The term pogrom is a Russian word meaning these violent riots or attacks on people for their ethnicity. And there were several through the 19th century, but they go back even before that word was coined as early as the First Crusades, famously in the Rhineland, many of the Jewish people were killed and attacked. And you had a solid thread of anti-Semitism throughout much of Europe, including Germany and Eastern Europe, as we get up to and through World War I. Now, as we've talked about in other videos, the Central Powers lose World War I, and the Treaty of Versailles places a lot of the blame on Germany. The national pride of Germany has been shattered. They have lost this war. They have lost territory.