The Abbasid Caliphate is still around, although it has now been fragmented into many different Muslim empires. Modern day North India, Pakistan, and Afghanistan is under control of the Ghurid Sultanate, with the rest of India being divided amongst various Hindu kingdoms. In the East, in other videos, we study the Song Dynasty, which is one of the really high points of Chinese civilization, although they're suspicious of their northern neighbors. But in the midst of all of this, it ends up being a nomadic people that we really haven't talked a lot about in our survey of world history, that become the main catalyst for change over the next several hundred years. And that is the Mongols. So let's move forward to the year 1206. In the late 12th and early 13th centuries, you have a leader by the name of Timujin arise in Mongolia.