The actual business of nationalization involves creating bureaucracies, new systems of education, building a large military, and often using that military to fight other nation states, since nations often construct themselves in opposition to an idea of otherness. A big part of being Irish, for instance, is not being English. So emerging nations had a lot of conflicts, including the Napoleonic Wars, which helped the French become the French, the Indian Rebellion of 1857, which helped Indians to identify themselves as a homogenous people, the American Civil War. I mean, before the Civil War, many Americans thought of themselves not as Americans, but as Virginians or New Yorkers or Pennsylvanians. I mean, our antebellum nation was usually called these United States, after it became the United States. So in the U.S., nationalism pulled a nation together, but often nationalism was a destabilizing force for multi-ethnic, land-based empires. This was especially the case in the Ottoman Empire, which started falling apart in the 19th century, as first the Greeks, then the Serbs, Romanians, and Bulgarians, all predominantly Christian people, began clamoring for, and in some cases winning, independence.