But after the fall of the Gupta Empire, India fragments, and you could roughly consider this to be the Indian Medieval Period. This is what India looks like in the year 1000, where you have multiple Hindu kingdoms. Now, as we get into the second millennium of the Common Era, you start to have significant Muslim influence, at first in the Northwest, but as we get into the late 12th and early 13th century, you have the establishment of the Delhi Sultanate. And once again, North India is now unified under Muslim rule, which will continue for some time under both the Delhi Sultanate and the Mughal Empire until the British show up, and then eventually in 1947, India becomes an independent country. But as much transformation as there is depicted in this map in terms of various empires and rulers, you also see a transformation in the nature of Hinduism. In other videos, we have talked about the Vedas, composed over 3,000 years ago, and the subset that is focused on the metaphysical, on the spiritual, known as the Upanishads. And this is an excerpt from the Isha Upanishad, which is considered one of the most important, but emphasizes this notion of our inner self, capitalized with an S, Atma or Atman, and how it is of the same substance as this formless, nameless, ultimate reality sometimes referred to as Brahman.