But back to the chunzhi. So how do you know how to behave? Well, first you have to look to historical antecedents, particularly the sage emperors. The study of history, as well as poetry and paintings, in order to understand and appreciate beauty is indispensable for a chunzhi. The other important aspects of chunzhiness are contained in the Confucian ideas of ren and li. Ren and li are both incredibly complex concepts that are difficult to translate, but we're going to do our best. Ren is usually translated as propriety.