And then it spreads even more. During the next caliphate, which is now dynastic, the Umayyad Caliphate, by the end of the 13th century, the Umayyad Caliphate, by the end of that, at 750 CE, you see Islam has now spread or conquered from modern day Spain and Portugal all the way to modern day India and Pakistan. And we could continue this narrative, and we will continue to talk about it in future videos, but what's really interesting is to think about how and why it was able to spread this rapidly. There's very few instances in history where we see this type of an empire form this quickly. And to get some context on that, we have this text here from the American historian Ira Lapidus' book Islamic Societies to the 19th Century. And Ira Lapidus writes, the expansion of Islam involved different factors in different regions. In North Africa, Anatolia, the Balkans, and India.