And once again, North India is now unified under Muslim rule, which will continue for some time under both the Delhi Sultanate and the Mughal Empire until the British show up, and then eventually in 1947, India becomes an independent country. But as much transformation as there is depicted in this map in terms of various empires and rulers, you also see a transformation in the nature of Hinduism. In other videos, we have talked about the Vedas, composed over 3,000 years ago, and the subset that is focused on the metaphysical, on the spiritual, known as the Upanishads. And this is an excerpt from the Isha Upanishad, which is considered one of the most important, but emphasizes this notion of our inner self, capitalized with an S, Atma or Atman, and how it is of the same substance as this formless, nameless, ultimate reality sometimes referred to as Brahman. The wise man who realizes all beings is not distinct from his own self, Atman, and his own self as the self of all beings does not, by virtue of that perception, hate anyone. What delusion, what sorrow can there be for that wise man who realizes the unity of all existence by perceiving all beings as his own self? And so you have this very abstract idea.