The Brooks Aqueduct is a defunct aqueduct, historic site and museum originally built by the irrigation division of the Canadian Pacific Railway Company during the early 1910s located in Southern Alberta, Canada. The aqueduct was intended to irrigate a section of southeastern Alberta by diverting water east from Lake Newell from 1914 to 1979, and is located approximately 8 kilometres south of the City of Brooks. The main section of the aqueduct spans a 3.2 km valley at an average elevation of 20 metres. The structure has been designated a National Historic Site with an interpretive centre constructed nearby for tourists.

 History
The Brooks Aqueduct was conceived by the Canadian Pacific Railway as a mechanism to irrigate a portion of the Palliser's Triangle in southern Alberta. Canadian Pacific would receive a 3-million acre block of land between Calgary and Medicine Hat as a payment for the completion of the cross-Continental railway, which was divided into the Western, Central and Eastern sections. The Eastern section of the land grant provided access to the Bow River and the reservoir at the Bassano Dam, which was fed to agricultural operations through a series of canals and irrigation projects built by Canadian Pacific. Hugh B. Muckleston, the Assistant Chief Engineer for the Department of Natural Resources for Canadian Pacific was the first to envision to Brooks Aqueduct, noting an earthen filled canal would be inconceivable given the terrain conditions. The decision was made to use reinforced Portland Cement with an open flume designed as a hydrostatic catenary curve. The design also incorporated expansion joints to allow for movement along the long aqueduct due to expansion and contraction with varying temperatures, the joints were made primarily of copper. The expansion joints were placed every 24-metres (80 feet) or fourth bent. In order to cross the Canadian Pacific Railway Main Line, a siphon was built which operated based on the Venturi principle approximately 40 feet under the railway tracks.

The firm of Grant, Smith & Co. & McDonnell of Vancouver was contracted to construct the Brooks Aqueduct between 1912-1914. At its completion in 1914, and beginning of operations in 1915 the CA$700,000, Brooks Aqueduct claimed to be the largest concrete structure in existence. The copper expansion joints had significant leaks following construction which caused damage to the concrete supports, this was mitigated by drainage ditches and efforts to reduce the leakage, furthermore the alkalinity of the water conveyed, combined with frost accumulation caused unavoidable deterioration to the concrete structure. Canadian Pacific would continue to refurbish the aqueduct through the 1920s and early 1930s, spraying gunnite over the rotting pedestals and flaking concrete shells. Following the completion of these upgrades in 1934 the Brooks Aqueduct was transferred to the Eastern Irrigation District, a farmer-owned entity formed under the Irrigation Districts Act in 1935, this was part of a larger divestment in the region by Canadian Pacific. The aqueduct was used for irrigation for about 30 years. Its original capacity was . and the 113,000 hectares of land which were provided with water led to a new wave of settlement.

In 1969, the Alberta and Canadian governments assumed the responsibility of maintaining the structure under the Prairie Farm Rehabilitation Administration. The Brooks Aqueduct and Bassano Dam were evaluated, and it was found that the Dam would require minor rehabilitation, while the Aqueduct was no longer suitable for operations. A series of earthen canals were constructed as a replacement for the aqueduct, and after evaluating the cost of demolishing the structure, the governments decided it would be more financially prudent to fenced the aqueduct off from the public.

 Legacy
The Brooks Aqueduct continues to stand to this day, although the structure itself is no longer structurally sound and has been fenced off since the 1970s. The Brooks Aqueduct and the immediate surrounding area was designated a National Historic Site of Canada on 18 November 1983 by the Government of Canada. The Brooks Aqueduct would later be designated a Provincial Historical Resource by the Government of Alberta on 20 July 2000.

thumb|Brooks Aqueduct Historic Site Plaque

References

 External links

Brooks Aqueduct Official Website
 (Provincial Historical Designation)
 (Federal Historical Designation)
Brooks Aqueduct Alberta Community Development Historic Sites and Archive Service
Brooks Aqueduct National Historic Site of Canada at Parks Canada
"Brooks Aqueduct". The Canadian Encyclopedia

Category:Aqueducts in Canada
Category:Brooks, Alberta
Category:Transport buildings and structures in Alberta
Category:National Historic Sites in Alberta
Category:Provincial historic sites of Alberta
Category:Buildings and structures on the National Historic Sites of Canada register
Category:Provincial Historic Resources of Alberta

History The Brooks Aqueduct was conceived by the Canadian Pacific Railway as a mechanism to irrigate a portion of the Palliser 's Triangle in southern Alberta .

Canadian Pacific would receive a 3 - million acre block of land between Calgary and Medicine Hat as a payment for the completion of the cross - Continental railway , which was divided into the Western , Central and Eastern sections .

In 1881, the Canadian Pacific Railway finally began building the transcontinental railway. The CPR received $25 million and 25 million acres of land in exchange for building the railway through various geographical areas such as muskeg, the Rocky Canadian Shield, the long prairie stretch and a treacherous mountain pass.
The CPR received their land by choosing sections of land on either side of the main railway. The result was a checker-board pattern of CPR owned land. It then sold the undeveloped land to settlers. This system worked well until the CPR encountered the bone-dry lands of Southern Sasketchewan and Alberta. They did not want to saddle themselves with land that would not be profitable. However, William Pearce of the Department of the Interior, and J.S. Dennis of the Government of the Northwest Territories convinced the railway that the land would be fruitful. The CPR wanted to make a profit for itself and its investors, so they decided to develop the area. That way, they could not only sell the land, but increase the traffic along its line. As a local saying went, there was "not enough revenue to pay for the axle grease from Medicine Hat to Calgary".
As final payment for building the railroad, the CPR received a 3 million acre block of land between the west of Calgary and west of Medicine Hat. They divided the 3 million acre block into 3 sections, the Western, Central, and Eastern in 1910.

Question: where was the brooks aqueduct intended to be located

Answer: southern Alberta

where was the brooks aqueduct intended to be located

Question: how much acreage did canadian pacific receive for the brooks aqueduct

Answer: 3-million

Question: who built the brooks aqueduct

Answer: Canadian Pacific Railway

Question: what was intended to irrigate a portion of the palliser's triangle in southern al

Answer: Brooks Aqueduct

Question: what was the name of the railway between calgary and medicine hat

Answer: cross-Continental railway

Question: where was the brooks aqueduct intended to be built

Answer: Calgary and Medicine Hat

where was the brooks aqueduct intended to be built

Question: which sections of the cross-continental railway were divided into

Answer: Western, Central and Eastern

The Eastern section of the land grant provided access to the Bow River and the reservoir at the Bassano Dam , which was fed to agricultural operations through a series of canals and irrigation projects built by Canadian Pacific .

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Question: what was the name of the dam built by canadian pacific

Answer: Bassano Dam

what was the name of the dam built by canadian pacific

Question: what did canadian pacific receive a 3 million acre block of land for

Answer: cross-Continental railway

Question: how much acreage was awarded to canadian pacific as a payment for completion of

Answer: 3-million

Question: between what two cities did canadian pacific receive a 3 million acre block of land

Answer: Calgary and Medicine Hat

Question: which section of the land grant provided access to the bow river

Answer: Eastern

Question: which river did the eastern section of the land grant provide access to

Answer: Bow River

Question: which company would receive a 3 million acre block of land between calgary and medicine hat

Answer: Canadian Pacific

The decision was made to use reinforced Portland Cement with an open flume designed as a hydrostatic catenary curve .

The design also incorporated expansion joints to allow for movement along the long aqueduct due to expansion and contraction with varying temperatures , the joints were made primarily of copper .

After the disastrous collapse of the Winona flume, which was built out of steel and contained no expansion joints, did the need for joints become obvious. These joints are necessary to allow it to move. Movement in the 2 mile long aqueduct was not great, but expansion and contractions occur through the seasons.
The CPR decided to use a variety of expansion joints, but mainly copper ones, a decision that it never explained in any of its construction summaries. Muckleston stated, "Provision is made for variation in length of shell due to change of temperature by expansion joints at every fourth bent (or every 80 feet or 24 metres as bents were 20 feet or 6 metres apart) and at each portal and at each end of the siphon."
H.M.Gibb, Engineer of Structures for the Canadian Pacific Irrigation Department at Brooks, explained the process as "....Double expansion joints were made every 80 feet (24 metres) by putting a sheet of tar-paper on the top of the cap, and in girders and shell, making a clean cut clear across the structure with a tongue of sheet-copper 5 inches (13 centimetres) wide across the 1/8 inch (3 millimetre) gap..."

Question: what were the expansion joints primarily made of

Answer: copper

what were the expansion joints primarily made of

Question: what was the open flume designed as

Answer: hydrostatic catenary curve

Question: what did the design incorporate to allow for movement along the long aqueduct

Answer: expansion joints

Question: what type of cement was used in the aqueduct design

Answer: reinforced Portland Cement

what type of cement was used in the aqueduct design

Question: what material was used in the design of the aqueduct

Answer: Portland Cement

what material was used in the design of the aqueduct

Question: what type of joints did the design incorporate

Answer: expansion

what type of joints did the design incorporate

Question: why were expansion joints necessary

Answer: expansion and contraction with varying temperatures

The aqueduct was used for irrigation for about 30 years.

Following the completion of these upgrades in 1934 the Brooks Aqueduct was transferred to the Eastern Irrigation District , a farmer - owned entity formed under the Irrigation Districts Act in 1935 , this was part of a larger divestment in the region by Canadian Pacific .

The aqueduct was used for irrigation for about 30 years .

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Key Number:
||HS 44572
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Site Name:
||Brooks Aqueduct
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Other Names:
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Site Type:
||1396 - Irrigation Facility: Canal, Headgates, Flume, Siphon, Dam or Reservoir
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Location
ATS Legal Description:
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Address:
||Near Brooks
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Street:
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Avenue:
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Other:
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Town:
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Near Town:
||Brooks
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Media
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Type
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Date
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View
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Architectural
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Style:
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Plan Shape:
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Storeys:
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Foundation:
|| Basement/Foundation Wall Material: Concrete
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Superstructure:
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Superstructure Cover:
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Roof Structure:
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Roof Cover:
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Exterior:
||Currently there is some deterioration on small sections of the trough where water has percolated through, however these do not appear to be major structural problems. Draining and some minor patchings, as well as properly fencing in the site is required in flat short grass prairie which is being heavily cultivated.
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Interior:
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N/A
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Environment:
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N/A
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Condition:
||Structure: Good. Repair: Fair. 28 AUG 1979.
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Alterations:
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Some patching and reinforcing.
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Historical
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Construction:
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Construction Date:
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|Constructed
||1912/01/01
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Usage:
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Usage Date:
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|Aqueduct
||1912/01/01
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Owner:
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Owner Date:|
|N/A
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Architect:
||Grantsmith and Co. (contractor).
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Builder:
||N/A
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Craftsman:
||N/A
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History:
||1881 - C.P.R. granted entitlement to 25 million acres.
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1910 - began to develop irrigation system 1914 - Bassano Dam.
1912-14 - construction took place at cost of $700,000.
1935 - taken over from C.P.R. by irrigation authority (eastern district) 1979 - functional replaced by paralleling canal. Partial demolition to make way for roads and eliminate any safety hazard. The 'Overhead River' goes beyond provincial importance to National and even International importance as the largest aqueduct of its kind in the world.
Description of Historic Place
The Brooks Aqueduct site contains the remains of a 3.2 kilometre-long reinforced concrete flume designed to carry water east from Lake Newell. It was built between 1912 and 1914 northeast of the lake and just east of the town of Brooks. The designation applies to an area of 19.11 hectares, including the flume and an unusual siphon system designed to take water under the Canadian Pacific Railway line. The Brooks Aqueduct is operated by Alberta Community Development as an interpreted Provincial Historic Site.
Heritage Value
The Brooks Aqueduct is a significant structural representation of the development of irrigation in Alberta, and of the role Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR) played in settling the region. It is a remarkable artifact of Canadian engineering. This is also one of the largest aqueducts of its kind in the world.
The Brooks Aqueduct was an integral part of a larger irrigation system designed to bring water to over 50,000 hectares of land that otherwise was susceptible to drought. The system - which included the Bassano Dam, Lake Newell and hundreds of kilometers of smaller canals - allowed the CPR to open the area to agricultural settlement. The Brooks Aqueduct supplied water to area farmers from 1914 to 1979.
The Brooks Aqueduct played a prominent role in the CPR's efforts to settle Western Canada. The CPR had the capital, equipment, labour force, and engineers to attempt such a large-scale project and the motivation to promote colonization of the land it owned between Brooks and Calgary. The Brooks Aqueduct is also connected to the development of local farm organizations such as the Eastern Irrigation District, which owned and operated the Aqueduct after 1935.
The Brooks Aqueduct is also a nationally significant civil engineering achievement because of its design, materials, and sheer size. Its length, low slope, volume of water, and the need to siphon the water under the CPR line presented unusual design difficulties. The open flume was shaped to minimize resistance to the water flow. Construction involved 25,000 cubic yards of concrete, two thousand tons of steel, and Portland cement at a time when the use of reinforced concrete was still in its infancy.
The scale of the Brooks Aqueduct in both height and length makes it a prominent landmark in the area.
Source: Alberta Community Development, Heritage Resource Management Branch (File: Des. 513)
Character-defining Elements
- the form, scale, design, and massing of the aqueduct and siphon;
- reinforced concrete hanging flume shaped to the hydrostatic catenary (the shape the water would assume in a flume running full if a flexible material were used for the barrel);
- the flume is suspended from a concrete trestle;
- inverted siphon of reinforced concrete, designed on the Venturi principle with tapered ends at inlet and outlet;
- unimpeded view planes surrounding the structure;
- location adjacent the new canal which replaced the aqueduct.
Landmark irrigation project built by Canadian Pacific Railway in 1912-14
Plaque: 1989. Cost-shared by Parks Canada.
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Internal
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Status:
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Status Date:|
|Abandoned
||1979/08/28
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Designation Status:
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Designation Date:|
|Federally Designated
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Provincial Historic Resource
|1983/01/01
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2000/07/20
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Record Information:
||
Record Information Date:|
|K. Williams
||1991/03/15
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Links
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Internet:
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Alberta Register of Historic Places:
||4665-0425
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Question: who divested the brooks aqueduct

Answer: Canadian Pacific

Question: when was the brooks aqueduct transferred to eastern irrigation district

Answer: 1934

Question: where was the brooks aqueduct transferred in 1934

Answer: Eastern Irrigation District

where was the brooks aqueduct transferred in 1934

Question: how long was the brooks aqueduct used for irrigation

Answer: 30 years

how long was the brooks aqueduct used for irrigation

Question: how many years was the brooks aqueduct used for irrigation

Answer: 30

how many years was the brooks aqueduct used for irrigation

At its completion in 1914 , and beginning of operations in 1915 the CA$700,000 , Brooks Aqueduct claimed to be the largest concrete structure in existence .

The copper expansion joints had significant leaks following construction which caused damage to the concrete supports , this was mitigated by drainage ditches and efforts to reduce the leakage , furthermore the alkalinity of the water conveyed , combined with frost accumulation caused unavoidable deterioration to the concrete structure .

The aqueduct first began operations in 1915. Serious design problems became immediately obvious.
The expansion joints leaked badly. Water poured down around each pedestal near the joints and threatened to undermine the supports. New drainage ditches and reduced leakage lessened this threat, although every kind of expansion joint on the Aqueduct leaked to some extent. As early as 1918, the first pieces fell away from the concrete shell.
There were five unavoidable problems that contributed to the damage and deterioration of the Brooks Aqueduct.
The first was alkali, which dissolved the subsurface concrete pedestals. Frost also contributed since water remained in the aqueduct until late fall and the moisture got trapped within the crevasses of the aqueduct. Also, charges of "poor workmanship and supervision" were made, but the aqueduct was built so frantically that it is no surprise that occasional errors were made. Some faulty materials, such as bad gravel with silt in it or alkaline water, were used, over which the company had little power. Lastly, the design factors of many of the structures created situations where natural forces (such as wind, rain, or hail) destroyed every material used in construction.
Throughout the 1920's, the CPR continually reworked the structure of the Aqueduct under the guise of Maintenance. Permanent metal "V" expansion joints eventually proved the most reliable. A cement gun, which sprayed gunnite over the affected surface partially solved the problems of rotting pedestals and the flaking shell.
By 1934 Aqueduct rehabilitation was almost complete. Only a year before the whole system was handed over to the new farmer owners, the CPR declared it waterprood. During the negotiations, the original design engineer reported that it had "behaved far better than expected."

Question: when was brooks aqueduct completed

Answer: 1914

Question: what is the name of the largest concrete structure in existence

Answer: Brooks Aqueduct

Question: when did brooks aqueduct begin operations

Answer: 1915

when did brooks aqueduct begin operations

Question: what type of construction was Brooks aqueduct made out of

Answer: copper

what type of construction was Brooks aqueduct made out of

Question: which part of the brooks aqueduct suffered leaks following construction

Answer: copper expansion joints

Question: how much did brooks aqueduct cost to build

Answer: CA$700,000

how much did brooks aqueduct cost to build

Question: what property of the water conveyed by the brooks aqueduct caused it to deterior

Answer: alkalinity

Question: what mitigated leaks in the brooks aqueduct

Answer: drainage ditches

what mitigated leaks in the brooks aqueduct

The Brooks Aqueduct and Bassano Dam were evaluated , and it was found that the Dam would require minor rehabilitation , while the Aqueduct was no longer suitable for operations .

A series of earthen canals were constructed as a replacement for the aqueduct , and after evaluating the cost of demolishing the structure , the governments decided it would be more financially prudent to fenced the aqueduct off from the public .

In 1969, the federal and provincial governments agreed to assume the major cost of irrigation system regeneration. The PFRA (Prairie Farm Rehabilitation Administration) was commissioned to investigate all the major works in the EID in the belief that both the Bassano Dam and the Aqueduct would be likely candidates for replacement.
The Bassano Dam was found to be sound, requiring only major rehabilitation rather than actual replacement. This did not hold true for the Aqueduct. After construction of the immense earthen replacement canal, the Aqueduct was to be demolished and the land reclaimed.
Destruction was prevented only by the last minute intervention of the new management board and the federal Minister of Agriculture. Recognizing the danger of allowing the structure to deteriorate of its own accord, the government of Canada, the province of Alberta and the District cooperated to fence it for public safety at a fraction of the cost for demolition. It remains as a monument to those who built and operated Canada's most successful irrigation system, and to an era of development that changed the face of Southern Alberta.

Question: along with the brooks aqueduct, what dam needed major rehabilitation

Answer: Bassano Dam

Question: what type of rehabilitation did the brooks aqueduct need

Answer: minor rehabilitation

what type of rehabilitation did the brooks aqueduct need

Question: which two canals needed to be replaced

Answer: Brooks Aqueduct and Bassano Dam

Question: what did the governments decide was more financially prudent

Answer: fenced the aqueduct off from the public

what did the governments decide was more financially prudent

Question: what was constructed as a replacement for the brooks aqueduct

Answer: earthen canals

what was constructed as a replacement for the brooks aqueduct

Question: what was the name of the aqueduct built to replace the bassano dam

Answer: Brooks

Question: what was the name of the aqueduct built to replace bassano dam

Answer: Brooks Aqueduct


thumb|Harry Källström's Lancia Fulvia 1.6 Coupé HF during the 1972 rally.
Press On Regardless (POR) is a road rally organized by the Detroit Region of the Sports Car Club of America.

The Press On Regardless was first run in 1949 as a Time-Speed-Distance rally. In 1969, the POR became a stage rally. In 1972, the event was part of the International Championship for Manufacturers and then in 1973 and 1974 part of the World Rally Championship.

In 1994, the Detroit Region SCCA dropped out of the organization of the stage rally, and reorganized the Press On Regardless as a brisk TSD rally. The Lake Superior Region SCCA http://www.lsrscca.com/ currently runs the Lake Superior Performance Rallyhttp://www.lsprorally.com/ (LSPR) over many of the old POR roads in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan. LSPR is part of the American Rally Association schedule.

Press On Regardless is a registered trademark  of the Sports Car Club of America.

Winners
 Year Driver Navigator Car Comment 1949http://drscca.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/1949_por_rally_story.pdf  Vincent E. Gardner Louise Gardner 1947 Studebaker Special 2 seater 1950 Howard Preston Mrs. Norm Couty MG TC  1951 Mr. Preston Mrs. Preston MG TC  No first names given 1952 Georgianna Apolant Richard "Dick" Apolant MG1953 Gib Hufstader Frank Walker 1939 Buick Century 1954 Ralph Durbin Chuck Gleason Oldsmobile 1955 Ralph Durbin Les Smith Austin-Healey1956 Harry Beronius Marg Beronius VW1957 Harry Beronius Marg Beronius Porsche 356 1958 Jim Bickham Barbara Bickham Mercedes 190 SL 1959 Richard Doyen Clay Gibbs Chevrolet Corvette 1960 Jim Bickham Willard Whistler Mercedes 190 SL Tie Paul Stephens Barbara Bickham Sunbeam Alpine 1961 Dick Dittus Bill Wells Chevrolet Corvair 1962 Bob Jackman John Zabriskie Chevrolet Corvair 1963 Gene Henderson Fred Browne Chrysler 1964 Jon Davis Wayne Zitkus Plymouth Valiant 1965 Karl Goering Don Skinner Mercury Comet  1966 Tom Samida Ralph Beckman Plymouth Barracuda 1967 Gene Henderson Wayne Zitkus Ford Cortina 1968 Karl Goering Harry Ward Plymouth Barracuda M stage-Conners Flats 1969 Scott Harvey Ralph Beckman Sunbeam Arrow 1st year with stages 1970 Scott Harvey Ralph Beckman Sunbeam Arrow 1st year FIA 1971http://drscca.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/1971_por_rally_OE_story.pdf http://drscca.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/1971_por_rally_WSJ_story.pdf  Scott Harvey Tom King Plymouth Cricket 1972 Gene Henderson Ken Pogue  Jeep Wagoneer 1st year FIA Championship, 1st 4WD vehicle win in rallying 1973 Walter Boyce Doug Woods Toyota Corolla WRC Round 1974https://www.flickr.com/photos/rwgraves/sets/72157647016303393 Jean-Luc Thérier Christian Delferrier Renault 17 Gordini WRC Round 1975 Sobiesław Zasada Wojciech Schramm Porsche 911 Last year FIA 1976 Bob Hourihan Steve Ruiz Porsche 911 1977  Hendrik Blok Tom Grimshaw Plymouth Arrow 1978 John Buffum Doug Shepherd Triumph TR7 1979 Taisto Heinonen John Bellefleur Toyota Celica 1980 Rod Millen Cam Warren Mazda RX-7 1981 Rod Millen R.Dale Kraushaar Mazda RX-7 1982 John Buffum Doug Shepherd Audi Quattro 1983 Hannu Mikkola Fabrizia Pons Audi Quattro 1984 Rod Millen R.Dale Kraushaar Mazda RX-7 1985 Rod Millen John Bellefleur Mazda RX-7 1986 John Buffum Tom Grimshaw Audi Quattro 1987 John Buffum Tom Grimshaw Audi Quattro 1988 Paul Choiniere Tom Grimshaw Audi Quattro  1989 Rod Millen Harry Ward Mazda 323 1990 Paul Choiniere Scott Weinheimer Audi Quattro 1991 Chad DiMarco Eric Hauge Subaru Legacy 1992 Dick Corley Lance Smith Mitsubishi Eclipse 1993 Carl Merrill J. Jon Wickens Ford Escort RS Cosworth 1994http://drscca.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/1994_por_rally_story_and_results.pdf  Scott Harvey Ralph Beckman 1991 Eagle Talon Returned to Endurance TSD 1995http://drscca.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/1995_por_rally_stories.pdf  Bill Laitenberger John McArthur 1993 Subaru Legacy 1996http://drscca.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/1996_por_story_and_results_summary.pdf  Jim Fekete Jim Shaffer 1995 Chevrolet S-10 Blazer 1997http://drscca.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/1997_por_rally_results.pdf http://drscca.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/1997_por_rally_story.pdf  Mike Friedman Marc Goldfarb 1990 Eagle Talon 1998http://drscca.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/1998_por_rally_results.pdf http://drscca.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/1998_por_rally_story.pdf  Dan Coughnour Greg Lester 1996 Jeep Cherokee 1999http://drscca.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/1999_por_rally_results.pdf  Mike Friedman Marc Goldfarb 1990 Eagle Talon 2000http://drscca.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/1999_por_rally_results.pdf http://drscca.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/2000_por_rally_stories.pdf  Dave Parps Rob Moran 2000 Subaru Outback 2001 Ron Johnstonbaugh Jack von Kaenel 1995 Mitsubishi Eclipse GSX 2002http://drscca.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/2002_por_rally_results.pdf http://drscca.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/2002_por_rally_story_by_kent_gardam.pdf  Ron Johnstonbaugh Jack von Kaenel 1995 Mitsubishi Eclipse GSX 2003http://drscca.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/2003_por_rally_results.pdf  Ron Johnstonbaugh Jack von Kaenel 2002 Subaru Impreza WRX 2004http://drscca.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/2004_por_rally_results.pdf http://drscca.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/2004_por_rally_story_by_jim_mickle.pdf  Scott Harvey, Jr. Jim Fekete 1991 Eagle Talon 2005http://drscca.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/2005_por_rally_results.pdf  Ron Johnstonbaugh Jack von Kaenel 2002 Subaru Impreza WRX 2006http://drscca.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/2006_son_of_sno_drift_rally_results.pdf  Dan Coughnour Joe Andreini, Jr. 2002 Subaru Impreza WRX 2007http://drscca.org/wp-content/uploads/2007/por_2007_9-16.pdf  Dave Harkcom Dan Harkcom1994 Audi S4 2008http://drscca.org/wp-content/uploads/2008/2008_por_scoring_corrected.pdf  Scott Harvey, Jr. Jack von Kaenel1991 Eagle Talon 60th running of POR 2009http://drscca.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/por_2009-9-11_12_results.pdf  Dave Harkcom Dan Harkcom1994 Audi S4 60th anniversary of POR 2010 Ron Johnstonbaugh Jack von Kaenel 2002 Subaru Impreza WRX 2011http://drscca.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/2011_por_scoring_final_results.pdf  Scott Harvey, Jr. Rob Moran 1991 Eagle Talon 2012http://drscca.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/por_2012_oa_scores.pdf  Scott Harvey, Jr. Rob Moran 1991 Eagle Talon 2013http://drscca.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/2013porscoringspreadsheet.pdf  Edward Schowalter Daniel Harkcom 2007 Subaru Impreza WRX 2014http://drscca.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/2014porscoringspreadsheet.pdf  Edward Schowalter Daniel Harkcom 2014 Subaru Impreza WRX 2015http://drscca.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/2015_POR_Scores.pdf  Ron Johnstonbaugh Jack von Kaenel 1991 Audi 200 Quattro 2016http://drscca.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/2016_POR_Scores.pdf  Scott Harvey, Jr. Rob Moran 2000 Audi A4 2017http://drscca.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/2017-POR-Results.pdf  Dave Harkcom Dan Harkcom2005 Saab 9-2X 2018http://drscca.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/POR_2018_Results.pdf  Scott Harvey, Jr. Rob Moran 2000 Audi A4 70th running of POR 2019http://drscca.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/POR_2019_Results.pdf  Scott Harvey, Jr. Rob Moran 2001 Audi A4 70th anniversary of POR 2020http://drscca.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/2020_POR_Final_Results.pdf  Scott Harvey, Jr. Rob Moran 2001 Audi A4 2021 David Harkcom Daniel Harkcom 2009 Saab 9-3

References

Category:Rally competitions in the United States
Category:Motorsport in Michigan
Category:World Rally Championship rallies
Category:Recurring sporting events established in 1949

thumb|Harry Källström 's Lancia Fulvia 1.6 Coupé HF during the 1972 rally .

Press On Regardless ( POR ) is a road rally organized by the Detroit Region of the Sports Car Club of America .

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For the folks who couldn’t make the 2021 Awards Banquet this year, I present the winners of the 2021 Solo Championship standings and the winners of the Solo perpetual awards! For the More »
Preliminary 2022 DRSCCA Solo schedule posted
You can check out the 2022 Solo Schedule on the DRSCCA Solo page. We’re still working on a few dates, namely the Oscoda events in June and July, with the possibility of More »
Photos: 2021 DRSCCA Awards Banquet
Photos from the 2021 Awards Luncheon, held on February 6th, 2022. More »
I-96 Speedway Confirms 2022 RallyCross Dates
We are pleased to announce the confirmation of two RallyCross event dates at I-96 Speedway for 2022. More »
Fun Mover spring cleaning! Free pizza for volunteers!
We will be pulling the Fun Mover out of storage and doing some spring cleaning on Saturday, April 16th. (That’s tomorrow.) If you have some free time to lend a hand, we’d
Registration for the Season Opener Solo opens on April 8th!
Registration for the first solo event of the season, the aptly named Season Opener Solo, opens at noon on April 8th. You can register for the event and view the schedule and
3/30/2022 Solo Planning Meeting Minutes
Event chairs, safety stewards, and waiver chiefs for the 2022 Solo events: #1 Season Opener @ MIS, April 24 Paul Gaecke and Greg Valade as Event Co-chairs Eric Penn as SS of
April Service Awards
Members of the Detroit Region SCCA celebrating a membership anniversary this month are listed here; Service Awards – April-2022 All service awards have been mailed and should be received shortly.
Registration open for Twilight Tour!
Spring has sprung! Time to roam the county roads for a little TSD road rallying! And Twilight Tour, coming up on Saturday, April 16 is just the rally to do that.
Detroit Region Solo Planning meeting for March 30th
The spring Detroit Region Solo Planning Meeting will be held at On the Border in Novi on March 30, 7pm. We will be finalizing event chairs for the events and discussing event
Checkered Flag: Suzanne Royce
The Detroit Region of the Sports Car Club of America was deeply saddened to hear that Suzanne Royce has passed away.
March Service Awards
Members of the Detroit Region SCCA celebrating a membership anniversary this month are listed here; Service Awards – March-2022 All service awards have been mailed and should be received shortly.
Correction to January & February Service Awards
A few members who celebrated SCCA anniversaries in January and February were erroneously omitted from the list of members each of those months. The lists have been corrected and replaced the incorrect
Auto City Speedway Tested as RallyCross Venue
On Sunday, February 13, Detroit Region SCCA hosted a small test day at Auto City Speedway in Clio, MI to assess it’s viability as a RallyCross site.

Question: what is the name of the road rally organized by the detroit region of the sports

Answer: Press On Regardless

Question: who organizes press on regardless

Answer: Sports Car Club of America

Question: when did harry källström drive his lancia fulvia

Answer: 1972

Question: where is the press on regardless rally held

Answer: Detroit

Question: who drove the lancia fulvia 1.6 coupé HF

Answer: Harry Källström


thumb|Douliu Baseball Stadium field

The Douliou Baseball Stadium () is a baseball stadium in Douliu City, Yunlin County, Taiwan. It was opened in 2005 and has a capacity of 15,000 people.

The ballpark has hosted a number of games of the CPBL as well as of the Asia Winter Baseball League, most recently in November/December 2018.

See also
 Chinese Professional Baseball League
 List of stadiums in Taiwan
 Sport in Taiwan

References

Category:2005 establishments in Taiwan
Category:Baseball venues in Taiwan
Category:Buildings and structures in Yunlin County
Category:Sports venues completed in 2005

The Douliou Baseball Stadium ( ) is a baseball stadium in Douliu City , Yunlin County , Taiwan .

It was opened in 2005 and has a capacity of 15,000 people .

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Douliu City (also Douliou City) is the capital of Yunlin County, Taiwan, Republic of China. Douliu City is served by National Highway No. 3. Douliu is the political and economic center of Yunlin County. Nantou County borders it to the east. Douliu Baseball Stadium occasionally holds regular CPBL games and was also the venue for 2007 Baseball World Cup and Baseball at the 2008 Summer Olympics' Final Qualifying Tournament. Douliu is home to the Douliu Industrial Park and the Yunlin Science Industrial Park.
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Question: what is the capacity of the douliou stadium

Answer: 15,000

Question: what is the name of the stadium in douliu city taiwan

Answer: Douliou Baseball Stadium

Question: when did the douliou stadium open

Answer: 2005

Question: what is the name of the baseball stadium in douliu taiwan

Answer: The Douliou Baseball Stadium

Question: what is the capacity of the douliou baseball stadium

Answer: 15,000 people

Question: in which county is the douliou baseball stadium

Answer: Yunlin County, Taiwan

Question: where is the douliou baseball stadium located

Answer: Douliu City


thumb|A template for an onion diagram. An onion diagram is a kind of chart that shows the dependencies among parts of an organization or process. The chart displays items in concentric circles, where the items in each ring depend on the items in the smaller rings.

Information
The onion diagram is able to show layers of a complete system in a few circles. Each of the circles is able to represent a component that is dependent upon the component on the inside of it shown by the circle inside of it. The main concept of the diagram is shown by the center circle of the diagram. This chart is used due to the fact that it has a clear visual representation that is easy to read, and it has a strong visual impact.

Variations
There is also the cultural onion which has seven layers to it including artifacts, behaviors, feelings, values, beliefs, worldview and ultimate allegiance. These layers organize a person's reality and life. The outer most layers are the most accessible while the in-depth ones are only accessible with connections to the person. The seven layers are integrated into three structural levels, which are the foundational, the evaluating, and the actualizing level.The Culture Onion

See also
 Onion model

References

Category:Diagrams

An onion diagram is a kind of chart that shows the dependencies among parts of an organization or process .

The chart displays items in concentric circles , where the items in each ring depend on the items in the smaller rings .

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Details
|Genre/Form:||Electronic books|
|Additional Physical Format:||Print version:
|
Biafore, Bonnie.
Visio 2003 Bible.
Indianapolis, IN : Wiley Pub., ©2004
(DLC) 2004104001
(OCoLC)55471337
|Material Type:||Document, Internet resource|
|Document Type:||Internet Resource, Computer File|
|All Authors / Contributors:||
Bonnie Biafore
|
|ISBN:||0764572946 9780764572944|
|OCLC Number:||55217040|
|Notes:||Title from e-book title screen (viewed May 19, 2004).|
|Description:||1 online resource|
|Contents:||Visio 2003 Bible; About the Author; Credits; Preface; Acknowledgments; Contents at a Glance; Contents; Part I: Understanding Visio Fundamentals; Part II: Integrating Visio Drawings; Part III: Using Visio for Office Productivity; Part IV: Using Visio in Information Technology; Part V: Using Visio for Architecture and Engineering; Part VI: Customizing Templates, Stencils, and Shapes; Part VII: Quick Reference; Index.|
|Responsibility:||Bonnie Biafore.|
|More information:|

Question: where are the items in an onion diagram located

Answer: concentric circles

Question: what kind of chart shows the dependencies among parts of an organization or process

Answer: onion diagram

Question: what is an onion diagram

Answer: a kind of chart

Question: what do the items in concentric circles depend on

Answer: items in the smaller rings

Question: where do the items in an onion diagram depend on

Answer: smaller rings

Question: an onion diagram is a kind of what

Answer: chart

Information The onion diagram is able to show layers of a complete system in a few circles .

Each of the circles is able to represent a component that is dependent upon the component on the inside of it shown by the circle inside of it .

Rainbow and onion diagrams are another tool for visualizing stakeholders and identifying potential allies, targets and detractors.
Practical Instructions for Rainbow Diagrams
Place cards representing the stakeholders most affected by the issue, or who have the strongest influence on it, on the inner segments. Cards representing those who are the least affected, or have the least influence, are placed on the outer segments.
For a more detailed analysis, you can use differently colored cards for different types of stakeholders, or vary the size of the cards. Relations between stakeholders can be visualized with lines, which can be varied (e.g. straight, dotted, jagged) according to the type of relation.
The diagram can be adapted by using other characteristics (instead of “affecting” and “affected”) that describe key differences between stakeholders. For example, you can transform the rainbow diagram into a spectrum-of-actors exercise by splitting the diagram in five sections for ‘active allies’, ‘allies’, ‘neutral parties’, ‘opponents’ and ‘active opponents’. This can be a useful exercise to inform your choice of tactics within the broader campaign strategy.
For a step-by-step-guide on stakeholder analysis using rainbow diagrams see Chevalier, J. ‘SAS2 1.0: Stakeholder Identification’ in Social Analysis Systems.
Onion diagrams use the same basic approach as rainbow diagrams, but draw a full circle to visualize relations between different actors.
In the example below (GTZ, 2009), key stakeholders with low influence on the issue at stake are depicted with small circles; those with high influence with larger circles. The letter V designates “veto players”, i.e. influential actors who can stop the campaign from reaching its goal. Rectangular cards are for secondary stakeholders. The solid lines between stakeholders symbolize strong relationships (double lines: institutionalized relationships), dotted lines more informal ones. Arrows show the direction of dominance; the red lightning symbol points out tension or conflict; crossed lines symbolize interrupted or damaged relationships.

Question: what is a circle in an onion diagram called

Answer: Information

Question: what is the name of the diagram that shows layers of a complete system in a few

Answer: onion diagram

Question: what shows the component of an onion diagram

Answer: circle inside of it

Question: what shows layers of a system in a few circles

Answer: The onion diagram

Question: what does each circle represent on the inside of an onion diagram

Answer: a component

Question: what are the layers of an onion diagram called

Answer: circles

Question: what is a component of an onion diagram dependent on

Answer: the component on the inside of it

Variations There is also the cultural onion which has seven layers to it including artifacts , behaviors , feelings , values , beliefs , worldview and ultimate allegiance .

THY573Outreach Ministry in Context
THE CULTURAL ONIONI. THE LAYERS OF THE CULTURAL ONION:
The culture of each person in the Bunkowske model has seven physical, mental and spiritual layers that are used in organizing that persons reality and life. These layers are holistic and integrated as they operate back and forth and forth and back from the core to the outside of the onion: Artifacts, Behavior, Feelings, Values, Beliefs, Worldview, Ultimate Allegiance
Figure 1: The Cultural Onion
[Eugene Bunkowske, Ph.D., developed the Cultural Onion Diagram during his early years as Graduate Professor of Biblical Missiology at Concordia Theological Seminary.]
The outer layers of the cultural onion, artifacts and behaviors, are immediately apparent and accessible. In-depth linkages are only available as credible connections are made with the core layers of worldview and ultimate allegiance in a persons culture. Developing these kind of in-depth relationships normally takes a good deal of time and effort.
Page 1 of 5
1.
Artifacts are the physical characteristics of a person, the things or objects that are connected with that person. Artifacts are what people collect. Behaviors are what a person does. Feelings are the emotional evaluations and conclusions about the experiences of every day life on a scale of, for instance calm to angry, happy to sad, and love to hate. Values are mental evaluations and conclusions about the experiences of every day life on a scale of good to bad. Beliefs are mental Figure 2: Layers Defined evaluations and conclusions about the experiences of every day life on a scale of true to false.
2. 3.
4.
5.
Worldview is the organized arrangement, the managing perspective, the internal gyro at the center of human and societal reality. Worldview provides a mental map of what is understood to be real. Ultimate Allegiance is the beating heart, the starting point, the trigger and grounding reality that gives basic direction, cohesion and structure to the underlying stories, mental mappings, meta-narratives and perspectives in a persons worldview.Page 2 of 5
6.
7.
II.
THE LEVELS OF THE CULTURAL ONION:
The seven layers of culture can be further designated in terms of three structural levels. These three levels integrate the culture from the core of the onion to the outer surface of the onion. These levels, from core to surface, are the foundational, the evaluating, and the actualizing level. The foundational level of culture is the starting point for everything. It supplies an understanding of how we think the world should be. It provides the perceptual basis and the mental mapping for the other levels of culture. It is the meta-story out of which people live and move and have their being. It opens the way for unspoken thinking and decision making patterns. This level is the beating heart that activates beliefs, values, feelings, and behaviors as well as the mental and physical impulses for accumulating and manipulating artifacts. Scripture says, As a person thinks in his heart so he is (Proverbs 23:7). The foundational level made up of worldview and ultimate allegiance is the most hidden and implicit level of culture. It is not immediately available for analysis and evaluation. The evaluating level of culture provides an Figure 3: Layers Defined in Terms automatic system for of Levels examining and judging the experiences of life. At the evaluating level ideas are measured against the foundational mental mappings of the culture in worldview and ultimate allegiance to see if they are true, good or to be enjoyed. The layers of the evaluating level of culture develop and provide secondary programmed-mapping patterns that reflexively examinePage 3 of 5
and negotiates the many important decisions and conclusions of life. These secondary programmed patterns for drawing conclusions about feelings, values and beliefs proceed out of the mental mappings and the programmed evaluating patterns of the layers below them in the cultural onion, that is feelings from values, values from beliefs, beliefs from worldview and worldview from ultimate allegiance. The evaluating level with its layers of beliefs, values and feelings is not as deeply embedded in the cultural onion as the foundational level of worldview and ultimate allegiance. So beliefs, values and feelings are not as unconscious and implicit as the foundational layers of ultimate allegiance and worldview. That is to say, beliefs, values and feelings are more accessible than worldview and ultimate allegiance but not nearly as accessible for observation and manipulation as behaviors and artifacts in the actualizing level of human culture. The actualizing level acts on and lives out the reality, fundamental mental mappings and the perceptions about that reality through the actualizing and foundational layers of culture. It responds to these mental mappings and perceived realities by actualizing them. This actualization takes place in the external dimensions of every day life. This happens not primarily by deliberate choice but automatically or at least semi-automatically in response to internal mental programming. In this way the functions of doing and collecting routinely occur as concrete contact is made with people and things. The result may be either positive, neutral or negative as contact between people and people and people and objects in the physical, mental and spiritual realm occur. The actualizing level acts out the choices that people make when they interact with God, with gods, with each other, and with the world. The actualizing level is openly accessible as people come in contact with other people and things and intentionally bring their culture into contact with the cultures of other people in their own society and in other societies of people. III. THE CULTURAL ONION IN SUMMARY:
In summary we can say that the cultural onion pictures the various internal levels and layers of culture that are part of every person or society.
Page 4 of 5
The foundational level of the cultural onion is the mental map, the metanarrative and the basis for thinking that organizes a society's entire perspective on reality. Ultimate allegiance is the heart, the starting point and the trigger at the foundational level of each culture. Ultimate allegiance serves as the spiritual and mental dynamic for worldview that in turn serves as the internal gyro, the managing center for everything that a person thinks, is and does. The evaluating level with the layers of beliefs, values and feelings provides a system for evaluating and drawing conclusions about the experiences of life in terms of true and false, good and bad, and a calibrated scale of emotions. The actualizing level receives the perceived realities and the evaluations concerning those perceived realities from the internal operations of the culture, makes appropriate choices on the basis of those perceived realities and responds to those choices with a life of activities in the external world. All of this grounding, managing, evaluating and acting out of perceived reality happens in a stepby-step, back-and-forth process, from the foundational inner-core layers of culture to the actualizing exterior layers of culture, from ultimate allegiance to artifacts. When necessary, the process can move back again to the inner layers of worldview and ultimate allegiance for reformation, reinterpretation or conformation and more complete integration.Copyright 2002 Eugene W. Bunkowske PHD EWB\MS\MCCC\0205693.The Cultural Onion Defined
Figure 4: Levels and Layers Summarized
Page 5 of 5

Question: how many layers does the cultural onion have

Answer: seven

Question: what is another name for the seven layers of culture

Answer: cultural onion

Question: what is another name for the cultural onion

Answer: the cultural onion

Question: what is another layer of the cultural onion

Answer: ultimate allegiance

Question: what are the seven layers of cultural onion called

Answer: Variations

Question: what are the seven layers of the cultural onion

Answer: worldview and ultimate allegiance