They could not defend themselves against the American warships. Like in China, these concessions in Japan to the Americans began to undermine trust in the Tokugawa Shogunate. And to get a feel for what people were thinking in the mid-19th century in Japan. We have some quotations from Shimazu Nariakira, who was the daimyo of Satsuma, which is at the southern tip of Japan right over here. But he was considered to be a leading thinker of the time. And this photograph, it's not so clear, but this is believed to be the first photograph taken by a Japanese. It gives you a sense of the time that photography daguerreotypes were starting to be in use.