So we're talking about four to 10% of the population dying in the Crusades, and this isn't fully accounting for all of the death and destruction that happened on the way to the Crusades or that happened in the Middle East as well. If you look at this map of what the region looks like as we get into the 14th century right over here, you can see that although the Middle East is still in control of the Muslims, Muslims have, for the most part, been pushed out of the Iberian Peninsula, and they have a little bit of a foothold right here in Granada. And this Reconquista is going to continue all the way until 1492 when what will be the Spanish are able to push out all of the Muslims from the Iberian Peninsula, and as they do that, they also expel the Jews. You also have territorial gains in the north of Europe that's a little bit harder to see on this map over here. As I mentioned in previous video, part of this crusader mentality was not just about taking land back for the Byzantines or taking land from the Muslims, but also trying to take land or convert what were perceived as pagans in the north, German tribes that had not as yet converted to Christianity, and so that helped for territorial expansion in the north of Europe. Now, a big theme in the Crusades was the power of the Pope. Remember, the Crusades were started by a Pope working people up, saying, hey, let's go help the Byzantines.