They were clearly Muslim, and they were also Arab-dominated, and they liked having this elite Arab Muslim ruling class, and they weren't that interested in spreading the religion, and only when we get into the Abbasid Caliphate, where it becomes more multicultural and more Muslim and less Arab-focused, that you start to have more and more conversions. And the sources I've seen have, by the end of the Umayyad dynasty, only about 10 to 30% of the conquered people convert to Islam, but much more convert during what's often referred to as the Golden Age of Islam, when Islam is collecting the works of the ancient Greeks and the Chinese and the Hindus and getting scholars from all around the world under the Abbasid dynasty. Now, when Lapidus talks about, in most cases, worldly and spiritual motives for conversion blended together, he's referring to these ideas that, well, maybe for some people it just appealed to them. And you have to remember, people weren't going from being independent to being subjugated in most cases. Even before the conquest of Islam, they were probably subjugated by a king or part of an empire, like the Byzantine Empire or the Persian Empire. And so they're really switching from one conqueror to another, and oftentimes people are hopeful that the new conqueror might be better than the last. Oftentimes they're proven wrong.