Which is why Venice was a leading city at the beginning of the European Renaissance, before being eclipsed by Florence, Rome, and, I don't know, say, Rotterdam. Also, this relationship established firm connections between Europe and the Islamic world, which allowed ideas to flow again, especially old Greek ideas that had been preserved and built upon by Muslims. I mean, I guess those connections had existed for a long time, but crusades aren't a great way to exchange ideas. But perhaps the most crucial result of the Venetian and Ottoman control of trade is that it forced other European powers to look for different paths to the riches of the East. And that fueled huge investments in exploration. The Portuguese sailed south and east around the southern tip of Africa, and the Spanish went west, believing that the Indies and China were much closer than they turned out to be. Thanks for watching.