Especially when Commodore Perry returned in 1854 with even more ships, the Japanese decided, why fight them, we will open up and allow some trade. And this is a very big deal. Remember, the Tokugawa Shogunate had closed the country for over 200 years, but now they saw the writing on the wall. They could not defend themselves against the American warships. Like in China, these concessions in Japan to the Americans began to undermine trust in the Tokugawa Shogunate. And to get a feel for what people were thinking in the mid-19th century in Japan. We have some quotations from Shimazu Nariakira, who was the daimyo of Satsuma, which is at the southern tip of Japan right over here.