Bryant G. Wood (born 1936) is an American biblical archaeologist and young earth creationist. Wood is known for arguing that the destruction of Jericho could be accorded with the biblical literalist chronology of c. 1400 BC. This date is some 150 years later than the accepted date of c. 1550 BC, first determined by Kathleen Kenyon and subsequently confirmed with a variety of methods including radiocarbon dating.

Academic career
Wood attended Syracuse University, graduating with a B.S. in mechanical engineering, later earning a M.S. in mechanical engineering from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in Troy, New York. He later pursued biblical and archaeological studies and received an M.A. in Biblical History from the University of Michigan in 1974 and a PhD in Syro-Palestinian archaeology from the University of Toronto in 1985. Wood is a specialist in Canaanite pottery of the Late Bronze Age. He is author of The Sociology of Pottery in Ancient Palestine: The Ceramic Industry and the Diffusion of Ceramic Style in the Bronze and Iron Ages (1990), as well as numerous articles on archaeological subjects. He received international attention for his proposed redating of ancient Jericho, arguing for the historicity of a biblically literalist account of the capture of the city by the Israelites. He has also written on the entry of the Philistines into Canaan and on the historicity of the Biblical story of Sodom and Gomorrah.

He is a member of the Board of Directors of the Near East Archaeological Society.

Bible and Spade and other contributions

Wood serves is editor in chief of the quarterly publication Bible and Spade (published by the inerrantist organisation Associates for Biblical Research), which describes itself as "[a] Christian Apologetics Ministry Dedicated to Demonstrating the Historical Reliability of the Bible through Archaeological and Biblical Research". The magazine concentrates largely on matters relating to archaeology and Bible history, but also touches on general apologetics (especially the relationship between science and evangelical religious belief) and Christian devotion. Bible and Spade is a quarterly magazine committed to the use of archaeology to demonstrate the historical veracity of the Old and New Testaments. The editor-in-chief is listed as Wood. The headquarters is in Akron, PA.

It states its creationist commitment as follows:
We believe the accounts found in Genesis 1–11 contain factual and real-time, chronology, historical events, places, and persons. This includes the accuracy and real historicity of the persons, ages, and events recorded in the genealogies of Genesis 5 and 11, which may or may not be exhaustive. These records incorporate the accounts of those who were eyewitnesses to the events recorded. We find no biblical, hermeneutical, or exegetical basis to interpret them allegorically, non-historically, or mythically. These accounts do not require knowledge of Ancient Near Eastern literature to be interpreted correctly. We deny that God used erroneous worldviews from ANE mythology to inspire the writing of Genesis 1–11.
 We consider the patriarchal narratives of Genesis 12–50 to be historically accurate in their reporting of chronology, persons, places, events, and cultural customs and background. Further, we believe that the extensive chronological data found in both the Old and New Testaments is historically accurate.
Wood is also a contributor to the Biblical Archeology Review, the Israel Exploration Journal and the Near East Archaeological Society Bulletin.

Jericho
During a series of excavations from 1930 to 1936 John Garstang found a destruction layer at Jericho corresponding to the termination of City IV which he identified with the biblical story of Joshua and dated to c. 1400 BC. It was therefore a shock when Kathleen Kenyon in the 1950s, using more scientific methods than had been available to Garstang, redated Jericho City IV to 1550 BC and found no signs of any habitation at all for the period around 1400 BC. Wood's 1990 reversion of City IV to Garstang's original 1400 BC therefore attracted considerable attention. Wood based his belief on the story in the biblical book of Joshua, Jericho was the first Canaanite city to fall to the Israelites as they began their conquest of the Promised Land - an event which Wood places at around 1406 BC due to his interpretation of . In 1999, based on a reanalysis of pottery shards, Wood argued that Jericho could have been captured in the Late Bronze Age by Joshua. Wood and Piotr Bienkowski debated this in the March/April 1990 issue of Biblical Archaeology Review, with Bienkowski writing:

Wood has attempted to redate the destruction of Jericho City IV from the end of the Middle Bronze Age (c. 1550 B.C.) to the end of the Late Bronze I (c. 1400 BC). He has put forward four lines of argument to support his conclusion. Not a single one of these arguments can stand up to scrutiny. On the contrary, there is strong evidence to confirm Kathleen Kenyon's dating of City IV to the Middle Bronze Age. Wood's attempt to equate the destruction of City IV with the Israelite conquest of Jericho must therefore be rejected.

Wood responded that he had produced evidence to back his argument, and that any counter-claims should also be backed by fresh evidence. In 1995 new evidence became available in the form of charred cereal grains from the City IV destruction layer. Radiocarbon dating of these grains showed that Jericho City IV was destroyed "during the late 17th or the 16th century BC", in line with Kenyon's findings, and that "the fortified Bronze Age city at Tell es-Sultan [Jericho] was not destroyed by ca.1400 BC, as Wood suggested". Wood responded to the newer evidence in an article for the Bible and Spade magazine, concluding that he still held to the date ca. 1400 B.C. based on pottery finds. Wood also argues that the discrepancy is part of the ongoing dispute between Egyptologists and radiocarbon experts that centers around the date of the Thera eruption. Kenyon's date is consensually accepted by mainstream archaeologists. William G. Dever dismissed Wood's theories stating: "(Of course, for some, that only made the Biblical story more miraculous than ever—Joshua destroyed a city that wasn't even there!)" According to Ann E. Killebrew, "Most scholars today accept that the majority of the conquest narratives in the book of Joshua are devoid of historical reality".

Khirbet el-Maqatir
Wood directed excavations at Khirbet el-Maqatir, a city which he and his associates contend may be the biblical city of Ai.The " Problem " of Ai in Joshua 7–8: Solved after Forty Years of Excavation in the West Bank of Israel. Scott Stripling, Mark Hassler. https://www.academia.edu/3080985/The_Problem_of_Ai_in_Joshua_7_8_Solved_after_Forty_Years_of_Excavation_in_the_West_Bank_of_Israel (The traditional location of Ai, et-Tell, was excavated most recently by Joseph Callaway and was found to have been abandoned during the entirety of the Middle Bronze and Late Bronze Ages.) Khirbet el-Maqatir has produced pottery of the Early Bronze, Middle Bronze, Late Bronze I, Iron Age I, late Hellenistic/early Roman, and Byzantine periods. Based on initial finds, including a small Late Bronze I fortress that was destroyed by fire - some two centuries earlier than the date usually considered for the events of Book of Joshua - their "preliminary conclusion is that the LB I fortress meets the Biblical requirements to be tentatively identified as the fortress Ai, referred to in Josh. 7–8."Wood (2000), 29. They see a nearby wadi as the hiding place of the Israelites before the ambush, and they have found that the fortress had a gate. These points fit the limited and commonplace topographic details ascribed to Ai in the Bible.

This identification has not gained acceptance. The present-day consensus is that there never was an Israelite conquest of Canaan.

Personal life
Wood is an evangelical christian. He supports biblical literalism and considers himself a young Earth creationist. He is married to Faith Wood, and lives in Manheim, Pennsylvania.

Works
Books

Articles

PDF

Notes

Bibliography
Manfred Bietak and Felix Höflmayer, "Introduction: High and Low Chronology," pp. 13–23 in The Synchronization of Civilisations in the Eastern Mediterranean in the Second Millenium B.C. III, eds. Manfred Bietak and Ernst Czerny, Vienna: Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschanften, 2007.
Bruins & van der Plicht, "Tell es-Sultan (Jericho): Radiocarbon Results of Short-Lived Cereal and Multiyear Charcoal Samples from the End of the Middle Bronze Age," Radiocarbon 37:2, 1995.
John Garstang, Joshua-Judges, Grand Rapids: Kregel, 1978 reprint of 1931 edition.

External links
The Bible vs. Modern Scholarship; Interview by John Elliott
Wood's interpretation of the Jericho evidence
Is Bryant Wood's chronology of Jericho valid? A critical examination
Bryant Wood's own site

Category:American archaeologists
Category:American biblical scholars
Category:American Christian Young Earth creationists
Category:Living people
Category:Old Testament scholars
Category:Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute alumni
Category:Syracuse University alumni
Category:University of Michigan alumni
Category:University of Toronto alumni
Category:1936 births

He is a member of the Board of Directors of the Near East Archaeological Society .

Bryant Wood was born and raised in Endicott NY. After graduating from high school, he attended Syracuse University on an athletic scholarship, graduating with a B.S. degree in mechanical engineering. While at S.U., Wood participated in cross-country and track, setting school records in the 880-yard and mile events and serving as captain of both the cross-country and track teams in his senior year. He also was named Siekaly Scholar for outstanding athletic and academic achievement, was inducted into Pi Tau Sigma, a mechanical engineering honorary society, and was president of the Engineering Student Council.
Wood then worked for the General Electric Company in Schenectady NY. His employment with G.E. was interrupted by a two-year term of service as a lieutenant in the Army Security Agency. During this time he was a member of the U.S. inter-service cross-country team, participating in international competition in Europe, and the All-Army track team. While with G.E., Wood held various positions at the Knolls Atomic Power Laboratory related to the design, fabrication and testing of nuclear reactors, and earned a M.S. degree in mechanical engineering from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in Troy NY.
In 1973 Wood left G.E. to pursue Biblical and archaeological studies. He earned an M.A. degree in Biblical History from the University of Michigan in 1974, and a Ph.D. degree in Syro-Palestinian archaeology from the University of Toronto in 1985. Dr. Wood joined the staff of the Associates for Biblical Research in Akron PA (ABR) in 1986. In 1989â€“90, he was visiting professor in the Department of Near Eastern Studies at the University of Toronto. Dr. Wood was the Director of ABR from 1995 to 2000 and is currently Director of Research. He was Editor of their quarterly publication Bible and Spade from 1995 to 2012 and is now Consulting Editor. In addition, he has served as adjunct professor at Biblical Theological Seminary, Hatfield PA; Evangelical School of Theology, Myerstown PA; Faith Theological Seminary, Los Angeles; Lancaster Bible College, Lancaster PA; Messiah College, Grantham PA; Toronto Baptist Seminary, Toronto; and Tyndale University College and Seminary (formerly Ontario Bible College), Toronto.
Dr. Wood's extensive archaeological field work includes serving as co-director of a survey of three reservoir areas in northern Jordan, 1978; area supervisor for the Wadi Tumilat Project excavation at Tell el-Maskhuta, Egypt, 1979, 1981, and 1983; volunteer at the Ben Gurion University of the Negev excavation at Haruvit in the northern Sinai, 1981; member of the Wadi Tumilat Project survey of the Wadi Tumilat, Egypt, 1983; field archaeologist for the Associates for Biblical Research excavation at Khirbet Nisya, Israel, 1985, 1987, 1990, 1991, 1993 and 1994; Director of the Kh. el-Maqatir excavation, Israel, 1995â€“2013; and Ceramic Typologist for the Kh. el-Maqatir excavation, 2014â€“2016.
Wood is a specialist in Canaanite pottery of the Late Bronze Age. He is author of The Sociology of Pottery in Ancient Palestine: The Ceramic Industry and the Diffusion of Ceramic Style in the Bronze and Iron Ages (1990), as well as numerous articles on archaeological subjects published in various academic journals. Dr. Wood received international media attention for his research on ancient Jericho that demonstrated the historicity of the Biblical account of the capture of the city by the Israelites. He is listed in Who's Who in Biblical Studies and Archaeology, 1993; Who's Who in the East, 1995â€“1996; Who's Who in the World, 1996; International Who's Who of Professionals, 1999; Strathmore's Who's Who, 2002â€“2003; 2000 Outstanding Academics of the 21st Century, 2004; and the 2013 Edition of the Christian Who's Who.
Dr. Wood has been awarded travel grants from the Endowment for Biblical Research (1981) and the National Endowment for the Humanities (1989, 1992) to carry on his archaeological research. In 2011, 2014 and 2015 he received National Science Foundation grants to do neutron activation analysis of pottery from Kh. el-Maqatir. He is on the Board of Directors of the Near East Archaeological Society. Bryant and his wife Faith reside in Manheim PA. They have four children, nine grandchildren and one great-grandaughter.
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Wood serves is editor in chief of the quarterly publication Bible and Spade ( published by the inerrantist organisation Associates for Biblical Research ) , which describes itself as " [ a ] Christian Apologetics Ministry Dedicated to Demonstrating the Historical Reliability of the Bible through Archaeological and Biblical Research " .

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Biblical Illiteracy
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Sadness over Saul • Sodom: The Discovery of a Lost City • Locating Sodom: A Critique of the Northern Proposal • Nebo-Sarsekim Found in Babylonian Tablet • The Duration of the Israelite Sojourn in Egypt
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The Ash Heap of History
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The Doctrine of Biblical Inerrancy • Gibeon: Its Archaeological, Geographical and Contextual Significance • Archaeology, Assyrian Reliefs and the Psalms of the Sons of Korah • Delphi's Influence on the World of the New Testament: Part I-Delphi: Center of the World
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• Mount Cudi: The True Mountain of Noah's Ark • Wood Remains from the "Landing Site of Noah's Ark" Nearly 6500 Years Old • The Case for Ararat • Why Not Nabatea? The Flight of Joseph's Family from Bethlehem to Egypt and Migration to the Town of Nazareth in Galilee
Summer 2006
Love God with all your Mind! • Biblical Connections at Tell Ta 'yinat, Turkey • Propoganda, Power and Perversion of Biblical Truth: Coins Illustrating the Book of Revelation • Local References in the Letter to Smyrna (Rev 2:8-11) Part IV: Religious Background
Spring 2006
New Evidence from Egypt on the Location of the Exodus Sea Crossing, Part II
• Local References in the Letter to Smyrna (Rev. 2:8-11), Part III: Jews in Smyrna • Ezekiel 26:1-14. A Proof Text for Inerrancy or Fallibility of the Old Testament • The Blessing of the Silver Scrolls
Winter 2006
The Wealth and Power of the Biblical Patriarchs
• New Evidence from Egypt on the Location of the Exodus Sea Crossing, Part I • Local References in the Letter to Smyrna (Rev. 2:8-11), Part II: Historical Background
_________________________________________________________
2005 Bible and Spade Back Issues - Buy Now
Four issues of BIBLE and SPADE produced in 2005. Order all four at a discount! Issues listed with an *asterisk* are available as photocopies.
Fall 2005
Biblical Archaeology: Eternal Implications
• Extra-Biblical Evidence for the Conquest • Archaeologists Fail to Use Sound Reasoning • Which Way Did They Go? The Magi’s Escape from King Herod • Local References in the Letter to Smyrna (Rev. 2:8-11), Part I: Archaeological Background • For Young Archaeologists: Herod the Great
*Summer 2005*
Pharaoh Merenptah Meets Israel• The Synagogue on the Isle of Delos and the Epistle of James • Archaeologist Says He Has Found St. Paul's Tomb
Spring 2005
Shechem: Its Archaeological and Contextual Significance • Abimelech at Shechem • Excavating with ABR at Hazor • Archaeology is NOT a Treasure Hunt • The Cave of John the Baptist • For Young Archaeologists: David and Goliath
Winter 2005
Israel In Egypt
• The Lotus in Ancient Egypt and the Bible • Between the Pillars: Revisiting "Samson and the House of Dagon" • What are lmlk Stamps and What Were They Used For? • Jerusalem Fell in 587 Not 586 BC • Digging with ABR at Hazor • Great Discoveries in Biblical Archaeology: The Mari Archive and the Nuzi Tablets
______________________________________________________
2004 Bible and Spade Back Issues - Buy Now
Four issues of BIBLE and SPADE produced in 2004. Order all four at a discount! Issues listed with an *asterisk* are available as photocopies.
Fall 2004
The Bible According to Karnak • Papyrus in Ancient Egypt and the Bible • History Unearthed • Gods, Gold and the Glory of Phillipi • Great Discoveries in Biblical Archaeology: The Rosetta Stone and the Law Code of Hammurabi
Summer 2004
Egypt and the Bible • Red Algae Theories of the Plagues, Part 3 • Archaeology: Biblical Ally or Adversary? • Great Discoveries in Bible Archaeology: The Amarna Tablets and the Merneptah Stela
Spring 2004
The Duration of the Israelite Sojourn in Egypt • The Royal Precinct at Rameses • Historical Synchronisms and the Date of the Exodus • Going for the Gold!
Winter 2004
Cultural Change and the Confusion of Language in Ancient Sumer • In Search of Ancient Famines • Red Algae Theories of the Plague, Part 2 • Joshua's "Long Day" and Mesopotamian Celestial Omen Texts • Great Discoveries in Biblical Archaeology: The Atra-Hasis Epic and the Gilgamesh Epic
2003 Bible and Spade Back Issues - Buy Now
Four issues of BIBLE and SPADE produced in 2003. Order all four at a discount! Issues listed with an *asterisk* are available as photocopies.
Fall 2003
Nahum, Nineveh and those Nasty Assyrians • The Prophet's Knowledge of Contemporary Idolatry • Jesus and the Sea of Galilee • Great Discoveries in Biblical Archaeology: The Sumerian King List and the Tell Dan Stela • Going on a Dig: A Fourth Grade Dig Report
Summer 2003
Red Algae-Anthrax Theories of the Ten Plagues: A Scientific Critique, Part 1 • "Large Cities that have Walls Up to the Sky": Canaanite Fortifications in the Late Bronze I Period • Joseph in Egypt, Part 6 • Hazor 2002
Spring 2003
The Exodus Controversy • Amenhotep II as the Pharaoh of the Exodus • The Captives of Amenhotep II • Jericho: Does the Evidence Disprove or Prove the Bible? • Great Discoveries in Biblical Archaeology: The Moabite Stone and Hezekiah's Tunnel • Joseph in Egypt, Part 5 • "We are Standing on 'Holy Ground'" at Kiriath Jearim
Winter 2003
The Joseph Narrative • Joseph in Egypt, Part 4 • Moses and Hatshepsut • History, Archaeology, and Jesus • The Scorpion King • Scorpions-Another Puncturing of the Theory of Evolution
2002 Bible and Spade Back Issues - Buy Now
Four issues of BIBLE and SPADE produced in 2002. Order all four at a discount! Issues listed with an *asterisk* are available as photocopies.
Fall 2002
Joseph in Egypt, Part 3 • Nahr el-Kalb (The Dog River) • The Biblical Cities of Tyre and Sidon • Tyre and the Tell El-Amarna Tablets • The Tyrian Shekel and the Temple of Jerusalem • The Cedars of Lebanon • James Ossuary Surfaces in Jerusalem • Rethinking the Crucified Man from Giv'at Ha-Mivtar • Exploring Bible Times • Review of The Bible Unearthed: Archaeology's New Vision of Ancient Israel and the Origin of Its Sacred Texts
Summer 2002
King Solomon in His Ancient Context • Bones, Burials, and Biblical History: Part III, The Results of Burial Excavation • "At Home in Death": An Archaeological Exposition of Psalm 49:11 • The Bible: Myth or History
Spring 2002
Joseph in Egypt, Part 2 • Golgotha: A Reconsideration of the Evidence • Remains of Herod’s Jerusalem Palace Unearthed • Sharks Puncture the Theory of Punctuated Equilibrium • A Question of Time: Old or Young Earth?
Winter 2002
Did Edom’s Original Territories Extend West of ‘Wadi Arabah? • Evolution and Christian Faith • Bones, Burials, and Biblical History: Part II, The Discovery of Ancient Tombs • Joseph in Egypt, Part 1 • Correlating the Texts of Ancient Literature with the Old Testament
2001 Back Issues - Buy Now
Four issues of BIBLE and SPADE produced in 2001. Order all four at a discount! Issues listed with an *asterisk* are available as photocopies.
Fall 2001
Bone, Burials and Biblical History, Part I • Saga of “Sardine Sam” • “Meat Offered to Idols” in Pergamom and Thyatira • New Evidence of the “Real” Site of the Temple • A Response to Martin’s “Real” Site of the Temple
Summer 2001
Who was “Nimrod?” • Don’t be a Nimrod! • David Rohl’s Revised Egyptian Chronology • Musical Instruments in Biblical Israel • King David’s Harp • An Effect of Evolutionary Thinking
Spring 2001
The Sacred Precinct on Mt. Gerizim • Samaritan Passover • Archaeological Excavations at the Baptism Site, “Bethany Beyond the Jordan” • The Enigma of the Palm Branch • A Sacred Place • The Resurrection: Reason to Believe or Wishful Thinking?
Winter 2001
Khirbet Nisya 2000 • Socioeconomic Factors in the Success of Early Christianity • Tel Dor: Ruler of the Seas • Ehud’s Escape
2000 Back Issues - Buy Now
Four issues of BIBLE and SPADE produced in 2000. Order all four at a discount! Issues listed with an *asterisk* are available as photocopies.
Fall 2000
Is Mount Sinai in Saudi Arabia?
• Digging Mount Sinai From the Bible • Jeroboam II, King of Israel, and Uzziah, King of Judah • The Star of Bethlehem
Summer 2000
Khirbet el-Maqatir 2000 Dig Report • Bronze Age Camel Petroglyphs in the Wadi Nasib, Sinai • Patriarchal Wealth and Early Domestication of the Camel • Seeing the Invisible • Ancient Egyptian Writing Materials and Techniques • Bible Personages in Archaeology: Ben-hadad III, King of Aram and Jehoash, King of Israel • For Young Archaeologists: An Ancient Scribes Tool Kit • For Young Paleontologists: To Dig or not To Dig--That is Never the Question
*Spring 2000*
A Tour of Biblical Evidence in the British Museum • Death Before Adam? • The Tel Dan Stela and the Kings of Aram and Israel
Winter 2000
The King and I (Part 3): Opening the Third Seal • The Tomb of Christ in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre • The Shroud of Turin 2000 • The Last Supper in Art and History
1999 Back Issues - Buy Now
Four issues of BIBLE and SPADE produced in 1999. Order all four at a discount! Issues listed with an *asterisk* are available as photocopies.
Fall 1999
Beth-Aven: A Scholarly Conundrum • Kh. el-Maqatir 1999 Dig Report • The King and I (Part 2): Exiled To Patmos • Does It Matter?
Summer 1999
The Discovery of the Sin Cities of Sodom and Gomorrah • Those Indefatigable Byzantines! • Of Aigos Lot at Deir Ain Abata, Jordan • The Byzantine Church of Khirbet el-Maqatir
*Spring 1999*
The Walls of Jericho • On the Jericho Road • The King and I: The Apostle John and Emperor Domitian, Part 1 • The Acts of the Apostles and the Archaeologists
*Winter 1999*
ABR and the Search For Ai • Is Khirbet Nisya the Ai of the Bible? • The Search for Joshua’a Ai: Excavations at Kh. el-Maqatir
1998B Back Issues - Buy Now
BIBLE and SPADE produced in Fall 1998, for $2.75. Bible and Spade produced prior to Fall 1998 are in small format and sell for $1.25 each.
Fall 1998
Locating Biblical Bethel • Three Coins From a Mountain • Hanukkah: The Festival of Light • Glittering Gold, Medicinal Myrrh and Fragrant Frankincense
1998A Back Issues - Buy Now
BIBLE and SPADE produced in Winter, Spring and Summer 1998. Bible and Spade produced after Summer 1998 are in large format.
Summer 1998
Noah, His Ark, His Mountain, His City and His Tomb • How Old Are Those Hills? • The Ancient Document Rule and the Flood of Noah’s Day • The Flood and Subsequent Civilization
Spring 1998
The Bible and Extraterrestrial Life • A Study of the Hebrew Word Yom in the Creation Narrative (Genesis 1, 2) • The City of Andrew and Peter: Bethsaida • The World’s Oldest Church: Aqaba, Jordan
Winter 1998
To Sling or Not to Sling – That Was Never The Question • Signals From Space • Gone, But Not Forgotten: The Hurrians and Their Kingdom of the Lion • Bible Personages in Archaeology: Omri, King of Israel
1997 Back Issues - Buy Now
Three issues of BIBLE and SPADE produced in 1997. Order all three at a discount. Issues listed with an *asterisk* are available as photocopies.
Autumn 1997
How Were Fossils Formed? • Wars and Rumors of War: Evidence of Ancient Edomites • Edomite/Israelite War Strengthened by New Finds • “Does Your Teacher Not Pay the (Temple) Tax?” (Mt. 17:24–27) • Among the Reeds of the Nile
Spring/Summer 1997
Separating Materialist Philosophy From Science • The Archives of Ugarit • Pharaohs and Kings Confused: David Rohl’s New Chronology • Bible Personages in Archaeology: The Sons of Jacob
Winter 1997
Fossil Fantasy • Abraham and the King of Egypt • Thy Servants Take Pleasure in Her Stones • Bible Personages in Archaeology: The Clans of Manasseh
1996 Back Issues - Buy Now
Four issues of BIBLE and SPADE produced in 1996. Order all four at a discount! Issues listed with an *asterisk* are available as photocopies.
*Autumn 1996*
Cracks in the Evolutionary Facade • Genesis and Ancient Near East Stories of Creation and Flood: Part 4 • Bible Personages in Archaeology: Ahab the Israelite • The Bible, Archaeology and the Study of Military Affairs
Summer 1996
Fossils in Your Family Tree • Genesis and Ancient Near East Stories of Creation and Flood: Part 3 • The Mesopatamian Background of the Tower of Babel and Its Implications
*Spring 1996*
Genesis and Ancient Near East Stories of Creation and Flood: Part 2 • The Lost Ark is Still Lost – But Now We Know Where Its Been! • Paul’s Travels Through Cyprus (Acts 13:4–12) • Bible Personages in Archaeology: Mesha, King of Moab
Winter 1996
What is Man? • Genesis and Ancient Near East Stories of Creation and Flood: An Introduction, Part 1 • The Historicity of the Joseph Story • Bible Personages in Archaeology: Shishak, King of Egypt
1995 Back Issues - Buy Now
Four issues of BIBLE and SPADE produced in 1995. Order all four at a discount! Issues listed with an *asterisk* are available as photocopies.
Autumn 1995
Tomb and Teeth: A Dentist’s View of Ancient Israelis • Tell el-’Umeiri • Jerusalem 3000 – A Capital Idea? • Bible Personages in Archaeology: Balaam, Son of Beor
Summer 1995
The Ark of the Covenant: Alive and Well in Ethiopia? • The Ark of the Covenant: Moses’ Secret Weapon • Harold Camping’s Bible Chronology • Crisis in Evolutionary Cosmology • Bible Personages in Archaeology: Jabin, King of Hazar
Spring 1995
The Tabernacle: A Bronze Age Artifact • Re-examining the Late Bronze Era • Bible Personages in Archaeology: Serug, Nahor and Terah • The Shroud of Turin: Evidence for the Resurrection?
Winter 1995
The Hittites of Anatolia • The Archives of Hattusas • Biblical Chronologies Compared
1994 Back Issues - Buy Now
Four issues of BIBLE and SPADE produced in 1994. Order all four at a discount! Issues listed with an *asterisk* are available as photocopies.
Autumn 1994
Where Did Solomon’s Wealth Go? • Does the Bible Exaggerate Solomon’s Wealth? • Money in the Ancient World • Coins of the Bible
Summer 1994
Response to the “Missing 1000 Years” • Monumental Architecture in Israel • Gezer and the Bible
Spring 1994
Temple of the Lost Ark • King Tut, the Tabernacle and the Ark • A Golden Temple • In Search of Solomons’ Temple Mount
Winter 1994
Abortion: Child Sacrifice of the 90’s • Clash of the Titans • Pop! A New Theory of Origins • Schonfield and the Resurrection
1993 Back Issues - Buy Now
Four issues of BIBLE and SPADE produced in 1993. Order all four at a discount! Issues listed with an *asterisk* are available as photocopies.
Autumn 1993
Is 1000 Years Missing in the Bible? • Khirbet Nisya Excavation 1993 • New Inscription Mentions “House of David” • Jammal Admits Lying on CBS’s Noah’s Ark Program
*Summer 1993*
Jurassic Park and The Bible • The Search for Ai • Accidental Archaeology • Greatest Fish Stories Ever Told
Spring 1993
Documentary Hypothesis • Modern Medicine: Old! • Caesarea Philippi Excavations • Oldest Horse Statue: Syria
*Winter 1993*
The Big Bang • Date of Noah’s Flood • Archive of Nuppur • “Appearance of Age”
1992 Back Issues - Buy Now
Four issues of BIBLE and SPADE produced in 1992. Order all four at a discount! Issues listed with an *asterisk* are available as photocopies.
Autumn 1992
A Lost Portion of Samuel • The Archive of Mari • New Crucifixion Site • Burying Their Own Dead
Summer 1992
Noah’s Ark: Its Final Berth • Creation Stories of the Ancient Near East • The Archive of Ebla • Computers and the Red Sea Parting
Spring 1992
The Israelites and Ramseses • New Light on Daniel From the Dead Sea Scrolls • Let the Dead Bury Their Own Dead • Mene, Mene, Tekel, Upharsin
Winter 1992
Was Adam a Cave Man? • 1991 ABR Excavation Report • Fossilized Human Finger Found • Caiaphas’ Tomb Found
1991 Back Issues - Buy Now
Four issues of BIBLE and SPADE produced in 1991. Order all four at a discount! Issues listed with an *asterisk* are available as photocopies.
Autumn 1991
Origin of Life: Design or Chance? • Recent Discoveries and the Conquest • Ancient Harbors Around the Sea of Galilee • Who’s Who in Archaeology: William Henry Breasted
Summer 1991
Daniel and the Lion of Babylon • Israelite Kings in Assyrian Inscriptions • A Man and His Cloak • Dead Sea Scrolls Update
Spring 1991
An Object From Solomon’s Temple • Assyrian Kings in the Bible • Anti-Creationists Speak Up - Our Answer • Daniel and His Friends
Winter 1991
Plagues vs. the Gods of Egypt • Mount St. Helens: Geological Laboratory • Weapons of Warfare in Biblical Times • Important Recent Archaeological Finds
1990 Back Issues - Buy Now
Four issues of BIBLE and SPADE produced in 1990. Order all four at a discount! Issues listed with an *asterisk* are available as photocopies.
Autumn 1990
Which Way Did Israel Go Out? • ABR’s 1990 Excavation Results • Calf Figurine Found Parallels Golden Calf • Fabulous Babylon Excavations
Summer 1990
The Jewish War Correspondent: Josephus • Third Battle of the Dead Sea Scrolls • Attacks From the North • Discovery of the Gilgamesh Epic
Spring 1990
The Fall of the Moon City • Why Talk About Creation? • The Assyrians (Iraqis) Were So Brutal! • Believers Are Winning the Battle for Jericho
Winter 1990
Pylons of Power • The Sons of God • The Pharisees • Rich Assyrian Tomb Finds
1989 Back Issues - Buy Now
Four issues of BIBLE and SPADE produced in 1989. Order all four at a discount! Issues listed with an *asterisk* are available as photocopies.
Autumn 1989
The Virgin Birth Explored • Biblical Melodies Inspired as Well as Words? • The Bible Was Right: Belshazzar • A Boat From Jesus’ Time is Discovered
Summer 1989
Daniel vs. the Critics • Is the Grand Canyon Young? • Who Was the Pharaoh of the Exodus? • New Light on the Life of Jesus • Moses, Exodus and a Family Feud
Spring 1989
Luke the Historian • Soldiers, Spies, Scripture • Biblical Archaeology • The Doctor Who Wrote History
*Winter 1989*
Qumran • Bible Music • The Resurrection • Divine Healers
1988 Back Issues - Buy Now
Four issues of BIBLE and SPADE produced in 1988. Order all four at a discount! Issues listed with an *asterisk* are available as photocopies.
Autumn 1988
Has Gomorrah Been Found? • Before They Were Sherds: Pottery in the Bible • Hezekiah’s Tunnel Thwarts Sennacherib • Who’s Who in Archaeology: Layard
Summer 1988
The Exodus/Conquest Mix-Up • Dinosaur and Humans Lived Together • Pottery Making in the Bible • Is There Enough Time for Evolution to Occur?
Spring 1988
Treasures of Egypt • Jesus on Infallibility • Bible Names on Seals • Light from Nuzi
Winter 1988
Is This Noah’s Ark? • Where Are Bethel and Ai? • Has Anyone Created Life in a Test Tube? • Who Wrote Genesis?
1987 Back Issues - Buy Now
BIBLE AND SPADE produced in Fall of 1987. Bible and Spade was not produced from 1984-Summer 1987.
Autumn 1987
Discovering the Truth at Jericho • The Mystery of the Silver Scrolls • How Long Were the “Days” of Genesis? • What Does “Baptized for the Dead” Mean?
1983 Back Issues - Buy Now
Two Combined issues of BIBLE and SPADE produced in 1983. Order both at a discount! Issues listed with an *asterisk* are available as photocopies.
*Summer/Autumn 1983*
The Flood Story in Bible and Cuneiform Literature • Nabonidus, Belshazzar, and the Book of Daniel • Esther and History • Antioch, The Base of Operations
*Winter/Spring 1983*
Artistic Balance Among the Beni Hasan Asiatics • Sodom and Gomorrah Update • Shiloh - Israel’s First Holy City • Secrets of Cave 25
1982 Back Issues - Buy Now
Issues of BIBLE and SPADE produced in 1982. Order both at a discount. Issues listed with an *asterisk* are available as photocopies.
Spring/Summer/Autumn 1982
In Praise of Ancient Scribes • The Biblical Ammonites, Part II • Solomon in All His Glory • Putting Bethsaida-Julius on the Map
Winter 1982
The Biblical Ammonites, Part I • Archaeology – Confirming the Truth • Israeli Scholars Date Garden Tomb to the Israelite Monarchy
1981 Back Issues - Buy Now
Issues of BIBLE and SPADE produced in 1981. Order all three at a discount. Issues listed with an *asterisk* are available as photocopies.
*Summer/Autumn 1981*
The Nuzi Tablets • On the Term Phylacteries • The Shroud of Turin • Baptism in the Early Church
*Spring 1981*
Musical Instruments in Old Testament Worship • From the Brickfields of Egypt • Tarsus and the Apostle Paul • 4,000 Year Old Gate Found Intact at Tel Dan
*Winter 1981*
Capernaum - Jesus’ Own City • Recent Work at Capernaum • Excavations at Tel Acco
1980 Back Issues - Buy Now
Issues of BIBLE and SPADE produced in 1980. Order all three at a discount. Issues listed with an *asterisk* are available as photocopies.
*Summer/Autumn 1980*
Ebla: Archaeological Discoveries and Biblical Research • Coins of the Bible • Archaeology and the Sabbath • Results of the 1979 Season at Sodom and Gomorrah
*Spring 1980*
The Scripts of the Ancient Near East • Archaeology and the Text of the New Testament
*Winter 1980*
The Languages of the Ancient Near East • Israelite Kings in Assyrians' Inscriptions • Herod’s Hideaway
1979 Back Issues - Buy Now
Issues of BIBLE and SPADE produced in 1979. Order all three at a discount. Issues listed with an *asterisk* are available as photocopies.
*Summer/Autumn 1979*
Kramer of Sumer • Assyrian Kings in the Bible • Dead Sea Jigsaw • Gethsemane and the Gardens of Jerusalem
*Spring 1979*
Excavations at Lachish • Ebla, Ugarit, and the Old Testament, Part II
*Winter 1979*
Ebla, Ugarit, and the Old Testament, Part I • The Atrahasis Epic, The Genesis Flood, and Capital Punishment • New Excavation Started in the City of David
1978 Back Issues - Buy Now
Four issues of BIBLE and SPADE produced in 1978. Order all four at a discount! Issues listed with an *asterisk* are available as photocopies.
*Autumn 1978*
The Sinai Peninsula and the Exodus • The Israelites and the King’s Highway • Journey to Pisidia
*Summer 1978*
Ebla - Queen of Ancient Syria • Specialists Help Reconstruct Life in the Cities of the Plain
*Spring 1978*
The Exodus in its Historical Setting • A Greek Golden Treasure • Journey Down the Jabbok
*Winter 1978*
Archaeology and the text of the Old Testament • The Dead Sea Scrolls and the Language of Jesus • The Ineffable name of God • Meet Josephus
1977 Back Issues - Buy Now
Four issues of BIBLE and SPADE produced in 1977. Order all four at a discount! Issues listed with an *asterisk* are available as photocopies.
*Autumn 1977*
The Infant Massacre - History or Myth • The Samaritans - A Living link With the Past, Part II • The Perils of Pergamum • Excavations in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre
*Summer 1977*
Adam in Ancient Mesopotamian Traditions • The Samaritans - A Living Link With the Past, Part I • Paul and the Athenians • Ararat ‘Ark’ Wood dated at AD 700
*Spring 1977*
The Generations of Genesis • ‘Crucify Him, Crucify Him’ and the Temple • With the Rich in His Death • Temple Scroll Soon to be Published
*Winter 1977*
More and More, Scripture Lives • Bible Aids Archaeologist in Interpreting Beer-Sheba Discovery • Oldest Hebrew Writing Found • Sodom and Gomorrah Update
1976 Back Issues - Buy Now
Four issues of BIBLE and SPADE produced in 1976. Order all four at a discount! Issues listed with an *asterisk* are available as photocopies.
*Autumn 1976*
A Journey by Lamplight, Part IV • Solomon’s Gold Mine Believed Found • Erastus Salutes You • 2,800 Year-Old Fortress Found in Sinai
*Summer 1976*
A Journey by Lamplight, Part III • From Syria: Sensational New Collection of Tablets Found • From Israel: Excavations at Aphek-Antipatris
*Spring 1976*
A Journey by Lamplight, Part II • Jerusalem Report:Evidence of Babylonian Siege Found • An Archaeological Context for Understanding John 4:20
*Winter 1976*
A Journey by Lamplight, Part I • City of the Golden Calf • Your Questions Answered
1975 Back Issues - Buy Now
Issues of BIBLE and SPADE produced in 1975. Order all three at a discount. Issues listed with an *asterisk* are available as photocopies.
*Autumn 1975*
Cities in Bible Times • The Land of Sheba • Iraq Set to Rebuild the Tower of Babel • Your Questions Answered
*Spring/Summer 1975*
Sennacherib, Hezekiah, and a “Biblical Problem” • Water Systems of Ancient Jerusalem • The Fall of Jerusalem in Light of Archaeology • Afoot at Assos
*Winter 1975*
A Jewish Archaeologist’s Finest Hours • A Theater and a Church • Altar of Artemis Found at Ephesus • Evidence of Child Sacrifice Found at Zarapath
1974 Back Issues - Buy Now
Four issues of BIBLE and SPADE produced in 1974. Order all four at a discount! Issues listed with an *asterisk* are available as photocopies.
*Autumn 1974*
How Did Early Israel Differ From Her Neighbors? • Sarcophagi and the Early Church • Ararat ‘74 • Space Age Ark-aeology
*Summer 1974*
Have Sodom and Gomorrah Been Found? • The Search For Noah’s Ark
*Spring 1974*
The Place of Christ’s Crucifixion and Burial • The Pool of Gibeon • Samson and the House of Dagon • Was O’Callaghan’s Bombshell a Dud?
*Winter 1974*
The Doctor Who Wrote History • The Witness of Archaeology • Rendezvous With Jeroboam • Beer-Sheba, City of the Patriarchs
1973 Back Issues - Buy Now
Four issues of BIBLE and SPADE produced in 1973. Order all four at a discount! Issues listed with an *asterisk* are available as photocopies.
*Autumn 1973*
Pioneering With Paul, Part II • The Uniqueness of Chistianity • High State Officials Under David and Solomon • Yigael Yadin Completes Study of 2,000 Year-Old Scroll
*Summer 1973*
Pioneering With Paul, Part I • The Practice of Writing in Ancient Israel • “‘Ai’ Ain’t Ai!” • Jar Handles Tell a Story
*Spring 1973*
Abraham as Archaeology Knows Him, Part II • Caesarea - City of the Apostles • Those Dead Sea Scroll Fragments and Mark • Helps For Bible Students
*Winter 1973*
Abraham as Archaeology Knows Him, Part I • Excavations at Babylon • Debir - A Puzzle Solved • Arafat Unfriendly to Ark Searchers
1972 Back Issues - Buy Now
Four issues of BIBLE and SPADE produced in 1972. Order all four at a discount! Issues listed with an *asterisk* are available as photocopies.
*Autumn 1972*
New Light on David’s Capture of Jerusalem • Solomon and Israel’s Golden Age, Part III • Secrets From Gezer • Excavations at Nineveh
*Summer 1972*
Solomon and Israel’s Golden Age, Part II • The Bible Was Right After All, Part III • Site of Christ’s Miracle Identified • Ark-aeology ‘72
*Spring 1972*
O’Callaghan’s Bombshell • Solomon and Israel’s Golden Age, Part I • The Bible Was Right After All, Part II • The Moabite Stone
*Winter 1972*
Does Archaeology Prove the Bible? • The Bible Was Right After All, Part I • Whither Noah’s Ark • The Mystery of the Bat Creek Stone
Note: BIBLE and SPADE was named Archaeology and Biblical Research from 1987 to 1993, and was not produced from 1984-1986.

Question: what is the name of the quarterly publication published by the inerrantist organisation Associates

Answer: Bible and Spade

Question: who publishes the bible and spade

Answer: Associates for Biblical Research

Question: what ministry does spade belong to

Answer: Christian Apologetics

Question: what is the purpose of the bible and spade

Answer: Archaeological and Biblical Research

what is the purpose of the bible and spade

Question: what does the bible and spade describe itself as

Answer: a] Christian Apologetics

what does the bible and spade describe itself as

Question: how often does bible and spade publish

Answer: quarterly

Question: what does the bible and spade refer to itself as

Answer: "[a] Christian Apologetics

what does the bible and spade refer to itself as

The magazine concentrates largely on matters relating to archaeology and Bible history , but also touches on general apologetics ( especially the relationship between science and evangelical religious belief ) and Christian devotion .

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Question: what topics does bible and spade focus on

Answer: archaeology and Bible history

what topics does bible and spade focus on

Question: what two topics are covered by the bible and spade

Answer: science and evangelical religious belief

what two topics are covered by the bible and spade

Question: what field of study does bible and spade focus on

Answer: archaeology

what field of study does bible and spade focus on

Question: along with science and evangelical religious belief, what other topic does the bible and spade

Answer: Christian devotion

Question: what is the focus of bible and spade

Answer: matters relating to archaeology and Bible history

Question: what topic does the bible and spade cover

Answer: general apologetics

what topic does the bible and spade cover

Bible and Spade is a quarterly magazine committed to the use of archaeology to demonstrate the historical veracity of the Old and New Testaments .

BIBLE and SPADE Magazine
BIBLE and SPADE is a non-technical quarterly publication published by the Associates for Biblical Research. It is written from a scholarly and conservative viewpoint, supporting the inerrancy of the Biblical record. The BIBLE and SPADE CD-ROM Collection is must for serious Bible students. Archaeological evidence, properly interpreted, upholds the history of the Bible. BIBLE and SPADE shows you how!
How to get BIBLE and SPADE…
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- Become an ABR member
- Order the BIBLE and SPADE CD-ROM Collection
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Bible and Spade: The Complete Archive (Print) - Buy Now
Price reduced from $199. Save $70!
Purchase the complete PRINTED archive of Bible and Spade, 1972-Present. 139 issues of the printed magazine in total (1972 through Summer 2012). This is not the CD ROM.
Bible and Spade is a non-technical quarterly publication published by the Associates for Biblical Research. It is written from a scholarly and conservative viewpoint, supporting the inerrancy of the Biblical record. Bible and Spade is must for serious Bible students. Archaeological evidence, properly interpreted, upholds the history of the Bible. Bible and Spade shows you how!
**Complete sets may arrive 7-10 days later than normal shipping due to the preparation of copied back issues.
Note: Foreign Price is $169. Please select "foreign" field when adding to your shopping cart.
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Bible and Spade CD-ROM - Buy Now
The Bible and Spade CD-ROM includes the following features:
- Hundreds of articles contributed by ABR staff, board, associates and other expert contributors over the past 37 years.
- Complete archive of 124 issues of Bible and Spade, 1972 through 2008.
- Articles are complete with pictures, drawings and maps.
- Complete Bibliographical data for further research.
- Page numbers are preserved in journals for ease of citation.
- Complete search capability for subjects, authors, and Scripture verses.
- The WORDSEARCH browser/search engine software is included.
- Expand or collapse the table of contents to display various levels of headings.
- Includes a wealth of recent archaeological finds related to the Biblical texts.
- Scriptures verses are tagged to jump directly to the reference in your Bible
Notice to Foreign customers: the shipping price that is calculated in PayPal is based on % of dollar sales, not weight. The CD ROM is a light product, so ABR will refund foreign customers for shipping overcharges. Please send an email to ABR@BibleArchaeology.org if you have questions.
Compatible with Microsoft Windows XP/Vista/Windows 7. This products runs on "WORDSEARCH". Libronix is no longer offering this program for the Bible and Spade CD ROM.
______________________________________________________________________________
2012 Bible and Spade Back Issues - Buy Now
BIBLE and SPADE produced in 2012. Choose to purchase single back issues for $8.00 each. Issues listed with an *asterisk* are available only as copies.
Subscribe to Bible and Spade for only $19.95 per year!
Summer 2012 • The End from the Beginning • We Hear You! • The Prophecy of Daniel 8 • Tyre: Prophecy Fulfilled • Prophecy, the Bible and Jesus • Amos' Earthquake • Lot Sat in the Gate
Spring 2012 We Hear You! • The Search for Joshua's Ai at Khirbet el-Maqatir, 2011 • ABR's Excavation at Khirbet el-Maqatir: The Infant Jar Burial • City Gates: Not Just a Defensive Measure • Maqatir Monastery Money • Lukewarm in Laodicea
Winter 2012 Tanit in the Mirror • The Testimony of the Didache • Redeeming the Carthaginians? • Abortion: Child Sacrifice Today? • Ancient Child Sacrifice and Abortion • Evolution and the American Abortion Mentality • Jephthah's Vow: A Corruption of Yahwism in the Era of the Judges
2011 Bible and Spade Back issues - Buy Now
BIBLE and SPADE produced in 2011. Choose to purchase single back issues for $8.00 each. Issues listed with an *asterisk* are available only as copies.
Subscribe to Bible and Spade for only $19.95 per year!
Fall 2011
Pew Survey Reveals Basic Ignorance of Christian Belief • Revelation, Speculation and Science • OT Scholarship and the Man in the Street: Whence and Whither? • The King James Bible and the Importance of Textual Criticism
Summer 2011
Contested Conflagration: Joshua and the Conquest of Hazor • Is the New Testament God's Word? • Turning the Cannons on New Testament Canon Criticisms: Part One • David: Man or Myth?
Spring 2011
Archaeology and the Bible • Israelite Kings
in the Assyrian Inscriptions • New Light on the Book of Daniel from the
Dead Sea Scrolls • Three Kings in One Verse • The Fall of the Moon City
Winter 2011
Locating Biblical Bethel • Digging up
Joshua’s Ai: The 2009–2010 Seasons at Khirbet el-Maqatir • A Canaanite
Massebah or Stele found at Khirbet el-Maqatir? • The Byzantine Church at
Khirbet el-Maqatir
___________________________________________________________
2010 Bible and Spade Back Issues - Buy Now
BIBLE and SPADE produced in 2010. Choose to purchase single back issues for $8.00 each. Issues listed with an *asterisk* are available only as copies.
Subscribe to Bible and Spade for only $19.95 per year!
Fall 2010 We Hear You! • Two Ancient Sumerian Tablets Saying NO-O-O-O to Paganism • The Influence of the Ancient Near East on the Book of Genesis • An Army of Straw Men: Responding to Ronald Hendel • The Domestication of the Camel in the Ancient Near East • The Great Isaiah Scroll and the Original Bible: An Interview with Dr. Peter Flint
Summer 2010 The Bible and Life: Big Questions…Important Answers • We Hear You! • The Sea of Galilee: An Overview • Jesus Speaks to Seven of His Churches: Part 2 • Skeletons on the Table • Christian Damascus
Spring 2010 Editorial • We Hear You! • Megiddo: The Place of Battles • The Arch of Titus and the Olive Tree of Romans 11 • Jesus Speak to Seven of His Churches: Part I
Winter 2010 What's So Important About Inerrancy? • Digging into the Documents and the Attempted Hijacking of Paradise • The Role of the Septuagint in the Transmission of the Scriptures • Jesus Christ on the Inerrancy of Scripture • Inspiration: The Oracles of God • Tota Scriptura
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2009 Bible and Spade Back Issues - Buy Now
BIBLE and SPADE produced in 2009. Choose to purchase 2009 issues for $6 each. Issues listed with an *asterisk* are available only as copies.
Subscribe to Bible and Spade for only $19.95 per year!
Fall 2009 The Use of Geology in the Authentication of the James Ossuary • The Ashkelon Experience • Is the Resurrection Historically Reliable? • The Curious History of the "Editor" in Biblical Criticism
Summer 2009 The Life and Legacy of Dr. David Livingston • Dave's Very First Dig • Our Rich History and the Future of ABR • Researching Ai • Remember, Archaeology is Not a Treasure Hunt (abridged) • Researching Jericho • The Future is Bright for ABR • A Tribute to Dr. David Livingston
Spring 2009 Archaeology, Paleontology, Noah's Flood and the Book of Genesis • Who Were the Sons of God in Genesis 6? • Dinosaur Mysteries: How Do They Fit into History? • Neanderthal Life Spans and the Bible • Making Sense of the Days of Peleg
Winter 2009 The Temple Mount Sifting Project • “The Most Important Discovery was the People”: An Interview with Dr. Gabriel Barkay • The Pleasure of Dust • Pictures Worth a Thousand Words • Picture Postcards from the Psalmists • Parables from the Taybeh House • Holding History in My Hand • Sifters Profiles • People, Places, Psalmists and a Hot Wheels Car • Jerusalem Journey • Assorted Pictures • The Logos: God or “a” god?
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2008 Bible and Spade Back Issues - Buy Now
BIBLE and SPADE produced in 2008. Order all four at a discount or choose to purchase single back issues for $4.00 each. Issues listed with an *asterisk* are available only as copies.
Fall 2008
Recent Research on the Date and Setting of the Exodus • Evidence for Inerrancy from a Second Unexpected Source: The Jubilee and Sabbatical Cycles • Thinking Clearly about the "Jesus Family Tomb"
Summer 2008
Delphi’s Influence on the World of the New Testament Part 3: Faults, Fumes and Visions • Mount Ararat Archaeological Survey
Spring 2008
In Quest of the Temple Mount • Who Owns the Codex Sinaiticus? • Bible Personages in Archaeology: Seal of Jezebel Identified • Evidence for Inerrancy from an Unexpected Source: OT Chronology
Winter 2008
Biblical Illiteracy
• The Red Sea in the New Testament • Locating Etam: Samson's Rock of Refuge • The Royal Precinct at Rameses• New Discoveries at Rameses
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2007 Bible and Spade Back Issues - Buy Now
Four issues of BIBLE and SPADE produced in 2007. Order all four at a discount or choose to purchase single back issues for $2.75 each. Issues listed with an *asterisk* are available only as copies.
Fall 2007
Incomprehensible
• The Manger and the Inn: The Cultural Background of Luke 2:7 • The Star of Bethlehem • Who is Immamuel? • Jesus Celebrates Hanukkah! • The Shroud’s Earlier History Part 2: To The Great City
Summer 2007
Sadness over Saul • Sodom: The Discovery of a Lost City • Locating Sodom: A Critique of the Northern Proposal • Nebo-Sarsekim Found in Babylonian Tablet • The Duration of the Israelite Sojourn in Egypt
Spring 2007
The Ash Heap of History
• Identification of Tall el-Hammam on the Madaba Map • The Shroud of Turin's Early History: Part I • The Tomb of King Herod Discovered • Delphi's Influence on the World of the New Testament: Part II- The Oracles of Delphi
Winter 2007
The Doctrine of Biblical Inerrancy • Gibeon: Its Archaeological, Geographical and Contextual Significance • Archaeology, Assyrian Reliefs and the Psalms of the Sons of Korah • Delphi's Influence on the World of the New Testament: Part I-Delphi: Center of the World
_________________________________________________________
2006 Bible and Spade Back Issues - Buy Now
Four issues of BIBLE and SPADE produced in 2006. Order all four at a discount or choose to purchase single back issues for $2.75 each. Issues listed with an *asterisk* are available only as copies.
*Fall 2006*
The Genesis Flood: An Interpretative Key to the Past
• Mount Cudi: The True Mountain of Noah's Ark • Wood Remains from the "Landing Site of Noah's Ark" Nearly 6500 Years Old • The Case for Ararat • Why Not Nabatea? The Flight of Joseph's Family from Bethlehem to Egypt and Migration to the Town of Nazareth in Galilee
Summer 2006
Love God with all your Mind! • Biblical Connections at Tell Ta 'yinat, Turkey • Propoganda, Power and Perversion of Biblical Truth: Coins Illustrating the Book of Revelation • Local References in the Letter to Smyrna (Rev 2:8-11) Part IV: Religious Background
Spring 2006
New Evidence from Egypt on the Location of the Exodus Sea Crossing, Part II
• Local References in the Letter to Smyrna (Rev. 2:8-11), Part III: Jews in Smyrna • Ezekiel 26:1-14. A Proof Text for Inerrancy or Fallibility of the Old Testament • The Blessing of the Silver Scrolls
Winter 2006
The Wealth and Power of the Biblical Patriarchs
• New Evidence from Egypt on the Location of the Exodus Sea Crossing, Part I • Local References in the Letter to Smyrna (Rev. 2:8-11), Part II: Historical Background
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2005 Bible and Spade Back Issues - Buy Now
Four issues of BIBLE and SPADE produced in 2005. Order all four at a discount or choose to purchase single back issues for $2.75 each. Issues listed with an *asterisk* are available as photocopies.
Fall 2005
Biblical Archaeology: Eternal Implications
• Extra-Biblical Evidence for the Conquest • Archaeologists Fail to Use Sound Reasoning • Which Way Did They Go? The Magi’s Escape from King Herod • Local References in the Letter to Smyrna (Rev. 2:8-11), Part I: Archaeological Background • For Young Archaeologists: Herod the Great
*Summer 2005*
Pharaoh Merenptah Meets Israel• The Synagogue on the Isle of Delos and the Epistle of James • Archaeologist Says He Has Found St. Paul's Tomb
Spring 2005
Shechem: Its Archaeological and Contextual Significance • Abimelech at Shechem • Excavating with ABR at Hazor • Archaeology is NOT a Treasure Hunt • The Cave of John the Baptist • For Young Archaeologists: David and Goliath
Winter 2005
Israel In Egypt
• The Lotus in Ancient Egypt and the Bible • Between the Pillars: Revisiting "Samson and the House of Dagon" • What are lmlk Stamps and What Were They Used For? • Jerusalem Fell in 587 Not 586 BC • Digging with ABR at Hazor • Great Discoveries in Biblical Archaeology: The Mari Archive and the Nuzi Tablets
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2004 Bible and Spade Back Issues - Buy Now
Four issues of BIBLE and SPADE produced in 2004. Order all four at a discount or choose to purchase single back issues for $2.75 each. Issues listed with an *asterisk* are available as photocopies.
Fall 2004
The Bible According to Karnak • Papyrus in Ancient Egypt and the Bible • History Unearthed • Gods, Gold and the Glory of Phillipi • Great Discoveries in Biblical Archaeology: The Rosetta Stone and the Law Code of Hammurabi
Summer 2004
Egypt and the Bible • Red Algae Theories of the Plagues, Part 3 • Archaeology: Biblical Ally or Adversary? • Great Discoveries in Bible Archaeology: The Amarna Tablets and the Merneptah Stela
Spring 2004
The Duration of the Israelite Sojourn in Egypt • The Royal Precinct at Rameses • Historical Synchronisms and the Date of the Exodus • Going for the Gold!
Winter 2004
Cultural Change and the Confusion of Language in Ancient Sumer • In Search of Ancient Famines • Red Algae Theories of the Plague, Part 2 • Joshua's "Long Day" and Mesopotamian Celestial Omen Texts • Great Discoveries in Biblical Archaeology: The Atra-Hasis Epic and the Gilgamesh Epic
2003 Bible and Spade Back Issues - Buy Now
Four issues of BIBLE and SPADE produced in 2003. Order all four at a discount or choose to purchase single back issues for $2.75 each. Issues listed with an *asterisk* are available as photocopies.
Fall 2003
Nahum, Nineveh and those Nasty Assyrians • The Prophet's Knowledge of Contemporary Idolatry • Jesus and the Sea of Galilee • Great Discoveries in Biblical Archaeology: The Sumerian King List and the Tell Dan Stela • Going on a Dig: A Fourth Grade Dig Report
Summer 2003
Red Algae-Anthrax Theories of the Ten Plagues: A Scientific Critique, Part 1 • "Large Cities that have Walls Up to the Sky": Canaanite Fortifications in the Late Bronze I Period • Joseph in Egypt, Part 6 • Hazor 2002
Spring 2003
The Exodus Controversy • Amenhotep II as the Pharaoh of the Exodus • The Captives of Amenhotep II • Jericho: Does the Evidence Disprove or Prove the Bible? • Great Discoveries in Biblical Archaeology: The Moabite Stone and Hezekiah's Tunnel • Joseph in Egypt, Part 5 • "We are Standing on 'Holy Ground'" at Kiriath Jearim
Winter 2003
The Joseph Narrative • Joseph in Egypt, Part 4 • Moses and Hatshepsut • History, Archaeology, and Jesus • The Scorpion King • Scorpions-Another Puncturing of the Theory of Evolution
2002 Bible and Spade Back Issues - Buy Now
Four issues of BIBLE and SPADE produced in 2002. Order all four at a discount or choose to purchase single back issues for $2.75 each. Issues listed with an *asterisk* are available as photocopies.
Fall 2002
Joseph in Egypt, Part 3 • Nahr el-Kalb (The Dog River) • The Biblical Cities of Tyre and Sidon • Tyre and the Tell El-Amarna Tablets • The Tyrian Shekel and the Temple of Jerusalem • The Cedars of Lebanon • James Ossuary Surfaces in Jerusalem • Rethinking the Crucified Man from Giv'at Ha-Mivtar • Exploring Bible Times • Review of The Bible Unearthed: Archaeology's New Vision of Ancient Israel and the Origin of Its Sacred Texts
Summer 2002
King Solomon in His Ancient Context • Bones, Burials, and Biblical History: Part III, The Results of Burial Excavation • "At Home in Death": An Archaeological Exposition of Psalm 49:11 • The Bible: Myth or History
Spring 2002
Joseph in Egypt, Part 2 • Golgotha: A Reconsideration of the Evidence • Remains of Herod’s Jerusalem Palace Unearthed • Sharks Puncture the Theory of Punctuated Equilibrium • A Question of Time: Old or Young Earth?
Winter 2002
Did Edom’s Original Territories Extend West of ‘Wadi Arabah? • Evolution and Christian Faith • Bones, Burials, and Biblical History: Part II, The Discovery of Ancient Tombs • Joseph in Egypt, Part 1 • Correlating the Texts of Ancient Literature with the Old Testament
2001 Back Issues - Buy Now
Four issues of BIBLE and SPADE produced in 2001. Order all four at a discount or choose to purchase single back issues for $2.75 each. Issues listed with an *asterisk* are available as photocopies.
Fall 2001
Bone, Burials and Biblical History, Part I • Saga of “Sardine Sam” • “Meat Offered to Idols” in Pergamom and Thyatira • New Evidence of the “Real” Site of the Temple • A Response to Martin’s “Real” Site of the Temple
Summer 2001
Who was “Nimrod?” • Don’t be a Nimrod! • David Rohl’s Revised Egyptian Chronology • Musical Instruments in Biblical Israel • King David’s Harp • An Effect of Evolutionary Thinking
Spring 2001
The Sacred Precinct on Mt. Gerizim • Samaritan Passover • Archaeological Excavations at the Baptism Site, “Bethany Beyond the Jordan” • The Enigma of the Palm Branch • A Sacred Place • The Resurrection: Reason to Believe or Wishful Thinking?
Winter 2001
Khirbet Nisya 2000 • Socioeconomic Factors in the Success of Early Christianity • Tel Dor: Ruler of the Seas • Ehud’s Escape
2000 Back Issues - Buy Now
Four issues of BIBLE and SPADE produced in 2000. Order all four at a discount or choose to purchase single back issues for $2.75 each. Issues listed with an *asterisk* are available as photocopies.
Fall 2000
Is Mount Sinai in Saudi Arabia?
• Digging Mount Sinai From the Bible • Jeroboam II, King of Israel, and Uzziah, King of Judah • The Star of Bethlehem
Summer 2000
Khirbet el-Maqatir 2000 Dig Report • Bronze Age Camel Petroglyphs in the Wadi Nasib, Sinai • Patriarchal Wealth and Early Domestication of the Camel • Seeing the Invisible • Ancient Egyptian Writing Materials and Techniques • Bible Personages in Archaeology: Ben-hadad III, King of Aram and Jehoash, King of Israel • For Young Archaeologists: An Ancient Scribes Tool Kit • For Young Paleontologists: To Dig or not To Dig--That is Never the Question
*Spring 2000*
A Tour of Biblical Evidence in the British Museum • Death Before Adam? • The Tel Dan Stela and the Kings of Aram and Israel
Winter 2000
The King and I (Part 3): Opening the Third Seal • The Tomb of Christ in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre • The Shroud of Turin 2000 • The Last Supper in Art and History
1999 Back Issues - Buy Now
Four issues of BIBLE and SPADE produced in 1999. Order all four at a discount or choose to purchase single back issues for $2.75 each. Issues listed with an *asterisk* are available as photocopies.
Fall 1999
Beth-Aven: A Scholarly Conundrum • Kh. el-Maqatir 1999 Dig Report • The King and I (Part 2): Exiled To Patmos • Does It Matter?
Summer 1999
The Discovery of the Sin Cities of Sodom and Gomorrah • Those Indefatigable Byzantines! • Of Aigos Lot at Deir Ain Abata, Jordan • The Byzantine Church of Khirbet el-Maqatir
*Spring 1999*
The Walls of Jericho • On the Jericho Road • The King and I: The Apostle John and Emperor Domitian, Part 1 • The Acts of the Apostles and the Archaeologists
*Winter 1999*
ABR and the Search For Ai • Is Khirbet Nisya the Ai of the Bible? • The Search for Joshua’a Ai: Excavations at Kh. el-Maqatir
1998B Back Issues - Buy Now
BIBLE and SPADE produced in Fall 1998, for $2.75. Bible and Spade produced prior to Fall 1998 are in small format and sell for $1.25 each.
Fall 1998
Locating Biblical Bethel • Three Coins From a Mountain • Hanukkah: The Festival of Light • Glittering Gold, Medicinal Myrrh and Fragrant Frankincense
1998A Back Issues - Buy Now
BIBLE and SPADE produced in Winter, Spring and Summer 1998. Bible and Spade produced after Summer 1998 are in large format and sell for $2.75 each.
Summer 1998
Noah, His Ark, His Mountain, His City and His Tomb • How Old Are Those Hills? • The Ancient Document Rule and the Flood of Noah’s Day • The Flood and Subsequent Civilization
Spring 1998
The Bible and Extraterrestrial Life • A Study of the Hebrew Word Yom in the Creation Narrative (Genesis 1, 2) • The City of Andrew and Peter: Bethsaida • The World’s Oldest Church: Aqaba, Jordan
Winter 1998
To Sling or Not to Sling – That Was Never The Question • Signals From Space • Gone, But Not Forgotten: The Hurrians and Their Kingdom of the Lion • Bible Personages in Archaeology: Omri, King of Israel
1997 Back Issues - Buy Now
Three issues of BIBLE and SPADE produced in 1997. Order all three at a discount. Issues listed with an *asterisk* are available as photocopies.
Autumn 1997
How Were Fossils Formed? • Wars and Rumors of War: Evidence of Ancient Edomites • Edomite/Israelite War Strengthened by New Finds • “Does Your Teacher Not Pay the (Temple) Tax?” (Mt. 17:24–27) • Among the Reeds of the Nile
Spring/Summer 1997
Separating Materialist Philosophy From Science • The Archives of Ugarit • Pharaohs and Kings Confused: David Rohl’s New Chronology • Bible Personages in Archaeology: The Sons of Jacob
Winter 1997
Fossil Fantasy • Abraham and the King of Egypt • Thy Servants Take Pleasure in Her Stones • Bible Personages in Archaeology: The Clans of Manasseh
1996 Back Issues - Buy Now
Four issues of BIBLE and SPADE produced in 1996. Order all four at a discount or choose to purchase single back issues for $1.25 each. Issues listed with an *asterisk* are available as photocopies.
*Autumn 1996*
Cracks in the Evolutionary Facade • Genesis and Ancient Near East Stories of Creation and Flood: Part 4 • Bible Personages in Archaeology: Ahab the Israelite • The Bible, Archaeology and the Study of Military Affairs
Summer 1996
Fossils in Your Family Tree • Genesis and Ancient Near East Stories of Creation and Flood: Part 3 • The Mesopatamian Background of the Tower of Babel and Its Implications
*Spring 1996*
Genesis and Ancient Near East Stories of Creation and Flood: Part 2 • The Lost Ark is Still Lost – But Now We Know Where Its Been! • Paul’s Travels Through Cyprus (Acts 13:4–12) • Bible Personages in Archaeology: Mesha, King of Moab
Winter 1996
What is Man? • Genesis and Ancient Near East Stories of Creation and Flood: An Introduction, Part 1 • The Historicity of the Joseph Story • Bible Personages in Archaeology: Shishak, King of Egypt
1995 Back Issues - Buy Now
Four issues of BIBLE and SPADE produced in 1995. Order all four at a discount or choose to purchase single back issues for $1.25 each. Issues listed with an *asterisk* are available as photocopies.
Autumn 1995
Tomb and Teeth: A Dentist’s View of Ancient Israelis • Tell el-’Umeiri • Jerusalem 3000 – A Capital Idea? • Bible Personages in Archaeology: Balaam, Son of Beor
Summer 1995
The Ark of the Covenant: Alive and Well in Ethiopia? • The Ark of the Covenant: Moses’ Secret Weapon • Harold Camping’s Bible Chronology • Crisis in Evolutionary Cosmology • Bible Personages in Archaeology: Jabin, King of Hazar
Spring 1995
The Tabernacle: A Bronze Age Artifact • Re-examining the Late Bronze Era • Bible Personages in Archaeology: Serug, Nahor and Terah • The Shroud of Turin: Evidence for the Resurrection?
Winter 1995
The Hittites of Anatolia • The Archives of Hattusas • Biblical Chronologies Compared
1994 Back Issues - Buy Now
Four issues of BIBLE and SPADE produced in 1994. Order all four at a discount or choose to purchase single back issues for $1.25 each. Issues listed with an *asterisk* are available as photocopies.
Autumn 1994
Where Did Solomon’s Wealth Go? • Does the Bible Exaggerate Solomon’s Wealth? • Money in the Ancient World • Coins of the Bible
Summer 1994
Response to the “Missing 1000 Years” • Monumental Architecture in Israel • Gezer and the Bible
Spring 1994
Temple of the Lost Ark • King Tut, the Tabernacle and the Ark • A Golden Temple • In Search of Solomons’ Temple Mount
Winter 1994
Abortion: Child Sacrifice of the 90’s • Clash of the Titans • Pop! A New Theory of Origins • Schonfield and the Resurrection
1993 Back Issues - Buy Now
Four issues of BIBLE and SPADE produced in 1993. Order all four at a discount or choose to purchase single back issues for $1.25 each. Issues listed with an *asterisk* are available as photocopies.
Autumn 1993
Is 1000 Years Missing in the Bible? • Khirbet Nisya Excavation 1993 • New Inscription Mentions “House of David” • Jammal Admits Lying on CBS’s Noah’s Ark Program
*Summer 1993*
Jurassic Park and The Bible • The Search for Ai • Accidental Archaeology • Greatest Fish Stories Ever Told
Spring 1993
Documentary Hypothesis • Modern Medicine: Old! • Caesarea Philippi Excavations • Oldest Horse Statue: Syria
*Winter 1993*
The Big Bang • Date of Noah’s Flood • Archive of Nuppur • “Appearance of Age”
1992 Back Issues - Buy Now
Four issues of BIBLE and SPADE produced in 1992. Order all four at a discount or choose to purchase single back issues for $1.25 each. Issues listed with an *asterisk* are available as photocopies.
Autumn 1992
A Lost Portion of Samuel • The Archive of Mari • New Crucifixion Site • Burying Their Own Dead
Summer 1992
Noah’s Ark: Its Final Berth • Creation Stories of the Ancient Near East • The Archive of Ebla • Computers and the Red Sea Parting
Spring 1992
The Israelites and Ramseses • New Light on Daniel From the Dead Sea Scrolls • Let the Dead Bury Their Own Dead • Mene, Mene, Tekel, Upharsin
Winter 1992
Was Adam a Cave Man? • 1991 ABR Excavation Report • Fossilized Human Finger Found • Caiaphas’ Tomb Found
1991 Back Issues - Buy Now
Four issues of BIBLE and SPADE produced in 1991. Order all four at a discount or choose to purchase single back issues for $1.25 each. Issues listed with an *asterisk* are available as photocopies.
Autumn 1991
Origin of Life: Design or Chance? • Recent Discoveries and the Conquest • Ancient Harbors Around the Sea of Galilee • Who’s Who in Archaeology: William Henry Breasted
Summer 1991
Daniel and the Lion of Babylon • Israelite Kings in Assyrian Inscriptions • A Man and His Cloak • Dead Sea Scrolls Update
Spring 1991
An Object From Solomon’s Temple • Assyrian Kings in the Bible • Anti-Creationists Speak Up - Our Answer • Daniel and His Friends
Winter 1991
Plagues vs. the Gods of Egypt • Mount St. Helens: Geological Laboratory • Weapons of Warfare in Biblical Times • Important Recent Archaeological Finds
1990 Back Issues - Buy Now
Four issues of BIBLE and SPADE produced in 1990. Order all four at a discount or choose to purchase single back issues for $1.25 each. Issues listed with an *asterisk* are available as photocopies.
Autumn 1990
Which Way Did Israel Go Out? • ABR’s 1990 Excavation Results • Calf Figurine Found Parallels Golden Calf • Fabulous Babylon Excavations
Summer 1990
The Jewish War Correspondent: Josephus • Third Battle of the Dead Sea Scrolls • Attacks From the North • Discovery of the Gilgamesh Epic
Spring 1990
The Fall of the Moon City • Why Talk About Creation? • The Assyrians (Iraqis) Were So Brutal! • Believers Are Winning the Battle for Jericho
Winter 1990
Pylons of Power • The Sons of God • The Pharisees • Rich Assyrian Tomb Finds
1989 Back Issues - Buy Now
Four issues of BIBLE and SPADE produced in 1989. Order all four at a discount or choose to purchase single back issues for $1.25 each. Issues listed with an *asterisk* are available as photocopies.
Autumn 1989
The Virgin Birth Explored • Biblical Melodies Inspired as Well as Words? • The Bible Was Right: Belshazzar • A Boat From Jesus’ Time is Discovered
Summer 1989
Daniel vs. the Critics • Is the Grand Canyon Young? • Who Was the Pharaoh of the Exodus? • New Light on the Life of Jesus • Moses, Exodus and a Family Feud
Spring 1989
Luke the Historian • Soldiers, Spies, Scripture • Biblical Archaeology • The Doctor Who Wrote History
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Qumran • Bible Music • The Resurrection • Divine Healers
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*Summer/Autumn 1981*
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Musical Instruments in Old Testament Worship • From the Brickfields of Egypt • Tarsus and the Apostle Paul • 4,000 Year Old Gate Found Intact at Tel Dan
*Winter 1981*
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*Summer/Autumn 1980*
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*Spring 1980*
The Scripts of the Ancient Near East • Archaeology and the Text of the New Testament
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The Languages of the Ancient Near East • Israelite Kings in Assyrians' Inscriptions • Herod’s Hideaway
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*Summer/Autumn 1979*
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*Autumn 1978*
The Sinai Peninsula and the Exodus • The Israelites and the King’s Highway • Journey to Pisidia
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Ebla - Queen of Ancient Syria • Specialists Help Reconstruct Life in the Cities of the Plain
*Spring 1978*
The Exodus in its Historical Setting • A Greek Golden Treasure • Journey Down the Jabbok
*Winter 1978*
Archaeology and the text of the Old Testament • The Dead Sea Scrolls and the Language of Jesus • The Ineffable name of God • Meet Josephus
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The Infant Massacre - History or Myth • The Samaritans - A Living link With the Past, Part II • The Perils of Pergamum • Excavations in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre
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A Journey by Lamplight, Part IV • Solomon’s Gold Mine Believed Found • Erastus Salutes You • 2,800 Year-Old Fortress Found in Sinai
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A Jewish Archaeologist’s Finest Hours • A Theater and a Church • Altar of Artemis Found at Ephesus • Evidence of Child Sacrifice Found at Zarapath
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How Did Early Israel Differ From Her Neighbors? • Sarcophagi and the Early Church • Ararat ‘74 • Space Age Ark-aeology
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The Place of Christ’s Crucifixion and Burial • The Pool of Gibeon • Samson and the House of Dagon • Was O’Callaghan’s Bombshell a Dud?
*Winter 1974*
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Pioneering With Paul, Part II • The Uniqueness of Chistianity • High State Officials Under David and Solomon • Yigael Yadin Completes Study of 2,000 Year-Old Scroll
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New Light on David’s Capture of Jerusalem • Solomon and Israel’s Golden Age, Part III • Secrets From Gezer • Excavations at Nineveh
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Solomon and Israel’s Golden Age, Part II • The Bible Was Right After All, Part III • Site of Christ’s Miracle Identified • Ark-aeology ‘72
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O’Callaghan’s Bombshell • Solomon and Israel’s Golden Age, Part I • The Bible Was Right After All, Part II • The Moabite Stone
*Winter 1972*
Does Archaeology Prove the Bible? • The Bible Was Right After All, Part I • Whither Noah’s Ark • The Mystery of the Bat Creek Stone
Note: BIBLE and SPADE was named Archaeology and Biblical Research from 1987 to 1993, and was not produced from 1984-1986.

Question: what magazine is dedicated to the use of archaeology to demonstrate the veracity of the

Answer: Bible and Spade

Question: when is bible and spade published

Answer: quarterly

Question: what topic does bible and spade touch on

Answer: general apologetics

what topic does bible and spade touch on

Question: what religious belief does bible and spade touch on

Answer: Christian devotion

what religious belief does bible and spade touch on

Question: what field of study is bible and spade dedicated to

Answer: archaeology

what field of study is bible and spade dedicated to

Question: what topic does bible and spade focus on

Answer: Bible history

what topic does bible and spade focus on

Question: how often is bible and spade published

Answer: a quarterly

We consider the patriarchal narratives of Genesis 12–50 to be historically accurate in their reporting of chronology , persons , places , events , and cultural customs and background .

Further , we believe that the extensive chronological data found in both the Old and New Testaments is historically accurate .

Wood is also a contributor to the Biblical Archeology Review , the Israel Exploration Journal and the Near East Archaeological Society Bulletin .

The Bible has been under attack in the western world for over 200 years but never more intensely than today. These attacks have taken different forms and have come from many different corners of the academic world, from philosophers, to scientists, to textual critics. In the specialized world of archaeology the attacks have increased dramatically in the past 50 years. Once a specialization filled with Bible believing individuals, the field of archaeology is now overrun with atheists and skeptics, agnostics and those committed to the destruction of the Bible as a source of true historical information.
These attacks on the Bible are a part of a sweeping movement in western culture. Spearheaded by academic elitists in the university and the public educational system, the news and popular media, and the entertainment industry, these revisionists cloak themselves with supposed objectivity, purity of motives, and the superiority of science over the "uninformed", "unscientific", religious community.
They regularly mock those who question their world-view and their conclusions by name-calling and the worst forms of anti-Bible and anti-Christian propaganda. They have powerfully infected the church by turning Bible believing Christians against the very Scripture which is the foundation of truth and life in this world. Instead of contending for the Bible, Christian academics, pastors, and lay-persons are making egregious accommodations to these destroyers of faith and truth.
In these days of intense spiritual battle, God has called ABR to step into the gap to contend for the truth and to assist the church in this critical hour. ABR is a non-profit ministry dedicated to demonstrating the historical reliability of the Bible and to give answers to questions being asked by believers and non-believers alike. We do this by using original archaeological fieldwork and research along with studies in other apologetic disciplines. We take on the bold claims of skeptics and critics. We challenge the bizarre anti-biblical propaganda that is purveyed upon the public as gospel through television and print media. We uphold the gospel of Jesus Christ, which is God's message for the salvation of all mankind!

Question: what publication is wood a contributor to

Answer: Biblical Archeology Review

what publication is wood a contributor to

Question: what are the patriarchal narratives of genesis 12-50 historically accurate in their reporting of

Answer: chronology, persons, places, events, and cultural customs and background

Question: what do we consider the patriarchal narratives of genesis 12-50 to be

Answer: historically accurate

Question: which parts of the bible are considered historically accurate

Answer: Genesis 12–50

which parts of the bible are considered historically accurate

Question: what type of narratives are the old testament and new testament considered to be

Answer: patriarchal

Question: which parts of the bible are historically accurate

Answer: Old and New Testaments

which parts of the bible are historically accurate

Question: along with chronology, persons, places, events, and what else does wood believe

Answer: cultural customs and background

Wood has attempted to redate the destruction of Jericho City IV from the end of the Middle Bronze Age ( c. 1550 B.C. ) to the end of the Late Bronze I ( c. 1400 BC ) .

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Is Bryant Wood's chronology of Jericho valid?
The following article is abstracted from The Biblical Chronologist Volume 2, Number 3. Full details and references can be found there.
The Problem to be Solved
In Joshua chapter 6, the Bible records the defeat of the city of Jericho by the children of Israel, led by Joshua. Traditional biblical chronology places this event ca. 1407 B.C.
The archaeological remains at Tell-es-Sultan correspond to the biblical Jericho. This is undisputed by mainstream scholarship, whether conservative or liberal.
John Garstang conducted excavations at Jericho from 1930 to 1936. He found a destruction layer corresponding to the termination of City IV, and dated it to ca. 1400 B.C. This worked out well for traditional biblical chronology.
However, in the 1950's, Kathleen Kenyon conducted further excavations at Jericho and concluded that the destruction of Garstang's City IV should be dated ca. 1550 B.C., not ca. 1400 B.C. In fact, Kenyon found no evidence at all of occupation of Jericho ca. 1407 B.C.
The following figure shows the chronology of Jericho held by nearly all modern archaeologists. The dashed line represents a period when Jericho was merely a campsite, the solid lines indicate an unwalled town, and the rectangles indicate a walled city. The letter 'A' points to 1407 B.C., the traditional biblical date for the destruction of Jericho by Joshua.
Clearly traditional biblical chronology is in conflict with the chronology of Jericho held by the consensus of modern archaeologists. The termination of the walled city (City IV) ca. 1550 B.C. is the chronologically closest candidate to the traditional biblical date for the destruction of Jericho by Joshua, but it is still about 150 years from the traditional biblical dates according to the scholarly consensus. Clearly the destruction of City IV Jericho and the destruction of Jericho by Joshua cannot be the same event if they are separated by 150 years.
Wood's Proposed Solution
In the March/April 1990 issue of Biblical Archaeology Review conservative biblical archaeologist Dr. Bryant G. Wood proposed that Garstang was right all along. He proposed that the termination of City IV Jericho be redated from ca. 1550 B.C. to ca. 1400 B.C. He argued that a reanalyis of pottery shards excavated from City IV, stratigraphic considerations, scarab evidence, and a single radiocarbon date all converged "to demonstrate that City IV was destroyed in about 1400 B.C.E., not 1550 B.C.E. as Kenyon maintained."
Wood's proposal received press coverage and positive reaction from conservative sectors, but his fellow archaeologists did not react so favorably. In a subsequent issue of Biblical Archaeology Review, Piotr Bienkowski attacked Wood's arguments and then summarized his assessment of Wood's claims as follows:
Wood has attempted to redate the destruction of Jericho City IV from the end of the Middle Bronze Age (c. 1550 B.C.) to the end of the Late Bronze I (c. 1400 B.C.). He has put forward four lines of argument to support his conclusion. Not a single one of these arguments can stand up to scrutiny. On the contrary, there is strong evidence to confirm Kathleen Kenyon's dating of City IV to the Middle Bronze Age. Wood's attempt to equate the destruction of City IV with the Israelite conquest of Jericho must therefore be rejected.
Wood responded to Bienkowski in the same issue with a more detailed discussion of pottery shards. He charged:
Bienkowski's attempt to explain away the evidence for lowering the date of the destruction of Jericho is misguided and void of substance. Assertions made without data to back them up are unconvincing. His discussion is superficial, at best, lacking both depth and precision.
And so the battle raged.
Settling the Dispute
It is clear that the question is one of chronology. When was City IV Jericho destroyed? The scholarly consensus says ca. 1550 B.C., Wood says ca. 1400 B.C. What source can we turn to to settle this dispute?
In fact, radiocarbon is such a source. In the early 1990's, when Wood first published his claims, there was only one radiocarbon measurement available for City IV. It was from a piece of charcoal dated by the British Museum to 1410 plus or minus 40 years B.C. Unfortunately, this date was later retracted by the British Museum, along with dates of several hundred other samples. The British Museum found that their radiocarbon measurement apparatus had gone out of calibration for a period of time, and thus had yielded incorrect dates during that period. The corrected date for the charcoal sample from City IV turned out to be consistent with Kenyon's ca. 1550 B.C. date for the City IV destruction.
The corrected date no longer supported Wood's proposal, but it was insufficient to falsify the proposal. Radiocarbon dates on charcoal give the date the wood grew, not the date it was burned. To be consistent with Bryant Wood's proposal, the wood which burned to produce the charcoal sample would need to have been cut from a living tree 150 years prior to the destruction. Of course, this is not impossible.
As mentioned earlier, no other radiocarbon dates from samples from City IV Jericho were available in the early 1990's. In 1995, however, results were published by Hendrik J. Bruins and Johannes van der Plicht from high-precision radiocarbon measurements made on eighteen samples from Jericho. Six of these samples were charred cereal grains from the City IV destruction. Bruins and van der Plicht did not set out to disprove Wood's thesis. Their stated purpose was to contribute "toward the establishment of an independent radiocarbon chronology of Near Eastern archaeology."
The chart below is the same as the chart shown earlier. Heavy black bars have been added showing the range of dates radiocarbon gave from the six charred grain samples from City IV Jericho.
Bruins and van der Plicht recognized the results of their work held a serious implication for Wood's theory. They devoted only one sentence to this implication:
Further, the fortified Bronze Age city at Tell es-Sultan [Jericho] was not destroyed by ca.1400 BC, as Wood (1990) suggested.
As is evident from the chart, the radiocarbon measurements strongly support the chronology advanced by Kenyon long before the radiocarbon measurements were made. This radiocarbon evidence falsifies Wood's theory. City IV was destroyed ca. 1550 B.C., not ca. 1400 B.C. City IV Jericho was not destroyed by Joshua.
Other Considerations
The chronology of Jericho is by no means the only problem associated with the traditional biblical chronology of the Exodus and Conquest. For example, even if Wood's chronology of Jericho were viable, the complete absence of fortified habitation at et-Tell (identified by almost all scholars with the biblical Ai) for 1000 years prior to the traditional biblical chronology date for its destruction by Joshua is still left to be explained. And the archaeological and historical data from Egypt must also be explained. These depict Egypt as a stable, properous nation at the very time the traditional biblical chronology date for the Exodus says Egypt should be a nation devastated by plagues.
Aardsma's Solution
Having settled the dispute over the date of City IV Jericho's destruction and having demonstrated that Wood's chronology is not valid, we are left with the problem we started with. Traditional biblical chronology conflicts with the archaeological/radiocarbon chronology of Jericho. Traditional biblical chronology places the date of the Conquest of Jericho at a time when there was no city at Jericho. In fact, as noted in the preceding paragraph, traditional biblical chronology of the Exodus and the Conquest is plagued by such problems.
Gerald E. Aardsma, Ph.D., has proposed an alternate solution, one that solves these problems and does justice to both biblical and secular scientific evidence. He has shown that the correct biblical chronology date for the Conquest is ca. 2400 B.C., not ca. 1400 B.C. By this solution, it is the ca. 2400 B.C. destruction at Jericho, shown in the charts above, which must be credited to Joshua. For further information on Dr. Aardsma's solution, see What is the missing millennium discovery?
The foregoing article was abstracted from The Biblical Chronologist Volume 2, Number 3. Full details and references can be found there.

Question: when was the end of the late bronze i

Answer: 1400 BC

Question: what city did wood attempt to redo

Answer: Jericho City IV

Question: when was the end of the middle bronze age

Answer: Late Bronze I

when was the end of the middle bronze age

Question: what age was jericho city iv at the end of

Answer: Middle Bronze Age

what age was jericho city iv at the end of

Question: when was the middle bronze age

Answer: 1550

Question: who has attempted to redo the destruction of jericho city iv

Answer: Wood

who has attempted to redo the destruction of jericho city iv

Question: when did wood try to redo jericho city iv

Answer: end of the Late Bronze I

when did wood try to redo jericho city iv

Not a single one of these arguments can stand up to scrutiny.

He has put forward four lines of argument to support his conclusion .

Not a single one of these arguments can stand up to scrutiny .

Question: how many lines of argument has he put forth to support his conclusion

Answer: four

how many lines of argument has Bryant G. Wood put forth to support his conclusion

Question: how many of his arguments can stand up to scrutiny

Answer: Not a single one

how many of his arguments can stand up to scrutiny

Question: how many lines of argument has the author put forward to support his conclusion

Answer: four lines of argument

Question: why has he put forth four lines of argument

Answer: to support his conclusion

why has Bryant G. Wood put forth four lines of argument

Question: how many lines of argument does he put forward to support his conclusion

Answer: four lines

how many lines of argument does Bryant G. Wood put forward to support his conclusion

Question: what conclusion did he draw from the four lines of argument

Answer: Not a single one of these arguments can stand up to scrutiny

what conclusion did Bryant G. Wood draw from the four lines of argument

Question: how many lines of argument can stand up to scrutiny

Answer: a single one

how many lines of argument can stand up to scrutiny

Wood responded that he had produced evidence to back his argument , and that any counter - claims should also be backed by fresh evidence .

Dating Jericho’s Destruction: Bienkowski Is Wrong on All Counts
Piotr Bienkowski has challenged the results of my analysis of the date of the destruction of the fortified Bronze Age city at Jericho, maintaining that Kathleen Kenyon’s date of about 1550 B.C.E.a is correct and should be retained.
Before taking up Bienkowski’s remarks, I wish to correct a misstatement at the beginning of his paper. He states that in my article,1 I was attempting to show that the destruction was inflicted by the Israelites as recorded in Joshua 6 and Judges 3. This is an erroneous statement. The events described in Judges 3 did not enter into my discussion at all. I dealt with the correspondence that exists between the archaeological findings at Jericho and the Biblical account in Joshua 3–6. With a correction in the dating of the destruction of the city, it is now feasible to make a connection between the two.
Bienkowski’s attempt to explain away the evidence for lowering the date of the destruction of Jericho is misguided and void of substance. Assertions made without data to back them up are unconvincing. His discussion is superficial, at best, lacking both depth and precision.
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Question: what did wood say counterclaims should be backed by

Answer: fresh evidence

what did wood say counterclaims should be backed by

Question: what did wood say should be backed by fresh evidence

Answer: counter-claims

what did wood say should be backed by fresh evidence

Question: how did wood respond to the rebuttal to his argument

Answer: produced evidence

how did wood respond to the rebuttal to his argument

Question: what did wood say was needed to support his argument

Answer: evidence

what did wood say was needed to support his argument

Question: who said that counterclaims should be backed by fresh evidence

Answer: Wood

who said that counterclaims should be backed by fresh evidence

Question: what did wood say he had produced evidence for

Answer: to back his argument

what did wood say Bryant G. Wood had produced evidence for

In 1995 new evidence became available in the form of charred cereal grains from the City IV destruction layer .

Radiocarbon dating of these grains showed that Jericho City IV was destroyed " during the late 17th or the 16th century BC " , in line with Kenyon 's findings , and that " the fortified Bronze Age city at Tell es - Sultan [ Jericho ] was not destroyed by ca.1400 BC , as Wood suggested " .

Samples from Tell es-Sultan, Jericho, were selected for high-precision 14C dating as a contribution toward the establishment of an independent radiocarbon chronology of Near Eastern archaeology. The material derives from archaeological excavations conducted by K. M. Kenyon in the 1950s. We present here the results of 18 samples, associated stratigraphically with the end of the Middle Bronze Age (MBA) at Tell es-Sultan. Six short-lived samples consist of charred cereal grains and 12 multiyear samples are composed of charcoal. The weighted average 14C date of the short-lived grains is 3306 ± 7 BP. The multiyear charcoal yielded, as expected, a somewhat older average: 3370 ± 6 BP. Both dates are more precise than the standard deviation (sigma) of the calibration curves and the absolute standard of oxalic acid. Calibration of the above Jericho dates is a bit premature, because several groups are currently testing the accuracy of both the 1986 and 1993 calibration curves. Nevertheless, preliminary calibration results are presented for comparison, based on 4 different calibration curves and 3 different computer programs. Wiggles in the calibration curves translate the precise BP dates into rather wide ranges in historical years. The final destruction of MBA Jericho occurred during the late 17th or the 16th century BC. More definite statements about the calibrated ages cannot be made until the accuracy of available calibration curves has been tested. Development of calibration curves for the Eastern Mediterranean region would be important.
[Radiocarbon Volume 37, Number 2, 1995]

Question: when was new evidence discovered about the destruction of city iv

Answer: 1995

when was new evidence discovered about the destruction of city iv

Question: when was tell es sultan jericho destroyed

Answer: 1400 BC

when was tell es sultan jericho destroyed

Question: when was tell es-sultan destroyed

Answer: ca.1400 BC

Question: what city was destroyed in the late 17th or the 16th century bc

Answer: City IV

what city was destroyed in the late 17th or the 16th century bc

Question: where was jericho city iv destroyed

Answer: Tell es-Sultan

Question: what layer of the city did the grains come from

Answer: City IV destruction layer

what layer of the city did the grains come from

Question: who concluded that jericho city iv was destroyed by ca.1400 bc

Answer: Kenyon

who concluded that jericho city iv was destroyed by ca.1400 bc

Question: when was jericho city iv destroyed

Answer: late 17th or the 16th century BC

Wood responded to the newer evidence in an article for the Bible and Spade magazine , concluding that he still held to the date ca .

Piotr Bienkowski has challenged the results of my analysis of the date of the destruction of the fortified Bronze Age city at Jericho, maintaining that Kathleen Kenyon's date of about 1550 B.C.E. is correct and should be retained.
Before taking up Bienkowski's remarks, I wish to correct a misstatement at the beginning of his paper. He states that in my article,1 I was attempting to show that the destruction was inflicted by the Israelites as recorded in Joshua 6 and Judges 3. This is an erroneous statement. The events described in Judges 3 did not enter into my discussion at all. I dealt with the correspondence that exists between the archaeological findings at Jericho and the Biblical account in Joshua 3-6. With a correction in the dating of the destruction of the city, it is now feasible to make a connection between the two.
Bienkowski's attempt to explain away the evidence for lowering the date of the destruction of Jericho is misguided and void of substance. Assertions made without data to back them up are unconvincing. His discussion is superficial, at best, lacking both depth and precision.
Bienkowski begins by making the point that since Cypriote imports from the Late Bronze IIA period (1400-1300 B.C.E.) were found at Jericho, Kenyon was quite correct in utilizing the absence of these wares from the Late Bronze I (1550-1400 B.C.E.) period as a basis for her dating. The occupation in Area H, however, where Kenyon found the ruined Bronze Age city, was much different in the Late Bronze IIA period than in the Middle Bronze-Late Bronze I period. There was a protracted time of abandonment between the two periods, resulting in a cultural discontinuity. In the Middle Bronze-Late Bronze I period a fortified urban center existed at the site, with Area H being a poor domestic quarter. In the Late Bronze IIA period, on the other hand, Area H was occupied by an isolated palace, or residency, with associated outbuildings. Commercial relations, trade patterns and the types of ceramic wares in use would not necessarily be the same in the two periods. Be that as it may, it is simply poor methodology to base dating almost exclusively on the lack of imported pottery. While the "absence of Late Bronze I Cypriote imports may thus be significant" as Bienkowski has stated, the primary method of dating should be a thorough analysis of the local pottery. This has never been done. The presence or absence of imported pottery can be used as a supporting argument, but it should not be the sole basis for determining a date.2
Bienkowski next states that the expulsion of the Hyksos from Egypt in the mid-16th century bears no relevance to the dating of the destruction of Jericho. This was exactly my contention; I am glad that he agrees with me on this point! The two events should not be correlated, as Kenyon had done.3
Bienkowski then suggests that even though the Egyptians or Hyksos were not responsible for the destruction of Jericho, a destruction could have occurred in the mid-16th century as a result of local conflicts between the various Middle Bronze urban centers. Regardless of the merits or shortcomings of Bienkowski's suggestion, it contributes nothing to the determination of the date of the destruction of Jericho, the major issue at stake.
Bienkowski then turns to the four types of data which I put forward as evidence for a date of about 1400 B.C.E. for the destruction of Jericho. He discusses each item in turn, a format which I, too, shall follow. Of these four lines of evidence, the ceramic data are first and foremost. The other three are merely supportive and are not in and of themselves sufficient to compel a revision of Kenyon's date. Taken together, however, they form a strong case for lowering Kenyon's date.
Ceramic Data
A discussion of the ceramic data is somewhat premature, since my detailed study of the pottery of the Middle Bronze-Late Bronze I period at Jericho has not yet been published. Since Bienkowski raised a number of points, however, I shall be happy to discuss the pottery, probably to the chagrin of the majority of BAR readers! Bienkowski refers to the figure of pottery types that appeared on page 52 of my article and comments that they are forms "that have a long life and that are not particularly diagnostic of either the Middle or Late Bronze Age." The particular forms illustrated were chosen by the editors from a larger plate which I submitted with the article. The entire plate is reproduced here. The plate shows a selection of Late Bronze I forms from Kenyon's excavation. John Garstang, having excavated a much larger area, recovered many more diagnostic Late Bronze I types.
To begin with, it is important to recognize that the pottery of the Late Bronze I period is very similar to that of the final phase of the Middle Bronze period. In fact, the material culture of the Late Bronze I period is simply a continuation of that of the Middle Bronze period. As a result, many Middle Bronze forms continue into Late Bronze I. There are subtle differences in a number of types, however, and several new forms are introduced. With careful study of the pottery evidence, therefore, it is possible to distinguish the Late Bronze I period from the terminal phase of the Middle Bronze period. Let us now examine the pottery illustrated in the plate.
Late Bronze Age pottery excavated by Kathleen Kenyon. 1. flaring carinated bowl (Jericho 4, fig. 110:1); 2-4. bowls decorated with internal concentric circles (Jericho 5, fig. 206:2; Jericho 4, fig. 110:8 and Jericho 5, fig. 206:1); 5-7. bowls (Jericho 5, fig. 191:16, Jericho 4, fig. 109:34 and Jericho 5, fig. 189:2); 8. storage jar (Jericho 5, fig. 199:6); 9. lamp (Jericho 5, fig. 197:2.); 10-12. cooking pots (Jericho 5, fig. 198:10; Jericho 4, figs. 150:22 and 121:11); 13. decorated water jar (Jericho 5, fig. 206:11); 14. dipper juglet (Jericho 5, fig. 196:5).
Figure 1 is referred to as a "flaring carinated bowl." This type has a long history, as Bienkowski points out. But during this history, changes were taking place. In the Middle Bronze period, the bowl had a pronounced crimp at the point of carination. In the Late Bronze period, on the other hand, the crimp became less pronounced until it finally disappears altogether at the end of the Late Bronze Age.4 In the Late Bronze I period, then, the crimp is generally less pronounced than in the Middle Bronze period. Bienkowski cites a Middle Bronze II parallel for this form from Gibeon tomb 30.5 Here, Bienkowski is falling into the same trap as Kenyon—he is using unstratified tomb pottery to date a stratified occupational deposit! Bienkowski himself has commented on the impropriety of this procedure.6 Tomb groups are isolated deposits which cannot be placed in a chronological sequence as can stratified tell deposits. Moreover, tombs were often used for long periods of time; the material in them is mixed and represents a wide chronological spectrum. Stratified tell material should be given preference over tomb material, rather than the reverse. Given that the material in Gibeon tomb 30 all dates to the Middle Bronze II period as Bienkowski suggests, the discerning eye will note that the Gibeon example has a more pronounced crimp and therefore should be placed earlier than the Jericho example. One could argue this point, however, since the difference is slight. The important point is that the flaring carinated bowl with slight crimp is perfectly at home in the Late Bronze I period, as seen by the many parallels from well-dated stratified Late Bronze I contexts such as Lachish Fosse Temple I,7 Megiddo IX,8 Hazor 2,9 Hazor cistern 9024, level 310 and Hazor cistern 7021, level C.11
Figures 2, 3 and 4 are conical bowls with concentric circles painted on the inside. I discussed this type at some length in my article since it is a strong diagnostic indicator for the latter half of the Late Bronze I period.12 It is one of "only two forms" for which I cited parallels in the article. The reason for this is obvious. A semipopular journal such as BAR in not the place to enter into a detailed discussion of Late Bronze I pottery. Bienkowski dismisses the cited Late Bronze I parallels from Ashdod and Hazor by stating that an "attempt to achieve a precise dating by parallels from such a distance is unconvincing." This is a desperate attempt to discount this telling evidence. The distances to these sites are well within the orbit of itinerant merchants, the primary agents for the diffusion of ceramic wares in antiquity. Thus, similar types at these sites should be considered to be contemporary.13 Not only is the conical bowl with interior concentric circles a major bowl type in the latter half of Late Bronze I levels of Ashdod and Hazor, but it is also found at virtually every site where there are remains from the latter half of Late Bronze I, such as Lachish Fosse Temple I,14 Shechem XIV,15 Mevorakh XI16 and Megiddo VIII.17
Figures 5, 6 and 7 are bowl types that are more in the Late Bronze tradition than Middle Bronze. Parallels from Late Bronze I strata are, for figure 5, Rabud LB418 and Shechem XIV;19 for figure 6, Lachish Fosse Temple I;20 for figure 7, Lachish Fosse Temple I,21 Mevorakh XI,22 Megiddo VIII23 and Hazor 2.24
Figure 8 is a store jar for which Bienkowski cites a supposed Middle Bronze parallel from one of the Gibeon tombs.25 The parallel in this case is invalid. Bienkowski's "parallel" is not a store jar at all, but rather a smaller jar usually called a water jar. It has a rim diameter of about 5.1 inches compared to 6.1 inches for our figure 8, while its maximum body diameter is 10.6 inches compared to 16.5 inches. These are two completely different types of vessels with differing modes of typological development. In the Middle Bronze period, the store jar comparable to our figure 8 had a short neck and a thick heavy rim, many times profiled, which was only slightly everted. In the Late Bronze Age, on the other hand, the neck was longer, with a simple outward-folded rim that had a more pronounced eversion. The Jericho store jar can be compared with Late Bronze I examples from Lachish Fosse Temple I,26 Rabud LB4,27 Shechem XIV28 and Hazor cistern 7021, level C.29
Figure 9 is a saucer lamp with slight pinching to form a spout. Good parallels are found in Lachish Fosse Temple I.30
Figures 10, 11 and 12 are round-bottomed, everted-rim cooking pots. Figure 10 simply shows the continuation of the simple everted rim which had its beginnings in the Middle Bronze period. Parallels in Late Bronze I are found in Lachish Fosse Temple I,31 Shechem XIV,32 Michal XVI,33 Mevorakh XI34 and Hazor 2.35 Figure 11 is significant because it shows the widened rim flange which developed in the course of the Late Bronze I period. The evolution of the cooking pot during the Middle Bronze-Late Bronze transitional period is well documented at Jericho. The end of this developmental series is firmly tied to similar examples from Lachish Fosse Temple I36 and other Late Bronze I deposits such as Rabud LB4,37 Ashdod XVII,38 Michal XVI39 and Hazor XV/2.40 Figure 12 is the other type for which I cited references in the article because, again, this is a distinctive form unique to the Late Bronze I period.41 It has an unusual feature—an inner lip, or gutter, which may have served to support a cover. Well-stratified parallels have been found in Hazor 2.42
Figure 13 is a water jar decorated with painted stripes. This form also is a Late Bronze form not found in the Middle Bronze period. Similar decorated jars are found in Late Bronze I contexts in Ashdod XVII,43 Hazor 244 and Hazor cistern 7021, level C.45
Last but not least is figure 14, a dipper juglet for which Bienkowski gives us a Middle Bronze parallel in Gibeon tomb ll.46 Although this type had its beginnings at the end of the Middle Bronze period, it is transitional between the long dipper juglet of the Middle Bronze and the Late Bronze II short dipper juglet, and is the common form for Late Bronze I. Good Late Bronze parallels come from Lachish Fosse Temple.47
Bienkowski's second point under Ceramic Data is puzzling. He states that the Middle Bronze period ended at different times at different sites for different reasons. That is all well and good, but what does that have to do with the date of the destruction of Jericho? The implication is that each site must be investigated individually to determine the date and nature of its demise. This is exactly what I am advocating for Jericho! We can no longer say that all of the Middle Bronze centers in Palestine came to an end at the same time by the same agency, as has been argued in the past. He then goes on to say, "Kempinski suggested that Jericho City IV was destroyed well before the end of Middle Bronze II." Checking the reference for this statement,48 we find that Kempinski said nothing of the sort. The reference is to a comparative stratigraphic-chronological table in which Kempinski places Kenyon's tomb group V in the mid-17th century B.C.E. He says nothing about the tell strata. It is extremely difficult to correlate the tomb groups with the tell strata,49 as Bienkowski himself has acknowledged.50
In point 3 under Ceramic Data, Bienkowski suggests that there was a technological change in pottery manufacture in going from the Middle Bronze to Late Bronze I ("fast" wheel versus "slow" wheel), and that since all of the pottery I illustrated was made on a fast wheel it must date to the Middle Bronze. Again, Bienkowski has his facts mixed up. Patrick E. McGovern has conclusively shown that the switch from fast wheel to slow wheel took place between Late Bronze I and Late Bronze II, not between the end of the Middle Bronze and Late Bronze I.51 Pottery in Late Bronze I was made on a fast wheel, as it was in the Middle Bronze period. I would question how Bienkowski reached the conclusion that "the pottery Wood cites from Jericho is entirely fast-wheel-made." It is not always possible to make a conclusive determination of the method of manufacture from an examination of the vessel itself, let alone from a drawing. Based on considerable xeroradiographic testing of ceramics from the Baq'ah Valley in Jordan, McGovern concluded that "macroscopically visible features of ceramics are not adequate in defining specific technologies and their development."52
Bienkowski next takes up the matter of the pottery decorated with black and red paint which I said "appears to be imported Cypriote bichrome ware."53 Bienkowski says this is "standard Late Bronze II painted ware." Not so! The fabric of the Jericho bichrome pottery is much different than the local Late Bronze II wares. The fabric of Late Bronze II pottery generally is of a poor quality. It has large grits and is not fired all the way through. The Jericho bichrome pottery, on the other hand, is of a high quality. It is the pinkish-buff, well-levigated fabric common to Cypriote bichrome ware. It has a finely ground temper all but invisible to the naked eye and is well fired with no core. Garstang published a considerable amount of this pottery, which he referred to as "red ware." Among the sherds he published are several with classic Cypriote bichrome ware motifs.54
Bienkowski clinches his argument by stating that this pottery did not come from the erosional layers on the east side of the tell as I stated, but rather from the rooms of the Late Bronze II "Middle Building," as the markings on the sherds indicate. Again, Bienkowski has not done his homework. Following the destruction of the Bronze Age city at Jericho, the site lay abandoned for a considerable period of time. During this period, material from the top of the tell washed down the slopes, forming a thick layer of erosional debris (Garstang's "streak," Kenyon's "wash"). Toward the end of the Late Bronze IIA period (second half of the 14th century B.C.E.), a large palace or residency (Garstang's Middle Building), with its associated outbuildings, was built into the erosional layer on the east side of the tell. The Middle Building was occupied only for a generation or so and then abandoned. After this abandonment, material again washed down from the higher elevations, covering the ruined building.55 When Garstang excavated the Middle Building, he found almost no pottery on the floors of the building itself,56 a fact duly noted by Bienkowski.57 For record-keeping purposes, however, Garstang labeled his finds according to the areas defined by the rooms of the Middle Building, with notations concerning the level, that is, whether from high in the debris (the upper erosional layer), on the floor of the building, beneath the foundations of the structure (the erosional layer below) or, in some cases, in the ruins of the Bronze Age city below. Thus, as Kenyon observed some time ago,58 most of the pottery excavated by Garstang in this area came from the erosional layers above or beneath the Middle Building, even though it was labeled with the room numbers of the Middle Building. Since there were no other Late Bronze II structures up slope of the Middle Building, even the material that covered the ruined building after its abandonment was from the earlier Bronze Age city. Since there was little in situ material in the structure, and since it was occupied only for a relatively short period of time, almost all of the pottery recovered from this area derives from the earlier Bronze Age city.
Let us now examine the exact find spots for each of the bichrome sherds illustrated in my original article (click on picture to enlarge).
Upper left—jar (?) fragment, with the notation "J33 MIII (H.7)" written on it. J33 stands for "Jericho 1933," MIII stands for room III of the Middle Building and (H.7) stands for room 7 of the so-called Hilani, an Iron Age structure above the Middle Building. In his excavation report, Garstang identified this sherd as "from the upper levels in Area M III."59
Upper right—biconical jug fragment, with the notation "J.33 MI." This came from "below the floor of the building, therefore from lower area 57."60 The "lower area 57" Garstang speaks of here is room 57 of the destroyed Late Bronze I structure below.
Lower left—bowl fragment, with the notation "M.III. black burnt." This sherd was found in a burnt layer in Hilani room 7.61
Lower right—biconical jug fragment, with the notation "MI/4," which came from the upper level of room M.I-4.62
It is clear that these sherds came from the erosional layers above and below the Middle Building and not from in situ deposits within the building.
Stratigraphy
Bienkowski says that I am off base in claiming that the Middle Bronze III period begins at Phase 32 at Jericho, because it is not possible to identify pottery from the final phase of the Middle Bronze period. In fact, he goes so far as to say "there are no forms accepted as diagnostic of Middle Bronze III." With this statement, Bienkowski brushes aside 30 years of research by some of the finest scholars in the field of Palestinian archaeology! Men such as Joe Seger,63 Dan Cole,64 Bill Dever65 and others have spent many years studying Middle Bronze pottery in order to isolate the features that differentiate the final phase from the middle phase.66 I will not enter into the results of their research. Suffice it to say, it is possible to recognize the pottery of the final phase of the Middle Bronze period. One can argue whether this should be labeled as a separate period or simply a later phase of the earlier period.67 This is a matter of semantics. The important point is that, from a chronological perspective, the stratigraphic levels belonging to the final phase of the Middle Bronze period can be identified. In addition to the inverted-rim bowls with beveled outer edge cited in my article,68 another important ceramic type characteristic of the Middle Bronze III period is white-slipped and burnished fine ware.69 Both the unpainted70 and painted (usually referred to as "Chocolate-on-White" ware)71 varieties already appear in Phase 32. The appearance of the flat-bottomed cooking pot with molding at the rim72 and the everted-rim cooking pot73 attest to the Middle Bronze III nature of Phases 32-36 at Jericho. Similar pottery in Shechem XVIB (temenos 6),74 the first Middle Bronze III stratum at that site, securely places Jericho Phase 32 at the beginning of the Middle Bronze III period.
Scarab Evidence
Bienkowski cautions against using royal-name scarabs for dating purposes since "scarabs of well-known XVIIIth-Dynasty kings were very common, and could remain in circulation (or even be made) long after the kings themselves had died." The scarabs in question are those of Hatshepsut, Tuthmosis III and Amenhotep III.75 I would heartily agree with Bienkowski with regard to scarabs of Tuthmosis III and Amenhotep III, but the scarab of Hatshepsut is of a different nature. Both Tuthmosis III and Amenhotep III were revered after their deaths and their scarabs served amuletic purposes. The situation with Hatshepsut, however, was not the same. After her death she was maligned, her name systematically obliterated from monuments and inscriptions.76 As a result, her scarabs were not kept or copied as good luck charms. Because of this, scarabs of Hatshepsut are extremely rare and are excellent chronological indicators. In addition, Garstang found a seal of Tuthmosis III. It is flat and inscribed on both sides with the cartouches of this pharaoh. Again, this is a rare find and can be considered a contemporary artifact. With these two being contemporary, it lends credence to the contemporaneity of the other scarabs. The scarab of Hatshepsut and the seal of Tuthmosis III, then, along with the associated scarabs of Tuthmosis III and Amenhotep III, suggest that the cemetery at Jericho was in active use throughout the 15th century B.C.E.
Three scarabs and a seal recovered from a cemetery northwest of Jericho. A scarab is a small, beetle-shaped Egyptian amulet, inscribed on its underside, often with the name of a pharaoh. Shown clockwise from upper left are scarabs bearing the names of Tuthmosis III (c. 1504-1450 B.C.E.), Amenhotep III (c. 1386-1349 B.C.E.) and Hatshepsut (c. 1503-1483 B.C.E.) and the reverse side of a seal, lower left, of Tuthmosis III. The cemetery outside Jericho has yielded a continuous series of Egyptian scarabs from the 18th through the early-14th centuries B.C.E., contradicting Kenyon’s claim that the city was abandoned after 1550 B.C.E.
Radiocarbon Date
Bienkowski rightly points out that Garstang had previously made a sounding in Kenyon's Area H. He then suggests that the radiocarbon sample Kenyon took from this area was from Garstang's pit, which was contaminated with material from the Late Bronze Middle Building above. Thus the sample yielded a date in the Late Bronze rather than the Middle Bronze. This is highly unlikely. Kenyon was digging a layer of severely burned debris from the destruction of the Bronze Age city as much as 3 feet thick. Included in this debris were collapsed roof beams, a hearth surrounded by a "thick spread of charcoal" and a quantity of charred sticks.77 Bienkowski wishes us to believe that Kenyon, the epitome of the careful, accurate, scientific excavator, turned her back on this material and instead took her sample from an intrusive pit that she herself acknowledged was there!78 Personally, I would give her more credit than that. This issue could be resolved quite simply by checking Kenyon's field records, something Bienkowski could easily do.
A review of the evidence relevant to the date of the destruction of Jericho reveals that Bienkowski's objections do not stand up to critical assessment. Kenyon's Phase 32 is strongly linked to Shechem XVIB, which dates to the beginning of the Middle Bronze III period. Phase 52, the destroyed Bronze Age city, on the other hand, is solidly correlated with the Late Bronze IB strata of Shechem XIV, Lachish Fosse Temple I, Ashdod XVII, Hazor 2, Megiddo VIII, Mevorakh XI, Michal XVI and Rabud LB4.
Unless Bienkowski is prepared to rewrite the archaeological history of Palestine, he is going to have to accept the fact that Jericho was destroyed early in the Late Bronze Age, in about 1400 B.C.E.
See Dr. Wood discuss the evidence in this cutting edge video, Jericho Unearthed. Find out how to get A FREE COPY of Jericho Unearthed, TODAY!
See Dr. Wood present his research on Jericho in this video from 2009.
This article was published in BAR, Sept.-Oct. 1990. Posted with permission.
Footnotes:
1. Bryant. G. Wood, "Did the Israelites Conquer Jericho.'" Biblical Archaeology Review, March/April 1990, pp. 44-58.
2. Kay Prag, "The Imitation of Cypriote Wares in Late Bronze Age Palestine," in Palestine in the Bronze and Iron Ages: Papers in Honour of Olga Tufnell, ed. Jonathan N. Tubb (London: Institute of Archaeology, 1985), pp. 155-156; Barry M. Gittlen, Studies in the Late Cypriote Pottery Found in Palestine, Ph.D. dissertation, University of Pennsylvania (Ann Arbor, MI: University Microfilms, 1977), p. 523.
3. Wood, "Did the Israelites Conquer Jericho?," p. 58, notes 24-26.
4. Wood, Palestinian Pottery of the Late Bronze Age: An Investigation of the Terminal LB IIB Phase, Ph.D. dissertation, University of Toronto (Ann Arbor MI: University Microfilms, 1985), pp. 374-376; Larry G. Herr, "Pottery: A Boon to Archaeologists," Ministry (July 1984), pp. 28-29.
5. James B. Pritchard, The Bronze Age Cemetery at Gibeon, Museum Monograph (Philadelphia: The University Museum, 1963), fig. 32: 11.
6. Piotr Bienkowski, "The Division of Middle Bronze IIB-C in Palestine," Levant 21 (1989), p. 172.
7. Olga Tufnell, Charles H. Inge and Lankester Harding, Lachish 2: The Fosse Temple (London: Oxford Univ. Press, 1940), pl. 42: 129.
8. Gordon Loud, Megiddo 2: Seasons of 1935-39, Oriental Institute Publications, Vol. 42 (Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 1948), pl. 53: 19.
9. Yigael Yadin et al., Hazor 3-4: An Account of the Third and Fourth Seasons of Excavations, 1957-1958 (Jerusalem: Magnes, 1961), pl. 263: 3-16.
10. Yadin et al., Hazor 1: An Account of the First Season of Excavations, 1955 (Jerusalem: Magnes, 1958), pl. 123: 1-9.
11. Yadin et al., Hazor 1, pl. 136: 1-7.
12. Wood, "Did the Israelites Conquer Jericho?," p. 52 and n. 33.
13. Wood, The Sociology of Pottery in Ancient Palestine: The Ceramic Industry and the Diffusion of Ceramic Style in the Bronze and Iron Ages, JSOT/ASOR Monograph Series 4, Journal for the Study of the Old Testament Supplement Series 103. Sheffield, England: JSOT, 1990.
14. Tufnell et al., Lachish 2, pl. 37: 1.
15. Lawrence E. Toombs and G. Ernest Wright, "The Fourth Campaign at Balâtah (Shechem)," Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research (BASOR) 169 (1963), fig. 23: 2.
16. Ephraim Stern, Excavations at Tel Mevorakh (1973-1976), Part Two: The Bronze Age, Qedem 18 (Jerusalem: Hebrew Univ., 1984), fig. 5: 7.
17. Loud, Megiddo 2, pl. 61: 18.
18. Moshe Kochavi, "Khirbet Rabud Debir," Tel Aviv 1 (1974), fig. 4: 3.
19. Toombs and Wright, "The Fourth Campaign," fig. 23: 1.
20. Tufnell et al., Lachish 2, pls. 41: 98, 104, 105; pls. 42: 127.
21. Tufnell et al., Lachish 2, pls. 37: 3, 4, 7 and 38: 32, 33.
22. Stern, Mevorakh 2, fig. 5: 11-14.
23. Loud, Megiddo 2, pl. 61: 13, 14.
24. Yadin et al, Hazor 3-4, pl. 288: 3.
25. Pritchard, The Bronze Age Cemetery, fig. 69: 8.
26. Tufnell et al, Lachish 2, pg. 57: 389.
27. Kochavi, "Khitbet Rabûd," fig. 4: 10.
28. Toombs and Wright, "The Fourth Campaign," fig. 23:14.
29. Yadin et al., Hazor 1, pl. 141:2.
30. Tufnell et al., Lachish 2, pl. 45: 186, 187.
31. Tufnell et al., Lachish 2, pl. 355: 361.
32. Toombs and Wright, "The Fourth Campaign," fig. 23: 19, 20.
33. Ze'ev Herzog, George Rapp, Jr., and Ora Negbi, ed., Excavations at Tel Michal, Israel (Michal), Publ. of Tel Aviv University Sonia and Marco Nadler Institute of Archaeology No. 8 (Minneapolis: Univ. of Minnesota Press, 1989), fig. 5.6: 3.
34. Stern, Mevorakh 2, fig. 7: 9.
35. Yadin et al., Hazor 1, pl. 138: 4.
36. Tufnell et al., Lachish 2, pl. 55: 354.
37. Kochavi, "Khirbet Rabûd," fig. 4:6.
38. Moshe Dothan, Ashdod 2-3: The Second and Third Seasons of Excavations, 1963, 1965, Soundings in 1967, 'Atiqot English series, vols. 9-10 (Jerusalem: Dept. of Antiquities and Museums, 1971), fig. 33:7.
39. Herzog et al., Michal, fig. 5.6: 8.
40. Yadin et al., Hazor 3-4, pls. 199: 19 and 289:7.
41. Wood, "Did the Israelites Conquer Jericho?," pp. 51-52. Also, see Herzog et al., Michal, p. 53.
42. Yadin et al., Hazor 1, pl. 139: 1-4.
43. Dothan, Ashdod 2-3, fig. 33: 13.
44. Yadin et al., Hazor 3-4, pl. 266:15.
45. Yadin et al., Hazor 1, pl. 141: 12.
46. Pritchard, The Bronze Age Cemetery, fig. 16:2.
47. Tufnell et al., Lachish 2, pg. 52: 297, 303.
48. Aharon Kempinski, Syrien und Palastina (Kanaan) in der Letzten Phase der Mittelbronze IIB-Zeit (1650-1570 v. Chr.) (Weisbaden, Ger.: Otto Harrassowitz, 1983), p. 225.
49. William A. Ward, "Scarab Typology and Archaeological Context," American Joumal of Archaeology 91 (1987), pp. 518-521; Kathleen M. Kenyon and Thomas A. Holland, Excavations at Jericho, Vol. 4: The Pottery Type Series and Other Finds (Jericho 4) (London: British School of Archaeology in Jerusalem [BSAJ], 1982), pp. 270-274.
50. Bienkowski, "The Division of Middle Bronze IIB-C," pp. 172-173.
51. Patrick E. McGovern, The Late Bronze and Early Iron Ages of Central Transjordan (Philadelphia: The University Museum, 1986), pp. 172-177.
52. McGovern, The Late Bronze and Early Iron Ages, p. 177; see also pp. 167 and 176.
53. Wood, "Did the Israelites Conquer Jericho?," p. 52. It is also possible that it was a locally made imitation (see Wood, "The Stratigraphic Relationship of Local and Imported Bichrome Ware at Megiddo," Levant 14 (1982], pp. 73-79). The two types are impossible to distinguish, except by neutron activation testing (see Michal Artzy, F. Asaro and I. Perlman, "Imported and Local Bichrome Ware in Megiddo," Levant 10 [1978], pp. 99-111).
54. John Garstang, "Jericho: City and Necropolis, Fourth Report," University of Liverpool Annals of Archaeology and Anthropology 21 (1934), pls. 29:4, 7, 12; 34: 3; 36: 12; 39: 5.
55. Garstang, "Jericho: City and Necropolis," p. 106.
56. Garstang "Jericho: City and Necropolis," p. 111.
57. Bienkowski, Jericho in the Late Bronze Age (Warminster, UK: Aris and Phillips, 1986), p. 112.
58. Kenyon, "Some Notes on the History of Jericho in the Second Millennium. B.C.," Palestine Exploration Quarterly 83 (1951), pp. 120- 121.
59. Garstang, "Jericho: City and Necropolis," caption of the plate in which the sherd was published, pl. 33: 18.
60. Garstang, "Jericho: City and Necropolis," p. 111; published in p. 31:8.
61. Garstang, "Jericho: City and Necropolis," p. 111; published in p. 34: 10.
62. Garstang, "Jericho: City and Necropolis," caption of the plate in which the sherd was published, pl. 32: 16.
63. Joe Seger, "The Pottery of Palestine at the Close of the Middle Bronze Age," unpublished Ph.D. thesis, Harvard University, 1965.
64. Dan P. Cole, Shechem I: The Middle Bronze IIB Pottery, American Schools of Oriental Research Excavation Reports (Winona Lake IN: Eisenbrauns, 1984).
65. William G. Dever, Gezer IV: The 1969-71 Seasons in Field VI, the "Acropolis" (Jerusalem: Keter Press, 1986), pp. 33-35; Dever, "The MB IIC Stratification in the Northwest Gate Area at Shechem," BASOR 216 (1974), pp. 31-52.
66. See also Wood, "Did the Israelites Conquer Jericho?" p. 58 n. 35.
67. Bienkowski, "The Division of Middle Bronze IIB-C."
68. Wood, "Did the Israelites Conquer Jericho?," p. 58, n. 35.
69. J.B. Hennessy, "Chocolate-on-White Ware at Pella," pp. 100-13 in Palestine in the Bronze and Iron Ages, pp. 110-113; A. Bernard Knapp, "Pots, PIXE, and Data Processing at Pella in Jordan," BASOR 266 (1987), pp. 1-30.
70. Kenyon and Holland, Jericho 4, figs. 103: 6 and 118: 2.
71. Kenyon and Holland, Excavations at Jericho, Vol. 5: The Pottery Phases of the Tell and Other Finds (Jericho 5) (London: BSAJ, 1983), figs. 168: 15; 169: 6; 170: 1; 210: 9
72. Kenyon and Holland, Jericho 5, fig. 170: 11.
73. Kenyon and Holland, Jericho 4, fig. 151: 2.
74. Toombs and Wright, "The Fourth Campaign," fig. 25: 45, 46; Dever, "The MB IIC Stratification," fig. 14: 25; Seger, "The Middle
Bronze IIC Date of the East Gate at Shechem," Levant 6 (1974), fig. 3: 12, 17, 25, 26, 31.
75. Wood, "Did the Israelites Conquer Jericho?," p. 53.
76. Alan Gardiner, Egypt of the Pharaohs: An Introduction (London: Oxford University Press, 1961), p. 182.
77. Kenyon, ed. Holland, Excavations at Jericho, Vol. 3: The Architecture and Stratigraphy of the Tell (Jericho 3) (London: BSAJ, 1981) pp. 368-370; the publication of the sample merely states that it was "charcoal," without giving further details as to the nature of the sample or where it was taken from (Jericho 5, pp. 762-763).
78. Kenyon, Jericho 3, p. 368.

Question: where did wood respond to the newer evidence

Answer: the Bible and Spade magazine

where did wood respond to the newer evidence

Question: what city was destroyed in the late 17th or 16th century bc

Answer: Jericho City IV

what city was destroyed in the late 17th or 16th century bc

Question: where was the bronze age city of jericho located

Answer: Tell es-Sultan

where was the bronze age city of jericho located

Question: what type of dating showed that jericho city iv was destroyed in the late 17th

Answer: Radiocarbon dating

Question: when was tell es-sultan jericho destroyed

Answer: ca.1400 BC

when was tell es-sultan jericho destroyed

1400 B.C. based on pottery finds.

Initially, a C14 date of 1410 +/- 40 B.C. (done by the British Museum) was published for charcoal from the destruction level of Jericho (Jericho V [1983], p. 763). This was later found to be in error and corrected from 3080 +/- 40 BP to 3300 +/- 110 BP (Radiocarbon 32 [1990]: 74; BP = before present), which calibrates to 1590 or 1527 +/- 110 B.C., depending on how one reads the calibration curve (Radiocarbon 35 [1993]: 30). Additional tests were done on six grain samples from the destruction level resulting in dates between 1640 and 1520 B.C. and 12 charcoal samples from the destruction level resulting in dates between 1690 and 1610 B.C. (Radiocarbon 37 [1995]: 217). More recently, the Italians obtained two samples from a structure at the base of the tell that yielded dates of 1347 +/-85 and 1597 +/-91 B.C. (Quaderni di Gerico 2 [2000]: 206–207, 330, 332). The locus the samples were taken from appears to contain debris from the final Bronze Age destruction of the city.
My dating of the destruction of Jericho to ca. 1400 B.C. is based on pottery, which, in turn, is based on Egyptian chronology. Jericho is just one example of the discrepancy between historical and C14 dates for the second millennium B.C. C14 dates are consistently 100–150 years earlier than historical dates. There is a heated debate going on among scholars concerning this, especially with regard to the date of the eruption of Thera (Santorini). The literature on the subject is enormous, so I will not attempt to give you references. A recent overview can be found in Manfred Bietak and Felix Höflmayer, Introduction: High and Low Chronology, pp. 13–23 in The Synchronisation of Civilisations in the Eastern Mediterranean in the Second Millennium B.C. III, eds. Manfred Bietak and Ernst Czerny, Vienna: Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 2007. Because of the inconsistencies and uncertainties of C14 dating, most archaeologists prefer historical dates over C14 dates.
Editorial note: The evidence for the destruction of Jericho at the time the Bible describes it and the way the Bible describes it is overwhelming. Dr. Wood has done extensive work on this subject. Articles pertaining to this all important Biblical subject can be found here on the ABR website:
The Walls of Jericho
Did the Israelites Conquer Jericho? A New Look at the Archaeological Evidence
Extra-Biblical Evidence for the Conquest
See Dr. Wood discuss the evidence in this cutting edge video, Jericho Unearthed. Jericho Unearthed can be purchased in the ABR bookstore.
See Dr. Wood present his research on Jericho in this video from 2009.

Question: when did wood believe pottery finds were important

Answer: ca. 1400 B.C.

when did wood believe pottery finds were important

Question: when did wood believe pottery was discovered

Answer: 1400 B.C.

when did wood believe pottery was discovered

Question: what evidence led wood to believe the date was 1400 bc

Answer: pottery finds

what evidence led wood to believe the date was 1400 bc

Question: what type of finds led wood to believe the date was 1400 bc

Answer: pottery

what type of finds led wood to believe the date was 1400 bc

Biblical Peoples and Ethnicity: An Archaeological Study of Egyptians, Canaanite
Ancient Israel did not emerge within a vacuum but rather came to exist alongside various peoples, including Canaanites, Egyptians, and Philistines. Indeed, Israel’s very proximity to these groups has made it difficult—until now—to distinguish the archaeological traces of early Israel and other contemporary groups. Through an analysis of the results from recent excavations in light of relevant historical and later biblical texts, this book proposes that it is possible to identify these peoples and trace culturally or ethnically defined boundaries in the archaeological record. Features of late second-millennium B.C.E. culture are critically examined in their historical and biblical contexts in order to define the complex social boundaries of the early Iron Age and reconstruct the diverse material world of these four peoples. Of particular value to scholars, archaeologists, and historians, this volume will also be a standard reference and resource for students and other readers interested in the emergence of early Israel.
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Contents
LVIII
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LIX
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LX
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LXI
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LXII
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LXIII
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LXVI
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LXVIII
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LXIX
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LXXI
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LXXII
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LXXIII
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LXXIV
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LXXVII
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LXXX
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LXXXI
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LXXXII
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LXXXIII
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LXXXV
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LXXXVI
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LXXXVII
|219|
LXXXIX
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XCI
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XCII
|233|
XCIII
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C
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Aegean Aegean-style Anatolia ancient appearance archaeological evidence Ashdod assemblages Beth-shean Beth-shean Levels biblical bowl Bunimovitz burials Canaan Canaanite Canaanite Pottery Form centers central hill country ceramic cultic Cyprus Deir el-Balah Dever Dothan Dothan and Zukerman early Iron early Israel eastern Mediterranean economic Egypt Egyptian Egyptian-Style Pottery ethnicity ethnogenesis excavated Finkelstein 1988 groups Hazor highland historical Hittite Holthoer IIIC Iron Age Iron I period Israelite James and McGovern Karageorghis Killebrew 1999a kraters Lachish Late Bronze Age Late Cypriot Late Helladic IIIC Levant locally produced material culture Mazar Medinet Habu Megiddo Miqne-Ekron Mycenaean Mycenaean IIIC:1b pottery Na)aman Oren palace Philistine pithoi political pottery Ramesses Ramesses III recent regarding region settlement patterns Sherratt social boundaries storage jars Strata Stratum Stratum VII structures studies suggests Tell el-Far(ah temple texts textual theory thirteenth century B.C.E. Tomb twelfth centuries B.C.E. Type Ugarit vessels wares Yadin Zertal

Question: when did the cereal grains from city iv become available

Answer: 1995

when did the cereal grains from city iv become available

Question: what did the city iv destruction layer produce in 1995

Answer: charred cereal grains

what did the city iv destruction layer produce in 1995

Question: what kind of evidence was found in 1995

Answer: cereal grains

Question: where did the grains come from

Answer: City IV destruction layer

Question: what layer of the destruction layer did the cereal grains come from

Answer: City IV

Question: what kind of cereal grains were used in 1995

Answer: charred

what kind of cereal grains were used in 1995