You also have territorial gains in the north of Europe that's a little bit harder to see on this map over here. As I mentioned in previous video, part of this crusader mentality was not just about taking land back for the Byzantines or taking land from the Muslims, but also trying to take land or convert what were perceived as pagans in the north, German tribes that had not as yet converted to Christianity, and so that helped for territorial expansion in the north of Europe. Now, a big theme in the Crusades was the power of the Pope. Remember, the Crusades were started by a Pope working people up, saying, hey, let's go help the Byzantines. Let's go take back land from the Muslims, Pope Urban II, and over the course of this 200 years, you have this religious fervor where the Pope is organizing these Crusades. People are feeling this religious spirit. Many people are, before going on their crusade, they're bequeathing their land to the church.