風邪（かぜ、）とは、原因の80 - 90 %がウイルスの上気道感染症であり、主な影響は鼻に現れる 。咽喉、副鼻腔、喉頭も影響を受ける可能性がある。症状はたいてい感染後2日以内に発生する。症状としては、咳、咽頭痛、くしゃみ、鼻水、鼻閉、頭痛、発熱、嗄声などが現れる。患者の多くは回復まで大抵7 - 10日間を要し、一部の症状は3週間まで継続しうる。他に健康に問題がある患者は、肺炎に進行する可能性がある。

多くの場合、単に風邪と言えば急性上気道炎（普通感冒）を指し、西洋医学あるいは日本の医学で厳密には「かぜ症候群」と呼ばれ、日本でも症状を指す言葉である。俗称として、消化器のウイルス感染によって、嘔吐・下痢・腹痛など、腹部症状と上記全身症を来した状態を、「感冒性胃腸炎」「お腹の風邪」（もしくは胃腸かぜ、一部地方では腸感冒、ガストロ）と呼ぶこともある。

成人は平均して年間2 - 3回の風邪にかかり、児童ではそれ以上である。風邪に対してワクチンはない。最も一般的な予防法は、手洗いの実施、洗っていない手で目・鼻・口を触らない、病人と同じ空間にいないことである。いくつかの根拠は、マスクの使用を支持している。

風邪の原因となるウイルスには数百種類以上もの血清型が存在し、毎年のように新たな型のウイルスが出現するため、風邪に対するワクチンや特効薬の開発は、絶望的な状況である。

風邪の直接的な治療法は存在せず、罹患期間を短縮させる方法もないが、不快な症状は対症療法で緩和可能であり、イブプロフェンなどの非ステロイド性抗炎症薬 (NSAIDs) は治療の助けとなる。病原がウイルスで細菌の二次感染が無い場合は、抗生物質を使用せず、総合感冒薬の使用も支持されない。

 症状
症状は、咳嗽（咳、症例の50 %）、咽頭痛 (40 %)、鼻汁・鼻詰まりなど局部症状（カタル症状）、および発熱、倦怠感、頭痛、筋肉痛 (50 %) など。

鼻汁は通常、風邪の初期はさらさらとした水様で、徐々に粘々とした膿性に変化する。

高齢者では、肺炎に至っても発熱は微熱程度のこともある。

 不顕性感染
抗体を持たない者に風邪ウイルスを鼻投与する、ある実験で、25 %の者がほぼ無症状で終わった例がある。これが無症候性感染／不顕性感染と呼ばれる現象であり、風邪をめぐる未解明の謎の一つである  。

 病原体
原因の7 - 8割がウイルスである。日本の研究ではかぜ症候群の原因は8 - 9割がウイルスとも言われ、一方で非感染性因子によるものも少数ではあるが挙げられている。

 ウイルス
 ライノウイルス (30 % - 80 %)。中込治・神谷茂 共著『標準微生物学』医学書院、2016年1月15日 第12版 第2刷、441ページ
 普通感冒の原因ウイルスのひとつである。
 くしゃみ、鼻水、鼻づまりなどが主症状で、年齢を選ばない。「普通感冒」とは、この症状のこと。つまり、いわゆる鼻かぜ、のど風邪のことを普通感冒という。
 コロナウイルス (15 %)
 1960年代に最初に発見された、冬に感染しやすいウイルス。SARSやMERS、COVID-19（新型コロナウイルス）の症候群は風邪（普通感冒）と区別される。
 インフルエンザウイルス (10 % - 15 %) 中込治・神谷茂 共著『標準微生物学』医学書院、2016年1月15日 第12版 第2刷、469ページ、
 英語では "flu" とされる。風邪として扱われないことが多い。
 アデノウイルス (5 %)
 夏に流行。プールで感染する咽頭結膜熱（プール熱）として知られる。
 パラインフルエンザウイルス
 インフルエンザという名称が入っているが、インフルエンザウイルスとは別のウイルスである。
 喉頭と下気道に感染しやすい。子供がかかる場合が多い。
 RSウイルス
 小児発症の原因病原体として最多であり、気管支炎や肺炎を起こしやすい。乳幼児は重症になる場合もある。冬の感染が多い。

 エコーウイルス
 エンテロウイルス
 下痢を起こしやすい。夏に流行する。

 診断
+ 風邪とインフルエンザの違い  風邪(Cold)  インフル (Flu) 発熱  まれ  頻出 (37-38℃) 頭痛  まれ  頻出 疼痛  わずか  大部分、重度となりえる 疲労・脱力  時々  大部分、2-3週続く 極度の疲労  なし  大部分 鼻汁  頻出  時々 くしゃみ  頻出  時々 のどの痛み  頻出  時々
アメリカ疾病予防管理センター (CDC) は、以下のケースでは医療機関に受診すべきと勧告している。
 体温が摂氏38度以上の場合
 症状が10日以上継続する場合
 症状が深刻か、普通でない場合

風邪の多様な症状は、様々な病因によって発生し、稀に淋病が喉粘膜に発生することでも、風邪によく似た症状が出る。この他にも風邪と紛らわしい初期症状を示す病気は数多くあり、これらを風邪として扱ってしまいがちなことが、普通感冒の重症化の場合に加えて、「風邪は万病のもと」と言われる所以となっている『国民百科事典2』平凡社、p70、1961年4月30日初版。

なお、情報源がアメリカの場合に発熱が「まれ」とされることについては、英語での用法も参照のこと。

風疹、麻疹、流行性耳下腺炎などは、症状が非常に特徴的であり、疾患名が特定しやすいので、風邪には含めない（ただし流行性耳下腺炎は、俗に『おたふくかぜ』と称する）。

 鑑別疾患

他にもあらゆるウイルス、マイコプラズマ、クラミジア、細菌が風邪の原因となり、その数は200種類以上といわれる。風邪となる病原は非常に多く、またライノウイルスを例に挙げると、数百種類の型が存在するためワクチンを作ることは事実上不可能であり、どのウイルスまたは細菌が原因なのか診断するのも困難である。

逆に言えば、病原となるウイルスまたは細菌が特定できた場合は、それらはそれぞれの疾患名で呼ぶべきであり、風邪という症状名で呼ぶのは適切ではないということになる。例えばインフルエンザウイルスによる風邪に関しては、特に症状が重いことと、検査方法が確立していることから、原因が特定され、その場合は「インフルエンザ」という疾患名で呼ばれることとなる。

細菌性の感染かウイルス性の感染かは血液検査を行い、CRP値と白血球数を参考にする。

風邪の原因となるウイルス・細菌の種類は極めて多く、原因が特定されない場合が多いが、原因が特定できた場合においては、その原因によって疾患名が確定する。また「風邪は万病の元」と言われるが、あらゆる疾患の初期症状は「風邪」として片づけられることも多く見られる。そして疾患が進むと、風邪症状の範疇には収まらない、その疾患の特有の症状が発現することになる。

このため、数日で軽快しない場合は、「あらゆる疾患」が鑑別にあがる。

以下にあるのはその一部分である。

 経過が短いもの（経過が短いものは急速に増悪し、治療が間に合わないこともある）
 インフルエンザ
 急性喉頭蓋炎
 咽頭後壁膿瘍・口底蜂窩織炎
 髄膜炎・脳炎
 心筋炎
 レミエール症候群（細菌性頸静脈炎）
 慢性骨髄性白血病急性転化
 糖尿病性ケトアシドーシス
 経過が長いもの（正しい診断に至るまで時間がかかることがある）
 マイコプラズマ感染症
 クラミジア感染症
 肺結核・非結核性抗酸菌症
 百日咳
 伝染性単核球症
 扁桃周囲膿瘍
 組織球性壊死性リンパ節炎（菊池病）
 感染性心内膜炎
 心不全→心臓性喘息
 気管支喘息
 アレルギー性気管支肺アスペルギルス症 (ABPA)・夏型過敏性肺臓炎
 慢性閉塞性肺疾患 (COPD)
 リウマチ性多発筋痛症・RS3PE
 巨細胞性動脈炎…原因不明の発熱、頭痛など感冒類似の症状がみられる。
 原田病…感冒様症状に続きぶどう膜炎を発症する。

 予防
過労を避け睡眠を十分にとり、健康的な生活を送ることが防御機構のはたらきに重要である。

ハーバード大学医学部からの2021年1月の報告によると、ビタミンA、ビタミンD、およびビタミンEは、風邪、喘息、慢性閉塞性肺疾患などの呼吸器疾患の軽減と予防に関連している。

2014年のシステマティック・レビューでは、手洗い、消毒用アルコールによる手指の消毒、マスク、また亜鉛のサプリメントにて有益である可能性があったが、研究報告にバイアス（偏り）がある可能性もあった。プロバイオティクス（乳酸菌など）も有益である可能性があり、6つのランダム化比較試験の結果には矛盾があったが、プール解析（結合解析）は風邪の減少を示していた。マスクの着用、水やポビドンヨードによるうがい、朝鮮人参、週5日の運動、ニンニク、ホメオパシー、ビタミンC (0.2 - 3 g)、ビタミンD、エキナセアでは、予防の利益は判明しなかった。

 手洗い - 自宅でも外出時でも、他の人が触れたものに触れた場合は、手を石鹸で洗い、水で30秒以上すすぐ。また、手で自分の目や鼻や口に触れないようにする。ライノウイルスについては感染経路に対して有効なことが確認されている。
 病人と同室に滞在しない
 乾燥を防ぐ - 部屋の湿度を50 %以上に保つことは、喉の保湿に役立ち、喉でのウイルスの活動を抑える。
 マスク - 病原体の侵入を防ぐほか、喉の保湿に有益で、また保菌者が他者に感染させる可能性を減らす。

2013年のコクランレビューでは、1日200mg以上のビタミンCは、風邪の発症率に変化はないが、重症度を下げ、罹患期間が成人で8 %、小児では14 %短縮し、マラソン選手など極度に肉体疲労する人々では予防効果はあった ビタミンCによる風邪の予防および治療。2014年のコクランレビューは、3か月毎日のニンニクは風邪の発症率を低下させており、罹患期間に差はなかった 風邪に対するガーリック。ビタミンCの摂取量が低い人々に対する1000mgのビタミンCは、偽薬に比較して、風邪の発症率を減らし風邪の期間を59 %減少させていた。

ウイルスの鼻投与153人で、2週間の（寝具にいるが眠っていないと下がる）睡眠効率の悪さは発症率を上昇させていた。同じく鼻投与164人で、睡眠状態を計測するによって計測し、7日間の睡眠時間の短さは風邪の発症率を増加させていた。その理解のための調査では、52人を睡眠不足にさせると、免疫応答の低下を示す測定値が減少し、7日後に正常化し元に戻った。

社会と交流を持ったり、社交的支援があったり社会性が高い方が、風邪の発症リスクが低下するという研究が過去に行われてきた。客観的な社会指数と主観的な孤独感を計測した鼻投与213人では、主観的な孤独感の方が風邪を予測していた（問題は社会的な役割の数である）。また社会性が高い人は、実際にウイルスに感染した際に撒き散らすウイルス量も少ないという結果になった。

795人に風邪ウイルスを鼻投与した研究において、24歳までの親では差がなかったが、それ以上の年齢で、子を持つ親の方が風邪への抵抗性が高く、子供の数が1-2人より3人以上で高く、また同居しているほど高かった。139名に同様にウイルスを鼻投与し、不安、敵対的、抑うつ的な感情様式の人々よりも活気があり穏やかといった健康的な感情様式の場合にライノウイルスやインフルエンザウイルスに感染しにくかった。

幼児期に保育施設に通っていた場合、後年あまり風邪を引かない、という相関があるとされているが、詳しい要因・機序は不明である。

 治療
一般に7日から10日で治癒する。快癒させる薬はない。2009年の350人でのランダム化比較試験では、医師が共感的に対応した方が重症度が低く風邪の期間が0.9日短く、2011年の719人での追試も似たような結果となった。

東洋医学でも西洋医学でも、安静にして睡眠をしっかり摂ることは、風邪の治療に一番良い。発熱に対しては体力の問題や脱水が危惧される場合のみ冷却し、脱水には注意するが過剰にカロリーを摂取する必要はない。早期にこれらの適切な一般療法を施し、悪化させないことが重要である。

東洋医学と西洋医学とでは、健康や病気に関する考え方が異なる部分が多く、風邪の場合の予防法・治療法にも差異が見られる。特に顕著なのは、東洋医学では「身体を温める」のに対して、西洋医学では「身体を冷ます」と、まさに正反対である。

 東洋医学の治療法
+ 漢方薬の使い分けの基本  急性期  亜急性期  回復期 丈夫 西洋薬  （自然治癒が多い） ふつう 西洋・漢方を併用 漢方薬 虚弱
東洋医学において風邪にもっともしばしば用いられる、漢方処方の流れを以下に示す。
 急性期（原則は発汗療法）
 悪寒・発熱・頭痛があり、汗が出ていない／急性喉頭炎・急性扁桃炎の初期：葛根湯（麻黄を含む薬剤中心）（ある程度体力のある人向けであり、画一処方は慎む）
 鼻炎で鼻水・くしゃみ・鼻閉：小青竜湯
 インフルエンザで高熱があり、頭痛・倦怠・筋肉痛などが顕著: 西洋医療を優先
 軽度の鼻炎・喉頭炎の症状があり、悪寒で顔面蒼白、元から虚弱冷え性体質：麻黄附子細辛湯
 口渇があるような明らかな熱証の場合の処方：銀翹散
 亜急性期
 熱が上下して悪寒と発熱が交互に現れてきた場合は発汗療法を打ち切る

 鼻詰まりの改善を目的とする場合や副鼻腔炎を併発している場合の処方：辛夷清肺湯
 回復期
 補中益気湯
 黄耆建中湯

急性期・亜急性期には西洋医薬との併用が有効である。

 小児の場合
東洋医学において、小児がかぜをひきにくくなる、というのは、体の免疫機能が高められていることを意味する。かぜをひきにくくする、ということは虚弱体質の改善と関係があると考え、次のような漢方処方が代表的なものだとも言われている。

 葛根湯（かっこんとう）。薬方中の麻黄はエフェドリンを含み、ときに消化器障害、興奮などをおこすことがあるが、小児の場合、成人にくらべて麻黄によく耐えるということが経験的に知られており、（成人に比べれば）神経質に考えなくてもよい。ただし、あまりに胃腸の弱い小児には使用しないほうがよい。

 高齢者の場合
 葛根湯

 香蘇散（こうそさん）。元来、虚弱体質の人の風邪が適応だが、老人の場合一見頑強に見えても抵抗力は低下していることが普通なので、60歳以上であれば、体質を選ばず使用してよいと思われる、と大塚恭男は述べている。いつも風邪をひいていると訴える人や、鬱状態をともなっている人には、平素から服用してもらうことで風邪の予防になると大塚恭男は述べている。
 真武湯（しんぶとう）。風邪をひいても、あまり高熱が出ず、たかだか微熱程度で、悪寒があり、体がだるくて起きていられないような場合に使用する。
 竹筎温胆湯（ちくじょうおんたんとう）。比較的体力の低下した人の長引いた呼吸器症状が対象であるが、老人の呼吸器疾患には一般に使用してよいと思われる、と大塚恭男は述べている。さらに、この薬方（処方）には温肝湯のニュアンスもあるので、不安・不眠といった精神症状の要素も対象となっている。

 西洋医学の治療法
西洋医学系の医師は、個々が訴える辛い症状を緩和する薬（対症療法）を採用し、総合感冒薬・解熱薬・鎮痛薬・鎮咳去痰薬を、複数処方することが多い。
 非ステロイド性抗炎症薬 (NSAIDs) は、成人の風邪による痛みを改善しうる（エビデンスレベルA）
 インフルエンザの場合はアスピリンなどのNSAIDsで一時的には症状は軽快したとしても， その後に高サイトカイン血症を起こしてかえって重症化する危険性が高いことが明らかになっている。
 充血除去薬、抗ヒスタミン薬と充血除去薬の組み合わせ、および鼻腔内イプラトロピウムは、成人の風邪症状を改善しうる（エビデンスレベルB）。

アメリカ家庭医学会 (AAFP) ガイドラインは、成人の風邪に対し、以下の治療は効果を示さない () 。
しかし、2020年11月、ハーバード大学付属のベスイスラエルディーコネスメディカルセンターの老年医学の副主任であるスザンヌサラモン博士によると。ビタミンC、亜鉛ロゼンジ、チキンスープが役立つかもしれないと示唆した。風邪の症状の発症を感じたら、毎日のビタミンC摂取量を1,000mgから2,000mgの範囲に増やすことで風邪の症状を大幅に軽減する可能性がある。

 抗生物質の投与禁止
thumb|米国CDCの"Get Smart"キャンペーンポスター。抗生物質は風邪などのウイルス感染症には効かないことを警告している。
抗生物質（狭義の抗菌薬）は、抗細菌作用しか持たないため、風邪の8 - 9割を占めるウイルス感染には、全く効果がない。また、安易な抗生物質の投与は、薬剤耐性の出現を助長し、近い将来には全ての抗生物質が効かなくなる。患者も抗生物質の投薬要求をやめるべきである。

アメリカ家庭医学会のガイドラインでは、ヒトの風邪に対して、抗生物質を使用すべきではない（ エビデンスレベルA）原文：「Antibiotics should not be used for the treatment of cold symptoms in children or adults.」。原因微生物として、化膿レンサ球菌やマイコプラズマや溶連菌感染症が疑われる場合、細菌の二次感染が疑われる場合を除いて、抗生物質の投与は止める忽那賢志、かぜに抗菌薬の投与はやっぱり不要 日経メディカルオンライン 記事:2018年5月2日。

厚生労働省は「抗微生物薬適正使用の手引き」を作成している抗微生物〜手引き 第一版（ダイジェスト版) 厚生労働省が、その第1版 (p.12) では、日本呼吸器学会、日本小児呼吸器学会・日本小児感染症学会のガイドラインが推奨していないため、抗生物質は投与しない。コクラン共同計画によるメタアナリシスでは、抗生物質の使用によって鼻炎が増えていることが判明した。

なお風邪の症状で受診しても、 発熱や炎症部位などから医師の判断で抗生物質の投与が妥当と判断されることもある。英語での用法も参照。

 抗ウイルス薬
抗ウイルス薬の処方は、風邪の原因ウイルスが多種に及ぶため現実的な効果はないが、いくつかの予備試験ではベネフィットが示されている。

 解熱剤
発熱は一種の生体防御反応であり、微生物の侵入による外因性・内因性発熱物質の産生により、深部体温が上昇すると免疫機能が亢進し、病原体に対する抵抗力が高くなることが示されている。また発熱がウイルスの増殖を抑制するともいわれ、高熱の場合を除き解熱薬の安易な投与は控えるべきである。解熱鎮痛剤の一種であるロキソプロフェンは有意ではないものの、炎症を押さえ、平均で風邪の治癒を1日遅らせる。

体温の上昇が極端に激しい場合、体力の消耗や脱水の危険回避のために医師が解熱鎮痛剤を使用することは正しい。小児は体温調節中枢（視床下部）による体温調節機能の発達が未熟であり、高体温となりやすい。乳幼児の場合は、体温の上昇は熱性けいれんの危険性があるため、大人以上に注意を払う必要がある。しかし受診せずに解熱剤を使うことは厳禁で、小児科医にとって「熱さましは親の敵」と言われる。小児に限らず、医師の関与なき解熱剤の使用は危険である。

 有効性の調査
アメリカ胸部医学会 (ACCP) による、2017年のシステマティック・レビューは、風邪の咳を緩和する治療を調査し、ハチミツでは1歳以上の場合に有効性を示す複数の研究があり（1歳以下の乳児は、乳児ボツリヌス症になるため禁止）、亜鉛トローチでは有効とする弱い証拠があり、抗ヒスタミン薬や鎮痛薬、NSAIDsでは効果を裏付けるデータはなかったため、咳のためには、市販薬は推奨できないとした。2018年にBMJが掲載した調査によると、システマティック・レビューを検索した結果からは充血除去薬は効果が小さいが鼻症状に有効性があることが示された。

第二世代抗ヒスタミン薬（鎮静作用がない）では効果なしか不明で、鼻症状に効果が確認されているのは第一世代抗ヒスタミン薬（鎮静作用あり）である。特に充血除去薬と解熱鎮痛薬を併用した場合、副作用の可能性があり、不眠、眠気、頭痛、胃腸症状が起こりえる。

よく知られていない副作用では、充血除去薬の長期使用が薬物性鼻炎を起こすことがあり、薬によって安全な使用期間は異なるが最大3 - 7日が推奨される。錠剤と鼻スプレーのどちらが効果的かを示す研究は見つからない。エキナセア、ビタミンC 、亜鉛ロズンジ/ロゼンジ（トローチ）は鼻の症状に効果はない。

2014年のシステマティック・レビューでは、抗ヒスタミン単独では意味のある恩恵はなく、充血除去薬では大人で小さな利益であり、充血除去薬との併用では大人では有益であり、抗生物質では利益はないが有害事象を増加させていた。

2013年のコクランによるシステマティック・レビューでは、治療のためのビタミンCでは結果が一貫していなかった。ビタミンC 1,000 mgと亜鉛10 mgの併用では、2つのランダム化比較試験の合計94人から症状緩和のために偽薬より有効であった。2018年の9研究のメタアナリシスは、両方のグループで発症前からビタミンCを服用しており、風邪の発症後に日に1から6グラムをさらに追加して服用したグループでは、平均10時間の風邪の期間の短縮がみられた。

加湿器についての2018年のコクランのレビューは、研究は少なく限られた結果からは、利益も害もないとした。

 民間療法薬の種類

 エキナセア
 センシンレン（穿心蓮）やペラルゴニウム・シドイデスは、成人の風邪の持続期間や重症度を改善しうる。

 児童の風邪
アメリカ家庭医学会 (AAFP) ガイドラインでは、4歳以下の児童に対してはOTC風邪薬（総合感冒薬）を用いてはならないとしている（ エビデンスレベルB）

またAAFPは、児童の風邪に対し以下の介入は効果を示さない () としている。

2018年にBMJが掲載した調査によると、システマティック・レビューを検索した結果からは子供で効果を確認したものはなく、注意を要することが示された Figure 1に図形式で鼻症状のまとめ。。6歳未満には推奨できない。

 民間療法

風邪に対する民間療法には様々なものがあり、中には相矛盾するものもある。一般的には免疫活動を活発化させると良いと考えられているが、必ずしもそれに繋がらないものもある。

 蕎麦蜂蜜
 児童の症状を減少させうる（エビデンスレベルB）。
 牛乳や豆乳を取る
 栄養をつけるためなどである。
 水分を取る
 発熱による発汗が増えることもあるので水分を十分に取る。風邪をひくと体温が上がり、目に見える形での汗は減少するが、皮膚からの水分喪失の主体である不感蒸泄は増加する。電解質を補いながらの水分補給は必要である。ただし心不全や腎不全を持つ危険のある高齢者の場合は、過剰にならないように注意する必要がある。
 おかゆ
 米飯より消化が良いだけではなく水分が同時に摂取できる。また柔らかいので喉に対する刺激が少ない。サッパリしているために食べやすく、栄養素として鶏卵を入れたり梅干しを入れることも多い。
 梅干し
 おかゆを食べるときの定番のおかずだが、風邪に対する効果もある。ベンズアルデヒドは痛みを軽減し、クエン酸が食欲を増進させると共に、消化器官に刺激を与えることにより消化を助ける。
 ネギ
 食べやすいように切ってから生で食べる。体を温める。辛味成分には発汗作用があり、食用としても効果がある。
 縦に切り込みを入れ、軽く焼き、暖かいうちに手ぬぐいなどにくるんで喉に巻いて首を暖め、臭いなどの揮発成分を吸入して粘膜に刺激を与え、呼吸を整える。なお、「有効成分は皮膚から吸収されない」と指摘されることがあるが、そもそも有効成分を摂取する目的で首に巻くわけではない。
 しょうが湯
 お湯を注いですぐに作れるタイプも市販されている。体を温め、喉の痛みや咳に効果を発揮する。ハチミツレモンしょうが湯 (ginger tea with lemon and honey) は、風邪のときに海外では、よく利用され市販されているタイプもある。
 カリン
 喉の症状を緩和させる。陰干しにしたものを煎じるなどして使用し、天明7年（1787年）に発行された「食品国歌」には、すでにカリンが痰に効能があることが記されている本山荻舟『飲食事典』平凡社、p124、昭和33年12月25日発行。
 ニラ
 栄養価が高く、主に雑炊の具などに利用する。
 葛湯
 葛粉を水に溶いて加熱して飲む。風邪の漢方薬の代表である「葛根湯（かっこんとう）」は葛の根が主成分であるが、市販の葛粉は馬鈴薯でんぷんである場合が多い。
 蜂蜜大根
 さいの目に切ったダイコンを蜂蜜に一晩程度漬け、そのシロップを飲む。喉の症状を抑える根菜。
 果物
 ビタミンと水分の補給としての効果。ビタミンCが多いみかんやレモン。また栄養源としてバナナ。またそのジュースなど。高熱でつらい状況を緩和する。
 リンゴジュース
 リンゴジュースが果糖や各種ビタミン・ミネラルを含有することから。大日本果汁株式会社（現在のニッカウヰスキー株式会社）が、国産初の果汁100%リンゴジュースを生産したが、あまり売れなかったため、その栄養価を宣伝したことによる。その価格ゆえに日常の飲料としては普及しなかったが、風邪の民間療法としてリンゴジュースの飲用が普及し、家庭でリンゴを絞って手作りする場合もあった。ちなみに実際にはリンゴジュースは、少なくともビタミンの含有量はさほど大きいわけではない。
 キンカンの甘露煮
 数個を湯に漬け、飲用する。
 モモ缶
 モモの果肉をシロップに漬けた缶詰を食べる。療法というよりも、見舞い品として多く用いられることから。
 卵酒
 有名な民間療法だが、アルコールは炎症を増悪させるので、症状を悪化させる。また、酒を市販の風邪薬と併用してはならない。特に、多くの市販薬に含まれている解熱鎮痛成分であるアセトアミノフェンは、エタノールと併用すると、肝臓に強い毒性を示す。長期間に渡って併用した結果、死亡した事例もあるため使用しない（詳しくはアセトアミノフェンを参照）。
 日本酒、卵、砂糖をかき混ぜ、湯煎にかけて卵が固まらない程度に温める。手軽に作るには、燗をつけた酒に溶き卵を加えながらかき混ぜる。生姜の絞り汁を加えると、体の保温効果が高まり、より有効であるとされる。日本国外でも、ワインやホットウィスキーに卵を加え、蜂蜜などを使った『エッグノッグ』という飲み物が、風邪を引いた際に用いられている所がある。
 ミルクセーキ
 生卵と牛乳をよくかき混ぜて作るミルクセーキは、卵の良質なタンパク質やビタミンを美味しく手軽に摂取できる。とくに解熱剤などによって胃腸が弱ったときの重要な栄養源となる。場合によって砂糖などで調味する。
 陳皮
 みかんの皮を十分に乾燥させたもので漢方薬として用いられる。自宅でもよく洗ったみかんの皮を十分に乾燥させて作ることができる。それを細かくして煎じて飲む。喉から来る症状によく効く。また、みかんの中身は水分とビタミンCが豊富なので、捨てずに食べる。薄皮は消化機能が低下している場合は、消化不良となってしまうこともあるので、注意する。
 入浴（日本）
 抵抗力が低くなる状態において体を清潔に保ち、汗を流し去ることにより精神的にも清涼感を与える。初期において、体温を上げて免疫を強くする。体力を消耗させぬよう短時間にとどめ、すぐ布団に入って安静にすることにより体力を集中させる。
 風呂に入らない（日本）
 日本の家庭医学書では、風邪のときに入浴は控えるよう書かれていることがある「病気を治す医学事典」p351 主婦の生活社 1999年12月6日1刷『最新 家庭の医学百科』p405 主婦と生活社、2003年。最新医療では、発熱が無ければ風呂に入っても良いとされる。ただし、湯冷めを避けるため、浴室及び脱衣室の十分な保温が必要である。また、長時間の入浴は体力を消耗するので、短時間にとどめるべきである。
 体を温める（日本）
 悪寒を感じたときには特に温める。体感に見合った対応が必要で、暑く感じているときまで無理に温める必要はないが、体温を上げるために体力を消耗させないようにすることが良い。発汗はタオルで拭い、冷やして汗を止めない。そして発汗後に熱が下がった時期を最も慎重に心身を弛めて過ごすこと。
 体を冷やす（西洋）
 解熱鎮痛を目的とし、氷を浮かべた水風呂に入ると効果的とされるが、全身を冷やすことは体力の低下に繋がる。高熱が続くようなら腋下、内股などを冷やすと効果的。ただし、頸動脈を冷やすと冷やされた血が脳に流れ込み悪影響を与える可能性があるので、注意が必要である。
 ビタミンCサプリメント
 ビタミンCが風邪を予防するという説をはじめて大々的に広めたのは、ノーベル化学賞を受賞したライナス・ポーリングであった。1970年に出版されたポーリングの著書『ビタミンCと感冒 (Vitamin C and the Common Cold)』はベストセラーとなった。
 ビタミンCは、とりわけ子供や疲労した大人の風邪の予防に一定の効果があることがわかっているが、万人に効果があるわけではない。また一部の科学者からは、ビタミンCは体内でシュウ酸を発生させるため、過剰摂取すると胆石や尿路結石の罹患につながる危険性が指摘されている。
 チキンスープ
 欧米では鶏肉と野菜を煮込んで作ったチキンスープが風邪に効果があると信じられており、いまでも民間医療としてよく用いられる。この説は古く、12世紀にはすでにユダヤ人のモーシェ・ベン＝マイモーンによって記されていた。チキンスープはまだ科学的に効果が立証されたわけではないが、温かく栄養に富んだスープは患者に体力をつけるのに役立つとされている。
 自然な経過に従い、症状の期間を短くしようとせずに静養する
 風邪というものは、疲労の潜在による現象であり、治療するべきものではなく、経過に合わせて静養すべきものである、という考え方。
 自然な経過で治ることに、潜在意識が従うようにする
 潜在意識で、風邪を引くという考えが入ると、風邪の現象が起き、潜在意識が治ることに反抗すると、治らずに悪くなる、という心理面（精神神経免疫学）についての指摘がある。

 社会的状況
日本語の「風邪」の語源は定かではない。俳句では冬の季語として扱われる。
日本はもともと予防のためにマスクをする人が多いが、これは他の国の人々には奇妙に思われていた。

 英語での用法
英語の  は「発熱がない病状」と認識されることが多いため、日本人が発熱時に  と伝えると軽症に見られ、また日本の医療で  に対して投薬されることが日本以外から見て過剰診療とされることもある。

 参考文献

 関連項目
 気道感染
 インフルエンザ
 日和見感染
 総合感冒薬
 トローチ
 スペインかぜ - 日本ではインフルエンザを「流行性感冒」と訳したため、風邪（普通感冒）程度であると防疫が軽視された。
 新型コロナウイルス感染症 (2019年) - 新型コロナウイルスにより引き起こされる風邪の一種であるが、重症化しやすい。指定感染症。
ロシアかぜ - 19世紀末に流行した、上記のCOVID-19と類似する感染症。

 脚注

 注釈

 出典

外部リンク
 Common Colds: Protect Yourself and Others - CDC

 風邪に抗菌薬は効きません - 国立国際医療研究センターAMR臨床リファレンスセンター
 かぜ（感冒） - MSDマニュアル

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Category:症候
Category:冬の季語
category:熟字訓
Category:呼吸器疾患
Category:ウイルス感染症
Category:小児科学
Category:耳鼻咽喉科学

Coldness is the cause of 80-90% of the virus's upper respiratory infection, and the main effect occurs in the nose.

NCBI Bookshelf. A service of the National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.
InformedHealth.org [Internet]. Cologne, Germany: Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (IQWiG); 2006-.
InformedHealth.org [Internet].Show details
Introduction
Common colds, or simply “colds,” are usually quite harmless and go away again on their own. The symptoms of a cold such as a cough, sore throat and a runny nose can be really annoying. A severe cold can make you feel weak and ill, too.
Colds usually go away on their own after about a week, but some symptoms may last longer. Although a sore throat or a stuffy nose may be gone after just a few days, it can sometimes take up to three weeks for a cough to disappear completely.
Treatment with medication usually isn’t necessary. Some medications may, at best, help relieve the symptoms a bit. Because colds are typically caused by viruses, it also doesn't make sense to use antibiotics to treat an ordinary cold. Antibiotics only fight bacteria.
Symptoms
Colds usually take a few days to fully develop. Typical symptoms include a stuffy or runny nose, sneezing, coughing and a sore throat. Sometimes a cold is also accompanied by a mild fever, weakness, a headache and joint pain.
Occasionally, colds are mistaken for the flu. But flu symptoms are usually much worse. Also, a flu doesn't develop gradually. Instead, it generally starts very suddenly with a high fever, chills, and aching muscles and joints.
Causes
Colds can be caused by various viruses. They lead to inflammations in the lining of the nose and throat, but are otherwise harmless.
This makes them different from true flu viruses or the new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), for instance. An infection with these viruses can also cause cold-like symptoms, and they may be mild. But it can also result in a severe infection of the airways, like pneumonia.
Because COVID-19 can’t be diagnosed with certainty based on the symptoms alone, it may be a good idea to have a test. This is especially true if you have had any contact with a person who is known to have the coronavirus.
Prevalence
Colds are very common, especially in children. It's quite normal for children to catch 6 to 10 colds per year – at school, daycare or kindergarten. Adults have 2 to 4 colds a year on average, mostly during the colder time of year.
Outlook
Colds often start with a sore throat, usually soon followed by a runny or stuffy nose. Even though you might feel quite ill during a cold, it usually doesn't cause any harm. Your immune system can fight off the infection without any problems.
The worst is typically over within a week. But it can take a little longer for the symptoms to go away completely. Coughs in particular can be stubborn. Adults need 18 days on average to completely recover from a cough, and it can take up to three weeks in children too.
Effects
Colds are usually harmless and clear up without any serious consequences. But bacteria can sometimes spread through the airways after a viral infection, and they may cause more severe problems in various places, such as in the sinuses.
If the larynx (voice box) is inflamed, your voice becomes hoarse. Young children may develop croup too. Croup is caused by viruses. The typical symptoms are a "barking" cough, raspy sounds when you breathe in and mild breathing difficulties.
In babies, infants and toddlers, colds sometimes spread to the ear and lead to a middle ear infection. Bacterial infections in the throat can cause tonsillitis.
Infections of the upper airways (in the nose, mouth and throat area) only very rarely cause serious complications like pneumonia. It's a good idea to see a doctor if you have a high fever, severe or worsening symptoms, chest pain, shortness of breath or trouble breathing. This is especially important for people who have a chronic disease of the airways, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
Diagnosis
No special tests are needed for doctors to diagnose a cold. Because practically everyone knows the symptoms from childhood, most people don't go to see the doctor. Doctors usually just need to look into your throat and ask you what symptoms you have.
Colds are very common, so it's much less likely that you have another illness with similar symptoms. But if your doctor thinks you may have the flu or another more serious infection, tests like nose or throat swabs can help to find out.
Prevention
Because there are so many different cold viruses, having recovered from a cold doesn't stop you from catching another one. Your immune system needs to learn how to fight each new virus. This also means that it's not possible to vaccinate against colds.
But there are some simple things you can do to avoid catching a cold, like keeping your distance from others and washing your hands. The viruses spread through droplets: When someone with a cold sneezes or coughs, a lot of tiny virus-containing drops are sprayed into the air, and they come to rest on objects like doorknobs, computer keyboards or handles and poles on the subway. If you touch these objects, the viruses may get on to your hands. Touching your face with your hands could then easily spread the viruses to your nose or mouth. So avoiding touching your face with your hands is one way to reduce your risk of catching a cold. It's also important to wash your hands often with regular soap.
If you are already ill and have to sneeze and cough a lot, it's best to keep your distance from other people. That also means that you shouldn't go to work if you have the symptoms of a cold.
Cold viruses are spread through objects that have touched the nose or mouth of a person with a cold. This includes cups or glasses that the person might have used to drink out of, and of course used tissues as well. So it’s important to throw tissues away immediately after use, and avoid leaving them lying around.
Vitamins or echinacea products are sometimes recommended for the prevention of colds. Some people already start taking these kinds of products a few weeks before the cold season starts. But they offer very limited protection.
Treatment
Because there are so many different cold viruses, there is currently no medicine that can fight cold viruses and noticeably shorten the length of colds. But various medications can relieve some of the symptoms a little. These include painkillers like ibuprofen and acetaminophen (paracetamol), as well as decongestant (anti-swelling) nasal sprays for temporary use.
Antibiotics are not effective against cold viruses and should only be used if bacteria are also involved and complications have developed. The antibiotics often have side effects too.
Products that contain zinc, vitamin C, or echinacea extracts are also commonly recommended for the treatment of colds. It's not currently possible to reliably assess the advantages and disadvantages of these products because there has either been too little research or the studies that have been done have produced contradictory results.
Honey or herbal products like extracts taken from Pelargonium (umckaloabo), primrose, thyme, eucalyptus and ivy leaves may possibly relieve a cough somewhat.
Further information
When people are ill or need medical advice, they usually go to see their family doctor first. Read about how to find the right doctor, how to prepare for the appointment and what to remember.
Sources
- Choi IK, Lee HK, Ji YJ, Hwang IH, Kim SY. A Comparison of the Efficacy and Safety of Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs versus Acetaminophen in Symptom Relief for the Common Cold: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trial Studies. Korean J Fam Med 2013; 34(4): 241-249. [PMC free article: PMC3726791] [PubMed: 23904953]
- David S, Cunningham R. Echinacea for the prevention and treatment of upper respiratory tract infections: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Complement Ther Med 2019; 44: 18-26. [PubMed: 31126553]
- De Sutter AI, van Driel ML, Kumar AA, Lesslar O, Skrt A. Oral antihistamine-decongestant-analgesic combinations for the common cold. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012; (2): CD004976. [PubMed: 22336807]
- Deckx L, De Sutter AI, Guo L, Mir NA, van Driel ML. Nasal decongestants in monotherapy for the common cold. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2016; (10): CD009612. [PMC free article: PMC6461189] [PubMed: 27748955]
- Deutsche Gesellschaft für Allgemeinmedizin und Familienmedizin (DEGAM). Akuter Husten. DEGAM-Leitlinie Nr. 11. AWMF-Registernr.: 053-013. February 2014.
- Ebell MH, Lundgren J, Youngpairoj S. How long does a cough last? Comparing patients' expectations with data from a systematic review of the literature. Ann Fam Med 2013; 11(1): 5-13. [PMC free article: PMC3596033] [PubMed: 23319500]
- Hawke K, van Driel ML, Buffington BJ, McGuire TM, King D. Homeopathic medicinal products for preventing and treating acute respiratory tract infections in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2018; (4): CD005974. [PMC free article: PMC6513633] [PubMed: 29630715]
- Hemilä H, Chalker E. Vitamin C for preventing and treating the common cold. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013; (1): CD000980. [PMC free article: PMC8078152] [PubMed: 23440782]
- Jefferson T, Del Mar CB, Dooley L, Ferroni E, Al-Ansary LA, Bawazeer GA et al. Physical interventions to interrupt or reduce the spread of respiratory viruses. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011; (7): CD006207. [PMC free article: PMC6993921] [PubMed: 21735402]
- Karsch-Völk M, Barrett B, Kiefer D, Bauer R, Ardjomand-Woelkart K, Linde K. Echinacea for preventing and treating the common cold. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014; (2): CD000530. [PMC free article: PMC4068831] [PubMed: 24554461]
- Kenealy T, Arroll B. Antibiotics for the common cold and acute purulent rhinitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013; (6): CD000247. [PMC free article: PMC7044720] [PubMed: 23733381]
- Kim SY, Chang Y-J, Cho HM, Hwang Y-W, Moon YS. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for the common cold. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2015; (9): CD006362. [PubMed: 26387658]
- Li S, Yue J, Dong BR, Yang M, Lin X, Wu T. Acetaminophen (paracetamol) for the common cold in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013; (7): CD008800. [PMC free article: PMC7389565] [PubMed: 23818046]
- Little P, Moore M, Kelly J, Williamson I, Leydon G, McDermott L et al. Ibuprofen, paracetamol, and steam for patients with respiratory tract infections in primary care: pragmatic randomised factorial trial. BMJ 2013; 347: f6041. [PMC free article: PMC3808081] [PubMed: 24162940]
- Martineau AR, Jolliffe DA, Greenberg L, Aloia JF, Bergman P, Dubnov-Raz G et al. Vitamin D supplementation to prevent acute respiratory infections: individual participant data meta-analysis. Health Technol Assess 2019; 23(2): 1-44. [PMC free article: PMC6369419] [PubMed: 30675873]
- Oduwole O, Udoh EE, Oyo-Ita A, Meremikwu MM. Honey for acute cough in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2018; (4): CD007094. [PMC free article: PMC6513626] [PubMed: 29633783]
- Pschyrembel. Klinisches Wörterbuch. Berlin: De Gruyter; 2017.
- Robert Koch-Institut (RKI). Influenza (Teil 1): Erkrankungen durch saisonale Influenzaviren. 2018. (RKI-Ratgeber).
- Simancas-Racines D, Franco JV, Guerra CV, Felix ML, Hidalgo R, Martinez-Zapata MJ. Vaccines for the common cold. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2017; (5): CD002190. [PMC free article: PMC6481390] [PubMed: 28516442]
- Singh M, Singh M, Jaiswal N, Chauhan A. Heated, humidified air for the common cold. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2017; (8): CD001728. [PMC free article: PMC6483632] [PubMed: 28849871]
- Timmer A, Günther J, Motschall E, Rücker G, Antes G, Kern WV. Pelargonium sidoides extract for treating acute respiratory tract infections. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013; (10): CD006323. [PubMed: 24146345]
- Vorilhon P, Arpajou B, Vaillant Roussel H, Merlin E, Pereira B, Cabaillot A. Efficacy of vitamin C for the prevention and treatment of upper respiratory tract infection. A meta-analysis in children. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2019; 75(3): 303-311. [PubMed: 30465062]
IQWiG health information is written with the aim of helping people understand the advantages and disadvantages of the main treatment options and health care services.
Because IQWiG is a German institute, some of the information provided here is specific to the German health care system. The suitability of any of the described options in an individual case can be determined by talking to a doctor. We do not offer individual consultations.
Our information is based on the results of good-quality studies. It is written by a team of health care professionals, scientists and editors, and reviewed by external experts. You can find a detailed description of how our health information is produced and updated in our methods.
- Common colds: Overview - InformedHealth.orgCommon colds: Overview - InformedHealth.org
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Question: what is the main cause of upper respiratory infection

Coldness is the cause of 80-90% of the virus's upper respiratory infection, and the main effect occurs in the nose.

what is the main cause of upper respiratory infection

Question: what percentage of upper respiratory infection is caused by coldness

what percentage of upper respiratory infection is caused by coldness

Question: where does the coldest part of the virus occur

where does the coldest part of the virus occur

Question: where does coldness occur in the human body

where does coldness occur in the human body

Question: what disease is caused by coldness in the nose

かぜ 、 ） と は 、 原因 の 80 - 90 % が ウイルス の 上 気道 感染 症 で あり 、 主な

what disease is caused by coldness in the nose

Question: what type of infection is 風邪

かぜ 、 ） と は 、 原因 の 80 - 90 % が ウイルス の 上 気道 感染 症 で あり 、 主な

Coldness is the cause of 80 - 90 % of the virus 's upper respiratory infection , and the main effect occurs in the nose .

風邪（かぜ、）とは、原因の80 - 90 %がウイルスの上気道感染症であり、主な影響は鼻に現れる 。

風邪（かぜ、）とは、原因の80 - 90 %がウイルスの上気道感染症であり、主な影響は鼻に現れる 。

Coldness is the cause of 80-90% of the virus's upper respiratory infection, and the main effect occurs in the nose.

Coldness is the cause of 80-90% of the virus's upper respiratory infection, and the main effect occurs in the nose.

The throat, side nasal cavity, and throat may also be affected.

Symptoms usually occur within two days of the infection.

Symptoms include coughing, throat pain, swelling, nasal water, nasal closure, headache, fever, swelling, etc.

Common Colds: Protect Yourself and Others
Sore throat and runny nose are usually the first signs of a cold, followed by coughing and sneezing. Most people recover in about 7-10 days. You can help reduce your risk of getting a cold: wash your hands often, avoid close contact with sick people, and don’t touch your face with unwashed hands.
Common colds are the main reason that children miss school and adults miss work. Each year in the United States, there are millions of cases of the common cold. Adults have an average of 2-3 colds per year, and children have even more.
Most people get colds in the winter and spring, but it is possible to get a cold any time of the year. Symptoms usually include:
- sore throat
- runny nose
- coughing
- sneezing
- headaches
- body aches
Most people recover within about 7-10 days. However, people with weakened immune systems, asthma, or respiratory conditions may develop serious illness, such as bronchitis or pneumonia.
Help reduce your risk of getting a cold by washing hands often with soap and water.
How to Protect Yourself
Viruses that cause colds can spread from infected people to others through the air and close personal contact. You can also get infected through contact with stool (poop) or respiratory secretions from an infected person. This can happen when you shake hands with someone who has a cold, or touch a surface, like a doorknob, that has respiratory viruses on it, then touch your eyes, mouth, or nose.
You can help reduce your risk of getting a cold:
- Wash your hands often with soap and water. Wash them for 20 seconds, and help young children do the same. If soap and water are not available, use an alcohol-based hand sanitizer. Viruses that cause colds can live on your hands, and regular handwashing can help protect you from getting sick.
- Avoid touching your eyes, nose, and mouth with unwashed hands. Viruses that cause colds can enter your body this way and make you sick.
- Stay away from people who are sick. Sick people can spread viruses that cause the common cold through close contact with others.
Practice good cough and sneeze etiquette: always cough and sneeze into a tissue or your upper shirt sleeve, completely covering your mouth and nose.
How to Protect Others
If you have a cold, you should follow these tips to help prevent spreading it to other people:
- Stay at home while you are sick and keep children out of school or daycare while they are sick.
- Avoid close contact with others, such as hugging, kissing, or shaking hands.
- Move away from people before coughing or sneezing.
- Cough and sneeze into a tissue then throw it away, or cough and sneeze into your upper shirt sleeve, completely covering your mouth and nose.
- Wash your hands after coughing, sneezing, or blowing your nose.
- Disinfect frequently touched surfaces and objects, such as toys, doorknobs, and mobile devices.
There is no vaccine to protect you against the common cold.
How to Feel Better
There is no cure for a cold. To feel better, you should get lots of rest and drink plenty of fluids. Over-the-counter medicines may help ease symptoms but will not make your cold go away any faster. Always read the label and use medications as directed. Talk to your doctor before giving your child nonprescription cold medicines, since some medicines contain ingredients that are not recommended for children. Learn more about symptom relief of upper respiratory infections, including colds.
Antibiotics will not help you recover from a cold caused by a respiratory virus. They do not work against viruses, and they may make it harder for your body to fight future bacterial infections if you take them unnecessarily. Learn more about when antibiotics work.
When to See a Doctor
You should call your doctor if you or your child has one or more of these conditions:
- symptoms that last more than 10 days
- symptoms that are severe or unusual
- if your child is younger than 3 months of age and has a fever or is lethargic
You should also call your doctor right away if you are at high risk for serious flu complications and get flu symptoms such as fever, chills, and muscle or body aches. People at high risk for flu complications include young children (younger than 5 years old), adults 65 years and older, pregnant women, and people with certain medical conditions such as asthma, diabetes, and heart disease.
Your doctor can determine if you or your child has a cold or the flu and can recommend treatment to help with symptoms.
Causes of the Common Cold
Many different respiratory viruses can cause the common cold, but rhinoviruses are the most common. Rhinoviruses can also trigger asthma attacks and have been linked to sinus and ear infections. Other viruses that can cause colds include respiratory syncytial virus, human parainfluenza viruses, adenovirus, common human coronaviruses, and human metapneumovirus.
Know the Difference between Common Cold and Flu
The flu, which is caused by influenza viruses, also spreads and causes illness around the same time as the common cold. Because these two illnesses have similar symptoms, it can be difficult (or even impossible) to tell the difference between them based on symptoms alone. In general, flu symptoms are worse than the common cold and can include fever or feeling feverish/chills, cough, sore throat, runny or stuffy nose, muscle or body aches, headaches and fatigue (tiredness). Flu can also have very serious complications. CDC recommends a yearly flu vaccination as the first and best way to prevent the flu. If you get the flu, antiviral drugs may be a treatment option.

Question: how long do symptoms of chinese flu last

The throat, side nasal cavity, and throat may also be affected.

Symptoms usually occur within two days of the infection.

Symptoms include coughing, throat pain, swelling, nasal water, nasal closure, headache, fever, swelling, etc.

how long do symptoms of chinese flu last

Question: when do symptoms of chinese flu usually occur

when do symptoms of chinese flu usually occur

Question: what parts of the body can be affected by the chinese flu

、 副 鼻腔 、 喉頭 も 影響 を 受ける 可能 性 が

what parts of the body can be affected by the chinese flu

Question: how many days does it take for the symptoms of chinese flu to manifest

how many days does it take for the symptoms of chinese flu to manifest

Question: what parts of the body can be affected by chinese flu

、 副 鼻腔 、 喉頭 も 影響 を 受ける 可能 性 が

what parts of the body can be affected by chinese flu

Question: what are the symptoms of chinese flu

The throat , side nasal cavity , and throat may also be affected .

Symptoms usually occur within two days of the infection .

Symptoms include coughing , throat pain , swelling , nasal water , nasal closure , headache , fever , swelling , etc .

咽喉、副鼻腔、喉頭も影響を受ける可能性がある。 症状はたいてい感染後2日以内に発生する。 症状としては、咳、咽頭痛、くしゃみ、鼻水、鼻閉、頭痛、発熱、嗄声などが現れる。

咽喉、副鼻腔、喉頭も影響を受ける可能性がある。 症状はたいてい感染後2日以内に発生する。 症状としては、咳、咽頭痛、くしゃみ、鼻水、鼻閉、頭痛、発熱、嗄声などが現れる。

The throat, side nasal cavity, and throat may also be affected. Symptoms usually occur within two days of the infection. Symptoms include coughing, throat pain, swelling, nasal water, nasal closure, headache, fever, swelling, etc.

The throat, side nasal cavity, and throat may also be affected.

Symptoms usually occur within two days of the infection.

Symptoms include coughing, throat pain, swelling, nasal water, nasal closure, headache, fever, swelling, etc.

Lino viruses (30% to 80%).

"Standard Microbiology" Medical Library, January 15, 2016 12th edition 2nd edition, page 441 is one of the viruses that cause common colds.

Sputum, nasal water, nasal swelling, etc. are the main symptoms, not choosing age.

Question: what disease is caused by the  lino virus

普通 感冒 の 原因 ウイルス の

Lino viruses (30% to 80%).

"Standard Microbiology" Medical Library, January 15, 2016 12th edition 2nd edition, page 441 is one of the viruses that cause common colds.

Sputum, nasal water, nasal swelling, etc. are the main symptoms, not choosing age.

what disease is caused by the  lino virus

Question: what is the most common cold virus

Lino viruses (30% to 80%).

Question: what is the percentage of lino viruses

Lino viruses (30% to 80%).

Question: what is the main cause of colds

Lino viruses (30% to 80%).

Question: what are the main symptoms of a cold

、 鼻水 、 鼻づまり など が 主 症状 で 、 年齢 を 選ば

Lino viruses (30% to 80%).

Question: what is the main symptom of a cold

Lino viruses (30% to 80%).

" Standard Microbiology " Medical Library , January 15 , 2016 12th edition 2nd edition , page 441 is one of the viruses that cause common colds .

Sputum , nasal water , nasal swelling , etc . are the main symptoms , not choosing age .

ウイルス ライノウイルス (30 % - 80 %)。 中込治・神谷茂 共著『標準微生物学』医学書院、2016年1月15日 第12版 第2刷、441ページ 普通感冒の原因ウイルスのひとつである。 くしゃみ、鼻水、鼻づまりなどが主症状で、年齢を選ばない。

ウイルス ライノウイルス (30 % - 80 %)。

中込治・神谷茂 共著『標準微生物学』医学書院、2016年1月15日 第12版 第2刷、441ページ 普通感冒の原因ウイルスのひとつである。

くしゃみ、鼻水、鼻づまりなどが主症状で、年齢を選ばない。

Lino viruses (30% to 80%). "Standard Microbiology" Medical Library, January 15, 2016 12th edition 2nd edition, page 441 is one of the viruses that cause common colds. Sputum, nasal water, nasal swelling, etc. are the main symptoms, not choosing age.

"Standard Microbiology" Medical Library, January 15, 2016 12th edition 2nd edition, page 441 is one of the viruses that cause common colds.

Sputum, nasal water, nasal swelling, etc. are the main symptoms, not choosing age.

This means that the so-called nose is commonly called a cold.

Coronavirus (15%) was the first infected in the 1960s.

SARS, MERS, and COVID-19 (new coronavirus) syndrome are distinguished from cold (common cold).

Practice Essentials
Rhinoviruses (RVs) are the most common cause of the common cold. They chiefly cause upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) but may also infect the lower respiratory tract. Potential complications of infection include otitis media, sinusitis, chronic bronchitis, and exacerbations of reactive airway disease (eg, asthma). Although rhinovirus infections occur year-round, the incidence is highest in the fall and the spring (see the image below).
Signs and symptoms of rhinovirus infection
Manifestations of rhinovirus infection typically appear after an incubation period of 12-72 hours and last 7-11 days, but may persist for longer. Signs and symptoms include the following:
- Nasal dryness or irritation - May be first symptom
- Sore throat or throat irritation – Common and bothersome initial symptom
- Nasal discharge, nasal congestion, and sneezing – Intensify over 2-3 days
- Headache
- Facial and ear pressure
- Loss of sense of smell and taste
- Cough (30% of infected individuals)
- Hoarseness (20%)
- Posttussive vomiting
- Irritability or restlessness
- Fever (unusual; when present, typically low grade)
Age-related differences in presentation are as follows:
- Infants and preschoolers – Fever more likely, often 38-39°C
- Infants and toddlers – May display only nasal discharge
- School-aged children - Usually complain of nasal congestion, cough, and runny nose
Physical examination findings
- Typically less severe than the symptoms reported by the patients
- Fever uncommon, though temperatures of 38-39°C are possible in younger children
- A red nose with a profuse, dripping nasal discharge may be present
- Nasal discharge can be clear and watery or mucopurulent (yellow or green)
- The nasal mucous membranes have a glistening, glassy appearance, usually without obvious erythema or edema
- The pharynx typically appears normal, without any erythema, exudate, or ulceration
- Mildly enlarged, nontender cervical lymph nodes are present
- Auscultation of the chest may reveal rhonchi
Complications
- Otitis media
- Sinusitis
- Chronic bronchitis
- Exacerbations of reactive airway disease
See Clinical Presentation for more detail.
Diagnosis of rhinovirus infection
If findings from a thorough history and physical examination are consistent with a viral etiology and no complications are noted, an aggressive workup is rarely necessary. Common laboratory tests (eg, WBC, CBC, ESR) have little value. Because of the prolonged time to obtain positive culture findings, rhinovirus culture has rarely been found useful in clinical settings. PCR testing of respiratory specimens may be useful in evaluating severely immunocompromised patients.
See Workup for more detail.
Management
Rhinovirus infections are predominantly mild and self-limited; thus, treatment is generally focused on symptomatic relief and prevention of person-to-person spread and complications. The mainstays of therapy are as follows:
- Rest
- Hydration
- Antihistamines
- Nasal decongestants
Other conventional supportive care for the common cold includes the following:
- Disinfecting the environment using phenol-alcohol–based compounds
- Washing hands
- Positioning the mattress at a 45° angle
- Providing comfortable surrounding temperature and adequate humidity (soothes irritated nasopharyngeal mucosae and helps eliminate nasal secretions by preventing dryness)
- Using nasal saline drops with bulb-syringe nostril aspiration, in infants with congestion and obstruction
- Discontinuing smoking or using alcohol
Pharmacologic treatment
- The combined effect of NSAIDs and antihistamines often relieves nasal obstruction.
- Oral decongestants (pseudoephedrine) and topical decongestants (oxymetazoline and phenylephrine) are commonly used for symptomatic relief.
- First-generation antihistamines, topical anticholinergics, and ipratropium bromide reduce rhinorrhea by 25-35%.
- Second-generation or nonsedating antihistamines appear to have no effect on common cold symptoms.
- Corticosteroids have no impact on cold symptoms and may actually increase viral replication.
- In adults, oral zinc reduced duration of illness when high doses (at least 75 mg of elemental zinc per day) were used and when taken within 24 hours of onset of common cold symptoms. This was not seen in children. Zinc has also been associated with faster resolution of nasal congestion, nasal drainage, and sore throat, as well as improvement of cough (in terms of cough score).
- Children younger than 6 years should receive treatment with analgesics, cough suppressants, decongestants, or antihistamines only when recommended and supervised by a physician.
- The FDA recommends against the use of over-the-counter cough and cold medicines in children younger than 2 years.
See Treatment and Medication for more detail.
Background
Rhinoviruses (RVs) are members of the Picornaviridae family, which includes the human pathogens enterovirus and hepatovirus (notably, hepatitis A virus). More than 100 different subtypes exist in 3 major groups, categorized according to receptor specificity: intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptors, and sialoprotein cell receptors.
Rhinovirus infections are chiefly limited to the upper respiratory tract but may cause otitis media and sinusitis; they may also exacerbate asthma, cystic fibrosis, chronic bronchitis, and serious lower respiratory tract illness in infants, elderly persons, and immunocompromised persons. [1, 2] Although infections occur year-round, the incidence is highest in the fall and the spring. Of persons exposed to the virus, 70-80% have symptomatic disease. Most cases are mild and self-limited.
The common cold is an acute respiratory tract infection (RTI) characterized by mild coryzal symptoms, rhinorrhea, nasal obstruction, and sneezing. Although the list of agents that cause the common cold is large, 66-75% of cases are due to 200 antigenically distinct viruses from 8 different genera. Rhinoviruses are the most common of these (25-80% of cases), followed by coronaviruses (10-20%), influenza viruses (10-15%), and adenoviruses (5%).
Although the incidence of acute RTI cannot be clearly defined, because of seasonal and locational variability, it is estimated to range from 3-6 cases per person per year in the United States. Children younger than 1 year have experienced an average of 6-8 episodes of acute RTI. This figure decreases to 3-4 episodes per year by adulthood.
Pathophysiology
Viral transmission
Rhinovirus possesses various transmission modes and can infect a huge population at any given time. Most commonly, they are transmitted to susceptible individuals through direct contact or via aerosol particles. The primary site of inoculation is the nasal mucosa, though the conjunctiva may be involved to a lesser extent. The virus attaches to respiratory epithelium and spreads locally. Rhinovirus species A and B bind to the major human rhinovirus receptor, ICAM-1 (found in high quantities in the posterior nasopharynx). [3, 4, 5] Rhinovirus C (RV-C) binds to cadherin-related family member 3 receptor (CHDR-3). Viral particles are usually transmitted via inoculation into the eye or the nose from contact with the fingers that harbor the virus, especially since rhinoviruses are capable of surviving on hands for hours. [6, 7, 8]
Highly contagious behavior includes nose blowing, sneezing, and physically transferring infected secretions onto environmental surfaces or paper tissue. Contrary to popular belief, behaviors such as kissing, talking, coughing, or even drooling do not contribute substantially to the spread of disease.
Infection rates approximate 50% within the household and range from 0% to 50% within schools, indicating that transmission requires long-term contact with infected individuals. Brief exposures to others in places such as movie theaters, shopping malls, friends’ houses, or doctors’ offices are associated with a low risk of transmission. Because children produce antibodies to fewer serotypes, those who attend school are the most common reservoirs of rhinovirus infection.
Pathogenesis of rhinovirus infection
The attachment of the virus to its receptors (ICAM-1, CHDR-3, low-density lipoprotein receptor [LDLR]) in susceptible individuals elicits an innate immune response leading to airway inflammation and remodeling.
Few cells are actually infected by rhinovirus, and the infection involves only a small portion of the epithelium. Symptoms develop 1-2 days after viral infection, peaking 2-4 days after inoculation, though reports have described symptoms as early as 2 hours after inoculation with primary symptoms 8-16 hours later. [9] Viremia is uncommon.
A local inflammatory response to rhinovirus in the respiratory tract can lead to nasal discharge, nasal congestion, sneezing, and throat irritation. The nasal epithelium is not damaged. [10, 11] Various polymorphisms in cytokine genes have been shown to impact the severity of infection, suggesting a genetic predisposition. [12] Detectable histopathology causing the associated nasal obstruction, rhinorrhea, and sneezing is lacking, which leads to the hypothesis that the host immune response plays a major role in the pathogenesis.
Infected cells release interleukin (IL)–8, which is a potent chemoattractant for polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocytes. Concentrations of IL-8 in secretions correlate proportionally with the severity of common cold symptoms. Inflammatory mediators, such as kinins and prostaglandins, may cause vasodilatation, increased vascular permeability, and exocrine gland secretion. These, together with local parasympathetic nerve-ending stimulation, lead to cold symptoms.
Deficient production of interferon beta by asthmatic bronchial epithelial cells has been proposed as a mechanism for increased susceptibility to rhinovirus infections in individuals with asthma.
Viral clearance is associated with the host response and is due in part to the local production of nitric oxide. Rhinovirus is shed in large amounts, with as many as 1 million infectious virions present per milliliter of nasal washings. Viral shedding can occur a few days before cold symptoms are recognized by the patient, peaks on days 2-7 of the illness, and may last as long as 3-4 weeks.
Serotype-specific neutralizing antibodies are found 7-21 days after infection in 80% of patients. Although these antibodies persist for years, providing long-lasting immunity, recovery from illness is more likely related to cell-mediated immunity. Persistent protection from repeat infection by that serotype appears to be partially attributable to immunoglobulin A (IgA) antibodies in nasal secretions, serum immunoglobulin G (IgG), and, possibly, serum immunoglobulin M (IgM).
Clinical studies indicate sinus involvement in common colds. Abnormal computed tomography (CT) findings (eg, opacification, air-fluid levels, and mucosal thickening) are present in adults with common colds that resolve over 1-2 weeks without antibiotic therapy.
Despite what is reported in folklore, no good clinical evidence suggests that colds are acquired by exposure to cold weather, getting wet, or becoming chilled.
Etiology
Rhinoviruses are small, nonenveloped, positive (sense) stranded RNA viruses of the Picornaviridae family. More than 100 different serotypes have been identified, categorized into 3 major groups on the basis of specificity for particular receptors: ICAM-1, LDL receptors, and sialoprotein cell receptors. Their structure is an icosahedral capsid of 12 pentamers containing the 4 viral proteins. A deep cleft is involved in viral attachment. Attachment to cellular receptors can be blocked by a specific antibody.
Rhinovirus grows efficiently only within a limited temperature range (33-35°C), and it cannot tolerate an acidic environment. Thus, it is rarely found outside the nasopharynx, because of the acidic environment of the stomach and the increased temperature in both the lower respiratory tract and the gastrointestinal (GI) tract.
Transmission occurs with close exposure to infected respiratory secretions, including hand-to-hand contact, self-inoculation of eyes or nose, and, possibly, large- and small-particle aerosolization. The virus has been cultured from the skin after up to 2 hours and after up to 4 days on inanimate objects in ideal conditions. Donors are typically symptomatic with a cold at the time of transmission, and virus is detected on the hands and nasal mucosa.
One study assessed the transfer of virus to surfaces by 15 adults with rhinovirus infection; each of the 15 stayed overnight in a hotel room, and afterward, 10 commonly touched sites in each room were tested for viral contamination. [13] The investigators determined that the virus could be recovered from 35% of these sites and found that the virus could be transferred back from inanimate objects to fingertips in many cases.
Higher rates of transmission occur in humid, crowded conditions such as are found in nurseries, daycare centers, and schools, especially during cooler months in temperate regions and the rainy season in tropical regions. The likelihood of transmission does not appear to be related to exposure to cold temperatures, fatigue, or sleep deprivation.
Risk factors
Factors that increase the risk and severity of rhinovirus infection include the following:
- Smoking increases the risk of respiratory infection by approximately 50%
- Very young or old individuals are at greater risk, possibly because of decreased immunity
- Exposure to infected contacts increases the risk of infection
- Touching the conjunctivae or the nose with contaminated fingers or objects increases the risk of infection
-
- Men may have a slightly higher risk, but the increase is probably insignificant
- Breastfeeding has little effect on the incidence of the common cold
- Underlying chronic medical conditions, including anatomic, metabolic, genetic, and immunologic disorders (eg, tracheoesophageal fistula, congenital heart disease, cystic fibrosis, or immunodeficiency) increase the risk and severity of infection
Epidemiology
United States statistics
Common colds are most frequent from September to April in temperate climates. Rhinovirus infections, which are present throughout the year, account for the initial increase in cold incidence during the fall (causing as many as 80% of colds in this period) and for a second incidence peak at the end of spring. Colds that occur from October through March are caused by the successive appearance of numerous viruses (see the image below). Adenovirus infections occur at a constant rate throughout the season.
The incidence of the common cold is highest in preschool- and elementary school–aged children. An average of 3-8 colds per year is observed in this age group, and the incidence is even higher in children who attend daycare and preschool. Because of the numerous viral agents involved and the multiple serotypes that several of these agents (especially rhinovirus) have, it is not unusual for younger children having new colds every month during the winter. Adults and adolescents typically have 2-4 colds per year.
International statistics
Internationally, rhinovirus is a significant cause of RTI, [15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23] as well as a minor cause of bronchiolitis. [24] Rhinoviruses have been found in all countries, even in remote areas such as the Kaluhi Islands and the Amazon. In Brazil, rhinoviruses reportedly cause 46% of acute RTIs. A seasonal increase in incidence during the winter months is observed worldwide.
Age-related demographics
Because antibodies to viral serotypes develop over time, the incidence of rhinovirus infection is highest in infants and young children and falls as children approach adulthood. Young children are more likely to have the frequent, close, personal contact necessary to transmit the virus; they commonly pass the infection to family members after acquiring the virus in nurseries, daycare facilities, and schools. Children may also be more contagious by virtue of having higher virus concentrations in secretions and longer duration of viral shedding.
Sex-related demographics
Some reports indicate a male predominance of infection in children younger than 3 years, which switches to a female predominance in children older than 3 years. In adults, no difference in rates of infection between men and women is apparent.
Race-related demographics
No differences among different races with respect to susceptibility to rhinovirus infection or disease course have been described. In general, Native Americans and Eskimos are more likely to develop the common cold and appear to have higher rates of complications such as otitis media. These findings may be explained as much by environmental conditions (eg, poverty and overcrowding) as by ethnicity.
Prognosis
The prognosis for rhinovirus infection is excellent. The most common manifestation of infection, the common cold, is mild and self-limited. Complete recovery is usually observed within 7 days for adolescents and adults and within 10-14 days for children. Occasionally, a child’s cough and congestion linger for 2-3 weeks.
Although rarely associated with fatal disease, rhinoviruses are associated with significant morbidity. Acute RTIs, predominantly rhinovirus infections, are estimated to cause 30-50% of time lost from work by adults and 60-80% of time lost from school by children. Severe respiratory disease, including bronchiolitis, asthma exacerbations, and pneumonia , [25, 26] can occur, particularly in infants and young children. [27] Preterm infants are also at high risk for severe infection. [28]
Rhinovirus is a predominant pathogen in lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI) in very low birth weight infants [22] and shares predominance in LRTI among young infants with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). [29, 30] They may also be involved in LRTIs in elderly persons, persons with cystic fibrosis, and immunosuppressed patients. The true impact of LRTI is not clear. Recovery of the virus in these patients may be a marker of an underlying disease process or a precursor to a bacterial infection.
A retrospective analysis of a prospective cohort of 728 hospitalized elderly patients with rhinovirus infection in Hong Kong revealed a significantly higher 90-day mortality rate than their counterparts (1218 patients) with influenza infection. The rhinovirus group developed pneumonia complications, required oxygen therapy, and had longer hospital stays. [31]
Patient Education
Because spread of secretions by contact with hands is a major route of transmission, encourage parents and patients to wash their hands frequently. In addition, emphasize other environmental measures to control infections, such as avoiding finger-to-eye and finger-to-nose contact and coughing and sneezing into the crook of the elbow.
Reassure families and patients that frequent colds are common at certain times of the year. Inform parents that 6-12 colds per year can be normal for young children, especially if they attend daycare or preschool. Explain that frequent self-limited colds do not indicate a problem with a child’s immune system and do not warrant antibiotic treatment and that patients with common colds need not be excluded from daycare or preschool settings.
Advise patients to return if fever exceeds 102°F, if significant respiratory distress develops, or if symptoms do not resolve in 10-14 days. Remind patients and families that purulent nasal discharge is commonly observed after the first few days of the infection and does not indicate a bacterial infection or the need for antibiotics.
Some clinicians have advocated supplementation with vitamin C. Although large doses of vitamin C have been used for prevention and treatment of colds, controlled trials reveal minimal therapeutic benefit and no preventive qualities. [32] In any case, high doses in children are not recommended.
Tables
-
- Overview
- Presentation
- DDx
- Workup
- Treatment
- Medication
- References

Question: the so-called nose is commonly referred to as what

This means that the so-called nose is commonly called a cold.

Coronavirus (15%) was the first infected in the 1960s.

SARS, MERS, and COVID-19 (new coronavirus) syndrome are distinguished from cold (common cold).

the so-called nose is commonly referred to as what

Question: when was the first case of the cold

Question: what percentage of the human body is infected with coronavirus

what percentage of the human body is infected with coronavirus

Question: what part of the body is cold

Question: what does the so-called nose mean

Question: what virus was the first infected in the 1960s

what virus was the first infected in the 1960s

Question: what does this mean

鼻かぜ 、 のど 風邪 の こと を 普通 感冒 と いう

Question: what is another name for cold

This means that the so - called nose is commonly called a cold .

Coronavirus ( 15 % ) was the first infected in the 1960s .

SARS , MERS , and COVID-19 ( new coronavirus ) syndrome are distinguished from cold ( common cold ) .

つまり、いわゆる鼻かぜ、のど風邪のことを普通感冒という。 コロナウイルス (15 %) 1960年代に最初に発見された、冬に感染しやすいウイルス。 SARSやMERS、COVID-19（新型コロナウイルス）の症候群は風邪（普通感冒）と区別される。

つまり、いわゆる鼻かぜ、のど風邪のことを普通感冒という。

コロナウイルス (15 %) 1960年代に最初に発見された、冬に感染しやすいウイルス。

SARSやMERS、COVID-19（新型コロナウイルス）の症候群は風邪（普通感冒）と区別される。

This means that the so-called nose is commonly called a cold. Coronavirus (15%) was the first infected in the 1960s. SARS, MERS, and COVID-19 (new coronavirus) syndrome are distinguished from cold (common cold).

This means that the so-called nose is commonly called a cold.

Coronavirus (15%) was the first infected in the 1960s.

SARS, MERS, and COVID-19 (new coronavirus) syndrome are distinguished from cold (common cold).

If the body temperature is above 38 degrees Celsius, if the symptoms last for more than 10 days, if the symptoms are severe or not normal.

体温が摂氏38度以上の場合 症状が10日以上継続する場合 症状が深刻か、普通でない場合

Diagnosis + Difference between cold and flu Cold Flu Fever Frequency (37-38°C) Headache Frequency Pain Fever Fever Fever Fever Fever Fever Fever Fever Fever Fever Fever Fever Fever Fever Fever Fever Fever Fever Fever Fever Fever Fever Fever Fever Fever Fever Fever Fever Fever Fever Fever Fever Fever Fever Fever Fever Fever Fever Fever Fever Fever Fever Fever Fever Fever Fever Fever Fever Fever Fever Fever Fever Fever Fever Fever Fever Fever Fever Fever Fever Fever Fever Fever Fever Fever Fever Fever Fever Fever Fever Fever Fever Fever Fever Fever Fever Fever Fever Fever Fever Fever Fever Fe If the body temperature is above 38 degrees Celsius, if the symptoms last for more than 10 days, if the symptoms are severe or not normal.

If the body temperature is above 38 degrees Celsius, if the symptoms last for more than 10 days, if the symptoms are severe or not normal.

The 2014 COCRAN review showed that corn every three months has reduced the incidence of colds, and there is no difference in the period of infection.

背景
ガーリックは、風邪に対して有益であると広く考えられている。この考え方は、伝統的な使用法、ガーリックには抗菌作用や抗ウイルス作用があるという研究のエビデンスに基づいている。平均すると、成人は1年に2～4回風邪に罹患する。
研究の特性
本エビデンスは2014年8月７日現在のものである。特定した試験8件のうち、1試験のみがレビューの基準を満たしていた。この試験では、3カ月に渡って146名の参加者を評価した。この期間、参加者の半数にプラセボ、残りの半数にガーリック錠を摂取させた。参加者には、風邪の症状が現れたときに日記に記載させた。
主な結果
選択した試験では、3カ月間毎日（プラセボの代わりに）ガーリックを摂取した参加者の方が、風邪を引く頻度が少なかった。具体的には、3カ月間での風邪の発症件数は、ガーリック群で24件、プラセボ群では65件であった。参加者が風邪を引いていた期間は、両群で同程度であった（4.63日に対して5.63日）。
エビデンスの質
プラセボ群（1名）よりもガーリック群（4名）で、おくびに伴う匂いに気がつく参加者が多かったことから、参加者の盲検化が十分ではなかった可能性がある。しかし、その他に考えられるバイアスは、十分にコントロールされていた。唯一選択された試験は、今回のレビューの目的に直接関連していた。この試験は小規模であったが、正確かつ信頼のある結果を導くには十分な参加者の数であった。結果が選択的に報告されたことを示すエビデンスは認められない。しかし、このことは、アウトカムが予め決定されていたようではないと考えられる。肯定的な試験結果を導くためにサプリメント会社が報奨金を出していた場合、ガーリックに効果がないことを示す試験は公表しない可能性もある。全般的に、エビデンスの質は中程度である。
副作用
この小規模な試験で起こった可能性のある副作用は、臭気および発疹であった。ガーリックについて起こる可能性のある副作用に関しては、更なる情報が必要である。
風邪を予防または治療する上でのガーリックの効果に関して、臨床試験でのエビデンスは不十分である。1件の試験で、ガーリックが風邪発症を予防する可能性が示唆されたが、この結果を立証するには更なる試験が必要である。有効性の結論は、不十分な質のエビデンスに大きく依存しているようである。
ガーリックには、風邪を緩和させる抗菌作用および抗ウイルス作用があり、特に有益な作用があるとされている。ガーリック・サプリメントは広く使用されている。風邪は、かなりの罹患率および経済的影響を伴う。平均すると、小児は1年につき6～8回、成人は2～4回風邪に罹患する。
プラセボ、無治療または他の治療と比較して、ガーリックが風邪の予防または治療に有効であるかどうかを検証すること。
CENTRAL（2014年第7号）、OLDMEDLINE（1950～1965年）、MEDLINE（1966年1月～2014年7月第5週）、EMBASE（1974年～2014年8月）およびAMED（1985年～2014年8月）を検索した。
ガーリックとプラセボ、無治療または標準的治療を比較した風邪の予防および治療に関するランダム化比較試験。
2名のレビュー著者がそれぞれ、検索対象から試験をレビューおよび選択し、試験の質を評価および査定し、関連するデータを抽出した。
この最新レビューでは、検索対象から関連すると考えられる試験を8件特定した。1件の試験のみが選択基準に適合した。この試験では、12週間ガーリック・サプリメントを摂取させる群（アリシンを含有する180 mg）またはプラセボ（1日1回）を摂取させる群に参加者146名を割り付けた。試験によると、ガーリック摂取群では風邪が24件認められたのに対し、プラセボ摂取群では65件であり（P値＜0.001）、プラセボ群と比較してガーリック群の方が罹病日数が少なくなった（111日に対して366日）。風邪発症から回復までの日数は、両群で同程度であった（4.63日に対して5.63日）。選択基準に適合していたのは1件の試験のみであったため、結論は限定的である。この試験は、風邪発症について自己報告式であったが、ランダム化および割り付けの観点で妥当な質であった。有害作用は、発疹および臭気であった。
《実施組織》厚生労働省「「統合医療」に係る情報発信等推進事業」（eJIM：http://www.ejim.ncgg.go.jp/）［2015.12.31］
《注意》この日本語訳は、臨床医、疫学研究者などによる翻訳のチェックを受けて公開していますが、訳語の間違いなどお気づきの点がございましたら、eJIM事務局までご連絡ください。なお、2013年6月からコクラン・ライブラリーのNew review, Updated reviewとも日単位で更新されています。eJIMでは最新版の日本語訳を掲載するよう努めておりますが、タイム・ラグが生じている場合もあります。ご利用に際しては、最新版（英語版）の内容をご確認ください。

Question: how much did vitamin c reduce the severity of colds in adults

The 2014 COCRAN review showed that corn every three months has reduced the incidence of colds, and there is no difference in the period of infection.

how much did vitamin c reduce the severity of colds in adults

Question: what is the most common source of vitamin c

what is the most common source of vitamin c

Question: how much did vitamin c reduce the severity of colds in children

how much did vitamin c reduce the severity of colds in children

Question: how much vitamin c was taken per day in 2013

how much vitamin c was taken per day in 2013

Question: how often does vitamin c help reduce colds

3 か月 毎日 の ニンニク

how often does vitamin c help reduce colds

Question: how much vitamin c does it take to prevent colds

how much vitamin c does it take to prevent colds

Question: how long does it take corn to reduce the incidence of colds

how long does it take corn to reduce the incidence of colds

Question: what is an example of a person with extreme physical fatigue

what is an example of a person with extreme physical fatigue

In the 2013 COCRAN review , more than 200 mg of vitamin C per day did not change in the incidence of colds , but decreased the severity , the incidence period was reduced by 8 % in adults , 14 % in children , and in people with extreme physical fatigue , such as marathon players , the prevention and treatment of colds by vitamin C was effective .

The 2014 COCRAN review showed that corn every three months has reduced the incidence of colds , and there is no difference in the period of infection .

2013年のコクランレビューでは、1日200mg以上のビタミンCは、風邪の発症率に変化はないが、重症度を下げ、罹患期間が成人で8 %、小児では14 %短縮し、マラソン選手など極度に肉体疲労する人々では予防効果はあった ビタミンCによる風邪の予防および治療。

2014年のコクランレビューは、3か月毎日のニンニクは風邪の発症率を低下させており、罹患期間に差はなかった 風邪に対するガーリック。

The 2014 COCRAN review showed that corn every three months has reduced the incidence of colds, and there is no difference in the period of infection.

Vitamin C Supplementation Slightly Improves Physical Activity Levels and Reduces Cold Incidence in Men with Marginal Vitamin C Status: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Johnston, C.S.; Barkyoumb, G.M.; Schumacher, S.S. Vitamin C Supplementation Slightly Improves Physical Activity Levels and Reduces Cold Incidence in Men with Marginal Vitamin C Status: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Nutrients 2014, 6, 2572-2583. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu6072572
Johnston CS, Barkyoumb GM, Schumacher SS. Vitamin C Supplementation Slightly Improves Physical Activity Levels and Reduces Cold Incidence in Men with Marginal Vitamin C Status: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Nutrients. 2014; 6(7):2572-2583. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu6072572Chicago/Turabian Style
Johnston, Carol S., Gillean M. Barkyoumb, and Sara S. Schumacher. 2014. "Vitamin C Supplementation Slightly Improves Physical Activity Levels and Reduces Cold Incidence in Men with Marginal Vitamin C Status: A Randomized Controlled Trial" Nutrients 6, no. 7: 2572-2583. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu6072572

Question: in the 2013 cocran review, how much did the incidence of colds decrease

in the 2013 cocran review, how much did the incidence of colds decrease

Question: how much did 1000mg of vitamin c reduce the severity of colds

how much did 1000mg of vitamin c reduce the severity of colds

Question: how much vitamin c is given to a person with low vitamin c intake

how much vitamin c is given to a person with low vitamin c intake

1000 mg of vitamin C for people with low vitamin C intake , compared to counterfeit drugs , reduced the incidence of colds and reduced the period of colds by 59 % .

2013年のコクランレビューでは、1日200mg以上のビタミンCは、風邪の発症率に変化はないが、重症度を下げ、罹患期間が成人で8 %、小児では14 %短縮し、マラソン選手など極度に肉体疲労する人々では予防効果はあった ビタミンCによる風邪の予防および治療。 2014年のコクランレビューは、3か月毎日のニンニクは風邪の発症率を低下させており、罹患期間に差はなかった 風邪に対するガーリック。 ビタミンCの摂取量が低い人々に対する1000mgのビタミンCは、偽薬に比較して、風邪の発症率を減らし風邪の期間を59 %減少させていた。

ビタミンCの摂取量が低い人々に対する1000mgのビタミンCは、偽薬に比較して、風邪の発症率を減らし風邪の期間を59 %減少させていた。

In the 2013 COCRAN review, more than 200mg of vitamin C per day did not change in the incidence of colds, but decreased the severity, the incidence period was reduced by 8% in adults, 14% in children, and in people with extreme physical fatigue, such as marathon players, the prevention and treatment of colds by vitamin C was effective. The 2014 COCRAN review showed that corn every three months has reduced the incidence of colds, and there is no difference in the period of infection. 1000mg of vitamin C for people with low vitamin C intake, compared to counterfeit drugs, reduced the incidence of colds and reduced the period of colds by 59%.

1000mg of vitamin C for people with low vitamin C intake, compared to counterfeit drugs, reduced the incidence of colds and reduced the period of colds by 59%.

Question: how many people had an objective social index and a subjective feeling of loneliness

how many people had an objective social index and a subjective feeling of loneliness

Question: what do people who have social communication, social support or a higher sociality reduce

what do people who have social communication, social support or a higher sociality reduce

Question: people who have social communication, social support or a higher sociality have reduced their risk

people who have social communication, social support or a higher sociality have reduced their risk

Question: what has been shown about people who have social communication and social support

風邪 の 発症 リスク が 低下 する と いう 研究

what has been shown about people who have social communication and social support

Question: what does a subjective feeling of loneliness predict

what does a subjective feeling of loneliness predict

Question: what is the problem with a cold

社会 的 な 役割 の 数

Question: what does the subjective feeling of

A study has been conducted in the past that people who have social communication , social support or a higher sociality have reduced the risk of developing a cold .

In 213 people with an objective social index and a subjective feeling of loneliness , a subjective feeling of loneliness predicted a cold ( the problem is the number of social roles ) .

社会と交流を持ったり、社交的支援があったり社会性が高い方が、風邪の発症リスクが低下するという研究が過去に行われてきた。 客観的な社会指数と主観的な孤独感を計測した鼻投与213人では、主観的な孤独感の方が風邪を予測していた（問題は社会的な役割の数である）。

社会と交流を持ったり、社交的支援があったり社会性が高い方が、風邪の発症リスクが低下するという研究が過去に行われてきた。

客観的な社会指数と主観的な孤独感を計測した鼻投与213人では、主観的な孤独感の方が風邪を予測していた（問題は社会的な役割の数である）。

A study has been conducted in the past that people who have social communication, social support or a higher sociality have reduced the risk of developing a cold. In 213 people with an objective social index and a subjective feeling of loneliness, a subjective feeling of loneliness predicted a cold (the problem is the number of social roles).

Treatment is usually healed within 7 to 10 days.

There is no medication to cure.

Question: how many people were in the 2009 randomized comparison test

Treatment is usually healed within 7 to 10 days.

There is no medication to cure.

how many people were in the 2009 randomized comparison test

Question: how many people were in the 2011 follow-up study

There is no medication to cure.

how many people were in the 2011 follow-up study

Question: how long does it take for colds to heal

There is no medication to cure.

Question: how long was the period of colds in the 2009 study

日 短く 、 2011 年

There is no medication to cure.

how long was the period of colds in the 2009 study

Question: how long did it take for the colds to go away

が 低く 風邪 の 期間 が 0.9 日 短く 、 2011 年

There is no medication to cure.

how long did it take for the colds to go away

Question: what is the main problem with cold medicine

There is no medication to cure.

what is the main problem with cold medicine

Treatment is usually healed within 7 to 10 days .

In the 2009 randomized comparison test of 350 people , doctors responded more empathically and the period of colds was less than 0.9 days , and the 2011 follow - up test of 719 people resulted in similar results .

治療 一般に7日から10日で治癒する。 快癒させる薬はない。 2009年の350人でのランダム化比較試験では、医師が共感的に対応した方が重症度が低く風邪の期間が0.9日短く、2011年の719人での追試も似たような結果となった。

治療 一般に7日から10日で治癒する。

2009年の350人でのランダム化比較試験では、医師が共感的に対応した方が重症度が低く風邪の期間が0.9日短く、2011年の719人での追試も似たような結果となった。

Treatment is usually healed within 7 to 10 days. There is no medication to cure. In the 2009 randomized comparison test of 350 people, doctors responded more empathically and the period of colds was less than 0.9 days, and the 2011 follow-up test of 719 people resulted in similar results.

Treatment is usually healed within 7 to 10 days.

The guidelines of the American Association of Family Medicine (AAFP) against cold in adults, the following treatments do not show effect ().

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An action plan to fight unhealthy inflammation
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Staying Healthy
Common ways to fight the common cold
These three remedies may reduce symptom duration and severity.
While there's no cure for the common cold, everyone seems to have a surefire remedy they embrace.
Some of the popular ones are sucking on zinc lozenges, boosting your vitamin C intake, and even slurping up steaming bowls of old-fashioned chicken soup.
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Question: who is the deputy director of elder medicine at the beharb israeli eld

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The guidelines of the American Association of Family Medicine (AAFP) against cold in adults, the following treatments do not show effect ().

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"アメリカ 家庭 医学 会 ( AAFP ) ガイドライン は 、 成人 の 風邪 に 対し 、 以下 の 治療 は 効果 を

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ベスイスラエルディーコネスメディカルセンター

Question: what university is salamon traveling to in 2020

what university is salamon traveling to in 2020

The guidelines of the American Association of Family Medicine ( AAFP ) against cold in adults , the following treatments do not show effect ( ) .

However , in November 2020 , according to Dr. Susanne Salamon , Deputy Director of Elder Medicine at the Beirut - Israeli Elde - Connect Medical Center accompanied by Harvard University .

アメリカ家庭医学会 (AAFP) ガイドラインは、成人の風邪に対し、以下の治療は効果を示さない () 。 しかし、2020年11月、ハーバード大学付属のベスイスラエルディーコネスメディカルセンターの老年医学の副主任であるスザンヌサラモン博士によると。

アメリカ家庭医学会 (AAFP) ガイドラインは、成人の風邪に対し、以下の治療は効果を示さない () 。

しかし、2020年11月、ハーバード大学付属のベスイスラエルディーコネスメディカルセンターの老年医学の副主任であるスザンヌサラモン博士によると。

The guidelines of the American Association of Family Medicine (AAFP) against cold in adults, the following treatments do not show effect (). However, in November 2020, according to Dr. Susanne Salamon, Deputy Director of Elder Medicine at the Beirut-Israeli Elde-Connect Medical Center accompanied by Harvard University.

The guidelines of the American Association of Family Medicine (AAFP) against cold in adults, the following treatments do not show effect ().

Antibiotics should not be used for the treatment of cold symptoms in children or adults.

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Question: what causes dysfunctional lens bacteria

Question: what is a cause of dysfunctional lens bacteria

micoplasma or soluble bacterial infection

や 溶連 菌 感染 症 が 疑わ れる 場合 、 細菌 の 二 次 感染 が 疑わ れる 場合 を 除い て 、 抗生 物質 の 投与 は 止める 忽那 賢志 、 かぜ に 抗菌 薬 の 投与 は やっぱり 不要 日経 メディカル オンライン 記事 : 2018 年 5 月 2 日

micoplasma or soluble bacterial infection

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Antibiotics should not be used for the treatment of cold symptoms in children or adults .

As a cause of microorganisms , in case of dysfunctional lens bacteria , micoplasma or soluble bacterial infection , except if the secondary infection of bacteria is suspected , the dosage of antibiotics can be stopped , and the dosage of antibacterial medications is < unk > unnecessary Daily Medical Online Article : May 2 , 2018 .

アメリカ家庭医学会のガイドラインでは、ヒトの風邪に対して、抗生物質を使用すべきではない（ エビデンスレベルA）原文：「Antibiotics should not be used for the treatment of cold symptoms in children or adults.」。 原因微生物として、化膿レンサ球菌やマイコプラズマや溶連菌感染症が疑われる場合、細菌の二次感染が疑われる場合を除いて、抗生物質の投与は止める忽那賢志、かぜに抗菌薬の投与はやっぱり不要 日経メディカルオンライン 記事:2018年5月2日。

アメリカ家庭医学会のガイドラインでは、ヒトの風邪に対して、抗生物質を使用すべきではない（ エビデンスレベルA）原文：「Antibiotics should not be used for the treatment of cold symptoms in children or adults.」。

原因微生物として、化膿レンサ球菌やマイコプラズマや溶連菌感染症が疑われる場合、細菌の二次感染が疑われる場合を除いて、抗生物質の投与は止める忽那賢志、かぜに抗菌薬の投与はやっぱり不要 日経メディカルオンライン 記事:2018年5月2日。

Antibiotics should not be used for the treatment of cold symptoms in children or adults. As a cause of microorganisms, in case of dysfunctional lens bacteria, micoplasma or soluble bacterial infection, except if the secondary infection of bacteria is suspected, the dosage of antibiotics can be stopped, and the dosage of antibacterial medications is<unk> unnecessary Daily Medical Online Article: May 2, 2018.

Antibiotics should not be used for the treatment of cold symptoms in children or adults.

In a 2013 COCRAN SYSTEMATIC REVIEW, the results in vitamin C for treatment were not consistent.

Extra Dose of Vitamin C Based on a Daily Supplementation Shortens the Common Cold: A Meta-Analysis of 9 Randomized Controlled Trials
Abstract
Aim. To investigate whether vitamin C is effective in the treatment of the common cold. Method. After systematically searching the National Library of Medicine (PubMed), Cochrane Library, Elsevier, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), VIP databases, and WANFANG databases, 9 randomized placebo-controlled trials were included in our meta-analysis in RevMan 5.3 software, all of which were in English. Results. In the evaluation of vitamin C, administration of extra therapeutic doses at the onset of cold despite routine supplementation was found to help reduce its duration (mean difference (MD) = -0.56, 95% confidence interval (CI) [-1.03, -0.10], and P = 0.02), shorten the time of confinement indoors (MD = -0.41, 95% CI [-0.62, -0.19], and P = 0.0002), and relieve the symptoms associated with it, including chest pain (MD = -0.40, 95% CI [-0.77, -0.03], and P = 0.03), fever (MD = -0.45, 95% CI [-0.78, -0.11], and P = 0.009), and chills (MD = -0.36, 95% CI [-0.65, -0.07], and P = 0.01). Conclusions. Extra doses of vitamin C could benefit some patients who contract the common cold despite taking daily vitamin C supplements.
1. Introduction
The common cold, known simply as a cold, is defined as an upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) caused by various viruses, characterized by symptoms like coughing or sneezing, sore throat, stuffy or runny nose, headache, fever, muscle aches or aching limbs, and so on [1, 2]. However, because of similar symptoms, there is no way of distinguishing among the different types of common cold, other URTIs, and influenza in most cases.
With regard to virology and pathophysiology, URTIs are a group of diseases in the broad sense, including common cold, viral pharyngitis, laryngitis, herpangina, pharyngoconjunctival fever, and bacterial pharyngotonsillitis, rather than a single diagnosable disease [3]. About 70–80% of URTIs are caused by viruses, like rhinovirus, coronavirus, adenovirus, influenza and parainfluenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus, influenza A virus, and Coxsackie virus, and the other 20–30% are caused by bacteria [2, 4, 5]. Influenza is caused by the influenza virus, three subtypes of which affect humans (influenza viruses A, B, and C [6]); 30–80% of the cases of common cold have been attributed to over 200 strains of rhinoviruses [7, 8]. Influenza is highly contagious, with serious systemic symptoms and mild respiratory symptoms; its peak prevalence is in winter and spring; there are also global outbreaks and epidemics periodically [9–12].
As a frequently occurring acute upper respiratory tract disease, the common cold is self-limiting and generally lasts for 7–10 days or no more than 3 weeks [4]. The onset of the common cold is more acute, usually with nasal catarrh in the early stage. The common cold occurs in patients with low immunity, and the onset is seen year-round but more often in autumn, winter, and spring. The reason for the seasonality has not been conclusively determined. Further, people under great psychological stress [14] or undergoing intense training have a higher tendency to develop common colds [15, 16]. There are some reports stating that adults contract approximately 2 to 5 infections per year [17]; meanwhile, children develop common colds 6–10 times annually (up to 12 times among school children) [18]. The common cold does little harm on its own; however, it can be a serious complication when other diseases like pneumonia or meningitis develop comorbidly [19]. Despite rapid developments in science and medical technology, the common cold continues to pose a heavy burden worldwide, whether on human health or on economic losses. Fendrick AM et al. [20] reported that the economic burden attributed to the common cold in the US alone is US $40 billion annually (95% confidence interval (CI), $31.2–$48.0 billion). According to the data of the World Health Organization (WHO) from 2013, in America, the common cold accounted for 75–100 million physician visits per year at a conservative cost of US $7.7 billion per year, of which US $2.9 billion were for over-the-counter drugs and US $400 million were for prescription medicines. Additionally, an estimated 22 to 189 million school days were missed because of common colds, leading to 126 million missed workdays to look after children at home [21].
Because no effective therapies exist, treatment for the common cold is based on the relief of symptoms, including cough, sneezing, headache, fever, sore throat, and nasal congestion [21]. Current conventional symptomatic therapies are as follows: nasal decongestants; antihistamines (common cold may lead to a transient bronchial hypersensitivity; thus antihistamines are used); cough suppressants; nonsteroidal antipyretic analgesics, like aspirin; and expectorants. Additionally, identified in the early 1900s, in the search for the etiology of scurvy [22], vitamin C has been widely utilized in the prevention and treatment of the common cold or URTIs, with conflicting results with respect to its prophylactic effect. Some evidence has indicated that vitamin C could decrease the incidence of common cold and the duration of symptoms if taken regularly. Pitt et al. [23] found a reduction in the incidence of the common cold or associated morbidity among US Marines who were restricted to 2 g/day of vitamin C. In Constantini’s study [24], vitamin C halved the duration of URTI episodes in male swimmers. More than 1 g/day of vitamin C shortened the duration of colds in adults by 8% and in children by 18% [25–28].
Inspired by the above-mentioned data, we conducted this meta-analysis to show whether vitamin C could be used for relieving symptoms, shortening the duration, or reducing the incidence of the common cold.
2. Methods
2.1. Search Strategy
The National Library of Medicine (PubMed), Cochrane Library, Elsevier, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), VIP databases, and WANFANG databases were searched from their earliest records through March 2018 using the following key words: common cold, URTI [upper respiratory tract infection], vitamin C, and ascorbic acid. All the records were selected and screened by two independent reviewers, and a third reviewer was consulted when there was any disagreement. The review was conducted according to the guidelines for Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) [13].
2.2. Inclusive Criteria
2.2.1. Study Type
We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) related to the common cold using vitamin C as the therapeutic technique. Studies enrolled were reported in English or Chinese.
2.2.2. Study Subject
Study subjects were those who were definitively diagnosed with the common cold based on laboratory examination, clinical signs, or reported symptoms. There was no limitation in age, sex, or occupation.
2.2.3. Intervention
The intervention in the control group was a placebo, whereas the treatment group received vitamin C, which was added as a regular supplement or administered as needed when cold symptoms developed.
2.2.4. Outcome
(1) Efficacy Criteria. The efficacy criteria were mean duration of the common cold (day); duration of main symptoms like nasal congestion or runny nose, sore throat, fever, aching in limbs and muscles, chest pain, chills, and mental depression (day); and socioeconomic impact (the days confined indoors).
(2) Adverse Events. If there were any abnormal signs and symptoms during treatment, adverse events would be discussed.
2.3. Exclusion Criteria
The exclusion criteria were duplicate articles; noninterventional studies, such as case-control study, cohort study, cross-sectional study, case reports and experiences, theory research, and reviews; nonclinical trials, such as animal testing; articles that assessed the use of vitamin C in the prevention of the common cold; and those in which vitamin C was used in the treatment group, with no placebo in the control group.
2.4. Quality Assessment
The quality of all trials was evaluated independently by two researchers, using the Cochrane collaboration’s tool for bias risk assessment. The following items were assessed: random sequence generation, allocation concealment mechanism, blinding of participants and personnel, blinding of outcome assessment, incomplete outcome data, selective reporting, and other biases. The outcomes were evaluated as high risk, unclear, and low risk. Unclear was assigned if we could not find any descriptions of the item, low risk was assigned if the information was sufficient, and high risk was assigned if the information was inadequate.
2.5. Statistical Analysis
2.5.1. Data Extraction and Synthesis
Pertinent dichotomous or continuous data were extracted and entered in the Review Manager 5.3 software for analysis. The risk ratio (RR) was used for dichotomous data, whereas the mean difference (MD) and standard deviations (SDs) were applied for continuous variables; for both, the corresponding 95% CI and forest plots were used. SD values were used when the data were in the same unit; and conversion should be made when different units were encountered in our meta-analysis.
2.5.2. Data Conversion
Some trials provided the mean duration or severity of the common cold but not the SD. Under those circumstances, SD values were estimated when there was only sample size, median, range, or 95% CIs [38–40]. We calculated the SD value when the studies provided the standard error (SE) and mean values. Descriptive methods are used if the data are insufficient. Details are as follows:①SDs were calculated if data on sample size and SE were available:②Estimates of SD were calculated if sample size, mean, and 95% CI were available: “a” is the upper confidence limit, and “b” is the lower confidence limit, so or
2.5.3. Assessment of Heterogeneity
Heterogeneity was detected by the Chi-squared test and I2 (inconsistency) statistics, with P < 0.10 or I2 > 50% indicating significant heterogeneity. As for our meta-analysis, when P ⩽ 0.05 or I2 > 50%, the random-effects model (DerSimonian-Laird method) was used, and the comparison was made between high-quality studies and the whole [41]; otherwise, the fixed-effects model was preferred.
3. Results
3.1. Study Selection
We identified 546 trials, and there were 423 records left after removing duplicates. Of those, 313 were in English, and the remaining 110 were in Chinese. We excluded 351 unqualified trials on the basis of titles and abstracts, and then 31 trials were excluded because of inappropriate contrast, while 32 were excluded for the assessment of prophylactic effect or other reasons. Finally, 9 articles [29–37] fulfilled our eligibility criteria after manual search and a review of full manuscripts. The study selection procedure is outlined in Figure 1.
3.2. Study Characteristics
A total of 9 trials [29–37] were included; they were randomized and controlled and included placebos. The 9 studies were from 1950 to 2001; 2 [30, 31] estimated the effect of vitamin C with supplementation at therapeutic doses, 4 [32–34, 37] estimated the therapeutic effect of vitamin C supplementation only at onset of the common cold, and the remaining 3 [29, 35, 36] assessed both. The principal characteristics have been summarized in Table 1.
3.3. Quality of the Included Studies
Table 2 reflected the quality of included studies with the risk of bias based on the Cochrane Handbook. All the studies were 100% completed and had no bias in selective reporting, but there was not any description to ensure whether other bias existed. Five studies [29–32, 36] mentioned random sequence, and 6 [29–34] mentioned allocation concealment. Except two articles [35, 37], the remaining 7 had low risk in blinding of outcome assessment and of participants and personnel. The study conducted by Lewib et al. [35] also had a low risk in blinding of participants and personnel.
3.4. Meta-Analysis of Outcome Criteria
3.4.1. Mean Duration
The mean duration of the common cold was described in 9 trials, 2 of which were excluded in our meta-analysis, for the missing of SD or SE values [36, 37]. Displayed in Figure 2, there existed heterogeneity (Cochrane Q test = 31.78, df = 13, P = 0.003, and I2 = 59%), when the whole 7 trials were involved for analysis. Our meta-analysis was conducted on the random-effects model, with the result that vitamin C numerically shortened the duration of the common cold, but with no statistical significance (MD = -0.18, 95% CI [-0.67, 0.31], and P = 0.47). The results were different in the subgroup analysis; there was no significant effect (MD = 0.10, 95% CI [-0.64, 0.84], and P = 0.80) of vitamin C for treating the common cold if the patient was taking only therapeutic doses at the onset of illness. On the contrary, therapeutic doses of vitamin C at the onset of illness with regular supplementation shortened the common cold by about half a day (MD = -0.56, 95% CI [-1.03, -0.10], and P = 0.02).
There were 3 trials with relatively low quality [33–35]. With exclusion of the low-quality trials mentioned above, heterogeneity in total decreased (Cochrane Q test = 14.33, df = 8, P = 0.07, and I2 = 44%), whereas the result in total indicated an insignificant shortening of mean duration as before (MD = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.58, 0.43], and P = 0.78).
3.4.2. Duration of the Main Symptoms
As shown in Figures 3–9, the main symptoms of common cold included nasal congestion or runny nose, sore throat, fever, aching limbs and muscles, chest pain, chills, and mental depression.
(1) Nasal Congestion or Runny Nose. With analysis on a fixed-effects model, the outcomes indicated that the vitamin C group had a better performance than did the placebo group as a whole, with no significance (MD = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.48, 0.43], and P = 0.92) and mild heterogeneity (Cochrane Q test = 9.04, df = 5, P = 0.11, and I2 = 45%). It seemed that the span of nasal congestion or runny nose was numerically decreased but not statistically significant (MD = -0.17, 95% CI [-0.78, 0.44], and P = 0.58), as the therapeutic doses of vitamin C after regular supplementation were given in the treatment group (Figure 3).
There was insignificant statistical difference (MD = -0.17, 95% CI [-0.78, 0.44], and P = 0.58) (Figure 3).
(2) Sore Throat. By conducting on a fixed-effects model, the days of sore throat pain in vitamin C group (regular supplemental plus therapeutic doses and therapeutic doses) were numerically fewer than those of placebo group but not statistically (MD = -0.26, 95% CI [-0.69, 0.16], P = 0.22) with no heterogeneity (Cochrane Q test = 2.42, df = 3, P = 0.49, and I2 = 0%) (Figure 4).
(3) Fever. According to the outcomes in Figure 5, the therapeutic doses after supplementation were significantly better at reducing fever by about half a day (MD = -0.45, 95% CI [-0.78, -0.11], and P = 0.009), showing no heterogeneity (Cochrane Q test = 0.01, df = 1, P = 0.90, and I2 = 0%).
(4) Aching Limbs and Muscles. As demonstrated in Figure 6, no matter the combination of supplemental and therapeutic doses of vitamin C (MD = -0.35, 95% CI [-0.70, 0.01], and P = 0.06) or therapeutic doses of vitamin C alone (MD = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.37, 0.33], and P = 0.92), there was no significant statistical difference from placebo group in aching limbs and muscles. There was no obvious heterogeneity (Cochrane Q test = 2.44, df = 3, P = 0.49, and I2 = 0%).
(5) Chest Pain. The symptom of chest pain was reported by Anderson et al. in 1975. Conducted on a fixed-effects model, the combination of supplemental and therapeutic doses of vitamin C significantly yielded a higher efficacy in relieving chest pain (MD = -0.40, 95% CI [-0.77, -0.03], and P = 0.03) with no heterogeneity (Cochrane Q test = 0.40, df = 1, P = 0.53, and I2 = 0%) (Figure 7).
(6) Chills. Because there was no heterogeneity (Cochrane Q test = 0.20, df = 1, P = 0.66, and I2 = 0%), the analysis was conducted on a fixed-effects model and proved that the combination of supplemental and therapeutic doses of vitamin C worked better at relieving chills by about 8 hours and a half (MD = -0.36, 95% CI [-0.65, -0.07], and P = 0.01) (Figure 8).
(7) Mental Depression. As is illustrated in Figure 9, supplemental and therapeutic doses of vitamin C could numerically reduce mental depression, but with no statistical significance (MD = -0.13, 95% CI [-0.49, 0.23], and P = 0.49) and heterogeneity (Cochrane Q test = 0.29, df = 1, P = 0.59, and I2 = 0%).
3.4.3. Socioeconomic Impact: Being Confined Indoors
Because of mild heterogeneity (Cochrane Q test = 8.77, df = 5, P = 0.12, and I2 = 43%), the meta-analysis was conducted on a fixed-effects model. Some evidence revealed that vitamin C contributed to reducing about 6.5 hours of confinement indoors as compared to the placebo group (MD = -0.27, 95% CI [-0.46, -0.08], and P = 0.004). Particularly, therapeutic doses administered after daily supplements could reduce about 10 hours (MD = -0.41, 95% CI [-0.62, -0.19], and P = 0.0002) (Figure 10).
3.4.4. Funnel Plot
Based on the mean duration of the common cold, funnel plot was applied to evaluate the publication biases of all 9 studies. Summarized in Figure 11, the outcome suggests that there was publication bias.
4. Discussion
4.1. Efficacy Analysis
Vitamin C (ascorbic acid), an essential nutrient found in fresh fruits and vegetables, is the most effective water-soluble antioxidant in human plasma. In the review by Hemilä H et al. in 2013 [27], therapeutic doses of vitamin C (0.2g/day or more) could shorten the duration of the common cold, but with no significance. Comparing with that, we could not come to the same conclusion (MD = 0.10, 95% CI [-0.64, 0.84], and P = 0.80), due to a strong heterogeneity like the differences of sex and dosage. Studies, respectively, conducted by Elwood PC [33] and Tyrrell DA [34] indicated that mere therapeutic doses of vitamin C were effective in males rather than females. It shortened the main duration (MD = -1.73/MD = -1.10), reduced the nasal congestion or running nose (MD = -0.69), and relieved the limb and muscle pain (MD = -0.11) in men. Given the sex differences in the effectiveness of the therapeutic doses of vitamin C, it is crucial to involve more intervention studies and to perform analysis based on gender or even age and intervention dosage.
As demonstrated by our meta-analysis comparing vitamin C with placebo, the combination of supplemental and therapeutic doses of vitamin C works on the common cold, while there is no statistically significant difference between mere therapeutic doses of vitamin C and placebo. To be specific, administration of extra doses of vitamin C at the onset of a common cold could help reduce the duration by about half a day (MD = -0.56, 95% CI [-1.03, -0.10], and P = 0.02), shorten the time confined indoors by about 10 hours (MD = -0.41, 95% CI [-0.62, -0.19], and P = 0.0002), and relieve the symptoms of a common cold, including chest pain (MD = -0.40, 95% CI [-0.77, -0.03], and P = 0.03), fever (MD = -0.45, 95% CI [-0.78, -0.11], and P = 0.009), and chills (MD = -0.36, 95% CI [-0.65, -0.07], and P = 0.01). Because there was no statistical heterogeneity in improving symptoms noted among the comparisons (all ’s = 0%), we can safely conclude that vitamin C is therapeutic to some degree.
The efficacy mentioned above could help patients in shortening bad experiences and being earlier engaged in work. On account of this therapeutic effect, we would like to recommend a small daily dose of vitamin C (no more than 1.0g/day) to boost immunity and a larger dose of vitamin C during the common cold (a large dose than before, usually 3.0 g/day to 4.0 g/day) to better recover health.
4.2. Mechanism Analysis
In the 1960s, the American Nobel Laureate Linus Pauling stated in his book Vitamin C and the Common Cold that vitamin C could prevent and be used to treat the common cold. Immediately, this view spread globally. This concept is disputable and controversial, and there is a lack of sufficient evidence to support the use of vitamin C in the prevention and treatment of the common cold in the general population [42, 43]. Despite this, vitamin C is still widely administered during the common colds, and some evidence showed that it may reduce the duration of illness [27, 44]. The Swiss scientist Wintergerst E.S. [45] insists that because of its immune-enhancing effects vitamin C makes the body more capable of fighting off the virus, lessening the duration of the symptoms of the common cold. Vitamin C is concentrated in leukocytes, and its concentration rapidly declines during infections and stress. Vitamin C supplementation improves the ability to resist infection by improving the activities of the immune system, such as antimicrobial and natural killer cell activities, lymphocyte proliferation, chemotaxis, and delayed-type hypersensitivity [45]. Vitamin C also contributes to hormone regulation, including activation of the sympathetic nervous system and secretion of epinephrine during abnormal stress [46]. Additionally, vitamin C works at maintaining the redox integrity of cells and thereby protects them against the reactive oxygen species generated during respiratory burst and the inflammatory response [45].
4.3. Limitations
Although this study showed that vitamin C is beneficial, there were a few limitations associated with it. First, in some cases the data has to be calculated and transformed rather than being available directly. In some cases, the data were not suitable for a meta-analysis but were more suitable for a descriptive analysis because the 9 trials comparing vitamin C with placebo were relatively early trials. As a result, we eliminated several trials from our meta-analysis, weakening the exactness and representativeness of our data. Second, we were unable to recommend how many doses of vitamin C should be administered regularly and at the onset of a cold because there were no appropriate data (an obvious heterogeneity of the dosage before illness) to explore the dose-response relationship. Therapeutic RCTs must be conducted according to stricter, more precise guidelines to gain more knowledge on this subject. Finally, language limited our study and publication bias might result in inappropriate outcomes.
5. Conclusion
The combination of supplemental and therapeutic doses of vitamin C is capable of relieving chest pain, fever, and chills, as well as shortening the time of confinement indoors and mean duration.
Abbreviations
|WHO:||World Health Organization|
|PubMed:||National Library of Medicine|
|CNKI:||China National Knowledge Infrastructure|
|URTI:||Upper respiratory tract infection|
|AURTI:||Acute upper respiratory tract infection|
|PRISMA:||Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses|
|RCTs:||Randomized controlled trials|
|SD:||Standard deviations|
|RR:||Risk ratio|
|CI:||Confidence intervals|
|SMD:||Standardized mean difference|
|SE:||Standard error|
|MD:||Mean difference.|
Data Availability
All data are contained within the paper.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.
Authors’ Contributions
All authors contributed to the design and concept, performed the literature searches, wrote the manuscript and critiqued the successive versions, and approved the final manuscript. HEB coordinated the effort and integrated the sections and comments. Li Ran and Wenli Zhao contributed equally to this study.
Acknowledgments
The authors thank Dr. Qinglong Wang for assistance with data extraction. This project was supported by the Construction Project of Cultivate Discipline of Chinese Preventive Medicine of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine [2012 (170)] and the Key Project of Comprehensive Investment in Food Hygiene and Nutrition of the Tianjin 13th Five-Year Plan. This study was also supported in part by Hangzhou DeBuYou Health Technology Co. Ltd., China.
Supplementary Materials
PRISMA Checklist. PRISMA is an evidence-based minimum set of items for reporting in systematic reviews and meta-analyses. It focuses on the reporting of reviews evaluating randomized trials but can also be used as a basis for reporting systematic reviews of other types of research and particular evaluations of interventions. (Supplementary Materials)
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Question: how many people were shown to get relief from vitamin c

In a 2013 COCRAN SYSTEMATIC REVIEW, the results in vitamin C for treatment were not consistent.

how many people were shown to get relief from vitamin c

Question: how long did it take for the cold to go away

how long did it take for the cold to go away

Question: how many studies in 2018 took vitamin c from before the start of cold

how many studies in 2018 took vitamin c from before the start of cold

Question: what is the most common form of vitamin c

what is the most common form of vitamin c

Question: what type of technology is used to measure vitamin c

what type of technology is used to measure vitamin c

Question: when was the first vitamin c study published

when was the first vitamin c study published

Question: how much more was vitamin c added after the start of the cold

how much more was vitamin c added after the start of the cold

In a 2013 COCRAN SYSTEMATIC REVIEW , the results in vitamin C for treatment were not consistent .

The combination of vitamin C 1,000 mg and zinc 10 mg was more effective than false drugs for symptoms relief from a total of 94 people in two randomized comparison tests .

In 9 studies in 2018 , metaanalytics in both groups took vitamin C from before the start of the disease , and in the groups that added 1 to 6 grams more a day after the start of the cold , the period of the cold was reduced by an average of 10 hours .

2013年のコクランによるシステマティック・レビューでは、治療のためのビタミンCでは結果が一貫していなかった。 ビタミンC 1,000 mgと亜鉛10 mgの併用では、2つのランダム化比較試験の合計94人から症状緩和のために偽薬より有効であった。 2018年の9研究のメタアナリシスは、両方のグループで発症前からビタミンCを服用しており、風邪の発症後に日に1から6グラムをさらに追加して服用したグループでは、平均10時間の風邪の期間の短縮がみられた。

2013年のコクランによるシステマティック・レビューでは、治療のためのビタミンCでは結果が一貫していなかった。

ビタミンC 1,000 mgと亜鉛10 mgの併用では、2つのランダム化比較試験の合計94人から症状緩和のために偽薬より有効であった。

2018年の9研究のメタアナリシスは、両方のグループで発症前からビタミンCを服用しており、風邪の発症後に日に1から6グラムをさらに追加して服用したグループでは、平均10時間の風邪の期間の短縮がみられた。

In a 2013 COCRAN SYSTEMATIC REVIEW, the results in vitamin C for treatment were not consistent. The combination of vitamin C 1,000 mg and zinc 10 mg was more effective than false drugs for symptoms relief from a total of 94 people in two randomized comparison tests. In 9 studies in 2018, metaanalytics in both groups took vitamin C from before the start of the disease, and in the groups that added 1 to 6 grams more a day after the start of the cold, the period of the cold was reduced by an average of 10 hours.

In a 2013 COCRAN SYSTEMATIC REVIEW, the results in vitamin C for treatment were not consistent.