pp. Published in Astrophys.J. 206 (1976) 1-7, DOI: 10.1086/154350
Breakdown of Predictability in Gravitational Collapse.
S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U. & Caltech). 1976. Published in Phys.Rev. D14 (1976) 2460-2473, DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.14.2460
Path Integral Derivation of Black Hole Radiance.
J.B. Hartle, S.W. Hawking (UC, Santa Barbara & Caltech & Cambridge U.). 1976. Published in Phys.Rev. D13 (1976) 2188-2203, DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.13.2188
Black Holes and Thermodynamics.
S.W. Hawking (Caltech & Cambridge U.). 1976. Published in Phys.Rev. D13 (1976) 191-197, DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.13.191
A New Topology for Curved Space-Time Which Incorporates the Causal, Differential, and Conformal Structures.
S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U. & Caltech), A.R. King, P.J. Mccarthy. 1976. Published in J.Math.Phys. 17 (1976) 174-181, DOI: 10.1063/1.522874
Particle Creation by Black Holes.
S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U.). Aug 1975. 22 pp. Published in Commun.Math.Phys. 43 (1975) 199-220, Erratum-ibid. 46 (1976) 206-206, DOI: 10.1007/BF02345020
Particle Creation by Black Holes.
S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U.). Aug 1975. 22 pp. Published in Commun.Math.Phys. 43 (1975) 199-220, Erratum-ibid. 46 (1976) 206-206, DOI: 10.1007/BF02345020
Black hole explosions.
S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U.). Mar 1974. 2 pp. Published in Nature 248 (1974) 30-31, DOI: 10.1038/248030a0
Black holes in the early Universe.
Bernard J. Carr, S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U., Inst. of Astron. & Cambridge U., DAMTP). Feb 1974. 17 pp. Published in Mon.Not.Roy.Astron.Soc. 168 (1974) 399-415. DOI:10.1093/mnras/168.2.399
Causally continuous space-times.
S.W. Hawking, R.K. Sachs. 1974. Published in Commun.Math.Phys. 35 (1974) 287-296, DOI: 10.1007/BF01646350
Black hole explosions.
S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U.). Mar 1974. 2 pp. Published in Nature 248 (1974) 30-31, DOI: 10.1038/248030a0
Black holes in the early Universe.
Bernard J. Carr, S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U., Inst. of Astron. & Cambridge U., DAMTP). Feb 1974. 17 pp. Published in Mon.Not.Roy.Astron.Soc. 168 (1974) 399-415. DOI:10.1093/mnras/168.2.399
Causally continuous space-times.
S.W. Hawking, R.K. Sachs. 1974. Published in Commun.Math.Phys. 35 (1974) 287-296, DOI: 10.1007/BF01646350
A Variational principle for black holes.
S.W. Hawking. 1973. Published in Commun.Math.Phys. 33 (1973) 323-334, DOI: 10.1007/BF01646744
The Four laws of black hole mechanics.
James M. Bardeen (Yale U.), B. Carter, S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U.). 1973. Published in Commun.Math.Phys. 31 (1973) 161-170, DOI: 10.1007/BF01645742
The Large scale structure of space-time.
S.W. Hawking, G.F.R. Ellis. 1973. 391 pp. Published in Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1973. ISBN-13: 978-0521099066
The rotation and distortion of the universe.
C.B. Collins, S.W. Hawking. Jan 1973, Published in Mon.Not.Roy.Astron.Soc. 162 (1973) 307-320
A Variational principle for black holes.
S.W. Hawking. 1973. Published in Commun.Math.Phys. 33 (1973) 323-334, DOI: 10.1007/BF01646744
The Four laws of black hole mechanics.
James M. Bardeen (Yale U.), B. Carter, S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U.). 1973. Published in Commun.Math.Phys. 31 (1973) 161-170, DOI: 10.1007/BF01645742
The Large scale structure of space-time.
S.W. Hawking, G.F.R. Ellis. 1973. 391 pp. Published in Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1973. ISBN-13: 978-0521099066
The rotation and distortion of the universe.
C.B. Collins, S.W. Hawking. Jan 1973, Published in Mon.Not.Roy.Astron.Soc. 162 (1973) 307-320
Why is the Universe isotropic?.
C.B. Collins, S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U., DAMTP & Cambridge U.). Sep 1972. 18 pp. Published in Astrophys.J. 180 (1973) 317-334, DOI: 10.1086/151965
Solutionsof the Einstein-Maxwell equations with many black holes.
J.B. Hartle, S.W. Hawking. Jun 1972. Published in Commun.Math.Phys. 26 (1972) 87-101, DOI: 10.1007/BF01645696
Energy and angular momentum flow into a black hole.
S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U., DAMTP), J.B. Hartle (UC, Santa Barbara). 1972. Published in Commun.Math.Phys. 27 (1972) 283-290, DOI: 10.1007/BF01645515
Black holes in the Brans-Dicke theory of gravitation.
S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U.). 1972. Published in Commun.Math.Phys. 25 (1972) 167-171, DOI: 10.1007/BF01877518
Theory of the detection of short bursts of gravitational radiation.
G.W. Gibbons, S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U., DAMTP). 1972. Published in Phys.Rev. D4 (1971) 2191-2197, DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.4.2191
Why is the Universe isotropic?.
C.B. Collins, S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U., DAMTP & Cambridge U.). Sep 1972. 18 pp. Published in Astrophys.J. 180 (1973) 317-334, DOI: 10.1086/151965
Solutionsof the Einstein-Maxwell equations with many black holes.
J.B. Hartle, S.W. Hawking. Jun 1972. Published in Commun.Math.Phys. 26 (1972) 87-101, DOI: 10.1007/BF01645696
Energy and angular momentum flow into a black hole.
S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U., DAMTP), J.B. Hartle (UC, Santa Barbara). 1972. Published in Commun.Math.Phys. 27 (1972) 283-290, DOI: 10.1007/BF01645515
Black holes in the Brans-Dicke theory of gravitation.
S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U.). 1972. Published in Commun.Math.Phys. 25 (1972) 167-171, DOI: 10.1007/BF01877518
Theory of the detection of short bursts of gravitational radiation.
G.W. Gibbons, S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U., DAMTP). 1972. Published in Phys.Rev. D4 (1971) 2191-2197, DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.4.2191
Black holes in general relativity.
S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U.). Oct 1971. Published in Commun.Math.Phys. 25 (1972) 152-166, DOI: 10.1007/BF01877517
Gravitational radiation from colliding black holes.
S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U.). Mar 1971. Published in Phys.Rev.Lett. 26 (1971) 1344-1346, DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.26.1344
Evidence for black holes in binary star systems.
S.W. Hawking, G.W. Gibbons. 1971. Published in Nature 232 (1971) 465, DOI: 10.1038/232465a0
The Definition and occurrence of singularities in general relativity.
Stephen Hawking. 1971. Published in Lect.Notes Math. 209 (1971) 275-279
Stable and generic properties in general relativity.
Stephen Hawking (Cambridge U., Inst. of Astron.). 1971. Published in Gen.Rel.Grav. 1 (1971) 393-400, DOI: 10.1007/BF00759218
Gravitationally collapsed objects of very low mass.
Stephen Hawking. 1971. Published in Mon.Not.Roy.Astron.Soc. 152 (1971) 75. DOI:10.1093/mnras/152.1.75
Black holes in general relativity.
S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U.). Oct 1971. Published in Commun.Math.Phys. 25 (1972) 152-166, DOI: 10.1007/BF01877517
Gravitational radiation from colliding black holes.
S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U.). Mar 1971. Published in Phys.Rev.Lett. 26 (1971) 1344-1346, DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.26.1344
Evidence for black holes in binary star systems.
S.W. Hawking, G.W. Gibbons. 1971. Published in Nature 232 (1971) 465, DOI: 10.1038/232465a0
The Definition and occurrence of singularities in general relativity.
Stephen Hawking. 1971. Published in Lect.Notes Math. 209 (1971) 275-279
Stable and generic properties in general relativity.
Stephen Hawking (Cambridge U., Inst. of Astron.). 1971. Published in Gen.Rel.Grav. 1 (1971) 393-400, DOI: 10.1007/BF00759218
Gravitationally collapsed objects of very low mass.
Stephen Hawking. 1971. Published in Mon.Not.Roy.Astron.Soc. 152 (1971) 75. DOI:10.1093/mnras/152.1.75
The Singularities of gravitational collapse and cosmology.
S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U.), R. Penrose (Birkbeck Coll.). Jan 1970. 20 pp. Published in Proc.Roy.Soc.Lond. A314 (1970) 529-548, DOI: 10.1098/rspa.1970.0021
The conservation of matter in general relativity.
S. Hawking (Cambridge U., DAMTP). 1970. Published in Commun.Math.Phys. 18 (1970) 301-306, DOI: 10.1007/BF01649448
The Singularities of gravitational collapse and cosmology.
S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U.), R. Penrose (Birkbeck Coll.). Jan 1970. 20 pp. Published in Proc.Roy.Soc.Lond. A314 (1970) 529-548, DOI: 10.1098/rspa.1970.0021
The conservation of matter in general relativity.
S. Hawking (Cambridge U., DAMTP). 1970. Published in Commun.Math.Phys. 18 (1970) 301-306, DOI: 10.1007/BF01649448
Singularities in collapsing stars and universes.
Stephen Hawking, Dennis Sciama. 1969. Published in Comments Astrophys. Space Phys. 1 (1969) 1
Singularities in collapsing stars and universes.
Stephen Hawking, Dennis Sciama. 1969. Published in Comments Astrophys. Space Phys. 1 (1969) 1
On the Rotation of the universe.
S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U., Inst. of Astron.). Sep 1968. 13 pp. Published in Mon.Not.Roy.Astron.Soc. 142 (1969) 129-141.
Gravitational radiation in an expanding universe.
Stephen Hawking (Cambridge U., DAMTP). Apr 1968. Published in J.Math.Phys. 9 (1968) 598-604, DOI: 10.1063/1.1664615
The Cosmic black body radiation and the existence of singularities in our universe.
G.F.R. Ellis, Stephen Hawking. 1968. Published in Astrophys.J. 152 (1968) 25, DOI: 10.1086/149520
The Existence of cosmic time functions.
Stephen Hawking (Cambridge U., DAMTP). 1968. Published in Proc.Roy.Soc.Lond. A308 (1968) 433-435. DOI: 10.1098/rspa.1969.0018
On the Rotation of the universe.
S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U., Inst. of Astron.). Sep 1968. 13 pp. Published in Mon.Not.Roy.Astron.Soc. 142 (1969) 129-141.
Gravitational radiation in an expanding universe.
Stephen Hawking (Cambridge U., DAMTP). Apr 1968. Published in J.Math.Phys. 9 (1968) 598-604, DOI: 10.1063/1.1664615
The Cosmic black body radiation and the existence of singularities in our universe.
G.F.R. Ellis, Stephen Hawking. 1968. Published in Astrophys.J. 152 (1968) 25, DOI: 10.1086/149520
The Existence of cosmic time functions.
Stephen Hawking (Cambridge U., DAMTP). 1968. Published in Proc.Roy.Soc.Lond. A308 (1968) 433-435. DOI: 10.1098/rspa.1969.0018
The occurrence of singularities in cosmology. III. Causality and singularities.
Stephen Hawking (Cambridge U., DAMTP). 1967. Published in Proc.Roy.Soc.Lond. A300 (1967) 187-201, DOI: 10.1098/rspa.1967.0164
The occurrence of singularities in cosmology. III. Causality and singularities.
Stephen Hawking (Cambridge U., DAMTP). 1967. Published in Proc.Roy.Soc.Lond. A300 (1967) 187-201, DOI: 10.1098/rspa.1967.0164
Perturbations of an expanding universe.
S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U., DAMTP). Feb 1966. 11 pp. Published in Astrophys.J. 145 (1966) 544-554, DOI: 10.1086/148793
Singularities in the universe.
S.W. Hawking. 1966. Published in Phys.Rev.Lett. 17 (1966) 444-445, DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.17.444
Helium production in anisotropic big bang universes.
Stephen Hawking, J.R. Tayler (Cambridge U., DAMTP). 1966. Published in Nature 209 (1966) 1278-1279, DOI: 10.1038/2091278a0
The Occurrence of singularities in cosmology.
Stephen Hawking (Cambridge U., DAMTP). 1966. Published in Proc.Roy.Soc.Lond. A294 (1966) 511-521, DOI: 10.1098/rspa.1966.0221
The Occurrence of singularities in cosmology. II.
Stephen Hawking (Cambridge U., DAMTP). 1966. Published in Proc.Roy.Soc.Lond. A295 (1966) 490-493, DOI: 10.1098/rspa.1966.0255
Singularities and the geometry of space-time.
Stephen Hawking. 1966. DOI: 10.1140/epjh/e2014-50013-6
Perturbations of an expanding universe.
S.W. Hawking (Cambridge U., DAMTP). Feb 1966. 11 pp. Published in Astrophys.J. 145 (1966) 544-554, DOI: 10.1086/148793
Singularities in the universe.
S.W. Hawking. 1966. Published in Phys.Rev.Lett. 17 (1966) 444-445, DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.17.444
Helium production in anisotropic big bang universes.
Stephen Hawking, J.R. Tayler (Cambridge U., DAMTP). 1966. Published in Nature 209 (1966) 1278-1279, DOI: 10.1038/2091278a0
The Occurrence of singularities in cosmology.
Stephen Hawking (Cambridge U., DAMTP). 1966. Published in Proc.Roy.Soc.Lond. A294 (1966) 511-521, DOI: 10.1098/rspa.1966.0221
The Occurrence of singularities in cosmology. II.
Stephen Hawking (Cambridge U., DAMTP). 1966. Published in Proc.Roy.Soc.Lond. A295 (1966) 490-493, DOI: 10.1098/rspa.1966.0255
Singularities and the geometry of space-time.
Stephen Hawking. 1966. DOI: 10.1140/epjh/e2014-50013-6
Properties of Expanding Universes.
Stephen Hawking, PhD Thesis. 1965, DOI: 10.17863/CAM.11283
On the Hoyle-Narlikar theory of gravitation.
Stephen Hawking (Cambridge U., DAMTP). Feb 1965. Published in Proc.Roy.Soc.Lond. A286 (1965) 313-319, DOI: 10.1098/rspa.1965.0146
Occurrence of singularities in open universes.
Stephen Hawking (Cambridge U., DAMTP). 1965. Published in Phys.Rev. ett. 15 (1965) 689-690, DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.15.689
Singularities in homogeneous world models.
Stephen Hawking, G.F.R. Ellis (Cambridge U., DAMTP & Cambridge U.). Jun 1965. Published in Phys.Lett. 17 (1965) 246-247, DOI: 10.1016/0031-9163(65)90510-X
Properties of Expanding Universes.
Stephen Hawking, PhD Thesis. 1965, DOI: 10.17863/CAM.11283
On the Hoyle-Narlikar theory of gravitation.
Stephen Hawking (Cambridge U., DAMTP). Feb 1965. Published in Proc.Roy.Soc.Lond. A286 (1965) 313-319, DOI: 10.1098/rspa.1965.0146
Occurrence of singularities in open universes.
Stephen Hawking (Cambridge U., DAMTP). 1965. Published in Phys.Rev. ett. 15 (1965) 689-690, DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.15.689
Singularities in homogeneous world models.
Stephen Hawking, G.F.R. Ellis (Cambridge U., DAMTP & Cambridge U.). Jun 1965. Published in Phys.Lett. 17 (1965) 246-247, DOI: 10.1016/0031-9163(65)90510-X

Question: when was george's secret key to the universe released

In 2007, his wife.

George’s Secret Key to the Universe.

In it, the Arching family arranged shapes with uniform shapes, illustrating the practices of manufacturing in accessible fields, designed that century. in 2009, 2011, 2014, 2016 these series centuries were released.

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George’s Secret Key to the Universe.

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In 2007, his wife.

George’s Secret Key to the Universe.

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In it , the Arching family arranged shapes with uniform shapes , illustrating the practices of manufacturing in accessible fields , designed that century . in 2009 , 2011 , 2014 , 2016 these series centuries were released .

2007 இல் ஆக்கிங்கும், அவரது மகள் லூசியும் இணைந்து :en:George's Secret Key to the Universe என்ற சிறுவர் நூலை வெளியிட்டார்கள். அதில் ஆக்கிங் குடும்பத்தினரை ஒத்த கதாபாத்திரங்கள் கொண்ட தோற்றங்களை அமைத்து, அணுகக்கூடிய வகையில் இயற்பியல் கொள்கைகளை விளக்கி, அந்த நூலை வடிவமைத்தார்கள். 2009, 2011, 2014, 2016 ஆண்டுகளில் இதன் தொடர் நூல்கள் வெளியிடப்பட்டன.

2007 இல் ஆக்கிங்கும், அவரது மகள்

லூசியும் இணைந்து :en:George's Secret Key to the Universe என்ற சிறுவர் நூலை வெளியிட்டார்கள்.

அதில் ஆக்கிங் குடும்பத்தினரை ஒத்த கதாபாத்திரங்கள் கொண்ட தோற்றங்களை அமைத்து, அணுகக்கூடிய வகையில் இயற்பியல் கொள்கைகளை விளக்கி, அந்த நூலை வடிவமைத்தார்கள். 2009, 2011, 2014, 2016 ஆண்டுகளில் இதன் தொடர் நூல்கள் வெளியிடப்பட்டன.

In 2007, his wife. George’s Secret Key to the Universe. In it, the Arching family arranged shapes with uniform shapes, illustrating the practices of manufacturing in accessible fields, designed that century. in 2009, 2011, 2014, 2016 these series centuries were released.

In it, the Arching family arranged shapes with uniform shapes, illustrating the practices of manufacturing in accessible fields, designed that century. in 2009, 2011, 2014, 2016 these series centuries were released.

Based on the war on the U.S. Army Fair in 2002, Arching was ranked in the list of the 100 best British.

வாக்கெடுப்பின்

அடிப்படையில்

பிரித்தானியர்கள்

இடம்பெற்றார்

|You are in: Entertainment|
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Wednesday, 21 August, 2002, 23:48 GMT 00:48 UK
|
100 great British heroes
Johnny Rotten, David Beckham and Enoch Powell are among the top 100 British heroes according to a nationwide BBC poll.
Here is the list in full, sorted alphabetically:
A
Alfred the Great, Julie Andrews, King Arthur, David Attenborough, Jane Austen
B
Charles Babbage, Lord Baden Powell, Douglas Bader, David Beckham, Alexander Graham Bell, Tony Benn, Tim Berners Lee, Aneurin Bevan, Tony Blair, William Blake, William Booth, Boudicca, David Bowie, Richard Branson, Robert the Bruce, Isambard Kingdom Brunel, Richard Burton
C
Donald Campbell, William Caxton, Charlie Chaplin, Geoffrey Chaucer, Leonard Cheshire, Winston Churchill, James Connolly, Captain James Cook, Michael Crawford, Oliver Cromwell, Aleister Crowley
D
Charles Darwin, Diana, Princess of Wales, Charles Dickens, Francis Drake
E
King Edward I, Edward Elgar, Queen Elizabeth I, Queen Elizabeth II, Queen Elizabeth, the Queen Mother
F
Michael Faraday, Guy Fawkes, Alexander Fleming
G
Bob Geldof, Owain Glyndwr
H
George Harrison, John Harrison, Stephen Hawking, King Henry II, King Henry V, King Henry VIII, Paul Hewson (Bono)
J
Edward Jenner
L
T E Lawrence, John Lennon, David Livingstone, David Lloyd George, John Logie Baird, John Lydon (Johnny Rotten)
M
James Clerk Maxwell, Paul McCartney, Freddie Mercury, Field Marshall Bernard Montgomery, Bobby Moore, Thomas More, Eric Morecambe
N
Admiral Horatio Nelson, Isaac Newton, Florence Nightingale
O
George O'Dowd (Boy George)
P
Thomas Paine, Emmeline Pankhurst, John Peel, Enoch Powell
R
Walter Raleigh, Steve Redgrave, King Richard III, Cliff Richard, J K Rowling
S
Robert Falcon Scott, Ernest Shackleton, William Shakespeare, George Stephenson, Marie Stopes
T
Margaret Thatcher, William Tindale, J R R Tolkien, Alan Turing
U
Unknown soldier
V
Queen Victoria
W
William Wallace, Barnes Wallis, James Watt, Duke of Wellington, John Wesley, Frank Whittle, William Wilberforce, Robbie Williams
See also:
21 Aug 02 | Entertainment
Internet links:
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Question: in what year was the u.s. army fair held

Based on the war on the U.S. Army Fair in 2002, Arching was ranked in the list of the 100 best British.

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arching was ranked as one of the 100 best what nationality

Question: arching was ranked in what list in 2002

100 சிறந்த பிரித்தானியர்கள்

Question: what was arching's ranking based on

ஐக்கிய இராச்சிய மட்டத்தில் நிகழ்ந்த வாக்கெடுப்பின் அடிப்படையில் , ஆக்கிங் , 100 சிறந்த பிரித்தானியர்கள் பட்டியலில் இடம்பெற்றார் .

Based on the war on the U.S. Army Fair in 2002 , Arching was ranked in the list of the 100 best British .

2002 இல் ஐக்கிய இராச்சிய மட்டத்தில் நிகழ்ந்த வாக்கெடுப்பின் அடிப்படையில், ஆக்கிங், 100 சிறந்த பிரித்தானியர்கள் பட்டியலில் இடம்பெற்றார்.

2002 இல் ஐக்கிய இராச்சிய மட்டத்தில் நிகழ்ந்த வாக்கெடுப்பின் அடிப்படையில், ஆக்கிங், 100 சிறந்த பிரித்தானியர்கள் பட்டியலில் இடம்பெற்றார்.

Based on the war on the U.S. Army Fair in 2002, Arching was ranked in the list of the 100 best British.

Based on the war on the U.S. Army Fair in 2002, Arching was ranked in the list of the 100 best British.

Professor Stephen Hawking is to receive the world’s oldest award for scientific achievement, the Royal Society’s prestigious Copley medal, for his outstanding contribution to theoretical physics and theoretical cosmology it was announced today.
Professor Stephen Hawking is to receive the world’s oldest award for scientific achievement, the Royal Society’s prestigious Copley medal, for his outstanding contribution to theoretical physics and theoretical cosmology it was announced today.
In recognition of Stephen Hawking’s work in cosmology, British born astronaut Piers Sellers carried the medal, due to be presented to Hawking later this year, with him on the recent Space Shuttle mission to the International Space Station.
First awarded by the Royal Society in 1731, the Copley medal pre-dates the Nobel Prize by 170 years. It is awarded for outstanding achievements in scientific research and during its 275 year history, has been awarded to such scientific luminaries as Charles Darwin, Michael Faraday, Albert Einstein and Louis Pasteur.
Professor Hawking said: “This is a very distinguished medal. It was awarded to Darwin, Einstein and Crick. I am honoured to be in their company."
British astronaut, Piers Sellers said: “Stephen Hawking is a definitive hero to all of us involved in exploring the Cosmos. His contribution to science is unique and he serves as a continuous inspiration to every thinking person. It was an honour for the crew of the STS-121 mission to fly his medal into space. We think that this is particularly appropriate as Stephen has dedicated his life to thinking about the larger Universe.”
The crew of STS-121 carried the Copley medal into space aboard the Space Shuttle Discovery in July, 2006. The astronauts kept the medal with them in the Shuttle middeck throughout the mission, including the nine days they were docked with the International Space Station.
Stephen Hawking is the Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at the University of Cambridge. His work has been essential in understanding and classifying black holes. He has also made an exceptional contribution to the popularisation of his subject, authoring four popular-science books including “A Brief History of Time” and “The Universe in a Nutshell”.
Martin Rees, President of the Royal Society, said: “Stephen Hawking has contributed as much as anyone since Einstein to our understanding of gravity. This medal is a fitting recognition of an astonishing research career spanning more than 40 years.
“I wish to express my gratitude to Piers Sellers and the crew of the STS-121 for taking the medal with them their mission and marking the 275th anniversary of this eminent scientific award.”
The medal will be awarded to Professor Hawking on 30 November at the Society’s annual Anniversary Day, commemorating the foundation of the Society in 1660.
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Barack Obama has hosted poets, basketball players, bluesmen and many others from a diverse background at the White House this year. But he's never had a group as eclectic as the one gathered in the east room yesterday.
Among them were a veteran of the civil rights movement, a tennis player who advocated gay rights, the last living High Plains Indian war chief and British cosmologist Stephen Hawking.
They were among the first 16 recipients of Obama's presidential medal of freedom, the country's highest civil honour. This was a roll call of Obama's heroes and heroines, people who had resonated throughout his life.
"This is a chance for me and for the United States of America to say thank you to some of the finest citizens of this country, and of all countries," he said.
Obama is often portrayed as one of the most liberal occupants in the history of the White House and the people he chose to award reflected this, champions of civil rights, human rights, gay rights, feminism, and anti-poverty campaigns. In the case of Hawking, it was for overcoming disability to push the boundaries of science.
Hawking, in a wheelchair, lined up with the other recipients on either side of Obama in front of an audience of several hundred.
Obama joked that Hawking had been a "brilliant man but a mediocre student". He went on to praise the author of a Brief History of Time who "from his wheelchair has led us on a journey to the farthest and strangest reaches of to the furthest corners of the cosmos. In so doing, he has stirred our imagination and shown us the power of the human spirit here on earth."
He then bent down to tie the blue and white ribbon round Hawking's neck.
The most striking figure among the 16 was Joseph Medicine Crow, a historian and champion of American Indian culture whose grandfather had been a scout with Custer at the battle of Little Big Horn. He wore a traditional chief's feathered headdress, which made it difficult for Obama to place the medal round his neck.
Obama recounted how Medicine Crow, who became the first member of the Crow tribe to complete higher education, had been a warrior, fighting in the second world war with war paint under his uniform and a feather under his helmet. Among feats that added to his reputation, he stole about 50 horses from an SS unit.
Medicine Crow, who is now in his 90s, failed to stifle a yawn as Obama retold the tales.
Not all the 16 were present. Senator Ted Kennedy, who has championed healthcare reform throughout his career, was too ill to attend and the award was picked up by his daughter, Kara. For Harvey Milk, the gay rights icon who became one of the first openly homosexual men to be elected to public office, it was a posthumous award, as it was for Jack Kemp, the former champion US footballer and Republican congressman.
Milk, whose story was popularised in a film last year starring Sean Penn, was shot dead in 1978 at the age of 48. His nephew, Stuart, picked up the award on his behalf.
Mary Robinson, the former president of Ireland and the United Nations high commissioner for human rights, tripped as she entered the east room to take her place in the line-up. Her award, as a prominent crusader for women's rights, has been attacked by some Jewish organisations in the US for her criticism of Israel's human rights record.
Others to receive the award included Archbishop Desmond Tutu, one of the leaders of the anti-apartheid movement in South Africa; Sandra Day O'Connor, the first woman ever on the US supreme court; Reverend Joseph Lowery, the civil rights veteran who led the bus boycotts in Alabama in the 1950s and the march from Selma to Montgomery in 1965; Billie Jean King, the tennis player who advanced gay rights by publicly declaring she was a lesbian; and Sidney Poitier, one of the first African-Americans to make it big in Hollywood.
Rounding out the list were Nancy Goodman Brinker, who transformed the US approach to breast cancer; Dr Pedro Jose Greer, who fought to extend medical services to those in Florida who could not afford it; Chita Rivera, the actor famous for West Side Story; Janet Davison Rowley, the scientist for her work on cancer; and Muhammad Yunus, who has helped combat poverty by offering access to credit.

2013 Fundamental Physics Prize Awarded to Alexander Polyakov
Geneva, 21 March 2013 - The Fundamental Physics Prize Foundation is pleased to announce that the 2013 Fundamental Physics Prize has been awarded to Alexander Polyakov for his many discoveries in field theory and string theory.
The 2013 Fundamental Physics Prize winner was selected from the list of 2013 Physics Frontiers Prize winners by the Selection Committee, which is solely comprised of prior recipients of the Fundamental Physics Prize and includes Nima Arkani-Hamed, Alan Guth, Alexei Kitaev, Maxim Kontsevich, Andrei Linde, Juan Maldacena, Nathan Seiberg, Ashoke Sen and Edward Witten. The selection process was certified by a representative of Ernst & Young.
“I feel elated and surprised to receive this recognition. It is a great honor. I hope it will help attract more people to the field of physics and spur innovation and discovery across the globe” said Polyakov.
“I want to congratulate Alexander Polyakov” said Nima Arkani-Hamed, a member of the Selection Committee. "This award recognizes the culmination of years of dedicated work that are unlocking the secrets of the universe."
The name of the US$3 million prize winner was unveiled at the culmination of a ceremony which took place on the evening of March 20, 2013 at the Geneva International Conference Centre. The ceremony was hosted by Hollywood actor and science enthusiast Morgan Freeman. The evening honored the 2013 laureates − 16 outstanding scientists including Stephen Hawking and CERN scientists who led the decades-long effort to discover the Higgs-like particle at the Large Hadron Collider. Sarah Brightman and Russian pianist Denis Matsuev performed live for the guests of the ceremony.
“The Fundamental Physics Prize celebrates what is possible in humanity’s quest to understand the deepest questions of the universe. It is humbling to be surrounded by so much brain power and I’m excited by the promise of future discovery they represent.” commented Yuri Milner, founder of the Milner Foundation.
All of the 2012 and 2013 Fundamental Physics Prize Foundation winners participated in the Ceremony and also received the special award trophy, a work of art created by Danish-Icelandic artist Olafur Eliasson.
The Fundamental Physics Prize trophy is a silver sphere with a coiled vortex inside. The form is, in fact, a toroid, or doughnut shape, resulting from two sets of intertwining three-dimensional spirals. Found in nature, these spirals are seen in animal horns, nautilus shells, whirlpools, and even galaxies and black holes.
The award is made of silver, an artistically significant material for a physics prize, as silver materialized from exploding stars.
For broadcast ready video from the Fundamental Prize Ceremony, please click here: www.eurovision.net/worldlink.
Media Contact:
Beatriz Garcia, Brunswick Group – 212 333 3810
Email: FPP@brunswickgroup.com
About the Prizes
The Fundamental Physics Prize Foundation is a not-for-profit corporation established by the Milner Foundation and dedicated to advancing our knowledge of the universe at the deepest level by awarding annual prizes for scientific breakthroughs, as well as communicating the excitement of fundamental physics to the public. According to the Foundation’s rules, laureates of all prizes are chosen by a Selection Committee, which is comprised of prior recipients of the Fundamental Physics Prize.
Information on the Fundamental Physics Prize is available at: www.fundamentalphysicsprize.org.
2013 Fundamental Physics Prize Foundation laureates
The laureate of 2013 Fundamental Physics Prize is:
Alexander Polyakov for his many discoveries in field theory and string theory including the conformal bootstrap, magnetic monopoles, instantons, confinement/de-confinement, the quantization of strings in non-critical dimensions, gauge/string duality and many others. His ideas have dominated the scene in these fields during the past decades.
The laureates of 2013 Physics Frontiers Prize are:
Charles Kane, Laurens Molenkamp and Shoucheng Zhang for the theoretical prediction and experimental discovery of topological insulators.
Alexander Polyakov for his many discoveries in field theory and string theory including the conformal bootstrap, magnetic monopoles, instantons, confinement/de-confinement, the quantization of strings in non-critical dimensions, gauge/string duality and many others. His ideas have dominated the scene in these fields during the past decades.
Joseph Polchinski for his contributions in many areas of quantum field theory and string theory. His discovery of D-branes has given new insights into the nature of string theory and quantum gravity, with consequences including the AdS/CFT correspondence.
The laureates of 2013 New Horizons in Physics Prize are:
Niklas Beisert for the development of powerful exact methods to describe a quantum gauge theory and its associated string theory.
Davide Gaiotto for far-reaching new insights about duality, gauge theory, and geometry, and especially for his work linking theories in different dimensions in most unexpected ways.
Zohar Komargodski for his work on the dynamics of four-dimensional field theories. In particular, his proof (with Schwimmer) of the “a-theorem” has solved a long-standing problem, leading to deep new insights.
Two Special Fundamental Physics Prizes of $3,000,000 each awarded:
One to Stephen Hawking for his discovery of Hawking radiation from black holes, and his deep contributions to quantum gravity and quantum aspects of the early universe.
One to be shared by the leaders of the LHC project, CMS and ATLAS experiments from the time the LHC was approved by the CERN Council in 1994, including Peter Jenni, Fabiola Gianotti (ATLAS), Michel Della Negra, Tejinder Singh Virdee, Guido Tonelli, Joe Incandela (CMS) and Lyn Evans (LHC), for their leadership role in the scientific endeavour that led to the discovery of the new Higgs-like particle by the ATLAS and CMS collaborations at CERN's Large Hadron Collider.

The Stan Hawking Scientific Department in San Salvador, the Stan Hawking Department in Cambridge, the Stan Hawking Station in the Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, Canada, and the Stan Hawking Station in San Salvador, have established a number of frameworks in the name of the Stan Hawking Department.

It is because of the time of the time, the time of the time, the time of the time.

அருங்காட்சியகம்

கேம்பிரிட்ச்சில்

கருத்துக்கள்

கேம்பிரிட்ச்சிலுள்ள

Journal of College Science Teaching, vol.XXX, #2 Publication of the National Science Teachers' Association October, 2000
The Stephen W. Hawking Science
Museum in San Salvador Central America Honors the Fortitude of a Great
Living Scientist
by Oliver Komar and Linda Buechner
The Stephen W. Hawking Science Museum, in San Salvador, El Salvador, is the only Central American museum that addresses the physical sciences. Although there are a handful of science-related museums in the region, they mainly focus on the study of natural history and archeology, or their target audience is children. The museum's name honors Stephen Hawking because of his fortitude in dealing with adversity. Hawking, an English physicist and author of the successful 1988 account of modern cosmology, A Brief History of Time, was diagnosed with a disabling and progressive neuromotor disease in his twenties, but continued his scientific work. Similarly, El Salvador has had to deal with the major setback of a 12-year civil war that began in the 1980s. The museum was created just before the end of the war, when life and education were barely emerging from terrible upheaval, in an effort to support science, learning, and teaching. Designed for an audience of high school and college students and their instructors, the museum is modeled after the Exploratorium, a hands-on science museum in San Francisco. The museum uses its small space as provocatively as possible to educate visitors about El Salvador, the World and its mechanics, and basic scientific principles. Most of the exhibits are simple, made of wood and cardboard, but some are more substantial. Founding for the museum comes primarily from the private sector; government spending is limited because of the country's agriculture-dominated economy. On entering the museum, visitors immediately greet a wall-sized (3 x 5 meters, 10 x 16 feet) satellite image of El Salvador and parts of neighboring countries. The map shows crater lakes, volcanoes, humid and dry forests, coffee plantations, farms, roads, dams, town, and cities. The display makes an important statement about the ecological challenges that face this nation, now 85 % deforested. Photographs and captions also identify the location of gold mines, volcanic lake, and the tiny Los Farallones islets in the Gulf of Fonseca, home of the rare bird called the Bridled Tern (Sterna anaethetus). SalvaNatura, the organization in charge of El Salvador's largest national park and other forest preserves, offers posters and lectures on migrating birds and other forest wildlife. A butterfly display contrasts species that dine on acidic plants with others that dine on alkaline plants. One butterfly species, the spectacular blue morpho (Morpho peleides), which obtains its nutrients from fermented fruit, was recently added to the exhibit. In keepig with the museum's emphasis on the physical sciences, a mechanics display features a rotating pendulum that produces Lissajous figures (named for a nineteenth century French physicist) in sand, a demonstration of the conservation of angular momentum, levers and pulleys, Newton's cradle, centripetal and centrifugal forces, and a number of displays explaining Newton's laws. For example, a prosthetic limb is used to demonstrate the importance of friction and balance required for walking. As in other countries recovering from war, such items are of practical interest to visitors. The electricity section includes a six-foot water wheel with an axle and magnet attached. There is no contact between the magnet and the winding that generates a tiny electric current. This display and others illustrate the properties of magnetic and electric fields. El Salvador, the size of Massachusetts, has more than 25 volcanoes. In two of the country"s departments, Ahuachapán and Usulután, steam pouring out of crevices in the volcanic hillsides is captured to make electricity. Specialists in volcano eruption preparedness and mining have enriched the museum with rock specimens and related exhibits that explain the activity and violence of volcanoes. The Ilopango Volcano is thought to have had an important role in the early development of Tikal, the classic Mayan city in the Yucatan Peninsula. Around the year 260 A.D., the Ilopango volcano spewed millions of tons of ash on El Salvador and Guatemala, causing a Mayan exodus toward the north. The characteristic "white dirt"--ash from that explosion--is found throughout central-western El Salvador. The explosion left a crater that is one of the deepest lakes in Latin America (248 meters, 825 feet deep). Chunks of porous white pumice dot its beaches. The El Salvador Astronomy Association holds its regular city meetings in the museum's audditorium and ofers lectures and consultations. The association members have complimented the staff on the museum's representation of the inner planets and Jupiter, which uses the same scale for size and distance. The museum also features a large number of exhibits on light and sound, as well as games, such as 3-D tic-tac-toe, that visitors play without realizing they are thinking mathematically, hence the museum's claim to be "a playground for your brain." In addition, dozens of easy to copy mini-experiments made of inexpensive and common materials can be found on the museum's web site. Visitors to the garden find several native plants such as the balsam producing tree (Myroxylon balsamum var Pereirae), the morro (Crescentia alata), whose spherical ornament-like fruit pop right out of its trunk and thick branches, and the wonderful healing plant, chichipinse (Hamelia patens). This last plant provides a tasty treat to butterflies and hummingbirds. The museum staff is developing a project, soon to open to the public, on the native giant Nephila, the golden orb spider, abundant during the rainy months when it reproduces but totally unseen in the dry season. The display addresses the chemistry and physics of web construction, the ecological importance of the Nephila, and other aspects of this spider's life cycle. If readers have an opportunity to visit the museum, they will find that El Salvador in an undiscovered paradise in a region beloved by a wide array of scientists: entomologists, volcanologists, geologists, ornithologists, and archeologists. Like other countries in Central America, El Salvador is a place of exotic locales and fascinating history.

Question: where is stan hawking's department located

கேம்பிரிட்ச்சில்

The Stan Hawking Scientific Department in San Salvador, the Stan Hawking Department in Cambridge, the Stan Hawking Station in the Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, Canada, and the Stan Hawking Station in San Salvador, have established a number of frameworks in the name of the Stan Hawking Department.

It is because of the time of the time, the time of the time, the time of the time.

where is stan hawking's department located

Question: where is stan hawking's scientific department located

where is stan hawking's scientific department located

Question: what is stan hawking's scientific department called

ஸ்டீவன் ஹாக்கிங் அறிவியல்

what is stan hawking's scientific department called

Question: where is stan hawking station located

Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics

Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics

Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics

Question: in what country is stan hawking working

Question: what is the name of stan hawking's department

ஸ்டீவன் ஹாக்கிங் அறிவியல்

what is the name of stan hawking's department

Question: why is the stan hawking department named

"நேரம் தொடர்பில் ஆக்கிங் கொண்டுள்ள கருத்துக்கள்

why is the stan hawking department named

Question: what is stan hawking's department in cambridge called

what is stan hawking's department in cambridge called

The Stan Hawking Scientific Department in San Salvador , the Stan Hawking Department in Cambridge , the Stan Hawking Station in the Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics , Canada , and the Stan Hawking Station in San Salvador , have established a number of frameworks in the name of the Stan Hawking Department .

It is because of the time of the time , the time of the time , the time of the time .

சான் சல்வடோரில் உள்ள ஸ்டீவன் ஹாக்கிங் அறிவியல் அருங்காட்சியகம், கேம்பிரிட்ச்சில் உள்ள ஸ்டீவன் ஹாக்கிங் கட்டடம், கனடாவிலுள்ள :en:Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics இலுள்ள ஸ்டீவன் ஹாக்கிங் நிலையம், ஆகிய கட்டடங்கள் உட்பட ஆக்கிங்கின் பெயரில் பல கட்டடங்கள் அமைந்துள்ளன. நேரம் தொடர்பில் ஆக்கிங் கொண்டுள்ள கருத்துக்கள் காரணமாக, கேம்பிரிட்ச்சிலுள்ள

சான் சல்வடோரில் உள்ள ஸ்டீவன் ஹாக்கிங் அறிவியல் அருங்காட்சியகம், கேம்பிரிட்ச்சில் உள்ள ஸ்டீவன் ஹாக்கிங் கட்டடம், கனடாவிலுள்ள :en:Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics இலுள்ள ஸ்டீவன் ஹாக்கிங் நிலையம், ஆகிய கட்டடங்கள் உட்பட ஆக்கிங்கின் பெயரில் பல கட்டடங்கள் அமைந்துள்ளன.

நேரம் தொடர்பில் ஆக்கிங் கொண்டுள்ள கருத்துக்கள் காரணமாக, கேம்பிரிட்ச்சிலுள்ள

The Stan Hawking Scientific Department in San Salvador, the Stan Hawking Department in Cambridge, the Stan Hawking Station in the Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, Canada, and the Stan Hawking Station in San Salvador, have established a number of frameworks in the name of the Stan Hawking Department. It is because of the time of the time, the time of the time, the time of the time.

The Stan Hawking Scientific Department in San Salvador, the Stan Hawking Department in Cambridge, the Stan Hawking Station in the Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, Canada, and the Stan Hawking Station in San Salvador, have established a number of frameworks in the name of the Stan Hawking Department.

It is because of the time of the time, the time of the time, the time of the time.

His Royal Highness Prince Philip, The Duke of Edinburgh, marked 30 years as Chancellor of the University of Cambridge by officially opening the Stephen Hawking Building on 17th April, 2007.
|The Stephen Hawking Building|
The £10 million student accommodation and conference building for Gonville & Caius College has been named after its most celebrated living Fellow, Professor Stephen Hawking.
Although Professor Hawking was unable to be at the opening in person, BBC Radio Cambridgeshire's Waseem Mirza was, and you can listen to his report by clicking on the link below:
|Image courtesy of Gonville & Caius|
Speaking at the opening ceremony, Mick Le Moignan, the deputy development director of the college said: "It's a very special day for Gonville & Caius College. We're naming our wonderful new building in honour of our most celebrated living Fellow, Professor Stephen Hawking.
"The building is only here because of the massive generosity of nearly 2,000 benefactors who have given over £10 million to put it up."
The building, on West Road in Cambridge, has been in the planning stage for many years, and has taken two years to build. The stunning design is now home to 75 new student rooms all with en-suite accommodation, 8 fellow sets, three teaching rooms and a student common room, which will be used as a conference venue in the vacations.
|Gonville & Caius students|
Professor Hawking cut the first sod on the site over two years ago - the very site which housed his own student accommodation when he was first at the college.
And it's a grand design. The building is shaped like an 'S' when viewed from above. The common misconception is that the S stands for Stephen, but in truth, the building was designed this way in order to avoid three mature trees on the site. Cambridge City Council insisted that the trees must be preserved before building work could go ahead.
|Dedication plaque|
Speaking on pre-recorded video at the opening, Professor Hawking said: "I lived on this site for 15 years. I hope it will now provide accommodation for students for many years... the college supported me in the early years as a Research Fellow until I got a faculty position, and I'm very grateful to them for that."
You can listen to Professor Hawking's speech by clicking the audio link below:

Due to the time-related comments, Corpus Christi College:en:Corpus Clock was opened in September 2008.

கருத்துக்கள்

கேம்பிரிட்ச்சிலுள்ள

செப்டம்பரில்

Question: when was the Corpus christi clock opened

2008 செப்டம்பரில்

Due to the time-related comments, Corpus Christi College:en:Corpus Clock was opened in September 2008.

when was the Corpus christi clock opened

Question: in what year was the Corpus christi clock opened

in what year was the Corpus christi clock opened

Question: why was the Corpus christi clock opened

"நேரம் தொடர்பில் ஆக்கிங் கொண்டுள்ள கருத்துக்கள்

Question: in which month of 2008 was the Corpus christi clock opened

செப்டம்பரில்

in which month of 2008 was the Corpus christi clock opened

Question: what is the name of the clock at c Corpus christi

what is the name of the clock at c Corpus christi

Question: what is the name of the college in Corpus christi

Corpus Christi Collegeஇன் : en : Corpus Clock

Corpus Christi College : en : Corpus Clock

what is the name of the college in Corpus christi

Question: what is the oldest college in texas

Due to the time - related comments , Corpus Christi College : en : Corpus Clock was opened in September 2008 .

நேரம் தொடர்பில் ஆக்கிங் கொண்டுள்ள கருத்துக்கள் காரணமாக, கேம்பிரிட்ச்சிலுள்ள Corpus Christi Collegeஇன் :en:Corpus Clock ஐ 2008 செப்டம்பரில் திறந்து வைத்தார்.

நேரம் தொடர்பில் ஆக்கிங் கொண்டுள்ள கருத்துக்கள் காரணமாக, கேம்பிரிட்ச்சிலுள்ள Corpus Christi Collegeஇன் :en:Corpus Clock ஐ 2008 செப்டம்பரில் திறந்து வைத்தார்.

Due to the time-related comments, Corpus Christi College:en:Corpus Clock was opened in September 2008.

Due to the time-related comments, Corpus Christi College:en:Corpus Clock was opened in September 2008.

With his own self-righteousness, he wanted to feel the importance of the atmospheric journey, and not to take the harm of those in the heavens.

On 26 April 2007, the Boeing 727–200 aircraft, which was designed for each of them, experienced a situation in the Northern Territory of Puerto Rico.

On January 8, 2007, the 65th anniversary of this year’s celebration, it was announced that it would be a space trip.

முக்கியத்துவத்தை

உள்ளவர்களுடைய

எடுத்துக்காட்டவும்

விரும்பினார்

இவருக்கென்று

வடிவமைக்கப்பட்ட

வானூர்தியில்

புளோரிடாவின்

கொண்டாட்டத்தின்

British physicist Stephen Hawking has completed a zero-gravity flight in a specially modified plane.
Professor Hawking, who suffers from motor neurone disease, was able to float free, unrestricted by his paralysed muscles and his wheelchair.
The two-hour flight over the Atlantic took a series of dramatic dives, allowing the professor to experience 25-second spurts of weightlessness.
The event could be a step closer to Hawking's goal of going into space.
The modified Boeing 727 jet simulated the experience of weightlessness as it took a series of eight plunges.
"It was amazing," Prof Hawking said after the flight.
"The zero-G part was wonderful and the higher-G part was no problem. I could have gone on and on. Space, here I come!" he said.
Initially, the organisers had planned to go through between one and three zero gravity sessions.
In the end eight were completed, and Prof Hawking experienced weightlessness for about four minutes.
US firm Zero Gravity normally charges a fee of $3,750 (£1,915) for its passengers, but that fee was waived for the Cambridge physicist.
He was not given many years to live when he was diagnosed with motor neurone disease in the 1960s, aged 22.
Long-held ambition
The plane took off from the space shuttle's runway at Nasa's Kennedy Space Center in Florida. The planes used for parabolic flights are commonly referred to as "vomit comets".
During the flight, Professor Hawking's aides lifted him out of his chair and placed him gently on the floor of the plane during the sharply angled climb into the sky, in preparation for the first plunge.
The jet's interior was padded to protect the weightless fliers and equipped with cameras to record their adventure.
"We had a wonderful time. It was incredible, far beyond our expectations," said Peter Diamandis, chairman and CEO of Zero Gravity Corporation.
"The doctors felt he was in tremendous condition. His heart rate, blood pressure, oxygen levels were all normal and perfect," Mr Diamandis said.
Prof Hawking, 65, is one of the best-known theoretical physicists of his generation. Some of his groundbreaking work focuses on black holes and on the origins of the Universe.
He has at least one other motive for taking the weightless flight: he believes private space ventures are vital to reduce the cost of space tourism and make it accessible to a greater number of people.
"I think the human race doesn't have a future if it doesn't go into space," Professor Hawking earlier told the BBC News website.
He has a reservation for a sub-orbital flight with Sir Richard Branson's Virgin Galactic venture, scheduled to begin service in 2009.
In November last year, he told the BBC: "My next goal is to go into space; maybe Richard Branson will help me."
Virgin Galactic will own and operate at least five spaceships and two mother ships, and will charge £100,000 ($190,000) to carry passengers to an altitude of about 140km on sub-orbital space flights.

Question: in april 2007, the boeing 727-200 aircraft experienced a situation

புளோரிடாவின்

With his own self-righteousness, he wanted to feel the importance of the atmospheric journey, and not to take the harm of those in the heavens.

On 26 April 2007, the Boeing 727–200 aircraft, which was designed for each of them, experienced a situation in the Northern Territory of Puerto Rico.

On January 8, 2007, the 65th anniversary of this year’s celebration, it was announced that it would be a space trip.

in april 2007, the boeing 727-200 aircraft experienced a situation

Question: when was the 65th anniversary of the space trip

"ஜனவரி 8 , 2007-இல்

when was the 65th anniversary of the space trip

Question: what was the name of the boeing aircraft that experienced a situation in puerto

what was the name of the boeing aircraft that experienced a situation in puerto

Question: when did the boeing 727-200 go to space

"26 ஏப்ரல் 2007-இல்

Question: why did he want to feel the importance of the atmospheric journey

"தன்னுடைய தனிப்பட்ட ஆசையுடன் , விண்வெளிப் பயணத்தின் முக்கியத்துவத்தை

why did ஸ்டீவன் ஹாக்கிங் want to feel the importance of the atmospheric journey

Question: where did the boeing 727-200 aircraft experience a situation in april

புளோரிடாவின்

where did the boeing 727-200 aircraft experience a situation in april

Question: why did he want to go to space

முக்கியத்துவத்தை

why did ஸ்டீவன் ஹாக்கிங் want to go to space

Question: what was the purpose of the trip to the heavens

விண்வெளிப் பயணத்தின்

what was the purpose of the trip to the heavens

With his own self - righteousness , he wanted to feel the importance of the atmospheric journey , and not to take the harm of those in the heavens .

On 26 April 2007 , the Boeing 727–200 aircraft , which was designed for each of them , experienced a situation in the Northern Territory of Puerto Rico .

On January 8 , 2007 , the 65th anniversary of this year ’s celebration , it was announced that it would be a space trip .

தன்னுடைய தனிப்பட்ட ஆசையுடன், விண்வெளிப் பயணத்தின் முக்கியத்துவத்தை உணர்த்தவும், உடற்குறை உள்ளவர்களுடைய ஆற்றலை எடுத்துக்காட்டவும் விரும்பினார்.

26 ஏப்ரல் 2007-இல், இவருக்கென்று வடிவமைக்கப்பட்ட Boeing 727–200 தாரை வானூர்தியில், புளோரிடாவின் கரையோரப் பகுதியில் எடையற்ற நிலையை அனுபவத்தில் கண்டார்.

ஜனவரி 8, 2007-இல் இவருடைய 65-ஆவது பிறந்தநாள் கொண்டாட்டத்தின் அன்று, தான் விண்வெளிப் பயணம் செய்யப் போவதாக அறிவித்தார்.

With his own self-righteousness, he wanted to feel the importance of the atmospheric journey, and not to take the harm of those in the heavens. On 26 April 2007, the Boeing 727–200 aircraft, which was designed for each of them, experienced a situation in the Northern Territory of Puerto Rico. On January 8, 2007, the 65th anniversary of this year’s celebration, it was announced that it would be a space trip.

With his own self-righteousness, he wanted to feel the importance of the atmospheric journey, and not to take the harm of those in the heavens.

On 26 April 2007, the Boeing 727–200 aircraft, which was designed for each of them, experienced a situation in the Northern Territory of Puerto Rico.

On January 8, 2007, the 65th anniversary of this year’s celebration, it was announced that it would be a space trip.

Space travel announcement alt=Hawking, without his wheelchair, floating weightless in the air inside a Hawking taking a zero-gravity flight in a reduced-gravity aircraft, in 2007 2006, in a statement given to the BBC, said that air travel is one of his incomplete arms.

Asked this Richard Brunson, when he said that free aircraft can be combined with one, Arching took it immediately.

பேட்டியொன்றில்

விண்வெளிக்குச்

விண்வெளிப்பயணம்

Question: who said that free aircraft can be combined with one

Space travel announcement alt=Hawking, without his wheelchair, floating weightless in the air inside a Hawking taking a zero-gravity flight in a reduced-gravity aircraft, in 2007 2006, in a statement given to the BBC, said that air travel is one of his incomplete arms.

Asked this Richard Brunson, when he said that free aircraft can be combined with one, Arching took it immediately.

who said that free aircraft can be combined with one

Question: in what year did hawking take a zero gravity flight

in what year did hawking take a zero gravity flight

Question: when did hawking fly in a reduced gravity plane

when did hawking fly in a reduced gravity plane

Question: who is the person who is floating weightless in the air in a reduced-gravity

who is the person who is floating weightless in the air in a reduced-gravity

Question: how did hawking describe air travel

Question: who gave Hawking a statement in 2007 about air travel

who gave Hawking a statement in 2007 about air travel

Question: who said free aircraft can be combined with one to make space travel possible

who said free aircraft can be combined with one to make space travel possible

Space travel announcement alt = Hawking , without his wheelchair , floating weightless in the air inside a Hawking taking a zero - gravity flight in a reduced - gravity aircraft , in 2007 2006 , in a statement given to the BBC , said that air travel is one of his incomplete arms .

Asked this Richard Brunson , when he said that free aircraft can be combined with one , Arching took it immediately .

விண்வெளிப் பயண அறிவிப்பு alt=Hawking, without his wheelchair, floating weightless in the air inside a Hawking taking a zero-gravity flight in a reduced-gravity aircraft, 2007 2006 இல், பி.பி.சி க்கு அளித்த பேட்டியொன்றில், விண்வெளிக்குச் செல்வது தனது நிறைவேறாத ஆசைகளில் ஒன்று என்று கூறினார். இதைக் கேட்ட ரிச்சர்டு பிரான்சன், இலவசமாக விண்வெளிப்பயணம் ஒன்றை ஒழுங்கு செய்ய முடியும் என்று கூறியபோது ஆக்கிங் அதனை உடனடியாக ஏற்றுக் கொண்டார்.

விண்வெளிப் பயண அறிவிப்பு alt=Hawking, without his wheelchair, floating weightless in the air inside a Hawking taking a zero-gravity flight in a reduced-gravity aircraft, 2007 2006 இல், பி.பி.சி க்கு அளித்த பேட்டியொன்றில், விண்வெளிக்குச் செல்வது தனது நிறைவேறாத ஆசைகளில் ஒன்று என்று கூறினார்.

இதைக் கேட்ட ரிச்சர்டு பிரான்சன், இலவசமாக விண்வெளிப்பயணம் ஒன்றை ஒழுங்கு செய்ய முடியும் என்று கூறியபோது ஆக்கிங் அதனை உடனடியாக ஏற்றுக் கொண்டார்.

Space travel announcement alt=Hawking, without his wheelchair, floating weightless in the air inside a Hawking taking a zero-gravity flight in a reduced-gravity aircraft, in 2007 2006, in a statement given to the BBC, said that air travel is one of his incomplete arms. Asked this Richard Brunson, when he said that free aircraft can be combined with one, Arching took it immediately.

Space travel announcement alt=Hawking, without his wheelchair, floating weightless in the air inside a Hawking taking a zero-gravity flight in a reduced-gravity aircraft, in 2007 2006, in a statement given to the BBC, said that air travel is one of his incomplete arms.

Asked this Richard Brunson, when he said that free aircraft can be combined with one, Arching took it immediately.

Gerrard Richard Brunson said by the Virgin Regional Aerospace Service Network in their expenses that it would be around the state in the 2009-year-old summer (i.e. in a place without a flight impact).The Daily Telegraph was confident that it would be a day of a flight in the deadly border.Stephen Hawking

கொண்டாட்டத்தின்

"பெருஞ்செல்வர்

போக்குவரத்துச்

வெளியில்(அதாவது

நிலவுருண்டையைச்

கூறினார்.டெய்லி

விண்வெளிக்குப்

செய்துவிடும்

நம்பிக்கையோடுதான்

இருந்தார்.ஸ்டீபன்

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Question: when was the 65th anniversary of the space trip announced

"ஜனவரி 8 , 2007-இல்

Gerrard Richard Brunson said by the Virgin Regional Aerospace Service Network in their expenses that it would be around the state in the 2009-year-old summer (i.e. in a place without a flight impact).The Daily Telegraph was confident that it would be a day of a flight in the deadly border.Stephen Hawking

when was the 65th anniversary of the space trip announced

Question: who was the first person to go to space

Question: which newspaper was confident that it would be a day of a flight in the deadly border

which newspaper was confident that it would be a day of a flight in the deadly border

Question: what was announced on january 8, 2007

விண்வெளிப் பயணம் செய்யப்

Question: what kind of trip was announced on january 8, 2007

விண்வெளிப் பயணம்

what kind of trip was announced on january 8, 2007

Question: who paid for the space trip

Virgin Regional Aerospace Service Network

வர்ஜின் காலாக்டிக் விண்வெளிப் போக்குவரத்துச் சேவையின்

Virgin Regional Aerospace Service Network

Question: who said that it would be a space trip

ரிச்சர்டு பிரான்சன்

Question: in what year was the 65th anniversary of the space trip announced

in what year was the 65th anniversary of the space trip announced

Gerrard Richard Brunson said by the Virgin Regional Aerospace Service Network in their expenses that it would be around the state in the 2009 - year - old summer ( i.e. in a place without a flight impact).The Daily Telegraph was confident that it would be a day of a flight in the deadly border . Stephen Hawking

On January 8, 2007, the 65th anniversary of this year’s celebration, it was announced that it would be a space trip. Gerrard Richard Brunson said by the Virgin Regional Aerospace Service Network in their expenses that it would be around the state in the 2009-year-old summer (i.e. in a place without a flight impact).The Daily Telegraph was confident that it would be a day of a flight in the deadly border.Stephen Hawking

Gerrard Richard Brunson said by the Virgin Regional Aerospace Service Network in their expenses that it would be around the state in the 2009-year-old summer (i.e. in a place without a flight impact).The Daily Telegraph was confident that it would be a day of a flight in the deadly border.Stephen Hawking

Stephen Hawking
Biography
It is a curious fact that Stephen William Hawking was born on 8th January 1942, exactly 300 years after the death of the Italian astronomer, Galileo Galilei. Perhaps it seems a fitting symmetry. Often referred to as ‘the father of observational astronomy,’ Galileo was one of Stephen’s inspirations during his long career as a theoretical physicist and cosmologist.
Stephen was born in Oxford during WWII, the eldest of four children to parents Dr Frank Hawking and Eileen Isobel Hawking. With his siblings, Stephen had a happy childhood mostly spent in Highgate, London and then in St. Albans, Hertfordshire. Stephen admitted to being a late developer and recalled that he was never more than halfway up the class at St Albans School. However, he developed an early curiosity as to how things work, saying later, ‘If you understand how the universe operates, you control it, in a way.’ His classmates called him ‘Einstein’ as they clearly saw the signs of genius in him, missed by his teachers. While still at school, Stephen speculated about the origin of the universe with his friends and wondered whether God created it – “I wanted to fathom the depths of the universe.” This spirit of enquiry set the pattern for his academic career.
Somewhat reluctantly, Stephen agreed to apply to his father’s college, University College, Oxford. Stephen wanted to read mathematics but his father, tropical medicine specialist Dr Frank Hawking, was adamant that there would be no jobs for mathematicians and Stephen should read medicine. They compromised on Natural Sciences and Stephen went up to Oxford at the young age of 17 in 1959. Despite claiming to do very little work, Stephen performed well enough in his written examinations to be called for a ‘viva’ (an interview) to determine which class of degree he should receive. Stephen told the examiners that if they awarded him a first-class degree he would leave Oxford and go to Cambridge but if he got a second, he would stay in Oxford. They duly gave him a first, as of course, he hoped they would. Stephen went to Trinity Hall, Cambridge in 1962.
However, while still an undergraduate, Stephen had begun to realise all was not well. He had become increasingly clumsy, was struggling with small tasks such as doing up his shoelaces and his movements were erratic and ungainly. After an accident at a skating lake in St Albans, his mother took him to Guy’s Hospital in London for tests. Soon after Stephen’s 21st birthday, these tests showed he had a progressive and incurable illness. These tests were exhaustive although primitive by today’s standards. Even after these were completed, oddly Stephen was not told his diagnosis. Eventually, he discovered he had motor neurone disease which slowly and inexorably erodes muscle control but leaves the brain intact. He was given only two years to live. Stephen later recalled that he became desperately demoralised at this time but he did find two sources of inspiration and solace: the intense music of Wagner (a subsequent lifelong passion) and falling in love with Jane Wilde, the woman who would become his wife. The young couple vowed to fight Stephen’s illness together. Stephen now had someone to live for, and in the manner typical of his stubbornness, he threw himself into his research – “To my surprise I found I liked it”, he said later.
Despite his renewed enthusiasm, Stephen’s early career progressed erratically. In Cambridge, he had hoped to study under the most famous astronomer of the time, Fred Hoyle, but Professor Hoyle had too many students already and sent him to physicist and cosmologist Dennis Sciama instead. Later, Stephen recognised this as a piece of luck which laid the foundation of his later career and said that he would have been unlikely to flourish under Hoyle’s supervision. In fact, the two clashed in public in 1964 when Stephen interrupted Fred Hoyle, during a lecture, to tell the famous scientist he had got something wrong. When Hoyle asked how he knew this, Stephen said, ‘Because I have worked it out’. Sciama also introduced Stephen to Roger Penrose in 1965 when Penrose gave a talk on singularity theorems in Cambridge. In that same year, Stephen received his Ph.D for his thesis entitled ‘Properties of Expanding Universes.’ This thesis was released in 2017 on the University of Cambridge’s website, causing the site to crash almost immediately due to the extraordinarily high demand.
In 1965, Stephen applied for a research fellowship at Gonville & Caius College in Cambridge and was accepted. He was to remain a fellow there for the rest of his life. Marriage to Jane and children followed; Robert (1967), Lucy (1970) and Timothy (1979). Supported and cared for by his wife, his loyal PhD students, friends, family, colleagues and his children, Stephen settled into day to day academic life, and continued working right up until his death in March 2018.
The accolades began. In 1966 Stephen won the Adams Prize for his essay entitled, ‘Singularities and the Geometry of Space-Time’, and which formed the basis for his first academic book, co-authored with George Ellis, The Large Scale Structure of Space-Time. This book remains in print today.
In 1969, during a trip to the USA, Stephen observed Joseph Weber’s early and rudimentary experiments for detecting gravitational waves. Stephen would have loved to conduct his own experiments in this new and exciting scientific area but understood that his disability was a barrier in that era. As ever, Stephen made an advantage out of what other people would perceive as a setback, arguing that a theorist can conclude an argument in an afternoon: an experiment can take years. “I was glad I remained a theorist”, he admitted afterwards.
Against the background of increasing and fervent scientific discovery, Stephen began working on the basic laws that govern the universe – the field he had been obsessed with since he was a young schoolboy. Since their first meeting in 1965, Stephen and Roger Penrose had many discussions about singularity theorems which culminated in their joint paper in 1970. In that paper, Stephen showed that Einstein’s general theory of relativity implied space and time would have a beginning in the Big Bang and an end in black holes. Together, Hawking and Penrose developed a singularity theorem proving this theory and this led to Stephen’s ensuing fascination with black holes. His subsequent work in this area laid the foundations for today’s understanding of the universe and how it began.
The 1970s were a prolific period of work. In 1970, shortly after the birth of his daughter and in a ‘eureka’ moment, Stephen realized, almost in an instant:
● that when black holes merge, the surface area of the final black hole must exceed the sum of the areas of the initial black holes,
● that this places limits on the amount of energy that can be carried away by gravitational waves in such a merger,
● there are parallels to be drawn between the laws of thermodynamics and the behaviour of black holes.
In 1973, and at a bit of a loose end after the publication of his first book, The Large Scale Structure of Space-Time, Stephen decided the next step in his research would be to combine general relativity (the theory of the very large) with quantum theory (the theory of the very small). To his disbelief, it seemed that emissions could emanate from a black hole, that particles could escape, i.e. ‘radiate’ from a black hole’s event horizon, a revolutionary quantum effect that appeared to make a mockery of the laws of physics. This research was published in 1974 by Nature as ‘Black hole explosions?’. However, when announced at a conference in Oxford, his theory was seen as controversial and angrily disputed. Now widely accepted and known as Hawking radiation, Stephen’s proposal unifies the seemingly impossible – general relativity with quantum theory, the large with the small.
Despite their names becoming joined in a formula, Stephen and Jacob Bekenstein never actually worked together. In 1972, Bekenstein proposed that black holes have an entropy. Bekenstein had a formula for entropy that said the entropy was proportional to the area of the event horizon but his numerical co-efficient was incorrect. Stephen did not believe this because black holes were thought to have zero temperatures. It was not until Stephen discovered black hole temperature that he came to believe that black holes have entropy. Stephen was able thereby to confirm the idea that black holes have entropy and fix the coefficient in Bekenstein’s formula.
S = Entropy
A = The area of the horizon
c = The speed of light
G = Newton’s constant of gravitation
k = Boltzmann’s constant
ħ = Planck’s constant
Stephen’s equation reveals a ‘deep and previously unexpected relationship between gravity and thermodynamics, the science of heat’. But it also raises questions – where does the information about the previously existing matter go when matter ‘disappears’ into a hole? And if information is lost, this is incompatible with quantum mechanics at least in its usual form. This is Stephen’s black hole ‘Information Paradox’ that violates a fundamental tenet of quantum mechanics and has led to decades of furious debate.
The late 1970s were a golden age for Stephen’s academic career and for the field of theoretical physics in general. After being promoted to Reader in Gravitational Physics at Cambridge in 1975, and subsequently Professor of Gravitational Physics in 1977, in 1979 he was appointed as the Lucasian Professor of Mathematics, a position he held until 2009. The chair was founded in 1663 with money left in the will of the Reverend Henry Lucas who had been the Member of Parliament for the University. Previously held by Isaac Newton in 1669, this chair was awarded to Stephen in recognition of his ground-breaking scientific work on black holes. In 1979 Stephen was also awarded the first, prestigious Albert Einstein medal, in recognition of ‘scientific findings, works or publications related to Albert Einstein’. This was a period of intense speculation in physics and growing public interest in black holes. Journalists for print and television regularly interviewed Stephen - his name was becoming known.
Stephen sought to understand the whole universe in scientific terms. As he said famously, ‘My goal is simple. It is a complete understanding of the universe.’ The singularity theorems proved by Stephen and Penrose had shown conclusively that the universe had a beginning in a Big Bang. But the singularity theorems did not say how the universe had begun. Rather, they showed something more sweeping: Einstein’s general relativity breaks down at the Big Bang, and quantum theory becomes important. Working with Jim Hartle, Stephen set out to use the techniques he had developed to understand the quantum dynamics of black holes, to describe the quantum birth of the universe. Stephen first put forward a proposal along these lines at a conference in the Vatican in 1981, where he suggested that the universe began with four space dimensions curled up as a sphere, without any boundary, which through a quantum transition gave rise to the universe with three space dimensions and one time dimension that we have today. Asking what came before the Big Bang, he famously said, `is like asking what lies South of the South Pole’. Stephen and Hartle aptly called their model the no boundary wave function, or no boundary proposal, the first scientific model of the origin of the universe.
Stephen continued to study the no boundary proposal throughout his career. He discovered that there was a profound connection between the no boundary wave function and cosmic inflation – the idea that our universe started with a rapid burst of expansion. In a series of papers over many years Stephen and his students consolidated this connection, showing that the no boundary proposal predicts an early period of inflation. But the scientific importance of the no boundary proposal is not just as a successful theory of the origin of the basic structure of the universe. Perhaps even more important is the impact it has had on how we think about the universe, and our place in it. The no boundary proposal describes an ensemble of universes. Working with Thomas Hertog, Stephen showed this leads to what he called a `top-down approach to cosmology’, reconstructing the universe’s history backwards in time starting from our position within it. ‘The history of the universe depends on the question we ask,’ he used to say.
In 1982, a letter from Buckingham Palace arrived at Stephen’s family home in Cambridge to tell him he had been honoured with the award of a CBE - Commander of the British Empire. Stephen, despite his anti-establishment leanings, still felt proud to accept it as a mark of his outstanding achievement. The award also heralded the first of what would turn out to be many meetings with Her Majesty the Queen over the decades to come. But neither Stephen nor his family could have known that at the time, as the great scientist was constantly aware that each day could be his last.
Despite his condition, Stephen was an enthusiastic traveller, although his journeys did not always go smoothly. In 1985 Stephen contracted pneumonia on a trip to a science conference near Geneva. The Swiss doctors advised his wife, Jane, that recovery was impossible, and she should switch off Stephen’s ventilator which would have brought about his immediate death. Jane flatly refused and arranged for Stephen to be flown home to Addenbrooke’s Hospital in Cambridge. In order to save Stephen’s life, a tracheostomy was performed, which had the difficult side effect of taking away his natural speaking voice. After a frustrating period where he was only able to communicate with a spelling card and eyebrow movements, Stephen was relieved and delighted when technology came to his rescue. He worked closely with computer developers, latterly at Intel, to devise a computerised communication system and voice synthesiser that, with its famously flat American accent, quickly became his trademark. Stephen learned the art of brevity, of expressing complicated ideas and opinions in very few words. Using this system, Stephen not only wrote seven books and a number of scientific papers but developed his own style of dry, unanswerable wit. It was during this challenging period that Stephen began working on A Brief History of Time, an idea he first had in 1982.
Determined to write a book about physics that would sell at airport book shops, sharing the excitement of science with a general audience, Stephen toiled over A Brief History of Time for six years. His hard work paid off as this book became a surprise runaway best seller which also propelled him into an ever-widening public sphere with, at times, intense media speculation. A Newsweek cover at the time described him as a ‘Master of the Universe’. Helpfully, A Brief History of Time turns complicated scientific theories and projections into (mostly) everyday language: as Stephen said, “I think it is important for scientists to explain their work, particularly in cosmology”. Its resounding success led to a spot on the UK best-selling list for a record-breaking 4.5 years, translation into over 40 languages and sales of over 20 million copies. It was said that Stephen had answered the most fundamental questions of existence. Stephen had always firmly believed that everyone should have a basic understanding of science in this increasingly scientific and technological world and dedicated an enormous amount of time and effort in order to engage the general public with science. He has also co-authored a series of six adventure novels about science with his daughter, Lucy Hawking, in order to make science entertaining and accessible to a young readership.
The 1990s were another period of relentless work academically and now, increasingly, as a popular author and celebrity. In 1993 he published Black Holes and Baby Universes and Other Essays, a collection of works exploring ways in which the universe may be governed. This was followed in 1998 by Universe: The Cosmos Explained, clarifying the basis of our existence with more following in the 2000s – Universe in a Nutshell (2001), On the Shoulders of giants (2002) and The Theory of Everything: The Origin and Fate of the Universe (2002). While these did not achieve the global accolade of A Brief History of Time, they all successfully contributed to our general body of scientific knowledge.
Academically, Stephen continued his work in physics and in 1993 co-edited a book on Euclidean quantum gravity with Gary Gibbons. In 1994 Stephen and Roger Penrose delivered a series of six lectures that were subsequently published in 1996 as The Nature of Space and Time, and Stephen enjoyed several of his now-famous scientific ‘bets’ he had with colleagues, notably with Kip Thorne and John Preskill at Caltech, and Peter Higgs over the existence of the Higgs Boson (Stephen lost that one). Stephen also married again in 1995 to Elaine Mason, a former nurse.
In 1990, with lifelong friend, the physicist Kip Thorne, Stephen approached the controversial notion of whether time travel is allowed by the laws of physics utilising the concept of wormholes, hypothetical tubes of space-time. Stephen concluded this serious analysis with the finding that although it may turn out that time travel is impossible, “… it is important that we understand why it is impossible.” As a later aside to this, nearly 20 years later Stephen planned a party for time travellers. He wrote invitations, set a date, time and venue and provided precise GPS coordinates. But he did not send out the invitations until after the party date was over. That way, only those who could genuinely travel back in time would know of it and be able to attend. On the due day Stephen sat politely and waited. But no-one came. And that was the point. “I have experimental evidence that time travel is not possible”, he said afterwards. And the champagne went back on ice.
In a sensational scientific U-turn in 2004, Stephen announced he had solved the black hole information paradox he had identified in 1974, stating that black holes do not destroy all that is sucked into them and that information can be retrieved. Conceding a bet with fellow scientists when he had previously argued to the contrary, Stephen and Kip Thorne awarded their American colleague, John Preskill, an encyclopaedia on baseball saying, that ‘(baseball) information can be retrieved at will’. At the time, Stephen confessed that saying information was lost in black holes was his biggest blunder. However, physicists continue to argue about whether information is lost in black holes or not. It is perhaps a tribute to Stephen’s genius that the discussion is still going on after almost half a century.
The marriage to Elaine broke down and the couple divorced in 2006. In April 2007, Stephen undertook a zero-gravity flight in a Boeing 727 jet in order to promote public interest in space travel and raise money for research into ALS. He had been invited by space pioneer and entrepreneur Peter Diamandis who founded the X Prize. A keen advocate of the need for space travel to find alternative planets for human habitation, Stephen remained in the air for two hours and underwent eight zero-gravity dives, allowing him to experience weightlessness and to be freed from the frustrating restrictions of his wheelchair. One of the most iconic of all the images of Stephen shows him floating, weightless, with an apple hovering above his shoulder and a huge smile on this face. He quipped afterwards, “Space, here I come. A zero-gravity flight is the first step towards space travel.” Stephen always hoped to make it into space himself one day. He was invited by Richard Branson to travel on Branson’s first space flight. Such was Stephen’s pioneering spirit, he accepted immediately. Sadly, Stephen never got the chance to fly in space.
Also in 2007, Stephen founded the Centre for Theoretical Cosmology, based in the Centre for Mathematical Sciences, University of Cambridge, and set up to, ‘advance the scientific understanding of our universe, taking forward the vision of its founder.’ More recently, the Centre launched the Stephen Hawking Programme, a campaign to celebrate and memorialise Stephen's life and work through a programme of teaching, research and outreach. The programme will perpetuate Stephen's legacy and will ensure the vitality and excellence of its ongoing research in cosmology and gravitation.
In 2009, Stephen was awarded the US Presidential Medal of Freedom by President Barack Obama, the highest civilian award in the United States. Received by very few scientists, it was given in recognition of his ‘persistence and dedication [which] has unlocked new pathways of discovery and inspired everyday citizens.’
In 2012, in a dazzling, star-lit ceremony, Stephen opened the Paralympics in London’s Docklands to a packed stadium. Entitled ‘Enlightenment’, Stephen compared the entire event with some 3,000 performers promising an ‘evening of exploration’, as he exhorted the 62,000 spectators to ‘look up at the stars’. As an addition to the fun-fest of the splendidly choreographed display by disabled athletes, Stephen’s appearance received loud applause when he said, “However difficult life may seem there is always something you can do and succeed at. Good luck to you all…”.
In 2013, Stephen won one of the two Breakthrough Prizes in Fundamental Physics for his discovery of Hawking radiation from black holes, and for ‘his deep contributions to quantum gravity and quantum aspects of the early universe’. This award was especially treasured by Stephen as it validated his lifelong discoveries without the need for experimental confirmation that, in this case, is very difficult to achieve. So difficult in fact, that this lack of experimental confirmation of Hawking radiation and other of his theories excluded Stephen from winning the Nobel prize for physics – the major disappointment in his academic life and career.
In 2014, Stephen revised his theory about the information paradox, even writing that, ‘there are no black holes’ – or at least in the way that cosmologists traditionally understand them. His theory removed the existence of an ‘event horizon’, the point where nothing can escape. Instead, he proposed that there would be an ‘apparent horizon’ that would alter according to quantum changes within the black hole. But the theory, too, remains controversial.
That same year saw the release of The Theory of Everything, the film of Stephen’s life which opened to great critical acclaim. Based on the personal memoir of Stephen’s wife, Jane, the film garnered major awards, resulting in an Oscar for actor, Eddie Redmayne, who perfectly captured not only Stephen’s declining health but his wit, determination, stubbornness and single-minded pursuit of scientific knowledge. Stephen was initially cautious about the film but once he met Redmayne and read the script, he changed his view and allowed the film to use his synthesised voice. Overall both Stephen and Jane were pleased with the film although Stephen would have liked it to contain more physics. Its success brought Stephen’s academic discoveries to a wider public and further underlined his innate humanity.
Stephen celebrated his 75th birthday in January 2017, an incredible achievement for someone who was told he had two years to live in 1962. Cambridge University marked this august occasion with an international conference entitled ‘Gravity and Black Holes’, held in July at the Centre for Mathematical Sciences. Twenty renowned scientists gave papers at the three-day conference. At the time, Stephen said, “It has been a glorious time to be alive and doing research into theoretical physics. Our picture of the Universe has changed a great deal in the last 50 years, and I’m happy if I’ve made a small contribution.” And he said he wanted others to feel the passion he has for understanding the universal laws that govern us all. “I want to share my excitement and enthusiasm about this quest. So, remember to look up at the stars and not down at your feet. Try to make sense of what you see and wonder about what makes the universe exist. Be curious, and however difficult life may seem, there is always something you can do, and succeed at. It matters that you don’t just give up.”
Also in 2017 Stephen co-authored a paper with Malcolm Perry (Cambridge) and Professor Andrew Strominger (Harvard) entitled ‘Soft Hair on Black Holes’, purporting to make progress towards an ultimate solution to the black hole information paradox. Refuting Stephen’s earlier argument claiming that information was irretrievably lost in black holes the paper identifies how information is not lost but is ‘contained’ within strands surrounding the black hole’s edge, the event horizon.
In November 2017, Stephen made what would become his last public appearance to a packed Union chamber when he gave the inaugural speech for the Cambridge Union Society’s announcement of its Professor Hawking Fellowship. The Fellowship is designed to celebrate STEM disciplines and acknowledges those individuals who, according to Lord Smith of Finsbury, chair of the Union’s trustees, ‘… have changed the world through the application of science and technology’. In 2019, the choice of Hawking Fellow was Bill Gates.
On 14th March 2018, Professor Stephen Hawking died peacefully at his home in Cambridge (in a strange tribute, this date is also the birthday of Albert Einstein). At the private funeral in Cambridge, the streets thronged with admirers and fans who saw Stephen as very much ‘one of their own’. His impressive but poignant memorial service held on 15th June 2018 in Westminster Abbey was a more formal affair with luminaries from academia around the world paying tribute to Stephen’s scientific legacy. However, at both ceremonies, there was much emphasis on Stephen’s humanity, his humour, his family (he was a devoted family man with three much-loved children and grandchildren) and his charitable work, mostly for the disabled community and education. His ashes are interred next to Sir Isaac Newton and Charles Darwin. The words on Stephen’s grave stone are a direct translation from the Latin of those on Isaac Newton’s grave – ‘Here lies what was mortal of…..’
There is a postscript. In October 2018, John Murray published Stephen’s posthumous popular book, Brief Answers to the Big Questions. This book was a project that Stephen had begun in his lifetime, to bring his writings for a general audience together into one definitive volume. While the manuscript remained unfinished at the time of Stephen’s death, his colleagues, family and friends collaborated in order to publish this collection of short essays on the questions that Stephen was so frequently asked during his lifetime. It felt important to those who had been close to Stephen for so many years that his theories, thoughts and ideas were published in order that he himself should define his legacy. Brief Answers to the Big Questions has been a best seller in 45 countries and sold 2.5 million copies since publication, showing that Stephen’s influence and brilliance remain undimmed, even though he is no longer with us.
Finally, two posthumous papers appeared. The first in April 2018 was written with Thomas Hertog. Stephen details his last theory on the origin of the Universe, based on the concept of eternal inflation which lays the ground for the existence of parallel universes. It argues there are many universes other than our own. The paper is entitled “A Smooth Exit From Inflation” and its latest revisions were made on 4th March, ten days before Stephen died.
When Stephen died, there was a paper in preparation with Sasha Haco, a graduate students, Malcolm Perry and Andrew Strominger. In this paper, an explanation of how black hole entropy arises at the microscopic level is proposed. If the ideas in this paper hold water, then it gives insight into the information paradox and how it might be resolved. As Stephen’s lifelong friend, the physicist Kip Thorne said at Stephen’s memorial service at Westminster Abbey ‘Stephen gave us big questions.” As more work is done on Stephen’s theories over the decades and centuries to come, we may find that Stephen gave us the answers as well. We just need to be smart enough to find them.
Research Fellow, Gonville and Caius Coll., 1965–69; Fellow for distinction in science, 1969–; Mem. Inst. of Theoretical Astronomy, Cambridge, 1968–72; Research Asst, Inst. of Astronomy, Cambridge, 1972–73; Cambridge University: Research Asst, Dept of Applied Maths and Theoretical Physics, 1973–75; Reader in Gravitational Physics, 1975–77, Professor, 1977–79. Fairchild Distinguished Schol., Calif Inst. of Technol., 1974–75. Reith Lectr, 2015. Mem., Pontical Acad. of Scis, 1986–; Foreign Mem., Amer. Acad. of Arts and Scis, 1984; Internat. Mem. (formerly Foreign Mem.), Amer. Philosophical Soc., 1985. Hon. Mem., RAS (Can), 1985. Hon. DSc: Oxon, 1978; Newcastle, Leeds, 1987; Cambridge, 1989; hon. degrees: Chicago, 1981; Leicester, New York, Notre Dame, Princeton, 1982; Tufts, Yale, 1989; Harvard, 1990. (Jtly) Eddington Medal, RAS, 1975; Pius XI Gold Medal, Pontical Acad. of Scis, 1975; Dannie Heinemann Prize for Math. Phys., Amer. Phys. Soc. and Amer. Inst. of Physics, 1976; William Hopkins Prize, Cambridge Philosoph. Soc., 1976; Maxwell Medal, Inst. of Physics, 1976; Hughes Medal, Royal Soc., 1976; Albert Einstein Award, 1978; Albert Einstein Medal, Albert Einstein Soc., Berne, 1979; Franklin Medal, Franklin Inst., USA, 1981; Gold Medal, RAS, 1985; Paul Dirac Medal and Prize, Inst. of Physics, 1987; (jtly) Wolf Foundn Prize for Physics, 1988; Britannica Award, 1989; Prince of Asturias Foundn Award, Spain, 1989; Julius Edgar Lilienfeld Prize, 1999; Klein Medal, Nobel Inst., 2003; Michelson Award, Case Western Univ., 2003; James Smithson Bicentennial Medal, Smithsonian Inst., Washington, 2005; Copley Medal, Royal Soc., 2006; Fonseca Prize, Univ. of Santiago de Compostela, Spain, 2008; US Presidential Medal of Freedom, 2009; Cosmos Award for outstanding public presentation of Science, Planetary Soc., 2010; Special Fundamental Physics Prize, Fundamental Physics Prize Foundn, 2012

Mr. Stephen Hawking 14 March 2018 is in his 76th age today.

Stephen Hawking: Visionary physicist dies aged 76
- Published
World renowned physicist Stephen Hawking has died at the age of 76.
He died peacefully at his home in Cambridge in the early hours of Wednesday, his family said.
The British scientist was famed for his work with black holes and relativity, and wrote several popular science books including A Brief History of Time.
At the age of 22 Prof Hawking was given only a few years to live after being diagnosed with a rare form of motor neurone disease.
The illness left him in a wheelchair and largely unable to speak except through a voice synthesiser.
In a statement his children, Lucy, Robert and Tim, said: "We are deeply saddened that our beloved father passed away today.
"He was a great scientist and an extraordinary man whose work and legacy will live on for many years."
They praised his "courage and persistence" and said his "brilliance and humour" inspired people across the world.
"He once said, 'It would not be much of a universe if it wasn't home to the people you love.' We will miss him forever."
A book of condolence has been opened at Gonville and Caius College in Cambridge, where Prof Hawking was a fellow.
Prof Hawking was the first to set out a theory of cosmology as a union of relativity and quantum mechanics.
He also discovered that black holes leak energy and fade to nothing - a phenomenon that would later become known as Hawking radiation.
Through his work with mathematician Sir Roger Penrose he demonstrated that Einstein's general theory of relativity implies space and time would have a beginning in the Big Bang and an end in black holes.
The scientist gained popularity outside the academic world and appeared in several TV shows including The Simpsons, Red Dwarf and The Big Bang Theory.
In loving memory of Stephen Hawking. It was an honor to have him on The #BigBangTheory. Thank you for inspiring us and the world. pic.twitter.com/9rWoYqIToy— The Big Bang Theory (@bigbangtheory) March 14, 2018
He was portrayed in both TV and film - recently by Oscar winner Eddie Redmayne in The Theory of Everything, which charted his rise to fame and relationship with his first wife, Jane.
The actor paid tribute to him, saying: "We have lost a truly beautiful mind, an astonishing scientist and the funniest man I have ever had the pleasure to meet."
Benedict Cumberbatch, who played Prof Hawking in a BBC drama, said he was "a true inspiration for me and for millions around the world".
His most famous book - A Brief History of Time - has now shot to the top of the Amazon Best Sellers list.
The Motor Neurone Disease Association, of which Prof Hawking had been a patron since 2008, reported that its website had crashed because of an influx of donations to the charity.
Factfile: Stephen Hawking
- Born 8 January 1942 in Oxford, England
- Earned place at Oxford University to read natural science in 1959, before studying for his PhD at Cambridge
- By 1963, was diagnosed with motor neurone disease and given two years to live
- Outlined his theory that black holes emit "Hawking radiation" in 1974
- In 1979, he became the Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at Cambridge - a post once held by Sir Isaac Newton
- Published his book A Brief History of Time in 1988, which has sold more than 10 million copies
- In the late 1990s, he was reportedly offered a knighthood, but 10 years later revealed he had turned it down over issues with the government's funding for science
Tributes have poured in for Prof Hawking since the announcement of his death.
Prof Lord Martin Rees, the Astronomer Royal, who was at university with Prof Hawking when he was diagnosed, said his friend had "amazing willpower and determination".
Prime Minister Theresa May called him a "brilliant and extraordinary mind" and "one of the great scientists of his generation".
Labour leader Jeremy Corbyn praised the scientist for his "determination to explain the mysteries of the cosmos" and his "burning passion to protect our National Health Service."
Remembering Stephen Hawking, a renowned physicist and ambassador of science. His theories unlocked a universe of possibilities that we & the world are exploring. May you keep flying like superman in microgravity, as you said to astronauts on @Space_Station in 2014 pic.twitter.com/FeR4fd2zZ5— NASA (@NASA) March 14, 2018
Sir Tim Berners-Lee, inventor of the web, said: "We have lost a colossal mind and a wonderful spirit. Rest in peace, Stephen Hawking," he said.
The vice chancellor of the University of Cambridge - where Prof Hawking had studied and worked - Professor Stephen Toope, said he was a "unique individual" who would be remembered with "warmth and affection".
Prof James Hartle, who worked with him to create the Hartle-Hawking wavefunction to explain the Big Bang, said Prof Hawking had a "unique" ability to "see through all the clutter in physics" and get to the point.
He told BBC Radio Four's Today programme: "My memory of him would be… first our work together as scientists and, second, as a human being whose whole story is a triumph over adversity [and] who inspired a lot of people, including me."
His passing has left an intellectual vacuum in his wake. But it's not empty. Think of it as a kind of vacuum energy permeating the fabric of spacetime that defies measure. Stephen Hawking, RIP 1942-2018. pic.twitter.com/nAanMySqkt— Neil deGrasse Tyson (@neiltyson) March 14, 2018
The comedian and presenter of the BBC's Stargazing Live Dara O'Briain said the scientist had an "immeasurable life" and "one of the few people I would call a hero of mine".
Theoretical physicist, professor Jim Al-Khalili, from Surrey University said Prof Hawking had a tremendous sense of humour.
He told BBC Radio Surrey: "He was a fun loving guy. Inside that shell, inside that body that was paralysed, was someone who was full of vigour, full of passion for life."
Hawking's discoveries
- With the Oxford mathematician Roger Penrose, he showed that if there was a Big Bang, it must have started from an infinitely small point - a singularity
- Black holes radiate energy known as Hawking radiation, while gradually losing mass. This is due to quantum effects near the edge of the black hole, a region called the event horizon
- He predicted the existence of mini-black holes at the time of the Big Bang. These black holes would have shed mass until they vanished, potentially ending their lives in an explosion that would release vast amounts of energy
- In the 1970s, Hawking considered whether the particles and light that enter a black hole were ultimately destroyed if the black hole evaporated. Hawking initially thought that this "information" was lost from the Universe. But the US physicist Leonard Susskind disagreed. These ideas became known as the information paradox. In 2004, Hawking conceded that the information must be conserved
British astronaut Tim Peake said Prof Hawking "inspired generations to look beyond our own blue planet and expand our understanding of the universe".
Gian Giudice, head of theoretical physics at the European nuclear research laboratory CERN, said Prof Hawking had a "great impact" on the centre's research, adding: "A giant of our field has left us, but his immortal contributions will remain forever."
"Look up at the stars and not down at your feet" - Professor Stephen Hawking— Cambridge University (@Cambridge_Uni) March 14, 2018
1942-2018 https://t.co/h8uWznhEpb pic.twitter.com/RVeQx2BTxP
Apple's co-founder Steve Wozniak said: "Stephen Hawking's integrity and scientific dedication placed him above pure brilliance,"
In his 2013 memoir he described how he felt when first diagnosed with motor neurone disease.
"I felt it was very unfair - why should this happen to me," he wrote.
"At the time, I thought my life was over and that I would never realise the potential I felt I had. But now, 50 years later, I can be quietly satisfied with my life."
Speaking to the BBC in 2002, his mother, Isobelle, described him as a "very normal young man".
She said: "He liked parties. He liked pretty girls - only pretty ones. He liked adventure and he did, to some extent, like work."

Question: who is the 76th person to pass away

ஸ்டீபன் ஹோக்கிங் 14 மார்ச்சு 2018 அன்று தனது 76 ஆவது வயதில் காலமானார் .

Mr. Stephen Hawking 14 March 2018 is in his 76th age today.

Question: what is stephen hawking's age today

Question: how old was stephen hawking when he died

how old was stephen hawking when ஸ்டீவன் ஹாக்கிங் died

Question: when will stephen hawking pass his 76th birthday

14 மார்ச்சு 2018

when will stephen hawking pass his 76th birthday

Question: who is the most famous scientist of all time

ஸ்டீபன் ஹோக்கிங் 14 மார்ச்சு 2018 அன்று தனது 76 ஆவது வயதில் காலமானார்

who is the most famous scientist of all time

Question: how old is stephen hawking when he died

தனது 76 ஆவது

how old is stephen hawking when ஸ்டீவன் ஹாக்கிங் died

Mr. Stephen Hawking 14 March 2018 is in his 76th age today .

மறைவு ஸ்டீபன் ஹோக்கிங் 14 மார்ச்சு 2018 அன்று தனது 76 ஆவது வயதில் காலமானார்.

மறைவு ஸ்டீபன் ஹோக்கிங் 14 மார்ச்சு 2018 அன்று தனது 76 ஆவது வயதில் காலமானார்.

Mr. Stephen Hawking 14 March 2018 is in his 76th age today.

Mr. Stephen Hawking 14 March 2018 is in his 76th age today.

He was killed in his house in Cabrera.

கேம்பிரிட்ஜில்

The image of Stephen Hawking – who has died aged 76 – in his motorised wheelchair, with head contorted slightly to one side and hands crossed over to work the controls, caught the public imagination, as a true symbol of the triumph of mind over matter. As with the Delphic oracle of ancient Greece, physical impairment seemed compensated by almost supernatural gifts, which allowed his mind to roam the universe freely, upon occasion enigmatically revealing some of its secrets hidden from ordinary mortal view.
Of course, such a romanticised image can represent but a partial truth. Those who knew Hawking would clearly appreciate the dominating presence of a real human being, with an enormous zest for life, great humour, and tremendous determination, yet with normal human weaknesses, as well as his more obvious strengths. It seems clear that he took great delight in his commonly perceived role as “the No 1 celebrity scientist”; huge audiences would attend his public lectures, perhaps not always just for scientific edification.
The scientific community might well form a more sober assessment. He was extremely highly regarded, in view of his many greatly impressive, sometimes revolutionary, contributions to the understanding of the physics and the geometry of the universe.
Hawking had been diagnosed shortly after his 21st birthday as suffering from an unspecified incurable disease, which was then identified as the fatal degenerative motor neurone disease amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, or ALS. Soon afterwards, rather than succumbing to depression, as others might have done, he began to set his sights on some of the most fundamental questions concerning the physical nature of the universe. In due course, he would achieve extraordinary successes against the severest physical disabilities. Defying established medical opinion, he managed to live another 55 years.
His background was academic, though not directly in mathematics or physics. His father, Frank, was an expert in tropical diseases and his mother, Isobel (nee Walker), was a free-thinking radical who had a great influence on him. He was born in Oxford and moved to St Albans, Hertfordshire, at eight. Educated at St Albans school, he won a scholarship to study physics at University College, Oxford. He was recognised as unusually capable by his tutors, but did not take his work altogether seriously. Although he obtained a first-class degree in 1962, it was not a particularly outstanding one.
He decided to continue his career in physics at Trinity Hall, Cambridge, proposing to study under the distinguished cosmologist Fred Hoyle. He was disappointed to find that Hoyle was unable to take him, the person available in that area being Dennis Sciama, unknown to Hawking at the time. In fact, this proved fortuitous, for Sciama was becoming an outstandingly stimulating figure in British cosmology, and would supervise several students who were to make impressive names for themselves in later years (including the future astronomer royal Lord Rees of Ludlow).
Sciama seemed to know everything that was going on in physics at the time, especially in cosmology, and he conveyed an infectious excitement to all who encountered him. He was also very effective in bringing together people who might have things of significance to communicate with one another.
When Hawking was in his second year of research at Cambridge, I (then at Birkbeck College in London) had established a certain mathematical theorem of relevance. This showed, on the basis of a few plausible assumptions (by the use of global/topological techniques largely unfamiliar to physicists at the time) that a collapsing over-massive star would result in a singularity in space-time – a place where it would be expected that densities and space-time curvatures would become infinite – giving us the picture of what we now refer to as a “black hole”. Such a space-time singularity would lie deep within a “horizon”, through which no signal or material body can escape. (This picture had been put forward by J Robert Oppenheimer and Hartland Snyder in 1939, but only in the special circumstance where exact spherical symmetry was assumed. The purpose of this new theorem was to obviate such unrealistic symmetry assumptions.) At this central singularity, Einstein’s classical theory of general relativity would have reached its limits.
Meanwhile, Hawking had also been thinking about this kind of problem with George Ellis, who was working on a PhD at St John’s College, Cambridge. The two men had been working on a more limited type of “singularity theorem” that required an unreasonably restrictive assumption. Sciama made a point of bringing Hawking and me together, and it did not take Hawking long to find a way to use my theorem in an unexpected way, so that it could be applied (in a time-reversed form) in a cosmological setting, to show that the space-time singularity referred to as the “big bang” was also a feature not just of the standard highly symmetrical cosmological models, but also of any qualitatively similar but asymmetrical model.
Some of the assumptions in my original theorem seem less natural in the cosmological setting than they do for collapse to a black hole. In order to generalise the mathematical result so as to remove such assumptions, Hawking embarked on a study of new mathematical techniques that appeared relevant to the problem.
A powerful body of mathematical work known as Morse theory had been part of the machinery of mathematicians active in the global (topological) study of Riemannian spaces. However, the spaces that are used in Einstein’s theory are really pseudo-Riemannian and the relevant Morse theory differs in subtle but important ways. Hawking developed the necessary theory for himself (aided, in certain respects, by Charles Misner, Robert Geroch and Brandon Carter) and was able to use it to produce new theorems of a more powerful nature, in which the assumptions of my theorem could be considerably weakened, showing that a big-bang-type singularity was a necessary implication of Einstein’s general relativity in broad circumstances.
A few years later (in a paper published by the Royal Society in 1970, by which time Hawking had become a fellow “for distinction in science” of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge), he and I joined forces to publish an even more powerful theorem which subsumed almost all the work in this area that had gone before.
In 1967, Werner Israel published a remarkable paper that had the implication that non-rotating black holes, when they had finally settled down to become stationary, would necessarily become completely spherically symmetrical. Subsequent results by Carter, David Robinson and others generalised this to include rotating black holes, the implication being that the final space-time geometry must necessarily accord with an explicit family of solutions of Einstein’s equations found by Roy Kerr in 1963. A key ingredient to the full argument was that if there is any rotation present, then there must be complete axial symmetry. This ingredient was basically supplied by Hawking in 1972.
The very remarkable conclusion of all this is that the black holes that we expect to find in nature have to conform to this Kerr geometry. As the great theoretical astrophysicist Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar subsequently commented, black holes are the most perfect macroscopic objects in the universe, being constructed just out of space and time; moreover, they are the simplest as well, since they can be exactly described by an explicitly known geometry (that of Kerr).
Following his work in this area, Hawking established a number of important results about black holes, such as an argument for its event horizon (its bounding surface) having to have the topology of a sphere. In collaboration with Carter and James Bardeen, in work published in 1973, he established some remarkable analogies between the behaviour of black holes and the basic laws of thermodynamics, where the horizon’s surface area and its surface gravity were shown to be analogous, respectively, to the thermodynamic quantities of entropy and temperature. It would be fair to say that in his highly active period leading up to this work, Hawking’s research in classical general relativity was the best anywhere in the world at that time.
Hawking, Bardeen and Carter took their “thermodynamic” behaviour of black holes to be little more than just an analogy, with no literal physical content. A year or so earlier, Jacob Bekenstein had shown that the demands of physical consistency imply – in the context of quantum mechanics – that a black hole must indeed have an actual physical entropy (“entropy” being a physicist’s measure of “disorder”) that is proportional to its horizon’s surface area, but he was unable to establish the proportionality factor precisely. Yet it had seemed, on the other hand, that the physical temperature of a black hole must be exactly zero, inconsistently with this analogy, since no form of energy could escape from it, which is why Hawking and his colleagues were not prepared to take their analogy completely seriously.
Hawking had then turned his attention to quantum effects in relation to black holes, and he embarked on a calculation to determine whether tiny rotating black holes that might perhaps be created in the big bang would radiate away their rotational energy. He was startled to find that irrespective of any rotation they would radiate away their energy – which, by Einstein’s E=mc2, means their mass. Accordingly, any black hole actually has a non-zero temperature, agreeing precisely with the Bardeen-Carter-Hawking analogy. Moreover, Hawking was able to supply the precise value “one quarter” for the entropy proportionality constant that Bekenstein had been unable to determine.
This radiation coming from black holes that Hawking predicted is now, very appropriately, referred to as Hawking radiation. For any black hole that is expected to arise in normal astrophysical processes, however, the Hawking radiation would be exceedingly tiny, and certainly unobservable directly by any techniques known today. But he argued that very tiny black holes could have been produced in the big bang itself, and the Hawking radiation from such holes would build up into a final explosion that might be observed. There appears to be no evidence for such explosions, showing that the big bang was not so accommodating as Hawking wished, and this was a great disappointment to him.
These achievements were certainly important on the theoretical side. They established the theory of black-hole thermodynamics: by combining the procedures of quantum (field) theory with those of general relativity, Hawking established that it is necessary also to bring in a third subject, thermodynamics. They are generally regarded as Hawking’s greatest contributions. That they have deep implications for future theories of fundamental physics is undeniable, but the detailed nature of these implications is still a matter of much heated debate.
Hawking himself was able to conclude from all this (though not with universal acceptance by particle physicists) that those fundamental constituents of ordinary matter – the protons – must ultimately disintegrate, although with a decay rate that is beyond present-day techniques for observing it. He also provided reasons for suspecting that the very rules of quantum mechanics might need modification, a viewpoint that he seemed originally to favour. But later (unfortunately, in my own opinion) he came to a different view, and at the Dublin international conference on gravity in July 2004, he publicly announced a change of mind (thereby conceding a bet with the Caltech physicist John Preskill) concerning his originally predicted “information loss” inside black holes.
Following his black-hole work, Hawking turned his attentions to the problem of quantum gravity, developing ingenious ideas for resolving some of the basic issues. Quantum gravity, which involves correctly imposing the quantum procedures of particle physics on to the very structure of space-time, is generally regarded as the most fundamental unsolved foundational issue in physics. One of its stated aims is to find a physical theory that is powerful enough to deal with the space-time singularities of classical general relativity in black holes and the big bang.
Hawking’s work, up to this point, although it had involved the procedures of quantum mechanics in the curved space-time setting of Einstein’s general theory of relativity, did not provide a quantum gravity theory. That would require the “quantisation” procedures to be applied to Einstein’s curved space-time itself, not just to physical fields within curved space-time.
With James Hartle, Hawking developed a quantum procedure for handling the big-bang singularity. This is referred to as the “no-boundary” idea, whereby the singularity is replaced by a smooth “cap”, this being likened to what happens at the north pole of the Earth, where the concept of longitude loses meaning (becomes singular) while the north pole itself has a perfectly good geometry.
To make sense of this idea, Hawking needed to invoke his notion of “imaginary time” (or “Euclideanisation”), which has the effect of converting the “pseudo-Riemannian” geometry of Einstein’s space-time into a more standard Riemannian one. Despite the ingenuity of many of these ideas, grave difficulties remain (one of these being how similar procedures could be applied to the singularities inside black holes, which is fundamentally problematic).
There are many other approaches to quantum gravity being pursued worldwide, and Hawking’s procedures, though greatly respected and still investigated, are not the most popularly followed, although all others have their share of fundamental difficulties also.
To the end of his life, Hawking continued with his research into the quantum-gravity problem, and the related issues of cosmology. But concurrently with his strictly research interests, he became increasingly involved with the popularisation of science, and of his own ideas in particular. This began with the writing of his astoundingly successful book A Brief History of Time (1988), which was translated into some 40 languages and sold over 25m copies worldwide.
Undoubtedly, the brilliant title was a contributing factor to the book’s phenomenal success. Also, the subject matter is something that grips the public imagination. And there is a directness and clarity of style, which Hawking must have developed as a matter of necessity when trying to cope with the limitations imposed by his physical disabilities. Before needing to rely on his computerised speech, he could talk only with great difficulty and expenditure of effort, so he had to do what he could with short sentences that were directly to the point. In addition, it is hard to deny that his physical condition must itself have caught the public’s imagination.
Although the dissemination of science among a broader public was certainly one of Hawking’s aims in writing his book, he also had the serious purpose of making money. His financial needs were considerable, as his entourage of family, nurses, healthcare helpers and increasingly expensive equipment demanded. Some, but not all, of this was covered by grants.
To invite Hawking to a conference always involved the organisers in serious calculations. The travel and accommodation expenses would be enormous, not least because of the sheer number of people who would need to accompany him. But a popular lecture by him would always be a sell-out, and special arrangements would be needed to find a lecture hall that was big enough. An additional factor would be the ensuring that all entrances, stairways, lifts, and so on would be adequate for disabled people in general, and for his wheelchair in particular.
He clearly enjoyed his fame, taking many opportunities to travel and to have unusual experiences (such as going down a mine shaft, visiting the south pole and undergoing the zero-gravity of free fall), and to meet other distinguished people.
The presentational polish of his public lectures increased with the years. Originally, the visual material would be line drawings on transparencies, presented by a student. But in later years impressive computer-generated visuals were used. He controlled the verbal material, sentence by sentence, as it would be delivered by his computer-generated American-accented voice. High-quality pictures and computer-generated graphics also featured in his later popular books The Illustrated Brief History of Time (1996) and The Universe in a Nutshell (2001). With his daughter Lucy he wrote the expository children’s science book George’s Secret Key to the Universe (2007), and he served as an editor, co-author and commentator for many other works of popular science.
He received many high accolades and honours. In particular, he was elected a fellow of the Royal Society at the remarkably early age of 32 and received its highest honour, the Copley medal, in 2006. In 1979, he became the 17th holder of the Lucasian chair of natural philosophy in Cambridge, some 310 years after Sir Isaac Newton became its second holder. He became a Companion of Honour in 1989. He made a guest appearance on the television programme Star Trek: The Next Generation, appeared in cartoon form on The Simpsons and was portrayed in the movie The Theory of Everything (2014).
It is clear that he owed a great deal to his first wife, Jane Wilde, whom he married in 1965, and with whom he had three children, Robert, Lucy and Timothy. Jane was exceptionally supportive of him in many ways. One of the most important of these may well have been in allowing him to do things for himself to an unusual extent.
He was an extraordinarily determined person. He would insist that he should do things for himself. This, in turn, perhaps kept his muscles active in a way that delayed their atrophy, thereby slowing the progress of the disease. Nevertheless, his condition continued to deteriorate, until he had almost no movement left, and his speech could barely be made out at all except by a very few who knew him well.
He contracted pneumonia while in Switzerland in 1985, and a tracheotomy was necessary to save his life. Strangely, after this brush with death, the progress of his degenerative disease seemed to slow to a virtual halt. His tracheotomy prevented any form of speech, however, so that acquiring a computerised speech synthesiser came as a necessity at that time.
In the aftermath of his encounter with pneumonia, the Hawkings’ home was almost taken over by nurses and medical attendants, and he and Jane drifted apart. They were divorced in 1995. In the same year, Hawking married Elaine Mason, who had been one of his nurses. Her support took a different form from Jane’s. In his far weaker physical state, the love, care and attention that she provided sustained him in all his activities. Yet this relationship also came to an end, and he and Elaine were divorced in 2007.
Despite his terrible physical circumstance, he almost always remained positive about life. He enjoyed his work, the company of other scientists, the arts, the fruits of his fame, his travels. He took great pleasure in children, sometimes entertaining them by swivelling around in his motorised wheelchair. Social issues concerned him. He promoted scientific understanding. He could be generous and was very often witty. On occasion he could display something of the arrogance that is not uncommon among physicists working at the cutting edge, and he had an autocratic streak. Yet he could also show a true humility that is the mark of greatness.
Hawking had many students, some of whom later made significant names for themselves. Yet being a student of his was not easy. He had been known to run his wheelchair over the foot of a student who caused him irritation. His pronouncements carried great authority, but his physical difficulties often caused them to be enigmatic in their brevity. An able colleague might be able to disentangle the intent behind them, but it would be a different matter for an inexperienced student.
To such a student, a meeting with Hawking could be a daunting experience. Hawking might ask the student to pursue some obscure route, the reason for which could seem deeply mysterious. Clarification was not available, and the student would be presented with what seemed indeed to be like the revelation of an oracle – something whose truth was not to be questioned, but which if correctly interpreted and developed would surely lead onwards to a profound truth. Perhaps we are all left with this impression now.
Hawking is survived by his children.

Question: where was stephen hawking killed

கேம்பிரிட்ஜில்

He was killed in his house in Cabrera.

Question: who was killed in his house in cabrera in march 2018

ஸ்டீபன் ஹோக்கிங் 14 மார்ச்சு 2018 அன்று தனது 76 ஆவது வயதில் காலமானார் .

He was killed in his house in Cabrera.

who was killed in his house in cabrera in march 2018

Question: how old was stephen hawking when he was killed

He was killed in his house in Cabrera.

how old was stephen hawking when ஸ்டீவன் ஹாக்கிங் was killed

Question: when did stephen hawking pass away

14 மார்ச்சு 2018

He was killed in his house in Cabrera.

Question: who was killed in a car crash in argentina in march 2018

ஸ்டீபன் ஹோக்கிங் 14 மார்ச்சு 2018 அன்று தனது 76 ஆவது வயதில் காலமானார்

He was killed in his house in Cabrera.

who was killed in a car crash in argentina in march 2018

Question: when was stephen hawking killed

He was killed in his house in Cabrera.

மறைவு ஸ்டீபன் ஹோக்கிங் 14 மார்ச்சு 2018 அன்று தனது 76 ஆவது வயதில் காலமானார். அதிகாலையில் கேம்பிரிட்ஜில் உள்ள அவரது வீட்டில் மரணம் நிகழ்ந்தது.

அதிகாலையில் கேம்பிரிட்ஜில் உள்ள அவரது வீட்டில் மரணம் நிகழ்ந்தது.

Mr. Stephen Hawking 14 March 2018 is in his 76th age today. He was killed in his house in Cabrera.

He was killed in his house in Cabrera.

His family told him that he was quietly killed.

கேம்பிரிட்ஜில்

குடும்பத்தினர்

அறிவித்துள்ளனர்

Question: where was the man who was shot

கேம்பிரிட்ஜில்

He was killed in his house in Cabrera.

His family told him that he was quietly killed.

Question: what happened to the man who was shot

உயிர் துறந்ததாக

He was killed in his house in Cabrera.

Question: who told him that he was quietly killed

அவரது குடும்பத்தினர்

He was killed in his house in Cabrera.

who told him that ஸ்டீவன் ஹாக்கிங் was quietly killed

Question: what did the family say about the shooter

அவர் அமைதியாக உயிர் துறந்ததாக

He was killed in his house in Cabrera.

what did the family say about the shooter

Question: what happened to the guy in cabrera

அவரது வீட்டில் மரணம்

He was killed in his house in Cabrera.

Question: what happened to the little boy

He was killed in his house in Cabrera.

Question: where was he killed

கேம்பிரிட்ஜில்

He was killed in his house in Cabrera.

where was ஸ்டீவன் ஹாக்கிங் killed

His family told him that he was quietly killed .

அதிகாலையில் கேம்பிரிட்ஜில் உள்ள அவரது வீட்டில் மரணம் நிகழ்ந்தது. அவரது குடும்பத்தினர் அவர் அமைதியாக உயிர் துறந்ததாக அறிவித்துள்ளனர்.

அவரது குடும்பத்தினர் அவர் அமைதியாக உயிர் துறந்ததாக அறிவித்துள்ளனர்.

He was killed in his house in Cabrera. His family told him that he was quietly killed.

His family told him that he was quietly killed.

In India: The Universe in a Nutshell (Black Holes and Baby Universes and Other Essays) (The Universe in a Nutshell, 1993)

On the Shoulders of Giants (2002)

God Created the Integers: The Mathematical Breakthroughs That Changed History (2005)

The Dreams That Stuff Is Made of: The Most Astounding Papers of Quantum Physics and How They Shook the Scientific World (2011)

My Brief History (2013) Brief Answers to the Big Questions (2018)

"ஆங்கிலத்தில்

கருந்துளைகள்

பிரபஞ்சங்களும்

கட்டுரைகளும்

by Stephen Hawking ‧ RELEASE DATE: Sept. 15, 1993
Superstar physicist Hawking—whose A Brief History of Time (1988) is ensconsed in the Guinness Book of Records for having had the longest bestseller-run in English-language history—returns with 11 essays and one interview, covering matters autobiographical, scientific, and philosophical. The autobiographical pieces share a sketchy, conversational tone and drop a few tasty nuggets: Hawking didn't learn to read until he was eight and proved to be (in the Einstein tradition) a mediocre student; if dropped on a desert island, he would listen to Mozart's Requiem and read Middlemarch. But even so, these pieces keep Hawking's inner life strictly under wraps. Most of the other essays, which tend to repeat themselves, cover the author's major scientific insights: that the universe is "neither created nor destroyed''; that space/time began 15 billion years ago and is finite but boundless, like the surface of a globe. Hawking cites as his "most surprising discovery'' the realization that black holes are not self-enclosed but leak particles and radiation: This leads directly to his most recent enthusiasm, ``baby universes,'' generated by black holes, which branch off from our own universe and sometimes return to it. Sometimes the going is thick ("the N=8 theory has twenty-eight spin-1 particles''), but most of Hawking's arguments will be clear to educated laypeople. His weak suit is philosophy, and, indeed, he includes a mild-mannered attack on professional philosophers, many of whom find his discussions of the big questions—what is creation? does God exist?—to be, as he puts it, "naive and simple-minded.'' No matter: Hawking will be remembered for his physics, not his metaphysics. Not much new, but people feel smarter just by buying a Hawking book. This will sell.
Pub Date: Sept. 15, 1993
ISBN: 0-553-09523-4
Page Count: 192
Publisher: Bantam
Review Posted Online: May 20, 2010
Kirkus Reviews Issue: July 1, 1993
Categories: GENERAL BIOGRAPHY & MEMOIR | BIOGRAPHY & MEMOIR
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Did you like this book?
More by Stephen Hawking
BOOK REVIEW
by Stephen Hawking & Lucy Hawking ; illustrated by Garry Parsons
BOOK REVIEW
by Lucy Hawking Stephen Hawking illustrated by Garry Parsons
BOOK REVIEW
by Robert Greene ‧ RELEASE DATE: Sept. 1, 1998
The authors have created a sort of anti-Book of Virtues in this encyclopedic compendium of the ways and means of power.
Everyone wants power and everyone is in a constant duplicitous game to gain more power at the expense of others, according to Greene, a screenwriter and former editor at Esquire (Elffers, a book packager, designed the volume, with its attractive marginalia). We live today as courtiers once did in royal courts: we must appear civil while attempting to crush all those around us. This power game can be played well or poorly, and in these 48 laws culled from the history and wisdom of the world’s greatest power players are the rules that must be followed to win. These laws boil down to being as ruthless, selfish, manipulative, and deceitful as possible. Each law, however, gets its own chapter: “Conceal Your Intentions,” “Always Say Less Than Necessary,” “Pose as a Friend, Work as a Spy,” and so on. Each chapter is conveniently broken down into sections on what happened to those who transgressed or observed the particular law, the key elements in this law, and ways to defensively reverse this law when it’s used against you. Quotations in the margins amplify the lesson being taught. While compelling in the way an auto accident might be, the book is simply nonsense. Rules often contradict each other. We are told, for instance, to “be conspicuous at all cost,” then told to “behave like others.” More seriously, Greene never really defines “power,” and he merely asserts, rather than offers evidence for, the Hobbesian world of all against all in which he insists we live. The world may be like this at times, but often it isn’t. To ask why this is so would be a far more useful project.If the authors are serious, this is a silly, distasteful book. If they are not, it’s a brilliant satire.
Pub Date: Sept. 1, 1998
ISBN: 0-670-88146-5
Page Count: 430
Publisher: Viking
Review Posted Online: May 20, 2010
Kirkus Reviews Issue: July 15, 1998
Categories: GENERAL BIOGRAPHY & MEMOIR | BIOGRAPHY & MEMOIR | PHILOSOPHY & RELIGION | PSYCHOLOGY | HISTORICAL & MILITARY
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More by Robert Greene
BOOK REVIEW
BOOK REVIEW
More About This Book
BOOK TO SCREEN
by Elie Wiesel & translated by Marion Wiesel ‧ RELEASE DATE: Jan. 16, 2006
Elie Wiesel spent his early years in a small Transylvanian town as one of four children.
He was the only one of the family to survive what Francois Maurois, in his introduction, calls the "human holocaust" of the persecution of the Jews, which began with the restrictions, the singularization of the yellow star, the enclosure within the ghetto, and went on to the mass deportations to the ovens of Auschwitz and Buchenwald. There are unforgettable and horrifying scenes here in this spare and sombre memoir of this experience of the hanging of a child, of his first farewell with his father who leaves him an inheritance of a knife and a spoon, and of his last goodbye at Buchenwald his father's corpse is already cold let alone the long months of survival under unconscionable conditions.
Pub Date: Jan. 16, 2006
ISBN: 0374500010
Page Count: 120
Publisher: Hill & Wang
Review Posted Online: Oct. 7, 2011
Kirkus Reviews Issue: Jan. 15, 2006
Categories: BIOGRAPHY & MEMOIR | HOLOCAUST | HISTORY | GENERAL BIOGRAPHY & MEMOIR | GENERAL HISTORY
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BOOK REVIEW
by Elie Wiesel ; edited by Alan Rosen
BOOK REVIEW
by Elie Wiesel ; illustrated by Mark Podwal
BOOK REVIEW
by Elie Wiesel ; translated by Marion Wiesel
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Question: what is the name of the universe created by god

In India: The Universe in a Nutshell (Black Holes and Baby Universes and Other Essays) (The Universe in a Nutshell, 1993)

On the Shoulders of Giants (2002)

God Created the Integers: The Mathematical Breakthroughs That Changed History (2005)

The Dreams That Stuff Is Made of: The Most Astounding Papers of Quantum Physics and How They Shook the Scientific World (2011)

My Brief History (2013) Brief Answers to the Big Questions (2018)

what is the name of the universe created by god

Question: when was the universe on the shoulders of giants created

On the Shoulders of Giants (2002)

when was the universe on the shoulders of giants created

Question: when was the universe in a nutshell published

On the Shoulders of Giants (2002)

when was the universe in a nutshell published

Question: when is the next episode of my brief history

On the Shoulders of Giants (2002)

when is the next episode of my brief history

Question: what is the name of the book in which god created the integers

On the Shoulders of Giants (2002)

what is the name of the book in which god created the integers

Question: where is the universe in a nutshell located

"ஆங்கிலத்தில்

On the Shoulders of Giants (2002)

where is the universe in a nutshell located

In India : The Universe in a Nutshell ( Black Holes and Baby Universes and Other Essays ) ( The Universe in a Nutshell , 1993 )

God Created the Integers : The Mathematical Breakthroughs That Changed History ( 2005 )

The Dreams That Stuff Is Made of : The Most Astounding Papers of Quantum Physics and How They Shook the Scientific World ( 2011 )

My Brief History ( 2013 ) Brief Answers to the Big Questions ( 2018 )

ஆங்கிலத்தில் : கருந்துளைகள் மற்றும் குழந்தைப் பிரபஞ்சங்களும், வேறு கட்டுரைகளும் (Black Holes and Baby Universes and Other Essays) (பண்டம் புக்ஸ், 1993) சுருக்கமாக பிரபஞ்சம் (The Universe in a Nutshell) (பன்டம் பதிப்பு, 2001)

God Created the Integers: The Mathematical Breakthroughs That Changed History (2005)

The Dreams That Stuff Is Made of: The Most Astounding Papers of Quantum Physics and How They Shook the Scientific World (2011)

My Brief History (2013) Brief Answers to the Big Questions (2018)

In India: The Universe in a Nutshell (Black Holes and Baby Universes and Other Essays) (The Universe in a Nutshell, 1993) On the Shoulders of Giants (2002) God Created the Integers: The Mathematical Breakthroughs That Changed History (2005) The Dreams That Stuff Is Made of: The Most Astounding Papers of Quantum Physics and How They Shook the Scientific World (2011) My Brief History (2013) Brief Answers to the Big Questions (2018)

In India: The Universe in a Nutshell (Black Holes and Baby Universes and Other Essays) (The Universe in a Nutshell, 1993)

God Created the Integers: The Mathematical Breakthroughs That Changed History (2005)

The Dreams That Stuff Is Made of: The Most Astounding Papers of Quantum Physics and How They Shook the Scientific World (2011)

My Brief History (2013) Brief Answers to the Big Questions (2018)

On the Shoulders of Giants (2002)