The IBM 9020 was an IBM System/360 computer adapted into a multiprocessor system for use by the U.S. FAA for Air Traffic Control.IBM Systems Journal, Volume 6, Issue 2, 1967. Systems were installed in the FAA's 20 en route Air Route Traffic Control Centers (ARTCCs), beginning in the late 1960s. The U.K. CAA also installed a system in its London centre. The IBM 9020A, for example, was based on the S/360-50 and the 9020D used two out of three or four S/360-65 processors for flight and radar data processing with two out of three S/360-50 processors providing input/output capability.

thumb|A maximum configuration CCC/DCC complex contained 12 IBM S/360 mainframes. Not all FAA ARTCCs (Air Route Traffic Control Centers), of which there were 20, had the maximum configuration. This schematic shows the maximum configuration, with the mainframe boxes highlighted in blue.

There were three operational variants of the 9020 system: 9020A CCC (Central Computer Complex); 9020D CCC; and 9020E DCC (Display Channel Complex). All the 9020A CCCs were attached to a non-IBM display complex, while the 9020D CCCs could be attached to either a non-IBM display complex or to the IBM 9020E DCC. The 9020A and 9020D CCCs carried out flight and radar data processing but needed an attached display complex to provide a plan view display to the air traffic controllers. The non-IBM display complex was the Raytheon 730 in the U.S. and the Plessey Processed Radar Display System (PRDS) in the U.K.

Each FAA ARTCC had a System Maintenance Monitor Console (SMMC) that brought together the status indications of the installed 9020 system(s) as well as related components, such as environmental systems and communications links.

A maximum configuration CCC/DCC complex contained 12 IBM S/360 mainframes. Not all FAA ARTCCs, of which there were 20, had the maximum configuration. The U.K. centre had a 9020D "Triplex" system with six IBM S/360s (three S/360-65s and three S/360-50s).

In addition to the 21 ARTCCs there were four sites with variously configured non-operational systems: 9020A and 9020E support and development systems at the FAA's NAFEC; 9020A and 9020E training systems at the FAA Academy; a simplex 9020D support system co-located with the CAA's operational triplex 9020D London system, and a 9020A at Raytheon for testing their display system.thumb|IBM 9020 system at the Jacksonville ARTCC.thumb|IBM 9020 system at the London Air Traffic Control Centre.

On June 9, 1977 a treaty “IRAN - Aviation: Technical Assistance” IRAN - Aviation: Technical Assistance was signed between the FAA and the Civil Aviation Organization of Iran. Under the terms of the treaty the FAA would provide technical assistance to improve the Iranian National Airspace System. This assistance included the installation of a 9020D and 9020E and associated equipment at a cost of $29m (out of a total contract cost of $272m).1975 Iranian National Airspace System Study Report The treaty fell foul of the 1979 Iranian Islamic Revolution and the systems were never delivered.

+ ARTCC System Configurations ARTCC  CCC  Display Albuquerque IBM 9020A  Raytheon 730 Atlanta IBM 9020D  Raytheon 730 Boston IBM 9020A  Raytheon 730 Chicago IBM 9020D  IBM 9020E Cleveland IBM 9020D  IBM 9020E Denver IBM 9020A Raytheon 730 Fort Worth IBM 9020D  IBM 9020E Houston IBM 9020A  Raytheon 730 Indianapolis IBM 9020D  Raytheon 730 Jacksonville  IBM 9020D  Raytheon 730 Kansas City IBM 9020D  Raytheon 730 Los Angeles IBM 9020D   Raytheon 730 Memphis IBM 9020A  Raytheon 730 Miami IBM 9020A  Raytheon 730 Minneapolis IBM 9020A  Raytheon 730 New York City IBM 9020D  IBM 9020E Oakland IBM 9020A  Raytheon 730 Salt Lake City IBM 9020A  Raytheon 730 Seattle IBM 9020A  Raytheon 730 Washington DC IBM 9020D  IBM 9020E London (United Kingdom) IBM 9020D  Plessey PRDS
Longevity and follow-on systems
The 9020As and 9020Ds were in service in North America until 1989 when they were finally replaced by IBM 3083 BX1 mainframes as part of the FAA's HOST Computer System (HCS) upgrade. The 3083s in turn were replaced with IBM 9672 RA4 parallel processing servers during the FAA's Host and Oceanic Computer System Replacement (HOCSR) completed in 1999. One reason for the 1999 upgrade was concern, probably unfounded, that the IBM 3083's microcode would not operate properly in the year 2000. At least during the first phase of the upgrade, the 9672s were running the FAA's original assembly language code in System/360 emulation mode. Because of the failure of the FAA's Advanced Automation System (AAS) project, the 9020E Display Channel Complexes lasted well into the 1990s.

NATS in the UK had a 9020D system in service running NAS from 1974 to 1989, at which time NAS was rehosted on to an IBM 4381 system. This system was known as the Host Computer System (HCS), and it retained the System/360 technology Peripheral Adapter Modules (PAMs) from the 9020D. The three PAMs (IBM 7289s) were switched off for the last time 27 November 1997 when their replacement (SPRINT) came into service.

Sources
  pictures of 9020E being recycled
  Article about the PAM final switch-off

References

Category:Air traffic control
9020

Systems were installed in the FAA 's 20 en route Air Route Traffic Control Centers ( ARTCCs ) , beginning in the late 1960s .

The U.K. CAA also installed a system in its London centre .

In 1967 NASA was planning the Apollo 11 mission, Harold Wilson announced Britain would apply to join the then EEC (later blocked by the French) and The Beatles released Sgt. Pepper’s Lonely Hearts Club Band. It was also the year that a group of computer scientists at IBM delivered a prototype of the National Airspace System for the Federal Aviation Administration in the US, and in doing so changed air traffic control forever.
NAS was an absolute revelation. Designed from the ground up, it did things that had never been attempted before; pulling data from radar, flight plans and ground-based navigation beacons (used by pilots as waypoints) into a single, highly resilient system. This allowed air traffic controllers to have an integrated view of the airspace, the aircraft flying within it and crucially those planning to enter it – via a single system for the first time.
NATS adopted a version of NAS at the West Drayton air traffic control centre in 1974, known (famously if you’re in the business) as the “9020”. It allowed us to process flight plans and correlate them against radar data, meaning controllers would know which aircraft would be in which parts of the airspace at what time – with their callsigns displayed on their radar display for the first time.
I can’t really oversell what a difference this made. With controllers no longer being limited to seeing what was on their individual radar scope, it allowed for a total step change in terms of airspace capacity management and safety. Having a single overview of all the aircraft in the airspace and those expected to join them, and their callsigns and intended routes, made it possible for us to safely handle much more traffic and as a result helped make the boom in business and leisure travel of the 1970s and 80s a reality.
Of course, compared to today it was very primitive and came from an age when computers filled entire rooms. ‘9020’ had to be shut down every night for maintenance, so at about 10 o’clock each evening we would have to ask it to print out all of the flight information strips for the coming night shift, but it really was an incredible feat of engineering when seen in the context of the time.
NAS was “rehosted” onto newer hardware in 1989, with Princess Anne coming to ‘open’ the upgraded system. The event even made it into The Times newspaper. I worked on the rehost project 30 years ago, moving my family to the USA for 9 months to learn about the new system before returning to the UK to train the NATS team how to maintain, configure and programme the new system.
And of course it didn’t stop there. The introduction of computer processing power into air traffic control allowed us to start predicting the future; calculating where aircraft would be in the next 2-3 minutes so controllers could spot any potential conflicts before they got close enough to be a problem.
Today, paper strips have been replaced with electronic equivalents that allow controllers to enter data on their screens and seamlessly coordinate traffic across sectors and centres that may be hundreds of miles apart. Multiple parameters from the flight computer on an aircraft are downlinked via modern radar systems allowing controllers to identify specific aircraft rather than just a radar plot.
Processing all this data takes a lot of computing power – millions of calculations every second taking into account aircraft type, weight, windspeed, temperature and controller instructions – but it means we can now predict the position of aircraft up to 18 minutes into the future very accurately and as a result can plan the most fuel efficient and safest routes.
The scale may be unrecognisable, but if you walk into just about any air traffic control centre anywhere in the world, you’ll still find a system that can trace its DNA back to NAS and the work IBM did in the 1960s and 70s. Much like “Trigger’s Broom” from Only Fools and Horses, its had a lot of its software re-written and all of its hardware replaced at least three times but the IBM roots are still there.
It might not be the most obvious or exciting example depending on your point of view, but just like cars you never forget your first one, and NAS has a special place in the hearts of many of the NATS team. There are still a few of us who also worked on the original 9020.
For my money the advent of flight data processing and the revolution in capacity and safety it has brought about absolutely deserves its moment in the spotlight in the history of air traffic control. Modern aviation simply wouldn’t exist without it.
Comments
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Leave a Reply
17.07.2020
11:32
Colin Potter
A really interesting article which brought back a lot of memories. It used to be my job to collect the 9020 printout for Route Charges and to sort out and store the millions of strips each day.
05.08.2020
21:16
Robert Farrell
Interesting and educational!
17.03.2021
15:28
Ken Gillott
Your photo of NAS rehosted 1990 is in fact NAS rehosted 2000 as can be seen from the two black boxes with yellow “stripes” to the rear right of the room. These are the IBM S390 computers installed in 2000.
20.03.2021
23:19
Bill Pye
I also worked on the 9020. I was part of the team who went to the usa to train on it. I was one of a handful of controllers who went to the “dark side” to work with our Tels colleagues on the project. Indeed it was a turning point. I spent the rest of my career working on ATC systems world wide. Now my sons are doing the same

Question: where did the uk caa install a system

Answer: London centre

Question: how many air route traffic control centers were installed by the faa in the 1960s

Answer: 20

Question: when were air route traffic control centers first installed

Answer: 1960s

Question: when were air route traffic control centers established

Answer: late 1960s

Question: where were air traffic control systems installed in the usa in the 1960s

Answer: 20 en route Air Route Traffic Control Centers

Question: what are air route traffic control centers

Answer: ARTCCs)


thumb|Jordan oil shale.
Oil shale in Jordan represents a significant resource. Oil shale deposits in Jordan underlie more than 70% of Jordanian territory. The total resources amounts to 31 billion tonnes of oil shale.

The deposits include a high quality marinite oil shale of Late Cretaceous to early Cenozoic age. The most important and investigated deposits are located in west-central Jordan, where they occur at the surface and close to developed infrastructure.

Although oil shale was utilized in northern Jordan prior to and during World War I, intensive exploration and studies of Jordan's oil shale resource potential started in the 1970s and 1980s, being motivated by higher oil prices, modern technology and better economic potential. As of 2008, no oil shale industry exists in Jordan, but several companies are considering both shale oil extraction and oil shale combustion for thermal power generation.

Reserves
thumb|350px|Oil shale deposits in Jordan
Jordan has significant oil shale deposits occurring in 26 known localities. According to the World Energy Council, Jordan has 8th largest oil shale resource in the world. Geological surveys indicate that the existing deposits underlie more than 60% of Jordan's territory. The resource has been estimated to consist of 40 to 70 billion tonnes of oil shale, which may be equivalent to more than 5 million tonnes of shale oil. However, according to a report by World Energy Council in 2010, Jordan had reserves of 34,172 billion tonnes as of the end of 2008. The Jordanian government said in September 2013 that they had reserves of 31 billion tonnes.

The Jordanian oil shale is a marinite of Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) to early Cenozoic era; it lies within the Muwaqqar Formation and is composed predominantly of chalk and marl. The rock is typically brown, gray, or black in color and weathers to a distinctive light bluish-gray. It is characterized by its content of light fine-grained phosphatic xenocrysts, some of which is accumulated in bone beds. An uncommon feature of Jordanian oil shale is that the included foraminiferal shells are filled with bitumen instead of the usual calcite.

In general Jordanian oil shales are of high quality, comparable to the western United States oil shale, although their sulfur content is usually higher. While the sulfur content of the most of oil shales in Jordan varies from 0.3 to 4.3%, the Jurf ed Darawish and the Sultani deposits have sulfur content of 8 and 10% respectively. Sulfur is mostly associated with the organic matter with minor occurrence as pyrite. The moisture content of the oil shale is low (2 to 5.5%). The major mineral components of the Jordanian oil shale are calcite, quartz, kaolinite, and apatite, along with small amounts of dolomite, feldspar, pyrite, illite, goethite, and gypsum. It has also a relatively high metal content.

The eight most important deposits are located in west-central Jordan within  east of the Dead Sea. These deposits are Juref ed Darawish, Sultani, Wadi Maghar, El Lajjun, Attarat Umm Ghudran, Khan ez Zabib, Siwaga, and Wadi Thamad. The best-explored deposits are El Lajjun, Sultani, and Juref ed Darawish, and to some extent Attarat Umm Ghudran. They are all classified as shallow and most are suitable for open-cast mining, albeit some are underlain by phosphate beds. In addition to the west-central deposits, another important deposit may be the Yarmouk deposit occurring near Jordan's northern border, and where the resource was first developed. This deposit would be exploitable by underground mining as it reaches some  in thickness. A third oil shale region lies in southern Jordan in the Ma'an district.

History
Humans have used oil shale as a fuel since prehistoric times, because it generally burns without any processing. Its occurrence was known in Jordan from ancient times, as evidenced by its use as a building and decorative material from the ancient Greek, Roman, Byzantine, Umayyad and Abbasid periods. The modern exploitation of Jordanian oil shale began under Ottoman rule prior to and during World War I, when the German Army produced shale oil from the Yarmouk area. The oil shale was processed to operate the Hejaz Railway. It was mined and processed near the Maqarin station along the Haifa spur of the railroad, which partly follows the Yarmouk River valley. In addition to the shale oil production, oil shale was also utilized as a mix with coal to fuel locomotives.

The German Geological Mission studied the El Lajjun deposit in 1968. In 1979, the Natural Resources Authority of Jordan commissioned a study from the German Federal Institute of Natural Resources and Geosciences to evaluate the Juref ed Darawish, Sultani, El Lajjun, and El Hisa deposits and in 1980 from Klöckner-Lurgi to evaluate the pre-feasibility of construction of an oil shale retorting complex using Lurgi-Ruhrgas process and a power plant with 300 MW capacity using Lurgi's Circulating Fluidized Bed (CFB) combustion process. In 1980, the Soviet Technopromexport company conducted a pre-feasibility study of the 300–400 direct-burning conventional combustion power plant. In 1986, updated and expanded studies were ordered from Klöckner-Lurgi.

In 1985–1986, Chinese oil company Sinopec carried out a test for processing El Lajjun oil shale utilizing the Fushun-type retort. Although this process was technically viable, the cooperation with Sinopec was halted due to high operation costs. B.B.C, Lummus/Combustion Eng. and Bechtel Pyropower carried out the CIDA and USAID funded study of utilizing Sultani oil shale for direct combustion in CFB power plants.

The Krzhizhanovsky Power Engineering Institute (ENIN) conducted processing tests of Jordan oil shale using Galoter technology, finding the technology suitable. In 1999, Suncor Energy signed a memorandum of understanding with the Jordanian government to use the Alberta Taciuk Processing technology to exploit the El Lajjun oil shale deposit. However, the project was never implemented.

Shale oil extraction
In 2006–2007, the government of Jordan signed four memorandums of understanding for above-ground processing of shale oil and one memorandum for in-situ conversion processing. The memorandum of understanding with Estonian energy company Eesti Energia was signed on 5 November 2006. According to the agreement, Eesti Energia was awarded with the exclusive right to study about one third of the resources of the El Lajjun oil shale deposit. Later this right was transferred to cover a block on the Attarat Umm Ghudran oil shale deposit as the shallow aquifer that underlies the El Lajjun deposit provides fresh water to Amman and other municipalities in central Jordan. On 29 April 2008, Eesti Energia present a feasibility study to the Government of Jordan. According to the feasibility study, the company's subsidiary the Jordan Oil Shale Energy Company will establish a shale oil plant with capacity of .  The shale oil plant will use an Enefit processing technology.  The concession agreement was signed on 11 May 2010 in the presence of Jordanian and Estonian prime ministers Samir Zaid al-Rifai and Andrus Ansip.

On 24 February 2007, a memorandum of understanding was signed with Brazil's Petrobras awarding with the exclusive right to study a block at the Attarat Umm Ghudran deposit. The development will be carried out in the cooperation with Total S.A. The company will present a feasibility study at the beginning of 2009 and it will use the Petrosix technology.

In June 2006, a memorandum of understanding was signed with Royal Dutch Shell to test its in-situ conversion processing in the Azraq and Al-Jafr blocks of central Jordan. A formal agreement was concluded in February 2009 by which Shell's subsidiary Jordan Oil Shale Company committed to begin commercial operations within 12–20 years. According to the company a decision to invest in a commercial project is unlikely before the late 2020s.  It is expected to start production in 2022.

On 9 March 2011, the government of Jordan signed a concession agreement with Karak International Oil, a subsidiary of Jordan Energy and Mining, a project company established for Jordan's oil shale activities. Karak International Oil (KIO) will build a  shale oil plant in a  area of El Lajjun in Karak Governorate by 2015. The company plans to use the Alberta Taciuk Processing technology.

On 5 November 2006, Saudi Arabian International Corporation for Oil Shale Investment (INCOSIN) signed a memorandum of understanding for evaluation of El Lajjun deposit and Attarat Umm Ghudran resources. The concession agreement was approved by the Jordanian government on 3 March 2013. The company cooperates with Russian Atomenergoproekt to utilize the Galoter (UTT-3000) process to build a  shale oil plant.  It plans to start production in 2019.

In March 2009, the government of Jordan approved a memorandum of understanding on oil shale extraction with Russian company Inter RAO UES and Aqaba Petroleum Company. Also the Abu Dhabi National Energy Company (TAQA) has shown interest to invest into Jordan's oil shale extraction sector.  The memorandum of understanding for exploration in Wadi Al Naadiyeh is ready for signing with the Fushun Mining Group.  In 2014, a memorandum of understanding was signed with Al Qamar for Energy and Infrastructure Company.

Power generation
For dealing with increasing power consumption, Jordan plans to utilize oil shale combustion for the power generation. On 30 April 2008, the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources of Jordan, the National Electricity Power Company of Jordan, and Eesti Energia signed an agreement, according to which, Eesti Energia will have the exclusive right to develop the construction of an oil shale-fired power plant with capacity of 460 MW.  It is called Attarat Power Plant and is expected to be operational by 2017, revised to 2021.  It will be among the largest power stations in Jordan (the largest being Aqaba Thermal Power Plant), and the largest oil shale-fired power plant in the world after Narva Power Plants in Estonia.

Inter RAO is planning to build an oil shale-fired power plant with capacity of 90–150 MW.

On 29 September 2013, Jordan and China made a deal to build an oil shale-fired power plant in Karak for $2.5 billion. It will be built by Shandong Electric Power Construction Corporation (SEPCO III), HTJ Group and Al-Lajjun Oil Shale Company.  The capacity is 900 MW.

Cement production
In November 2005, a memorandum of understanding was signed with the Jordan Cement Factories Company (JCFC). According to this memorandum, JCFC will utilize El Lajjun oil shale from Karak Governorate for cement production.

References

thumb|Jordan oil shale.

Oil shale in Jordan represents a significant resource.

Oil shale in Jordan represents a significant resource .

Oil shale deposits in Jordan underlie more than 70 % of Jordanian territory .

AMMAN (AFP) – Jordan and China have inked a memorandum of understanding to build a $2.5 billion (1.8 billion euros) oil shale-fired power plant in the kingdom to produce 900 megawatts of electricity, media said Thursday.
Under the agreement, signed Wednesday in Beijing during a visit of King Abdullah II, a consortium of China's Shandong Electric Power Construction Corporation (SEPCO III) and HTJ Group as well as Jordan's Al-Lajjun Oil Shale Company will build the power station in the southern city of Karak.
"Jordan has 31 billion tonnes of oil shale, the world's fourth largest reserves," state-run Petra news agency quoted Minister of Trade, Industry, and Supply Hatem Halawani as saying.
Under a sperate deal, a consortium of the China International Water and Electric Corporation and Xinjiang Goldwind Science and Technology Company, will design, build and operate a wind-powered 300-megawatt plant in the kingdom, Petra said without giving further details.
Jordan imports 95 percent of its energy needs as the desert kingdom of 6.8 million people has few natural resources.
Amman is seeking to develop nuclear technology to meet its growing energy requirements.

Question: how much of jordan is oil shale

Answer: 70%

Question: what type of land is in jordan

Answer: Oil shale

Question: how much of jordan's territory is oil shale

Answer: more than 70%

how much of jordan's territory is oil shale

Question: what type of shale is found in jordan

Answer: Jordan oil shale

Question: what is a significant resource in jordan

Answer: Oil shale in Jordan

what is a significant resource in jordan

Question: what part of the body is associated with oil shale

Answer: thumb

what part of the body is associated with oil shale

Question: what part of the body is oil shale located in

Answer: thumb|Jordan oil shale

what part of the body is oil shale located in

The shale oil plant will use an Enefit processing technology.

The shale oil plant will use an Enefit processing technology .

The concession agreement was signed on 11 May 2010 in the presence of Jordanian and Estonian prime ministers Samir Zaid al - Rifai and Andrus Ansip .

Energy, Estonia, Legislation
InternationalÂ InternetÂ Magazine. Baltic States news & analytics
Wednesday, 20.04.2022, 10:08
Eesti Energia signs oil shale concession agreement with Jordan
Estoniaâs Prime Minister Andrus Ansip who was present at the signing, commented: âEstonian energy security is currently based on oil shale. The Estonian government supports Jordanâs move towards energy security by establishing its own oil shale industry.â
The Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Jordan, Mr Samir Rifai emphasized: âJordan currently imports 96 percent of its energy, being one of the few countries in the Middle East which has no energy resources, except for oil shale. However Jordanâs oil shale could easily cover its energy needs, both for power and for oil. Therefore oil shale will form the basis of our energy independence.â
Enefitâs CEO Sandor Liive commented on reaching the concession agreement by saying: âThis concession agreement is an acknowledgement of our oil shale processing technology. This is Enefitâs first international oil shale project. We consider it both an honour and our duty to do our best in establishing an efficient and environmentally friendly oil shale industry in Jordan.â
Enefit will now conduct additional geological and hydrogeological studies as well as testing and designing the oil shale processing technology and a comprehensive environmental impact assessment. After 4 years at the latest, the decision will be made whether to continue with the industrial stage and start the construction of the industrial complex. The length of the industrial stage, or the length of time the resource can be used by Enefit, is 40 years, with the option of extending it for another 10 years.
The Attarat Um Ghudran oil shale deposit lies in Central Jordan and it is the largest of the known Jordanian oil shale deposits. The total amount of oil shale in the deposit is an estimated 25 billion tons. Enefitâs concession area is ca 40 km2 in size and is estimated to contain over 2 billion tons of oil shale. Under certain conditions, the area can be expanded, in which case the total resource under the concession would be ca 4 billion tons of oil shale.
Enefit has two parallel development projects in Jordan â an up to 900 MW oil shale fired power plant and a ca 38 000 bbl/day shale oil plant. Enefitâs role is to be the project developer as well as the technology provider for the shale oil plant. Both in the development stage as well as the following industrial stage, additional investors are planned to be included into the project. The power and oil industries will both be established on the same oil shale deposit.
Enefit is the largest oil shale to energy company in the world and has almost 90 years of oil shale experience in Estonia. Enefitâs shale oil processing technology, currently operational in Estonia, is the worldâs most efficient and environmentally friendly. It is also a proven technology that creates additional value by using the excess heat and co-produced retort gas for power production. A new plant operating on this technology is currently being constructed in Estonia.

Question: when was the concession agreement signed

Answer: 11 May 2010

when was the concession agreement signed

Question: what type of technology will the shale oil plant use

Answer: Enefit processing technology

what type of technology will the shale oil plant use

Question: what processing technology will be used in the shale oil plant

Answer: Enefit

what processing technology will be used in the shale oil plant

Question: what countries signed the concession agreement

Answer: Jordanian and Estonian

what countries signed the concession agreement

Question: who was the prime minister of jordan in 2010

Answer: Samir Zaid al-Rifai

who was the prime minister of jordan in 2010

Question: which two prime ministers signed the concession agreement

Answer: Samir Zaid al-Rifai and Andrus Ansip

which two prime ministers signed the concession agreement

It plans to start production in 2019.

The company cooperates with Russian Atomenergoproekt to utilize the Galoter ( UTT-3000 ) process to build a shale oil plant .

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2018 will be turning point in Jordan’s energy sector — minister
By Mohammad Ghazal - Mar 02,2014 - Last updated at Mar 02,2014
AMMAN — Starting 2018, Jordan’s energy sector will start to reap the fruits of multibillion-dollar projects that entail producing oil locally and generating electricity using clean techniques, Energy Minister Mohammad Hamed has said.
Jordan, which currently imports about 96 per cent of its energy needs costing annually about 20 per cent of the gross domestic product, will not only be able to fulfil its energy needs but will also be capable of exporting energy when a series of energy projects in different areas go operational in 2018, the minister said in a recent interview with The Jordan Times.
Oil shale
Production of oil from oil shale in Jordan is expected to start in 2018, initially in small quantities, but will rise gradually every year to reach significant quantities by early 2020.
In 2019, Saudi Arab Co. for Oil Shale will start producing 3,000 barrels of oil from oil shale per day under a $2-3 billion project, said the minister. Production will rise to 30,000 barrels per day in 2025, he said.
Meanwhile, the Royal Dutch Shell Plc. is expected to start producing shale oil in 2022.
The Dutch company is expected to produce 300,000 barrels of oil from oil shale per day, said the minister.
The Kingdom will also witness several projects that use oil shale for production of electricity starting 2017, said Hamed.
One of these projects is being implemented by an Estonian-Malaysian consortium, Enefit, which will construct a 460-megawatt (MW) oil shale power plant.
“The project is going as scheduled and we are in the process of negotiating the price of electricity to be sold from the project to the National Electric Power Company,” said the minister.
The government is expected to sign an agreement to build a $2 billion oil shale-fuelled power plant this year with a group of Chinese, UAE and Jordanian companies, said the minister.
The consortium is expected to provide the technical and financial offers for the 600MW plant in July, while the power purchase deal is expected to be signed with the consortium at the end of this year, Hamed announced.
Renewable energy
Around mid-2017, several renewable energy power plants are expected to start supplying the national grid with electricity, said the minister.
The government is expected to sign agreements with 12 companies this month to build 12 solar power plants. The total capacity of the projects is 200MW, while the total cost of the projects is around $350 million, the official said.
In September of this year, the government will select four companies out of 23 short-listed ones to build a 50-megawatts solar power plant each, said Hamed.
In another tender, the ministry is in the process of receiving bids for renewable energy plants. Under this tender, the government will select four companies at the end of this year and each will build a 100MW renewable energy power plant.
“All renewable energy projects are to be linked to the grid by 2018. These projects will significantly increase Jordan’s electricity production capacity, which stands now at 3,200 megawatts,” said the minister.
According to official figures, Jordan consumed in 2013 around 16.7 gigawatts of electricity, rising by around 7 per cent from the previous year.
Energy infrastructure projects
The minister announced that Shell has won a tender to provide liquefied natural gas to Aqaba’s liquefied natural gas terminal.
The energy giant will provide 590 million cubic feet of liquefied natural gas per day to a floating storage re-gasification unit which the government recently rented and then gas will flow to the terminal, he said, expecting liquefied natural gas to start flowing to the terminal at the end of 2014.
Hamed said work on building a terminal for liquefied petroleum gas in Aqaba is going as scheduled and that the facility is expected to be operational in November this year.
In addition, the ministry is awaiting financial and technical offers by companies to build a strategic reserve for petroleum products in Amman and is expected to receive the offers by March 17, said the minister.
The $210 million reserve, which has a total capacity of 300,000 to 350,000 metric tonnes, is expected to be operational in 2016, said the minister.
Egyptian gas/oil from Iraq
The minister said natural gas supply from Egypt is completely halted as the pipeline exporting Egypt’s gas to Jordan has been sabotaged several times and the repair process is not easy in light of the security conditions in Sinai.
“Jordan has not received natural gas from Egypt since July 2013 and this has significantly burdened our energy sector and increased energy costs,” said the minister.
After the cut in gas supply, Jordan switched to heavy fuel for power generation, which costs the Kingdom about JD5 million per day, said the minister.
“The cost of diesel, for example, is six times that of natural gas… We hope that the Egyptian authorities will fix the pipeline soon. In fact, we have already asked them to speed up the process because our situation is critical,” Hamed said.
On reports that oil shipments via trucks from Iraq were halted, the minister said the Kingdom did not receive an official letter from Iraq that oil shipments were stopped.
“We receive about 10,000 barrels of oil per day from Iraq. There are disruptions sometimes due to the security conditions in Iraqi territories bordering the Kingdom. Because of the disruptions, we sometimes receive 20 per cent to 30 per cent less than what we are supposed to receive,” said the minister.
Regional energy projects
The minister noted that there are discussions at present between Iraq and Jordan to build a refinery in the port city of Aqaba.
“We have formed a technical committee comprising officials from the two sides to look into the project and procedures needed to go ahead with the implementation of the scheme,” said Hamed.
On the oil pipeline worth $18 billion to export crude oil from Basra to Aqaba, the minister said the two sides are going ahead with the scheme.
He added that there are discussions between Iraq, Jordan and Egypt to extend the pipeline, which will pump one million barrels of oil per day from Basra to Aqaba Port, and then to Egypt.
“With all these projects that are already under implementation or in the pipelines, Jordan’s energy sector will become promising in the near future,” said the minister.
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Jordan, Iraq and Egypt started on Thursday studying projects to transfer natural gas from Iraq to the Kingdom and Egypt, according to energy ministers of the three countries.
Jordan is expected to sign a deal with British Gas Group Plc. this month to import natural gas from the Gaza Strip, according to Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources Mohammad Hamed.
The door is open for local and international companies to submit bids to the Energy Ministry to develop the Risheh gas field near the border with Iraq after British Petroleum ended its project there, according to a senior official.
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Question: when does the company expect to start production of shale oil

Answer: 2019

when does the company expect to start production of shale oil

Question: who does the company partner with to build a shale oil plant

Answer: Atomenergoproekt

who does the company partner with to build a shale oil plant

Question: what does utt-3000 stand for

Answer: Galoter

Question: what is the galoter process used for

Answer: shale oil plant

Question: what process does the company use to build a shale oil plant

Answer: Galoter (UTT-3000

what process does the company use to build a shale oil plant

Question: what language is Atomenergoproekt

Answer: Russian

In March 2009 , the government of Jordan approved a memorandum of understanding on oil shale extraction with Russian company Inter RAO UES and Aqaba Petroleum Company .

By Taylor Luck
AMMAN - The government has approved agreements with a Russian and a Jordanian firm to explore the country’s oil shale potential.
The Cabinet last week approved memoranda of understanding (MoU) with Russian firm Inter Rao and local company Aqaba Petroleum, both specialised in a Russian technology for oil shale mining and extraction, according to the Natural Resource Authority (NRA).
Once the agreements are finalised, the two companies will explore areas in the southern region near Al Attarat, and retain a few hundred-square-metre plots containing one billion tonnes of oil shale reserves each for prospecting activities, NRA Director Maher Hijazin told The Jordan Times.
The Russian and Jordanian companies will carry out prospecting for surface mining and retorting of shale reserves, he said, noting that previously approved agreements concerning Russian and British firms are expected to be ratified in the next ordinary session of Parliament.
The ratification of the MoUs would bring the total number of companies exploring oil shale in the Kingdom to eight, ranging from firms from Estonia, Brazil and France, with several expected to submit feasibility studies within the next few months, he said.
According to the NRA and the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources, some 40 billion tonnes of oil shale exist in 21 sites near the Yarmouk River, Buweida, Beit Ras, Rweished, Karak, Madaba and Maan districts.
While the resource can be found as shallow as 40 metres below the surface in the west and south, oil shale is at very deep levels in the east and north of the Kingdom, at some 900 metres, and cannot be mined.

Question: who did the government of jordan approve a memorandum of understanding with in 2009

Answer: Inter RAO UES and Aqaba Petroleum Company

Question: when did the government of jordan approve a memorandum of understanding on oil shale extraction

Answer: March 2009

Question: where was the memorandum of understanding signed

Answer: Jordan

where was the memorandum of understanding signed

Question: in what year did the jordanian government approve a memorandum of understanding on oil shale

Answer: 2009

Question: what company did the government of jordan approve a memorandum of understanding with in 2009

Answer: Russian

Question: what russian company did the government of jordan approve a memorandum of understanding with in

Answer: Inter RAO UES

Question: who did the jordan government approve a memorandum of understanding with in 2009

Answer: Aqaba Petroleum Company

Question: who approved a memorandum of understanding on oil shale extraction

Answer: the government of Jordan

Also the Abu Dhabi National Energy Company ( TAQA ) has shown interest to invest into Jordan 's oil shale extraction sector .

The memorandum of understanding for exploration in Wadi Al Naadiyeh is ready for signing with the Fushun Mining Group .

AMMAN — Jordan is scheduled to sign a memorandum of understanding this month with a Chinese company for the exploration and utilisation of oil shale as part of the country’s efforts to increase dependence on local energy resources.
The Natural Resources Authority (NRA) has received the Cabinet’s approval to sign the memo with China’s Fushun Mining Group Co. Ltd., NRA Director General Mousa Zyoud told The Jordan Times on Tuesday.
Under the memo, the Chinese firm will conduct geological and geophysical studies over an 87-square-kilometre area in Wadi Al Naadiyeh in the central region, Zyoud said.
“The company will also assess the available quantities of oil shale during the study period, which will last for two years,” he added.
“If the studies prove that quantities are feasible, we will start negotiations with the company to prepare for signing a commercial agreement,” Zyoud said.
The memo is part of the government’s strategy to increase the contribution of oil shale to the energy mix to 14 per cent by 2020, according to Zyoud.
Jordan, which imports about 96 per cent of its energy needs annually, has about 40 billion tonnes of oil shale reserves, the fourth largest in the world, according to the NRA.

Question: who has shown interest in jordan's oil shale extraction sector

Answer: Abu Dhabi National Energy Company

who has shown interest in jordan's oil shale extraction sector

Question: where is a memorandum of understanding for exploration being signed

Answer: Wadi Al Naadiyeh

Question: the memorandum of understanding for exploration in wadi al naadiyeh is ready for

Answer: Fushun Mining Group

Question: what sector has the taqa shown interest in investing in

Answer: oil shale extraction sector

what sector has the taqa shown interest in investing in

Question: the abu dhabi national energy company (taqa) has shown interest in

Answer: Jordan

Question: what extraction sector has the taqa shown interest in jordan

Answer: oil shale

what extraction sector has the taqa shown interest in jordan

Question: what is the name of the abu dhabi national energy company

Answer: TAQA

what is the name of the abu dhabi national energy company

In 2014 , a memorandum of understanding was signed with Al Qamar for Energy and Infrastructure Company .

You are here
Planned oil shale project to produce up to 40,000 barrels per day
By Mohammad Ghazal - Nov 05,2014 - Last updated at Nov 05,2014
AMMAN — The government will sign a memorandum of understanding within a week for the production of up to 40,000 barrels per day of oil from oil shale, Energy Minister Mohammad Hamed said Wednesday.
The Cabinet approved signing the memorandum with Al Qamar for Energy & Infrastructure Ltd., which is a consortium of companies working in sectors such as oil and gas, oil shale, wind energy and solar energy.
Al Qamar and its affiliated companies have a net worth of $13 billion.
"Once we sign the memorandum of understanding, the company will have 24 months to conduct studies related to the implementation of the project, after which we will sign the agreement," Hamed told The Jordan Times.
Al Qamar will work on a total area of 64.3 square kilometres in Attarat Um Ghadran, using UTT 3000 technology owned by TTU Galoter L.P. for oil shale recycling, the minister said.
"The company will produce some 10,000 barrels per day starting in 2017 and gradually increase production to reach 40,000 barrels per day," Hamed added.
"This is a very important memorandum for Jordan as it will help us cover part of our oil needs."
Jordan’s oil shale deposits exceed 50 billion tonnes, 10 per cent of which can be extracted, according to energy experts.
In remarks in late October, Higher Council for Science and Technology Secretary General Khaled Shraideh said the Kingdom’s oil shale reserves rank fifth worldwide in terms of quantity and can cover the country’s needs for around 275 years.
Related Articles
A series of multibillion projects to generate oil from oil shale and build oil shale-fuelled electricity plants will start operation in the next few years, relieving the country’s rising energy bill that accounts for 20 per cent of the country’s gross domestic product, officials said Monday.
The Saudi Arabian Corporation for Oil Shale is expected to start producing oil from oil shale in Jordan in five years after the Lower House approved agreements it signed with the government.
Czech President Milos Zeman on Tuesday proposed helping the Kingdom in defence, energy and renewable energy projects as well as tourism.
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Question: who signed the memorandum of understanding for energy and infrastructure company

Answer: Al Qamar

Question: where is the fushun mining group located

Answer: Wadi Al Naadiyeh

where is the fushun mining group located

Question: when was a memorandum of understanding signed with al qamar

Answer: 2014

when was a memorandum of understanding signed with al qamar

Question: al qamar signed a memorandum of understanding with which company

Answer: Energy and Infrastructure Company

al qamar signed a memorandum of understanding with which company

Question: what type of agreement is ready for exploration in wadi al naadiyeh

Answer: memorandum of understanding

Question: what is ready for signing with fushun mining group

Answer: The memorandum of understanding

what is ready for signing with fushun mining group

Power generation For dealing with increasing power consumption , Jordan plans to utilize oil shale combustion for the power generation .

On 30 April 2008 , the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources of Jordan , the National Electricity Power Company of Jordan , and Eesti Energia signed an agreement , according to which , Eesti Energia will have the exclusive right to develop the construction of an oil shale - fired power plant with capacity of 460 MW .

By Hani Hazaimeh
AMMAN - Jordan’s switch to power plants operated by oil shale would reduce its energy bill by at least 40-50 per cent, said National Electricity Power Company (NEPCO) officials Wednesday after the government signed a deal with an Estonian firm specialised in the field.
The percentage is calculated against the current prices of oil in the international market, they said.
The Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources went into the agreement with the Estonian oil shale company “Easti Energy” to build the Kingdom’s first power generation plant operating on oil shale extracted through a process called “direct incineration”.
Oil shale fuel will replace heavy oil or gas and is expected to be operational in 2015 with a capacity of 600-900 megawatts, NEPCO’s Director General Ahmad Hiasat told The Jordan Times on Wednesday.
Hiasat added that Jordan, in the long-term, can rely on oil shale for the major part of its energy needs, saying that the fuel is the only indigenous energy resource that could reduce Jordan’s dependence on imported crude oil and gas and hence ease the pressure on the national economy.
“This is a new start in the country which will bear fruits in the near future,” said Hiasat, stressing that imported gas from Egypt will not meet the ministry’s expansion plans in the long term.
Jordan, which is a passageway for the Egyptian gas pipeline extending to Syria and other regional countries, buys the fuel at preferential prices under a 15-year deal with Cairo. Many power generation plants have switched to natural gas to cut down on the soaring fuel costs.
Hiasat highlighted that 80 per cent of the country’s electricity is being produced using Egyptian gas and 20 per cent is produced by power plants which use heavy oil.
“We have huge reserves of oil shale that are sufficient for hundreds of years,” he stressed. When the envisaged oil shale-based plant is operational in seven years, “we have plans to establish other similar facilities”, he said.
“This is a big national project and using oil shale means stability and security regarding energy supply,” he added.
Director General of the Natural Resources Authority (NRA) Maher Hijazin told The Jordan Times that the production of commercial quantities of crude oil from its oil shale reserves needs 10-12 years.
On Tuesday, an Estonian delegation, headed by the Estonian Economic Affairs and Communications Minister Juhan Parts and the president of Easti Energy Company, handed the government the results of a feasibility study on the Kingdom’s oil shale project, Hijazin said.
“The government signed an agreement with Easti to conduct a comprehensive feasibility study on the project on November 11, 2006,” he said, adding that the report indicated Jordan will be able to produce not less than 36,000 barrels of oil a day from at least one of its 20 locations rich in oil shale.
He added that the estimated cost of the project, as indicated in the study, stands at $6 billion; however, once an agreement is signed between both sides, the government will not be required to secure any funds as it will only contribute the natural wealth, which some studies estimate at 40 billion barrels.
“After we finish examining the study results, we will start negotiating with the company on various aspects of the project and the government’s share,” he added, stressing that if this project succeeds, it will be the first of its kind and size in the world.
“The conversion of oil shale into a liquid or gaseous fuel and raw materials will be of decisive importance in attempts to secure the future of energy supplies,” he stressed, adding that the economic benefits for Jordan’s economy makes the development of oil shale worthwhile.
There are 23 known surface and near-surface deposits, the most important of which are Al Lajjun, Sultani, Jurf Al Darawish, Attarat Um Al Ghudran, Wadi Maghar, Siwaga, Khan Al Zabib and Al Thamad.

Question: what is the capacity of the oil shale-fired power plant

Answer: 460 MW

what is the capacity of the oil shale-fired power plant

Question: what does jordan plan to use for power generation

Answer: oil shale combustion

what does jordan plan to use for power generation

Question: who has the exclusive right to develop the construction of an oil shale-fired power plant

Answer: Eesti Energia

Question: when did the ministry of energy and mineral resources of jordan sign an agreement

Answer: 30 April 2008

Question: who has the exclusive right to develop an oil shale-fired power plant

Answer: Eesti Energia

Question: what does jordan plan to utilize oil shale combustion for

Answer: Power generation

what does jordan plan to utilize oil shale combustion for

Question: what does jordan plan to use oil shale combustion to deal with

Answer: increasing power consumption

what does jordan plan to use oil shale combustion to deal with

Question: what is the capacity of the oil shale-fired power plant in jordan

Answer: 460

It is called Attarat Power Plant and is expected to be operational by 2017 , revised to 2021 .

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Sunday , 1/7/2012
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News Details
Enefit consortium starts tendering process for Jordan oil shale fired power plant
Amman, June 30 (Petra) – Enefit together with its partners, YTL Power International Berhad of Malaysia and Near East Investments of Jordan, starts EPC tendering for Jordan’s first direct burning oil shale fired power plant. The plant is due to come on line at the end of 2016.
The new power plant will have a capacity of approximately 460MW and will be located at the Attarat um Ghudran oil shale deposit approximately 100km south east of Amman.
Early this month Enefit reached agreement with the Jordanian Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources and the National Electric Power Company on the terms of the project contracts which allows the tendering process for the main engineering, procurement and construction of the new power plant to commence. The tender process will be completed by end of 2012 and the next stage of project development will be project financing in 2013.
The new power plant will have two oil shale-fired power units (2x 230MW) and will consume ca 8 million tonnes of oil shale per year. Using oil shale as energy source means a fundamental shift for Jordan on a road to become an energy-independent country and will deliver significant economic benefits to Jordan, including reducing the Kingdom’s expenditure on the import of oil products for power generation by more than 500 million USD a year.
The Enefit consortium has conducted an extensive exploration programme and developed a mining plan and technical concept for the power plant since having been awarded a concession over the mining area in July 2010.
//Petra// RZ, AA
30/6/2012 - 08:04:55 PM
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Question: what is the name of the oil shale-fired power plant

Answer: Attarat Power Plant

what is the name of the oil shale-fired power plant

Question: when is attarat expected to be operational

Answer: 2017

when is attarat expected to be operational

Question: what is the capacity of the attarat power plant

Answer: 460 MW

what is the capacity of the attarat power plant

Question: when is attarat scheduled to be completed

Answer: 2021

when is attarat scheduled to be completed

Question: what is the name of the oil shale-fired power plant in jordan

Answer: Attarat

what is the name of the oil shale-fired power plant in jordan

Question: the national electricity power company of what country signed an agreement in april 2008

Answer: Jordan