So let's go to the year 800. So one thing you might notice is that group in yellow, the Franks, have now conquered a lot more, and they're conquering it under the leadership of Charlemagne. At the same time, you see this green over here. Islam has dramatically spread from its founding in the early 7th century all the way now as we're exiting the 8th century to cover most of the Middle East, Persia, bordering on modern-day Pakistan, India, North Africa, and even going into modern-day Spain. At the same time, especially because of these Islamic conquests, the Byzantine Empire and the Byzantine emperor is significantly weaker. So you can imagine the pope in Rome here saying, well, who's going to protect me, especially from my political enemies? Now, Charlemagne considers himself something of a protector of Christianity, and Pope Leo III goes to him for protection, and Charlemagne is able to actually provide it.