So here's another example of non-Europeans supporting the Renaissance. The Venetians exported textiles to the Ottomans. They were usually woven in other cities, like Florence, and the reason Florentine textiles were so valuable is because their color remained vibrant. That was because they were dyed with a chemical called alum, which was primarily found in Anatolia, in the Ottoman Empire. So to make the textiles the Ottomans craved, the Italians needed Ottoman alum, at least until 1460, when Giovanni di Castro, Pope Pius II's godson, discovered alum in Italy, in Tolfa. And he wrote to his godfather, the Pope, Today I bring you victory over the Turk. Every year they wring from the Christians more than 300,000 ducats for the alum, with which we dye wool various colors.