Pernik Province is a province in western Bulgaria, neighbouring Serbia. Its main city is Pernik, and other municipalities are Breznik, Kovachevtsi, Radomir, Tran, and Zemen.

lang=en|350px|thumb|right|Topographic map of Pernik Province

Population
Pernik province had a population of 133,750 according to the 2011 census, of which  were male and  were female. Bulgarian National Statistical Institute - 2011 census  „WorldCityPopulation“„pop-stat.mashke.org“ Population by 01.02.2011 by Area and Sex  from Bulgarian National Statistical Institute: Preliminary results of Census 2011

The following table represents the change of the population in the province after World War II:

Ethnic groups

Total population (2011 census): 133 530 Population on 01.02.2011 by provinces, municipalities, settlements and age; National Statistical Institute

Ethnic groups (2011 census):Population by province, municipality, settlement and ethnic identification, by 01.02.2011; Bulgarian National Statistical Institute
Identified themselves: 125 422 persons:
Bulgarians:  120 929 (96,42%)
Romani: 3 560 (2,84%)
Others and indefinable: 933 (0,74%)

Ethnic groups in the province according to 2001 census: Population to 01.03.2001 by District and Ethnic Group from Bulgarian National Statistical Institute: Census 2001
Bulgarians: 145 642 (),
Romani: 3 035 ()
Others and indefinable: 1155 ().

Religion
Religious adherence in the province according to 2001 census: Religious adherence in Bulgaria - census 2001
 Census 2001 religious adherence population % Orthodox Christians 146 141  Protestants 356  Muslims 178  Roman Catholics 92  Other 496  Religion not mentioned 2 569  total 149 832100%

Economy

Industry is of vital importance for the economy of the province. Pernik is the major manufacturing centre, one of the largest in the country with the "Stomana" steel complex; heavy machinery (mining and industrial equipment); building materials and textiles being the most important. There is an enormous plant for heavy machinery in Radomir which produces excavators and industrial equipment, but is currently not working at full capacity.

See also
Provinces of Bulgaria
List of villages in Pernik Province

 References

External links
City homepage
Pernik city information portal
Information site for Pernik

Category:Provinces of Bulgaria

Ethnic groups in the province according to 2001 census : Population to 01.03.2001 by District and Ethnic Group from Bulgarian National Statistical Institute : Census 2001 Bulgarians : 145 642 ( ) , Romani : 3 035 ( ) Others and indefinable : 1155 ( ) .

Question: how many others were indefinable according to the 2001 census

Answer: 1155

Question: where did the population of bulgaria come from in 2001

Answer: Bulgarian National Statistical Institute

Question: how many bulgians were there in 2001

Answer: 145 642

Question: according to the 2001 census, what did the bulgarian province have

Answer: Ethnic groups

Question: how many romani were there in the 2001 census

Answer: 3 035

Question: what was the population of bulgaria according to the 2001 census

Answer: 01.03.2001

Question: what ethnicity were the bulgians in 2001

Answer: Romani

Religion Religious adherence in the province according to 2001 census : Religious adherence in Bulgaria - census 2001 Census 2001 religious adherence population % Orthodox Christians 146 141 Protestants 356 Muslims 178 Roman Catholics 92 Other 496 Religion not mentioned 2 569 total 149 832100 %

Question: according to the 2001 census, what is the most important thing in bulgaria

Answer: Religion

Question: which country has the highest rate of religious adherence

Answer: Bulgaria

Question: what percentage of bulgaria residents are catholic

Answer: 832100%

Question: how many muslims lived in bulgaria in 2001

Answer: 356

Question: how many orthodox christians lived in bulgaria in 2001

Answer: 146


A combination drug or a fixed-dose combination (FDC) is a medicine that includes two or more active ingredients combined in a single dosage form. Terms like "combination drug" or "combination drug product" can be common shorthand for a FDC product (since most combination drug products are currently FDCs), although the latter is more precise if in fact referring to a mass-produced product having a predetermined combination of drugs and respective dosages (as opposed to customized polypharmacy via compounding"5-in-1 PolyPill Treatment May Prevent Heart Disease" , BAYVIEW PHARMACY'S PRESCRIPTION COMPOUNDING BLOG,Apr 01, 2009 @ 08:09 AM.). And it should also be distinguished from the term "combination product" in medical contexts, which without further specification can refer to products that combine different types of medical products—such as device/drug combinations as opposed to drug/drug combinations.Combination Products-U.S. Food and Drug Administration Note that when a combination drug product (whether fixed-dose or not) is a "pill" (i.e., a tablet or capsule), then it is also a kind of "polypill" or combopill.

Initially, fixed-dose combination drug products were developed to target a single disease (such as with antiretroviral FDCs used against AIDS).  However, FDCs may also target multiple diseases/conditions. In cases of FDCs targeting multiple conditions, such conditions might often be related—in order to increase the number of prospective patients who might be likely to utilize a given FDC product.  This is because each FDC product is mass-produced, and thus typically requires having a critical mass of potentially applicable patients in order to justify its manufacture, distribution, stocking, etc.

Common combination drugs

Over-the-counter medicines:
 Dimenhydrinate (8-chlorotheophylline/diphenhydramine) — used to treat motion sickness and nausea
 Glucose/fructose/phosphoric acid — antiemetic taken to relieve nausea and vomiting

Prescription drugs:
 Adderall (dextroamphetamine sulfate/amphetamine sulfate/dextroamphetamine saccharate/amphetamine aspartate monohydrate) — treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and narcolepsy.
 Aspirin/paracetamol/caffeine — pain treatment, especially tension headache and migraine
 Caffeine/ergotamine — treatment of headaches, such as migraine headache.
 Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir — granted emergency use authorization (EUA) by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment and management of COVID-19.

 Advantages
In addition to simply being a means of facilitating the general advantages of combination therapy, specific advantages of fixed-dose combination (FDC) drug products include:

Improved medication compliance by reducing the pill burden of patients. Note that pill burden is not only the number of pills needing to be taken, but also the associated burdens such as keeping track of several medications, understanding their various instructions, etc.
Ability to compose combined profiles of for example pharmacokinetics, effects and adverse effects that may be specific for the relative dosages in a given FDC product, providing a simpler overview compared to when looking at the profiles of each single drug individually. Such combined profiles can also include effects caused by interaction between the individual drugs that may be omitted in individual drug profiles.
Since FDCs are reviewed by regulating agencies (such as the Food and Drug Administration in the United States), the active ingredients used in the FDCs are unlikely to exhibit adverse drug interactions with each other. However, FDCs may interact with other drugs that a patient is taking, so the usual medical and pharmaceutical precautions against drug-drug interactions or DDIs remain warranted.
FDC drug products may be developed by a pharmaceutical company as a way to in effect extend proprietary rights and marketability of a drug product. Since FDCs may be protected by patents, a company may obtain exclusive rights to sell a particular FDC or formulation thereof, even though the individual active ingredients and many therapeutic uses thereof may be off-patent.

 Disadvantages

There may not be an FDC available with the appropriate drugs and/or in the most appropriate respective strength(s) for a given patient, which can lead to some patients getting too much of an ingredient and others getting too little, as the AAO notes that FDCs "limit clinicians' ability to customize dosing regimens."Peter A. Netland,"Glaucoma Medical Therapy-Principles and Management" In such cases an alternative possibility (instead of an FDC) is to utilize custom-compounded polypills prepared by a compounding pharmacist according to a prescription.  (Pharmaceutical compounding is the practice of preparing individualized drug products for individual patients, which can aid with polypharmacy.)
If an adverse drug reaction occurs from using an FDC, it may be difficult to identify the active ingredient responsible for causing the reaction. This problem might be alleviated by starting the medications individually and monitoring for reactions, and then switching to an FDC when no problems have been observed (assuming of course that it's the active ingredient causing the problem).
Formulation scientists experience challenges in the development stages of multi-drug formulations such as compatibility issues among active ingredients and excipients affecting solubility and dissolution
 If one drug is contraindicated for a patient, whole FDC cannot be prescribed.Kennedy Seele, 2020

References

External links

Category:Dosage forms

fi:Yhdistelmälääkkeet

A combination drug or a fixed - dose combination ( FDC ) is a medicine that includes two or more active ingredients combined in a single dosage form .

Terms like " combination drug " or " combination drug product " can be common shorthand for a FDC product ( since most combination drug products are currently FDCs ) , although the latter is more precise if in fact referring to a mass - produced product having a predetermined combination of drugs and respective dosages ( as opposed to customized polypharmacy via compounding"5 - in-1 PolyPill Treatment May Prevent Heart Disease " , BAYVIEW PHARMACY 'S PRESCRIPTION COMPOUNDING BLOG , Apr 01 , 2009 @ 08:09 AM . ) .

5-in-1 PolyPill Treatment May Prevent Heart Disease
Posted on Wed, Apr 01, 2009 @ 08:09 AM
It's cheap. It's easy. And in its first big test, it worked.
A "polypill" combining five heart drugs -- three blood-pressure-lowering drugs, a cholesterol-lowering statin drug, and aspirin -- is safe and works as well as any of the medications alone, researchers report.
The bigger news is you don't have to wait for this, or any other version of this, pill to be manufactured by some "big drug company" to improve your health today. Compounding pharmacies across the country have, and have had, the ability to compound multiple medications into one pill for years. And scientists for the past 5 years have speculated that this type of pill would not only increase compliance, but would also decrease heart disease and stroke by over 80% respectively.
Better yet, a compounding pharmacy like Bayview Pharmacy has the ability to custom make a polypill, on your physician's orders, that meets your unique needs. If you can't take or tolerate a certain medication that was included in this trial; or if your doctor determines that you need a lower dose of one of the medications, a compounding pharmacy can make exactly what you need.
What if you only need three medications instead of five? A compounding pharmacy can help you. Should a 67 year old woman who is 5'1" and weighs 125lbs be taking the same medication at the same strength as a 48 year old man who is 6'2" and weighs 225lbs? Probably not, and a compounding pharmacy can custom make a polypill that meets both of these patients' needs.
To find out if a compounded prescription may be right for you, contact Bayview Pharmacy, or find a compounding pharmacy near you.

Question: what does fdc stand for

Answer: fixed-dose combination

Question: a 5-in-1 polypill treatment may prevent what

Answer: Heart Disease

Question: where can i find a 5-in-1 polypill treatment may prevent heart

Answer: BAYVIEW PHARMACY'S PRESCRIPTION COMPOUNDING

Question: what does compounding mean

Answer: customized polypharmacy

Question: what is the name of the drug company whose products include polypharmacy

Answer: BAYVIEW PHARMACY

Question: what do you call a drug that has two or more active ingredients combined in a single

Answer: FDCs


Intensive crop farming is a modern industrialized form of crop farming. Intensive crop farming's methods include innovation in agricultural machinery, farming methods, genetic engineering technology, techniques for achieving economies of scale in production, the creation of new markets for consumption, patent protection of genetic information, and global trade. These methods are widespread in developed nations.

The practice of industrial agriculture is a relatively recent development in the history of agriculture, and the result of scientific discoveries and technological advances. Innovations in agriculture beginning in the late 19th century generally parallel developments in mass production in other industries that characterized the latter part of the Industrial Revolution. The identification of nitrogen and phosphorus as critical factors in plant growth led to the manufacture of synthetic fertilizers, making more intensive uses of farmland for crop production possible.

 Features
Certain crops have proven more amenable to intensive farming than others.
 large scale – hundreds or thousands of acres of a single crop (much more than can be absorbed into the local or regional market);
 monoculture – large areas of a single crop, often raised from year to year on the same land, or with little crop rotation;
 agrichemicals – reliance on imported, synthetic fertilizers and pesticides to provide nutrients and to mitigate pests and diseases, these applied on a regular schedule
 hybrid seed – use of specialized hybrids designed to favor large scale distribution (e.g. ability to ripen off the vine, to withstand shipping and handling);
 genetically engineered crops – use of genetically modified varieties designed for large scale production (e.g. ability to withstand selected herbicides);
 large scale irrigation – heavy water use, and in some cases, growing of crops in otherwise unsuitable regions by extreme use of water (e.g. rice paddies on arid land).
 high mechanization – automated machinery sustain and harvest crops.

 Criticism

Critics of intensively farmed crops cite a wide range of concerns. On the food quality front, it is held by critics that quality is reduced when crops are bred and grown primarily for cosmetic and shipping characteristics. Environmentally, industrial farming of crops is claimed to be responsible for loss of biodiversity, degradation of soil quality, soil erosion, food toxicity (pesticide residues) and pollution (through agrichemical build-ups and runoff, and use of fossil fuels for agrichemical manufacture and for farm machinery and long-distance distribution).

 History

The projects within the Green Revolution spread technologies that had already existed, but had not been widely used outside of industrialized nations. These technologies included pesticides, irrigation projects, and synthetic nitrogen fertilizer.

The novel technological development of the Green Revolution was the production of what some referred to as “miracle seeds.” Brown, L R. 1970. Seeds of Change: The Green Revolution and Development in the 1970s, London: Pall Mall Press. Scientists created strains of maize, wheat, and rice that are generally referred to as HYVs or “high-yielding varieties.”  HYVs have an increased nitrogen-absorbing potential compared to other varieties. Since cereals that absorbed extra nitrogen would typically lodge, or fall over before harvest, semi-dwarfing genes were bred into their genomes. Norin 10 wheat, a variety developed by Orville Vogel from Japanese dwarf wheat varieties, was instrumental in developing Green Revolution wheat cultivars. IR8, the first widely implemented HYV rice to be developed by IRRI, was created through a cross between an Indonesian variety named “Peta” and a Chinese variety named “Dee Geo Woo Gen.”Rice Varieties: IRRI Knowledge Bank. Accessed August 2006.

With the availability of molecular genetics in Arabidopsis and rice the mutant genes responsible (reduced height(rht), gibberellin insensitive (gai1) and slender rice (slr1)) have been cloned and identified as cellular signalling components of gibberellic acid, a phytohormone involved in regulating stem growth via its effect on cell division. Stem growth in the mutant background is significantly reduced leading to the dwarf phenotype. Photosynthetic investment in the stem is reduced dramatically as the shorter plants are inherently more stable mechanically. Assimilates become redirected to grain production, amplifying in particular the effect of chemical fertilisers on commercial yield.

HYVs significantly outperform traditional varieties in the presence of adequate irrigation, pesticides, and fertilizers. In the absence of these inputs, traditional varieties may outperform HYVs. One criticism of HYVs is that they were developed as F1 hybrids, meaning they need to be purchased by a farmer every season rather than saved from previous seasons, thus increasing a farmer's cost of production.

 Examples

 Wheat (modern management techniques)

Wheat is a grass that is cultivated worldwide. Globally, it is the most important human food grain and ranks second in total production as a cereal crop behind maize; the third being rice. Wheat and barley were the first cereals known to have been domesticated. Cultivation and repeated harvesting and sowing of the grains of wild grasses led to the domestication of wheat through selection of mutant forms with tough years which remained intact during harvesting, and larger grains. Because of the loss of seed dispersal mechanisms, domesticated wheats have limited capacity to propagate in the wild.Smith, C. Wayne. (1995) Crop Production. John Wiley and Sons. pp. 60 62. .

Agricultural cultivation using horse collar leveraged plows (3000 years ago) increased cereal grain productivity yields, as did the use of seed drills which replaced broadcasting sowing of seed in the 18th century. Yields of wheat continued to increase, as new land came under cultivation and with improved agricultural husbandry involving the use of fertilizers, threshing machines and reaping machines (the 'combine harvester'), tractor-draw cultivators and planters, and better varieties (see Green Revolution and Norin 10 wheat). With population growth rates falling, while yields continue to rise, the area devoted to wheat may now begin to decline for the first time in modern human history.Staff, The Economist, Dec 20th 2005 The story of wheat. Ears of plenty: The story of man's staple food

While winter wheat lies dormant during a winter freeze, wheat normally requires between 110 and 130 days between planting and harvest, depending upon climate, seed type, and soil conditions. Crop management decisions require the knowledge of stage of development of the crop. In particular, spring fertilizers applications, herbicides, fungicides, growth regulators are typically applied at specific stages of plant development. For example, current recommendations often indicate the second application of nitrogen be done when the ear (not visible at this stage) is about 1 cm in size (Z31 on Zadoks scale).

 Maize (mechanical harvesting)

Maize was planted by the Native Americans in hills, in a complex system known to some as the Three Sisters: beans used the corn plant for support, and squashes provided ground cover to stop weeds. This method was replaced by single species hill planting where each hill  apart was planted with 3 or 4 seeds, a method still used by home gardeners. A later technique was checked corn where hills were placed  apart in each direction, allowing cultivators to run through the field in two directions. In more arid lands this was altered and seeds were planted in the bottom of  deep furrows to collect water. Modern technique plants maize in rows which allows for cultivation while the plant is young, although the hill technique is still used in the cornfields of some Native American reservations.  Haudenosaunee Confederacy is what a group of Native Americans who are preparing for climate change through seed banking.  Now this group is known as the Iroquois.
With a climate changing more crops are able to grow in different areas that they previously weren't able to grow in.  This will open growing areas for maize.

200px|thumb|right| A corn heap at the harvest site, India
In North America, fields are often planted in a two-crop rotation with a nitrogen-fixing crop, often alfalfa in cooler climates and soybeans in regions with longer summers. Sometimes a third crop, winter wheat, is added to the rotation. Fields are usually plowed each year, although no-till farming is increasing in use. Many of the maize varieties grown in the United States and Canada are hybrids. Over half of the corn area planted in the United States has been genetically modified using biotechnology to express agronomic traits such as pest resistance or herbicide resistance.

Before about World War II, most maize in North America was harvested by hand (as it still is in most of the other countries where it is grown). This often involved large numbers of workers and associated social events. Some one- and two-row mechanical pickers were in use but the corn combine was not adopted until after the War. By hand or mechanical picker, the entire ear is harvested which then requires a separate operation of a corn sheller to remove the kernels from the ear. Whole ears of corn were often stored in corn cribs and these whole ears are a sufficient form for some livestock feeding use. Few modern farms store maize in this manner. Most harvest the grain from the field and store it in bins. The combine with a corn head (with points and snap rolls instead of a reel) does not cut the stalk; it simply pulls the stalk down. The stalk continues downward and is crumpled into a mangled pile on the ground. The ear of corn is too large to pass through a slit in a plate and the snap rolls pull the ear of corn from the stalk so that only the ear and husk enter the machinery. The combine separates the husk and the cob, keeping only the kernels.

 Soybean (genetic modification)

Soybeans are one of the "biotech food" crops that are being genetically modified, and GMO soybeans are being used in an increasing number of products. Monsanto Company is the world's leader in genetically modified soy for the commercial market. In 1995, Monsanto introduced "Roundup Ready" (RR) soybeans that have had a copy of a gene from the bacterium, Agrobacterium sp. strain CP4, inserted, by means of a gene gun, into its genome that allows the transgenic plant to survive being sprayed by this non-selective herbicide, glyphosate. Glyphosate, the active ingredient in Roundup, kills conventional soybeans. The bacterial gene is EPSP (= 5-enolpyruvyl shikimic acid-3-phosphate) synthase. Soybean also has a version of this gene, but the soybean version is sensitive to glyphosate, while the CP4 version is not.Padgette SR, Kolacz KH, Delannay X, Re DB, LaVallee BJ, Tinius CN, Rhodes WK, Otero YI, Barry GF, Eichholz DA, Peschke VM, Nida DL, Taylor NB, Kishore GM (1995) Development, identification, and characterization of a glyphosate-tolerant soybean line. Crop Sci 35:1451-1461

RR soybeans allow a farmer to reduce tillage or even to sow the seed directly into an unplowed field, known as 'no-till' or conservation tillage. No-till agriculture has many advantages, greatly reducing soil erosion and creating better wildlife habitat; it also saves fossil fuels, and sequesters CO2, a greenhouse effect gas.Brookes G and Barfoot P (2005) GM crops: The global economic and environmental impact—the first nine years 1996–2004. AgBioForum 8:187 195

In 1997, about 8% of all soybeans cultivated for the commercial market in the United States were genetically modified. In 2006, the figure was 89%. As with other "Roundup Ready crops", concern is expressed over damage to biodiversity. However, the RR gene has been bred into so many different soybean cultivars that the genetic modification itself has not resulted in any decline of genetic diversity.

 Tomato (hydroponics)

The largest commercial hydroponics facility in the world is Eurofresh Farms in Willcox, Arizona, which sold more than 200 million pounds of tomatoes in 2007. Eurofresh has  under glass and represents about a third of the commercial hydroponic greenhouse area in the U.S. Eurofresh does not consider their tomatoes organic, but they are pesticide-free. They are grown in rockwool with top irrigation.

Some commercial installations use no pesticides or herbicides, preferring integrated pest management techniques. There is often a price premium willingly paid by consumers for produce which is labeled "organic". Some states in the USA require soil as an essential to obtain organic certification. There are also overlapping and somewhat contradictory rules established by the US Federal Government. So some food grown with hydroponics can be certified organic. In fact, they are the cleanest plants possible because there is no environment variable and the dirt in the food supply is extremely limited. Hydroponics also saves an incredible amount of water; It uses as little as 1/20 the amount as a regular farm to produce the same amount of food. The water table can be impacted by the water use and run-off of chemicals from farms, but hydroponics may minimize impact as well as having the advantage that water use and water returns are easier to measure. This can save the farmer money by allowing reduced water use and the ability to measure consequences to the land around a farm.

The environment in a hydroponics greenhouse is tightly controlled for maximum efficiency and this new mindset is called soil-less/controlled-environment agriculture (S/CEA). With this growers can make ultra-premium foods anywhere in the world, regardless of temperature and growing seasons. Growers monitor the temperature, humidity, and pH level constantly.

 See also
 Intensive animal farming
 Environmental impact of agriculture
 Climate change
 Non-food crop

 References

Crops
Category:Agricultural soil science
Category:Crops

Features Certain crops have proven more amenable to intensive farming than others .

large scale – hundreds or thousands of acres of a single crop ( much more than can be absorbed into the local or regional market ) ; monoculture – large areas of a single crop , often raised from year to year on the same land , or with little crop rotation ; agrichemicals – reliance on imported , synthetic fertilizers and pesticides to provide nutrients and to mitigate pests and diseases , these applied on a regular schedule hybrid seed – use of specialized hybrids designed to favor large scale distribution ( e.g. ability to ripen off the vine , to withstand shipping and handling ) ; genetically engineered crops – use of genetically modified varieties designed for large scale production ( e.g. ability to withstand selected herbicides ) ; large scale irrigation – heavy water use , and in some cases , growing of crops in otherwise unsuitable regions by extreme use of water ( e.g. rice paddies on arid land ) .

high mechanization – automated machinery sustain and harvest crops .

Crop Changes
Change in potential average yields for corn, potatoes, rice, and wheat in 2050
Climate change may actually benefit some plants by lengthening growing seasons and increasing carbon dioxide. Yet other effects of a warmer world, such as more pests, droughts, and flooding, will be less benign. How will the world adapt? Using an aggressive climate model known as HadGEM2, researchers at the International Food Policy Research Institute project that by 2050, suitable croplands for four top commodities—corn, potatoes, rice, and wheat—will shift, in some cases pushing farmers to plant new crops.
Some farmlands may benefit from warming, but others won’t, says IFPRI’s Ricky Robertson. Climate alone doesn’t dictate yields; political shifts, global demand, and agricultural practices will influence how farms fare in the future. The winners, researchers say, will be farmers who modernize their methods and diversify their fields.
North America No place grows more corn than the midwestern United States. Despite a 20 percent drop in production, the region will remain a global supplier.
South America Many crops will suffer in Brazil. Under the HadGEM2 model, corn farmers will see crops decline by nearly 16 percent.
Northern European potato farmers will see longer growing seasons. Fields farther south will become increasingly dry.
West Africa’s rich soil and abundant water may support more rice. Parts of East Africa are believed to have great potential to expand production.
Changes in Asia, with its large population and land area, will affect the most people. India and China will experience major losses of arable land.
Indonesia’s rice production will be largely spared by climate change, but corn will decline as much as 20 percent.
New parts of Australia will become arable, but droughts will require efficient farming if growing wheat is to continue.

Question: some crops have proven more amenable to what type of farming

Answer: intensive farming

Question: some crops have proven more amenable to intensive what

Answer: farming

Question: which type of crops are more amenable to intensive farming

Answer: crops

Question: which type of crops have proven more amenable to intensive farming

Answer: amenable

Question: what term is given to crops that are more amenable to intensive farming

Answer: Features

Question: some crops have proven more what than others

Answer: amenable to intensive farming

some crops have proven more what than others

Question: reliance on imported fertilizers and pesticides is an example of

Answer: agrichemicals

Question: what is it called when large areas of a single crop are raised from year to year

Answer: monoculture

Question: what type of seed is used to grow crops

Answer: hybrid seed

Question: how many acres of a single crop can be raised on a large scale

Answer: hundreds or thousands of acres

Question: what type of crops are used for large scale production

Answer: genetically engineered crops

what type of crops are used for large scale production

Question: what do agrichemicals rely on to provide nutrients

Answer: imported, synthetic fertilizers and pesticides

what do agrichemicals rely on to provide nutrients

Question: what is one way to grow crops in otherwise unsuitable regions

Answer: extreme use of water

Question: what type of irrigation is heavy water use

Answer: large scale irrigation

what type of irrigation is heavy water use

Question: what is it called when automated machinery sustain and harvest crops

Answer: high mechanization

Question: what do automated machinery sustain and harvest

Answer: crops

what do automated machinery sustain and harvest

Question: what is used to sustain and harvest crops

Answer: automated machinery

what is used to sustain and harvest crops

Question: what is the term for automated machinery that can sustain and harvest crops

Answer: mechanization

Question: what type of mechanization does agriculture have

Answer: high

what type of mechanization does agriculture have

Question: what is the purpose of automated machinery

Answer: harvest crops

what is the purpose of automated machinery

Question: what is the purpose of automated machinery in agriculture

Answer: sustain

The novel technological development of the Green Revolution was the production of what some referred to as “ miracle seeds . ”

Seeds of Change: The Green Revolution and Development in the 1970's
Overseas Development Council, 1970 - Agriculture - 205 pages
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Contents
The Green Revolution
|3|
The New Seeds
|15|
New Irrigation Strategies
|24|
Copyright
18 other sections not shown
Other editions - View all
Common terms and phrases
achieved acres agricultural agricultural revolution already American areas Asia average become beginning benefits breakthrough cent cereal cities consumers continue corn cost countryside create crop demand depend economic effect effort employment established Europe example expand export fact farm farmers feed fertilizer food aid force foreign future gains global grain greater Green Revolution growing growth harvest high-yielding higher hunger important improve incomes increase India industry inputs investment irrigation Japan labor land less means mechanization Mexico million nearly Pakistan Perhaps Philippines planning plant poor countries population possible potential pounds problems production progress prospect protein raise rapidly recently reduced regions result rice rich countries rise rural season seeds self-sufficiency seventies share sources spread successful supply technologies tion trade traditional United varieties wheat yield

Question: what was produced during the green revolution

Answer: miracle seeds

what was produced during the green revolution

Question: what was the name of the revolution that produced miracle seeds

Answer: the Green Revolution

Question: what color revolution was the creation of miracle seeds

Answer: the Green

Question: what type of technological development was the green revolution

Answer: novel

Question: what did the green revolution produce

Answer: “miracle seeds

Since cereals that absorbed extra nitrogen would typically lodge , or fall over before harvest , semi - dwarfing genes were bred into their genomes .

Norin 10 wheat , a variety developed by Orville Vogel from Japanese dwarf wheat varieties , was instrumental in developing Green Revolution wheat cultivars .

Rice Varieties
R ice varieties recommended for Chaite season or first rice crop in the double cropped area
S.N
Varieties
Parentage
Origin
Year
Yield(t/ha)
Growing Season and Environment
1
CH-45
Selection at CRRI
China
1959
2.8
Chaite (spring) season, Sub-tropical/foot-hills, good for popped rice
2
Parwanipur-1
Peta/Peta 3/TNI
IRRI
1973
4.5
Chaite, Terai
3
Chandina
Peta 3//TNI//TKM6
Bangladesh
1978
3.5
Chaite, Terai
4
Laxmi
IR833-6-2-1-1// IR 1561-1/IR 1737
IRRI
1979
4.6
Chaite, Terai
5
Bindeshwari
TN 1/Co 28
India
1981
3.5
Chaite, Terai/foot-hills
6
Malika
CP-SLO2/Sigadis
Bangladesh
1982
4.0
Chaite, Terai
7
Chaite-2
BG34-8/IR2153-159-1-4
IRRI
1987
4.0
Chaite, Sub-tropical areas (eastern Terai region), replacing CH 35 as spring rice in inner Terai and river basin, also grown as Bhadaiya rice in far-western Terai
8
Chaite-4
BG34-8/IR28//IR2095-625-1-232
IRRI
1987
3.5
Chaite, Sub-tropical areas (eastern Terai region)
9
Chaite-6
NR6-5-46-50/IR 28
Nepal
1991
3.9
Sub-tropical areas, for spring and Bhadaiya season
10
IR 24
IR8///Century patna / SLO17//Sigadis
IRRI
1975
3.5
Chaite, Terai
Rice varieties recommended for Terai, Inner Terai and Foothills (60-900) masl for single crop in Main (Barkhe) season
S.N
Varieties
Parentage
Origin
Year
Yield(t/ha)
Growing Season and Environment
11
|IR 8||Peta/Dee-geo-woo-gen||IRRI||1968||4.0|
Barkhe, Terai, irrigated
12
|IR 20||peta 3/TNI/TKM6||IRRI||1972||4.1|
13
|IR 22||IR8/Tadukan||IRRI||1972||3.6|
14
|Jaya||TNI/T 141||India||1973||4.5|
Barkhe, Terai, irrigated
15
|Masuli|
Mayang Ebos*2/ Taichung 65
|Malaysia||1973||4.2|
Barkhe, Terai/foot-hills, popular for grain and straw quality, Fine grain, irrigated and rainfed low land and medium deep land
16
|Durga||Jaya/IR8/Lausal||India||1979||5.0|
Barkhe, Terai, irrigated
17
|Janaki||Peta 3/TNI /Ramadga||Sri Lanka||1979||4.4|
Barkhe, Terai, irrigated, mid- and far- western Terai, sub-tropical region
18
|Sabitri||IR 1561-228-1/IR 1737//CR 94-13||IRRI||1979||4.9|
Barkhe, central and western Terai/foot-hills of cerntral region replacing Masuli, best for blast problem areas
19
|Barkhe-2||C4-63 GB/B 531b-TK-39||Indonesia||1987||3.5|
Barkhe, Tearai/tropical
|20||Khajura-2||RP72/Mutant 65||India||1987||3.5|
Barkhe, irrigated mid-western Terai/tropical
|21||Makwanpur-1||O675/IR20/H4||Sri Lanka||1987||5-6|
Barkhe, partial irrigated and rainfed lowland areas of Terai, resistant to gall midge, popular for popped rice, popular in lower wet land areas ofcentral and eastern Terai
|22||Ghaiya-2||MTU/W, Kakaiku||India||1987||2.1-3.0|
Sub-tropical Upland areas and rainfed shallow lowland
|23||Radhakrishna-9||Masuli/IR 42||Nepal||1991||4.0|
Barkhe, Sub-tropical/foot-hills, partial irrigated and rainfed lowland
|24||Radha-7||Masuli/Janaki||Nepal||1991||4.5|
Barkhe, Sub-tropical/foot-hills, partial irrigated and rainfed
|25||Radha-4||BG34-8/IR2071-625-1(IR8423)||IRRI||1995||4.5|
Barkhe, Rainfed lowland, Mid- and far- western Terai
|26||Radha-11||Selection (TCA 80-4)||India||1995||3.5|
Barkhe, Rainfed lowland areas of Central Terai. Expanding in rainfed areas of eastern Terai
|27||Radha-12||TNI/T141// Annapurna (OR 142-99)||India||1995||4.6|
Barkhe irrigated & rainfed area of eastern Terai also expanding in central Terai
|28||Rampur masuli||Lalankanda/IR 30||India||1999||4.2|
Terai and River basin, Popular in Chitwan valley, fine grain
|29||Hardinath 1||BG 951///79-3348 /H4//BW 288-1-3||Nepal||2004||4.5|
Terai, inner Terai and valley for spring and Bhadaiya season
Rice varieties recommended for hills as single crop in main season
S.N
Varieties
Parentage
Origin
Year
Yield(t/ha)
Growing Season and Environment
|30||Taichung-176|
Tsai-Yuan-Chung/
Dee-geo-woo-gen
|Taiwan||1967||7.3|
Barkhe, Temperate areas
|31||Chainan-2||C-luamchu /Shiniri Aikoku/ Taichung-65||Taiwan||1967||6.6|
|32||Chainung-242||IIsin Chio-4/ Taichung-150/||"||"||7.2|
|33||Tainan-1||Taipe-17/T-45 T-Y-C/DGWG||"||"||6.5|
|34||Kanchan||CR126-42-5/IR2061-213||IRRI||1982||7.6|
Barkhe, Warm temperate areas
|35||Himali||CICA-4/Kulu||IRRI||1982||6.5|
Barkhe, Warm temperate areas
|36||Khumal-3||China 1039 /IR 580||India||1983||4.9|
Barkhe/Chaite, Warm temperate
|37||Khumal-2||Jarneli/Kn-LD-36t-DLK-2-8||Nepal||1987||3.5|
Barkhe, Cool temperate areas
|38||Palung-2||BG 94-2/Pokhareli Masino||Nepal||1987||4.9|
Cool temperate areas
|39||Khumal-4||IR28/PoPokhareli Masino||Nepal||1987||4.2|
Barkhe, warm temperate areas
|40||Khumal-5||Pokhareli Masinoo/KA-IB-361-BLK-2-8||IRRI||1990||4.0|
Barkhe, Warm Temperate areas
|41||Khumal-7||Chaite 1039 DEF MUT/Kn18-361-1-8-6-10||IRRI||1990||4.0|
Barkhe, Warm Temperate areas
|42||Kumal-9|
K28-76-D-1/Kn18-214-1-4-3/
|IRRI||1990||3.8|
Barkhe, Warm Temperate areas
|43||Chhomrong Dhan||Selection from Ghandruk Local Landrace||Nepal||1991|
Barkhe, Cool temperate areas
|44||Machapuchre 3||Fuji 102/ Chhomrong||Nepal||1996||4.9|
Kathmandu valley and similar climate
|45||Khumal 6||IR 13146-45-2-3/IR17492-18-6-1-3-3||Nepal||1999||5.3|
Kathmandu valley and similar conditions
|46||Manjushree-2||Fuji 102/NR10157||Nepal||2002||5.0|
Kathmandu valley
|47||Khumal-11||AKIUDAKA/BARKAT||Nepal||2002||5.5|
Kathmandu valley and similar climate
Rice varieties released for high hills area (1700-2850) masl for single main season rice
S.N
Varieties
Parentage
Origin
Year
Yield(t/ha)
Growing Season and Environment
|Chandannath 1||(IRCTN 1995)||China||2002||3.5||Jumla (high hills) and similar conditions, cold tolerance|
|Chandannath 3||(IRCTN 1995)||China||2002||3.5||Jumla (high hills) and similar conditions, cold tolerance|
|
Information on this page comes from Nepal
Agricultural research Council. For more information on rice and other crops
visit: http://www.narc-nepal.org/

Question: who developed norin 10 wheat

Answer: Orville Vogel

Question: what variety of wheat was instrumental in developing green revolution wheat cultivars

Answer: Norin 10 wheat

Question: what type of genes were bred into the genomes of dwarf wheat

Answer: semi-dwarfing

Question: what genes were bred into the genomes of dwarf wheat

Answer: semi-dwarfing genes

what genes were bred into the genomes of dwarf wheat

Question: norin 10 wheat was instrumental in developing what type of wheat cultivars

Answer: Green Revolution

Question: where did norin 10 wheat come from

Answer: Japanese dwarf wheat varieties

Question: norin 10 wheat was instrumental in developing what

Answer: Green Revolution wheat cultivars

norin 10 wheat was instrumental in developing what

Question: what did semi-dwarfing genes absorb

Answer: extra nitrogen

Agricultural cultivation using horse collar leveraged plows ( 3000 years ago ) increased cereal grain productivity yields , as did the use of seed drills which replaced broadcasting sowing of seed in the 18th century .

Yields of wheat continued to increase , as new land came under cultivation and with improved agricultural husbandry involving the use of fertilizers , threshing machines and reaping machines ( the ' combine harvester ' ) , tractor - draw cultivators and planters , and better varieties ( see Green Revolution and Norin 10 wheat ) .

Still Pictures
IN 10,000 years, the earth's population has doubled ten times, from less than 10m to more than six billion now and ten billion soon. Most of the calories that made that increase possible have come from three plants: maize, rice and wheat. The oldest, most widespread and until recently biggest of the three crops is wheat (see chart). To a first approximation wheat is the staple food of mankind, and its history is that of humanity.
Yet today, wheat is losing its crown. The tonnage (though not the acreage) of maize harvested in the world began consistently to exceed that of wheat for the first time in 1998; rice followed suit in 1999. Genetic modification, which has transformed maize, rice and soyabeans, has largely passed wheat by—to such an extent that it is in danger of becoming an “orphan crop”. The Atkins diet and a fashion for gluten allergies have made wheat seem less wholesome. And with population growth rates falling sharply while yields continue to rise, even the acreage devoted to wheat may now begin to decline for the first time since the stone age.
It is time to pay tribute to this strange little grass that has done so much for the human race. Strange is the word, for wheat is a genetic monster. A typical wheat variety is hexaploid—it has six copies of each gene, where most creatures have two. Its 21 chromosomes contain a massive 16 billion base pairs of DNA, 40 times as much as rice, six times as much as maize and five times as much as people. It is derived from three wild ancestral species in two separate mergers. The first took place in the Levant 10,000 years ago, the second near the Caspian Sea 2,000 years later. The result was a plant with extra-large seeds incapable of dispersal in the wild, dependent entirely on people to sow them.
The story actually starts much earlier, around 12,000 years ago. At the time, after several warm millennia, a melting ice sheet in North America collapsed and a gigantic lake drained into the North Atlantic through the St Lawrence seaway. The torrent of cool, fresh water altered the climate so drastically that the ice age, which had been in full retreat, resumed for a further 11 centuries. The Scandinavian ice sheet surged south. Western Asia became not only cooler, but much drier. The Black Sea all but dried out.
People in what is now Syria had been subsisting happily on a diet of acorns, gazelles and grass seeds. The centuries of drought drove them to depend increasingly on wild grass seeds. Abruptly, soon after 11,000 years ago, they began to cultivate rye and chickpeas, then einkorn and emmer, two ancestors of wheat, and later barley. Soon cultivated grain was their staple food. It happened first in the Karacadag Mountains in south-eastern Turkey—it is only here that wild einkorn grass contains the identical genetic fingerprint of modern domesticated wheat.
Who first replanted the seeds and why? For a start, he was probably a she: women have primary responsibilities for plant gathering in hunter-gatherer societies. The time was certainly ripe for agriculture: the ability to make tools and control fire (cooking makes many plants more digestible) was already well established. But was it an act of inspiration or desperation? Did it perhaps happen by accident, as discarded grains germinated around human settlements?
The wheat plant evolved three new traits to suit its new servants: the seeds grew larger; the “rachis” which binds the seeds together became less brittle so whole ears of grass, rather than individual seeds, could be gathered; and the leaf-like glumes that covered each seed loosened, thus making the grains “free-threshing”. In the past two years, the very mutations that allowed these changes have been located within the wheat plant's genome.
Wheat's servants now became its slaves. Agriculture brought drudgery, subjugation and malnutrition, because unlike hunter-gatherers, farmers could eke out a living when times were bad. But at least that meant that they could survive. Population growth was now inevitable. Within a few generations, wheat farmers were on the march, displacing and overwhelming hunter-gatherers as they went, and bringing with them their distinct Indo-European language, of which Sanskrit and Irish are both descendants. By 5,000 years ago wheat had reached Ireland, Spain, Ethiopia and India. A millennium later it reached China: paddy rice was still thousands of years in the future.
Wherever they went, the farmers brought their habits: not just sowing, reaping and threshing, but baking, fermenting, owning, hoarding. By 9,000 years ago they had domesticated cattle, to which they could feed wheat to get meat and milk. They could also get precious manure to fertilise the fields. Not until 6,000 years ago did somebody invent the first plough to turn the earth, burying weeds and breaking up the seedbed.
Innovations came slowly in wheat farming. The horse collar arrived in the third century BC, in China. By not pressing on the animal's windpipe, it enabled the animal to drag greater weight—and faster than an ox. In 1701 AD the Berkshire farmer Jethro Tull devised a simple seed drill based on organ pipes, which resulted in eight times as many grains harvested for every grain sown. Like most agricultural innovators since, he was vilified. A century later the threshing machine was greeted by riots.
In 1815 a gigantic volcanic eruption at Tambora in Indonesia led to the famous “year without a summer”. New England had frosts in July. France had bitter cold in August. Wheat prices reached a level that would never be seen again in real terms, nearly $3 a bushel. Thomas Robert Malthus was then at the height of his fame and the harvest failure seemed to bear out his pessimism. In 1798 he had forecast a population crash, based on the calculation that it was impossible to improve wheat yields as fast as people made babies (each new baby can make more babies; each new field of grain leaves less new land to cultivate).
The Malthusian crash was staved off in the 19th century by bringing more land under the plough—in North America, Argentina and Australia especially. But wheat yields per acre grew worse if anything as soil nutrients were depleted. So in 1898, in a speech to the British Association, a chemist, Sir William Crookes, argued again that worldwide starvation was inevitable within a generation. Population was rising fast. There was little new land to plough. Famines became worse each season, especially in Asia.
This time it was the tractor that averted Malthusian disaster. The first tractors had few advantages over the best horses, but they did not eat hay or oats. The replacement of draft animals by machines released about 25% more land for growing food for human consumption.
The Malthusian limit would surely be reached one day, though. The only way to increase yield was to find a way of supplying extra nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium to the soil. Neither a break crop of legumes, nor manure was the answer, since both demanded precious acres to produce. The search for fertiliser took unexpected turns. British entrepreneurs scoured the old battlefields of Europe searching for phosphorus-rich bones. In about 1830 a magic ingredient was found: guano. On the dry seabird islands off the South American and South African coasts, immense deposits of bird droppings, rich in nitrogen and phosphorus, had accumulated over centuries. Guano mining became a profitable business, and a grim one. Off South-West Africa, the discovery in 1843 of the tiny island of Ichaboe, covered in 25 feet of penguin and gannet excrement, led to a guano rush followed by a mutiny and battles. By 1850, Ichaboe, minus 800,000 tonnes of guano, was deserted again.
Between 1840 and 1880, guano nitrogen made a vast difference to European agriculture. But soon the best deposits were exhausted. In the dry uplands of Chile, rich mineral nitrate deposits were then found, and gradually took the place of guano in the late 19th century. The nitrate mines fuelled Chile's economy and fertilised Europe's farms.
On July 2nd 1909, with the help of an engineer named Carl Bosch from the BASF company, Fritz Haber succeeded in combining nitrogen (from the air) with hydrogen (from coal) to make ammonia. In a few short years, BASF had scaled up the process to factory size and the sky could be mined for nitrogen. Today nearly half the nitrogen atoms in the proteins of an average human being's body came at some time or another through an ammonia factory. In the short term, though, Haber merely saved the German war effort as it was on the brink of running out of nitrogen explosives in 1914, cut off from Chilean nitrates. He went on to make lethal gas for chemical warfare and genocide.
On farms, Haber nitrogen ran into much the same revulsion as had greeted the seed drill. For many farmers, the goodness of manure could not be reduced to a white powder. Fertiliser must in some sense be alive. Haber nitrogen was not used as fertiliser in large quantities until the middle of the 20th century, and for a good reason. If you put extra nitrogen on wheat, the crop grew taller and thicker than usual, fell over in the wind and rotted. On General Douglas MacArthur's team in Japan at the end of the second world war a wheat expert named Cecil Salmon collected 16 varieties of wheat including one called “Norin 10”, which grew just two feet tall, instead of the usual four. Salmon sent it back to a scientist named Orville Vogel in Oregon in 1949. Vogel began crossing Norin 10 with other wheats to make new short-strawed varieties.
In 1952 news of Vogel's wheat filtered down to a remote research station in Mexico, where a man named Norman Borlaug was breeding fungus-resistant wheat for a project funded by the Rockefeller Foundation. Borlaug took some Norin, and Norin-Brevor hybrid, seeds to Mexico and began to grow new crosses. Within a few short years he had produced wheat that yielded three times as much as before. By 1963 95% of Mexico's wheat was Borlaug's variety, and the country's wheat harvest was six times what it had been when Borlaug set foot in the country.
In 1961 Borlaug was invited to visit India by M. S. Swaminathan, adviser to the Indian minister of agriculture. India was on the brink of mass famine. Huge shipments of food aid from America were all that stood between its swelling population and a terrible fate. One or two people were starting to say the unsayable. After an epiphany in a taxi in a crowded Delhi street, the environmentalist Paul Ehrlich wrote a best-seller arguing that the world had “too many people”. Not only could America not save India; it should not save India. Mass starvation was inevitable, and not just for India, but for the world.
No need to starve
Borlaug refused to be so pessimistic. He arrived in India in March 1963 and began testing three new varieties of Mexican wheat. The yields were four or five times better than Indian varieties. In 1965, after overcoming much bureaucratic opposition, Swaminathan persuaded his government to order 18,000 tonnes of Borlaug's seed. Borlaug loaded 35 trucks in Mexico and sent them north to Los Angeles. The convoy was held up by the Mexican police, stopped at the border by United States officials and then held up by the National Guard when the Watts riots prevented them reaching the port. Then, as the shipment eventually sailed, war broke out between India and Pakistan.
Natural-born mutants
As it happened, the war proved a godsend, because the state grain monopolies lost their power to block the spread of Borlaug's wheat. Eager farmers took it up with astonishing results. By 1974, India's wheat production had tripled and India was self-sufficient in food; it has never faced a famine since. In 1970 Norman Borlaug was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for firing the first shot in what came to be called the “green revolution”.
Borlaug had used natural mutants; soon his successors were bringing on mutations artificially. In 1956, a sample of a barley variety called Maythorpe was irradiated at Britain's Atomic Energy Research Establishment . The result was a strain with stiffer, shorter straw but the same early harvest and malting qualities, which would eventually reach the market as “Golden Promise”.
Still Pictures
Today scientists use thermal neutrons, X-rays, or ethyl methane sulphonate, a harsh carcinogenic chemical—anything that will damage DNA—to generate mutant cereals. Virtually every variety of wheat and barley you see growing in the field was produced by this kind of “mutation breeding”. No safety tests are done; nobody protests. The irony is that genetic modification (GM) was invented in 1983 as a gentler, safer, more rational and more predictable alternative to mutation breeding—an organic technology, in fact. Instead of random mutations, scientists could now add the traits they wanted.
In 2004 200m acres of GM crops were grown worldwide with good effects on yield (up), pesticide use (down), biodiversity (up) and cost (down). There has not been a single human health problem. Yet, far from being welcomed as a greener green revolution, genetic modification soon ran into fierce opposition from the environmental movement. Around 1998, a century after Crookes and two centuries after Malthus, green pressure groups began picking up public disquiet about GM and rushed the issue to the top of their agendas, where it quickly brought them the attention and funds they crave.
Wheat, because of its unwieldy hexaploid genome, has largely missed out on the GM revolution, as maize and rice accelerate into world leadership. The first GM wheats have only recently been approved for use, their principal advantage to the farmer being so-called “no till” cultivation—the planting of seed directly into untilled soil saves fuel and topsoil.
Soon after Norman Borlaug went to India in 1963, a remarkable thing began to happen. The world population growth rate, in percentage terms, had been climbing steadily since the second world war (bar a two-year drop in 1959-60 caused by Mao Xedong). But in the mid 1960s it stopped rising. And by 1974 it was falling significantly. The number of people added each year kept on rising for a while, but even that peaked in 1989, and then began falling steadily. Population was still growing, but it was adding a smaller and smaller number each year.
Demographers, who had been watching the exponential rise with alarm, now forecast that the population will peak below ten billion—ten gigapeople—not long after 2050. Such a low forecast would have been unthinkable just two decades ago. Already, in developing countries, the number of children born per woman has fallen from six to three in 50 years. It will have reached replacement-level fertility (where deaths equal births) by 2035.
This is an extraordinary development, unexpected, undeserved—and apparently unnatural. Human beings may be the only creatures that have fewer babies when they are better fed. The fastest-growing populations in the world over the next 50 years will be those of Burkina Faso, Mali, Niger, Somalia, Uganda and Yemen. All except in Yemen are in Africa. All are hungry. All remain untouched by Borlaug's green Revolution: all depend on primarily organic agriculture.
In 10,000 years the population has doubled at least ten times. Yet suddenly the doubling has ceased. It will never double again. The end of humanity's population boom will happen in the lifetimes of people alive today. It is the moment when Malthus was wrong for the last time.
Of course feeding ten billion will not be trivial. It will require at least 35% more calories than the world's farmers grow today, probably much more if a growing proportion of those ten billion are to have meat more than once a month. (It takes ten calories of wheat to produce one calorie of meat.) That will mean either better yields or less rainforest—which is why fertilisers, pesticides and transgenes are the best possible protectors of the planet. The story of wheat is not finished yet.
This article appeared in the Special report section of the print edition under the headline "Ears of plenty"

Question: what replaced broadcasting sowing of seed in the 18th century

Answer: seed drills

Question: what was used to increase cereal grain productivity

Answer: horse collar leveraged plows

what was used to increase cereal grain productivity

Question: when were horse collar leveraged plows first used

Answer: 3000 years ago

when were horse collar leveraged plows first used

Question: what is another name for a reaping machine

Answer: combine harvester

what is another name for a reaping machine

Question: what leveraged plows were used to increase cereal grain yields

Answer: horse collar

Question: what is thecombine harvester

Answer: fertilizers, threshing machines and reaping machines

Question: when did seed drills replace broadcasting sowing of seed

Answer: 18th century

Question: what is another name for norin 10 wheat

Answer: Green Revolution


__NOTOC__
Gmina Wilków is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Opole Lubelskie County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland. Its seat is the village of Wilków, which lies approximately  north-west of Opole Lubelskie and  west of the regional capital Lublin.

The gmina covers an area of , and as of 2006 its total population is 4,863 (4,561 in 2015).

Flood
In May and June 2010, in 2010 Central European floods, Wilków gmina were flooded in 90% of the all area, leaving only Rogów unflooded.http://www.globalmapper.com.pl/flood_in_wilkowpl.html Flood in Wilków, maps and informations

Villages
Gmina Wilków contains the villages and settlements of Brzozowa, Dobre, Kąty, Kępa Chotecka, Kłodnica, Kolonia Wrzelów, Kosiorów, Lubomirka, Machów, Majdany, Podgórz, Polanówka, Rogów, Rybaki, Szczekarków, Szczekarków-Kolonia, Szkuciska, Urządków, Wilków, Wilków-Kolonia, Wólka Polanowska, Zagłoba, Zarudki, Zastów Karczmiski, Zastów Polanowski and Żmijowiska.

Neighbouring gminas
Gmina Wilków is bordered by the gminas of Chotcza, Janowiec, Karczmiska, Kazimierz Dolny, Łaziska and Przyłęk.

References

 Polish official population figures 2006
 http://www.globalmapper.com.pl/flood_in_wilkowpl.html

Wilkow
Category:Opole Lubelskie County

Menu g³ówne:
LINKI
Commune Wilków / PL under Vistula waters
Out of 25 villages in the Wilków Commune, only four have
been spared by the flooding of the Vistula River. Out of
4,000 local residents, 1,000 had to be evacuated, most of
them to stay with their relatives and friends nearby, where
the land remained above the water level; the rest have
been moved to a temporary accommodation of two primary
schools in the neighbourhood communes, which remained
free from flooding. The residents, who have remained in
the area, took shelter in the attic and upper floors of the
building in the area, which is drenched in unbearable
odour, as septic tanks have backed up and as water carries
drowned animals carcass. The waters of the Vistula River
have also flooded a local cemetery.
A crisis management centre has been run from a local
school in Rogów, which is in the area of the commune still
above the water levels. The floors of the school are covered
by rubber mattresses and camp beds, used by flood
victims, commune workers and soldiers sent to help battle
the crisis. As of last Saturday, volunteers have been
collecting gifts for the victims of the flooding in the school
changing room. Everything is in short supply: water,
canned food, bread, toiletries, nappies, tampons,
wellington boots, spades, and farm fodder, also needed for
strolling dogs. People have had to abandon their homes so
quickly, they havent even had time to take a change of
clothes with them.
Urz¹d Gminy Wilków (Wilków Commune Office)
Change of location & address due to flooding
Szko³a Podstawowa w Rogowie -
24-313 Wilków
Tel/Fax: +48 (81) 8282033;
+48 (81) 8282290;
+48 (81) 8282291
Email: wilkow@wilkow.eurzad.eu
http://www.wilkow.lubelskie.pl/index.php?
option=com_alphacontent&Itemid=43
APPEAL FROM THE HEAD OF WILKÓW COMMUNE
Ladies & Gentlemen, our Wilków Commune has been
afflicted with an unprecedented disaster of flooding and, as
a result, over 90% of the commune area is now below
water. Over 4,000 local residents have had to abandon their
homes and they are without their livelihood, having lost
their farms and machinery. Practically the entire commune
infrastructure and public services for residents have been
wrecked.
It is already clear today that the residents of
Wilków and surrounding areas are facing a social
catastrophe. The commune of Wilków and the residents
need to rely on the good will, support and understanding of
all the persons and institutions who recognize the need for
solidarity.
We would like to extend our warmest thanks to all
those, who have, in the last period, rushed in with support,
for their financial and material help, for their kindness and
their words of solidarity and encouragement. This support
keeps us going.
Please, do not abandon us in the coming weeks
and months, to face this disaster on our own. The widest
possible help for the flood victims is an essential condition
to allow the commune, its residents and business to make a
huge effort in order to restore a day-to-day life. We are
facing long months and years of hard work in order to
rebuild the potential of our land. Without help and support,
neither the residents and business community, nor the
Commune itself, can bear this weight.
In particular I would like to appeal to banks,
lenders and other credit institutions, and to suppliers of
resident services and creditors, to show some
understanding towards residents and business entities in
our area when their credit obligations and repayments are
concerned. I would also like to appeal to insurance
companies to apply the simplest procedures and shortest-
possible timescales regarding flood damage compensation,
and to send the flood-relief funds to the victims as quickly
as possible.
We need all this as never before.
Grzegorz Teresiñski
The Commune Leader of Gmina Wilków
===================
Bank account details for anyone who would like to send
support to flood victims in the Wilków Commune:
Bank Spó³dzielczy w Kazimierzu Dolnym Oddzia³ w Wilkowie
45 8731 0001 0200 0055 2000 0040
Please use the following transfer title while making a
payment:
"POMOC DLA POWODZIAN GMINA WILKÓW"
URZ¥D GMINY WILKÓW 24-313 WILKÓW
Bank account details for anyone abroad who would like to
send support to flood victims in the Wilków Commune:
Bank Spó³dzielczy w Kazimierzu Dolnym Oddzia³ w Wilkowie
PL 45 8731 0001 0200 0055 2000 0040
SWIFT: POLUPLPR
PKO BP SA
97 1020 3147 0000 8402 0075 9076 (PL)
When making payments from an account abroad, please
enter before the bank account number the following
information: PL and SWIFT code:
BPKOPLPW
(no transfer fees)
Payments in foreign currencies:
IBAN: PL24 1020 3147 0000 8102 0075 9373 (EUR)
Foreign currency payments
If you want to transfer funds from abroad, please provide
the following recipient details:
Recipient: Gmina Wilków, 24-313 Wilków 62A, Poland
Financial help for the Wilków Commune to be sent by Local
Self-government institutions:
Account number: 24 8731 0001 0200 0078 2000 0010
PDF document: ( HERE) and ( HERE)
Gmina Wilków pod wod¹ !!!
Z 25 wsi w gminie Wilków rzeka oszczêdzi³a tylko cztery. Z prawie czterech tysiêcy mieszkañców ewakuowa³o siê tysi¹c. G³ównie do rodzin i znajomych na niezalanych terenach oraz do dwóch szkó³ podstawowych w s¹siednich "suchych" gminach
Ci, którzy zostali, koczuj¹ na strychach i piêtrach na terenie, po którym roznosi siê niewyobra¿alny fetor. Wyla³y szamba. Woda niesie cia³a martwych zwierz¹t. Wis³a zala³a ponadto miejscowy cmentarz.
Sztab antykryzysowy dzia³a w szkole w Rogowie, na niezalanych terenach gminy. Na pod³odze roz³o¿one s¹ materace i ³ó¿ka polowe. pi¹ na nich powodzianie, urzêdnicy gminy i pomagaj¹cy im ¿o³nierze. W szkolnej szatni od soboty ochotnicy zbieraj¹ dary dla powodzian. Brakuje wszystkiego: wody, konserw, chleba, rodków czystoci, pieluch, podpasek, gumowców, ³opat, a tak¿e paszy dla zwierz¹t czy karmy dla wa³êsaj¹cych siê psów. Ludzie uciekali tak jak stali, brakuje im wiêc nawet bielizny na zmianê.
Urz¹d Gminy Wilków
(zmiana siedziby i adresu spowodowana powodzi¹)
Szko³a Podstawowa w Rogowie
24-313 Wilków
tel/fax: (81)8282033
(81)8282290
(81)8282291
e-mail: wilkow@wilkow.eurzad.eu
APEL WÓJTA GMINY WILKÓW
Szanowni Pañstwo, Gminê Wilków dotknê³a niespotykana dotychczas tragedia, powód, w wyniku której dosz³o do zalania ponad 90% ogólnej powierzchni ca³ej Gminy. Kataklizm pozbawi³ dachu nad g³ow¹ ponad 4000 ludzi. Zostali oni bez rodków do ¿ycia, utracili bezpowrotnie swoje gospodarstwa, sprzêt do produkcji. Zniszczeniu uleg³a praktycznie ca³a infrastruktura Gminy s³u¿¹ca mieszkañcom.
Ju¿ dzisiaj jest oczywiste, ¿e spo³ecznoæ Wilkowa i okolicy znalaz³a siê w obliczu socjalnej katastrofy. Gmina Wilków i jej mieszkañcy zostali skazani na ¿yczliwoæ, ofiarnoæ, zrozumienie tych wszystkich osób i instytucji, którzy rozumiej¹ potrzebê solidarnoci.
Z ca³ego serca dziêkujemy tym wszystkim, którzy od kilku dni spiesz¹ z pomoc¹, za wsparcie finansowe, za pomoc materialn¹, za wyrazy solidarnoci,za ¿yczliwoæ, za s³owa otuchy. Trwamy dziêki tej pomocy.
Prosimy, nie zostawiajcie nas samych w obliczu naszego dramatu równie¿ w najbli¿szych tygodniach i miesi¹cach. Mo¿liwie najszersza pomoc dla poszkodowanych jest niezbêdna, jest warunkiem umo¿liwienia Gminie, jej mieszkañcom, firmom podjêcia trudu przywrócenia normalnej egzystencji, normalnego funkcjonowania. Przed nami d³ugie miesi¹ce i lata ciê¿kiej pracy w celu odbudowy potencja³u naszego terenu. Bez pomocy, bez wsparcia, ani mieszkañcy, ani przedsiêbiorcy, ani Gmina nie udwign¹ tego ciê¿aru.
W sposób szczególny zwracam siê do wszystkich banków, instytucji kredytowych i po¿yczkowych, do dostawców mediów, do wierzycieli, by okaza³y wyrozumia³oæ dla mieszkañców i firm z naszego terenu w zakresie sp³aty zobowi¹zañ. Apelujê do firm ubezpieczeniowych o stosowanie jak najprostszych i najkrótszych procedur likwidacji szkód, aby jak najsprawniej i jak najszybciej uruchamiane by³y rodki z tytu³u odszkodowañ dla poszkodowanych.
To wszystko jest nam potrzebne jak nigdy dot¹d.
Grzegorz Teresiñski
Wójt Gminy Wików
===================
Numer konta dla osób chc¹cych pomóc ludziom dotkniêtych Powodzi¹ z terenu Gminy Wilków:
Bank Spó³dzielczy w Kazimierzu Dolnym Oddzia³ w Wilkowie
8731 0001 0200 0055 2000 0040
"POMOC DLA POWODZIAN GMINA WILKÓW"
URZ¥D GMINY WILKÓW
24-313 WILKÓW
Numer konta dla osób chc¹cych pomóc ludziom dotkniêtych Powodzi¹ z terenu Gminy Wilków mieszkaj¹cy poza granicami kraju:
Bank Spó³dzielczy w Kazimierzu Dolnym Oddzia³ w Wilkowie
PL 45 8731 0001 0200 0055 2000 0040
kod SWIFT : POLUPLPR
PKO BP SA
1020 3147 0000 8402 0075 9076 (PL)
Dla wp³at z zagranicy podajemy przed numerem z konta "PL" i kod SWIFT banku:
BPKOPLPW
(bez ¿adnych op³at)
W walucie obcej:
IBAN: PL24 1020 3147 0000 8102 0075 9373 (EURO) - Wp³aty w walucie obcej
W celu przes³ania rodków z zagranicy nale¿y podaæ nastêpuj¹ce dane:
Odbiorca: Gmina Wilków, 24-313 Wilków 62A
Pomoc finansowa przekazywana przez jednostki
Samorz¹du Terytorialnego Gminie
Wilków:
Nr konta: 24 8731 0001 0200 0078 2000 0010
Global Mapper:
Pobierzmy dla obszaru Gminy Wilków dane SRTM.
Ustalmy wstêpnie poziom wody w Wile w tym obszarze na 120 metrów n.p.m.
Nastêpnie zwiêkszajmy poziom do 122m; 123m; 124m; i wreszcie do 125m.
Przy fali powodziowej, takie wahania stanu wody nie s¹ czym niezwyk³ym. Widzimy jak wra¿liwy jest ten teren na zalanie i jak wielkie jego obszary zostan¹ pokryte wod¹ w przypadku uszkodzenia wa³ów, które go ochraniaj¹...
Ostatni obraz pokazuje przekrój pionowy na równole¿niku, na którym le¿y Wilków.
Warstwice dla tego terenu wygenerowano celowo z ciêciem poziomym co 50 cm. Wyranie ukazuje ono jednostajnie p³aski i niski charakter tego terenu.
G£ÓWNA | GlobalMapper | GIS / WMS / GPS | KARTOGRAFIA | FORUMs | LINKI | KONTAKT | Mapa witryny
Podmenu:

Question: when did the wilkow gmina get flooded

Answer: May and June 2010

Question: what percentage of the swedish gmina was flooded in may and june

Answer: 90%

Question: which gmina in sweden was completely destroyed by a 2010 european flood

Answer: Rogów

Question: when was the last time a european city was flooded

Answer: 2010 Central European floods

Question: in which year was the wilkow gmina flooded 90% of the time

Answer: 2010

Question: which central european gmina was flooded in 90% of its area in

Answer: Wilków gmina

Question: what happened to the wielkow gmina after the 2010 central europe

Answer: Rogów unflooded

Question: where can one find information about the wilkow floods

Answer: globalmapper.com.pl/flood_in_wilkowpl.html


Ash-Shams (, 'The Sun') was an Arabic-language Jewish weekly newspaper in Egypt. The paper was established in 1934. The editor of ash-Shams was Saad Malki whose political outlook combined Egyptian nationalism with moderate Zionism. The weekly was closed down by the Egyptian government in May 1948.

References

Category:1934 establishments in Egypt
Category:1948 disestablishments in Egypt
Category:Arabic-language newspapers
Category:Censorship in Egypt
Category:Defunct newspapers published in Egypt
Category:Defunct weekly newspapers
Category:Egyptian nationalism
Category:Jewish Egyptian history
Category:Jewish newspapers
Category:Publications established in 1934
Category:Publications disestablished in 1948
Category:Zionism in Egypt
Category:Weekly newspapers published in Egypt

The paper was established in 1934.

The editor of ash - Shams was Saad Malki whose political outlook combined Egyptian nationalism with moderate Zionism .

The Dispersion of Egyptian Jewry: Culture, Politics, and the Formation of a Modern Diaspora
Egypt's indigenous Jewish population comprised Arabic-speaking Rabbanite and Karaite Jews, some of whom had been in the country since the early Islamic era. Jews expelled from Spain in 1492 took refuge in Egypt, and their numbers were augmented in the mid-nineteenth century by Sephardic immigrants. Originally welcomed elsewhere in the Ottoman Empire, these Spanish Jews came to Egypt seeking economic opportunity in the era of Suez Canal construction and the cotton boom. The late nineteenth century brought Ashkenazi Jews fleeing persecution in Eastern Europe. The different groups formed a heterogeneous community of cosmopolitan hybrids, which was both an element of strength and a factor in its eventual demise. The Dispersion of Egyptian Jewry examines the history of the Egyptian Jewish community after 1948, focusing on three major areas: the life of the majority of the community, which remained in Egypt from the1948 Arab-Israeli War until the aftermath of the 1956 Suez/Sinai War; the dispersion and reestablishment of Egyptian Jewish communities in the United states, France, and Israel; and contested memories of Jewish life in Egypt since President Anwar al-Sadat's visit to Jerusalem in 1977. Beinin argues that the experiences of Egyptian Jews cannot be adequately accounted for by either Egyptian nationalist or Zionist narratives. Fusing history, ethnography, literary analysis, and autobiography, Joel Beinin conducts an interdisciplinary investigation into identity, dispersion, and the retrieval of identity that is relevant for anyone interested in Egypt, the Jewish diaspora, or the formation of cultures and identities.
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Selected pages
Contents
Introduction
|1|
Communitarianisms Nationalisms Nostalgias
|31|
Citizens Dhimmis and Subversives
|60|
Nazis and Spies The Discourse of Operation Susannah
|90|
The Graduates of haShomer haTzair in Israel
|121|
The Communist Emigres in France
|142|
The Karaites of the San Francisco Bay Area
|179|
The Recovery of Egyptian Jewish Identity
|207|
Opposing Camp David and Remembering the Jews of Egypt Trends in Recent Egyptian Historical Writing
|241|
Interview with Jacques Hassoun I am Jewish because I am Egyptian I am Egyptian because I am Jewish
|269|
Notes
|275|
Bibliography
|307|
|323|
Other editions - View all
Common terms and phrases
accept activity al-Kalim al-yahud Alexandria American anti-Semitic appeared Arab Arab-Israeli Association authorities Aviv became began British Brothers Cairo capital Chief Rabbi Cicurel citizens citizenship claim commitment Committee communist considered continued critical cultural Curiel despite early East economic Egyptian Jewish Egyptian Jews elements established European expression forces foreign France French ha-Shomer ha-Tza'ir Hebrew Henri identity interest interview Israel Israeli Italy Jerusalem Jewish community Jews of Egypt Karaite kibutz labor late leaders leading living major MAPAM Marxism meeting memories Middle military minority misr movement Muslim nationalist official Operation Susannah organization origins Palestine Palestinian Paris Party peace political position possible practices Press published question Rabbi regarded relations religious remained reported represented resided response San Francisco served social status tion trial United University York young youth Yusuf Zionist

Question: who was the editor of ash-shams

Answer: Saad Malki

Question: when was ash-shams founded

Answer: 1934

Question: saad malki's political outlook combined egyptian nationalism with what

Answer: moderate Zionism

Question: saad malki's political outlook combined what

Answer: Egyptian nationalism

Question: saad malki's political outlook combined egyptian nationalism with moderate what

Answer: Zionism

Question: what was the political outlook of saad malki

Answer: Egyptian nationalism with moderate Zionism

Question: saad malki was the editor of which paper

Answer: ash-Shams

Question: saad malki's political outlook combined egyptian nationalism with what other political

Answer: nationalism


thumb|Looking Northeast over the East side of the Canelo Hills with the Huachuca Mountains to the East

The Canelo Hills are a range of low mountains or hills in eastern Santa Cruz County, Arizona. The range consists of a series of northwest–southeast trending ridges extending from the Sonoita Creek valley southwest of Sonoita to the Parker Canyon Lake area in southwest Cochise County, Arizona. The Canelo Hills merge with the Huachuca Mountains to the southeast. The San Rafael Valley lies to the southwest of the range and the Patagonia Mountains lie to the west across the Harshaw Creek valley. The Canelo Hills Cienega Reserve and the ghost town of Canelo, Arizona, are located on the eastern side of the hills.

Geology
thumb|center|1400px|Canelo Hills during Monsoon
The Canelo Hills are underlain by northwest striking folded and faulted Permian sedimentary rocks and Jurassic–Triassic volcanic rocks. The southwest margin extending toward the Patagonias is underlain by Cretaceous–Eocene volcanics.Mark W. Bultman, 1999, Geometry, Structure, and Concealed Lithology of the San Rafael Basin, Southeastern Arizona, USGS Open-File Report 99-399 The southern end of the Canelo Hills contain evidence for a volcanic caldera, the Parker Canyon Caldera. This caldera is mapped as a kidney shaped feature stretching from just north of Canelo Pass some  to the southeast into the Huachucas and underlying the eastern portion of the San Rafael Valley.Houser, B. B., et al., Historic Mining Camps of Southeastern Arizona: a Road Log with Geologic and Historic Highlights, in USGS Researches on Mineral Resources – 1994 Part B Guidebook for Field Trips, U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1103–B p. 26 (map) & pp. 46–47 The Jurassic volcanics in the area consist of rhyolite welded tuff containing large exotic blocks of limestone, quartzite and other rock types interpreted as "intercaldera megabreccia lenses".

See also

 Ciénega Creek

Picture gallery

References

Category:Hills of Arizona
Category:Mountain ranges of Santa Cruz County, Arizona
Category:Mountain ranges of Arizona
Category:Geology of Arizona

Geology thumb|center|1400px|Canelo Hills during Monsoon The Canelo Hills are underlain by northwest striking folded and faulted Permian sedimentary rocks and Jurassic – Triassic volcanic rocks .

Skip Links
Open-File Report 99-399
Abstract
The contiguous United States has been well explored for exposed conventional mineral deposits. Therefore, it is likely that many economically viable and strategically significant conventional undiscovered mineral deposits will be found in bedrock concealed beneath basin sediments. Mineral resource assessments must incorporate an understanding of the geometry, structure, and concealed lithology of basins in order to be accurate. This report presents an analysis of the basin geometry and structure of the San Rafael basin in southeastern Arizona. In addition, a new methodology for inferring concealed lithology is presented and applied in the San Rafael basin.
Gravity data is used to model the geometry of the basin using recent models of sediment density vs. depth developed in the region. This modeling indicates that the basin has a maximum depth of approximately 1.05 km plus or minus 0.10 km. In the southern portion, the basin can be modeled as an asymmetric graben faulted on the western margin. The northern portion of the basin is structurally more complex and may have high angle faults on the western, northern, and eastern margin. Near-ground closely spaced Earths total intensity magnetic field data is used to locate concealed faults within the basin. This data is also used to infer lithology concealed by shallow basin sediments. Airborne Earths total intensity magnetic field data is used to help infer concealed lithology in deep portions of the basin. The product of integrating all data and interpretations is a map which presents the geometry of the basin, faults and contacts concealed by basin sediments, and an estimate of the bedrock lithology concealed by basin sediment.
Based on basin geometry and concealed lithology, the San Rafael basin has a high potential for concealed mineral deposits on its western and northern margin. In particular, a newly discovered magnetic anomaly in the northern portion of the basin can be modeled as a granitic intrusion with highly altered margins and may represent a potential mineral resource target. Based on the permeability and porosity of upper basin fill found in nearby basins, the San Rafael basin may contain an aquifer up to 300 meters thick over a substantial area of the basin.
First posted August 12, 1999
For additional information, contact:
Part or all of this report is presented in Portable Document Format (PDF). For best results viewing and printing PDF documents, it is recommended that you download the documents to your computer and open them with Adobe Reader. PDF documents opened from your browser may not display or print as intended. Download the latest version of Adobe Reader, free of charge.
Bultman, M. W., 1999, Geometry, Structure, and Concealed Lithology of the San Rafael Basin, Southeastern Arizona: U. S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 99-399, https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/0399/.

Question: which direction are the canelo hills underlain by

Answer: northwest

Question: during which season are the canelo hills underlain by northwest striking folded and faulted

Answer: Monsoon

Question: what type of rocks are found in the canelo hills

Answer: Permian sedimentary rocks

Question: what type of sedimentary rocks are found in the canelo hills

Answer: Permian

Question: which time period are the canelo hills underlain by

Answer: Jurassic–Triassic

Question: which hills are underlain by northwest striking folded and faulted Permian sedimentary

Answer: Canelo Hills

Question: what field of study do the canelo hills fall under

Answer: Geology


The Borstal () is a Czech drama film about a teacher newly assigned to youth detention center. It was made by director Hynek Bočan in 1968, but for political reasons it remained unfinished until 1990.

Cast
 Ivan Vyskočil as Teacher
 Václav Sloup as Topol
 Ivan Chocholouš as Štrobach
 Vilém Besser as Director
 Zdeněk Kryzánek as Caretaker Kostelecký
 Jiří Smutný as Caretaker Helebrant
 Vladimír Krška as Caretaker Krofta
 Jiří Krampol as Holub

References

External links

 Film on youtube

Category:Czech drama films
Category:Czechoslovak drama films
Category:Czechoslovak films
Category:Czech-language films
Category:Czechoslovak black-and-white films
Category:1968 films
Category:1990 films
Category:Films based on Czech novels
Category:Films set in Prague
Category:Films shot in Prague

The Borstal ( ) is a Czech drama film about a teacher newly assigned to youth detention center .

It was made by director Hynek Bočan in 1968 , but for political reasons it remained unfinished until 1990 .

This raw, inconclusive story taking place in a remedial institution for troubled youths was among the films that ran afoul of the censors as early as 1968. The footage that director Hynek Bočan had shot was so provocative that work on the film was halted just before the final edit. The film did not take its final form until 1989 and appeared in cinemas a year later. The story’s protagonist is a young teacher in a small town who is obliged to go to work in a Prague borstal as a tutor. The primitive, crude wards frustrate his every attempt at normal communication. The strained relations come to a head around Christmas, when the teacher himself becomes a victim of bullies… this grim drama with Ivan Vyskočil in the lead role bears witness to the great talent of Bočan, who in following years did not have an opportunity to show it.
In Czech, the name of the house The Good Shepherd in Prague gave rise to the popular name for the educational facilities for uncontrollable youths – the borstal. The name in Czech suggests a trap much more than the guardian of herds who is depicted on the portal. A young teacher from a small town school should write a laudatory article about a colleague who is going to retire. He discovers a photograph in an old school chronicle in which the merited teacher was receiving an award from the Nazis. He was able to adapt himself to every regime and is still proud of his occupation medal. The disgusted young teacher eventually does not write the article, but he must leave the school anyway – jobs are assigned by the superior authorities and he has been given a place in Prague. His girlfriend Blanka says farewell to him at the railway station. But the job has already been given to someone else and the teacher is allocated to the Youth Reformatory Home – the borstal. Safety measures can be seen everywhere – double doors, bars, constant locking. The educators are not teachers; there are former workers – a butcher, a cobbler, a tailor and a soldier amongst them. The young teacher is the only qualified employee. His predecessor has been hospitalized with severe wounds. The disappointed teacher has nowhere to stay. The inmates – mostly primitive brutes – have their own hierarchy of power and the teacher does not know how to tame them. He leads them to work in the coal storehouse and gets a nice dressing down from the local employees because he is unable to discipline them. The teacher tries to get closer to the inmates, giving them cigarettes and taking a shower with them, but the home's director reproaches him for his benevolence. At night, the police bring a newcomer to the home and the teacher places him directly in the dorm instead of the solitary confinement section where he himself sleeps. The rookie gets severely beaten by the older inmates. Blanka arrives for a visit, but the teacher is unable to tell her anything about his situation. He, however, simply cannot behave like a warden as his colleagues do. The defiance of the self-constituted inmate bosses increases. The inmate František escapes from the home and manages to commit an assault before the police catch him and bring him back. It is just before Christmas and several inmates receive a pass to buy Christmas gifts. Those not allowed out entrust them with money to do their shopping for them. But the gang dupes them, boozing all the money away. After the collective Christmas Eve dinner, all the employees leave for home and only the teacher is on duty. The inmates totally demolish the dining room. Topol, one of the more decent ones, complains that his Christmas gifts were stolen. The angry teacher finds the stolen things, but the young frustrated criminals pounce on him and beat him in a furious attack. Then they destroy the entire home, unlock the main door with stolen keys and scatter into the night. Topol and František call the police. The young teacher lies in the corner of the room, beaten to death.
The film was made in 1968 and 1969, but it was finished and introduced to the official distribution only as late as in 1990.
učitel
chovanec Topol
cikán Štrobach
ředitel výchovného ústavu
vychovatel Kostelecký
vychovatel Helebrant
vychovatel Krofta
chovanec Holub
ředitelka školy
starý učitel
Blanka, učitelova přítelkyně
šafář uhlí
lékařka
šafář dříví
řidič
tetička
chovanec
chovanec
chovanec
chovanec
chovanec
chovanec
chovanec
chovanec
chovanec
chovanec
chovanec
podivná žena
muž s legitimací
sekretářka
příslušník SNB
referent
stařeček
mladší chovanec
nadstrážmistr VB
strážmistr VB
nováček František
chovanec Bláha
referent
muž z fotografie
muž v hospodě
fotograf
Hynek Bočan
Jiří Růžička st.
Jiří Býček, Marie Beránková, Robert Vacík
Karel Misař (Pasťák – novela)
Karel Misař, Hynek Bočan
Věra Kalábová
Jiří Šámal
Jan Hanzal
Oldřich Okáč
Čestmír Diviš, Ladislav Winkelhöfer
Lída Novotná
Miloslava Šmídová, Eva Lackingerová
Anežka Kunová, Ivana Mesteková, Jiří Hurych
Zdeněk Stehlík
Adolf Böhm
Jiří Beránek
Jaroslav Vágner, Vlasta Synkulová
Tomáš Tintěra
H. Josífková, Miloslava Vojnová, Jana Šimůnková, Jan Kňákal
Vladimír Klusák
FISYO, skupina GBS
Mario Klemens (FISYO)
Ach, ta láska nebeská, Do lesíčka na čekanou
Jiří Šlitr (Ach, ta láska nebeská)
Jiří Suchý (Ach, ta láska nebeská)
Waldemar Matuška (Ach, ta láska nebeská), Eva Pilarová (Ach, ta láska nebeská)
Pasťák
The Borstal
film
feature
psychological
Czechoslovakia
1990
1968—1969, 1990
1 December 1990
Filmové studio Barrandov
Státní fond kinematografie
Ústřední půjčovna filmů
Tvůrčí skupina Šebor – Bor, Vladimír Bor (vedoucí dramaturg tvůrčí skupiny), Jiří Šebor (vedoucí výroby tvůrčí skupiny)
Národní filmový archiv, Obchodní oddělení
long
91 min
Czech
without subtitles

Question: what is the title of the 1968 film about a teacher newly assigned to youth detention center

Answer: The Borstal

Question: who directed the 1968 film the borstal

Answer: Hynek Bočan

Question: when was the movie the borstal made

Answer: 1968

Question: when did the movie the borstal end

Answer: 1990

Question: what is the occupation of the character in the borstal

Answer: teacher

Question: who made the movie the borstal

Answer: director Hynek Bočan

Question: who is the movie the borstal about

Answer: a teacher

Question: where did the movie the borstal take place

Answer: youth detention center