Jose "Joe" Bulaon Lingad (; November 24, 1914 – December 16, 1980) was a Filipino lawyer, World War II veteran and politician who was elected provincial governor and congressman from Pampanga. He also became commissioner of the Bureau of Internal Revenue and Bureau of Customs then subsequently secretary of the Department of Labor and Employment.

Early life and career
Lingad was born in Lubao, Pampanga on November 24, 1914, to Emigdio Lingad and Irene Bulaon. He took up law at the University of the Philippines where he passed the bar exam in 1938. At age 24, he was elected councilor of Lubao, making him one of the youngest elected officials in the country. By the time he was elected Governor of Pampanga, he was still only 33 years old.

Career during World War II
thumb|left|Lingad as a Army during World War II
After the Japanese invasion of the Philippines in 1941, Lingad joined the armed resistance against the Japanese in Bataan. He survived the Bataan Death March and later joined the guerrilla movement where he would lead the Pampanga Military District.

Political career
thumb|left|Lingad (right) with Pres. Manuel Roxas (left) at the Malacañan Palace in 1948
thumb|left|Lingad (left) with Diosdado Macapagal (center) and Pres. Elpidio Quirino (left) during the 1949 elections
In the 1947 general elections, Lingad was elected governor of Pampanga as a member of the Liberal Party at the age of 33. He also became vice-president of the League of Governors of the Philippines. Seated as governor in 1948, Lingad served a single term, being defeated for re-election in 1951 due to the fall-out from the Maliwalu massacre. Had Lingad stayed on as governor though, he would have been appointed by President Elpidio Quirino to lead the Department of National Defense due to his stellar accomplishments at the time.

After his term as governor, Lingad was still recognized as the political kingpin of Pampanga. And during the elections of 1949, Lingad nominated Diosdado Macapagal, who was then serving as second secretary of the Philippine embassy in Washington, D.C. to run for the 1st Congressional District of Pampanga.

With the help and guidance of governor Lingad, Diosdado Macapagal would start his political career that would make him president of the Philippines one day. As they were childhood friends in the town of Lubao, Pampanga.

In 1969, Lingad was elected as Congressman of the 1st district of Pampanga.

Cabinet official
When his Protégé Diosdado Macapagal was elected president in 1961, Lingad joined the Macapagal administration, first as Commissioner of Bureau of Internal Revenue, then Commissioner of Bureau of Customs and, ultimately Secretary of Labor.

Congressional career
In 1969, Lingad was elected to the House of Representatives under the Liberal Party banner representing the 1st District of Pampanga, the same seat Macapagal had won 20 years earlier. Lingad served in the 7th Congress from 1969 to 1972. Previously perceived as holding right-wing political views, Lingad shifted to the left while in Congress, supporting farmers' rights and dialogue with the leftist insurgency. Lingad's congressional career was abbreviated with the abolition of Congress following the declaration of martial law by Marcos in 1972. Lingad, a member of the political opposition against Marcos, was among the first political figures to be arrested and imprisoned on the day martial law was declared.

Lingad was released from prison after three months and he retired to his Pampanga farm. He was called out of retirement by the opposition leader Benigno Aquino Jr., who urged him to run for Pampanga governor in the January 1980 local elections as a candidate of the anti-Marcos opposition. Lingad was defeated by Estelito Mendoza, but he raised charges of fraud which led to the staging of a new election for governor.

Assassination and legacy
left|thumb|Historical marker unveiled by the National Historical Commission of the Philippines in Lubao, Pampanga to commemorate the 107th birth anniversary of Jose B. Lingad.
On December 16, 1980, Lingad was shot His assassin, who died in a vehicular accident before being prosecuted, was identified as a member of the Philippine Constabulary. National leaders from all sides of the political spectrum attended his wake. On November 25, 1989, RA No. 6780 entitled "An Act of Changing the Name of the Central Luzon General Hospital located in the municipality of San Fernando, province of Pampanga, to Jose B. Lingad Memorial Regional Hospital" was one of bills signed by then President Corazon C. Aquino. On that day the hospital was formally recognized as Jose B. Lingad Memorial Regional Hospital.
thumb|right|125px|Façade of the Jose B. Lingad Memorial Regional Hospital.
thumb|right|125px|The Logo (view from the National road)
thumb|right|125px|Jose B. Lingad Park and Museum in Lubao, Pampanga

Personal life
Lingad was married to Estela Layug and has eight children including Emigdio L. Lingad, a former congressman for 2nd District of Pampanga from 1987 to 1995.

Notes

References

External links

Category:1914 births
Category:1980 deaths
Category:Assassinated Filipino politicians
Category:Deaths by firearm in the Philippines
Category:Filipino democracy activists
Category:Filipino prisoners and detainees
Category:Philippine Army personnel
Category:Bataan Death March prisoners
Category:Kapampangan people
Category:Liberal Party (Philippines) politicians
Category:Filipino military personnel of World War II
Category:Governors of Pampanga
Category:Marcos martial law victims
Category:Individuals honored at the Bantayog ng mga Bayani
Category:Members of the House of Representatives of the Philippines from Pampanga
Category:Secretaries of Labor and Employment of the Philippines
Category:Commissioners of the Bureau of Customs of the Philippines
Category:People murdered in the Philippines
Category:20th-century Filipino lawyers
Category:University of the Philippines alumni
Category:Filipino Roman Catholics
Category:Macapagal Administration cabinet members
Category:Filipino people of World War II

Career during World War II thumb|left|Lingad as a Army during World War II After the Japanese invasion of the Philippines in 1941 , Lingad joined the armed resistance against the Japanese in Bataan .

He survived the Bataan Death March and later joined the guerrilla movement where he would lead the Pampanga Military District .

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The Men Behind Dadong
Like in any movie about the lives of great men, the story begins with a flashback. The setting is the town of Lubao during the early 1920s. Three young friends pledge to each other that they would one day, rise above the throng and lead the province and the nation. One did become governor, the other a senator. And the third, he became president.
The "poor boy from Lubao," as he was popularly known during his time, was one man who dared to make that difficult journey from a small nipa hut in Lubao to the Malacaņang Palace. And Diosdado Macapagal has indeed earned his place among the nation's greats. His "loyalists" in the province however, amplify his greatness to the point of overstatement. With the political undertones suggested by the placing of Diosdado Macapagal busts in almost every public elementary and high school in the entire province, his followers may just be damaging his already widely recognized and noble reputation, more that they are doing it good.
As they say, with Macapagal, the Philippines almost made it. Alejandro Roces even labeled him "the last of (the) great presidents." Then again, it is but fair to recognize the men behind the success of "Cong Dadong." For the positions they are occupying now, the current president and Pampanga vice-governor owe part of it to these men. Getting back to our story of the three friends from Lubao, who were the other two?
The one who became Pampanga governor, lost his life in a tragic assassination in 1980. Jose Bulaon Lingad was born in Lubao on November 24, 1914. He took up law at the University of the Philippines and the Philippine Law School and passed the bar in 1938. At age 24, he was elected councilor of Lubao, with the most number of votes.
Joe Lingad was a veteran of Bataan and the Death March. In 1947, at the age of 33, he was elected Pampanga governor, and even became vice-president of the League of Governors. While serving at the Capitol, Governor Lingad clashed with the infamous Nenita Group of Col. Napoleon Valeriano, known for its abuses of human rights. It is said that the CIA was grooming him to be their prime Huk fighter.
If not for the tragic events of Holy Week in 1951, Joe Lingad may have been the first Kapampangan in Malacaņang. This event is widely known as the Maliwalu Massacre. In revenge for the murder of Captain Nonong Serrano by Huks suspected to be from Maliwalu, the men and relatives of Serrano executed nine farmers. Since Serrano was connected to Governor Lingad, in the strongly contested elections of 1951, Lingad was blamed for the massacre, and thus lost his bid for reelection.
It is said that if not for the Maliwalu Massacre, if Lingad stayed on as Governor, he may have been the man appointed by Elpidio Quirino to lead the Department of Defense, instead of Ramon Magsaysay. And we all know what could have happened next.
But despite the fact that he did not make it to Malacaņang, he was said to be responsible for making a future president. Joe Lingad was recognized as one of the strongest political kingpins of Pampanga. And during the elections of 1949, according to a 1988 column by Larry Henares, who was a member of the Macapagal cabinet together with Lingad, it was Joe Lingad who selected Macapagal, who was then serving as Second Secretary of the Philippine Embassy in Washington, D.C., to run for the 1st Congressional District of Pampanga, a fact that is missed out in Macapagal biographies. If Lingad did not single out his old friend to run for office, who knows what could have happened next?
In a vindication from his earlier loss, Lingad ran for Congressman in 1969. He won, and even garnered 90 percent of the votes in Maliwalu, since he was proven to be blameless for the incident. During Martial Law, Lingad was arrested and jailed for three months. He was about set to retire to his fishponds, which were later foreclosed together with his Manila residence, when he received a letter from Ninoy Aquino asking him to run again for Pampanga governor in the 1980 elections.
Joe Lingad ran together with Jose Suarez as his running mate. They were obviously cheated and Lingad fought back. The two were granted a Special Election. On December 16, 1980, while buying a pack of cigarettes along MacArthur Highway, Lingad was gunned down by a military man, PC Sgt. Roberto Tabanero, who later died in a mysterious car accident. He was the first of the Marcos political opponents to fall under the hands of the military. Lingad preceded a list of political martyrs that would later include Ninoy Aquino and Evelio Javier of Antique.
The words of Chino Roces at his funeral is a perfect image of what has become of Lingad's legacy and memory today: "Today, no songs are sung in praise of Joe Lingad, the seed that bore fruit and gave us shade. How easily we forget!" In a political arena were "utang na loob " is the name of the game, people who beckon at the greatness of their ancestors should first remember why their ancestors reached the top in the first place.
Up next is the matinee idol who became senator.
Please send your comments or suggestions to
ivanhenares@yahoo.com.
We would like
to request those who will be using the information above, especially for
publication, to properly cite the author and the Kapampangan Homepage. The
above column was published in Sun*Star Pampanga.
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Question: when did the japanese invade the philippines

Answer: 1941

Question: where did lingad fight in the philippines

Answer: Bataan

Question: what was the name of the guerrilla movement led by lingad

Answer: Pampanga Military District

Question: what was the name of the battle in bataan during world war ii

Answer: Bataan Death March

Question: during what war did lingad serve in the army

Answer: World War II

Question: what type of movement did lingad join

Answer: guerrilla movement

Question: what event led to the formation of the pampanga guerrilla movement

Answer: Japanese invasion of the Philippines

Question: during which war did lingad serve as a soldier

Answer: World War II


thumb|Juliana Morell
Juliana Morell (16 February 1594 – 26 June 1653)Griswold (January 1941) p. 137 was a Catalan Dominican nun and intellectual child prodigy. Some sources assert that she received a doctorate in canon law in Avignon in 1608. In 1941, Sylvanus Morley traced this to an 1859 misreading by  of 17th-century Latin documents.Griswold (January 1941) pp. 140, 148–149 and cited others stating that, while her father wished for her to obtain a doctorate, she refused, regarding it as incompatible with her status as a nun.Griswold (July 1941) p.4 01 doc.5 and p.402 "Two facts are now very clear: Juliana Morell never taught in Paris, and she never received the doctor's degree in Avignon."

Biography

Morella was born at Barcelona and was left motherless when very young; her first training was received from the Dominican nuns at Barcelona. At the age of four she began Latin, Greek, and Hebrew at home under competent teachers. When not yet seven years old, she wrote a Latin letter to her father who was away.

Accused of taking part in a murder, the father fled to Lyon with his daughter, then eight years old. At Lyon Juliana continued her studies, devoting nine hours daily to rhetoric, dialectics, ethics, and music. At the age of 12 she defended in public her theses in ethics and dialectics summa cum laude. She then applied herself to physics, metaphysics and canon and civil law. Her father, who had meanwhile settled at Avignon, wanted his daughter to obtain a law doctorate. This was gained in 1608, when she publicly maintained her law theses at the papal palace of the vice-legate before a distinguished audience, among whom was the Princesse de Condé. It is not clear what body granted her the degree.

According to some sources, Morell was the first woman to receive a university degree, but the circumstances are unclear. Juliana Morell "defended theses" in 1606 or 1607 in Lyon or maybe Avignon, although claims that she received a doctorate in canon law in 1608 have been discredited. The first woman to receive a doctorate degree in the modern era was Elena Cornaro Piscopia in 1678 at the University of Padua.

Disregarding wealth and an advantageous offer of marriage, she entered during the same year the convent of Sainte-Praxède at Avignon. In 1609 she received the habit of the order, and on 20 June 1610 took the vows. On three occasions she was named prioress. For two years before her end she was in great bodily suffering and her death agony lasted five days; she died in 1653 at Avignon.

In a laudatory poem Lope de Vega speaks of her "as the fourth of the Graces and the tenth Muse" and says "that she was an angel who publicly taught all the sciences from the professorial chairs and in schools".

Works

Morell left a number of religious writings:

A translation of the "Vita Spiritualis" of Vincent Ferrer, with comments and notes to the various chapters (Lyons, 1617; Paris, 1619);
Exercices spirituels sur l'éternité (1637);
French translation of the Rule of St. Augustine with addition of various explanations and observations for the purpose of instruction (Avigon, 1680);
History of the reform of the convent of St. Praxedis, with lives of some pious sisters, in manuscript;
Latin and French poems, some printed and some in manuscript.

See also
 Beatriz Galindo
 Francisca de Lebrija
 Isabella Losa
 Luisa de Medrano

References
Attribution

The entry cites:
Quétif-Échard, Script. Ord. Praed. II (1721), 845 sqq.;
Baronius, Apologeticus, V, 326;
Nicolas Antonio, Bibliotheca hispana, II, (1672), 344-5.

Sources

Citations

Category:1594 births
Category:1653 deaths
Category:People from Barcelona
Category:Dominican nuns
Category:Spanish Roman Catholic religious sisters and nuns
Category:17th-century Spanish women
Category:Spanish women philosophers
Category:17th-century Latin-language writers
Category:New Latin-language poets

According to some sources , Morell was the first woman to receive a university degree , but the circumstances are unclear .

Juliana Morell " defended these s " in 1606 or 1607 in Lyon or maybe Avignon , although claims that she received a doctorate in canon law in 1608 have been discredited .

Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Juliana Morell
Dominican nun, b. at Barcelona, Spain, 16 February, 1594; d. at the convent of the Dominican nuns at Avignon, France, 26 June, 1653. The accounts of the learning of this celebrated Spanish lady seem to border on the miraculous. ln a laudatory poem Lope de Vega speaks of her "as the fourth of the Graces and the tenth Muse" and says "that she was an angel who publicly taught all the sciences from the professorial chairs and in schools". The apparently extravagant praise of the poet is confirmed by the reports of contemporaries. Left motherless when very young, Juliana's first training was received from the Dominican nuns at Barcelona. At the age of four she began Latin, Greek, and Hebrew at home under competent teachers, and, when not yet seven years old, wrote a pretty Latin letter to her father who was away. Accused of taking part in a murder, the father fled to Lyons with his daughter, then eight years old. At Lyons Juliana continued her studies, devoting nine hours daily to rhetoric, dialetics, ethics, and music. At the age of twelve she defended in public her theses in ethics and dialectics "summa cum laude". She then applied herself to physics, metaphysics and canon and civil law. Her father, who had meanwhile settled at Avignon, wanted his daughter to obtain a doctorate in the last-named faculty. This was gained in 1608, when she publicly maintained her law theses at the papal palace of the vice-legate before a distinguished audience, among whom was the Princesse de Condé. Disregarding wealth and a desirable marriage, she entered during the same year the convent of Sainte-Praxède at Avignon. In 1609 she received the habit of the order, and on 20 June, 1610 took the vows. Just as she had distinguished herself in secular life by her learning so in the Order she excelled aII others in piety, humility, faithful observance of the rules, being on three occasions, notwithstanding her reluctance, named prioress. In this manner the pious nun spent the remainder of her life in the order, well-pleasing to God and beloved by the sisters. For two years before her end she was in great bodily suffering and her death agony lasted five days. She left a number of religions writings: a translation of the "Vita Spiritualis" of St. Vincent Ferrer, with comments and notes to the various chapters (Lyons, 1617; Paris, 1619); (2) "Exercices spirituels sur l'éternité" (Avignon, 1637); (3) French translation of the Rule of St. Augustine with addition of various explanations and observations for the purpose of instruction (Avigon, 1680)); (4) History of the reform of the convent of St. Praxedis, with lives of some pious sisters, in manuscript; (5) Latin and French poems, some printed and some in manuscript.
QUETIF AND ECHARD, Script. Ord. Praed. II (1721), 845 sqq.; BARONIUS, Apologeticus, V, 326; ANTONIO, Bibliotheca hispana, II, (1672), 344-5.
N. SCHEID

Question: who was the first woman to receive a university degree

Answer: Morell

Question: in what year did juliana morell receive a doctorate

Answer: 1608

Question: what did juliana morell receive a doctorate in in 1608

Answer: canon law

Question: when did juliana morell defend theses

Answer: 1606 or 1607

Question: where did juliana morell defend theses

Answer: Lyon or maybe Avignon

Question: who defended theses in 1606 or 1607

Answer: Juliana Morell


thumb|Damayanti's Svayamvara.

Svayamvara (), in ancient India, was a practice in which a girl of marriageable age chose a husband from a group of suitors. In this context,  in Sanskrit means 'self' and  means 'groom'.  A girl wishing to marry would select an auspicious time and venue and then broadcast her intentions. Kings typically sent messengers to outside lands, while commoners simply spread the news within the local community. On the appointed day, the girl garlanded the man of her choice and a marriage ceremony was held immediately.

Examples

Sīta
In the Hindu epic Ramayana, King Janak proclaims that Sita will be wed to the man who can lift and string the Shiva Dhanush (Shiva's bow), calling this feat , meaning the cost to be paid by a suitor."I was given thus to Rama in that Svayamvara, a process of self-choosing marriage. I became devoted, by my good works, to my husband who is excellent among men of strength."http://www.valmikiramayan.net/ayodhya/sarga118/ayodhya_118_frame.htm Sita marries Rama, the only one strong enough to lift and string the bow.

Kunti
King  Kuntibhoja arranges a svayamvara for his adopted daughter Kunti in the Hindu epic Mahabharata. Many kings and princes from the Aryan region attended her svayamvara. Among them was Pandu, the king of Hastinapura. Kunti chose Pandu as her husband.

Draupadī
thumb|The Svayamvara of Panchala's princess, Draupadi
For Draupadī (), the daughter of King Drupada of Paanchal in the Mahabharata (), aspirants had to hit a fish's eye with a bow and arrow. This fish was just an image on a rotating wheel placed over a pan filled with oil. The many suitors had to aim using the reflection of the fish in the oil. Only three men of marriageable could do it. They were King Karna of Anga, Hastinapur Prince Arjuna, who was the third among the Pandava, attending incognito, and Prince Krishna of Dvapara Yuga. Krishna didn't wish to marry Draupadī, but attended to ensure Arjuna's success. Though Karna was highly qualified and capable, Draupadī rejected him, stating that his low birth as a charioteer made him unworthy to marry a god-born princess like her, and so she chose and married Arjuna.

Damayanti
Another famous svayamvara from the Mahabharata is found in the story of Damayanti, who chooses Nala for her husband, against the wishes of the gods.

Modern literature

The Bearded Prince tells the story of Princess Roopali, whose father holds a svayamvara for her to select her groom.

Roshani Chokshi's The Star-Touched Queen has the heroine Maya's father stage a svayamvara for her early in the novel.

Kitayun
The Shahnama of Fardausi records a similar tradition in pre-Islamic Iran, of one Kitayun,  eldest daughter of the Emperor of Constantinople, selecting the Iranian Gushtasp. With a view to procure a husband for one of his daughters, the Emperor determines to hold a grand assembly of illustrious and wise men for her to see and select from. She does not find a suitable husband in the first assembly and a second one is held, where she places the crown on Gushtap's head. Gushtasp, also known as Vishtaspa, returns to Iran with his bride and is crowned King.The Shah-Namah of Fardausi, translated by Alexanders Rogers, LP Publications  page 280

Rum (literally "Rome") was the common name used for the Eastern Roman Empire or Byzantine Empire by Middle Eastern people.Mazda-Yasni and Zorastranian Tales (Book Two) as retold by Kuku S Shabbir, Page 33, ,

See also
Dhanushadham
Bride-show

References

Category:Marriage in India
Category:Ancient India

The Bearded Prince tells the story of Princess Roopali , whose father holds a svayamvara for her to select her groom .

The Bearded Prince
Without including magic, witches, curses, violence, or villains of any sort, Rajesh Talwar has lovingly crafted a short but big-hearted tale of a princess choosing a suitor in The Bearded Prince.
As with many works for children, The Bearded Prince contains a moral and teaches morals, but Talwar manages to present both unobtrusively. The language, names, and wording of the text are not dumbed down, as the author proudly states, but may be a tad challenging for young children. That said, most readers over the age of eight or nine could surely manage the book with a little help.
The princess of the story is Roopali, a lovely, gentle, and artistic young lady who is wise beyond her years. She holds a swayamvara, an Indian ceremony where a girl chooses from a parade of suitors. Roopali interviews would-be royal partners with alliterative names such as Amri of Amrikabad, Ash of Ashkabad, and Pan of Panidad. While on her quest to “meet the prince of her dreams,” she weighs many factors to find, as the author has her remark, one “deserving of me and I of him.”
The princess has some physical criteria such as, “I wouldn’t much care for a man with a beard.” She also believes it would be nice to find “a man who stood at least a couple of inches further away from the ground than she.” Roopali, however, is not so shallow as to be ruled simply by what is pleasing to the eye.
In a literary universe where “people assume that princes and princesses are bound to be good looking people,” Talwar has chosen to bend if not quite break that rule. “Anyone closely connected with royalty knows that there are ugly princes, short princesses, princes who are scarred, and princesses who lisp. God and nature has not made any special provision for princes and princesses that might make them in any way more appealing or attractive as human beings than the rest of us. Indeed, it would be fair to say that often,” concludes the author, “they seem to be below average in terms of their physical and mental accomplishments.”
Despite this refreshing republicanism, Princess Roopali is apparently quite lovely herself, and her name even means “the beautiful one.” Some of her royal suitors are also devastatingly attractive, but the princess, though tempted, wisely knows that “muscles alone [do] little to promote a happy marriage.”
While the title does give away the ending (no spoiler alert needed here), how and why the princess makes her choice, and why the bearded prince chooses to retain his facial hair even knowing of his newly beloved’s aversion to whiskers, is a tale in itself, and a charming one at that.
The Bearded Prince is a pleasant summer pick for young readers and a sweet bedtime story for little princesses everywhere.
Reviewed by
Mark McLaughlin
Disclosure: This article is not an endorsement, but a review. The publisher of this book provided free copies of the book and paid a small fee to have their book reviewed by a professional reviewer. Foreword Reviews and Clarion Reviews make no guarantee that the publisher will receive a positive review. Foreword Magazine, Inc. is disclosing this in accordance with the Federal Trade Commission’s 16 CFR, Part 255.

Question: what does princess roopali's father hold for her to select her groom

Answer: svayamvara

Question: who is the groom in the bearded prince

Answer: Princess Roopali

Question: what is the name of the book that tells the story of princess roopali

Answer: The Bearded Prince

Question: what is the name of princess roopali's groom

Answer: Bearded Prince

Question: who holds the svayamvara for princess roopali

Answer: father

Question: what is the name of princess in the bearded prince

Answer: Roopali

Question: what does princess roopali do with the svayamvara

Answer: select her groom