And this is one of the most bloody civil wars that any nation has seen in history, with over 20 million people being killed. And historians believe that the Qing concessions to the British and then the French, and also the opium that was undermining Chinese society was a major contributor to this long and bloody civil war. These opium wars are often cited by Japanese in this time period as a reason for their need to industrialize and become imperial powers so that they don't get unraveled the same way that Qing China does by the Europeans. But to appreciate that this was even controversial in Europe. William Gladstone, as we enter into the First Opium War, was a young parliamentarian in Britain. And he will eventually be, at the end of the 19th century, a significant British prime minister. But as the opium war was beginning, he gave a famous speech in parliament.