I would say independent states instead of federated states, but you guys still have a queen. It was also seen in the Balkans, where Greece gained its independence in 1832, and Christian principalities fought a war against the Ottomans in 1878. In India, where a political party, the Indian National Congress, was founded in 1885. And even in China, where nationalism ran up against a dynastic system that had lasted more than 2,000 years. And then of course there are these guys, who in many ways represent the worst of nationalism, the nationalism that tries to deny or eliminate difference in the efforts to create a homogenous, mythologized, unitary polity. We'll get to them later, but it's helpful to bring them up now, just so we don't get too excited about nationalism. Okay, so before we launch into the history, let's define the modern nation-state.