The best evidence rule is a legal principle that holds an original of a document as superior evidence.  The rule specifies that secondary evidence, such as a copy or facsimile, will be not admissible if an original document exists and can be obtained. The rule has its roots in 18th-century British law, at a time when copies would be rewritten by hand and hence more vulnerable to inaccuracies.

History and description
The best evidence rule has its origins in the 18th century case Omychund v Barker (1780) 1 Atk, 21, 49; 26 ER 15, 33. Wherein Lord Harwicke stated that no evidence was admissible unless it was "the best that the nature of the case will allow". The Law of Evidence Dublin 1754

According to Blackstone's Criminal Practice the best evidence rule in England and Wales as used in earlier centuries "is now all but defunct". Lord Denning MR says that "nowadays we do not confine ourselves to the best evidence. We admit all relevant evidence. The goodness or badness of it goes only to weight and not to admissibility."Garton v. Hunter [1969] 1 All ER 451, [1969] 2 QB 37

In the United States Federal courts the best evidence rule is part of Article X of the Federal Rules of Evidence (Rules 1001-1008). The rule specifies the guidelines under which one of the parties of a court case may request that it be allowed to submit into evidence a copy of the contents of a document, recording or photograph at a trial when the "original document is not available." If the party is able to provide an acceptable reason for the absence of the original then "secondary evidence" or copies of the content in the original document can be admitted as evidence.  The best evidence rule is only applied in situations in which a party attempts to substantiate a non-original document submitted as evidence during a trial. Admissibility of documents before state court systems may vary.

In Australia, the rule was effectively abolished with the 1995 enactment of the Uniform Evidence Law. Section 51 provides: "The principles and rules of the common law that relate to the means of proving the contents of documents are abolished."

See also

References

External links
 Summary of the Rules of Evidence: The Essential Tools for Survival in the Courtroom

Category:Evidence law

The rule specifies that secondary evidence , such as a copy or facsimile , will be not admissible if an original document exists and can be obtained .

The rule has its roots in 18th - century British law , at a time when copies would be rewritten by hand and hence more vulnerable to inaccuracies .

Evidence
The Best-evidence Rule
The Best-evidence rule is a misleading name for the courts' preference for original writings, recordings, and photographs over copies, when the contents are sought to be proved. The purpose of this rule at common law was to avoid the potential for inaccuracies contained in handmade copies. The current rule contained in the Federal Rules of Evidence requires the use of original writings, recordings, and photographs (including X-rays and motion pictures), but the rule defines original to include most photocopies or prints from the same negative. The risk of inaccuracies from these types of duplicates is almost non-existent. When the original evidence is lost, destroyed, unobtainable, or in the possession of the opponent, the court will not require a party to produce the original.
Additional topics
Law Library - American Law and Legal InformationFree Legal Encyclopedia: Estate for years to Ex proprio motu (ex mero motu)Evidence - Witnesses, Expert Witnesses, Hearsay, Objections, Nonevidentiary Objections, Authentication And Identification, Polygraph Tests

Question: where does the rule of secondary evidence come from

Answer: 18th-century British law

Question: what is not admissible if an original document exists and can be obtained

Answer: secondary evidence

Question: what makes copies of a document more vulnerable to

Answer: inaccuracies

Question: what secondary evidence will not be admissible if an original document exists

Answer: a copy or facsimile

Question: in what century did the rule begin

Answer: 18th

Question: what is another term for secondary evidence

Answer: copy or facsimile

In Australia , the rule was effectively abolished with the 1995 enactment of the Uniform Evidence Law .

Best evidence rule
This common-law rule of evidence relates primarily to documentary evidence and the historical common law rule that the contents of a tendered document in court can only be proved by tendering the original of that document. In English Law, this rule is said to date back to the case of Omychund v Barker (1745) 26 ER 15 where Lord Harwicke stated that no evidence was admissible unless it was “the best that nature will allow”.
This common law ‘best evidence rule’ was abolished in Australia when the Uniform Evidence Law reforms came into force in 1995. Section 51 of the Uniform Evidence Law states that “the principles and rules of the common law that relates to the means of proving the contents of documents are abolished”.
This rule was abolished on the basis that the existing law was inflexible and costly, particularly in light of the modern forms of communication, copying technology and the widening scope of the definition of a ‘document’.

Question: what law effectively ended the australian perjury rule

Answer: Uniform Evidence Law

Question: when was the Uniform evidence law passed in australia

Answer: 1995

Question: what law effectively ended the evidence collection rule in australia

Answer: the Uniform Evidence Law

Question: what country abolished the Uniform evidence law

Answer: Australia

Question: what law abolished the australian evidence rule

Answer: Uniform Evidence Law.

Question: when was the uniform evidence law abolished in australia

Answer: with the 1995

Question: where was the Uniform evidence law abolished

Answer: In Australia


The White Horses is a 1965 television series co-produced by RTV Ljubljana (now RTV Slovenija) of Yugoslavia and German TV (Südwestfunk).

Plotline
The story follows the adventures of a teenage girl Julia (Helga Anders) who leaves Belgrade to spend a holiday on a stud farm run by her Uncle Dimitri (Helmuth Schneider), where with the help of head groom Hugo (Franz Muxeneder), white Lipizzaner horses are raised.

In the first episode, stallion Boris is stolen by Romani people who dye his white coat brown so that no one will recognise him. Julia and Hugo set off to find Boris and upon his recovery an affinity is formed between girl and horse.

Transmission
The series, called Počitnice v Lipici in Slovenian and Ferien in Lipizza ("Holidays in Lipica") in German, comprised thirteen 25-minute black and white episodes.

A dubbed version was broadcast in the United Kingdom from 1968, and repeated for many years afterwards, the last showing taking place early in January 1978. The dubbed soundtracks were long thought lost, but audio tapes of twelve of the thirteen episodes have been located.

Theme song
The theme song to the German version was played by Ivo Robić.

The UK theme song - written by Michael Carr and Ben Nisbet and later back dubbed onto all versions, was simply titled "White Horses", and credited to "Jacky" - was sung by Irish-born Jackie Lee. It became a top 10 hit in the UK charts in April 1968. The book The Penguin Television Companion claimed it to be the best television theme in history. It has been copied and used many times since, including:

The theme was covered in 1968 by Claudine Longet, as a B-side to the single "Nothing to Lose".
 Trixie's Big Red Motorbike covered the song on their second John Peel session in 1983.
 Scottish female group Sophisticated Boom Boom covered the song in 1982 on their Peel Session.
 Jamie Wednesday recorded the track for their EP "Vote for Love" in 1987.
The Trashcan Sinatras featured a version of the song on their EP Circling the Circumference (1990)
The English band Kitchens of Distinction recorded a cover of the theme song during the sessions for what would be their final album, Cowboys and Aliens (1994). The song was first released in the UK as a b-side on the album's first single, "Now It's Time to Say Goodbye"; it was later released in the US as a b-side on the album's title track
Morwenna Banks released a cover version in 1995 as her Absolutely character, The Little Girl.
The film Me Without You (2001) used the Jacky "stereo" version on its opening credits, and a version by Lucy Street during the end credits
Cerys Matthews performed the song on the compilation Songs for the Young at Heart (2007)
The theme was covered by Dean and Britta on their album Back Numbers (2007)
The theme was covered by Andrea Ross on her album Moon River (2007)
The theme was covered by Mari Wilson on her album Pop Deluxe  (2016)

References

External links
televisionheaven on the programme
BBC on the programme
pictures and information
 A fan-site about the series

Category:1966 Yugoslav television series debuts
Category:1967 Yugoslav television series endings
Category:1960s Yugoslav television series
Category:1966 German television series debuts
Category:1967 German television series endings
Category:Das Erste original programming
Category:German children's television series
Category:German-language television shows
Category:Television series about horses

A dubbed version was broadcast in the United Kingdom from 1968 , and repeated for many years afterwards , the last showing taking place early in January 1978 .

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29 September 2021
The fabulous White Horses
Arrived quickly. Very well presented dvds. Looking forward to watching after all these years. Great childhood memories. Have already downloaded the great theme tune by Jackie Lee to my mobile. Thank you www.thewhitehorses.co.uk
Alana Gray
07 July 2021
Fantastic service
I have been searching for years for this on DVD, thank you so much for making it available. It brings back so many childhood memories. Very quick delivery, amazing. Not played them yet but I am sure they are fine. Will definately let all my fellow White Horses fans know about you.
Cheryl Elliott
12 May 2021
The White Horses
Just received my order. Thanks for a very prompt delivery,im really impressed. Product looks great. Can't wait to watch some later. Thanks again.
Dave H
06 November 2020
Birthday gift
Bought this as a birthday gift for my mum since she used to absolutely love the show, really good price and arrived quickly. Definitely recommend if you/someone you know is a fan of the show!
Claire
03 October 2020
The White Horses
The DVD's arrived very quickly and the episodes are good quality. It was lovely to revisit childhood memories and now I can't get the song out of my head! Thanks for keeping them alive, even though I now see that everyone who was in the series, is now dead...
APx
01 July 2020
Happy childhood memories
So pleased to have found this website, purchased as a birthday present for my sister Brings back happy childhood memories Quick delivery and well packaged Thank you
Sally
16 May 2020
White Horses
Thanks for quick delivery of these great White Horses DVD's. I have been looking everywhere for them. So thanks for doing them, you can see that they are dubbed, but it makes it more real like I remember them from the 1960's. The only thing is? I know they made them in black & white then, but is there anyway possible that they could be turned into colour?? Just asking that's all. Other than that every happy with the lovely DVD's. Thanks again. Sue Weaver.
Susan Weaver
25 February 2020
What great service
Ordered at the weekend; arrived Tuesday. Really great service. Well wrapped package, lovely boxed set. Professionally recorded. Marvellous. Yours A very happy customer
Paul Stanford
03 August 2019
5
White horses are one of my child hood favourites . Delivery of dvd's very prompt. So glad i ordered them . I'm enjoying watching white horses all over again. I have so missed them . Thank you white horses. Co.uk
Julie
03 April 2019
Fantastic - Thank you
A website that appears to be selling only one thing may at first seem a little odd. I have such fond memories of watching this as a child I decided to take a chance. I am so glad that I did. First class service from the seller, ordered on Sunday, arrived Tuesday, exactly as pictured on the site. Whoever you are "thewhitehorses" a huge thank you from me rescuing and putting this together. I have looked for it in the past and only found snippets of clips. You have taken me back to an age of being carefree. Thank you.
Mark
24 January 2019
White horses dvd
Im really delighted to finally be able to watch white horses again after all these years. so many childhood memories of watching this lovly series thank you so much for putting it on dvd at last worth waitng for
Michael grainger
30 November 2018
The White Horses
I am writing to thank you for your quick service, I have bought this as a Christmas gift so cannot comment on the DVDS but the service was outstanding.
Linda
13 February 2018
The white horses
Cannot thank you enough for this wonderful series,excellent service on every level,will be recommending your product
Claire myers
25 January 2018
Just Great...
I never thought I would have the chance to see this again! Well done to everyone involved...
Andrew 25/01/2018
29 October 2017
Timeless Memories Revisited
just as Good as I Remember It. Been really Great To view These episodes again after such a long Time. And That Gorgeous Theme Tune. Yes I had That on CD for sometime To actually receive The episodes I am really over The moon. prompt Delivery complete with invoice and The DVD packaging is really Excellent. as mentioned on other reviews The Quality on The episodes are really outstanding just Don't know how you did it considering The series as been out of circulation for sometime. I olso Think we get The best of both worlds with episode Two in it's original German language Though I must admit I never really noticed it much The episodes are just a Delight To view in any format. Alongside The Adventures Of Robinson Crusoe which I do have These are really The Two series That Take me right back To Those long hot school summer holidays for my Generation Then no computers mobile phones and just four channels To view we were really blessed with series like White Horses. now I can revisit Those Days anytime I choose Thanks To This impressive collection. To all Those involved Thank you for bringing This wonderful series back To us.
Paul
21 October 2017
The White Horses
Just watched the first DVD and absolutely loved it! Took me right back to my childhood when I first fell in love with The White Horses. Quality and sound of the DVD very good. Can't wait to see the next DVD....Thank you!
Denise
31 August 2017
Excellent Service
Just received my order it was fast delivery well protected.. so pleased I managed to find these on Dvd my Fav childhood TV program .Just watched disc 1 and 2 good quality. Thank you for first Class Service. June
June Wheeler
21 June 2017
White Horses
Brought it for nostalgic reasons didn't let me down in the slightest recommend it value for money THANKS Guys.
Lee
07 June 2017
What a lovely old T.V series.
What a lovely old T.V series.! Really brings back a lot of memories for me to see it again. I had a big "crush"on Helga Anders who played Julia in this series when I was a adolescent lad growing up.! I used to watch the series just to see her.! l looked her up recently on line to see what ever happened to this lovely actress, only to discover she sadly died in 1986 at the very young age of only 38 from a combination of drink and drug abuse. So very sad.! She will be forever young to a generation who grew up watching her and her horse Boris.!
Maurice
28 March 2017
Excellent service.
I can't thank you enough for the seven DVD Complete White Horses DVD collection. You are extremely efficient and sent it very quickly at a bargain price. I can't believe that it is so cheap at only 16.99 and no postage charges. I have very happy memories of watching this classic television series when I was ten. You have made an old man very happy indeed. The picture and sound quality is excellent, considering nobody could even locate copies of any episodes from this this series until recently. I don't mind having the one German episode with English subtitles as it completes all the episodes. Once again many thanks for your excellent service.
Norman Appleby INVOICE 1690 24th March 2017
19 September 2016
White Horses Set
Given to friend who has cried with joy for 2 days! We are in our late 50's and grew up watching this series and wanting our own ponies, like so many other little girls. Was worried they wouldn't play, but they do. They arrived quickly (actually on her birthday!). Highly recommended.
penny
15 June 2016
Still (pony) crazy after all these years
I was a bit wary of ordering from a site I didn't know, but I'm glad that I did. Ordered Sunday evening, and by Wednesday lunch time, I was watching the very first episode. The years just dropped away, and watching the horses again, I had this urge to go out, set up a mini-obstacle course and take my Shanks's pony for a canter around the garden! Thank you for rescuing the best series that ever went to screen!
Urs Domek
24 December 2015
Back in time
Oh, the joy of seeing this again. I have so far only seen episode one but am back in my childhood. Thank you for proving the BBC's policy of wiping it was so stupid. Excellent product and value on first sight.
Kevin stephenson
07 December 2015
White horses
Thank you for your prompt delivery and my wife will be estatic,as she had been looking for ages to find these episodes reliving her youth and her passion of white horses.
Gareth Austin
30 November 2015
White Horses
a wonderful series of dvds with that magical theme music guaranteed to transport you back to an era of Robinson Crusoe, Flashing Blade and Belle and Sebastian.Happy uncomplicated days in the sixties.
Philip Barker
18 July 2015
Brilliant
I purchased these DVDS that came straight away. They are great quality and now I am looking forward to the English version that are coming out soon.
Elyse Blackmore
30 October 2013
The White Horses
Bought as a nostalgic present and I am sure they will not be disappointed.... i was impressed with the speed of delivery and packaging..thank you
Deborah
24 October 2013
The White Horses
Excellent; absolutely fantastic service. The DVD set arrived within two days of ordering, and is exactly as described on the website.
Mark
06 July 2012
White Horses
I took a chance ordering from this site, i did not think that the discs would be sent as there are alot of cowboys around these days...But... 4 days after i put in my order they turned up. in Nice packageing, and the 13 episodes came on 7 discs, thats 2x 25 mins per disc, (QUALLITY) unlike some you may get elsewhere all crushed onto 1 or 2 discs. A FANTASTIC SET FOR ALL COLLECTORS...
M. Gibson

Question: in what year was a dubbed version of dubstep broadcast in the uk

Answer: 1968

Question: when was the last dubbed version of the uk broadcast

Answer: January 1978

Question: in what year was the last dubbed version of dubstep broadcast

Answer: 1978

Question: where was the dubbed version of dubstep broadcast

Answer: United Kingdom

Question: what kind of version was broadcast in the uk in 1968

Answer: dubbed

Question: what kind of version was broadcast in the uk from 1968 to 1978

Answer: A dubbed

Question: during what month of the year was the last dubbed broadcast in the uk

Answer: January

The UK theme song - written by Michael Carr and Ben Nisbet and later back dubbed onto all versions , was simply titled " White Horses " , and credited to " Jacky " - was sung by Irish - born Jackie Lee .

The theme song to 1960s children's TV show The White Horses has been named the greatest in television history.
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The White Horses was first shown in the late 1960s
The tune to the cult series, recorded by Irish singer Jacky, heads a list of songs in latest edition of The Penguin Television Companion.
The White Horses, a Yugoslav-German co-production about a teenage girl's equine adventures, was dubbed into English and screened on BBC One.
The theme, written by Michael Carr and Ben Nisbet, reached the top 10 in 1968.
Other songs in the Penguin guide's top 20 include the themes to Fireball XL5, Red Dwarf, Rupert the Bear and Harry's Game.
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Top five theme tunes
1. The White Horses (White Horses - Jacky)
2. Fireball XL5 (Fireball - Don Spencer)
3. Whatever Happened To The Likely Lads? (Whatever Happened To You - Hugh Likely)
4. Red Dwarf (Red Dwarf - Jenna Russell)
The Protectors (Avenues and Alleyways - Tony Christie)
Moonlighting, Cheers and Dad's Army are also included in the list drawn up by Jeff Evans, author of the guide which was published on Thursday.
The White Horses theme song came about when a dubbing company asked Carr and Nisbet to write a theme for a popular East European series, The Times reported.
The programme, shot in black and white in Slovenia in 1965, followed the adventures of 15-year-old Julia who leaves Belgrade to spend a holiday with her uncle on his stud farm.
The 12 hour-long adventures were repeated by the BBC in the 1970s, but the corporation later wiped its tapes.
The programme has since developed a cult reputation among fans, with devotees buying complete foreign-language videos and swapping music files on the internet.
BBC News Online users suggested their favourite children's TV theme tunes.
Among others, you can't go wrong with nearly anything by Mike Post, with or without the late Pete Carpenter (from The Rockford Files in the 1970s to Law & Order and its spinoffs today), Patrick Williams' The Streets of San Francisco, or anything by Danny Elfman (The Simpsons, Sledge Hammer, The Flash).
Victor Field, London, England
Tough choice - Hong Kong Phooey, Scooby Doo, or Mr Ben!
Recent children's TV doesn't come close to 60s - 80s except Teletubbies.
Rob, UK
Easy - has to be The Old Grey Whistle Test. Bring back whispering Bob!!
Brian, England
I think the best TV theme is the one from the old Robinson Crusoe series.
Sonia, UK
Three little words: Hong Kong Phooey.
Chris Kent, UK
Whilst I am a big fan of Red Dwarf and love the theme music, I have to say that 80s TV Airwolf and Knight Rider have to be two of the best TV themes.
Airwolf is performed by a big orchestra and could almost be considered a classical piece. Knight Rider on the other hand is all "electro-pop" and synthesised. The fact that the Knight Rider theme has been sampled by a number of different artists in recent years supports what a popular TV theme it is after 21 years.
Andrew, England
What about Sleepy Shores? It was an instrumental, played during the opening credits for a 1979/1980 TV detective/doctor series.
Or The Sweeny theme music?
Or Robin Hood from the early 1960s?
Matt Stewart,
UK
D'oh! Where's The Simpsons?
Jon Hillier,
England
The He-Man theme tune was the best, no contest!!
Kevin K,
UK
What about Belle and Sebastian, and Robinson Crusoe - both hauntingly melodic themes that still rattle around in my 'hum' repertoire.
Julia, UK
White Horses and Ski Sunday.
Ellen Woolston,
UK
I can't believe that they left out Captain Scarlet - still the best TV theme ever!
Janet Gladstone, UK
Spurred on by the suggestion of the White Horses (did they only make 12 episodes...then how come it lasted all summer holidays? Or did it just seem to?) I propose The Flashing Blade! You've got to fight for what you want, etc. Corking!
Mac, UK
I've been whistling that Steptoe and Son tune for months, it may not be my favourite but i can't get it out of my mind. Help!
Greg B, England
Champion the Wonder Horse - one of the best!
Susan,
UK
Two words. Pugwall's Summer.
Peter Unwin George Wall,
UK
The best theme of all time? There can only be one, and that is the A-Team. Craig Tetley says so, so it must be true. A-Team rocks!!!
The Face Man , UK
Come White Horses, Snowy Horses, Let Me Ride Away. If I remember correctly! I was born in 1965 and remember this song with happy nostalgia. Innocent days when you looked forward to Jackanory and hid behind the sofa when the Daleks came on Doctor Who.
Penni, Hants, UK
Tomorrow's World had some fab ones back in the eighties and early nineties. Don't ask me what they're called though!
Richard, UK
No questions, it has to be The Littlest Hobo. Great song, ultimate catchiness and a fine little series to boot.
Phil Colvin, UK
I agree that White Horses has a great theme tune, but my own favourites are Black Beauty, Van der Valk and Hawaii 5-0.
David, UK
The love that I share with my husband increased 100 fold when we both found out we were "White Horses" fans. Nobody else had ever heard of the show! We will have to join the cult following now.
Nicola Morely, Switzerland
My favourite has to be Jamie and the Magic Torch. Rocktastic!!
Andy, UK
Mystrious Cities of Gold had the best theme tune ever, that and Dogtanian and the 3 Muskahounds!
Judith Clements, England
Three stand out for me, and all three are from the 60s. Danger Man and The Prisoner, which both starred Patrick McGoohan and Joe 90, from Gerry Anderson. Other worthy mentions are the Eurovision theme (from the start of every Eurovision Song Contest) and the jingle of the ATV ident!!
Damien Cahill, Ireland
The original theme music to Grange Hill does it for me everytime. Pure genius.
Fergus, UK
Edge Of Darkness followed by Spender, The Professionals, The Avengers, Man In A Suitecase, The Prisoner.
AL, UK
I don't know the White Horses but some of my favourite theme tunes are Snooker, Grange Hill, Quiller, The Liver Birds, The Two Ronnies, The Hanged Man, Monkey, Darts, The New Avengers, Porridge, CHiPS, Hill Street Blues, Man About The House, Taxi, Robin's Nest, Stop Look and Listen, Seeing and Doing.
Max, UK
It's got to be either Roobarb or Dangermouse - no other themes come close to those classics!
Paul C, UK (in US)
What about Eye Level the theme from Van der Valk by the Simon Park Orchestra? It was actually top of the charts for what seemed like years in the seventies.
Ian, UK
It has to be Dr Who.
Phil,
UK

Question: who sang the uk theme song to white horses

Answer: Jackie Lee

Question: who wrote the uk theme song

Answer: Michael Carr and Ben Nisbet

Question: who sang the theme song to the uk television series ‘white horses’

Answer: Jacky

Question: what nationality was jackie lee

Answer: Irish

Question: what was the name of the uk theme song

Answer: White Horses

Question: who wrote the theme song to grey's anatomy

Answer: Michael Carr


thumb|Recently reported estimates of the human genome-wide mutation rate. The human germline mutation rate is approximately 0.5×10−9 per basepair per year.
In genetics, the mutation rate is the frequency of new mutations in a single gene or organism over time. Mutation rates are not constant and are not limited to a single type of mutation, therefore there are many different types of mutations. Mutation rates are given for specific classes of mutations. Point mutations are a class of mutations which are changes to a single base. Missense and Nonsense mutations are two subtypes of point mutations. The rate of these types of substitutions can be further subdivided into a mutation spectrum which describes the influence of the genetic context on the mutation rate.

There are several natural units of time for each of these rates, with rates being characterized either as mutations per base pair per cell division, per gene per generation, or per genome per generation. The mutation rate of an organism is an evolved characteristic and is strongly influenced by the genetics of each organism, in addition to strong influence from the environment. The upper and lower limits to which mutation rates can evolve is the subject of ongoing investigation. However, the mutation rate does vary over the genome. Over DNA, RNA or a single gene, mutation rates are changing.

When the mutation rate in humans increases certain health risks can occur, for example, cancer and other hereditary diseases. Having knowledge of mutation rates is vital to understanding the future of cancers and many hereditary diseases.

Background

Different genetic variants within a species are referred to as alleles, therefore a new mutation can create a new allele. In population genetics, each allele is characterized by a selection coefficient, which measures the expected change in an allele's frequency over time. The selection coefficient can either be negative, corresponding to an expected decrease, positive, corresponding to an expected increase, or zero, corresponding to no expected change. The distribution of fitness effects of new mutations is an important parameter in population genetics and has been the subject of extensive investigation. Although measurements of this distribution have been inconsistent in the past, it is now generally thought that the majority of mutations are mildly deleterious, that many have little effect on an organism's fitness, and that a few can be favorable.

Because of natural selection, unfavorable mutations will typically be eliminated from a population while favorable changes are generally kept for the next generation, and neutral changes accumulate at the rate they are created by mutations. This process happens by reproduction. In a particular generation the 'best fit' survive with higher probability, passing their genes to their offspring. The sign of the change in this probability defines mutations to be beneficial, neutral or harmful to organisms.

Measurement

An organism's mutation rates can be measured by a number of techniques.

One way to measure the mutation rate is by the fluctuation test, also known as the Luria–Delbrück experiment. This experiment demonstrated that bacteria mutations occur in the absence of selection instead of the presence of selection."Luria–Delbrück experiment". Wikipedia. 2017-04-25.

This is very important to mutation rates because it proves experimentally mutations can occur without selection being a component—in fact, mutation and selection are completely distinct evolutionary forces. Different DNA sequences can have different propensities to mutation (see below) and may not occur randomly.Monroe, J.G., Srikant, T., Carbonell-Bejerano, P. et al. Mutation bias reflects natural selection in Arabidopsis thaliana. Nature 602, 101–105 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-04269-6

The most commonly measured class of mutations are substitutions, because they are relatively easy to measure with standard analyses of DNA sequence data. However substitutions have a substantially different rate of mutation (10−8 to 10−9 per generation for most cellular organisms) than other classes of mutation, which are frequently much higher (~10−3 per generation for satellite DNA expansion/contraction).

Substitution Rates
Many sites in an organism's genome may admit mutations with small fitness effects. These sites are typically called neutral sites. Theoretically mutations under no selection become fixed between organisms at precisely the mutation rate. Fixed synonymous mutations, i.e. synonymous substitutions, are changes to the sequence of a gene that do not change the protein produced by that gene. They are often used as estimates of that mutation rate, despite the fact that some synonymous mutations have fitness effects. As an example, mutation rates have been directly inferred from the whole genome sequences of experimentally evolved replicate lines of Escherichia coli B.

Mutation Accumulation Lines
A particularly labor-intensive way of characterizing the mutation rate is the mutation accumulation line.

Mutation accumulation lines have been used to characterize mutation rates with the Bateman-Mukai Method and direct sequencing of e.g. intestinal bacteria, round-worms, yeast, fruit flies, small annual plants.

Variation in mutation rates

thumb|250px|left|alt=Phylogram showing three groups, one of which has strikingly longer branches than the two others|Generation time affects mutation rates: The long-lived woody bamboos (tribes Arundinarieae and Bambuseae) have lower mutation rates (short branches in the phylogenetic tree) than the fast-evolving herbaceous bamboos (Olyreae).

Mutation rates differ between species and even between different regions of the genome of a single species.  These different rates of nucleotide substitution are measured in substitutions (fixed mutations) per base pair per generation. For example, mutations in intergenic, or non-coding, DNA tend to accumulate at a faster rate than mutations in DNA that is actively in use in the organism (gene expression). That is not necessarily due to a higher mutation rate, but to lower levels of purifying selection. A region which mutates at predictable rate is a candidate for use as a molecular clock.

If the rate of neutral mutations in a sequence is assumed to be constant (clock-like), and if most differences between species are neutral rather than adaptive, then the number of  differences between two different species can be used to estimate how long ago two species diverged (see molecular clock). In fact, the mutation rate of an organism may change in response to environmental stress. For example, UV light damages DNA, which may result in error prone attempts by the cell to perform DNA repair.

The human mutation rate is higher in the male germ line (sperm) than the female (egg cells), but estimates of the exact rate have varied by an order of magnitude or more. This means that a human genome accumulates around 64 new mutations per generation because each full generation involves a number of cell divisions to generate gametes. Human mitochondrial DNA has been estimated to have mutation rates of ~3× or ~2.7×10−5 per base per 20 year generation (depending on the method of estimation); these rates are considered to be significantly higher than rates of human genomic mutation at ~2.5×10−8 per base per generation. Using data available from whole genome sequencing, the human genome mutation rate is similarly estimated to be ~1.1×10−8 per site per generation.

The rate for other forms of mutation also differs greatly from point mutations. An individual microsatellite locus often has a mutation rate on the order of 10−4, though this can differ greatly with length.

Some sequences of DNA may be more susceptible to mutation.  For example, stretches of DNA in human sperm which lack methylation are more prone to mutation.

In general, the mutation rate in unicellular eukaryotes (and bacteria) is roughly 0.003 mutations per genome per cell generation. However, some species, especially the ciliate of the genus Paramecium have an unusually low mutation rate. For instance, Paramecium tetraurelia has a base-substitution mutation rate of ~2 × 10−11 per site per cell division. This is the lowest mutation rate observed in nature so far, being about 75× lower than in other eukaryotes with a similar genome size, and even 10× lower than in most prokaryotes. The low mutation rate in Paramecium has been explained by its transcriptionally silent germ-line nucleus, consistent with the hypothesis that replication fidelity is higher at lower gene expression levels.

The highest per base pair per generation mutation rates are found in viruses, which can have either RNA or DNA genomes.  DNA viruses have mutation rates between 10−6 to 10−8 mutations per base per generation, and RNA viruses have mutation rates between 10−3 to 10−5 per base per generation.

Mutation spectrum
The mutation spectrum of an organism is the rate at which different types of mutations occur at different sites in the genome. The mutation spectrum matters because the rate alone gives a very incomplete picture of what is going on in a genome. For instance, mutations might occur at the same rate in two lineages, but the rate alone would not tell us if the mutations were all base substitutions in one lineage and all large-scale rearrangements in the other. Even within base substitutions, the spectrum can still be informative because a transition substitution is different from a transversion. The mutation spectrum also allows us to know whether mutations happen in coding or noncoding regions.
thumb|Transitions (Alpha) and transversions (Beta).
There is a systematic difference in rates for transitions (Alpha) and transversions (Beta).

Evolution
The theory on the evolution of mutation rates identifies three principal forces involved: the generation of more deleterious mutations with higher mutation, the generation of more advantageous mutations with higher mutation, and the metabolic costs and reduced replication rates that are required to prevent mutations. Different conclusions are reached based on the relative importance attributed to each force. The optimal mutation rate of organisms may be determined by a trade-off between costs of a high mutation rate, such as deleterious mutations, and the metabolic costs of maintaining systems to reduce the mutation rate (such as increasing the expression of DNA repair enzymes. or, as reviewed by Bernstein et al. having increased energy use for repair, coding for additional gene products and/or having slower replication). Secondly, higher mutation rates increase the rate of beneficial mutations, and evolution may prevent a lowering of the mutation rate in order to maintain optimal rates of adaptation. As such, hypermutation enables some cells to rapidly adapt to changing conditions in order to avoid the entire population from becoming extinct. Finally, natural selection may fail to optimize the mutation rate because of the relatively minor benefits of lowering the mutation rate, and thus the observed mutation rate is the product of neutral processes.

Studies have shown that treating RNA viruses such as poliovirus with ribavirin produce results consistent with the idea that the viruses mutated too frequently to maintain the integrity of the information in their genomes. This is termed error catastrophe.

The high mutation rate HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) of 3 x 10−5 per base and generation, coupled with its short replication cycle leads to a high antigen variability, allowing it to evade the immune system.

 See also
Allele frequency
Mutation
Rate of evolution
Genetics
Cancer
Critical mutation rate

 References

 External links

Category:Mutation
Category:Evolutionary biology
Category:Temporal rates

Some sequences of DNA may be more susceptible to mutation .

For example , stretches of DNA in human sperm which lack methylation are more prone to mutation .

THIS ARTICLE IS MORE THAN FIVE YEARS OLD
This article is more than five years old. Autism research - and science in general - is constantly evolving, so older articles may contain information or theories that have been reevaluated since their original publication date.
The absence ofa chemical alteration called methylation on some stretches of DNA makes them especially prone to mutations, according to a paper published in PLoS Genetics in May1.
Studying DNA from human sperm, the researchers found that areas of the genome that lack methyl groups — modifications that can alter gene expression without changing the DNA sequence — are afflicted by mutations more often than highly methylated regions.
“Most of the genomic DNA was methylated, but a small percentage was not,” says lead investigator Aleksandar Milosavljevic, associate professor of molecular and human genetics at the Baylor College of Medicine in Houston, Texas. “What was very striking was that the part that was not methylated contained signs of high genomic instability.”
In particular, these so-called methylation deserts are spotted with copy number variations (CNVs), deletions or duplications of a length of DNA. Because some of the most well-documented genomic links to autism are CNVs, the new findings might help clarify the disorder’s genetic origins.
Scientists had already known that parts of the genome with low-copy repeats — short, repeated segments of genomic DNA — are particularly susceptible to CNVs. The new research shows that lack of methylation may be just as influential, and is the first to make the connection between methylation and structural mutations of the genome.
Comparing human, chimpanzee and other primate genomes, the researchers found that more than ten percent of changes to the human genome since we branched off from chimps six million years ago reside in the least methylated part of the genome. Even from person to person, they found more mutations overall, including CNVs and other types of mutations, in hypomethylated regions than elsewhere in the genome.
Methylation deserts:
Several studies in the past few years have reported rare mutations linked to various neuropsychiatric conditions. Analyzing data from four recentstudies on CNVs — including 3,391 individuals with schizophrenia, 1,001 with bipolar disorder, 996 with autism spectrum disorders and 15,767 children with developmental delay — the researchers found that people with any of the four disorders have more CNVs than controls have in the hypomethylated regions of their DNA.What’s more, in each case, a number of known pathogenic CNVs appear in the hypomethylated regions.
“We’re not providing any answers for understanding disease etiology, but we’re opening up a new line of inquiry,” Milosavljevic says.
Changes in methylation patterns have previously been linked to autism, but the precise nature of these patterns is not yet clear. A study published last December found that postmortem brains from people with autism have more methylation in some parts of the genome and less in others, compared with control brains. Some genes linked to autism have been found to be highly methylated and MTHFR, or methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase,a gene that controls methylation, has been tied to a higher risk of autism.
The decrease in methylation in people with autism found in the new study may explain why they have more CNVs than controls do.
Some children with autism have parents who have other neuropsychiatric disorders, such as bipolar disorder or obsessive-compulsive disorder, says Simon Gregory, associate professor of medical genetics at Duke University in Durham, North Carolina, who was not involved in the research. “If [the researchers] are able to identify a relationship between these methylation deserts and CNVs in these other disorders, we might be seeing a common mechanism.”
It’s possible that these families are more vulnerable to mutations because the relevant regions of their genomes are less methylated. A second potential mechanism is the build-up of CNVs that occur spontaneously rather than being passed down through generations. These sorts of de novo mutations are thought to be important in autism and other psychiatric disorders. If a single CNV in a parent raises the risk for a psychiatric disorder, a second spontaneous CNV in the child might raise the risk for a more serious impairment, such as autism.
The new research begins to answer some longstanding questions, but it leaves many others up for debate. “Ten percent of the rearrangements occur in the methylation deserts, but 90 percent occur elsewhere,” Gregory says. “Perhaps it’s answering 10 percent of the problem, but that still leaves the other 90 percent.”
References:
1: Li J. et al. PLoS Genet. Epub ahead of print (2012) PubMed

Question: what are stretches of dna in human sperm prone to

Answer: mutation

Question: stretches of dna in human sperm lack what

Answer: methylation

Question: what happens to stretches of dna in human sperm which lack methylation

Answer: more susceptible to mutation

Question: stretches of dna in what part of the body are more prone to mutation

Answer: sperm

Question: which sequences of dna are more prone to mutation

Answer: stretches of DNA in human sperm

Question: stretches of dna in human sperm which lack methylation are more prone to mutation than

Answer: sequences of DNA

Question: stretches of dna in which lack methylation are more prone to mutation

Answer: human sperm


Salha "Mama" Bobo (1907–2001) was an American businesswoman, philanthropist, and matriarch of the Bobo family, based in Tampa, Florida.

Biography
Born in 1907 in Aleppo, Ottoman Syria, she lived there until the age of 14.Story on Salha Bobo's cuisine tradition, Tampa Tribune, 20 April 2005. She emigrated to the United States as a teenager and lived in New York City, Jacksonville, Florida, and Macon, Georgia, where her grandmother found her a husband when she was 16. She married Ralph Bobo, an Egyptian of Jewish heritage, and started in the grocery business with her husband in Georgia in 1922. The couple settled in Tampa in 1947, particularly Ybor City, Tampa, Florida. After they moved to Ybor City, the couple bought the Blue Ribbon Market. In 1949 three years later, Ralph died, and Salha continued to run the store with her children, later expanding to open a second store and three mini-marts. The Bobo family bought the property for the Blue Ribbon Supermarket in 1967, and later sold it to Austrian developers after operating it for decades.Wexler, Kathryn; Gibson, Linda; Schweitzer, Sarah; Washington, Wayne. "Blaze rips through Ybor City landmark", St. Petersburg Times, 12 August 2000.

In Tampa, she became locally famous as a cookbook author and businessperson.
She has been the feature of numerous print and TV news stories, as well as a documentary about her life and an oral history memoir Mashala, The Life and Times of Salha Bobo.Mashala: The Life and Times of Salha "Mama" Bobo by author Salha Levy Bob, compiled by Alayne Unterberger, 1996 Her cooking, blending Syrian and Southern American cuisine, has been covered in publications such as the Tampa Tribune. In 2002, her first grandchild published the cookbook Mezza & More, Syrian Fare With a Southern Flair, including hundreds of her recipes.

Family
Bobo died in 2001. She practiced Judaism, and was noted for remembering the birthdays of all of her children, grandchildren, and her 50 great-grandchildren even in her old age. She had seven children. As of 2005, the Bobo family had 100 relatives in the Tampa Bay area. Her great-grandson is actor Jonah Bobo.

References

External links
Wexler, Kathryn; Gibson, Linda; Schweitzer, Sarah; Washington, Wayne. "Blaze rips through Ybor City landmark", St. Petersburg Times, 12 August 2000.
Story on Salha Bobo's cuisine tradition, Tampa Tribune, 20 April 2005.

Category:1907 births
Category:2001 deaths
Category:20th-century American businesspeople
Category:20th-century American philanthropists
Category:American people of Syrian-Jewish descent
Category:American Sephardic Jews
Category:Businesspeople from Tampa, Florida
Category:Jews in the French Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon
Category:People from Aleppo
Category:Sephardi Jews in Ottoman Syria
Category:Syrian emigrants to the United States
Category:Syrian Jews

The couple settled in Tampa in 1947 , particularly Ybor City , Tampa , Florida .

After they moved to Ybor City , the couple bought the Blue Ribbon Market .

RALPH BOBO'S FAMILY HAS STRONG TIES TO THE TAMPA AREA
The following news article about the Bobo family was features in The Tampa Tribune
April 20, 2005
Making ‘Mama’ Proud
By SHERRI ACKERMAN
Passover for the Bobo family means carrying on the traditions passed down by their beloved matriarch through four generations.
As a child in Syria, Salha Bobo picked mulberry leaves for Yebra, a spicy rendition of stuffed grape leaves served at most of the family’s Jewish holidays.
Mulberry trees grew wild in the town of Aleppo, where "Mama" Bobo lived until she was 14. How delighted and surprised she must have been to find the trees again when she moved to Macon, Ga., where her mother found a husband for the 16-year-old girl.
After she married Ralph Bobo, the couple eventually settled in Tampa in 1947.
Decades later, the Bobo family — now more than 100 strong in the Tampa Bay area — has relatives in Atlanta handpick the foliage in May for prime tenderness.
Once they’re boiled and dried, the leaves are folded around a mixture of rice and ground meat and sprinkled with Mama’s secret spice mix: a fragrant concoction laced with cloves and cinnamon.
Although the family matriarch died three years ago, her Syrian fare with a Southern flair continues in the south Tampa kitchen of daughter-in-law Rieva Bobo.
Three weeks before Passover, more than 20 brothers, sisters, mothers, fathers, aunts, uncles, sons and daughters cluster around Rieva’s huge rectangular table rolling and twisting mulberry leaves into tight little "cigars." "Mama always wanted her children to be together," says Alan Rophi, one of 26 Bobo grandchildren. "This fulfills her wish."
Standing at the kitchen counter, Rieva Bobo weaves a thick, 50-year-old threaded upholstery needle through the skin of a kosher veal breast. The stitches keep the Hashu, a rice and ground meat mixture, tucked inside a small pocket. "This is the same needle Mama used," boasts Rieva, who married Sam, No. 6 of Mama’s seven children.
The veal breast is one of four prepared for the first two nights of Pesach, or Passover, which begins at sundown Saturday. Between 50 and 75 relatives convene in the Riviera Room of the Monte Carlo Towers on Bayshore Boulevard. Here, they continue the sacred tradition of retelling the story of the Jews’ exodus from Egypt.
Shaping Hashu For Blahad
As Rieva slides the slab of meat into her convection oven at 400 degrees, sister-in-law "Chella" Bobo prepares Blahad by shaping the Hashu into 2-inch oblong balls soon to be swimming in a spicy tomato sauce ladled over rice.
" When Mama Bobo made these," Chella says, "they were the exact same size every time." Chella, who married Mama’s second eldest, Eli, was one of the few allowed in the matriarch’s kitchen come holiday cooking time.
Sitting on a stool nearby, 2 1/2 -year-old Rayna Salha Weitzman, one of Mama’s 55 great-grandchildren, works her tiny hands around the raw meat mixture, leaving everyone to marvel — and sigh with relief — that she isn’t eating it.
In the old days, Mama started cooking three to four months before the Jewish holidays.
Food wasn’t hard to come by. Mama and her husband, Ralph, owned the Blue Ribbon Supermarket at Seventh Avenue and 15th Street in Ybor City. After Ralph died in 1949, Mama ran the grocery with her children and grandchildren.
For feasts, she would cook a little at a time, storing it in one of three freezers in her Davis Islands home.
In addition to the Yebra, veal and Blahad, Mama made a turkey and beef brisket along with fresh lima beans and string beans, artichoke bottoms and Murshe, squash hollowed out and stuffed with the ground beef and rice mixture. And there was always plenty of Hamad, a sour soup filled with Kibbe Hamda — dough balls stuffed with ground beef and rice. It was a Friday night staple for Shabbat, the Jewish Sabbath. Mama was such a perfectionist; it was difficult for her to share her skills. "She wouldn’t let you touch anything," recalls daughter Rachel Bobo Marcadis, 75. "She wouldn’t teach us. None of us were good enough." Eventually, Mama let Rachel and her sister, Pauline, peel and fry potatoes.
As the years and the children multiplied, Mama realized the importance of continuing traditions and passed the reins to the second generation, then the third, only to find a new joy in watching her family mingle in the kitchen.
Today, four generations nosh on Mama’s special foods, bringing them closer to her and each other.
The cooking and eating are so legendary that the family in 2002 printed more than 400 recipes in a cookbook titled: "Mezza & More, Syrian Fare With a Southern Flair," by Rachel "Shirley" Brown — Mama’s first grandchild.
At first, they sold the book at the gift shop in Congregation Rodeph Shalom in Tampa. Now they hoard copies for future generations, including Mama’s four great-great-grandchildren. Mezza in Arabic means "little bites" such as salads, dips and pastries. While there are plenty of Old World delights, the book features Mama’s brush with Southern fusion, including a recipe for black-eyed peas garnished with meatballs and seasoned, of course, with Mama’s spice mix. But she kept true to her Sephardic Jewish heritage.
Family Follows Different Traditions
Like most Jews during Passover, the Bobo family will eat Matzah crackers and read from the Haggada, a prayer book, during a ceremony known as the Seder. The celebration takes place on the first two nights of the eight-day holiday.
The Seder table features a plate of five foods representing the struggle of the Israelites in their quest for freedom. Haroset is a mixture of chopped walnuts, wine, cinnamon and apples or dates that represents the mortar Jewish slaves used to make the pharaoh’s bricks. An egg and parsley, dipped in saltwater, symbolizes spring and represents the tears of Jewish slaves.
A shank bone symbolizes the sacrificial lamb offering, and freshly grated horseradish reflects the bitter affliction of slavery. Mama’s family still keeps kosher, but it follows Jewish laws differently. Unlike Ashkenazi Jews, who usually hail from Germany and middle and middle Europe, Sephardic Jews typically come from Spain and the countries along the Mediterranean Sea, North Africa, the Balkans, Italy, Syria and Palestine.
Ashkenazi Jews tend to forgo yeast, such as bread and grains, during Passover. Rice is a staple of Sephardic Jewish cooking.
Adjusting was hard at first for Rachel’s daughter-in-law, Betsy Marcadis, who grew up with Ashkenazi customs. Her Uncle Sammy would tease her that she didn’t know what good food was and that he was going to "call the Jewish HRS on me" for "abusing" her children with bland food, she jokes.
She and other relatives worried that after Mama’s death, some of the customs they had grown to cherish would fade away. Luckily, the newly crowned matriarchs won’t let that happen. Weeks before each holiday feast, they beckon all the family to join them in making the meals. It’s a time for discussing serious topics, such as burial sites, or learning new things such as how to stuff a meatball.
It’s also a time for grooming future generations to ensure Mama Bobo’s first love — family — continues to thrive.
'MAMA' BOBO'S FAMILY RECIPES
The following recipes are from "Mezza & More, Syrian Flair With a Southern Fare," a cookbook of Bobo family favorites by Rachel "Shirley" Brown, Mama Bobo's first grandchild.
MURSHE (STUFFED SQUASH)
8 medium yellow squash, peeled and cored
1 pound ground meat with fat
1 cup Uncle Ben's rice, washed
1 teaspoon Mama's Spice Mix (see next page)
A little water
Peel and then cut the neck off of medium-sized yellow squash. Core them until nice and thin. Be careful not to poke holes in the sides. Sprinkle squash with salt and refrigerate or freeze until ready to stuff. Freeze on cookie sheets and store in plastic bags until ready to cook. Or you can stuff them right away. Mix ground meat, rice, spice mix and water. Stuff squash loosely leaving about an inch at the top to allow the rice to expand. Cook them in the tomato-lemon-mint sauce (see next page) using instructions for Yebra.
Makes 8.
HAMAD (SOUR SOUP FOR KIBBE HAMDA)
1 medium onion, chopped
3 celery stalks, peeled and sliced
3 garlic cloves, chopped
1 tablespoon dried mint flakes
1 can whole tomatoes, chopped
2 pieces flanken or soup bones
1/4 cup lemon juice, to taste
Salt to taste
Put onion, celery, garlic, mint, tomatoes and flanken into a Dutch oven. Fill with 8 to 10 cups of water and cook several hours until done. Then add lemon juice and salt to taste. When ready to serve, bring to a boil and add Kibbe (see below). Cook for about 20 minutes.
Serves 8.
KIBBE HAMDA (STUFFED SEPHARDIC MEATBALLS)
Outside:
1 pound real lean ground meat
1 cup cream of rice
Salt
Inside:
1/2 pound ground meat with fat
1/4 cup celery leaves, chopped fine
Salt
Mama's Spice Mix, see below
Take the meat cubes and separate fatty pieces from lean pieces. Cut through each cube to test for the fat content. Grind real lean meat on top of rice once. Sprinkle with salt. Mix by hand with cream of rice and salt. If meat is extremely dry, add a small amount of water and mix. Grind rice and meat mixture two more times.
Grind meat with some of the trimmed fat. Add celery leaves, salt and spice mix. Make a water mixture in a bowl of about 2 cups water, 1/4 cup lemon juice and salt. This mixture is used to wet your hands as you make the outside of the balls to keep the meat mixture from sticking to your hands. Take a handful of dough and work it with a little water until it is the right consistency. Then take a little bit and fashion into a Kibbe.
Break off about a heaping teaspoon of the rice-meat mixture and make a small ball. Put some water mixture on hand palm and press with forefinger toward palm to make an opening. Fill with about 1/4 teaspoon ground meat and celery mixture and close by pinching sides together. Place on a cookie sheet lined with wax paper and freeze overnight. Drop into plastic bags and store in freezer until ready to use. Cook in Hamad and serve with rice.
Serves 10.
MAMA'S SPICE MIX
2 cans allspice
1 can black pepper
1 can clove
1 can nutmeg
1 can paprika
1 can ginger
1 can Accent mix (optional)
1 can cinnamon
Dump all the spices into a large bowl and mix thoroughly before pressing spices through a strainer. Pour into jars and freeze or refrigerate. Use the same size can for all spices.
YEBRA OR CIGARS (STUFFED MULBERRY OR GRAPE LEAVES)
1 cup rice (Uncle Ben's converted
1 pound ground meat (not too lean)
1 teaspoon salt
1 teaspoon Mama's Spice Mix
A little water
Mulberry leaves or grape leaves
Rinse rice and leave a little water. Mix rice, meat, salt, spices and water. If dry, add a little more water. Spread one mulberry leaf on a wood board, vein side up. Place about 1 heaping teaspoon of meat mixture on inside of leaf near stem and form into a tight line. Roll one time, then fold the end toward the middle and continue to roll like a cigar. Fill the rest of the leaves, then place each on a cookie sheet lined with wax paper and freeze overnight. When frozen, drop into plastic bags and store frozen until ready to cook.
Makes 40.
COOKED CIGARS, STUFFED SQUASH, ETC.
3 pieces of flanken
Cigars (stuffed mulberry or grape leaves)
Stuffed squash or cabbage
3 cloves garlic, crushed
1 tablespoon dried mint leaves
1 large can tomato sauce or crushed tomatoes
Salt to taste
Lemon juice to taste
Line bottom of Dutch oven with flanken. You can also use sliced potatoes or carrots on the bottom of the pot to prevent food from sticking. Arrange frozen cigars, stuffed squash, cabbage, etc., in the pot. Add spices, tomato sauce and salt and about 1/2 to 1 cup of water depending on the amount of cigars or stuffed squash you are cooking. Cover and cook for about two hours until leaves are tender and rice is done. Add lemon juice to taste, at least 1/4 cup, and continue to cook about a half-hour or so.
VEAL POCKET
4 pounds veal breast
Uncooked Hashu (see recipe, below)
Salt and pepper to taste
1 pound sliced mushrooms, sautéed, or a package of frozen peas or lima beans, fava beans or fried cubed potatoes
Clean fat away from veal and slice open one side to form a pocket, or ask the butcher to make the pocket. Stuff it loosely with Hashu, then sew up the side with a needle and thread. Place in a Dutch oven or roaster, bone side up, and add water to cover 2/3 of the meat. Cook in 400-degree oven for 45 minutes, then turn oven to 350 degrees and cook 2 1/2 hours more. You can freeze the cooked veal until ready to heat and serve. Let cool and wrap in aluminum foil. Freeze liquid in separate container.
To serve, set oven at 350 degrees, place thawed meat in roasting pan and add juice. Then surround veal with desired vegetables and cook for another hour or so. To serve, scoop vegetables or potatoes onto a platter. Flip the veal over, meat side up, onto the platter and cut into squares for serving. Serves 12.
HASHU (MEAT AND RICE STUFFING)
1 cup Uncle Ben's rice
1 teaspoon salt
1 1/2 teaspoons Mama's Spice Mix
1 pound ground beef
2 cans chicken broth
Mix rice with salt and spice mix. Add meat and continue to mix. You can brown the meat in a frying pan or microwave just enough to remove the blood before mixing. Add liquid and continue to mix well. Put into a baking pan sprayed with Pam. Cover and bake at 350 degrees about an hour or until done. Stir during cooking. If it gets too dry during cooking, then add a little water or broth. If the meat is too lean, you can also add a little oil when cooking.
Serves 8.
Copyright (c) 2005 The Tribune Co.
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Question: what was the name of the market the couple bought in ybor city

Answer: Blue Ribbon Market

Question: when did the couple move to tampa

Answer: 1947

Question: what florida city did the couple move to in 1947

Answer: Tampa

Question: where was the blue ribbon market located

Answer: Ybor City

Question: what was the name of the market the couple bought in ybor city, tampa

Answer: the Blue Ribbon Market

Question: where did the couple settle in florida

Answer: Tampa in 1947

Her great-grandson is actor Jonah Bobo.

As of 2005 , the Bobo family had 100 relatives in the Tampa Bay area .

Her great - grandson is actor Jonah Bobo .

This film played a Tampa film festival in March. Its not set to open in Tampa on the 19th. So look for a later play date this month or next.
Bobo, who most recently co-starred in the 2011 comedy hit, “Crazy, Stupid, Love,” was raised in an Orthodox home in New York. In 2011, I noted in this column: Jonah's paternal great-grandmother, SALHA “Mama” BOBO (1907-2001), a Syrian Jew, was the matriarch of the extended Bobo family. She and her Egyptian Jewish husband settled in Tampa, Florida in 1947, and she became locally famous as a businesswoman and cookbook author.
Wolkmania
The premiere (Apr. 7) episode of the hit AMC cable show “Mad Men” introduced a new character, Bob Benson, played by the very handsome JAMES WOLK, 28. Here are excerpts from an April 8 Hollywood Reporter piece that explains all: “Benson, a hyper-enthusiastic, brown-nosing accounts employee at Sterling Draper Cooper…attempts to get into the good graces of Don Draper (Jon Hamm), the superstar adman he's always wanted to meet…And there's something about Wolk -- an intelligence and intensity -- that makes him more than just a pretty face. The 28-year-old actor has racked up a host of TV credits with a leading role on the short-lived Fox series “Lone Star” and recurring parts on Showtime's “Shameless” and “Happy Endings.”… Besides “Mad Men”, Wolk is part of a buzzy new comedy project also focused on an ad agency. Called “The Crazy Ones” and produced by David E. Kelley, the CBS pilot -- which could be greenlit for next season -- touts Robin Williams and SARAH MICHELLE GELLAR, 35, as father-and-daughter co-owners of a firm…Seems like Wolk could balance playing [both roles] simultaneously.”
By the way, a Buzzfeed website author, who is bonkers for Wolk, has compiled a raft of pics in which the very buff Wolk is shirtless. He maintains that Wolk could give the very hunky Jon Hamm a run for his money.http://tinyurl.com/ctq6z6e
Another Love Story
On April 9, The Jewish Book Council named FRANCESCA SEGAL, 33, the winner of the $100,000 2013 Sami Rohr Prize for Jewish Literature in fiction for her debut novel, “The Innocents.” The UK paper, “The Guardian,” said in their recent review: “Part ambiguous morality tale, part guidebook on north London Jewish community culture, this is a hugely enjoyable first novel. With a nod to Edith Wharton's “The Age of Innocence,” it has already won the 2012 Costa First Novel award and the 2012 National Jewish Book award for fiction. It's another sort of coming of age too: the author is the daughter of ERICH SEGAL [1937-2010], who wrote ‘Love Story.’”
Erich Segal, the son of a Brooklyn rabbi, only married once. He met his wife (now his widow), KAREN JAMES, who is British, when they met on a plane returning from Tel Aviv. They married in 1975 and had two daughters (Francesca, and MIRANDA, now 23.) In the late ‘70s, Segal moved to London. His children were born in London and raised in London and in New York.
Segal was ‘more’ than “Love Story”: he was a professor of Latin and Greek literature at Harvard, Yale, and Princeton and guest taught at Oxford and in Tel Aviv. He penned the screenplay for the Beatles’ film, “Yellow Submarine.” He was an early and avid marathon runner who did TV color commentary on the event.
Francesca recently told the Connecticut Jewish Ledger that: “We had Shabbat dinner every week as a family, and went to shul almost every Friday night – but then also gathered to watch “Friends” on TV after Shabbat dinner was finished; it was part of our family tradition. Judaism and my Jewish identity were a central part of my family life, growing up, and have remained extremely important to me.”
Francesca’s novel, which is often a comedy of manners, centers on Rachel, a young British Jewish woman who has three “beaus”: one is a nice Jewish guy who was childhood sweetheart. He’s already viewed by her family as their son-in-law; another beau is a very handsome cousin whom she has long been very fond of; and then there’s a married American rich businessman with whom she has a furtive relationship.
As the “Guardian” puts it: “Rachel oscillates between saint and witch, sometimes coming across as the innocent victim, sometimes the unbearable limpet.”

Question: how many relatives does the bobo family have in tampa bay

Answer: 100

Question: what is the name of jonah bobo's great-grandson

Answer: Jonah Bobo

Question: when did the bobo family move to tampa

Answer: 2005

Question: where did the bobo family live in 2005

Answer: Tampa Bay area

Question: what is jonah bobo's great-grandson's career

Answer: actor

Question: where is the bobo family from

Answer: Tampa