The Inca had no written language, but they were able to keep records with knotted strings called quipus, and they were really good at integrating conquered people into the empire, mandating that people learn the Incan language. And vitally, they ordered every male peasant under Inca control to do unpaid work for the Inca government for a specified period of time each year. This system, which the Inca called mita, allowed them to build all those roads and temples. The Spanish would later adopt this system and the hierarchical system with the emperor at the top, except they would make it all, you know, much suckier. And yes, that is a technical historian term. So the Spanish arrived in Mexico in 1519 and in Peru in 1532, benefiting in both cases from total chaos due to disease. And after conquering the Inca and the Aztecs, they created an empire with two administrative divisions.